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Who was the chair of Civic Choice in 07/06/2013?
|
June 07, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Mario Monti"
]
}
|
L2_Q2792033_P488_1
|
Alberto Bombassei is the chair of Civic Choice from Oct, 2013 to Apr, 2014.
Mariano Rabino is the chair of Civic Choice from Apr, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Salvatore Matarrese is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2015 to Jul, 2016.
Mario Monti is the chair of Civic Choice from Mar, 2013 to Oct, 2013.
Andrea Riccardi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Renato Balduzzi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2014 to Sep, 2014.
|
Civic ChoiceCivic Choice (, SC) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti.The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda. In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy, along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini.In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party. In February 2014 after Letta's resignation, Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi. After that, the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and, by the end of 2017, joined forces with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia.Following the 2018 Italian general election, the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019.In order to compete in the upcoming general election, on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the "civil society" to implement his "agenda". It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy (CMI) coalition, alongside the Union of the Centre (UdC) and Future and Freedom (FLI).At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals, who were represented in the party's lists:In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote, 37 deputies (in its own lists) and 15 senators (within CMI). After the election, SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named "Civic Choice", including also UdC and FLI MPs, in both houses of Parliament.In late April the party joined Enrico Letta's grand coalition government, which included three SC leading members: Mario Mauro as minister of Defence, Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development.The party began to take shape too: on 13 March Monti, who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president, appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the party's assembly; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions. In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator, Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president, and Benedetto Della Vedova, a former member of the Italian Radicals, Forza Italia, the PdL and finally FLI, spokesperson. The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats: Maria Paola Merloni (vice president), Lorenzo Dellai (party leader in the Chamber of Deputies), Gianluca Susta (party leader in the Senate), Andrea Causin (organizational secretary), Pietro Ichino (platform coordinator) and Gregorio Gitti (local structures' coordinator). No member of Future Italy, a liberal think tank, took a leading role.Since then, the party was often riven by internal disputes. Monti twice presented (and later retracted) his resignation from president. In late July he clashed with the "Catholic" wing of the party, especially with Olivero, whom he accused of being too close to the UdC (whose deputies and senators were part of SC's parliamentary groups). Also Future Italy, seemed to have little patience with the "Catholic" wing and even to be willing to distance from the party.In this phase, an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation. Some, including the party's "Catholics", former members of PdL and Monti himself, favoured joining the European People's Party (EPP), while others, notably those close to Future Italy, Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta, preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party. It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPP's leadership in order to appease the party's Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split.On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president. Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators (out of 20), including Mario Mauro, Andrea Olivero, Gabriele Albertini, Pier Ferdinando Casini (UdC leader), Maria Paola Merloni, Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano. Particularly, Monti criticized Mauro's line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party, open to the PdL. One of the 12 senators, Tito Di Maggio, was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata.After Monti's abrupt departure, spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova, who represented the liberal wing of the party (including Pietro Ichino, Gianluca Susta, Linda Lanzillotta, etc.), announced that SC would "go on" as a "liberal, people's, reform and European party" and would never form a partnership with the PdL. Lanzillotta remarked that "Italy needs a liberal, people's, deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party" and that "we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi. For his part, during a TV interview, Monti stated that "my and SC's commitment does not end now" and that "many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini; they might have been right".On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC. The "popular" majority of SC's parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader, while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germany's Christian Democratic Union. On 6 November the SC senatorial group, dominated by Populars, elected L. Romano as new floor leader; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by "Montiani" and liberals, who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation.On 15 November the Populars walked away from the party's national assembly and left the party altogether. The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary. On 23 November the Populars, led by Mauro, Dellai and Olivero, launched Populars for Italy (PpI). On 10 December the party's break-up was effective in Parliament: 20 deputies (led by Dellai) and 12 senators (led by L. Romano) launched For Italy (PI) groups, while 26 deputies (led by Andrea Romano) and 8 senators (led by Susta) confirmed their allegiance to SC. All the UdC MPs but one joined PI.After Matteo Renzi's election as secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) in December, SC started to approach the centre-left, while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right, once again led by Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi, and, in early February 2014, Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw "its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer".Subsequently, SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi.On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini, a university professor, as minister of Education.On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice (SE), an electoral list including, among others, Democratic Centre, Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party. Members of SC topped SE's slates in two of five constituencies. The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party, cherished by Guy Verhofstadt (ALDE's candidate for President of the European Commission) and Romano Prodi, prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin, one of SC's few remaining Christian democrats, from organizational secretary.On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party, citing his disagreement with the party's political re-positionment (no longer a third-party force, but a close ally of Renzi's PD, under Giannini's leadership), the change in party's identity and "prevailing personal ambitions".On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs. Consequently, Giannini resigned from secretary.In October A. Romano, who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier, left the party in order to join the PD.In November the party's assembly decided that the new leadership, replacing Giannini and Balduzzi, who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament, will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015.Two candidates, Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti, announced their bid for secretary, while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the party's president. However, in mid December, Tinagli retired from the race. In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups, tried to stop the congress (along with Giannini, Bombassei, Ichino, Tinagli, Carlo Calenda, Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members) and finally decided to run for secretary (along with a third candidate, Luciana Cazzaniga). During the congress, postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitano's resignation, Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary.However, on 6 February, two days before the congress, eight senior members of the party (including six former Democrats), including its minister (Giannini), its deputy minister (Calenda), two deputies and five senators (including Giannini), had already left the party; all of them, except Calenda (who later became minister), joined the PD. As a result, the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate. In fact, of the two remaining senators, Della Vedova left during the congress, while Monti was no longer active.In two years, from the 2013 election to February 2015, SC had lost more than the half of its MPs, mostly to Popular Area and the PD.In July 2015 the party's national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president, Angelo D'Agostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president. More important, the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer, in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections. The new chosen name, "Citizens for Italy", would be used only in local elections, indeed.In January 2016, during a cabinet's reshuffle, Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy, while another SC deputy, Antimo Cesaro, was appointed undersecretary at Culture. Despite this, the party, which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls, continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February. In the meantime, Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdini's Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA), and, according to "Corriere della Sera", the two groups could soon merge. In the meantime, SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates.In July, after that the majority of the party's deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA (a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconi's FI), Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group. Contextually, Zanetti, who pretended to be still the leader of SC, started to organise a joint group with the ALA and, possibly, Flavio Tosi's Act!, and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera, a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany. The party's national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October, with 63 votes in favour and 39 against.This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups:In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party.In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and, more specifically, in close alliance with Berlusconi's FI. The 2017 Sicilian regional election, for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FI's lists, marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right. In November, the party's national board endorsed Zanetti's political line and marked SC's official adhesion to the centre-right coalition. The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the party's membership and three deputies (Ernesto Auci, D'Agostino and Vezzali) subsequently left and formed the European Civics.In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy (NcI), a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election, along with Act!, splinters of Popular Alternative (AP – two groups, a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi), Direction Italy (DI), Popular Construction (CP) and the Movement for the Autonomies (MpA). NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action (IdeA), with the goal of reaching 3%, required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law.In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected. After that, the party was "de facto" disbanded.
|
[
"Renato Balduzzi",
"Mariano Rabino",
"Alberto Bombassei",
"Salvatore Matarrese",
"Andrea Riccardi"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice in Jun 07, 2013?
|
June 07, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Mario Monti"
]
}
|
L2_Q2792033_P488_1
|
Alberto Bombassei is the chair of Civic Choice from Oct, 2013 to Apr, 2014.
Mariano Rabino is the chair of Civic Choice from Apr, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Salvatore Matarrese is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2015 to Jul, 2016.
Mario Monti is the chair of Civic Choice from Mar, 2013 to Oct, 2013.
Andrea Riccardi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Renato Balduzzi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2014 to Sep, 2014.
|
Civic ChoiceCivic Choice (, SC) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti.The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda. In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy, along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini.In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party. In February 2014 after Letta's resignation, Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi. After that, the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and, by the end of 2017, joined forces with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia.Following the 2018 Italian general election, the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019.In order to compete in the upcoming general election, on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the "civil society" to implement his "agenda". It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy (CMI) coalition, alongside the Union of the Centre (UdC) and Future and Freedom (FLI).At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals, who were represented in the party's lists:In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote, 37 deputies (in its own lists) and 15 senators (within CMI). After the election, SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named "Civic Choice", including also UdC and FLI MPs, in both houses of Parliament.In late April the party joined Enrico Letta's grand coalition government, which included three SC leading members: Mario Mauro as minister of Defence, Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development.The party began to take shape too: on 13 March Monti, who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president, appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the party's assembly; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions. In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator, Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president, and Benedetto Della Vedova, a former member of the Italian Radicals, Forza Italia, the PdL and finally FLI, spokesperson. The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats: Maria Paola Merloni (vice president), Lorenzo Dellai (party leader in the Chamber of Deputies), Gianluca Susta (party leader in the Senate), Andrea Causin (organizational secretary), Pietro Ichino (platform coordinator) and Gregorio Gitti (local structures' coordinator). No member of Future Italy, a liberal think tank, took a leading role.Since then, the party was often riven by internal disputes. Monti twice presented (and later retracted) his resignation from president. In late July he clashed with the "Catholic" wing of the party, especially with Olivero, whom he accused of being too close to the UdC (whose deputies and senators were part of SC's parliamentary groups). Also Future Italy, seemed to have little patience with the "Catholic" wing and even to be willing to distance from the party.In this phase, an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation. Some, including the party's "Catholics", former members of PdL and Monti himself, favoured joining the European People's Party (EPP), while others, notably those close to Future Italy, Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta, preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party. It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPP's leadership in order to appease the party's Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split.On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president. Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators (out of 20), including Mario Mauro, Andrea Olivero, Gabriele Albertini, Pier Ferdinando Casini (UdC leader), Maria Paola Merloni, Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano. Particularly, Monti criticized Mauro's line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party, open to the PdL. One of the 12 senators, Tito Di Maggio, was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata.After Monti's abrupt departure, spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova, who represented the liberal wing of the party (including Pietro Ichino, Gianluca Susta, Linda Lanzillotta, etc.), announced that SC would "go on" as a "liberal, people's, reform and European party" and would never form a partnership with the PdL. Lanzillotta remarked that "Italy needs a liberal, people's, deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party" and that "we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi. For his part, during a TV interview, Monti stated that "my and SC's commitment does not end now" and that "many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini; they might have been right".On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC. The "popular" majority of SC's parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader, while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germany's Christian Democratic Union. On 6 November the SC senatorial group, dominated by Populars, elected L. Romano as new floor leader; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by "Montiani" and liberals, who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation.On 15 November the Populars walked away from the party's national assembly and left the party altogether. The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary. On 23 November the Populars, led by Mauro, Dellai and Olivero, launched Populars for Italy (PpI). On 10 December the party's break-up was effective in Parliament: 20 deputies (led by Dellai) and 12 senators (led by L. Romano) launched For Italy (PI) groups, while 26 deputies (led by Andrea Romano) and 8 senators (led by Susta) confirmed their allegiance to SC. All the UdC MPs but one joined PI.After Matteo Renzi's election as secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) in December, SC started to approach the centre-left, while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right, once again led by Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi, and, in early February 2014, Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw "its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer".Subsequently, SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi.On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini, a university professor, as minister of Education.On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice (SE), an electoral list including, among others, Democratic Centre, Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party. Members of SC topped SE's slates in two of five constituencies. The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party, cherished by Guy Verhofstadt (ALDE's candidate for President of the European Commission) and Romano Prodi, prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin, one of SC's few remaining Christian democrats, from organizational secretary.On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party, citing his disagreement with the party's political re-positionment (no longer a third-party force, but a close ally of Renzi's PD, under Giannini's leadership), the change in party's identity and "prevailing personal ambitions".On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs. Consequently, Giannini resigned from secretary.In October A. Romano, who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier, left the party in order to join the PD.In November the party's assembly decided that the new leadership, replacing Giannini and Balduzzi, who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament, will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015.Two candidates, Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti, announced their bid for secretary, while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the party's president. However, in mid December, Tinagli retired from the race. In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups, tried to stop the congress (along with Giannini, Bombassei, Ichino, Tinagli, Carlo Calenda, Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members) and finally decided to run for secretary (along with a third candidate, Luciana Cazzaniga). During the congress, postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitano's resignation, Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary.However, on 6 February, two days before the congress, eight senior members of the party (including six former Democrats), including its minister (Giannini), its deputy minister (Calenda), two deputies and five senators (including Giannini), had already left the party; all of them, except Calenda (who later became minister), joined the PD. As a result, the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate. In fact, of the two remaining senators, Della Vedova left during the congress, while Monti was no longer active.In two years, from the 2013 election to February 2015, SC had lost more than the half of its MPs, mostly to Popular Area and the PD.In July 2015 the party's national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president, Angelo D'Agostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president. More important, the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer, in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections. The new chosen name, "Citizens for Italy", would be used only in local elections, indeed.In January 2016, during a cabinet's reshuffle, Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy, while another SC deputy, Antimo Cesaro, was appointed undersecretary at Culture. Despite this, the party, which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls, continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February. In the meantime, Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdini's Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA), and, according to "Corriere della Sera", the two groups could soon merge. In the meantime, SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates.In July, after that the majority of the party's deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA (a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconi's FI), Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group. Contextually, Zanetti, who pretended to be still the leader of SC, started to organise a joint group with the ALA and, possibly, Flavio Tosi's Act!, and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera, a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany. The party's national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October, with 63 votes in favour and 39 against.This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups:In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party.In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and, more specifically, in close alliance with Berlusconi's FI. The 2017 Sicilian regional election, for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FI's lists, marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right. In November, the party's national board endorsed Zanetti's political line and marked SC's official adhesion to the centre-right coalition. The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the party's membership and three deputies (Ernesto Auci, D'Agostino and Vezzali) subsequently left and formed the European Civics.In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy (NcI), a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election, along with Act!, splinters of Popular Alternative (AP – two groups, a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi), Direction Italy (DI), Popular Construction (CP) and the Movement for the Autonomies (MpA). NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action (IdeA), with the goal of reaching 3%, required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law.In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected. After that, the party was "de facto" disbanded.
|
[
"Renato Balduzzi",
"Mariano Rabino",
"Alberto Bombassei",
"Salvatore Matarrese",
"Andrea Riccardi"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice in 06/07/2013?
|
June 07, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Mario Monti"
]
}
|
L2_Q2792033_P488_1
|
Alberto Bombassei is the chair of Civic Choice from Oct, 2013 to Apr, 2014.
Mariano Rabino is the chair of Civic Choice from Apr, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Salvatore Matarrese is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2015 to Jul, 2016.
Mario Monti is the chair of Civic Choice from Mar, 2013 to Oct, 2013.
Andrea Riccardi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Renato Balduzzi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2014 to Sep, 2014.
|
Civic ChoiceCivic Choice (, SC) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti.The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda. In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy, along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini.In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party. In February 2014 after Letta's resignation, Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi. After that, the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and, by the end of 2017, joined forces with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia.Following the 2018 Italian general election, the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019.In order to compete in the upcoming general election, on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the "civil society" to implement his "agenda". It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy (CMI) coalition, alongside the Union of the Centre (UdC) and Future and Freedom (FLI).At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals, who were represented in the party's lists:In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote, 37 deputies (in its own lists) and 15 senators (within CMI). After the election, SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named "Civic Choice", including also UdC and FLI MPs, in both houses of Parliament.In late April the party joined Enrico Letta's grand coalition government, which included three SC leading members: Mario Mauro as minister of Defence, Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development.The party began to take shape too: on 13 March Monti, who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president, appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the party's assembly; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions. In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator, Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president, and Benedetto Della Vedova, a former member of the Italian Radicals, Forza Italia, the PdL and finally FLI, spokesperson. The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats: Maria Paola Merloni (vice president), Lorenzo Dellai (party leader in the Chamber of Deputies), Gianluca Susta (party leader in the Senate), Andrea Causin (organizational secretary), Pietro Ichino (platform coordinator) and Gregorio Gitti (local structures' coordinator). No member of Future Italy, a liberal think tank, took a leading role.Since then, the party was often riven by internal disputes. Monti twice presented (and later retracted) his resignation from president. In late July he clashed with the "Catholic" wing of the party, especially with Olivero, whom he accused of being too close to the UdC (whose deputies and senators were part of SC's parliamentary groups). Also Future Italy, seemed to have little patience with the "Catholic" wing and even to be willing to distance from the party.In this phase, an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation. Some, including the party's "Catholics", former members of PdL and Monti himself, favoured joining the European People's Party (EPP), while others, notably those close to Future Italy, Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta, preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party. It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPP's leadership in order to appease the party's Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split.On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president. Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators (out of 20), including Mario Mauro, Andrea Olivero, Gabriele Albertini, Pier Ferdinando Casini (UdC leader), Maria Paola Merloni, Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano. Particularly, Monti criticized Mauro's line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party, open to the PdL. One of the 12 senators, Tito Di Maggio, was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata.After Monti's abrupt departure, spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova, who represented the liberal wing of the party (including Pietro Ichino, Gianluca Susta, Linda Lanzillotta, etc.), announced that SC would "go on" as a "liberal, people's, reform and European party" and would never form a partnership with the PdL. Lanzillotta remarked that "Italy needs a liberal, people's, deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party" and that "we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi. For his part, during a TV interview, Monti stated that "my and SC's commitment does not end now" and that "many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini; they might have been right".On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC. The "popular" majority of SC's parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader, while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germany's Christian Democratic Union. On 6 November the SC senatorial group, dominated by Populars, elected L. Romano as new floor leader; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by "Montiani" and liberals, who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation.On 15 November the Populars walked away from the party's national assembly and left the party altogether. The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary. On 23 November the Populars, led by Mauro, Dellai and Olivero, launched Populars for Italy (PpI). On 10 December the party's break-up was effective in Parliament: 20 deputies (led by Dellai) and 12 senators (led by L. Romano) launched For Italy (PI) groups, while 26 deputies (led by Andrea Romano) and 8 senators (led by Susta) confirmed their allegiance to SC. All the UdC MPs but one joined PI.After Matteo Renzi's election as secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) in December, SC started to approach the centre-left, while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right, once again led by Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi, and, in early February 2014, Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw "its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer".Subsequently, SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi.On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini, a university professor, as minister of Education.On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice (SE), an electoral list including, among others, Democratic Centre, Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party. Members of SC topped SE's slates in two of five constituencies. The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party, cherished by Guy Verhofstadt (ALDE's candidate for President of the European Commission) and Romano Prodi, prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin, one of SC's few remaining Christian democrats, from organizational secretary.On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party, citing his disagreement with the party's political re-positionment (no longer a third-party force, but a close ally of Renzi's PD, under Giannini's leadership), the change in party's identity and "prevailing personal ambitions".On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs. Consequently, Giannini resigned from secretary.In October A. Romano, who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier, left the party in order to join the PD.In November the party's assembly decided that the new leadership, replacing Giannini and Balduzzi, who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament, will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015.Two candidates, Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti, announced their bid for secretary, while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the party's president. However, in mid December, Tinagli retired from the race. In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups, tried to stop the congress (along with Giannini, Bombassei, Ichino, Tinagli, Carlo Calenda, Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members) and finally decided to run for secretary (along with a third candidate, Luciana Cazzaniga). During the congress, postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitano's resignation, Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary.However, on 6 February, two days before the congress, eight senior members of the party (including six former Democrats), including its minister (Giannini), its deputy minister (Calenda), two deputies and five senators (including Giannini), had already left the party; all of them, except Calenda (who later became minister), joined the PD. As a result, the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate. In fact, of the two remaining senators, Della Vedova left during the congress, while Monti was no longer active.In two years, from the 2013 election to February 2015, SC had lost more than the half of its MPs, mostly to Popular Area and the PD.In July 2015 the party's national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president, Angelo D'Agostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president. More important, the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer, in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections. The new chosen name, "Citizens for Italy", would be used only in local elections, indeed.In January 2016, during a cabinet's reshuffle, Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy, while another SC deputy, Antimo Cesaro, was appointed undersecretary at Culture. Despite this, the party, which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls, continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February. In the meantime, Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdini's Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA), and, according to "Corriere della Sera", the two groups could soon merge. In the meantime, SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates.In July, after that the majority of the party's deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA (a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconi's FI), Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group. Contextually, Zanetti, who pretended to be still the leader of SC, started to organise a joint group with the ALA and, possibly, Flavio Tosi's Act!, and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera, a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany. The party's national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October, with 63 votes in favour and 39 against.This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups:In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party.In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and, more specifically, in close alliance with Berlusconi's FI. The 2017 Sicilian regional election, for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FI's lists, marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right. In November, the party's national board endorsed Zanetti's political line and marked SC's official adhesion to the centre-right coalition. The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the party's membership and three deputies (Ernesto Auci, D'Agostino and Vezzali) subsequently left and formed the European Civics.In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy (NcI), a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election, along with Act!, splinters of Popular Alternative (AP – two groups, a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi), Direction Italy (DI), Popular Construction (CP) and the Movement for the Autonomies (MpA). NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action (IdeA), with the goal of reaching 3%, required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law.In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected. After that, the party was "de facto" disbanded.
|
[
"Renato Balduzzi",
"Mariano Rabino",
"Alberto Bombassei",
"Salvatore Matarrese",
"Andrea Riccardi"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice in 07-Jun-201307-June-2013?
|
June 07, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Mario Monti"
]
}
|
L2_Q2792033_P488_1
|
Alberto Bombassei is the chair of Civic Choice from Oct, 2013 to Apr, 2014.
Mariano Rabino is the chair of Civic Choice from Apr, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Salvatore Matarrese is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2015 to Jul, 2016.
Mario Monti is the chair of Civic Choice from Mar, 2013 to Oct, 2013.
Andrea Riccardi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Renato Balduzzi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2014 to Sep, 2014.
|
Civic ChoiceCivic Choice (, SC) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti.The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda. In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy, along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini.In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party. In February 2014 after Letta's resignation, Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi. After that, the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and, by the end of 2017, joined forces with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia.Following the 2018 Italian general election, the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019.In order to compete in the upcoming general election, on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the "civil society" to implement his "agenda". It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy (CMI) coalition, alongside the Union of the Centre (UdC) and Future and Freedom (FLI).At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals, who were represented in the party's lists:In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote, 37 deputies (in its own lists) and 15 senators (within CMI). After the election, SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named "Civic Choice", including also UdC and FLI MPs, in both houses of Parliament.In late April the party joined Enrico Letta's grand coalition government, which included three SC leading members: Mario Mauro as minister of Defence, Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development.The party began to take shape too: on 13 March Monti, who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president, appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the party's assembly; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions. In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator, Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president, and Benedetto Della Vedova, a former member of the Italian Radicals, Forza Italia, the PdL and finally FLI, spokesperson. The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats: Maria Paola Merloni (vice president), Lorenzo Dellai (party leader in the Chamber of Deputies), Gianluca Susta (party leader in the Senate), Andrea Causin (organizational secretary), Pietro Ichino (platform coordinator) and Gregorio Gitti (local structures' coordinator). No member of Future Italy, a liberal think tank, took a leading role.Since then, the party was often riven by internal disputes. Monti twice presented (and later retracted) his resignation from president. In late July he clashed with the "Catholic" wing of the party, especially with Olivero, whom he accused of being too close to the UdC (whose deputies and senators were part of SC's parliamentary groups). Also Future Italy, seemed to have little patience with the "Catholic" wing and even to be willing to distance from the party.In this phase, an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation. Some, including the party's "Catholics", former members of PdL and Monti himself, favoured joining the European People's Party (EPP), while others, notably those close to Future Italy, Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta, preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party. It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPP's leadership in order to appease the party's Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split.On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president. Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators (out of 20), including Mario Mauro, Andrea Olivero, Gabriele Albertini, Pier Ferdinando Casini (UdC leader), Maria Paola Merloni, Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano. Particularly, Monti criticized Mauro's line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party, open to the PdL. One of the 12 senators, Tito Di Maggio, was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata.After Monti's abrupt departure, spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova, who represented the liberal wing of the party (including Pietro Ichino, Gianluca Susta, Linda Lanzillotta, etc.), announced that SC would "go on" as a "liberal, people's, reform and European party" and would never form a partnership with the PdL. Lanzillotta remarked that "Italy needs a liberal, people's, deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party" and that "we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi. For his part, during a TV interview, Monti stated that "my and SC's commitment does not end now" and that "many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini; they might have been right".On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC. The "popular" majority of SC's parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader, while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germany's Christian Democratic Union. On 6 November the SC senatorial group, dominated by Populars, elected L. Romano as new floor leader; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by "Montiani" and liberals, who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation.On 15 November the Populars walked away from the party's national assembly and left the party altogether. The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary. On 23 November the Populars, led by Mauro, Dellai and Olivero, launched Populars for Italy (PpI). On 10 December the party's break-up was effective in Parliament: 20 deputies (led by Dellai) and 12 senators (led by L. Romano) launched For Italy (PI) groups, while 26 deputies (led by Andrea Romano) and 8 senators (led by Susta) confirmed their allegiance to SC. All the UdC MPs but one joined PI.After Matteo Renzi's election as secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) in December, SC started to approach the centre-left, while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right, once again led by Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi, and, in early February 2014, Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw "its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer".Subsequently, SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi.On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini, a university professor, as minister of Education.On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice (SE), an electoral list including, among others, Democratic Centre, Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party. Members of SC topped SE's slates in two of five constituencies. The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party, cherished by Guy Verhofstadt (ALDE's candidate for President of the European Commission) and Romano Prodi, prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin, one of SC's few remaining Christian democrats, from organizational secretary.On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party, citing his disagreement with the party's political re-positionment (no longer a third-party force, but a close ally of Renzi's PD, under Giannini's leadership), the change in party's identity and "prevailing personal ambitions".On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs. Consequently, Giannini resigned from secretary.In October A. Romano, who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier, left the party in order to join the PD.In November the party's assembly decided that the new leadership, replacing Giannini and Balduzzi, who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament, will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015.Two candidates, Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti, announced their bid for secretary, while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the party's president. However, in mid December, Tinagli retired from the race. In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups, tried to stop the congress (along with Giannini, Bombassei, Ichino, Tinagli, Carlo Calenda, Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members) and finally decided to run for secretary (along with a third candidate, Luciana Cazzaniga). During the congress, postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitano's resignation, Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary.However, on 6 February, two days before the congress, eight senior members of the party (including six former Democrats), including its minister (Giannini), its deputy minister (Calenda), two deputies and five senators (including Giannini), had already left the party; all of them, except Calenda (who later became minister), joined the PD. As a result, the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate. In fact, of the two remaining senators, Della Vedova left during the congress, while Monti was no longer active.In two years, from the 2013 election to February 2015, SC had lost more than the half of its MPs, mostly to Popular Area and the PD.In July 2015 the party's national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president, Angelo D'Agostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president. More important, the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer, in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections. The new chosen name, "Citizens for Italy", would be used only in local elections, indeed.In January 2016, during a cabinet's reshuffle, Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy, while another SC deputy, Antimo Cesaro, was appointed undersecretary at Culture. Despite this, the party, which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls, continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February. In the meantime, Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdini's Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA), and, according to "Corriere della Sera", the two groups could soon merge. In the meantime, SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates.In July, after that the majority of the party's deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA (a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconi's FI), Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group. Contextually, Zanetti, who pretended to be still the leader of SC, started to organise a joint group with the ALA and, possibly, Flavio Tosi's Act!, and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera, a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany. The party's national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October, with 63 votes in favour and 39 against.This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups:In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party.In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and, more specifically, in close alliance with Berlusconi's FI. The 2017 Sicilian regional election, for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FI's lists, marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right. In November, the party's national board endorsed Zanetti's political line and marked SC's official adhesion to the centre-right coalition. The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the party's membership and three deputies (Ernesto Auci, D'Agostino and Vezzali) subsequently left and formed the European Civics.In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy (NcI), a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election, along with Act!, splinters of Popular Alternative (AP – two groups, a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi), Direction Italy (DI), Popular Construction (CP) and the Movement for the Autonomies (MpA). NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action (IdeA), with the goal of reaching 3%, required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law.In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected. After that, the party was "de facto" disbanded.
|
[
"Renato Balduzzi",
"Mariano Rabino",
"Alberto Bombassei",
"Salvatore Matarrese",
"Andrea Riccardi"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in Jan, 1719?
|
January 08, 1719
|
{
"text": [
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_3
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in 1719-01-08?
|
January 08, 1719
|
{
"text": [
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_3
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in 08/01/1719?
|
January 08, 1719
|
{
"text": [
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_3
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in Jan 08, 1719?
|
January 08, 1719
|
{
"text": [
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_3
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in 01/08/1719?
|
January 08, 1719
|
{
"text": [
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_3
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in 08-Jan-171908-January-1719?
|
January 08, 1719
|
{
"text": [
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_3
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which employer did Charles H. Ramsey work for in Jan, 1998?
|
January 08, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia",
"Chicago Police Department"
]
}
|
L2_Q5078624_P108_1
|
Charles H. Ramsey works for Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Chicago Police Department from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1998.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Philadelphia Police Department from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
|
Charles H. RamseyCharles H. "Chuck" Ramsey (born 1950) is the former Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department. Prior to assuming that post in January 2008, he had served as Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC) from 1998 to early 2007. In January 2017, he became a regular CNN contributor.A native of Chicago, Illinois, he joined the Chicago Police Department as an 18-year-old cadet in 1968. After serving six years as a patrol officer, he was promoted to sergeant in 1977. He was appointed a lieutenant in 1984 and became captain in 1988. He served as Commander of the Narcotics Section from 1989 to 1992 before spending two years as a Deputy Chief of the police force's Patrol Division. In 1994, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent.In 1998, he became the MPDC chief. During his tenure, he was involved in several high-profile cases as chief of police in Washington, D.C., such as the Chandra Levy murder investigation. He has also been in the spotlight since the September 11 attacks focused attention on security issues around Washington, D.C.Ramsey is a graduate of the FBI National Academy and holds undergraduate and graduate degrees from Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois.He has served as an adjunct professor at Lewis University and Northwestern University.Ramsey is a former member of the National Infrastructure Advisory Council.Ramsey's eight-year tenure as Chief of Police saw crime rates decline about 40%, the expansion of community policing and traffic safety programs, and improved MPDC recruiting and hiring standards, training, equipment, facilities and fleet. He reorganized the department to cut bureaucracy, and created Regional Operations Commands to oversee the quality of D.C. police services. He helped to create a non-emergency 3-1-1 system and made crime information readily available to the public through CrimeReports.com.He and his department assisted the Department of Homeland Security during the state funerals of Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford.Under Ramsey, the D.C, police instituted traffic checkpoints at which information about motorists who were breaking no law at the time was entered into a database. The move was called an "invasion of privacy" by an official of the police union.On September 27, 2002, the MPD made a mass arrest of a large group of demonstrators who had assembled in DC's Pershing Park to protest the World Bank and International Monetary Fund meetings. The police enclosed over 400 people in the park and arrested them without ordering them to disperse or allowing them to leave the park. Many of the arrested were not actually demonstrators, but were journalists, legal observers, and pedestrians.On January 13, 2006, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that the arrests violated the Fourth Amendment and that Chief Ramsey could be held personally liable for the violations. On August 2, 2007, City officials in Washington agreed to pay $1 million to more than 120 of the protesters, on top of other settlements by the D.C. government, including one for $640,000. Ramsey was represented by Mark Tuohey who generated at least $1.53 million in fees for his law firm Vinson & Elkins.According to testimony given by Detective Paul Hustler, Ramsey himself gave the arrest order, although he has repeatedly denied this. Hustler claims he overheard Ramsey say "We're going to lock them up and teach them a lesson."On November 20, 2006, Ramsey announced that he would step down as police chief on January 2, 2007, the inauguration day of Washington, D.C Mayor-Elect Adrian M. Fenty. Fenty selected Cathy Lanier, a 39-year-old commander of the MPDC's Homeland Security Division, as his replacement.Even though Ramsey's official last day was December 28, 2006, he stayed on until January 2, 2007, to deal with security during the state funeral of former president Gerald Ford.On November 15, 2007, Philadelphia Mayor Elect Michael Nutter nominated Ramsey as Police Commissioner. Ramsey came out of retirement to accept the position, and he was sworn in at the beginning of Nutter's term as Mayor on January 7, 2008.After Ramsey assumed his position, the city's homicide rate dropped 37 percent and violent crime 31 percent. In the city's nine most dangerous districts, which account for 65% of homicides and 75% of shootings, homicides were down by over 40 percent. Ramsey's tactics have included installing a network of surveillance cameras in the city's most dangerous sections, increasing the number of cops on the beat, and moving police patrols out of their squad cars and onto foot patrols or bicycle patrols. In 2014 President Obama selected Ramsey to serve as Co-Chair of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Ramsey has also served as President of the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) and the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA).On October 14, 2015, Ramsey announced his retirement from the Philadelphia Police Department, effective on January 5, 2016.
|
[
"Chicago Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department"
] |
|
Which employer did Charles H. Ramsey work for in 1998-01-08?
|
January 08, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia",
"Chicago Police Department"
]
}
|
L2_Q5078624_P108_1
|
Charles H. Ramsey works for Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Chicago Police Department from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1998.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Philadelphia Police Department from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
|
Charles H. RamseyCharles H. "Chuck" Ramsey (born 1950) is the former Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department. Prior to assuming that post in January 2008, he had served as Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC) from 1998 to early 2007. In January 2017, he became a regular CNN contributor.A native of Chicago, Illinois, he joined the Chicago Police Department as an 18-year-old cadet in 1968. After serving six years as a patrol officer, he was promoted to sergeant in 1977. He was appointed a lieutenant in 1984 and became captain in 1988. He served as Commander of the Narcotics Section from 1989 to 1992 before spending two years as a Deputy Chief of the police force's Patrol Division. In 1994, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent.In 1998, he became the MPDC chief. During his tenure, he was involved in several high-profile cases as chief of police in Washington, D.C., such as the Chandra Levy murder investigation. He has also been in the spotlight since the September 11 attacks focused attention on security issues around Washington, D.C.Ramsey is a graduate of the FBI National Academy and holds undergraduate and graduate degrees from Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois.He has served as an adjunct professor at Lewis University and Northwestern University.Ramsey is a former member of the National Infrastructure Advisory Council.Ramsey's eight-year tenure as Chief of Police saw crime rates decline about 40%, the expansion of community policing and traffic safety programs, and improved MPDC recruiting and hiring standards, training, equipment, facilities and fleet. He reorganized the department to cut bureaucracy, and created Regional Operations Commands to oversee the quality of D.C. police services. He helped to create a non-emergency 3-1-1 system and made crime information readily available to the public through CrimeReports.com.He and his department assisted the Department of Homeland Security during the state funerals of Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford.Under Ramsey, the D.C, police instituted traffic checkpoints at which information about motorists who were breaking no law at the time was entered into a database. The move was called an "invasion of privacy" by an official of the police union.On September 27, 2002, the MPD made a mass arrest of a large group of demonstrators who had assembled in DC's Pershing Park to protest the World Bank and International Monetary Fund meetings. The police enclosed over 400 people in the park and arrested them without ordering them to disperse or allowing them to leave the park. Many of the arrested were not actually demonstrators, but were journalists, legal observers, and pedestrians.On January 13, 2006, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that the arrests violated the Fourth Amendment and that Chief Ramsey could be held personally liable for the violations. On August 2, 2007, City officials in Washington agreed to pay $1 million to more than 120 of the protesters, on top of other settlements by the D.C. government, including one for $640,000. Ramsey was represented by Mark Tuohey who generated at least $1.53 million in fees for his law firm Vinson & Elkins.According to testimony given by Detective Paul Hustler, Ramsey himself gave the arrest order, although he has repeatedly denied this. Hustler claims he overheard Ramsey say "We're going to lock them up and teach them a lesson."On November 20, 2006, Ramsey announced that he would step down as police chief on January 2, 2007, the inauguration day of Washington, D.C Mayor-Elect Adrian M. Fenty. Fenty selected Cathy Lanier, a 39-year-old commander of the MPDC's Homeland Security Division, as his replacement.Even though Ramsey's official last day was December 28, 2006, he stayed on until January 2, 2007, to deal with security during the state funeral of former president Gerald Ford.On November 15, 2007, Philadelphia Mayor Elect Michael Nutter nominated Ramsey as Police Commissioner. Ramsey came out of retirement to accept the position, and he was sworn in at the beginning of Nutter's term as Mayor on January 7, 2008.After Ramsey assumed his position, the city's homicide rate dropped 37 percent and violent crime 31 percent. In the city's nine most dangerous districts, which account for 65% of homicides and 75% of shootings, homicides were down by over 40 percent. Ramsey's tactics have included installing a network of surveillance cameras in the city's most dangerous sections, increasing the number of cops on the beat, and moving police patrols out of their squad cars and onto foot patrols or bicycle patrols. In 2014 President Obama selected Ramsey to serve as Co-Chair of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Ramsey has also served as President of the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) and the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA).On October 14, 2015, Ramsey announced his retirement from the Philadelphia Police Department, effective on January 5, 2016.
|
[
"Chicago Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department"
] |
|
Which employer did Charles H. Ramsey work for in 08/01/1998?
|
January 08, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia",
"Chicago Police Department"
]
}
|
L2_Q5078624_P108_1
|
Charles H. Ramsey works for Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Chicago Police Department from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1998.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Philadelphia Police Department from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
|
Charles H. RamseyCharles H. "Chuck" Ramsey (born 1950) is the former Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department. Prior to assuming that post in January 2008, he had served as Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC) from 1998 to early 2007. In January 2017, he became a regular CNN contributor.A native of Chicago, Illinois, he joined the Chicago Police Department as an 18-year-old cadet in 1968. After serving six years as a patrol officer, he was promoted to sergeant in 1977. He was appointed a lieutenant in 1984 and became captain in 1988. He served as Commander of the Narcotics Section from 1989 to 1992 before spending two years as a Deputy Chief of the police force's Patrol Division. In 1994, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent.In 1998, he became the MPDC chief. During his tenure, he was involved in several high-profile cases as chief of police in Washington, D.C., such as the Chandra Levy murder investigation. He has also been in the spotlight since the September 11 attacks focused attention on security issues around Washington, D.C.Ramsey is a graduate of the FBI National Academy and holds undergraduate and graduate degrees from Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois.He has served as an adjunct professor at Lewis University and Northwestern University.Ramsey is a former member of the National Infrastructure Advisory Council.Ramsey's eight-year tenure as Chief of Police saw crime rates decline about 40%, the expansion of community policing and traffic safety programs, and improved MPDC recruiting and hiring standards, training, equipment, facilities and fleet. He reorganized the department to cut bureaucracy, and created Regional Operations Commands to oversee the quality of D.C. police services. He helped to create a non-emergency 3-1-1 system and made crime information readily available to the public through CrimeReports.com.He and his department assisted the Department of Homeland Security during the state funerals of Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford.Under Ramsey, the D.C, police instituted traffic checkpoints at which information about motorists who were breaking no law at the time was entered into a database. The move was called an "invasion of privacy" by an official of the police union.On September 27, 2002, the MPD made a mass arrest of a large group of demonstrators who had assembled in DC's Pershing Park to protest the World Bank and International Monetary Fund meetings. The police enclosed over 400 people in the park and arrested them without ordering them to disperse or allowing them to leave the park. Many of the arrested were not actually demonstrators, but were journalists, legal observers, and pedestrians.On January 13, 2006, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that the arrests violated the Fourth Amendment and that Chief Ramsey could be held personally liable for the violations. On August 2, 2007, City officials in Washington agreed to pay $1 million to more than 120 of the protesters, on top of other settlements by the D.C. government, including one for $640,000. Ramsey was represented by Mark Tuohey who generated at least $1.53 million in fees for his law firm Vinson & Elkins.According to testimony given by Detective Paul Hustler, Ramsey himself gave the arrest order, although he has repeatedly denied this. Hustler claims he overheard Ramsey say "We're going to lock them up and teach them a lesson."On November 20, 2006, Ramsey announced that he would step down as police chief on January 2, 2007, the inauguration day of Washington, D.C Mayor-Elect Adrian M. Fenty. Fenty selected Cathy Lanier, a 39-year-old commander of the MPDC's Homeland Security Division, as his replacement.Even though Ramsey's official last day was December 28, 2006, he stayed on until January 2, 2007, to deal with security during the state funeral of former president Gerald Ford.On November 15, 2007, Philadelphia Mayor Elect Michael Nutter nominated Ramsey as Police Commissioner. Ramsey came out of retirement to accept the position, and he was sworn in at the beginning of Nutter's term as Mayor on January 7, 2008.After Ramsey assumed his position, the city's homicide rate dropped 37 percent and violent crime 31 percent. In the city's nine most dangerous districts, which account for 65% of homicides and 75% of shootings, homicides were down by over 40 percent. Ramsey's tactics have included installing a network of surveillance cameras in the city's most dangerous sections, increasing the number of cops on the beat, and moving police patrols out of their squad cars and onto foot patrols or bicycle patrols. In 2014 President Obama selected Ramsey to serve as Co-Chair of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Ramsey has also served as President of the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) and the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA).On October 14, 2015, Ramsey announced his retirement from the Philadelphia Police Department, effective on January 5, 2016.
|
[
"Chicago Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department"
] |
|
Which employer did Charles H. Ramsey work for in Jan 08, 1998?
|
January 08, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia",
"Chicago Police Department"
]
}
|
L2_Q5078624_P108_1
|
Charles H. Ramsey works for Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Chicago Police Department from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1998.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Philadelphia Police Department from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
|
Charles H. RamseyCharles H. "Chuck" Ramsey (born 1950) is the former Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department. Prior to assuming that post in January 2008, he had served as Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC) from 1998 to early 2007. In January 2017, he became a regular CNN contributor.A native of Chicago, Illinois, he joined the Chicago Police Department as an 18-year-old cadet in 1968. After serving six years as a patrol officer, he was promoted to sergeant in 1977. He was appointed a lieutenant in 1984 and became captain in 1988. He served as Commander of the Narcotics Section from 1989 to 1992 before spending two years as a Deputy Chief of the police force's Patrol Division. In 1994, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent.In 1998, he became the MPDC chief. During his tenure, he was involved in several high-profile cases as chief of police in Washington, D.C., such as the Chandra Levy murder investigation. He has also been in the spotlight since the September 11 attacks focused attention on security issues around Washington, D.C.Ramsey is a graduate of the FBI National Academy and holds undergraduate and graduate degrees from Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois.He has served as an adjunct professor at Lewis University and Northwestern University.Ramsey is a former member of the National Infrastructure Advisory Council.Ramsey's eight-year tenure as Chief of Police saw crime rates decline about 40%, the expansion of community policing and traffic safety programs, and improved MPDC recruiting and hiring standards, training, equipment, facilities and fleet. He reorganized the department to cut bureaucracy, and created Regional Operations Commands to oversee the quality of D.C. police services. He helped to create a non-emergency 3-1-1 system and made crime information readily available to the public through CrimeReports.com.He and his department assisted the Department of Homeland Security during the state funerals of Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford.Under Ramsey, the D.C, police instituted traffic checkpoints at which information about motorists who were breaking no law at the time was entered into a database. The move was called an "invasion of privacy" by an official of the police union.On September 27, 2002, the MPD made a mass arrest of a large group of demonstrators who had assembled in DC's Pershing Park to protest the World Bank and International Monetary Fund meetings. The police enclosed over 400 people in the park and arrested them without ordering them to disperse or allowing them to leave the park. Many of the arrested were not actually demonstrators, but were journalists, legal observers, and pedestrians.On January 13, 2006, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that the arrests violated the Fourth Amendment and that Chief Ramsey could be held personally liable for the violations. On August 2, 2007, City officials in Washington agreed to pay $1 million to more than 120 of the protesters, on top of other settlements by the D.C. government, including one for $640,000. Ramsey was represented by Mark Tuohey who generated at least $1.53 million in fees for his law firm Vinson & Elkins.According to testimony given by Detective Paul Hustler, Ramsey himself gave the arrest order, although he has repeatedly denied this. Hustler claims he overheard Ramsey say "We're going to lock them up and teach them a lesson."On November 20, 2006, Ramsey announced that he would step down as police chief on January 2, 2007, the inauguration day of Washington, D.C Mayor-Elect Adrian M. Fenty. Fenty selected Cathy Lanier, a 39-year-old commander of the MPDC's Homeland Security Division, as his replacement.Even though Ramsey's official last day was December 28, 2006, he stayed on until January 2, 2007, to deal with security during the state funeral of former president Gerald Ford.On November 15, 2007, Philadelphia Mayor Elect Michael Nutter nominated Ramsey as Police Commissioner. Ramsey came out of retirement to accept the position, and he was sworn in at the beginning of Nutter's term as Mayor on January 7, 2008.After Ramsey assumed his position, the city's homicide rate dropped 37 percent and violent crime 31 percent. In the city's nine most dangerous districts, which account for 65% of homicides and 75% of shootings, homicides were down by over 40 percent. Ramsey's tactics have included installing a network of surveillance cameras in the city's most dangerous sections, increasing the number of cops on the beat, and moving police patrols out of their squad cars and onto foot patrols or bicycle patrols. In 2014 President Obama selected Ramsey to serve as Co-Chair of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Ramsey has also served as President of the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) and the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA).On October 14, 2015, Ramsey announced his retirement from the Philadelphia Police Department, effective on January 5, 2016.
|
[
"Chicago Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department"
] |
|
Which employer did Charles H. Ramsey work for in 01/08/1998?
|
January 08, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia",
"Chicago Police Department"
]
}
|
L2_Q5078624_P108_1
|
Charles H. Ramsey works for Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Chicago Police Department from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1998.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Philadelphia Police Department from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
|
Charles H. RamseyCharles H. "Chuck" Ramsey (born 1950) is the former Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department. Prior to assuming that post in January 2008, he had served as Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC) from 1998 to early 2007. In January 2017, he became a regular CNN contributor.A native of Chicago, Illinois, he joined the Chicago Police Department as an 18-year-old cadet in 1968. After serving six years as a patrol officer, he was promoted to sergeant in 1977. He was appointed a lieutenant in 1984 and became captain in 1988. He served as Commander of the Narcotics Section from 1989 to 1992 before spending two years as a Deputy Chief of the police force's Patrol Division. In 1994, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent.In 1998, he became the MPDC chief. During his tenure, he was involved in several high-profile cases as chief of police in Washington, D.C., such as the Chandra Levy murder investigation. He has also been in the spotlight since the September 11 attacks focused attention on security issues around Washington, D.C.Ramsey is a graduate of the FBI National Academy and holds undergraduate and graduate degrees from Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois.He has served as an adjunct professor at Lewis University and Northwestern University.Ramsey is a former member of the National Infrastructure Advisory Council.Ramsey's eight-year tenure as Chief of Police saw crime rates decline about 40%, the expansion of community policing and traffic safety programs, and improved MPDC recruiting and hiring standards, training, equipment, facilities and fleet. He reorganized the department to cut bureaucracy, and created Regional Operations Commands to oversee the quality of D.C. police services. He helped to create a non-emergency 3-1-1 system and made crime information readily available to the public through CrimeReports.com.He and his department assisted the Department of Homeland Security during the state funerals of Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford.Under Ramsey, the D.C, police instituted traffic checkpoints at which information about motorists who were breaking no law at the time was entered into a database. The move was called an "invasion of privacy" by an official of the police union.On September 27, 2002, the MPD made a mass arrest of a large group of demonstrators who had assembled in DC's Pershing Park to protest the World Bank and International Monetary Fund meetings. The police enclosed over 400 people in the park and arrested them without ordering them to disperse or allowing them to leave the park. Many of the arrested were not actually demonstrators, but were journalists, legal observers, and pedestrians.On January 13, 2006, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that the arrests violated the Fourth Amendment and that Chief Ramsey could be held personally liable for the violations. On August 2, 2007, City officials in Washington agreed to pay $1 million to more than 120 of the protesters, on top of other settlements by the D.C. government, including one for $640,000. Ramsey was represented by Mark Tuohey who generated at least $1.53 million in fees for his law firm Vinson & Elkins.According to testimony given by Detective Paul Hustler, Ramsey himself gave the arrest order, although he has repeatedly denied this. Hustler claims he overheard Ramsey say "We're going to lock them up and teach them a lesson."On November 20, 2006, Ramsey announced that he would step down as police chief on January 2, 2007, the inauguration day of Washington, D.C Mayor-Elect Adrian M. Fenty. Fenty selected Cathy Lanier, a 39-year-old commander of the MPDC's Homeland Security Division, as his replacement.Even though Ramsey's official last day was December 28, 2006, he stayed on until January 2, 2007, to deal with security during the state funeral of former president Gerald Ford.On November 15, 2007, Philadelphia Mayor Elect Michael Nutter nominated Ramsey as Police Commissioner. Ramsey came out of retirement to accept the position, and he was sworn in at the beginning of Nutter's term as Mayor on January 7, 2008.After Ramsey assumed his position, the city's homicide rate dropped 37 percent and violent crime 31 percent. In the city's nine most dangerous districts, which account for 65% of homicides and 75% of shootings, homicides were down by over 40 percent. Ramsey's tactics have included installing a network of surveillance cameras in the city's most dangerous sections, increasing the number of cops on the beat, and moving police patrols out of their squad cars and onto foot patrols or bicycle patrols. In 2014 President Obama selected Ramsey to serve as Co-Chair of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Ramsey has also served as President of the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) and the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA).On October 14, 2015, Ramsey announced his retirement from the Philadelphia Police Department, effective on January 5, 2016.
|
[
"Chicago Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department"
] |
|
Which employer did Charles H. Ramsey work for in 08-Jan-199808-January-1998?
|
January 08, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia",
"Chicago Police Department"
]
}
|
L2_Q5078624_P108_1
|
Charles H. Ramsey works for Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Chicago Police Department from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1998.
Charles H. Ramsey works for Philadelphia Police Department from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
|
Charles H. RamseyCharles H. "Chuck" Ramsey (born 1950) is the former Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department. Prior to assuming that post in January 2008, he had served as Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC) from 1998 to early 2007. In January 2017, he became a regular CNN contributor.A native of Chicago, Illinois, he joined the Chicago Police Department as an 18-year-old cadet in 1968. After serving six years as a patrol officer, he was promoted to sergeant in 1977. He was appointed a lieutenant in 1984 and became captain in 1988. He served as Commander of the Narcotics Section from 1989 to 1992 before spending two years as a Deputy Chief of the police force's Patrol Division. In 1994, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent.In 1998, he became the MPDC chief. During his tenure, he was involved in several high-profile cases as chief of police in Washington, D.C., such as the Chandra Levy murder investigation. He has also been in the spotlight since the September 11 attacks focused attention on security issues around Washington, D.C.Ramsey is a graduate of the FBI National Academy and holds undergraduate and graduate degrees from Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois.He has served as an adjunct professor at Lewis University and Northwestern University.Ramsey is a former member of the National Infrastructure Advisory Council.Ramsey's eight-year tenure as Chief of Police saw crime rates decline about 40%, the expansion of community policing and traffic safety programs, and improved MPDC recruiting and hiring standards, training, equipment, facilities and fleet. He reorganized the department to cut bureaucracy, and created Regional Operations Commands to oversee the quality of D.C. police services. He helped to create a non-emergency 3-1-1 system and made crime information readily available to the public through CrimeReports.com.He and his department assisted the Department of Homeland Security during the state funerals of Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford.Under Ramsey, the D.C, police instituted traffic checkpoints at which information about motorists who were breaking no law at the time was entered into a database. The move was called an "invasion of privacy" by an official of the police union.On September 27, 2002, the MPD made a mass arrest of a large group of demonstrators who had assembled in DC's Pershing Park to protest the World Bank and International Monetary Fund meetings. The police enclosed over 400 people in the park and arrested them without ordering them to disperse or allowing them to leave the park. Many of the arrested were not actually demonstrators, but were journalists, legal observers, and pedestrians.On January 13, 2006, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that the arrests violated the Fourth Amendment and that Chief Ramsey could be held personally liable for the violations. On August 2, 2007, City officials in Washington agreed to pay $1 million to more than 120 of the protesters, on top of other settlements by the D.C. government, including one for $640,000. Ramsey was represented by Mark Tuohey who generated at least $1.53 million in fees for his law firm Vinson & Elkins.According to testimony given by Detective Paul Hustler, Ramsey himself gave the arrest order, although he has repeatedly denied this. Hustler claims he overheard Ramsey say "We're going to lock them up and teach them a lesson."On November 20, 2006, Ramsey announced that he would step down as police chief on January 2, 2007, the inauguration day of Washington, D.C Mayor-Elect Adrian M. Fenty. Fenty selected Cathy Lanier, a 39-year-old commander of the MPDC's Homeland Security Division, as his replacement.Even though Ramsey's official last day was December 28, 2006, he stayed on until January 2, 2007, to deal with security during the state funeral of former president Gerald Ford.On November 15, 2007, Philadelphia Mayor Elect Michael Nutter nominated Ramsey as Police Commissioner. Ramsey came out of retirement to accept the position, and he was sworn in at the beginning of Nutter's term as Mayor on January 7, 2008.After Ramsey assumed his position, the city's homicide rate dropped 37 percent and violent crime 31 percent. In the city's nine most dangerous districts, which account for 65% of homicides and 75% of shootings, homicides were down by over 40 percent. Ramsey's tactics have included installing a network of surveillance cameras in the city's most dangerous sections, increasing the number of cops on the beat, and moving police patrols out of their squad cars and onto foot patrols or bicycle patrols. In 2014 President Obama selected Ramsey to serve as Co-Chair of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Ramsey has also served as President of the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) and the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA).On October 14, 2015, Ramsey announced his retirement from the Philadelphia Police Department, effective on January 5, 2016.
|
[
"Chicago Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department",
"Philadelphia Police Department"
] |
|
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in Apr, 2001?
|
April 05, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany"
]
}
|
L2_Q3035247_P108_1
|
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015.
Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000.
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020.
|
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
|
[
"Paris Diderot University",
"University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne",
"Sciences Po"
] |
|
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in 2001-04-05?
|
April 05, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany"
]
}
|
L2_Q3035247_P108_1
|
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015.
Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000.
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020.
|
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
|
[
"Paris Diderot University",
"University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne",
"Sciences Po"
] |
|
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in 05/04/2001?
|
April 05, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany"
]
}
|
L2_Q3035247_P108_1
|
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015.
Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000.
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020.
|
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
|
[
"Paris Diderot University",
"University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne",
"Sciences Po"
] |
|
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in Apr 05, 2001?
|
April 05, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany"
]
}
|
L2_Q3035247_P108_1
|
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015.
Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000.
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020.
|
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
|
[
"Paris Diderot University",
"University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne",
"Sciences Po"
] |
|
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in 04/05/2001?
|
April 05, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany"
]
}
|
L2_Q3035247_P108_1
|
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015.
Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000.
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020.
|
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
|
[
"Paris Diderot University",
"University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne",
"Sciences Po"
] |
|
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in 05-Apr-200105-April-2001?
|
April 05, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany"
]
}
|
L2_Q3035247_P108_1
|
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015.
Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000.
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020.
|
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
|
[
"Paris Diderot University",
"University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne",
"Sciences Po"
] |
|
Which team did Vladimir Galayba play for in Apr, 1985?
|
April 11, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"FC SKA Rostov-on-Don"
]
}
|
L2_Q7336561_P54_2
|
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC KUZBASS Kemerovo from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1988.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Rostov from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC SKA Rostov-on-Don from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1986.
Vladimir Galayba plays for IFK Luleå from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1998.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Torpedo Moscow from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
|
Vladimir GalaybaVladimir Galayba (; born July 27, 1960) is a retired Russian professional footballer.He played 2 games in the European Cup Winners' Cup 1986–87 for FC Torpedo Moscow.
|
[
"FC Torpedo Moscow",
"IFK Luleå",
"FC Rostov",
"FC KUZBASS Kemerovo"
] |
|
Which team did Vladimir Galayba play for in 1985-04-11?
|
April 11, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"FC SKA Rostov-on-Don"
]
}
|
L2_Q7336561_P54_2
|
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC KUZBASS Kemerovo from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1988.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Rostov from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC SKA Rostov-on-Don from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1986.
Vladimir Galayba plays for IFK Luleå from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1998.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Torpedo Moscow from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
|
Vladimir GalaybaVladimir Galayba (; born July 27, 1960) is a retired Russian professional footballer.He played 2 games in the European Cup Winners' Cup 1986–87 for FC Torpedo Moscow.
|
[
"FC Torpedo Moscow",
"IFK Luleå",
"FC Rostov",
"FC KUZBASS Kemerovo"
] |
|
Which team did Vladimir Galayba play for in 11/04/1985?
|
April 11, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"FC SKA Rostov-on-Don"
]
}
|
L2_Q7336561_P54_2
|
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC KUZBASS Kemerovo from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1988.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Rostov from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC SKA Rostov-on-Don from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1986.
Vladimir Galayba plays for IFK Luleå from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1998.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Torpedo Moscow from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
|
Vladimir GalaybaVladimir Galayba (; born July 27, 1960) is a retired Russian professional footballer.He played 2 games in the European Cup Winners' Cup 1986–87 for FC Torpedo Moscow.
|
[
"FC Torpedo Moscow",
"IFK Luleå",
"FC Rostov",
"FC KUZBASS Kemerovo"
] |
|
Which team did Vladimir Galayba play for in Apr 11, 1985?
|
April 11, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"FC SKA Rostov-on-Don"
]
}
|
L2_Q7336561_P54_2
|
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC KUZBASS Kemerovo from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1988.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Rostov from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC SKA Rostov-on-Don from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1986.
Vladimir Galayba plays for IFK Luleå from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1998.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Torpedo Moscow from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
|
Vladimir GalaybaVladimir Galayba (; born July 27, 1960) is a retired Russian professional footballer.He played 2 games in the European Cup Winners' Cup 1986–87 for FC Torpedo Moscow.
|
[
"FC Torpedo Moscow",
"IFK Luleå",
"FC Rostov",
"FC KUZBASS Kemerovo"
] |
|
Which team did Vladimir Galayba play for in 04/11/1985?
|
April 11, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"FC SKA Rostov-on-Don"
]
}
|
L2_Q7336561_P54_2
|
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC KUZBASS Kemerovo from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1988.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Rostov from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC SKA Rostov-on-Don from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1986.
Vladimir Galayba plays for IFK Luleå from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1998.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Torpedo Moscow from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
|
Vladimir GalaybaVladimir Galayba (; born July 27, 1960) is a retired Russian professional footballer.He played 2 games in the European Cup Winners' Cup 1986–87 for FC Torpedo Moscow.
|
[
"FC Torpedo Moscow",
"IFK Luleå",
"FC Rostov",
"FC KUZBASS Kemerovo"
] |
|
Which team did Vladimir Galayba play for in 11-Apr-198511-April-1985?
|
April 11, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"FC SKA Rostov-on-Don"
]
}
|
L2_Q7336561_P54_2
|
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC KUZBASS Kemerovo from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1988.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Rostov from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC SKA Rostov-on-Don from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1986.
Vladimir Galayba plays for IFK Luleå from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1998.
Vladimir Galayba plays for FC Torpedo Moscow from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
|
Vladimir GalaybaVladimir Galayba (; born July 27, 1960) is a retired Russian professional footballer.He played 2 games in the European Cup Winners' Cup 1986–87 for FC Torpedo Moscow.
|
[
"FC Torpedo Moscow",
"IFK Luleå",
"FC Rostov",
"FC KUZBASS Kemerovo"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in Nov, 1880?
|
November 28, 1880
|
{
"text": [
"Charles Bardon"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_22
|
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Clodomir de Chapelain",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in 1880-11-28?
|
November 28, 1880
|
{
"text": [
"Charles Bardon"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_22
|
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Clodomir de Chapelain",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in 28/11/1880?
|
November 28, 1880
|
{
"text": [
"Charles Bardon"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_22
|
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Clodomir de Chapelain",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in Nov 28, 1880?
|
November 28, 1880
|
{
"text": [
"Charles Bardon"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_22
|
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Clodomir de Chapelain",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in 11/28/1880?
|
November 28, 1880
|
{
"text": [
"Charles Bardon"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_22
|
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Clodomir de Chapelain",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in 28-Nov-188028-November-1880?
|
November 28, 1880
|
{
"text": [
"Charles Bardon"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_22
|
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Clodomir de Chapelain",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Which position did Emil Stang, Sr. hold in Aug, 1897?
|
August 06, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"party leader"
]
}
|
L2_Q1336909_P39_4
|
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Auditing from Jul, 1889 to Mar, 1891.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Prime Minister of Norway from May, 1893 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of party leader from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1899.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1900.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Education and Church Affairs from Apr, 1895 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1882.
|
Emil StangEmil Stang (14 June 1834 – 4 July 1912) was a Norwegian jurist and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1889-1891 and again from 1893-1895. He also served as the first leader of the Conservative Party from 1884-1889, 1891-1893 and 1896-1899.Emil Stang was born and died in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of former Prime Minister Frederik Stang. Stang became cand.jur. in 1858 and established his own legal practice in 1861. Starting that year he also took part in the editing of "Ugeblad for Lovkyndighed" ("Weekly magazine for Law knowledge"). From 1871 to 1907 he was the editor of "Norsk Retstidende" (the annals of Norwegian courts), except for the years when he was Prime Minister. He was the first chairman of the Conservative Party from 1884–1889, and lead the party again 1891–1893, and again 1896–1899. He was Prime Minister from 1889 to 1891 and from 1893 to 1895. From 1889 to 1891 he was President of the Storting. In 1891 he was appointed judge at Kristiania Stiftsoverrett, however, he never acceded this office. He became presiding judge ("lagmann") for Borgarting and Agder regional courts in 1895 and Supreme Court Justice in 1901. He retired in 1904.In 1890, Stang was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav. He was the father of Emil Stang and Fredrik Stang. He died in Christiania.
|
[
"Minister of Auditing",
"Prime Minister of Norway",
"Minister of Education and Church Affairs",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway",
"member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Emil Stang, Sr. hold in 1897-08-06?
|
August 06, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"party leader"
]
}
|
L2_Q1336909_P39_4
|
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Auditing from Jul, 1889 to Mar, 1891.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Prime Minister of Norway from May, 1893 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of party leader from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1899.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1900.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Education and Church Affairs from Apr, 1895 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1882.
|
Emil StangEmil Stang (14 June 1834 – 4 July 1912) was a Norwegian jurist and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1889-1891 and again from 1893-1895. He also served as the first leader of the Conservative Party from 1884-1889, 1891-1893 and 1896-1899.Emil Stang was born and died in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of former Prime Minister Frederik Stang. Stang became cand.jur. in 1858 and established his own legal practice in 1861. Starting that year he also took part in the editing of "Ugeblad for Lovkyndighed" ("Weekly magazine for Law knowledge"). From 1871 to 1907 he was the editor of "Norsk Retstidende" (the annals of Norwegian courts), except for the years when he was Prime Minister. He was the first chairman of the Conservative Party from 1884–1889, and lead the party again 1891–1893, and again 1896–1899. He was Prime Minister from 1889 to 1891 and from 1893 to 1895. From 1889 to 1891 he was President of the Storting. In 1891 he was appointed judge at Kristiania Stiftsoverrett, however, he never acceded this office. He became presiding judge ("lagmann") for Borgarting and Agder regional courts in 1895 and Supreme Court Justice in 1901. He retired in 1904.In 1890, Stang was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav. He was the father of Emil Stang and Fredrik Stang. He died in Christiania.
|
[
"Minister of Auditing",
"Prime Minister of Norway",
"Minister of Education and Church Affairs",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway",
"member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Emil Stang, Sr. hold in 06/08/1897?
|
August 06, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"party leader"
]
}
|
L2_Q1336909_P39_4
|
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Auditing from Jul, 1889 to Mar, 1891.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Prime Minister of Norway from May, 1893 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of party leader from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1899.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1900.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Education and Church Affairs from Apr, 1895 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1882.
|
Emil StangEmil Stang (14 June 1834 – 4 July 1912) was a Norwegian jurist and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1889-1891 and again from 1893-1895. He also served as the first leader of the Conservative Party from 1884-1889, 1891-1893 and 1896-1899.Emil Stang was born and died in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of former Prime Minister Frederik Stang. Stang became cand.jur. in 1858 and established his own legal practice in 1861. Starting that year he also took part in the editing of "Ugeblad for Lovkyndighed" ("Weekly magazine for Law knowledge"). From 1871 to 1907 he was the editor of "Norsk Retstidende" (the annals of Norwegian courts), except for the years when he was Prime Minister. He was the first chairman of the Conservative Party from 1884–1889, and lead the party again 1891–1893, and again 1896–1899. He was Prime Minister from 1889 to 1891 and from 1893 to 1895. From 1889 to 1891 he was President of the Storting. In 1891 he was appointed judge at Kristiania Stiftsoverrett, however, he never acceded this office. He became presiding judge ("lagmann") for Borgarting and Agder regional courts in 1895 and Supreme Court Justice in 1901. He retired in 1904.In 1890, Stang was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav. He was the father of Emil Stang and Fredrik Stang. He died in Christiania.
|
[
"Minister of Auditing",
"Prime Minister of Norway",
"Minister of Education and Church Affairs",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway",
"member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Emil Stang, Sr. hold in Aug 06, 1897?
|
August 06, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"party leader"
]
}
|
L2_Q1336909_P39_4
|
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Auditing from Jul, 1889 to Mar, 1891.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Prime Minister of Norway from May, 1893 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of party leader from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1899.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1900.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Education and Church Affairs from Apr, 1895 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1882.
|
Emil StangEmil Stang (14 June 1834 – 4 July 1912) was a Norwegian jurist and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1889-1891 and again from 1893-1895. He also served as the first leader of the Conservative Party from 1884-1889, 1891-1893 and 1896-1899.Emil Stang was born and died in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of former Prime Minister Frederik Stang. Stang became cand.jur. in 1858 and established his own legal practice in 1861. Starting that year he also took part in the editing of "Ugeblad for Lovkyndighed" ("Weekly magazine for Law knowledge"). From 1871 to 1907 he was the editor of "Norsk Retstidende" (the annals of Norwegian courts), except for the years when he was Prime Minister. He was the first chairman of the Conservative Party from 1884–1889, and lead the party again 1891–1893, and again 1896–1899. He was Prime Minister from 1889 to 1891 and from 1893 to 1895. From 1889 to 1891 he was President of the Storting. In 1891 he was appointed judge at Kristiania Stiftsoverrett, however, he never acceded this office. He became presiding judge ("lagmann") for Borgarting and Agder regional courts in 1895 and Supreme Court Justice in 1901. He retired in 1904.In 1890, Stang was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav. He was the father of Emil Stang and Fredrik Stang. He died in Christiania.
|
[
"Minister of Auditing",
"Prime Minister of Norway",
"Minister of Education and Church Affairs",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway",
"member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Emil Stang, Sr. hold in 08/06/1897?
|
August 06, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"party leader"
]
}
|
L2_Q1336909_P39_4
|
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Auditing from Jul, 1889 to Mar, 1891.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Prime Minister of Norway from May, 1893 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of party leader from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1899.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1900.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Education and Church Affairs from Apr, 1895 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1882.
|
Emil StangEmil Stang (14 June 1834 – 4 July 1912) was a Norwegian jurist and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1889-1891 and again from 1893-1895. He also served as the first leader of the Conservative Party from 1884-1889, 1891-1893 and 1896-1899.Emil Stang was born and died in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of former Prime Minister Frederik Stang. Stang became cand.jur. in 1858 and established his own legal practice in 1861. Starting that year he also took part in the editing of "Ugeblad for Lovkyndighed" ("Weekly magazine for Law knowledge"). From 1871 to 1907 he was the editor of "Norsk Retstidende" (the annals of Norwegian courts), except for the years when he was Prime Minister. He was the first chairman of the Conservative Party from 1884–1889, and lead the party again 1891–1893, and again 1896–1899. He was Prime Minister from 1889 to 1891 and from 1893 to 1895. From 1889 to 1891 he was President of the Storting. In 1891 he was appointed judge at Kristiania Stiftsoverrett, however, he never acceded this office. He became presiding judge ("lagmann") for Borgarting and Agder regional courts in 1895 and Supreme Court Justice in 1901. He retired in 1904.In 1890, Stang was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav. He was the father of Emil Stang and Fredrik Stang. He died in Christiania.
|
[
"Minister of Auditing",
"Prime Minister of Norway",
"Minister of Education and Church Affairs",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway",
"member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Emil Stang, Sr. hold in 06-Aug-189706-August-1897?
|
August 06, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"party leader"
]
}
|
L2_Q1336909_P39_4
|
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Auditing from Jul, 1889 to Mar, 1891.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Prime Minister of Norway from May, 1893 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of party leader from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1899.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1900.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of Minister of Education and Church Affairs from Apr, 1895 to Oct, 1895.
Emil Stang, Sr. holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1882.
|
Emil StangEmil Stang (14 June 1834 – 4 July 1912) was a Norwegian jurist and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1889-1891 and again from 1893-1895. He also served as the first leader of the Conservative Party from 1884-1889, 1891-1893 and 1896-1899.Emil Stang was born and died in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of former Prime Minister Frederik Stang. Stang became cand.jur. in 1858 and established his own legal practice in 1861. Starting that year he also took part in the editing of "Ugeblad for Lovkyndighed" ("Weekly magazine for Law knowledge"). From 1871 to 1907 he was the editor of "Norsk Retstidende" (the annals of Norwegian courts), except for the years when he was Prime Minister. He was the first chairman of the Conservative Party from 1884–1889, and lead the party again 1891–1893, and again 1896–1899. He was Prime Minister from 1889 to 1891 and from 1893 to 1895. From 1889 to 1891 he was President of the Storting. In 1891 he was appointed judge at Kristiania Stiftsoverrett, however, he never acceded this office. He became presiding judge ("lagmann") for Borgarting and Agder regional courts in 1895 and Supreme Court Justice in 1901. He retired in 1904.In 1890, Stang was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav. He was the father of Emil Stang and Fredrik Stang. He died in Christiania.
|
[
"Minister of Auditing",
"Prime Minister of Norway",
"Minister of Education and Church Affairs",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway",
"member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which employer did Robert M. Townsend work for in Nov, 1990?
|
November 06, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
}
|
L2_Q7347192_P108_1
|
Robert M. Townsend works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 2008.
Robert M. Townsend works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Robert M. Townsend works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robert M. TownsendRobert Morris Townsend (born April 23, 1948) is an American economist and professor, the Elizabeth & James Killian Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to joining MIT, he was the Charles E. Merriam Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago where he remained a research associate (professor) until 2018.Robert Townsend was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1948. He is the brother of John S. Townsend, a professor of physics at Harvey Mudd College.Townsend received his B.A. from Duke University in 1970 and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1975. He began teaching at Carnegie Mellon University in 1975, and became a Professor at the University of Chicago in 1985 where he stayed full-time until moving to MIT in 2008. From 1987 to 1989 Townsend was also editor of the Journal of Political Economy.In addition to his professorships, Townsend is the Principal Investigator and Project Director of the Enterprise Initiative, funded by the John Templeton Foundation, and the Principal Investigator of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Additionally, he is a consultant for numerous institutions, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the World Bank, and Banco de España.Townsend is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of The Econometric Society, as well as an Elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the recipient of the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize in 2011, and a Frisch Medal in 1998 for his work on village India and in 2012 for the structural evaluation of a large-scale microfinance program in Thailand; Townsend is the award's only two-time winner.Townsend began his work as a theorist in general equilibrium models and contract theory/mechanism design, but is known primarily for his work on revelation principle, costly state verification, optimal multi-period contracts, decentralization of economies with private information, models of money with spatially separated agents, and forecasting the forecasts of others. His contributions in econometrics include the study of risk and insurance in developing countries.Since 1997, Townsend's Thai Project has undertaken large scale village surveys in Thailand to analyze the interaction between household decisions and community behavior at the level of families, villages, regions, and the nation. The Townsend Thai study was the first of its kind and has been the stepping stone for many other applied and theoretical projects in economic development and contract theory. Townsend's work has demonstrated innovation in the combination of theory and data, as well as the ability to work across various sub-fields. A documentary film about his research and field work in Thailand, titled "Emerging Thailand: The Spirit of Small Enterprise," was created in 2012.In 2012, a series of documentary films was created about the people and research behind the Townsend Thai Project. The series consists of one main film and a set of smaller, shorter films that highlight the work of entrepreneurs in rural Thailand.
|
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"Carnegie Mellon University"
] |
|
Which employer did Robert M. Townsend work for in 1990-11-06?
|
November 06, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
}
|
L2_Q7347192_P108_1
|
Robert M. Townsend works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 2008.
Robert M. Townsend works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Robert M. Townsend works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robert M. TownsendRobert Morris Townsend (born April 23, 1948) is an American economist and professor, the Elizabeth & James Killian Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to joining MIT, he was the Charles E. Merriam Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago where he remained a research associate (professor) until 2018.Robert Townsend was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1948. He is the brother of John S. Townsend, a professor of physics at Harvey Mudd College.Townsend received his B.A. from Duke University in 1970 and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1975. He began teaching at Carnegie Mellon University in 1975, and became a Professor at the University of Chicago in 1985 where he stayed full-time until moving to MIT in 2008. From 1987 to 1989 Townsend was also editor of the Journal of Political Economy.In addition to his professorships, Townsend is the Principal Investigator and Project Director of the Enterprise Initiative, funded by the John Templeton Foundation, and the Principal Investigator of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Additionally, he is a consultant for numerous institutions, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the World Bank, and Banco de España.Townsend is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of The Econometric Society, as well as an Elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the recipient of the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize in 2011, and a Frisch Medal in 1998 for his work on village India and in 2012 for the structural evaluation of a large-scale microfinance program in Thailand; Townsend is the award's only two-time winner.Townsend began his work as a theorist in general equilibrium models and contract theory/mechanism design, but is known primarily for his work on revelation principle, costly state verification, optimal multi-period contracts, decentralization of economies with private information, models of money with spatially separated agents, and forecasting the forecasts of others. His contributions in econometrics include the study of risk and insurance in developing countries.Since 1997, Townsend's Thai Project has undertaken large scale village surveys in Thailand to analyze the interaction between household decisions and community behavior at the level of families, villages, regions, and the nation. The Townsend Thai study was the first of its kind and has been the stepping stone for many other applied and theoretical projects in economic development and contract theory. Townsend's work has demonstrated innovation in the combination of theory and data, as well as the ability to work across various sub-fields. A documentary film about his research and field work in Thailand, titled "Emerging Thailand: The Spirit of Small Enterprise," was created in 2012.In 2012, a series of documentary films was created about the people and research behind the Townsend Thai Project. The series consists of one main film and a set of smaller, shorter films that highlight the work of entrepreneurs in rural Thailand.
|
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"Carnegie Mellon University"
] |
|
Which employer did Robert M. Townsend work for in 06/11/1990?
|
November 06, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
}
|
L2_Q7347192_P108_1
|
Robert M. Townsend works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 2008.
Robert M. Townsend works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Robert M. Townsend works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robert M. TownsendRobert Morris Townsend (born April 23, 1948) is an American economist and professor, the Elizabeth & James Killian Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to joining MIT, he was the Charles E. Merriam Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago where he remained a research associate (professor) until 2018.Robert Townsend was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1948. He is the brother of John S. Townsend, a professor of physics at Harvey Mudd College.Townsend received his B.A. from Duke University in 1970 and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1975. He began teaching at Carnegie Mellon University in 1975, and became a Professor at the University of Chicago in 1985 where he stayed full-time until moving to MIT in 2008. From 1987 to 1989 Townsend was also editor of the Journal of Political Economy.In addition to his professorships, Townsend is the Principal Investigator and Project Director of the Enterprise Initiative, funded by the John Templeton Foundation, and the Principal Investigator of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Additionally, he is a consultant for numerous institutions, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the World Bank, and Banco de España.Townsend is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of The Econometric Society, as well as an Elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the recipient of the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize in 2011, and a Frisch Medal in 1998 for his work on village India and in 2012 for the structural evaluation of a large-scale microfinance program in Thailand; Townsend is the award's only two-time winner.Townsend began his work as a theorist in general equilibrium models and contract theory/mechanism design, but is known primarily for his work on revelation principle, costly state verification, optimal multi-period contracts, decentralization of economies with private information, models of money with spatially separated agents, and forecasting the forecasts of others. His contributions in econometrics include the study of risk and insurance in developing countries.Since 1997, Townsend's Thai Project has undertaken large scale village surveys in Thailand to analyze the interaction between household decisions and community behavior at the level of families, villages, regions, and the nation. The Townsend Thai study was the first of its kind and has been the stepping stone for many other applied and theoretical projects in economic development and contract theory. Townsend's work has demonstrated innovation in the combination of theory and data, as well as the ability to work across various sub-fields. A documentary film about his research and field work in Thailand, titled "Emerging Thailand: The Spirit of Small Enterprise," was created in 2012.In 2012, a series of documentary films was created about the people and research behind the Townsend Thai Project. The series consists of one main film and a set of smaller, shorter films that highlight the work of entrepreneurs in rural Thailand.
|
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"Carnegie Mellon University"
] |
|
Which employer did Robert M. Townsend work for in Nov 06, 1990?
|
November 06, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
}
|
L2_Q7347192_P108_1
|
Robert M. Townsend works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 2008.
Robert M. Townsend works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Robert M. Townsend works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robert M. TownsendRobert Morris Townsend (born April 23, 1948) is an American economist and professor, the Elizabeth & James Killian Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to joining MIT, he was the Charles E. Merriam Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago where he remained a research associate (professor) until 2018.Robert Townsend was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1948. He is the brother of John S. Townsend, a professor of physics at Harvey Mudd College.Townsend received his B.A. from Duke University in 1970 and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1975. He began teaching at Carnegie Mellon University in 1975, and became a Professor at the University of Chicago in 1985 where he stayed full-time until moving to MIT in 2008. From 1987 to 1989 Townsend was also editor of the Journal of Political Economy.In addition to his professorships, Townsend is the Principal Investigator and Project Director of the Enterprise Initiative, funded by the John Templeton Foundation, and the Principal Investigator of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Additionally, he is a consultant for numerous institutions, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the World Bank, and Banco de España.Townsend is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of The Econometric Society, as well as an Elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the recipient of the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize in 2011, and a Frisch Medal in 1998 for his work on village India and in 2012 for the structural evaluation of a large-scale microfinance program in Thailand; Townsend is the award's only two-time winner.Townsend began his work as a theorist in general equilibrium models and contract theory/mechanism design, but is known primarily for his work on revelation principle, costly state verification, optimal multi-period contracts, decentralization of economies with private information, models of money with spatially separated agents, and forecasting the forecasts of others. His contributions in econometrics include the study of risk and insurance in developing countries.Since 1997, Townsend's Thai Project has undertaken large scale village surveys in Thailand to analyze the interaction between household decisions and community behavior at the level of families, villages, regions, and the nation. The Townsend Thai study was the first of its kind and has been the stepping stone for many other applied and theoretical projects in economic development and contract theory. Townsend's work has demonstrated innovation in the combination of theory and data, as well as the ability to work across various sub-fields. A documentary film about his research and field work in Thailand, titled "Emerging Thailand: The Spirit of Small Enterprise," was created in 2012.In 2012, a series of documentary films was created about the people and research behind the Townsend Thai Project. The series consists of one main film and a set of smaller, shorter films that highlight the work of entrepreneurs in rural Thailand.
|
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"Carnegie Mellon University"
] |
|
Which employer did Robert M. Townsend work for in 11/06/1990?
|
November 06, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
}
|
L2_Q7347192_P108_1
|
Robert M. Townsend works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 2008.
Robert M. Townsend works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Robert M. Townsend works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robert M. TownsendRobert Morris Townsend (born April 23, 1948) is an American economist and professor, the Elizabeth & James Killian Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to joining MIT, he was the Charles E. Merriam Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago where he remained a research associate (professor) until 2018.Robert Townsend was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1948. He is the brother of John S. Townsend, a professor of physics at Harvey Mudd College.Townsend received his B.A. from Duke University in 1970 and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1975. He began teaching at Carnegie Mellon University in 1975, and became a Professor at the University of Chicago in 1985 where he stayed full-time until moving to MIT in 2008. From 1987 to 1989 Townsend was also editor of the Journal of Political Economy.In addition to his professorships, Townsend is the Principal Investigator and Project Director of the Enterprise Initiative, funded by the John Templeton Foundation, and the Principal Investigator of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Additionally, he is a consultant for numerous institutions, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the World Bank, and Banco de España.Townsend is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of The Econometric Society, as well as an Elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the recipient of the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize in 2011, and a Frisch Medal in 1998 for his work on village India and in 2012 for the structural evaluation of a large-scale microfinance program in Thailand; Townsend is the award's only two-time winner.Townsend began his work as a theorist in general equilibrium models and contract theory/mechanism design, but is known primarily for his work on revelation principle, costly state verification, optimal multi-period contracts, decentralization of economies with private information, models of money with spatially separated agents, and forecasting the forecasts of others. His contributions in econometrics include the study of risk and insurance in developing countries.Since 1997, Townsend's Thai Project has undertaken large scale village surveys in Thailand to analyze the interaction between household decisions and community behavior at the level of families, villages, regions, and the nation. The Townsend Thai study was the first of its kind and has been the stepping stone for many other applied and theoretical projects in economic development and contract theory. Townsend's work has demonstrated innovation in the combination of theory and data, as well as the ability to work across various sub-fields. A documentary film about his research and field work in Thailand, titled "Emerging Thailand: The Spirit of Small Enterprise," was created in 2012.In 2012, a series of documentary films was created about the people and research behind the Townsend Thai Project. The series consists of one main film and a set of smaller, shorter films that highlight the work of entrepreneurs in rural Thailand.
|
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"Carnegie Mellon University"
] |
|
Which employer did Robert M. Townsend work for in 06-Nov-199006-November-1990?
|
November 06, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
}
|
L2_Q7347192_P108_1
|
Robert M. Townsend works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 2008.
Robert M. Townsend works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Robert M. Townsend works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robert M. TownsendRobert Morris Townsend (born April 23, 1948) is an American economist and professor, the Elizabeth & James Killian Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to joining MIT, he was the Charles E. Merriam Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago where he remained a research associate (professor) until 2018.Robert Townsend was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1948. He is the brother of John S. Townsend, a professor of physics at Harvey Mudd College.Townsend received his B.A. from Duke University in 1970 and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1975. He began teaching at Carnegie Mellon University in 1975, and became a Professor at the University of Chicago in 1985 where he stayed full-time until moving to MIT in 2008. From 1987 to 1989 Townsend was also editor of the Journal of Political Economy.In addition to his professorships, Townsend is the Principal Investigator and Project Director of the Enterprise Initiative, funded by the John Templeton Foundation, and the Principal Investigator of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Additionally, he is a consultant for numerous institutions, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the World Bank, and Banco de España.Townsend is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of The Econometric Society, as well as an Elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the recipient of the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize in 2011, and a Frisch Medal in 1998 for his work on village India and in 2012 for the structural evaluation of a large-scale microfinance program in Thailand; Townsend is the award's only two-time winner.Townsend began his work as a theorist in general equilibrium models and contract theory/mechanism design, but is known primarily for his work on revelation principle, costly state verification, optimal multi-period contracts, decentralization of economies with private information, models of money with spatially separated agents, and forecasting the forecasts of others. His contributions in econometrics include the study of risk and insurance in developing countries.Since 1997, Townsend's Thai Project has undertaken large scale village surveys in Thailand to analyze the interaction between household decisions and community behavior at the level of families, villages, regions, and the nation. The Townsend Thai study was the first of its kind and has been the stepping stone for many other applied and theoretical projects in economic development and contract theory. Townsend's work has demonstrated innovation in the combination of theory and data, as well as the ability to work across various sub-fields. A documentary film about his research and field work in Thailand, titled "Emerging Thailand: The Spirit of Small Enterprise," was created in 2012.In 2012, a series of documentary films was created about the people and research behind the Townsend Thai Project. The series consists of one main film and a set of smaller, shorter films that highlight the work of entrepreneurs in rural Thailand.
|
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"Carnegie Mellon University"
] |
|
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in Sep, 1986?
|
September 14, 1986
|
{
"text": [
"University of Paderborn"
]
}
|
L2_Q1243222_P108_0
|
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992.
Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022.
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001.
|
Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.
|
[
"University of Bonn",
"Saarland University"
] |
|
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in 1986-09-14?
|
September 14, 1986
|
{
"text": [
"University of Paderborn"
]
}
|
L2_Q1243222_P108_0
|
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992.
Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022.
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001.
|
Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.
|
[
"University of Bonn",
"Saarland University"
] |
|
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in 14/09/1986?
|
September 14, 1986
|
{
"text": [
"University of Paderborn"
]
}
|
L2_Q1243222_P108_0
|
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992.
Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022.
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001.
|
Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.
|
[
"University of Bonn",
"Saarland University"
] |
|
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in Sep 14, 1986?
|
September 14, 1986
|
{
"text": [
"University of Paderborn"
]
}
|
L2_Q1243222_P108_0
|
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992.
Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022.
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001.
|
Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.
|
[
"University of Bonn",
"Saarland University"
] |
|
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in 09/14/1986?
|
September 14, 1986
|
{
"text": [
"University of Paderborn"
]
}
|
L2_Q1243222_P108_0
|
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992.
Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022.
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001.
|
Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.
|
[
"University of Bonn",
"Saarland University"
] |
|
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in 14-Sep-198614-September-1986?
|
September 14, 1986
|
{
"text": [
"University of Paderborn"
]
}
|
L2_Q1243222_P108_0
|
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992.
Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022.
Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001.
|
Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.
|
[
"University of Bonn",
"Saarland University"
] |
|
Which position did John F. Tefft hold in Feb, 2016?
|
February 12, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"United States Ambassador to Russia"
]
}
|
L2_Q500486_P39_3
|
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Russia from Nov, 2014 to Sep, 2017.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Lithuania from Aug, 2000 to May, 2003.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Georgia from Aug, 2005 to Sep, 2009.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Ukraine from Dec, 2009 to Jul, 2013.
|
John F. TefftJohn F. Tefft (born August 16, 1949) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972. He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31, 2014. He has previously served as the United States' ambassador to Ukraine, Georgia, and Lithuania, as well as chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow.Tefft was born in Madison, Wisconsin. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University.Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem, Budapest, Rome, Moscow, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Kyiv.Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia, he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6, 2004. Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor (Deputy Commandant) of the National War College in Washington, D.C. From 2000 to 2003, he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania. He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 (when Pickering was Ambassador), and was chargé d'affaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997. Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994, Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union (later Russian and CIS) Affairs from 1989 to 1992, and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989. His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem, as well as service on the U.S. delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985.On September 30, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on November 20, 2009.Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2, 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Tefft's credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7, 2009. The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation. Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian.On February 26, 2013, President Obama nominated Geoffrey R. Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine. Pyatt was sworn in on July 30, 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3, 2013.In July 2014, President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow, after receiving Russia's approval.The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31, 2014. The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time. Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine, the country's annexation of Crimea, and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner, prompted senators to finally approve the nomination. He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19, 2014 and left the position on September 28, 2017.In 2016, the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast, Nikolay Merkushkin, advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft.Tefft has received a number of awards, including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999. He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005.Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft, a biostatistician and nurse. They have two daughters, Christine, a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen, a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities.
|
[
"United States Ambassador to Ukraine",
"United States Ambassador to Lithuania",
"United States Ambassador to Georgia"
] |
|
Which position did John F. Tefft hold in 2016-02-12?
|
February 12, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"United States Ambassador to Russia"
]
}
|
L2_Q500486_P39_3
|
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Russia from Nov, 2014 to Sep, 2017.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Lithuania from Aug, 2000 to May, 2003.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Georgia from Aug, 2005 to Sep, 2009.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Ukraine from Dec, 2009 to Jul, 2013.
|
John F. TefftJohn F. Tefft (born August 16, 1949) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972. He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31, 2014. He has previously served as the United States' ambassador to Ukraine, Georgia, and Lithuania, as well as chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow.Tefft was born in Madison, Wisconsin. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University.Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem, Budapest, Rome, Moscow, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Kyiv.Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia, he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6, 2004. Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor (Deputy Commandant) of the National War College in Washington, D.C. From 2000 to 2003, he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania. He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 (when Pickering was Ambassador), and was chargé d'affaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997. Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994, Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union (later Russian and CIS) Affairs from 1989 to 1992, and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989. His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem, as well as service on the U.S. delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985.On September 30, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on November 20, 2009.Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2, 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Tefft's credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7, 2009. The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation. Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian.On February 26, 2013, President Obama nominated Geoffrey R. Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine. Pyatt was sworn in on July 30, 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3, 2013.In July 2014, President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow, after receiving Russia's approval.The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31, 2014. The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time. Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine, the country's annexation of Crimea, and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner, prompted senators to finally approve the nomination. He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19, 2014 and left the position on September 28, 2017.In 2016, the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast, Nikolay Merkushkin, advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft.Tefft has received a number of awards, including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999. He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005.Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft, a biostatistician and nurse. They have two daughters, Christine, a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen, a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities.
|
[
"United States Ambassador to Ukraine",
"United States Ambassador to Lithuania",
"United States Ambassador to Georgia"
] |
|
Which position did John F. Tefft hold in 12/02/2016?
|
February 12, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"United States Ambassador to Russia"
]
}
|
L2_Q500486_P39_3
|
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Russia from Nov, 2014 to Sep, 2017.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Lithuania from Aug, 2000 to May, 2003.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Georgia from Aug, 2005 to Sep, 2009.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Ukraine from Dec, 2009 to Jul, 2013.
|
John F. TefftJohn F. Tefft (born August 16, 1949) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972. He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31, 2014. He has previously served as the United States' ambassador to Ukraine, Georgia, and Lithuania, as well as chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow.Tefft was born in Madison, Wisconsin. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University.Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem, Budapest, Rome, Moscow, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Kyiv.Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia, he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6, 2004. Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor (Deputy Commandant) of the National War College in Washington, D.C. From 2000 to 2003, he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania. He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 (when Pickering was Ambassador), and was chargé d'affaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997. Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994, Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union (later Russian and CIS) Affairs from 1989 to 1992, and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989. His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem, as well as service on the U.S. delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985.On September 30, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on November 20, 2009.Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2, 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Tefft's credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7, 2009. The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation. Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian.On February 26, 2013, President Obama nominated Geoffrey R. Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine. Pyatt was sworn in on July 30, 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3, 2013.In July 2014, President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow, after receiving Russia's approval.The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31, 2014. The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time. Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine, the country's annexation of Crimea, and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner, prompted senators to finally approve the nomination. He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19, 2014 and left the position on September 28, 2017.In 2016, the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast, Nikolay Merkushkin, advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft.Tefft has received a number of awards, including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999. He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005.Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft, a biostatistician and nurse. They have two daughters, Christine, a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen, a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities.
|
[
"United States Ambassador to Ukraine",
"United States Ambassador to Lithuania",
"United States Ambassador to Georgia"
] |
|
Which position did John F. Tefft hold in Feb 12, 2016?
|
February 12, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"United States Ambassador to Russia"
]
}
|
L2_Q500486_P39_3
|
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Russia from Nov, 2014 to Sep, 2017.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Lithuania from Aug, 2000 to May, 2003.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Georgia from Aug, 2005 to Sep, 2009.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Ukraine from Dec, 2009 to Jul, 2013.
|
John F. TefftJohn F. Tefft (born August 16, 1949) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972. He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31, 2014. He has previously served as the United States' ambassador to Ukraine, Georgia, and Lithuania, as well as chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow.Tefft was born in Madison, Wisconsin. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University.Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem, Budapest, Rome, Moscow, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Kyiv.Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia, he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6, 2004. Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor (Deputy Commandant) of the National War College in Washington, D.C. From 2000 to 2003, he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania. He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 (when Pickering was Ambassador), and was chargé d'affaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997. Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994, Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union (later Russian and CIS) Affairs from 1989 to 1992, and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989. His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem, as well as service on the U.S. delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985.On September 30, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on November 20, 2009.Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2, 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Tefft's credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7, 2009. The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation. Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian.On February 26, 2013, President Obama nominated Geoffrey R. Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine. Pyatt was sworn in on July 30, 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3, 2013.In July 2014, President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow, after receiving Russia's approval.The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31, 2014. The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time. Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine, the country's annexation of Crimea, and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner, prompted senators to finally approve the nomination. He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19, 2014 and left the position on September 28, 2017.In 2016, the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast, Nikolay Merkushkin, advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft.Tefft has received a number of awards, including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999. He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005.Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft, a biostatistician and nurse. They have two daughters, Christine, a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen, a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities.
|
[
"United States Ambassador to Ukraine",
"United States Ambassador to Lithuania",
"United States Ambassador to Georgia"
] |
|
Which position did John F. Tefft hold in 02/12/2016?
|
February 12, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"United States Ambassador to Russia"
]
}
|
L2_Q500486_P39_3
|
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Russia from Nov, 2014 to Sep, 2017.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Lithuania from Aug, 2000 to May, 2003.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Georgia from Aug, 2005 to Sep, 2009.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Ukraine from Dec, 2009 to Jul, 2013.
|
John F. TefftJohn F. Tefft (born August 16, 1949) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972. He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31, 2014. He has previously served as the United States' ambassador to Ukraine, Georgia, and Lithuania, as well as chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow.Tefft was born in Madison, Wisconsin. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University.Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem, Budapest, Rome, Moscow, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Kyiv.Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia, he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6, 2004. Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor (Deputy Commandant) of the National War College in Washington, D.C. From 2000 to 2003, he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania. He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 (when Pickering was Ambassador), and was chargé d'affaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997. Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994, Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union (later Russian and CIS) Affairs from 1989 to 1992, and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989. His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem, as well as service on the U.S. delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985.On September 30, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on November 20, 2009.Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2, 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Tefft's credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7, 2009. The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation. Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian.On February 26, 2013, President Obama nominated Geoffrey R. Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine. Pyatt was sworn in on July 30, 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3, 2013.In July 2014, President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow, after receiving Russia's approval.The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31, 2014. The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time. Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine, the country's annexation of Crimea, and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner, prompted senators to finally approve the nomination. He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19, 2014 and left the position on September 28, 2017.In 2016, the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast, Nikolay Merkushkin, advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft.Tefft has received a number of awards, including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999. He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005.Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft, a biostatistician and nurse. They have two daughters, Christine, a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen, a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities.
|
[
"United States Ambassador to Ukraine",
"United States Ambassador to Lithuania",
"United States Ambassador to Georgia"
] |
|
Which position did John F. Tefft hold in 12-Feb-201612-February-2016?
|
February 12, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"United States Ambassador to Russia"
]
}
|
L2_Q500486_P39_3
|
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Russia from Nov, 2014 to Sep, 2017.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Lithuania from Aug, 2000 to May, 2003.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Georgia from Aug, 2005 to Sep, 2009.
John F. Tefft holds the position of United States Ambassador to Ukraine from Dec, 2009 to Jul, 2013.
|
John F. TefftJohn F. Tefft (born August 16, 1949) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972. He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31, 2014. He has previously served as the United States' ambassador to Ukraine, Georgia, and Lithuania, as well as chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow.Tefft was born in Madison, Wisconsin. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University.Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem, Budapest, Rome, Moscow, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Kyiv.Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia, he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6, 2004. Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor (Deputy Commandant) of the National War College in Washington, D.C. From 2000 to 2003, he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania. He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 (when Pickering was Ambassador), and was chargé d'affaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997. Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994, Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union (later Russian and CIS) Affairs from 1989 to 1992, and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989. His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem, as well as service on the U.S. delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985.On September 30, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on November 20, 2009.Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2, 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Tefft's credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7, 2009. The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation. Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian.On February 26, 2013, President Obama nominated Geoffrey R. Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine. Pyatt was sworn in on July 30, 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3, 2013.In July 2014, President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow, after receiving Russia's approval.The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31, 2014. The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time. Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine, the country's annexation of Crimea, and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner, prompted senators to finally approve the nomination. He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19, 2014 and left the position on September 28, 2017.In 2016, the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast, Nikolay Merkushkin, advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft.Tefft has received a number of awards, including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999. He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005.Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft, a biostatistician and nurse. They have two daughters, Christine, a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen, a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities.
|
[
"United States Ambassador to Ukraine",
"United States Ambassador to Lithuania",
"United States Ambassador to Georgia"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in Jan, 1851?
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January 23, 1851
|
{
"text": [
"Clodomir de Chapelain"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_8
|
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Charles Bardon",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in 1851-01-23?
|
January 23, 1851
|
{
"text": [
"Clodomir de Chapelain"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_8
|
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Charles Bardon",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in 23/01/1851?
|
January 23, 1851
|
{
"text": [
"Clodomir de Chapelain"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_8
|
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Charles Bardon",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in Jan 23, 1851?
|
January 23, 1851
|
{
"text": [
"Clodomir de Chapelain"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_8
|
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Charles Bardon",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in 01/23/1851?
|
January 23, 1851
|
{
"text": [
"Clodomir de Chapelain"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_8
|
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Charles Bardon",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Who was the head of arrondissement of Alès in 23-Jan-185123-January-1851?
|
January 23, 1851
|
{
"text": [
"Clodomir de Chapelain"
]
}
|
L2_Q700396_P6_8
|
Saint-Cyr-Montlaur is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1856 to Jan, 1858.
Philippe Portal is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Auguste Boivin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1912.
Laurent Spadale is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946.
Sainte-Colombe is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Georges Bérard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1985.
Pierre Goirand de Labaume is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1877.
Ernest Lolliot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1880.
Olivier Delcayrou is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2018.
Auguste Ménard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1837.
Jean-Baptiste Boffinton is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1856.
Gonthier Friederici is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Denis Chassaigne is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1943.
Thomas Louis Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1831 to Jan, 1833.
Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1800 to Jan, 1815.
Albert Le Go is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1911.
Jean Lem is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.
Louis Bezombes is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1895.
Émile Marchais is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1940.
François Ambroggiani is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stéphane Guyon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Gilles-Henry Garault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Francis de Civrieux is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1865.
Pierre Cantegrel is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1971.
Martial Baile is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1873.
Joseph-Eugène Amelin is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1860.
Charles de Thézillat is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Fabre is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1897.
Eugène Ducamp is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1870 to Jan, 1871.
Marcel Cot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Gilbert Cournon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1837 to Jan, 1841.
Gérard Sénégas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Dominique Bossu is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1879.
François Lamelot is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2004.
P. Mercier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858.
Jean-Marie Duval is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Louis de Larcy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1827.
Philippe de Narbonne-Lara is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1815 to Jan, 1817.
José Delfau is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1927.
Émile Nau de Beauregard is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1852 to Jan, 1854.
Michel Thénault is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Clodomir de Chapelain is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1841 to Jan, 1852.
Charles Colomb is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1888.
Marcel Henri is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1958.
Franck Rouvière is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1940.
Jacques Palazy is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1979.
Albert Carré is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974.
Auguste Murjas is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1871.
Hippolyte Morlé is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Charles Bardon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1880 to Jan, 1883.
Jacques Millon is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Christophe Marx is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Martin Sollier is the head of the government of arrondissement of Alès from Jan, 1829 to Jan, 1830.
|
Arrondissement of AlèsThe arrondissement of Alès is an arrondissement of France in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It has 97 communes. Its population is 148,139 (2016), and its area is .The communes of the arrondissement of Alès, and their INSEE codes, are:The arrondissement of Alès was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Gard, it gained four communes from the arrondissement of Le Vigan, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Nîmes and six communes to the arrondissement of Le Vigan.As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Alès were, as of January 2015:
|
[
"Alfred Fabre",
"Laurent Spadale",
"Denis Chassaigne",
"François Ambroggiani",
"Philippe Portal",
"Jean-Jacques Joseph Serres",
"Martial Baile",
"Thomas Louis Mercier",
"Charles Bardon",
"Dominique Bossu",
"Gilbert Cournon",
"Gilles-Henry Garault",
"Jacques Millon",
"Gérard Sénégas",
"Auguste Murjas",
"Georges Bérard",
"Michel Thénault",
"Christophe Marx",
"Albert Carré",
"Charles Colomb",
"Auguste Boivin",
"Philippe de Narbonne-Lara",
"Marcel Cot",
"Pierre Cantegrel",
"Joseph-Eugène Amelin",
"François Lamelot",
"Stéphane Guyon",
"Charles de Thézillat",
"Gonthier Friederici",
"José Delfau",
"Émile Marchais",
"Louis Bezombes",
"Ernest Lolliot",
"Jacques Palazy",
"Franck Rouvière",
"Jean Lem",
"Saint-Cyr-Montlaur",
"Eugène Ducamp",
"Francis de Civrieux",
"Hippolyte Morlé",
"Martin Sollier",
"Olivier Delcayrou",
"P. Mercier",
"Sainte-Colombe",
"Pierre Goirand de Labaume",
"Albert Le Go",
"Auguste Ménard",
"Jean-Baptiste Boffinton",
"Jean-Marie Duval",
"Émile Nau de Beauregard",
"Louis de Larcy",
"Marcel Henri"
] |
|
Which position did Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet hold in Sep, 1924?
|
September 27, 1924
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7527629_P39_3
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1923 to Oct, 1924.
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd BaronetSir John Fowler Leece Brunner, 2nd Baronet (24 May 1865 – 16 January 1929) was a British Liberal Party politician.Brunner was the eldest son of industrialist Sir John Tomlinson Brunner. He was elected at the 1906 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh in Lancashire, serving on the Liberal benches with his father, MP for Northwich in Cheshire.When his father retired from Parliament at the January 1910 election, he was elected to succeed him as MP for Northwich, and held the seat until his defeat at the 1918 general election.He unsuccessfully contested the Southport seat at the 1922 general election, and won it at the 1923 general election, but was defeated again at the 1924 general election.He stood again at the 1928 Cheltenham by-election, but came a poor second in the Conservative safe seat.On his father's death in 1919, he succeeded to the baronetcy.On 8 September 1890 John got into difficulties whilst swimming in Lake Como, Italy. He was rescued by his younger brother, Sidney Herbert Brunner, who lost his life in the process. Sidney's body was found on 10 September and buried beside the lake the next day. https://www.ancestrylibraryedition.co.uk/boards/surnames.brunner/644 He married Lucy Marianne Vaughan Morgan (1871–1941), daughter of Octavius Vaughan Morgan (1837–1896), and granddaughter of Thomas Morgan of Pipton, near Glasbury, Breconshire (1796–1847). Their daughter Joyce Morgan Brunner married Sir William Arthington Worsley, 4th Baronet, and their granddaughter Katharine married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, thereby becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent. Their son Felix succeeded as the 3rd baronet upon the death of Sir John, age 63.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet hold in 1924-09-27?
|
September 27, 1924
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7527629_P39_3
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1923 to Oct, 1924.
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd BaronetSir John Fowler Leece Brunner, 2nd Baronet (24 May 1865 – 16 January 1929) was a British Liberal Party politician.Brunner was the eldest son of industrialist Sir John Tomlinson Brunner. He was elected at the 1906 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh in Lancashire, serving on the Liberal benches with his father, MP for Northwich in Cheshire.When his father retired from Parliament at the January 1910 election, he was elected to succeed him as MP for Northwich, and held the seat until his defeat at the 1918 general election.He unsuccessfully contested the Southport seat at the 1922 general election, and won it at the 1923 general election, but was defeated again at the 1924 general election.He stood again at the 1928 Cheltenham by-election, but came a poor second in the Conservative safe seat.On his father's death in 1919, he succeeded to the baronetcy.On 8 September 1890 John got into difficulties whilst swimming in Lake Como, Italy. He was rescued by his younger brother, Sidney Herbert Brunner, who lost his life in the process. Sidney's body was found on 10 September and buried beside the lake the next day. https://www.ancestrylibraryedition.co.uk/boards/surnames.brunner/644 He married Lucy Marianne Vaughan Morgan (1871–1941), daughter of Octavius Vaughan Morgan (1837–1896), and granddaughter of Thomas Morgan of Pipton, near Glasbury, Breconshire (1796–1847). Their daughter Joyce Morgan Brunner married Sir William Arthington Worsley, 4th Baronet, and their granddaughter Katharine married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, thereby becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent. Their son Felix succeeded as the 3rd baronet upon the death of Sir John, age 63.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet hold in 27/09/1924?
|
September 27, 1924
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7527629_P39_3
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1923 to Oct, 1924.
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd BaronetSir John Fowler Leece Brunner, 2nd Baronet (24 May 1865 – 16 January 1929) was a British Liberal Party politician.Brunner was the eldest son of industrialist Sir John Tomlinson Brunner. He was elected at the 1906 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh in Lancashire, serving on the Liberal benches with his father, MP for Northwich in Cheshire.When his father retired from Parliament at the January 1910 election, he was elected to succeed him as MP for Northwich, and held the seat until his defeat at the 1918 general election.He unsuccessfully contested the Southport seat at the 1922 general election, and won it at the 1923 general election, but was defeated again at the 1924 general election.He stood again at the 1928 Cheltenham by-election, but came a poor second in the Conservative safe seat.On his father's death in 1919, he succeeded to the baronetcy.On 8 September 1890 John got into difficulties whilst swimming in Lake Como, Italy. He was rescued by his younger brother, Sidney Herbert Brunner, who lost his life in the process. Sidney's body was found on 10 September and buried beside the lake the next day. https://www.ancestrylibraryedition.co.uk/boards/surnames.brunner/644 He married Lucy Marianne Vaughan Morgan (1871–1941), daughter of Octavius Vaughan Morgan (1837–1896), and granddaughter of Thomas Morgan of Pipton, near Glasbury, Breconshire (1796–1847). Their daughter Joyce Morgan Brunner married Sir William Arthington Worsley, 4th Baronet, and their granddaughter Katharine married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, thereby becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent. Their son Felix succeeded as the 3rd baronet upon the death of Sir John, age 63.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet hold in Sep 27, 1924?
|
September 27, 1924
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7527629_P39_3
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1923 to Oct, 1924.
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd BaronetSir John Fowler Leece Brunner, 2nd Baronet (24 May 1865 – 16 January 1929) was a British Liberal Party politician.Brunner was the eldest son of industrialist Sir John Tomlinson Brunner. He was elected at the 1906 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh in Lancashire, serving on the Liberal benches with his father, MP for Northwich in Cheshire.When his father retired from Parliament at the January 1910 election, he was elected to succeed him as MP for Northwich, and held the seat until his defeat at the 1918 general election.He unsuccessfully contested the Southport seat at the 1922 general election, and won it at the 1923 general election, but was defeated again at the 1924 general election.He stood again at the 1928 Cheltenham by-election, but came a poor second in the Conservative safe seat.On his father's death in 1919, he succeeded to the baronetcy.On 8 September 1890 John got into difficulties whilst swimming in Lake Como, Italy. He was rescued by his younger brother, Sidney Herbert Brunner, who lost his life in the process. Sidney's body was found on 10 September and buried beside the lake the next day. https://www.ancestrylibraryedition.co.uk/boards/surnames.brunner/644 He married Lucy Marianne Vaughan Morgan (1871–1941), daughter of Octavius Vaughan Morgan (1837–1896), and granddaughter of Thomas Morgan of Pipton, near Glasbury, Breconshire (1796–1847). Their daughter Joyce Morgan Brunner married Sir William Arthington Worsley, 4th Baronet, and their granddaughter Katharine married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, thereby becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent. Their son Felix succeeded as the 3rd baronet upon the death of Sir John, age 63.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet hold in 09/27/1924?
|
September 27, 1924
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7527629_P39_3
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1923 to Oct, 1924.
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd BaronetSir John Fowler Leece Brunner, 2nd Baronet (24 May 1865 – 16 January 1929) was a British Liberal Party politician.Brunner was the eldest son of industrialist Sir John Tomlinson Brunner. He was elected at the 1906 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh in Lancashire, serving on the Liberal benches with his father, MP for Northwich in Cheshire.When his father retired from Parliament at the January 1910 election, he was elected to succeed him as MP for Northwich, and held the seat until his defeat at the 1918 general election.He unsuccessfully contested the Southport seat at the 1922 general election, and won it at the 1923 general election, but was defeated again at the 1924 general election.He stood again at the 1928 Cheltenham by-election, but came a poor second in the Conservative safe seat.On his father's death in 1919, he succeeded to the baronetcy.On 8 September 1890 John got into difficulties whilst swimming in Lake Como, Italy. He was rescued by his younger brother, Sidney Herbert Brunner, who lost his life in the process. Sidney's body was found on 10 September and buried beside the lake the next day. https://www.ancestrylibraryedition.co.uk/boards/surnames.brunner/644 He married Lucy Marianne Vaughan Morgan (1871–1941), daughter of Octavius Vaughan Morgan (1837–1896), and granddaughter of Thomas Morgan of Pipton, near Glasbury, Breconshire (1796–1847). Their daughter Joyce Morgan Brunner married Sir William Arthington Worsley, 4th Baronet, and their granddaughter Katharine married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, thereby becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent. Their son Felix succeeded as the 3rd baronet upon the death of Sir John, age 63.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet hold in 27-Sep-192427-September-1924?
|
September 27, 1924
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7527629_P39_3
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 33rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1923 to Oct, 1924.
|
Sir John Brunner, 2nd BaronetSir John Fowler Leece Brunner, 2nd Baronet (24 May 1865 – 16 January 1929) was a British Liberal Party politician.Brunner was the eldest son of industrialist Sir John Tomlinson Brunner. He was elected at the 1906 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh in Lancashire, serving on the Liberal benches with his father, MP for Northwich in Cheshire.When his father retired from Parliament at the January 1910 election, he was elected to succeed him as MP for Northwich, and held the seat until his defeat at the 1918 general election.He unsuccessfully contested the Southport seat at the 1922 general election, and won it at the 1923 general election, but was defeated again at the 1924 general election.He stood again at the 1928 Cheltenham by-election, but came a poor second in the Conservative safe seat.On his father's death in 1919, he succeeded to the baronetcy.On 8 September 1890 John got into difficulties whilst swimming in Lake Como, Italy. He was rescued by his younger brother, Sidney Herbert Brunner, who lost his life in the process. Sidney's body was found on 10 September and buried beside the lake the next day. https://www.ancestrylibraryedition.co.uk/boards/surnames.brunner/644 He married Lucy Marianne Vaughan Morgan (1871–1941), daughter of Octavius Vaughan Morgan (1837–1896), and granddaughter of Thomas Morgan of Pipton, near Glasbury, Breconshire (1796–1847). Their daughter Joyce Morgan Brunner married Sir William Arthington Worsley, 4th Baronet, and their granddaughter Katharine married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, thereby becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent. Their son Felix succeeded as the 3rd baronet upon the death of Sir John, age 63.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Shersby hold in Jun, 1974?
|
June 24, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6834367_P39_1
|
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Michael ShersbySir Julian Michael Shersby (17 February 1933 – 8 May 1997) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was Member of Parliament for Uxbridge.Shersby was born to William (Bill) and Elinor Shersby (Nora, née Fuller) at their home 9 Court Road, Ickenham (a Greater London area later in his seat in the House of Commons) on 17 February 1933. Christened Julian Michael, he was known primarily as Michael by the age of ten. He had siblings: Dick (also known as Harold), Marjorie and Brian Shersby. His father advanced in the Port of London Authority to be a manager.He attended Breakspear primary school and was later, like his siblings sat entrance exams for and was funded to attend independent school. Shersby attended The John Lyon School, in Harrow. Shersby left school at 16, in 1949 starting work in a humble clerical position at a company in London. He lived with family in Ickenham until at 25 he married Barbara Barrow of West Drayton and they moved to London. He qualified as a trained Conservative party agent during the 1950s and worked in that capacity during his early 20s before joining the industrial film industry between 1958 and 1966. Between 1966 and 1988 he was Director General of the British Sugar Bureau, the industry's trade association.Shersby's career as an elected political representative began in 1959 when he was first elected as a borough councillor on Paddington Borough Council for Maida Vale North ward and he then continued to serve for the Maida Vale ward of Westminster City Council from 1964 to 1970 after Paddington was subsumed into the new larger unitary Council's area. He served as Deputy Lord Mayor on Westminster City Council from 1967 to 1968.Shersby was first elected to Parliament at a 1972 by-election that followed the sudden death of Charles Curran, who had re-taken the seat for the Conservatives from Labour's John Ryan in the 1970 general election. This was a by-election Shersby had not been expected to win since it took place in the depths of unpopularity of the Heath Government and on the same night that Shersby was elected to Parliament (7 December 1972) the Conservatives lost the considerably safer seat of Sutton and Cheam by a large majority after a huge swing against the party there to the Liberal party. But in Uxbridge Shersby managed to hang on to a seat taken back from Labour for the Conservatives by Charles Curran in 1970, even though the majority fell from 1970's 3646 votes to a rather less comfortable 1,178 votes that night. His local roots as an Ickenham born lad probably helped him considerably in that election and over the years he consistently built up his majority to a high point of 15,970 votes in the 1987 general election by establishing a reputation as an extremely committed and hardworking backbench MP more interested in being able to pursue single issues he believed in rather than pursuing the trappings of power as a minister at what would have been the expense of his political independence.He received an Honorary Doctorate from Brunel University in 1994 and was knighted in 1995 for his longstanding years of service in Parliament Since at least 1920s he holds a record. This is the parliamentarian who has introduced the most of their own tabled bills (eight) to become law. Many of these he was the named sponsor, to bring attention to their importance, thus survive tight parliamentary timetabling rules.Following a meeting with the Yorkshire Police Federation, Shersby was invited to assist in the development of a ‘counter attack’ to ‘repudiate’ Lord Justice Taylor's Interim Report, which had condemned the evidence and testimony of senior police officers and rejected as exaggerated the allegations made against Liverpool fans. Taylor LJ stated categorically that fans’ behaviour played no part in the disaster. The Police Federation considered the Interim Report unfair and unbalanced. His acts, if any, as Parliamentary Adviser to the Police Federation following the Hillsborough disaster, per the Hillsborough Independent Panel's report, are unknown.After nearly 25 years in Parliament, Shersby died at the age of 64 from a heart attack, only seven days after being re-elected to Parliament in the 1997 general election. The resulting by-election was won by local department store owner John Randall.Sir Michael was survived by his wife of 39 years (Barbara) and his two children, Julian and Lucy. Lucy stood as Conservative Parliamentary candidate for Battersea in the 2001 general election but was not elected while Julian served as a Conservative councillor on Mole Valley District Council between 1999 and 2006.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Shersby hold in 1974-06-24?
|
June 24, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6834367_P39_1
|
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Michael ShersbySir Julian Michael Shersby (17 February 1933 – 8 May 1997) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was Member of Parliament for Uxbridge.Shersby was born to William (Bill) and Elinor Shersby (Nora, née Fuller) at their home 9 Court Road, Ickenham (a Greater London area later in his seat in the House of Commons) on 17 February 1933. Christened Julian Michael, he was known primarily as Michael by the age of ten. He had siblings: Dick (also known as Harold), Marjorie and Brian Shersby. His father advanced in the Port of London Authority to be a manager.He attended Breakspear primary school and was later, like his siblings sat entrance exams for and was funded to attend independent school. Shersby attended The John Lyon School, in Harrow. Shersby left school at 16, in 1949 starting work in a humble clerical position at a company in London. He lived with family in Ickenham until at 25 he married Barbara Barrow of West Drayton and they moved to London. He qualified as a trained Conservative party agent during the 1950s and worked in that capacity during his early 20s before joining the industrial film industry between 1958 and 1966. Between 1966 and 1988 he was Director General of the British Sugar Bureau, the industry's trade association.Shersby's career as an elected political representative began in 1959 when he was first elected as a borough councillor on Paddington Borough Council for Maida Vale North ward and he then continued to serve for the Maida Vale ward of Westminster City Council from 1964 to 1970 after Paddington was subsumed into the new larger unitary Council's area. He served as Deputy Lord Mayor on Westminster City Council from 1967 to 1968.Shersby was first elected to Parliament at a 1972 by-election that followed the sudden death of Charles Curran, who had re-taken the seat for the Conservatives from Labour's John Ryan in the 1970 general election. This was a by-election Shersby had not been expected to win since it took place in the depths of unpopularity of the Heath Government and on the same night that Shersby was elected to Parliament (7 December 1972) the Conservatives lost the considerably safer seat of Sutton and Cheam by a large majority after a huge swing against the party there to the Liberal party. But in Uxbridge Shersby managed to hang on to a seat taken back from Labour for the Conservatives by Charles Curran in 1970, even though the majority fell from 1970's 3646 votes to a rather less comfortable 1,178 votes that night. His local roots as an Ickenham born lad probably helped him considerably in that election and over the years he consistently built up his majority to a high point of 15,970 votes in the 1987 general election by establishing a reputation as an extremely committed and hardworking backbench MP more interested in being able to pursue single issues he believed in rather than pursuing the trappings of power as a minister at what would have been the expense of his political independence.He received an Honorary Doctorate from Brunel University in 1994 and was knighted in 1995 for his longstanding years of service in Parliament Since at least 1920s he holds a record. This is the parliamentarian who has introduced the most of their own tabled bills (eight) to become law. Many of these he was the named sponsor, to bring attention to their importance, thus survive tight parliamentary timetabling rules.Following a meeting with the Yorkshire Police Federation, Shersby was invited to assist in the development of a ‘counter attack’ to ‘repudiate’ Lord Justice Taylor's Interim Report, which had condemned the evidence and testimony of senior police officers and rejected as exaggerated the allegations made against Liverpool fans. Taylor LJ stated categorically that fans’ behaviour played no part in the disaster. The Police Federation considered the Interim Report unfair and unbalanced. His acts, if any, as Parliamentary Adviser to the Police Federation following the Hillsborough disaster, per the Hillsborough Independent Panel's report, are unknown.After nearly 25 years in Parliament, Shersby died at the age of 64 from a heart attack, only seven days after being re-elected to Parliament in the 1997 general election. The resulting by-election was won by local department store owner John Randall.Sir Michael was survived by his wife of 39 years (Barbara) and his two children, Julian and Lucy. Lucy stood as Conservative Parliamentary candidate for Battersea in the 2001 general election but was not elected while Julian served as a Conservative councillor on Mole Valley District Council between 1999 and 2006.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Shersby hold in 24/06/1974?
|
June 24, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6834367_P39_1
|
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Michael ShersbySir Julian Michael Shersby (17 February 1933 – 8 May 1997) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was Member of Parliament for Uxbridge.Shersby was born to William (Bill) and Elinor Shersby (Nora, née Fuller) at their home 9 Court Road, Ickenham (a Greater London area later in his seat in the House of Commons) on 17 February 1933. Christened Julian Michael, he was known primarily as Michael by the age of ten. He had siblings: Dick (also known as Harold), Marjorie and Brian Shersby. His father advanced in the Port of London Authority to be a manager.He attended Breakspear primary school and was later, like his siblings sat entrance exams for and was funded to attend independent school. Shersby attended The John Lyon School, in Harrow. Shersby left school at 16, in 1949 starting work in a humble clerical position at a company in London. He lived with family in Ickenham until at 25 he married Barbara Barrow of West Drayton and they moved to London. He qualified as a trained Conservative party agent during the 1950s and worked in that capacity during his early 20s before joining the industrial film industry between 1958 and 1966. Between 1966 and 1988 he was Director General of the British Sugar Bureau, the industry's trade association.Shersby's career as an elected political representative began in 1959 when he was first elected as a borough councillor on Paddington Borough Council for Maida Vale North ward and he then continued to serve for the Maida Vale ward of Westminster City Council from 1964 to 1970 after Paddington was subsumed into the new larger unitary Council's area. He served as Deputy Lord Mayor on Westminster City Council from 1967 to 1968.Shersby was first elected to Parliament at a 1972 by-election that followed the sudden death of Charles Curran, who had re-taken the seat for the Conservatives from Labour's John Ryan in the 1970 general election. This was a by-election Shersby had not been expected to win since it took place in the depths of unpopularity of the Heath Government and on the same night that Shersby was elected to Parliament (7 December 1972) the Conservatives lost the considerably safer seat of Sutton and Cheam by a large majority after a huge swing against the party there to the Liberal party. But in Uxbridge Shersby managed to hang on to a seat taken back from Labour for the Conservatives by Charles Curran in 1970, even though the majority fell from 1970's 3646 votes to a rather less comfortable 1,178 votes that night. His local roots as an Ickenham born lad probably helped him considerably in that election and over the years he consistently built up his majority to a high point of 15,970 votes in the 1987 general election by establishing a reputation as an extremely committed and hardworking backbench MP more interested in being able to pursue single issues he believed in rather than pursuing the trappings of power as a minister at what would have been the expense of his political independence.He received an Honorary Doctorate from Brunel University in 1994 and was knighted in 1995 for his longstanding years of service in Parliament Since at least 1920s he holds a record. This is the parliamentarian who has introduced the most of their own tabled bills (eight) to become law. Many of these he was the named sponsor, to bring attention to their importance, thus survive tight parliamentary timetabling rules.Following a meeting with the Yorkshire Police Federation, Shersby was invited to assist in the development of a ‘counter attack’ to ‘repudiate’ Lord Justice Taylor's Interim Report, which had condemned the evidence and testimony of senior police officers and rejected as exaggerated the allegations made against Liverpool fans. Taylor LJ stated categorically that fans’ behaviour played no part in the disaster. The Police Federation considered the Interim Report unfair and unbalanced. His acts, if any, as Parliamentary Adviser to the Police Federation following the Hillsborough disaster, per the Hillsborough Independent Panel's report, are unknown.After nearly 25 years in Parliament, Shersby died at the age of 64 from a heart attack, only seven days after being re-elected to Parliament in the 1997 general election. The resulting by-election was won by local department store owner John Randall.Sir Michael was survived by his wife of 39 years (Barbara) and his two children, Julian and Lucy. Lucy stood as Conservative Parliamentary candidate for Battersea in the 2001 general election but was not elected while Julian served as a Conservative councillor on Mole Valley District Council between 1999 and 2006.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Shersby hold in Jun 24, 1974?
|
June 24, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6834367_P39_1
|
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Michael ShersbySir Julian Michael Shersby (17 February 1933 – 8 May 1997) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was Member of Parliament for Uxbridge.Shersby was born to William (Bill) and Elinor Shersby (Nora, née Fuller) at their home 9 Court Road, Ickenham (a Greater London area later in his seat in the House of Commons) on 17 February 1933. Christened Julian Michael, he was known primarily as Michael by the age of ten. He had siblings: Dick (also known as Harold), Marjorie and Brian Shersby. His father advanced in the Port of London Authority to be a manager.He attended Breakspear primary school and was later, like his siblings sat entrance exams for and was funded to attend independent school. Shersby attended The John Lyon School, in Harrow. Shersby left school at 16, in 1949 starting work in a humble clerical position at a company in London. He lived with family in Ickenham until at 25 he married Barbara Barrow of West Drayton and they moved to London. He qualified as a trained Conservative party agent during the 1950s and worked in that capacity during his early 20s before joining the industrial film industry between 1958 and 1966. Between 1966 and 1988 he was Director General of the British Sugar Bureau, the industry's trade association.Shersby's career as an elected political representative began in 1959 when he was first elected as a borough councillor on Paddington Borough Council for Maida Vale North ward and he then continued to serve for the Maida Vale ward of Westminster City Council from 1964 to 1970 after Paddington was subsumed into the new larger unitary Council's area. He served as Deputy Lord Mayor on Westminster City Council from 1967 to 1968.Shersby was first elected to Parliament at a 1972 by-election that followed the sudden death of Charles Curran, who had re-taken the seat for the Conservatives from Labour's John Ryan in the 1970 general election. This was a by-election Shersby had not been expected to win since it took place in the depths of unpopularity of the Heath Government and on the same night that Shersby was elected to Parliament (7 December 1972) the Conservatives lost the considerably safer seat of Sutton and Cheam by a large majority after a huge swing against the party there to the Liberal party. But in Uxbridge Shersby managed to hang on to a seat taken back from Labour for the Conservatives by Charles Curran in 1970, even though the majority fell from 1970's 3646 votes to a rather less comfortable 1,178 votes that night. His local roots as an Ickenham born lad probably helped him considerably in that election and over the years he consistently built up his majority to a high point of 15,970 votes in the 1987 general election by establishing a reputation as an extremely committed and hardworking backbench MP more interested in being able to pursue single issues he believed in rather than pursuing the trappings of power as a minister at what would have been the expense of his political independence.He received an Honorary Doctorate from Brunel University in 1994 and was knighted in 1995 for his longstanding years of service in Parliament Since at least 1920s he holds a record. This is the parliamentarian who has introduced the most of their own tabled bills (eight) to become law. Many of these he was the named sponsor, to bring attention to their importance, thus survive tight parliamentary timetabling rules.Following a meeting with the Yorkshire Police Federation, Shersby was invited to assist in the development of a ‘counter attack’ to ‘repudiate’ Lord Justice Taylor's Interim Report, which had condemned the evidence and testimony of senior police officers and rejected as exaggerated the allegations made against Liverpool fans. Taylor LJ stated categorically that fans’ behaviour played no part in the disaster. The Police Federation considered the Interim Report unfair and unbalanced. His acts, if any, as Parliamentary Adviser to the Police Federation following the Hillsborough disaster, per the Hillsborough Independent Panel's report, are unknown.After nearly 25 years in Parliament, Shersby died at the age of 64 from a heart attack, only seven days after being re-elected to Parliament in the 1997 general election. The resulting by-election was won by local department store owner John Randall.Sir Michael was survived by his wife of 39 years (Barbara) and his two children, Julian and Lucy. Lucy stood as Conservative Parliamentary candidate for Battersea in the 2001 general election but was not elected while Julian served as a Conservative councillor on Mole Valley District Council between 1999 and 2006.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Shersby hold in 06/24/1974?
|
June 24, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6834367_P39_1
|
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Michael ShersbySir Julian Michael Shersby (17 February 1933 – 8 May 1997) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was Member of Parliament for Uxbridge.Shersby was born to William (Bill) and Elinor Shersby (Nora, née Fuller) at their home 9 Court Road, Ickenham (a Greater London area later in his seat in the House of Commons) on 17 February 1933. Christened Julian Michael, he was known primarily as Michael by the age of ten. He had siblings: Dick (also known as Harold), Marjorie and Brian Shersby. His father advanced in the Port of London Authority to be a manager.He attended Breakspear primary school and was later, like his siblings sat entrance exams for and was funded to attend independent school. Shersby attended The John Lyon School, in Harrow. Shersby left school at 16, in 1949 starting work in a humble clerical position at a company in London. He lived with family in Ickenham until at 25 he married Barbara Barrow of West Drayton and they moved to London. He qualified as a trained Conservative party agent during the 1950s and worked in that capacity during his early 20s before joining the industrial film industry between 1958 and 1966. Between 1966 and 1988 he was Director General of the British Sugar Bureau, the industry's trade association.Shersby's career as an elected political representative began in 1959 when he was first elected as a borough councillor on Paddington Borough Council for Maida Vale North ward and he then continued to serve for the Maida Vale ward of Westminster City Council from 1964 to 1970 after Paddington was subsumed into the new larger unitary Council's area. He served as Deputy Lord Mayor on Westminster City Council from 1967 to 1968.Shersby was first elected to Parliament at a 1972 by-election that followed the sudden death of Charles Curran, who had re-taken the seat for the Conservatives from Labour's John Ryan in the 1970 general election. This was a by-election Shersby had not been expected to win since it took place in the depths of unpopularity of the Heath Government and on the same night that Shersby was elected to Parliament (7 December 1972) the Conservatives lost the considerably safer seat of Sutton and Cheam by a large majority after a huge swing against the party there to the Liberal party. But in Uxbridge Shersby managed to hang on to a seat taken back from Labour for the Conservatives by Charles Curran in 1970, even though the majority fell from 1970's 3646 votes to a rather less comfortable 1,178 votes that night. His local roots as an Ickenham born lad probably helped him considerably in that election and over the years he consistently built up his majority to a high point of 15,970 votes in the 1987 general election by establishing a reputation as an extremely committed and hardworking backbench MP more interested in being able to pursue single issues he believed in rather than pursuing the trappings of power as a minister at what would have been the expense of his political independence.He received an Honorary Doctorate from Brunel University in 1994 and was knighted in 1995 for his longstanding years of service in Parliament Since at least 1920s he holds a record. This is the parliamentarian who has introduced the most of their own tabled bills (eight) to become law. Many of these he was the named sponsor, to bring attention to their importance, thus survive tight parliamentary timetabling rules.Following a meeting with the Yorkshire Police Federation, Shersby was invited to assist in the development of a ‘counter attack’ to ‘repudiate’ Lord Justice Taylor's Interim Report, which had condemned the evidence and testimony of senior police officers and rejected as exaggerated the allegations made against Liverpool fans. Taylor LJ stated categorically that fans’ behaviour played no part in the disaster. The Police Federation considered the Interim Report unfair and unbalanced. His acts, if any, as Parliamentary Adviser to the Police Federation following the Hillsborough disaster, per the Hillsborough Independent Panel's report, are unknown.After nearly 25 years in Parliament, Shersby died at the age of 64 from a heart attack, only seven days after being re-elected to Parliament in the 1997 general election. The resulting by-election was won by local department store owner John Randall.Sir Michael was survived by his wife of 39 years (Barbara) and his two children, Julian and Lucy. Lucy stood as Conservative Parliamentary candidate for Battersea in the 2001 general election but was not elected while Julian served as a Conservative councillor on Mole Valley District Council between 1999 and 2006.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Shersby hold in 24-Jun-197424-June-1974?
|
June 24, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6834367_P39_1
|
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Michael Shersby holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Michael ShersbySir Julian Michael Shersby (17 February 1933 – 8 May 1997) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was Member of Parliament for Uxbridge.Shersby was born to William (Bill) and Elinor Shersby (Nora, née Fuller) at their home 9 Court Road, Ickenham (a Greater London area later in his seat in the House of Commons) on 17 February 1933. Christened Julian Michael, he was known primarily as Michael by the age of ten. He had siblings: Dick (also known as Harold), Marjorie and Brian Shersby. His father advanced in the Port of London Authority to be a manager.He attended Breakspear primary school and was later, like his siblings sat entrance exams for and was funded to attend independent school. Shersby attended The John Lyon School, in Harrow. Shersby left school at 16, in 1949 starting work in a humble clerical position at a company in London. He lived with family in Ickenham until at 25 he married Barbara Barrow of West Drayton and they moved to London. He qualified as a trained Conservative party agent during the 1950s and worked in that capacity during his early 20s before joining the industrial film industry between 1958 and 1966. Between 1966 and 1988 he was Director General of the British Sugar Bureau, the industry's trade association.Shersby's career as an elected political representative began in 1959 when he was first elected as a borough councillor on Paddington Borough Council for Maida Vale North ward and he then continued to serve for the Maida Vale ward of Westminster City Council from 1964 to 1970 after Paddington was subsumed into the new larger unitary Council's area. He served as Deputy Lord Mayor on Westminster City Council from 1967 to 1968.Shersby was first elected to Parliament at a 1972 by-election that followed the sudden death of Charles Curran, who had re-taken the seat for the Conservatives from Labour's John Ryan in the 1970 general election. This was a by-election Shersby had not been expected to win since it took place in the depths of unpopularity of the Heath Government and on the same night that Shersby was elected to Parliament (7 December 1972) the Conservatives lost the considerably safer seat of Sutton and Cheam by a large majority after a huge swing against the party there to the Liberal party. But in Uxbridge Shersby managed to hang on to a seat taken back from Labour for the Conservatives by Charles Curran in 1970, even though the majority fell from 1970's 3646 votes to a rather less comfortable 1,178 votes that night. His local roots as an Ickenham born lad probably helped him considerably in that election and over the years he consistently built up his majority to a high point of 15,970 votes in the 1987 general election by establishing a reputation as an extremely committed and hardworking backbench MP more interested in being able to pursue single issues he believed in rather than pursuing the trappings of power as a minister at what would have been the expense of his political independence.He received an Honorary Doctorate from Brunel University in 1994 and was knighted in 1995 for his longstanding years of service in Parliament Since at least 1920s he holds a record. This is the parliamentarian who has introduced the most of their own tabled bills (eight) to become law. Many of these he was the named sponsor, to bring attention to their importance, thus survive tight parliamentary timetabling rules.Following a meeting with the Yorkshire Police Federation, Shersby was invited to assist in the development of a ‘counter attack’ to ‘repudiate’ Lord Justice Taylor's Interim Report, which had condemned the evidence and testimony of senior police officers and rejected as exaggerated the allegations made against Liverpool fans. Taylor LJ stated categorically that fans’ behaviour played no part in the disaster. The Police Federation considered the Interim Report unfair and unbalanced. His acts, if any, as Parliamentary Adviser to the Police Federation following the Hillsborough disaster, per the Hillsborough Independent Panel's report, are unknown.After nearly 25 years in Parliament, Shersby died at the age of 64 from a heart attack, only seven days after being re-elected to Parliament in the 1997 general election. The resulting by-election was won by local department store owner John Randall.Sir Michael was survived by his wife of 39 years (Barbara) and his two children, Julian and Lucy. Lucy stood as Conservative Parliamentary candidate for Battersea in the 2001 general election but was not elected while Julian served as a Conservative councillor on Mole Valley District Council between 1999 and 2006.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Andrés Zaldívar hold in Mar, 2006?
|
March 27, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of the Interior"
]
}
|
L2_Q2600525_P39_1
|
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of president of the Senate of Chile from Mar, 2017 to Mar, 2018.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of the Interior from Mar, 2006 to Jul, 2006.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of Finance - Chile from Mar, 1968 to Nov, 1970.
|
Andrés ZaldívarJosé Andrés Rafael Zaldívar Larraín, (born March 18, 1936) popularly known as "El Chico Zaldívar" ("Short Zaldívar"), is a prominent Chilean Christian Democrat politician. Andrés Zaldívar is of Basque descent.Zaldívar was born in Santiago, Chile. He attended primary and secondary school at the Instituto Alonso de Ercilla de Santiago, a member of the Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas. In 1959 Zaldívar graduated from the Universidad de Chile, having written the thesis ""Rental Laws, Commentaries and Jurisprudence".'In 1952 Zaldívar began his political career by joining the "Conservative Party". while attending university, he participated in the International Congress of Students in Chicago in 1956 representing Chile, as the Secretary of the Union of Federated Universities of Chile. In 1957 he joined the Christian Democrat Party, and served as Juvenile President for Santiago's Third District.Zaldívar practiced law in the Municipality of Colina from 1959 to 1962, then became magistrate of the local police of La Cisterna.In the government of Eduardo Frei, Zaldívar served as Undersecretary of Finance from 1964 to 1967. He became Minister of Finance in 1968 and Minister of both Finance and Economy, in 1970. From 1968 to 1970, Zaldívar served as governor of the Inter-American Development Bank and was representative to the Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress in Washington from 1968 to 1969 and representative to the Economic and Social Committee in Caracas in 1970.During the years of the "Popular Unity" coalition, Zaldívar served many different posts within the party: from 1970 to 1973 he was a national counselor of the Christian Democrats, in 1972 he became a member of the Political Committee, and from 1976 to 1982 he was the president of the Christian Democrats. As such, he became one of the main leaders of the opposition to the Pinochet military regime at that time.In 1973, Zaldívar for the first time became a member of the National Congress of Chile, upon election to the Senate of Chile for the Second Provincial District of Atacama and Coquimbo, joining the Economic Committee of Congress. However, after the Chilean coup of 1973, Congress was dissolved on September 21 and Zaldívar went into exile with his family in Spain. Returning to Chile the following year, Zaldívar became president of the Christian Democrat Party, from 1975 to 1982.In exile, Zaldívar was made President of the International Christian Democrats, an international organization of political parties, from 1981 to 1986, when he became a member of its advisory council. In 1981, furthermore, Zaldívar was a founding member of Center for Research for Ibero-America and Spain (CIPIE) in Spain, holding the position of president. In 1988, he joined the successful "No" campaign for the national plebiscite of that year. Also in 1988, Zaldívar again became the president of his party for another two years.In 1989, Zaldívar was elected Senator for the VII District of West Santiago, in one of the most hard-fought elections in history. Zaldívar received 31.27% of the vote while his partner on the list, future president Ricardo Lagos, received 30.62%. Due to Chile's binomial voting system (where parties or coalitions of parties select lists of one or more candidates, and the top candidate from each of the top two lists is elected when the top list gets less than twice the second-place list) and since no concessions could get double the votes of the Democracy and Progress, Andrés Zaldívar and the Independent Democrat Union's Jaime Guzmán, who only received 17.91% of the vote were elected.At this time, Zaldívar joined the Senate Public Works Committee and presided over the Finance Committee. In December of the same year, he was re-elected Senator with 27.77% of the vote. His partner on the list, Camilo Escalona, received 15.98% principally due to the migration of votes from the left to the candidate of the Communist Party of Chile, Gladys Marín Millie, who received 15.69% of the vote. This allowed Zaldívar to be elected together with the conservative Jovino Novoa, with 20.56% of the vote.During the second period since the rise of democracy, Zaldívar participated in the Constitution, Legislation, Justice, and Regulation Committees and presided over the Interior Administration Committee. In March 1998, Zaldívar was elected President of the Senate, a post that he held until March 15, 2004.In 1999, Zaldívar was a candidate for President of Chile, representing the Christian Democrat Party for the primary election of the Chilean presidential election of that year. Meanwhile, the coalition PPD/PS (Party for Democracy and Socialist Party of Chile) elected Ricardo Lagos as its primary candidate. In that year, the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (the "Concertación") held a primary to decide between the two. Lagos won the vote, with 71.3% of the vote to Zaldívar's 28.7%.In 2005, Zaldívar ran for the third consecutive time for the Senate seat of West Santiago at the Chilean parliamentary election of December 11, facing the Deputy Guido Girardi (PPD) (his coalition partner on the list), the Senator Jovino Novoa (UDI), and the businessman Roberto Fantuzzi (Independent); the latter two members of the Alliance for Chile coalition. Despite a strong campaign, Zaldívar did not retain his seat in the senate, although he exceeded the top candidate of his opponents' list, since the Democratic Coalition's votes did not double that of the Alliance for Chile, fellow Democratic Coalition member Guido Girardi was elected and Alliance for Chile member, the founder and president of Independent Democrat Union, Jovino Novoa was reelected.However, in later days, Zaldívar became a leader and chief strategist of Michelle Bachelet's presidential campaign. After the victory of the socialist candidate Bachelet, Zaldívar was appointed as her Minister of the Interior.On 21 March 2017 he succeeded Ricardo Lagos Weber as President of the Senate.
|
[
"Minister of Finance - Chile",
"president of the Senate of Chile"
] |
|
Which position did Andrés Zaldívar hold in 2006-03-27?
|
March 27, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of the Interior"
]
}
|
L2_Q2600525_P39_1
|
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of president of the Senate of Chile from Mar, 2017 to Mar, 2018.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of the Interior from Mar, 2006 to Jul, 2006.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of Finance - Chile from Mar, 1968 to Nov, 1970.
|
Andrés ZaldívarJosé Andrés Rafael Zaldívar Larraín, (born March 18, 1936) popularly known as "El Chico Zaldívar" ("Short Zaldívar"), is a prominent Chilean Christian Democrat politician. Andrés Zaldívar is of Basque descent.Zaldívar was born in Santiago, Chile. He attended primary and secondary school at the Instituto Alonso de Ercilla de Santiago, a member of the Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas. In 1959 Zaldívar graduated from the Universidad de Chile, having written the thesis ""Rental Laws, Commentaries and Jurisprudence".'In 1952 Zaldívar began his political career by joining the "Conservative Party". while attending university, he participated in the International Congress of Students in Chicago in 1956 representing Chile, as the Secretary of the Union of Federated Universities of Chile. In 1957 he joined the Christian Democrat Party, and served as Juvenile President for Santiago's Third District.Zaldívar practiced law in the Municipality of Colina from 1959 to 1962, then became magistrate of the local police of La Cisterna.In the government of Eduardo Frei, Zaldívar served as Undersecretary of Finance from 1964 to 1967. He became Minister of Finance in 1968 and Minister of both Finance and Economy, in 1970. From 1968 to 1970, Zaldívar served as governor of the Inter-American Development Bank and was representative to the Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress in Washington from 1968 to 1969 and representative to the Economic and Social Committee in Caracas in 1970.During the years of the "Popular Unity" coalition, Zaldívar served many different posts within the party: from 1970 to 1973 he was a national counselor of the Christian Democrats, in 1972 he became a member of the Political Committee, and from 1976 to 1982 he was the president of the Christian Democrats. As such, he became one of the main leaders of the opposition to the Pinochet military regime at that time.In 1973, Zaldívar for the first time became a member of the National Congress of Chile, upon election to the Senate of Chile for the Second Provincial District of Atacama and Coquimbo, joining the Economic Committee of Congress. However, after the Chilean coup of 1973, Congress was dissolved on September 21 and Zaldívar went into exile with his family in Spain. Returning to Chile the following year, Zaldívar became president of the Christian Democrat Party, from 1975 to 1982.In exile, Zaldívar was made President of the International Christian Democrats, an international organization of political parties, from 1981 to 1986, when he became a member of its advisory council. In 1981, furthermore, Zaldívar was a founding member of Center for Research for Ibero-America and Spain (CIPIE) in Spain, holding the position of president. In 1988, he joined the successful "No" campaign for the national plebiscite of that year. Also in 1988, Zaldívar again became the president of his party for another two years.In 1989, Zaldívar was elected Senator for the VII District of West Santiago, in one of the most hard-fought elections in history. Zaldívar received 31.27% of the vote while his partner on the list, future president Ricardo Lagos, received 30.62%. Due to Chile's binomial voting system (where parties or coalitions of parties select lists of one or more candidates, and the top candidate from each of the top two lists is elected when the top list gets less than twice the second-place list) and since no concessions could get double the votes of the Democracy and Progress, Andrés Zaldívar and the Independent Democrat Union's Jaime Guzmán, who only received 17.91% of the vote were elected.At this time, Zaldívar joined the Senate Public Works Committee and presided over the Finance Committee. In December of the same year, he was re-elected Senator with 27.77% of the vote. His partner on the list, Camilo Escalona, received 15.98% principally due to the migration of votes from the left to the candidate of the Communist Party of Chile, Gladys Marín Millie, who received 15.69% of the vote. This allowed Zaldívar to be elected together with the conservative Jovino Novoa, with 20.56% of the vote.During the second period since the rise of democracy, Zaldívar participated in the Constitution, Legislation, Justice, and Regulation Committees and presided over the Interior Administration Committee. In March 1998, Zaldívar was elected President of the Senate, a post that he held until March 15, 2004.In 1999, Zaldívar was a candidate for President of Chile, representing the Christian Democrat Party for the primary election of the Chilean presidential election of that year. Meanwhile, the coalition PPD/PS (Party for Democracy and Socialist Party of Chile) elected Ricardo Lagos as its primary candidate. In that year, the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (the "Concertación") held a primary to decide between the two. Lagos won the vote, with 71.3% of the vote to Zaldívar's 28.7%.In 2005, Zaldívar ran for the third consecutive time for the Senate seat of West Santiago at the Chilean parliamentary election of December 11, facing the Deputy Guido Girardi (PPD) (his coalition partner on the list), the Senator Jovino Novoa (UDI), and the businessman Roberto Fantuzzi (Independent); the latter two members of the Alliance for Chile coalition. Despite a strong campaign, Zaldívar did not retain his seat in the senate, although he exceeded the top candidate of his opponents' list, since the Democratic Coalition's votes did not double that of the Alliance for Chile, fellow Democratic Coalition member Guido Girardi was elected and Alliance for Chile member, the founder and president of Independent Democrat Union, Jovino Novoa was reelected.However, in later days, Zaldívar became a leader and chief strategist of Michelle Bachelet's presidential campaign. After the victory of the socialist candidate Bachelet, Zaldívar was appointed as her Minister of the Interior.On 21 March 2017 he succeeded Ricardo Lagos Weber as President of the Senate.
|
[
"Minister of Finance - Chile",
"president of the Senate of Chile"
] |
|
Which position did Andrés Zaldívar hold in 27/03/2006?
|
March 27, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of the Interior"
]
}
|
L2_Q2600525_P39_1
|
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of president of the Senate of Chile from Mar, 2017 to Mar, 2018.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of the Interior from Mar, 2006 to Jul, 2006.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of Finance - Chile from Mar, 1968 to Nov, 1970.
|
Andrés ZaldívarJosé Andrés Rafael Zaldívar Larraín, (born March 18, 1936) popularly known as "El Chico Zaldívar" ("Short Zaldívar"), is a prominent Chilean Christian Democrat politician. Andrés Zaldívar is of Basque descent.Zaldívar was born in Santiago, Chile. He attended primary and secondary school at the Instituto Alonso de Ercilla de Santiago, a member of the Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas. In 1959 Zaldívar graduated from the Universidad de Chile, having written the thesis ""Rental Laws, Commentaries and Jurisprudence".'In 1952 Zaldívar began his political career by joining the "Conservative Party". while attending university, he participated in the International Congress of Students in Chicago in 1956 representing Chile, as the Secretary of the Union of Federated Universities of Chile. In 1957 he joined the Christian Democrat Party, and served as Juvenile President for Santiago's Third District.Zaldívar practiced law in the Municipality of Colina from 1959 to 1962, then became magistrate of the local police of La Cisterna.In the government of Eduardo Frei, Zaldívar served as Undersecretary of Finance from 1964 to 1967. He became Minister of Finance in 1968 and Minister of both Finance and Economy, in 1970. From 1968 to 1970, Zaldívar served as governor of the Inter-American Development Bank and was representative to the Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress in Washington from 1968 to 1969 and representative to the Economic and Social Committee in Caracas in 1970.During the years of the "Popular Unity" coalition, Zaldívar served many different posts within the party: from 1970 to 1973 he was a national counselor of the Christian Democrats, in 1972 he became a member of the Political Committee, and from 1976 to 1982 he was the president of the Christian Democrats. As such, he became one of the main leaders of the opposition to the Pinochet military regime at that time.In 1973, Zaldívar for the first time became a member of the National Congress of Chile, upon election to the Senate of Chile for the Second Provincial District of Atacama and Coquimbo, joining the Economic Committee of Congress. However, after the Chilean coup of 1973, Congress was dissolved on September 21 and Zaldívar went into exile with his family in Spain. Returning to Chile the following year, Zaldívar became president of the Christian Democrat Party, from 1975 to 1982.In exile, Zaldívar was made President of the International Christian Democrats, an international organization of political parties, from 1981 to 1986, when he became a member of its advisory council. In 1981, furthermore, Zaldívar was a founding member of Center for Research for Ibero-America and Spain (CIPIE) in Spain, holding the position of president. In 1988, he joined the successful "No" campaign for the national plebiscite of that year. Also in 1988, Zaldívar again became the president of his party for another two years.In 1989, Zaldívar was elected Senator for the VII District of West Santiago, in one of the most hard-fought elections in history. Zaldívar received 31.27% of the vote while his partner on the list, future president Ricardo Lagos, received 30.62%. Due to Chile's binomial voting system (where parties or coalitions of parties select lists of one or more candidates, and the top candidate from each of the top two lists is elected when the top list gets less than twice the second-place list) and since no concessions could get double the votes of the Democracy and Progress, Andrés Zaldívar and the Independent Democrat Union's Jaime Guzmán, who only received 17.91% of the vote were elected.At this time, Zaldívar joined the Senate Public Works Committee and presided over the Finance Committee. In December of the same year, he was re-elected Senator with 27.77% of the vote. His partner on the list, Camilo Escalona, received 15.98% principally due to the migration of votes from the left to the candidate of the Communist Party of Chile, Gladys Marín Millie, who received 15.69% of the vote. This allowed Zaldívar to be elected together with the conservative Jovino Novoa, with 20.56% of the vote.During the second period since the rise of democracy, Zaldívar participated in the Constitution, Legislation, Justice, and Regulation Committees and presided over the Interior Administration Committee. In March 1998, Zaldívar was elected President of the Senate, a post that he held until March 15, 2004.In 1999, Zaldívar was a candidate for President of Chile, representing the Christian Democrat Party for the primary election of the Chilean presidential election of that year. Meanwhile, the coalition PPD/PS (Party for Democracy and Socialist Party of Chile) elected Ricardo Lagos as its primary candidate. In that year, the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (the "Concertación") held a primary to decide between the two. Lagos won the vote, with 71.3% of the vote to Zaldívar's 28.7%.In 2005, Zaldívar ran for the third consecutive time for the Senate seat of West Santiago at the Chilean parliamentary election of December 11, facing the Deputy Guido Girardi (PPD) (his coalition partner on the list), the Senator Jovino Novoa (UDI), and the businessman Roberto Fantuzzi (Independent); the latter two members of the Alliance for Chile coalition. Despite a strong campaign, Zaldívar did not retain his seat in the senate, although he exceeded the top candidate of his opponents' list, since the Democratic Coalition's votes did not double that of the Alliance for Chile, fellow Democratic Coalition member Guido Girardi was elected and Alliance for Chile member, the founder and president of Independent Democrat Union, Jovino Novoa was reelected.However, in later days, Zaldívar became a leader and chief strategist of Michelle Bachelet's presidential campaign. After the victory of the socialist candidate Bachelet, Zaldívar was appointed as her Minister of the Interior.On 21 March 2017 he succeeded Ricardo Lagos Weber as President of the Senate.
|
[
"Minister of Finance - Chile",
"president of the Senate of Chile"
] |
|
Which position did Andrés Zaldívar hold in Mar 27, 2006?
|
March 27, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of the Interior"
]
}
|
L2_Q2600525_P39_1
|
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of president of the Senate of Chile from Mar, 2017 to Mar, 2018.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of the Interior from Mar, 2006 to Jul, 2006.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of Finance - Chile from Mar, 1968 to Nov, 1970.
|
Andrés ZaldívarJosé Andrés Rafael Zaldívar Larraín, (born March 18, 1936) popularly known as "El Chico Zaldívar" ("Short Zaldívar"), is a prominent Chilean Christian Democrat politician. Andrés Zaldívar is of Basque descent.Zaldívar was born in Santiago, Chile. He attended primary and secondary school at the Instituto Alonso de Ercilla de Santiago, a member of the Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas. In 1959 Zaldívar graduated from the Universidad de Chile, having written the thesis ""Rental Laws, Commentaries and Jurisprudence".'In 1952 Zaldívar began his political career by joining the "Conservative Party". while attending university, he participated in the International Congress of Students in Chicago in 1956 representing Chile, as the Secretary of the Union of Federated Universities of Chile. In 1957 he joined the Christian Democrat Party, and served as Juvenile President for Santiago's Third District.Zaldívar practiced law in the Municipality of Colina from 1959 to 1962, then became magistrate of the local police of La Cisterna.In the government of Eduardo Frei, Zaldívar served as Undersecretary of Finance from 1964 to 1967. He became Minister of Finance in 1968 and Minister of both Finance and Economy, in 1970. From 1968 to 1970, Zaldívar served as governor of the Inter-American Development Bank and was representative to the Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress in Washington from 1968 to 1969 and representative to the Economic and Social Committee in Caracas in 1970.During the years of the "Popular Unity" coalition, Zaldívar served many different posts within the party: from 1970 to 1973 he was a national counselor of the Christian Democrats, in 1972 he became a member of the Political Committee, and from 1976 to 1982 he was the president of the Christian Democrats. As such, he became one of the main leaders of the opposition to the Pinochet military regime at that time.In 1973, Zaldívar for the first time became a member of the National Congress of Chile, upon election to the Senate of Chile for the Second Provincial District of Atacama and Coquimbo, joining the Economic Committee of Congress. However, after the Chilean coup of 1973, Congress was dissolved on September 21 and Zaldívar went into exile with his family in Spain. Returning to Chile the following year, Zaldívar became president of the Christian Democrat Party, from 1975 to 1982.In exile, Zaldívar was made President of the International Christian Democrats, an international organization of political parties, from 1981 to 1986, when he became a member of its advisory council. In 1981, furthermore, Zaldívar was a founding member of Center for Research for Ibero-America and Spain (CIPIE) in Spain, holding the position of president. In 1988, he joined the successful "No" campaign for the national plebiscite of that year. Also in 1988, Zaldívar again became the president of his party for another two years.In 1989, Zaldívar was elected Senator for the VII District of West Santiago, in one of the most hard-fought elections in history. Zaldívar received 31.27% of the vote while his partner on the list, future president Ricardo Lagos, received 30.62%. Due to Chile's binomial voting system (where parties or coalitions of parties select lists of one or more candidates, and the top candidate from each of the top two lists is elected when the top list gets less than twice the second-place list) and since no concessions could get double the votes of the Democracy and Progress, Andrés Zaldívar and the Independent Democrat Union's Jaime Guzmán, who only received 17.91% of the vote were elected.At this time, Zaldívar joined the Senate Public Works Committee and presided over the Finance Committee. In December of the same year, he was re-elected Senator with 27.77% of the vote. His partner on the list, Camilo Escalona, received 15.98% principally due to the migration of votes from the left to the candidate of the Communist Party of Chile, Gladys Marín Millie, who received 15.69% of the vote. This allowed Zaldívar to be elected together with the conservative Jovino Novoa, with 20.56% of the vote.During the second period since the rise of democracy, Zaldívar participated in the Constitution, Legislation, Justice, and Regulation Committees and presided over the Interior Administration Committee. In March 1998, Zaldívar was elected President of the Senate, a post that he held until March 15, 2004.In 1999, Zaldívar was a candidate for President of Chile, representing the Christian Democrat Party for the primary election of the Chilean presidential election of that year. Meanwhile, the coalition PPD/PS (Party for Democracy and Socialist Party of Chile) elected Ricardo Lagos as its primary candidate. In that year, the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (the "Concertación") held a primary to decide between the two. Lagos won the vote, with 71.3% of the vote to Zaldívar's 28.7%.In 2005, Zaldívar ran for the third consecutive time for the Senate seat of West Santiago at the Chilean parliamentary election of December 11, facing the Deputy Guido Girardi (PPD) (his coalition partner on the list), the Senator Jovino Novoa (UDI), and the businessman Roberto Fantuzzi (Independent); the latter two members of the Alliance for Chile coalition. Despite a strong campaign, Zaldívar did not retain his seat in the senate, although he exceeded the top candidate of his opponents' list, since the Democratic Coalition's votes did not double that of the Alliance for Chile, fellow Democratic Coalition member Guido Girardi was elected and Alliance for Chile member, the founder and president of Independent Democrat Union, Jovino Novoa was reelected.However, in later days, Zaldívar became a leader and chief strategist of Michelle Bachelet's presidential campaign. After the victory of the socialist candidate Bachelet, Zaldívar was appointed as her Minister of the Interior.On 21 March 2017 he succeeded Ricardo Lagos Weber as President of the Senate.
|
[
"Minister of Finance - Chile",
"president of the Senate of Chile"
] |
|
Which position did Andrés Zaldívar hold in 03/27/2006?
|
March 27, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of the Interior"
]
}
|
L2_Q2600525_P39_1
|
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of president of the Senate of Chile from Mar, 2017 to Mar, 2018.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of the Interior from Mar, 2006 to Jul, 2006.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of Finance - Chile from Mar, 1968 to Nov, 1970.
|
Andrés ZaldívarJosé Andrés Rafael Zaldívar Larraín, (born March 18, 1936) popularly known as "El Chico Zaldívar" ("Short Zaldívar"), is a prominent Chilean Christian Democrat politician. Andrés Zaldívar is of Basque descent.Zaldívar was born in Santiago, Chile. He attended primary and secondary school at the Instituto Alonso de Ercilla de Santiago, a member of the Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas. In 1959 Zaldívar graduated from the Universidad de Chile, having written the thesis ""Rental Laws, Commentaries and Jurisprudence".'In 1952 Zaldívar began his political career by joining the "Conservative Party". while attending university, he participated in the International Congress of Students in Chicago in 1956 representing Chile, as the Secretary of the Union of Federated Universities of Chile. In 1957 he joined the Christian Democrat Party, and served as Juvenile President for Santiago's Third District.Zaldívar practiced law in the Municipality of Colina from 1959 to 1962, then became magistrate of the local police of La Cisterna.In the government of Eduardo Frei, Zaldívar served as Undersecretary of Finance from 1964 to 1967. He became Minister of Finance in 1968 and Minister of both Finance and Economy, in 1970. From 1968 to 1970, Zaldívar served as governor of the Inter-American Development Bank and was representative to the Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress in Washington from 1968 to 1969 and representative to the Economic and Social Committee in Caracas in 1970.During the years of the "Popular Unity" coalition, Zaldívar served many different posts within the party: from 1970 to 1973 he was a national counselor of the Christian Democrats, in 1972 he became a member of the Political Committee, and from 1976 to 1982 he was the president of the Christian Democrats. As such, he became one of the main leaders of the opposition to the Pinochet military regime at that time.In 1973, Zaldívar for the first time became a member of the National Congress of Chile, upon election to the Senate of Chile for the Second Provincial District of Atacama and Coquimbo, joining the Economic Committee of Congress. However, after the Chilean coup of 1973, Congress was dissolved on September 21 and Zaldívar went into exile with his family in Spain. Returning to Chile the following year, Zaldívar became president of the Christian Democrat Party, from 1975 to 1982.In exile, Zaldívar was made President of the International Christian Democrats, an international organization of political parties, from 1981 to 1986, when he became a member of its advisory council. In 1981, furthermore, Zaldívar was a founding member of Center for Research for Ibero-America and Spain (CIPIE) in Spain, holding the position of president. In 1988, he joined the successful "No" campaign for the national plebiscite of that year. Also in 1988, Zaldívar again became the president of his party for another two years.In 1989, Zaldívar was elected Senator for the VII District of West Santiago, in one of the most hard-fought elections in history. Zaldívar received 31.27% of the vote while his partner on the list, future president Ricardo Lagos, received 30.62%. Due to Chile's binomial voting system (where parties or coalitions of parties select lists of one or more candidates, and the top candidate from each of the top two lists is elected when the top list gets less than twice the second-place list) and since no concessions could get double the votes of the Democracy and Progress, Andrés Zaldívar and the Independent Democrat Union's Jaime Guzmán, who only received 17.91% of the vote were elected.At this time, Zaldívar joined the Senate Public Works Committee and presided over the Finance Committee. In December of the same year, he was re-elected Senator with 27.77% of the vote. His partner on the list, Camilo Escalona, received 15.98% principally due to the migration of votes from the left to the candidate of the Communist Party of Chile, Gladys Marín Millie, who received 15.69% of the vote. This allowed Zaldívar to be elected together with the conservative Jovino Novoa, with 20.56% of the vote.During the second period since the rise of democracy, Zaldívar participated in the Constitution, Legislation, Justice, and Regulation Committees and presided over the Interior Administration Committee. In March 1998, Zaldívar was elected President of the Senate, a post that he held until March 15, 2004.In 1999, Zaldívar was a candidate for President of Chile, representing the Christian Democrat Party for the primary election of the Chilean presidential election of that year. Meanwhile, the coalition PPD/PS (Party for Democracy and Socialist Party of Chile) elected Ricardo Lagos as its primary candidate. In that year, the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (the "Concertación") held a primary to decide between the two. Lagos won the vote, with 71.3% of the vote to Zaldívar's 28.7%.In 2005, Zaldívar ran for the third consecutive time for the Senate seat of West Santiago at the Chilean parliamentary election of December 11, facing the Deputy Guido Girardi (PPD) (his coalition partner on the list), the Senator Jovino Novoa (UDI), and the businessman Roberto Fantuzzi (Independent); the latter two members of the Alliance for Chile coalition. Despite a strong campaign, Zaldívar did not retain his seat in the senate, although he exceeded the top candidate of his opponents' list, since the Democratic Coalition's votes did not double that of the Alliance for Chile, fellow Democratic Coalition member Guido Girardi was elected and Alliance for Chile member, the founder and president of Independent Democrat Union, Jovino Novoa was reelected.However, in later days, Zaldívar became a leader and chief strategist of Michelle Bachelet's presidential campaign. After the victory of the socialist candidate Bachelet, Zaldívar was appointed as her Minister of the Interior.On 21 March 2017 he succeeded Ricardo Lagos Weber as President of the Senate.
|
[
"Minister of Finance - Chile",
"president of the Senate of Chile"
] |
|
Which position did Andrés Zaldívar hold in 27-Mar-200627-March-2006?
|
March 27, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of the Interior"
]
}
|
L2_Q2600525_P39_1
|
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of president of the Senate of Chile from Mar, 2017 to Mar, 2018.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of the Interior from Mar, 2006 to Jul, 2006.
Andrés Zaldívar holds the position of Minister of Finance - Chile from Mar, 1968 to Nov, 1970.
|
Andrés ZaldívarJosé Andrés Rafael Zaldívar Larraín, (born March 18, 1936) popularly known as "El Chico Zaldívar" ("Short Zaldívar"), is a prominent Chilean Christian Democrat politician. Andrés Zaldívar is of Basque descent.Zaldívar was born in Santiago, Chile. He attended primary and secondary school at the Instituto Alonso de Ercilla de Santiago, a member of the Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas. In 1959 Zaldívar graduated from the Universidad de Chile, having written the thesis ""Rental Laws, Commentaries and Jurisprudence".'In 1952 Zaldívar began his political career by joining the "Conservative Party". while attending university, he participated in the International Congress of Students in Chicago in 1956 representing Chile, as the Secretary of the Union of Federated Universities of Chile. In 1957 he joined the Christian Democrat Party, and served as Juvenile President for Santiago's Third District.Zaldívar practiced law in the Municipality of Colina from 1959 to 1962, then became magistrate of the local police of La Cisterna.In the government of Eduardo Frei, Zaldívar served as Undersecretary of Finance from 1964 to 1967. He became Minister of Finance in 1968 and Minister of both Finance and Economy, in 1970. From 1968 to 1970, Zaldívar served as governor of the Inter-American Development Bank and was representative to the Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress in Washington from 1968 to 1969 and representative to the Economic and Social Committee in Caracas in 1970.During the years of the "Popular Unity" coalition, Zaldívar served many different posts within the party: from 1970 to 1973 he was a national counselor of the Christian Democrats, in 1972 he became a member of the Political Committee, and from 1976 to 1982 he was the president of the Christian Democrats. As such, he became one of the main leaders of the opposition to the Pinochet military regime at that time.In 1973, Zaldívar for the first time became a member of the National Congress of Chile, upon election to the Senate of Chile for the Second Provincial District of Atacama and Coquimbo, joining the Economic Committee of Congress. However, after the Chilean coup of 1973, Congress was dissolved on September 21 and Zaldívar went into exile with his family in Spain. Returning to Chile the following year, Zaldívar became president of the Christian Democrat Party, from 1975 to 1982.In exile, Zaldívar was made President of the International Christian Democrats, an international organization of political parties, from 1981 to 1986, when he became a member of its advisory council. In 1981, furthermore, Zaldívar was a founding member of Center for Research for Ibero-America and Spain (CIPIE) in Spain, holding the position of president. In 1988, he joined the successful "No" campaign for the national plebiscite of that year. Also in 1988, Zaldívar again became the president of his party for another two years.In 1989, Zaldívar was elected Senator for the VII District of West Santiago, in one of the most hard-fought elections in history. Zaldívar received 31.27% of the vote while his partner on the list, future president Ricardo Lagos, received 30.62%. Due to Chile's binomial voting system (where parties or coalitions of parties select lists of one or more candidates, and the top candidate from each of the top two lists is elected when the top list gets less than twice the second-place list) and since no concessions could get double the votes of the Democracy and Progress, Andrés Zaldívar and the Independent Democrat Union's Jaime Guzmán, who only received 17.91% of the vote were elected.At this time, Zaldívar joined the Senate Public Works Committee and presided over the Finance Committee. In December of the same year, he was re-elected Senator with 27.77% of the vote. His partner on the list, Camilo Escalona, received 15.98% principally due to the migration of votes from the left to the candidate of the Communist Party of Chile, Gladys Marín Millie, who received 15.69% of the vote. This allowed Zaldívar to be elected together with the conservative Jovino Novoa, with 20.56% of the vote.During the second period since the rise of democracy, Zaldívar participated in the Constitution, Legislation, Justice, and Regulation Committees and presided over the Interior Administration Committee. In March 1998, Zaldívar was elected President of the Senate, a post that he held until March 15, 2004.In 1999, Zaldívar was a candidate for President of Chile, representing the Christian Democrat Party for the primary election of the Chilean presidential election of that year. Meanwhile, the coalition PPD/PS (Party for Democracy and Socialist Party of Chile) elected Ricardo Lagos as its primary candidate. In that year, the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (the "Concertación") held a primary to decide between the two. Lagos won the vote, with 71.3% of the vote to Zaldívar's 28.7%.In 2005, Zaldívar ran for the third consecutive time for the Senate seat of West Santiago at the Chilean parliamentary election of December 11, facing the Deputy Guido Girardi (PPD) (his coalition partner on the list), the Senator Jovino Novoa (UDI), and the businessman Roberto Fantuzzi (Independent); the latter two members of the Alliance for Chile coalition. Despite a strong campaign, Zaldívar did not retain his seat in the senate, although he exceeded the top candidate of his opponents' list, since the Democratic Coalition's votes did not double that of the Alliance for Chile, fellow Democratic Coalition member Guido Girardi was elected and Alliance for Chile member, the founder and president of Independent Democrat Union, Jovino Novoa was reelected.However, in later days, Zaldívar became a leader and chief strategist of Michelle Bachelet's presidential campaign. After the victory of the socialist candidate Bachelet, Zaldívar was appointed as her Minister of the Interior.On 21 March 2017 he succeeded Ricardo Lagos Weber as President of the Senate.
|
[
"Minister of Finance - Chile",
"president of the Senate of Chile"
] |
|
Which position did John Russell, 1st Earl Russell hold in Sep, 1854?
|
September 07, 1854
|
{
"text": [
"Leader of the House of Commons",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Lord President of the Council"
]
}
|
L2_Q157259_P39_15
|
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Lord President of the Council from Jun, 1854 to Feb, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from Sep, 1839 to Sep, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jun, 1859 to Nov, 1865.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1813 to Feb, 1817.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for the Colonies from May, 1855 to Jul, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Home Secretary from Apr, 1835 to Aug, 1839.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the Opposition from Jun, 1866 to Dec, 1868.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Dec, 1852 to Jan, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
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John Russell, 1st Earl RussellJohn Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.The third son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, Russell was educated at Westminster School and Edinburgh University before entering Parliament in 1813. In 1828 he took a leading role in the repeal of the Test Acts which discriminated against Catholics and Protestant dissenters. He was one of the principal architects of the Reform Act 1832, which was the first major reform of Parliament since the Restoration, and a significant early step on the road to democracy and away from rule by the aristocracy and landed gentry. He favoured expanding the right to vote to the middle classes and enfranchising Britain's growing industrial towns and cities but he never advocated universal suffrage and he opposed the secret ballot. Russell was outspoken on many issues over the course of his career, advocating Catholic emancipation in the 1820s, calling for the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1845, denouncing Pope Pius IX's revival of Catholic bishoprics in 1850, and supporting Italian unification during the 1860s.Russell's ministerial career spanned four decades. In addition to his two terms as prime minister, between 1831 and 1865 he served in the cabinets of Earl Grey, Viscount Melbourne, the Earl of Aberdeen, and Viscount Palmerston. Russell's relationship with Palmerston was often stormy and contributed to bringing down Russell's first government in 1852 and Palmerston's first government in 1858. However, their renewed alliance from 1859 was one of the foundations of the united Liberal Party, which would go on to dominate British politics in the following decades. While Russell was an energetic and effective minister during the 1830s and helped to commit the Whigs to a reform agenda, he proved less successful as prime minister. During his two periods as prime minister he often suffered from a disunited cabinet and weak support in the House of Commons, meaning he was unable to carry out much of his agenda. During his first premiership, his government failed to deal effectively with the Irish Famine, a disaster that saw the loss of a quarter of Ireland's population through death and emigration. During his second premiership, he split his party by pressing for further parliamentary reform and was forced from office only to watch Derby and Disraeli carry a more ambitious Reform Bill. It has been said that Russell's ministry of 1846–1852 was the ruin of the old Whig party and that his ministry of 1865–1866 was very nearly the ruin of the Liberal Party that took its place.Russell was born on 18 August 1792 into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, being the third son of John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford, and Georgiana Byng, daughter of George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington. The Russell family had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country, but as a younger son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, he was not expected to inherit the family estates. As a younger son of a duke, he bore the courtesy title "Lord John Russell", but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861 and was elevated to the House of Lords.Russell was born two months premature and was small and sickly as a child (even in adulthood he remained under 5 feet 5 inches tall, and his small stature was frequently the butt of jokes by political opponents and caricaturists). In 1801 at the age of nine he was sent away to school. Shortly thereafter his mother died. After being withdrawn from Westminster School in 1804 due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors, including Edmund Cartwright. In 1806 Russell's father was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the short-live Ministry of All the Talents and it was during this time that the young Russell met Charles James Fox. Fox was Russell's formative political hero and would remain an inspiration throughout his life. Russell attended the University of Edinburgh from 1809 to 1812, lodging with Professor John Playfair, who oversaw his studies. He did not take a degree. Although often in poor health, he travelled widely in Britain and on the continent, and held commission as Captain in the Bedfordshire Militia in 1810. During his continental travels Russell visited Spain where his brother was serving as aide-de-camp to Lord Wellington in the Peninsular War. The following year he had a 90-minute meeting with Napoleon in December 1814 during the former emperor's exile at Elba.Russell entered the House of Commons as a Whig in 1813 at the age of 20. The future reformer gained his seat by virtue of his father, the Duke of Bedford, instructing the 30 or so electors of Tavistock to return him as an MP even though at the time Russell was abroad and under age. Russell entered Parliament more out of a sense of duty and family tradition than out of serious political ambition. With the exception the 1806-1807 coalition government in which Russell's father had served, the Whigs had been out of power since 1783, and Russell could have had had no certain expectation of a ministerial career. In June 1815 Russell denounced the Bourbon Restoration and Britain's declaration of war against the recently-returned Napoleon by arguing in the House of Commons that foreign powers had no right to dictate France's form of government. In 1817, tired of the prospect of perpetual opposition, Russell resigned from Parliament. After spending a year out of politics and travelling on the continent, he changed his mind and re-entered Parliament for Tavistock at the 1818 general election. In 1819 Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform and he led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. In 1828, while still an opposition backbencher, Russell introduced a Sacramental Test bill with the aim of abolishing the prohibitions on Catholics and Protestant dissenters being elected to local government and from holding civil and military offices. The bill gained the backing of the Tory Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel and was passed into law.When the Whigs came to power in 1830, Russell entered Earl Grey's government as Paymaster of the Forces. Despite being a relatively junior minister, as a vocal advocate for Parliamentary reform for over a decade, Russell became a principal leader in the fight for the Reform Act 1832. He was one of the committee of four tasked by Grey with drafting the reform bill, alongside cabinet ministers Lord Durham, Lord Duncannon and Sir James Graham. Despite not yet being in the Cabinet, Russell was chosen to introduce the bill in March 1831 and over the following year he successfully steered the Reform Act's difficult progress through the Commons. Russell earned the nickname "Finality Jack" from his pronouncing the Act a final measure but in later years he would go on to push for further reform of Parliament. In May 1834 Russell made a speech on the Irish Tithes bill, in which he argued that the revenue generated by tithes was more than was justified by the size of the established Protestant church in Ireland. Russell argued that a proportion the tithe revenue should instead be appropriated for the education of the Irish poor, regardless of denomination. The speech was seen by its opponents as an attack on the established church in Ireland and it cemented a split within Grey's government over the issue of Irish tithes. The following month four members of the Cabinet resigned over the issue, weakening the government's hold on Parliament. Sensing that his position was now hopeless, Grey offered his resignation to the King in July, and was replaced by Viscount Melbourne at the head of the government.In November 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer, Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons. Russell's appointment prompted King William IV to terminate Melbourne's government, in part because the King objected to Russell's views on the Irish Church. This remains the last time in British history that a monarch has dismissed a government. The subsequent minority Conservative government lasted less than five months before resigning in April 1835. Russell then returned to office as Home Secretary in Melbourne's second government, before serving as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1839 to 1841. Through this period Russell continued to lead the more reformist wing of the Whig party.As Home Secretary Russell recommended and secured royal pardons for the Tolpuddle Martyrs and partial commutation of their sentences. In 1836 he introduced the Marriages Act, which introduced civil marriages in England and Wales and allowed Catholics and Protestant Dissenters to marry in their own churches. In 1837 he steered a series of seven Acts through Parliament, which together reduced the number of offences carrying a sentence of death from thirty-seven to sixteen. This number was reduced further by the Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841. After these reforms the death penalty was rarely used in the United Kingdom for crimes other than murder. As Home Secretary Russell also introduced the public registration for births, marriages and deaths and played a large role in democratising the government of cities outside of London.In 1841 the Whigs lost the general election to the Conservatives and Russell and his colleagues returned to opposition. In November 1845, following the failure of that year's potato harvest across Britain and Ireland, Russell came out in favour of the repeal of the Corn Laws and called upon the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel to take urgent action to alleviate the emerging food crisis. Peel had by this time already become convinced of the need for repeal but he was opposed in this by the majority of his own cabinet and party. On 11 December 1845, frustrated by his party's unwillingness to support him on repeal, Peel resigned as Prime Minister and Queen Victoria invited Russell to form a new government. With the Whigs a minority in the Commons however, Russell struggled to assemble the necessary support. When Lord Grey declared that he would not serve in cabinet if Lord Palmerston was made Foreign Secretary it became clear to Russell that he could not form a viable government. Russell declined the Queen's invitation on 21 December and Peel agreed to stay on as Prime Minister. In June the following year Peel repealed the Corn Laws with Whig support, bitterly dividing the Conservative Party in the process. Later that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated after vengeful anti-repeal Tories voted with the opposition and Peel, taking this as a vote of no confidence, resigned as Prime Minister. Russell accepted the Queen's offer to form a government, this time Grey not objecting to Palmerston's appointment.Russell took office as Prime Minister with the Whigs only a minority in the House of Commons. It was the bitter split in the Conservative Party over the Corn Laws that allowed Russell's government to remain in power in spite of this, with Sir Robert Peel and his supporters offering tentative support to the new ministry in order to keep the protectionist Conservatives under Lord Stanley in opposition. At the general election of August 1847 the Whigs made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, but remained a minority, with Russell's government still dependent on the votes of Peelite and Irish Repealer MPs to win divisions in the Commons. Russell's political agenda was frequently frustrated by his lack of a reliable Commons majority. However, his government was able to secure a number of notable social reforms. Russell introduced teachers' pensions and used Orders in Council to make grants for teacher training. The Public Baths and Wash-houses Acts of 1847 and 1848 enabled local authorities to build municipal baths and washing facilities for the growing urban working classes. Russell lent his support to the passage of the Factories Act 1847, which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (aged 13–18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day. 1848 saw the introduction of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers and the Public Health Act 1848, by which the state assumed responsibility for sewerage, clean water supply, refuse collection and other aspects of public health across much of England and Wales.Following the election of Lionel de Rothschild in the 1847 general election, Russell introduced a Jewish Relief bill, which would have allowed Rothschild and other Jews to sit in the House of Commons without their having to take the explicitly Christian oath of allegiance. In 1848, the bill was passed by the House of Commons, receiving support from the Whigs and a minority of Conservatives (including future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli). However, it was twice rejected by the Tory dominated House of Lords, as was a new bill in 1851. Rothschild was re-elected in the 1852 general election following the fall of the Russell government but was unable to take his seat until the Jews Relief Act was finally passed in 1858.Russell's government led the calamitous response to the Irish Famine. During the course of the famine, an estimated 1 million people died from a combination of malnutrition, disease and starvation and well over 1 million more were left with little choice but to emigrate from Ireland. After taking office in 1846 Russell's ministry introduced a programme of public works that by the end of that year employed some half-a-million but proved impossible to administer. In January 1847, the government abandoned this policy, realising that it had failed, and turned to a mixture of "indoor" and "outdoor" direct relief; the former administered in workhouses through the Irish Poor Laws, the latter through soup kitchens. The costs of the Poor Law fell primarily on the local landlords, some of whom in turn attempted to reduce their liability by evicting their tenants. In June 1847 the Poor Law Extension Act was passed, which embodied the principle, popular in Britain, that Irish property should support Irish poverty. Irish landlords were believed in Britain to have created the conditions that led to the famine, a view which Russell shared.In 1847 Russell's government was confronted by a financial crisis. Sir Robert Peel's 1844 Bank Charter Act required that all bank notes issued by the Bank of England be fully backed by gold. However, the failure of harvests in Britain and Ireland during 1846 had led to large outflows of gold in order to pay for imported grain, resulting in a dramatic decline in the Bank's gold reserves over the course of 1847. Faced with the prospect of running out of gold and being unable to issue money, the Bank of England repeatedly raised the discount rate at which it would lend money to other banks, leading to a drastic curtailment of available commercial credit and contributing to the collapse of numerous businesses. This in turn led to a loss of public confidence in the creditworthiness of the banks, culminated in the "week of terror" of 17-23 October when multiple banks were forced to close their doors as frightened depositors attempted to withdraw their funds. Faced with the potential collapse of the banking system, on Monday 25 October Russell and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Wood wrote a letter to the Governor of the Bank of England authorising him to break the terms of the Bank Charter Act and issue new notes without gold backing to facilitate lending to other banks. This move restored depositor confidence in the banks, and the crisis abated.In the first half of his premiership Russell aimed to improve the British government's relations with the Papacy and the Catholic clergy in Ireland, which he saw as one of the keys to making Ireland a more willing part of the United Kingdom. Russell proposed to make an annual grant of £340,000 to the Catholic Church in Ireland, with the aim of ameliorating Irish Catholic opinion towards the Union. In 1847 Russell's father-in-law the Earl of Minto was dispatched on a confidential mission to Rome to seek the Pope's support for the grants plan. In the end, the idea had to be abandoned due to Catholic objections to what they saw as an attempt to control their clergy. However, Russell pressed ahead with plans to re-establish formal diplomatic relations between the Court of St James's and the Holy See, which had been severed when James II was deposed in 1688. Russell managed to pass an Act to authorise an exchange of ambassadors with Rome, but not before the bill was amended by Parliament to stipulate that the Pope's ambassador must be a layman. The Pope refused to accept such a restriction on his choice of representative and so the exchange of ambassadors did not take place. It would not be until 1914 that formal UK-Vatican diplomatic relations were finally established.Relations with the Papacy soured badly in late 1850 after Pope Pius IX issued the bull Universalis Ecclesiae. By this bull Pius unilaterally reintroduced Catholic bishops to England and Wales for the first time since the Reformation. Anti-Catholic feelings ran high with many protestants incensed at what they saw as impertinent foreign interference in the prerogative of the established Church of England to appoint bishops. Russell, not withstanding his long record of advocating civil liberties for Catholics, shared the traditional Whig suspicion of the Catholic hierarchy, and was angered at what he saw as a Papal imposition. On 4 November 1850, in a letter to the Bishop of Durham published in "The Times" the same day, Russell wrote that the Pope's actions suggested a "pretension to supremacy" and declared that "No foreign prince or potentate will be permitted to fasten his fetters upon a nation which has so long and so nobly vindicated its right to freedom of opinion, civil, political, and religious." Russell's "Durham letter" won him popular support in England but in Ireland it was viewed as an unwarranted insult to the Pope. It lost Russell the confidence of Irish Repealer MPs and the cabinet were angered that he had made such an incendiary statement without having consulting them. The following year Russell passed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 with Tory support, which made it a criminal offence carrying a fine of £100 for anyone outside of the Church of England to assume an episcopal title "of any city, town or place, or of any territory or district...in the United Kingdom." The Act was widely ignored without consequences and only served to further alienate Irish MPs, thereby weakening the government's position in the Commons.Russell frequently clashed with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, whose belligerence and support for continental revolution he found embarrassing. In 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young Spanish Queen and her sister into the French royal family.He subsequently clashed with Russell over plans to increase the size of the army and the navy to defend against the perceived threat of French invasion, which subsided after the overthrow of the French king in 1848.In 1850 further tension arose between the two over Palmerston's gunboat diplomacy in the Don Pacifico affair in which Palmerston sought compensation from the Greek government for the ransacking and the burning of the house of David Pacifico, a Gibraltarian holder of a British passport. Russell considered the matter "hardly worth the interposition of the British lion," and when Palmerston ignored some of his instructions, the Prime Minister wrote to Palmerston telling him he had informed the Queen that he "thought the interests of the country required that a change should take place at the Foreign Department." However, less than a month later Lord Stanley successfully led the House of Lords into passing a motion of censure of the Government over its handling of the affair and Russell realised that he needed to align with Palmerston in order to prevent a similar motion being passed by the House of Commons, which would have obliged the Government to resign. The Government prevailed, but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British subjects anywhere in the world.Russell forced Palmerston to resign as Foreign Secretary after Palmerston recognised Napoleon III's coup of 2 December 1851 without first consulting the Queen or Cabinet. Russell tried to strengthen his government by recruiting leading Peelites such as Sir James Graham and the Duke of Newcastle to his administration, but they declined. Out of office, Palmerston sought revenge by turning a vote on a militia bill into a vote of confidence in the Government. A majority vote in favour of an amendment proposed by Palmerston caused the downfall of Russell's ministry on 21 February 1852. This was Palmerston's famous "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."Following Russell's resignation, on the 23 February 1852 the Earl of Derby accepted the Queen's invitation to form a government. The new Conservative ministry were a minority in the Commons due to the continuing rift with the Peelites. Derby called a general election for July but failed to secure a majority. After the election Derby's Conservatives held 292 out of the 662 seats in the Commons but were able to carry on in office due to divisions among the opposition. Negotiations over a Whig-Peelite coalition stalled over the question of who would lead it. Russell's authority and popularity within the Whigs had been dented by his falling out with Palmerston, who flatly refused to serve under him again. Moreover he had alienated many in the Peelites and the Irish Brigade, who held the balance of power in the Commons, leaving them unwilling to support another Russell-led government. Palmerston proposed Lord Lansdowne as a compromise candidate. This was acceptable to Russell but Lansdowne was reluctant to take on the burdens of leading a government. The defeat of Disraeli's Budget in December 1852 forced the issue. Derby's government resigned and the Queen sent for Lansdowne and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen. Lansdowne declined the Queen's invitation, pleading ill-health and so Aberdeen was tasked with forming a government.Russell, as the leader of the Whigs, agreed to bring his party into a coalition with the Peelites, headed by Aberdeen. As the leader of the largest party in the coalition, Russell was reluctant to serve under Aberdeen in a subordinate position, but agreed to take on the role of Foreign Secretary on a temporary basis, to lend stability to the fledgling government. He resigned the role in February 1853 in favour of Clarendon, but continued to lead for the government in the Commons and attended cabinet without ministerial responsibilities. Russell was unhappy that half of Aberdeen's cabinet was made up of Peelites, despite the fact that the Whigs contributed hundreds of MPs to the Government's support in the Commons, and the Peelites only around 40. However, he came to admire some of his Peelite colleagues, particularly the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, who would go on to become an important political ally in later years. With Aberdeen's agreement, Russell used his position as Leader of the House of Commons to push for a new Reform Act. Although Russell had promoted the 1832 Reform Act as a one-off measure to re-balance the constitution, after twenty years he had become convinced of the need for further electoral reform. In February 1854 Russell introduced his bill to the House. The property qualification was to be reduced from £10 to £6 in boroughs, and from £50 to £10 in the counties. Additionally 66 seats would be removed from undersized constituencies and redistributed. The second reading of the bill was set for March 1854, but the prospect of imminent war with Russia led to it being postponed until April. After the outbreak of war on 28 March Russell came under pressure from the cabinet to withdraw the bill entirely. Russell threatened to resign if the cabinet abandoned the reform bill but he was convinced to stay on by Aberdeen, who promised that he would support the reform bill if Russell reintroduced it in a future session. However, with the fall of the Aberdeen government the following year, it would be 12 years before Russell had another chance to introduce a reform bill. Together with Palmerston, Russell supported the government taking a hard line against Russian territorial ambitions in the Ottoman Empire, a policy which ultimately resulted in Britain's entry into the Crimean War in March 1854, an outcome which the more cautious Aberdeen had hoped to avoid. In the following months Russell grew frustrated by what he saw as a lack of effective war leadership by Aberdeen and the Secretary of State for War, the Duke of Newcastle. Dispatches from the front reported that the army was suffering from supply shortages and a lack of adequate accommodation and medical facilities. In November 1854 Russell urged Aberdeen to replace Newcastle with the Palmerston, who he believed would get a firmer grip on the organisation of the war, but these suggestions came to nothing. In January 1855, after a series of military setbacks, a Commons motion was brought by the radical MP John Roebuck to appoint a select committee to investigate the management of the war. Russell, not wishing to vote against an inquiry he believed was badly needed, resigned from the cabinet in order to abstain. Aberdeen viewed the Roebuck motion as a vote of no confidence in his leadership and, accordingly, when it passed by 305-148, he resigned. In the eyes of many, including the Queen and Aberdeen, Russell's temperamental behaviour and personal ambition had undermined the stability of the coalition. On visiting Windsor Castle to resign, Aberdeen told the Queen "Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Lord John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably," an assessment with which the Queen agreed. Russell accepted an invitation from the Queen to form a new government but found that he could not assemble the necessary support, with many of his colleagues having been angered by his abandonment of Aberdeen over the Roebuck motion. Palmerston became Prime Minister, and Russell reluctantly accepted the role of Colonial Secretary in his cabinet. Russell was sent to Vienna to negotiate peace terms with Russia, but his proposals were rejected and he resigned from the cabinet and returned to the backbenches in July 1855.Following his resignation Russell wrote to his father-in-law that he would not serve again under Palmerston or any other Prime Minister. For a time it appeared as if his career in frontbench politics might be over. Russell continued to speak out from the backbenches on the issues he most cared about - lobbying for increased government grants for education and for reduction in the property qualification for Parliamentary elections. In early 1857 Russell became a vocal critic of Palmerston's government over the Anglo-Persian War and the Second Opium War. Russell spoke in support of a motion tabled by Richard Cobden, which criticised British military action in China and calling for a select committee inquiry. When the motion passed on 3 March, Palmerston dissolved Parliament and went to the country. In the subsequent general election Palmerston was swept back into power on a tide of patriotic feeling with an increased majority. Many of Palmerston's critics lost their seats but Russell hung on in the City of London, after fighting off an attempt to deselect him and replace him with a pro-Palmerston Whig candidate. Palmerston's triumph was short-lived. In February 1858 the Government rushed through a Conspiracy to Murder bill, following the attempted assassination of Napoleon III by Italian nationalist Felice Orsini - an attack planned in Britain using British-made explosives. Russell attacked the bill, which he saw as undermined traditional British political liberties to appease a foreign government. On 19 February Russell voted in favour of Thomas Milner Gibson's motion, which criticised the government for bowing to French demands. When the motion passed by 19 votes Palmerston's government resigned.In 1859, following another short-lived Conservative government, Palmerston and Russell made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as Foreign Secretary in a new Palmerston cabinet, usually considered the first true Liberal cabinet. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world outside Britain, seeing the Unification of Italy (the change of British government to one sympathetic to Italian nationalism had a marked part in this process), the American Civil War, and the 1864 war over Schleswig-Holstein between Denmark and the German states. Russell arranged the London Conference of 1864, but failed to establish peace in the war. His tenure of the Foreign Office was noteworthy for the famous dispatch in which he defended Italian unification: "Her Majesty's Government will turn their eyes rather to the gratifying prospect of a people building up the edifice of their liberties, and consolidating the work of their independence, amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe" (27 October 1860).In 1861 Russell was elevated to the peerage as Earl Russell, of Kingston Russell in the County of Dorset, and as Viscount Amberley, of Amberley in the County of Gloucester, and of Ardsalla in the County of Meathin the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Henceforth, as a suo jure peer, rather than merely being known as 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke, he sat in the House of Lords for the remainder of his career.When Palmerston suddenly died in late 1865, Russell again became Prime Minister. His second premiership was short and frustrating, and Russell failed in his great ambition of expanding the franchise, a task that would be left to his Conservative successors, Derby and Benjamin Disraeli. In 1866, party disunity again brought down his government. Russell never again held any office. His last contribution to the House of Lords was on 3 August 1875.Russell married Adelaide Lister (widow of Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale, who had died in 1832.) on 11 April 1835. Together they had two daughters:Adelaide came down with a fever following the birth of their second child and died a few days later on 1 November 1838. Following her death, Russell continued to raise his late wife's four children from her first marriage, as well their two daughters.On 20 July 1841 Russell remarried, to Lady Frances ("Fanny") Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, daughter of Russell's cabinet colleague Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto. Together they had four children:In 1847 Queen Victoria granted Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park to Lord and Lady John. It remained their family home for the rest of their lives.Russell was religious in a simple non-dogmatic way and supported the "Broad church" element in the Church of England. He opposed the "Oxford Movement" because its "Tractarian" members were too dogmatic and too close to Roman Catholicism. He supported Broad Churchmen or Latitudinarians by several appointments of liberal churchmen as bishops. In 1859 he reversed himself and decided to free non-Anglicans of the duty of paying rates (taxes) to the local Anglican parish. His political clumsiness and opposition to Church finance made him a target of attack and ridicule in many Church circles.Following the death of their daughter-in-law Viscountess Amberley in 1874 and their son Viscount Amberley in 1876, Earl Russell and Countess Russell brought up their orphaned grandchildren, John ("Frank") Russell, who became 2nd Earl Russell on his grandfather's death, and Bertrand Russell who would go on to become a noted philosopher and who in later life recalled his elderly grandfather as "a kindly old man in a wheelchair."Earl Russell died at home at Pembroke Lodge on 28 May 1878. The Prime Minister, the Earl of Beaconsfield, offered a public funeral and burial at Westminster Abbey for Russell but this was declined by Countess Russell in accordance with her late husband's wish to be buried among his family and ancestors. He is buried at the 'Bedford Chapel' at St. Michael's Church, Chenies, Buckinghamshire.Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, Russell was a leading reformer who weakened the power of the aristocracy. His great achievements, wrote A. J. P. Taylor, were based on his persistent battles in Parliament over the years on behalf of the expansion of liberty; after each loss he tried again and again, until finally, his efforts were largely successful. E. L. Woodward, however, argued that he was too much the abstract theorist:He was succeeded as Liberal leader by former Peelite William Gladstone, and was thus the last true Whig to serve as Prime Minister. Generally taken as the model for Anthony Trollope's Mr Mildmay, aspects of his character may also have suggested those of Plantagenet Palliser. An ideal statesman, said Trollope, should have "unblemished, unextinguishable, inexhaustible love of country... But he should also be scrupulous, and, as being scrupulous, weak."The 1832 Reform Act and extension of the franchise to British cities are partly attributed to his efforts. He also worked for emancipation, leading the attack on the Test and Corporation acts, which were repealed in 1828, as well as towards legislation limiting working hours in factories in the 1847 Factory Act, and the Public Health Act of 1848.His government's approach to dealing with the Great Irish Famine is now widely condemned as counterproductive, ill-informed and disastrous. Russell himself was sympathetic to the plight of the Irish poor, and many of his relief proposals were blocked by his cabinet or by the British Parliament.Queen Victoria's attitude toward Russell was coloured by his role in the Aberdeen administration. On his death in 1878 her journal records that he was "a man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent."A public house in Bloomsbury, large parts of which are still owned by the Bedford Estate, is named after Russell, located on Marchmont Street.Russell published numerous books and essays over the course of his life, especially during periods out of office. He principally wrote on politics and history, but also turned his hand to a variety of other topics and genres. His published works include: "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens was dedicated to Lord John Russell, "In remembrance of many public services and private kindnesses." In speech given in 1869, Dickens remarked of Russell that "there is no man in England whom I respect more in his public capacity, whom I love more in his private capacity."
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies",
"Home Secretary",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for the Colonies",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the Opposition",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
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Which position did John Russell, 1st Earl Russell hold in 1854-09-07?
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September 07, 1854
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{
"text": [
"Leader of the House of Commons",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Lord President of the Council"
]
}
|
L2_Q157259_P39_15
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John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Lord President of the Council from Jun, 1854 to Feb, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from Sep, 1839 to Sep, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jun, 1859 to Nov, 1865.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1813 to Feb, 1817.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for the Colonies from May, 1855 to Jul, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Home Secretary from Apr, 1835 to Aug, 1839.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the Opposition from Jun, 1866 to Dec, 1868.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Dec, 1852 to Jan, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
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John Russell, 1st Earl RussellJohn Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.The third son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, Russell was educated at Westminster School and Edinburgh University before entering Parliament in 1813. In 1828 he took a leading role in the repeal of the Test Acts which discriminated against Catholics and Protestant dissenters. He was one of the principal architects of the Reform Act 1832, which was the first major reform of Parliament since the Restoration, and a significant early step on the road to democracy and away from rule by the aristocracy and landed gentry. He favoured expanding the right to vote to the middle classes and enfranchising Britain's growing industrial towns and cities but he never advocated universal suffrage and he opposed the secret ballot. Russell was outspoken on many issues over the course of his career, advocating Catholic emancipation in the 1820s, calling for the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1845, denouncing Pope Pius IX's revival of Catholic bishoprics in 1850, and supporting Italian unification during the 1860s.Russell's ministerial career spanned four decades. In addition to his two terms as prime minister, between 1831 and 1865 he served in the cabinets of Earl Grey, Viscount Melbourne, the Earl of Aberdeen, and Viscount Palmerston. Russell's relationship with Palmerston was often stormy and contributed to bringing down Russell's first government in 1852 and Palmerston's first government in 1858. However, their renewed alliance from 1859 was one of the foundations of the united Liberal Party, which would go on to dominate British politics in the following decades. While Russell was an energetic and effective minister during the 1830s and helped to commit the Whigs to a reform agenda, he proved less successful as prime minister. During his two periods as prime minister he often suffered from a disunited cabinet and weak support in the House of Commons, meaning he was unable to carry out much of his agenda. During his first premiership, his government failed to deal effectively with the Irish Famine, a disaster that saw the loss of a quarter of Ireland's population through death and emigration. During his second premiership, he split his party by pressing for further parliamentary reform and was forced from office only to watch Derby and Disraeli carry a more ambitious Reform Bill. It has been said that Russell's ministry of 1846–1852 was the ruin of the old Whig party and that his ministry of 1865–1866 was very nearly the ruin of the Liberal Party that took its place.Russell was born on 18 August 1792 into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, being the third son of John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford, and Georgiana Byng, daughter of George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington. The Russell family had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country, but as a younger son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, he was not expected to inherit the family estates. As a younger son of a duke, he bore the courtesy title "Lord John Russell", but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861 and was elevated to the House of Lords.Russell was born two months premature and was small and sickly as a child (even in adulthood he remained under 5 feet 5 inches tall, and his small stature was frequently the butt of jokes by political opponents and caricaturists). In 1801 at the age of nine he was sent away to school. Shortly thereafter his mother died. After being withdrawn from Westminster School in 1804 due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors, including Edmund Cartwright. In 1806 Russell's father was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the short-live Ministry of All the Talents and it was during this time that the young Russell met Charles James Fox. Fox was Russell's formative political hero and would remain an inspiration throughout his life. Russell attended the University of Edinburgh from 1809 to 1812, lodging with Professor John Playfair, who oversaw his studies. He did not take a degree. Although often in poor health, he travelled widely in Britain and on the continent, and held commission as Captain in the Bedfordshire Militia in 1810. During his continental travels Russell visited Spain where his brother was serving as aide-de-camp to Lord Wellington in the Peninsular War. The following year he had a 90-minute meeting with Napoleon in December 1814 during the former emperor's exile at Elba.Russell entered the House of Commons as a Whig in 1813 at the age of 20. The future reformer gained his seat by virtue of his father, the Duke of Bedford, instructing the 30 or so electors of Tavistock to return him as an MP even though at the time Russell was abroad and under age. Russell entered Parliament more out of a sense of duty and family tradition than out of serious political ambition. With the exception the 1806-1807 coalition government in which Russell's father had served, the Whigs had been out of power since 1783, and Russell could have had had no certain expectation of a ministerial career. In June 1815 Russell denounced the Bourbon Restoration and Britain's declaration of war against the recently-returned Napoleon by arguing in the House of Commons that foreign powers had no right to dictate France's form of government. In 1817, tired of the prospect of perpetual opposition, Russell resigned from Parliament. After spending a year out of politics and travelling on the continent, he changed his mind and re-entered Parliament for Tavistock at the 1818 general election. In 1819 Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform and he led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. In 1828, while still an opposition backbencher, Russell introduced a Sacramental Test bill with the aim of abolishing the prohibitions on Catholics and Protestant dissenters being elected to local government and from holding civil and military offices. The bill gained the backing of the Tory Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel and was passed into law.When the Whigs came to power in 1830, Russell entered Earl Grey's government as Paymaster of the Forces. Despite being a relatively junior minister, as a vocal advocate for Parliamentary reform for over a decade, Russell became a principal leader in the fight for the Reform Act 1832. He was one of the committee of four tasked by Grey with drafting the reform bill, alongside cabinet ministers Lord Durham, Lord Duncannon and Sir James Graham. Despite not yet being in the Cabinet, Russell was chosen to introduce the bill in March 1831 and over the following year he successfully steered the Reform Act's difficult progress through the Commons. Russell earned the nickname "Finality Jack" from his pronouncing the Act a final measure but in later years he would go on to push for further reform of Parliament. In May 1834 Russell made a speech on the Irish Tithes bill, in which he argued that the revenue generated by tithes was more than was justified by the size of the established Protestant church in Ireland. Russell argued that a proportion the tithe revenue should instead be appropriated for the education of the Irish poor, regardless of denomination. The speech was seen by its opponents as an attack on the established church in Ireland and it cemented a split within Grey's government over the issue of Irish tithes. The following month four members of the Cabinet resigned over the issue, weakening the government's hold on Parliament. Sensing that his position was now hopeless, Grey offered his resignation to the King in July, and was replaced by Viscount Melbourne at the head of the government.In November 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer, Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons. Russell's appointment prompted King William IV to terminate Melbourne's government, in part because the King objected to Russell's views on the Irish Church. This remains the last time in British history that a monarch has dismissed a government. The subsequent minority Conservative government lasted less than five months before resigning in April 1835. Russell then returned to office as Home Secretary in Melbourne's second government, before serving as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1839 to 1841. Through this period Russell continued to lead the more reformist wing of the Whig party.As Home Secretary Russell recommended and secured royal pardons for the Tolpuddle Martyrs and partial commutation of their sentences. In 1836 he introduced the Marriages Act, which introduced civil marriages in England and Wales and allowed Catholics and Protestant Dissenters to marry in their own churches. In 1837 he steered a series of seven Acts through Parliament, which together reduced the number of offences carrying a sentence of death from thirty-seven to sixteen. This number was reduced further by the Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841. After these reforms the death penalty was rarely used in the United Kingdom for crimes other than murder. As Home Secretary Russell also introduced the public registration for births, marriages and deaths and played a large role in democratising the government of cities outside of London.In 1841 the Whigs lost the general election to the Conservatives and Russell and his colleagues returned to opposition. In November 1845, following the failure of that year's potato harvest across Britain and Ireland, Russell came out in favour of the repeal of the Corn Laws and called upon the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel to take urgent action to alleviate the emerging food crisis. Peel had by this time already become convinced of the need for repeal but he was opposed in this by the majority of his own cabinet and party. On 11 December 1845, frustrated by his party's unwillingness to support him on repeal, Peel resigned as Prime Minister and Queen Victoria invited Russell to form a new government. With the Whigs a minority in the Commons however, Russell struggled to assemble the necessary support. When Lord Grey declared that he would not serve in cabinet if Lord Palmerston was made Foreign Secretary it became clear to Russell that he could not form a viable government. Russell declined the Queen's invitation on 21 December and Peel agreed to stay on as Prime Minister. In June the following year Peel repealed the Corn Laws with Whig support, bitterly dividing the Conservative Party in the process. Later that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated after vengeful anti-repeal Tories voted with the opposition and Peel, taking this as a vote of no confidence, resigned as Prime Minister. Russell accepted the Queen's offer to form a government, this time Grey not objecting to Palmerston's appointment.Russell took office as Prime Minister with the Whigs only a minority in the House of Commons. It was the bitter split in the Conservative Party over the Corn Laws that allowed Russell's government to remain in power in spite of this, with Sir Robert Peel and his supporters offering tentative support to the new ministry in order to keep the protectionist Conservatives under Lord Stanley in opposition. At the general election of August 1847 the Whigs made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, but remained a minority, with Russell's government still dependent on the votes of Peelite and Irish Repealer MPs to win divisions in the Commons. Russell's political agenda was frequently frustrated by his lack of a reliable Commons majority. However, his government was able to secure a number of notable social reforms. Russell introduced teachers' pensions and used Orders in Council to make grants for teacher training. The Public Baths and Wash-houses Acts of 1847 and 1848 enabled local authorities to build municipal baths and washing facilities for the growing urban working classes. Russell lent his support to the passage of the Factories Act 1847, which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (aged 13–18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day. 1848 saw the introduction of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers and the Public Health Act 1848, by which the state assumed responsibility for sewerage, clean water supply, refuse collection and other aspects of public health across much of England and Wales.Following the election of Lionel de Rothschild in the 1847 general election, Russell introduced a Jewish Relief bill, which would have allowed Rothschild and other Jews to sit in the House of Commons without their having to take the explicitly Christian oath of allegiance. In 1848, the bill was passed by the House of Commons, receiving support from the Whigs and a minority of Conservatives (including future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli). However, it was twice rejected by the Tory dominated House of Lords, as was a new bill in 1851. Rothschild was re-elected in the 1852 general election following the fall of the Russell government but was unable to take his seat until the Jews Relief Act was finally passed in 1858.Russell's government led the calamitous response to the Irish Famine. During the course of the famine, an estimated 1 million people died from a combination of malnutrition, disease and starvation and well over 1 million more were left with little choice but to emigrate from Ireland. After taking office in 1846 Russell's ministry introduced a programme of public works that by the end of that year employed some half-a-million but proved impossible to administer. In January 1847, the government abandoned this policy, realising that it had failed, and turned to a mixture of "indoor" and "outdoor" direct relief; the former administered in workhouses through the Irish Poor Laws, the latter through soup kitchens. The costs of the Poor Law fell primarily on the local landlords, some of whom in turn attempted to reduce their liability by evicting their tenants. In June 1847 the Poor Law Extension Act was passed, which embodied the principle, popular in Britain, that Irish property should support Irish poverty. Irish landlords were believed in Britain to have created the conditions that led to the famine, a view which Russell shared.In 1847 Russell's government was confronted by a financial crisis. Sir Robert Peel's 1844 Bank Charter Act required that all bank notes issued by the Bank of England be fully backed by gold. However, the failure of harvests in Britain and Ireland during 1846 had led to large outflows of gold in order to pay for imported grain, resulting in a dramatic decline in the Bank's gold reserves over the course of 1847. Faced with the prospect of running out of gold and being unable to issue money, the Bank of England repeatedly raised the discount rate at which it would lend money to other banks, leading to a drastic curtailment of available commercial credit and contributing to the collapse of numerous businesses. This in turn led to a loss of public confidence in the creditworthiness of the banks, culminated in the "week of terror" of 17-23 October when multiple banks were forced to close their doors as frightened depositors attempted to withdraw their funds. Faced with the potential collapse of the banking system, on Monday 25 October Russell and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Wood wrote a letter to the Governor of the Bank of England authorising him to break the terms of the Bank Charter Act and issue new notes without gold backing to facilitate lending to other banks. This move restored depositor confidence in the banks, and the crisis abated.In the first half of his premiership Russell aimed to improve the British government's relations with the Papacy and the Catholic clergy in Ireland, which he saw as one of the keys to making Ireland a more willing part of the United Kingdom. Russell proposed to make an annual grant of £340,000 to the Catholic Church in Ireland, with the aim of ameliorating Irish Catholic opinion towards the Union. In 1847 Russell's father-in-law the Earl of Minto was dispatched on a confidential mission to Rome to seek the Pope's support for the grants plan. In the end, the idea had to be abandoned due to Catholic objections to what they saw as an attempt to control their clergy. However, Russell pressed ahead with plans to re-establish formal diplomatic relations between the Court of St James's and the Holy See, which had been severed when James II was deposed in 1688. Russell managed to pass an Act to authorise an exchange of ambassadors with Rome, but not before the bill was amended by Parliament to stipulate that the Pope's ambassador must be a layman. The Pope refused to accept such a restriction on his choice of representative and so the exchange of ambassadors did not take place. It would not be until 1914 that formal UK-Vatican diplomatic relations were finally established.Relations with the Papacy soured badly in late 1850 after Pope Pius IX issued the bull Universalis Ecclesiae. By this bull Pius unilaterally reintroduced Catholic bishops to England and Wales for the first time since the Reformation. Anti-Catholic feelings ran high with many protestants incensed at what they saw as impertinent foreign interference in the prerogative of the established Church of England to appoint bishops. Russell, not withstanding his long record of advocating civil liberties for Catholics, shared the traditional Whig suspicion of the Catholic hierarchy, and was angered at what he saw as a Papal imposition. On 4 November 1850, in a letter to the Bishop of Durham published in "The Times" the same day, Russell wrote that the Pope's actions suggested a "pretension to supremacy" and declared that "No foreign prince or potentate will be permitted to fasten his fetters upon a nation which has so long and so nobly vindicated its right to freedom of opinion, civil, political, and religious." Russell's "Durham letter" won him popular support in England but in Ireland it was viewed as an unwarranted insult to the Pope. It lost Russell the confidence of Irish Repealer MPs and the cabinet were angered that he had made such an incendiary statement without having consulting them. The following year Russell passed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 with Tory support, which made it a criminal offence carrying a fine of £100 for anyone outside of the Church of England to assume an episcopal title "of any city, town or place, or of any territory or district...in the United Kingdom." The Act was widely ignored without consequences and only served to further alienate Irish MPs, thereby weakening the government's position in the Commons.Russell frequently clashed with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, whose belligerence and support for continental revolution he found embarrassing. In 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young Spanish Queen and her sister into the French royal family.He subsequently clashed with Russell over plans to increase the size of the army and the navy to defend against the perceived threat of French invasion, which subsided after the overthrow of the French king in 1848.In 1850 further tension arose between the two over Palmerston's gunboat diplomacy in the Don Pacifico affair in which Palmerston sought compensation from the Greek government for the ransacking and the burning of the house of David Pacifico, a Gibraltarian holder of a British passport. Russell considered the matter "hardly worth the interposition of the British lion," and when Palmerston ignored some of his instructions, the Prime Minister wrote to Palmerston telling him he had informed the Queen that he "thought the interests of the country required that a change should take place at the Foreign Department." However, less than a month later Lord Stanley successfully led the House of Lords into passing a motion of censure of the Government over its handling of the affair and Russell realised that he needed to align with Palmerston in order to prevent a similar motion being passed by the House of Commons, which would have obliged the Government to resign. The Government prevailed, but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British subjects anywhere in the world.Russell forced Palmerston to resign as Foreign Secretary after Palmerston recognised Napoleon III's coup of 2 December 1851 without first consulting the Queen or Cabinet. Russell tried to strengthen his government by recruiting leading Peelites such as Sir James Graham and the Duke of Newcastle to his administration, but they declined. Out of office, Palmerston sought revenge by turning a vote on a militia bill into a vote of confidence in the Government. A majority vote in favour of an amendment proposed by Palmerston caused the downfall of Russell's ministry on 21 February 1852. This was Palmerston's famous "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."Following Russell's resignation, on the 23 February 1852 the Earl of Derby accepted the Queen's invitation to form a government. The new Conservative ministry were a minority in the Commons due to the continuing rift with the Peelites. Derby called a general election for July but failed to secure a majority. After the election Derby's Conservatives held 292 out of the 662 seats in the Commons but were able to carry on in office due to divisions among the opposition. Negotiations over a Whig-Peelite coalition stalled over the question of who would lead it. Russell's authority and popularity within the Whigs had been dented by his falling out with Palmerston, who flatly refused to serve under him again. Moreover he had alienated many in the Peelites and the Irish Brigade, who held the balance of power in the Commons, leaving them unwilling to support another Russell-led government. Palmerston proposed Lord Lansdowne as a compromise candidate. This was acceptable to Russell but Lansdowne was reluctant to take on the burdens of leading a government. The defeat of Disraeli's Budget in December 1852 forced the issue. Derby's government resigned and the Queen sent for Lansdowne and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen. Lansdowne declined the Queen's invitation, pleading ill-health and so Aberdeen was tasked with forming a government.Russell, as the leader of the Whigs, agreed to bring his party into a coalition with the Peelites, headed by Aberdeen. As the leader of the largest party in the coalition, Russell was reluctant to serve under Aberdeen in a subordinate position, but agreed to take on the role of Foreign Secretary on a temporary basis, to lend stability to the fledgling government. He resigned the role in February 1853 in favour of Clarendon, but continued to lead for the government in the Commons and attended cabinet without ministerial responsibilities. Russell was unhappy that half of Aberdeen's cabinet was made up of Peelites, despite the fact that the Whigs contributed hundreds of MPs to the Government's support in the Commons, and the Peelites only around 40. However, he came to admire some of his Peelite colleagues, particularly the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, who would go on to become an important political ally in later years. With Aberdeen's agreement, Russell used his position as Leader of the House of Commons to push for a new Reform Act. Although Russell had promoted the 1832 Reform Act as a one-off measure to re-balance the constitution, after twenty years he had become convinced of the need for further electoral reform. In February 1854 Russell introduced his bill to the House. The property qualification was to be reduced from £10 to £6 in boroughs, and from £50 to £10 in the counties. Additionally 66 seats would be removed from undersized constituencies and redistributed. The second reading of the bill was set for March 1854, but the prospect of imminent war with Russia led to it being postponed until April. After the outbreak of war on 28 March Russell came under pressure from the cabinet to withdraw the bill entirely. Russell threatened to resign if the cabinet abandoned the reform bill but he was convinced to stay on by Aberdeen, who promised that he would support the reform bill if Russell reintroduced it in a future session. However, with the fall of the Aberdeen government the following year, it would be 12 years before Russell had another chance to introduce a reform bill. Together with Palmerston, Russell supported the government taking a hard line against Russian territorial ambitions in the Ottoman Empire, a policy which ultimately resulted in Britain's entry into the Crimean War in March 1854, an outcome which the more cautious Aberdeen had hoped to avoid. In the following months Russell grew frustrated by what he saw as a lack of effective war leadership by Aberdeen and the Secretary of State for War, the Duke of Newcastle. Dispatches from the front reported that the army was suffering from supply shortages and a lack of adequate accommodation and medical facilities. In November 1854 Russell urged Aberdeen to replace Newcastle with the Palmerston, who he believed would get a firmer grip on the organisation of the war, but these suggestions came to nothing. In January 1855, after a series of military setbacks, a Commons motion was brought by the radical MP John Roebuck to appoint a select committee to investigate the management of the war. Russell, not wishing to vote against an inquiry he believed was badly needed, resigned from the cabinet in order to abstain. Aberdeen viewed the Roebuck motion as a vote of no confidence in his leadership and, accordingly, when it passed by 305-148, he resigned. In the eyes of many, including the Queen and Aberdeen, Russell's temperamental behaviour and personal ambition had undermined the stability of the coalition. On visiting Windsor Castle to resign, Aberdeen told the Queen "Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Lord John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably," an assessment with which the Queen agreed. Russell accepted an invitation from the Queen to form a new government but found that he could not assemble the necessary support, with many of his colleagues having been angered by his abandonment of Aberdeen over the Roebuck motion. Palmerston became Prime Minister, and Russell reluctantly accepted the role of Colonial Secretary in his cabinet. Russell was sent to Vienna to negotiate peace terms with Russia, but his proposals were rejected and he resigned from the cabinet and returned to the backbenches in July 1855.Following his resignation Russell wrote to his father-in-law that he would not serve again under Palmerston or any other Prime Minister. For a time it appeared as if his career in frontbench politics might be over. Russell continued to speak out from the backbenches on the issues he most cared about - lobbying for increased government grants for education and for reduction in the property qualification for Parliamentary elections. In early 1857 Russell became a vocal critic of Palmerston's government over the Anglo-Persian War and the Second Opium War. Russell spoke in support of a motion tabled by Richard Cobden, which criticised British military action in China and calling for a select committee inquiry. When the motion passed on 3 March, Palmerston dissolved Parliament and went to the country. In the subsequent general election Palmerston was swept back into power on a tide of patriotic feeling with an increased majority. Many of Palmerston's critics lost their seats but Russell hung on in the City of London, after fighting off an attempt to deselect him and replace him with a pro-Palmerston Whig candidate. Palmerston's triumph was short-lived. In February 1858 the Government rushed through a Conspiracy to Murder bill, following the attempted assassination of Napoleon III by Italian nationalist Felice Orsini - an attack planned in Britain using British-made explosives. Russell attacked the bill, which he saw as undermined traditional British political liberties to appease a foreign government. On 19 February Russell voted in favour of Thomas Milner Gibson's motion, which criticised the government for bowing to French demands. When the motion passed by 19 votes Palmerston's government resigned.In 1859, following another short-lived Conservative government, Palmerston and Russell made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as Foreign Secretary in a new Palmerston cabinet, usually considered the first true Liberal cabinet. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world outside Britain, seeing the Unification of Italy (the change of British government to one sympathetic to Italian nationalism had a marked part in this process), the American Civil War, and the 1864 war over Schleswig-Holstein between Denmark and the German states. Russell arranged the London Conference of 1864, but failed to establish peace in the war. His tenure of the Foreign Office was noteworthy for the famous dispatch in which he defended Italian unification: "Her Majesty's Government will turn their eyes rather to the gratifying prospect of a people building up the edifice of their liberties, and consolidating the work of their independence, amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe" (27 October 1860).In 1861 Russell was elevated to the peerage as Earl Russell, of Kingston Russell in the County of Dorset, and as Viscount Amberley, of Amberley in the County of Gloucester, and of Ardsalla in the County of Meathin the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Henceforth, as a suo jure peer, rather than merely being known as 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke, he sat in the House of Lords for the remainder of his career.When Palmerston suddenly died in late 1865, Russell again became Prime Minister. His second premiership was short and frustrating, and Russell failed in his great ambition of expanding the franchise, a task that would be left to his Conservative successors, Derby and Benjamin Disraeli. In 1866, party disunity again brought down his government. Russell never again held any office. His last contribution to the House of Lords was on 3 August 1875.Russell married Adelaide Lister (widow of Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale, who had died in 1832.) on 11 April 1835. Together they had two daughters:Adelaide came down with a fever following the birth of their second child and died a few days later on 1 November 1838. Following her death, Russell continued to raise his late wife's four children from her first marriage, as well their two daughters.On 20 July 1841 Russell remarried, to Lady Frances ("Fanny") Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, daughter of Russell's cabinet colleague Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto. Together they had four children:In 1847 Queen Victoria granted Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park to Lord and Lady John. It remained their family home for the rest of their lives.Russell was religious in a simple non-dogmatic way and supported the "Broad church" element in the Church of England. He opposed the "Oxford Movement" because its "Tractarian" members were too dogmatic and too close to Roman Catholicism. He supported Broad Churchmen or Latitudinarians by several appointments of liberal churchmen as bishops. In 1859 he reversed himself and decided to free non-Anglicans of the duty of paying rates (taxes) to the local Anglican parish. His political clumsiness and opposition to Church finance made him a target of attack and ridicule in many Church circles.Following the death of their daughter-in-law Viscountess Amberley in 1874 and their son Viscount Amberley in 1876, Earl Russell and Countess Russell brought up their orphaned grandchildren, John ("Frank") Russell, who became 2nd Earl Russell on his grandfather's death, and Bertrand Russell who would go on to become a noted philosopher and who in later life recalled his elderly grandfather as "a kindly old man in a wheelchair."Earl Russell died at home at Pembroke Lodge on 28 May 1878. The Prime Minister, the Earl of Beaconsfield, offered a public funeral and burial at Westminster Abbey for Russell but this was declined by Countess Russell in accordance with her late husband's wish to be buried among his family and ancestors. He is buried at the 'Bedford Chapel' at St. Michael's Church, Chenies, Buckinghamshire.Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, Russell was a leading reformer who weakened the power of the aristocracy. His great achievements, wrote A. J. P. Taylor, were based on his persistent battles in Parliament over the years on behalf of the expansion of liberty; after each loss he tried again and again, until finally, his efforts were largely successful. E. L. Woodward, however, argued that he was too much the abstract theorist:He was succeeded as Liberal leader by former Peelite William Gladstone, and was thus the last true Whig to serve as Prime Minister. Generally taken as the model for Anthony Trollope's Mr Mildmay, aspects of his character may also have suggested those of Plantagenet Palliser. An ideal statesman, said Trollope, should have "unblemished, unextinguishable, inexhaustible love of country... But he should also be scrupulous, and, as being scrupulous, weak."The 1832 Reform Act and extension of the franchise to British cities are partly attributed to his efforts. He also worked for emancipation, leading the attack on the Test and Corporation acts, which were repealed in 1828, as well as towards legislation limiting working hours in factories in the 1847 Factory Act, and the Public Health Act of 1848.His government's approach to dealing with the Great Irish Famine is now widely condemned as counterproductive, ill-informed and disastrous. Russell himself was sympathetic to the plight of the Irish poor, and many of his relief proposals were blocked by his cabinet or by the British Parliament.Queen Victoria's attitude toward Russell was coloured by his role in the Aberdeen administration. On his death in 1878 her journal records that he was "a man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent."A public house in Bloomsbury, large parts of which are still owned by the Bedford Estate, is named after Russell, located on Marchmont Street.Russell published numerous books and essays over the course of his life, especially during periods out of office. He principally wrote on politics and history, but also turned his hand to a variety of other topics and genres. His published works include: "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens was dedicated to Lord John Russell, "In remembrance of many public services and private kindnesses." In speech given in 1869, Dickens remarked of Russell that "there is no man in England whom I respect more in his public capacity, whom I love more in his private capacity."
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[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies",
"Home Secretary",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for the Colonies",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the Opposition",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
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Which position did John Russell, 1st Earl Russell hold in 07/09/1854?
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September 07, 1854
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{
"text": [
"Leader of the House of Commons",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Lord President of the Council"
]
}
|
L2_Q157259_P39_15
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John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Lord President of the Council from Jun, 1854 to Feb, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from Sep, 1839 to Sep, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jun, 1859 to Nov, 1865.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1813 to Feb, 1817.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for the Colonies from May, 1855 to Jul, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Home Secretary from Apr, 1835 to Aug, 1839.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the Opposition from Jun, 1866 to Dec, 1868.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Dec, 1852 to Jan, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
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John Russell, 1st Earl RussellJohn Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.The third son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, Russell was educated at Westminster School and Edinburgh University before entering Parliament in 1813. In 1828 he took a leading role in the repeal of the Test Acts which discriminated against Catholics and Protestant dissenters. He was one of the principal architects of the Reform Act 1832, which was the first major reform of Parliament since the Restoration, and a significant early step on the road to democracy and away from rule by the aristocracy and landed gentry. He favoured expanding the right to vote to the middle classes and enfranchising Britain's growing industrial towns and cities but he never advocated universal suffrage and he opposed the secret ballot. Russell was outspoken on many issues over the course of his career, advocating Catholic emancipation in the 1820s, calling for the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1845, denouncing Pope Pius IX's revival of Catholic bishoprics in 1850, and supporting Italian unification during the 1860s.Russell's ministerial career spanned four decades. In addition to his two terms as prime minister, between 1831 and 1865 he served in the cabinets of Earl Grey, Viscount Melbourne, the Earl of Aberdeen, and Viscount Palmerston. Russell's relationship with Palmerston was often stormy and contributed to bringing down Russell's first government in 1852 and Palmerston's first government in 1858. However, their renewed alliance from 1859 was one of the foundations of the united Liberal Party, which would go on to dominate British politics in the following decades. While Russell was an energetic and effective minister during the 1830s and helped to commit the Whigs to a reform agenda, he proved less successful as prime minister. During his two periods as prime minister he often suffered from a disunited cabinet and weak support in the House of Commons, meaning he was unable to carry out much of his agenda. During his first premiership, his government failed to deal effectively with the Irish Famine, a disaster that saw the loss of a quarter of Ireland's population through death and emigration. During his second premiership, he split his party by pressing for further parliamentary reform and was forced from office only to watch Derby and Disraeli carry a more ambitious Reform Bill. It has been said that Russell's ministry of 1846–1852 was the ruin of the old Whig party and that his ministry of 1865–1866 was very nearly the ruin of the Liberal Party that took its place.Russell was born on 18 August 1792 into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, being the third son of John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford, and Georgiana Byng, daughter of George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington. The Russell family had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country, but as a younger son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, he was not expected to inherit the family estates. As a younger son of a duke, he bore the courtesy title "Lord John Russell", but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861 and was elevated to the House of Lords.Russell was born two months premature and was small and sickly as a child (even in adulthood he remained under 5 feet 5 inches tall, and his small stature was frequently the butt of jokes by political opponents and caricaturists). In 1801 at the age of nine he was sent away to school. Shortly thereafter his mother died. After being withdrawn from Westminster School in 1804 due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors, including Edmund Cartwright. In 1806 Russell's father was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the short-live Ministry of All the Talents and it was during this time that the young Russell met Charles James Fox. Fox was Russell's formative political hero and would remain an inspiration throughout his life. Russell attended the University of Edinburgh from 1809 to 1812, lodging with Professor John Playfair, who oversaw his studies. He did not take a degree. Although often in poor health, he travelled widely in Britain and on the continent, and held commission as Captain in the Bedfordshire Militia in 1810. During his continental travels Russell visited Spain where his brother was serving as aide-de-camp to Lord Wellington in the Peninsular War. The following year he had a 90-minute meeting with Napoleon in December 1814 during the former emperor's exile at Elba.Russell entered the House of Commons as a Whig in 1813 at the age of 20. The future reformer gained his seat by virtue of his father, the Duke of Bedford, instructing the 30 or so electors of Tavistock to return him as an MP even though at the time Russell was abroad and under age. Russell entered Parliament more out of a sense of duty and family tradition than out of serious political ambition. With the exception the 1806-1807 coalition government in which Russell's father had served, the Whigs had been out of power since 1783, and Russell could have had had no certain expectation of a ministerial career. In June 1815 Russell denounced the Bourbon Restoration and Britain's declaration of war against the recently-returned Napoleon by arguing in the House of Commons that foreign powers had no right to dictate France's form of government. In 1817, tired of the prospect of perpetual opposition, Russell resigned from Parliament. After spending a year out of politics and travelling on the continent, he changed his mind and re-entered Parliament for Tavistock at the 1818 general election. In 1819 Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform and he led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. In 1828, while still an opposition backbencher, Russell introduced a Sacramental Test bill with the aim of abolishing the prohibitions on Catholics and Protestant dissenters being elected to local government and from holding civil and military offices. The bill gained the backing of the Tory Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel and was passed into law.When the Whigs came to power in 1830, Russell entered Earl Grey's government as Paymaster of the Forces. Despite being a relatively junior minister, as a vocal advocate for Parliamentary reform for over a decade, Russell became a principal leader in the fight for the Reform Act 1832. He was one of the committee of four tasked by Grey with drafting the reform bill, alongside cabinet ministers Lord Durham, Lord Duncannon and Sir James Graham. Despite not yet being in the Cabinet, Russell was chosen to introduce the bill in March 1831 and over the following year he successfully steered the Reform Act's difficult progress through the Commons. Russell earned the nickname "Finality Jack" from his pronouncing the Act a final measure but in later years he would go on to push for further reform of Parliament. In May 1834 Russell made a speech on the Irish Tithes bill, in which he argued that the revenue generated by tithes was more than was justified by the size of the established Protestant church in Ireland. Russell argued that a proportion the tithe revenue should instead be appropriated for the education of the Irish poor, regardless of denomination. The speech was seen by its opponents as an attack on the established church in Ireland and it cemented a split within Grey's government over the issue of Irish tithes. The following month four members of the Cabinet resigned over the issue, weakening the government's hold on Parliament. Sensing that his position was now hopeless, Grey offered his resignation to the King in July, and was replaced by Viscount Melbourne at the head of the government.In November 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer, Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons. Russell's appointment prompted King William IV to terminate Melbourne's government, in part because the King objected to Russell's views on the Irish Church. This remains the last time in British history that a monarch has dismissed a government. The subsequent minority Conservative government lasted less than five months before resigning in April 1835. Russell then returned to office as Home Secretary in Melbourne's second government, before serving as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1839 to 1841. Through this period Russell continued to lead the more reformist wing of the Whig party.As Home Secretary Russell recommended and secured royal pardons for the Tolpuddle Martyrs and partial commutation of their sentences. In 1836 he introduced the Marriages Act, which introduced civil marriages in England and Wales and allowed Catholics and Protestant Dissenters to marry in their own churches. In 1837 he steered a series of seven Acts through Parliament, which together reduced the number of offences carrying a sentence of death from thirty-seven to sixteen. This number was reduced further by the Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841. After these reforms the death penalty was rarely used in the United Kingdom for crimes other than murder. As Home Secretary Russell also introduced the public registration for births, marriages and deaths and played a large role in democratising the government of cities outside of London.In 1841 the Whigs lost the general election to the Conservatives and Russell and his colleagues returned to opposition. In November 1845, following the failure of that year's potato harvest across Britain and Ireland, Russell came out in favour of the repeal of the Corn Laws and called upon the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel to take urgent action to alleviate the emerging food crisis. Peel had by this time already become convinced of the need for repeal but he was opposed in this by the majority of his own cabinet and party. On 11 December 1845, frustrated by his party's unwillingness to support him on repeal, Peel resigned as Prime Minister and Queen Victoria invited Russell to form a new government. With the Whigs a minority in the Commons however, Russell struggled to assemble the necessary support. When Lord Grey declared that he would not serve in cabinet if Lord Palmerston was made Foreign Secretary it became clear to Russell that he could not form a viable government. Russell declined the Queen's invitation on 21 December and Peel agreed to stay on as Prime Minister. In June the following year Peel repealed the Corn Laws with Whig support, bitterly dividing the Conservative Party in the process. Later that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated after vengeful anti-repeal Tories voted with the opposition and Peel, taking this as a vote of no confidence, resigned as Prime Minister. Russell accepted the Queen's offer to form a government, this time Grey not objecting to Palmerston's appointment.Russell took office as Prime Minister with the Whigs only a minority in the House of Commons. It was the bitter split in the Conservative Party over the Corn Laws that allowed Russell's government to remain in power in spite of this, with Sir Robert Peel and his supporters offering tentative support to the new ministry in order to keep the protectionist Conservatives under Lord Stanley in opposition. At the general election of August 1847 the Whigs made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, but remained a minority, with Russell's government still dependent on the votes of Peelite and Irish Repealer MPs to win divisions in the Commons. Russell's political agenda was frequently frustrated by his lack of a reliable Commons majority. However, his government was able to secure a number of notable social reforms. Russell introduced teachers' pensions and used Orders in Council to make grants for teacher training. The Public Baths and Wash-houses Acts of 1847 and 1848 enabled local authorities to build municipal baths and washing facilities for the growing urban working classes. Russell lent his support to the passage of the Factories Act 1847, which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (aged 13–18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day. 1848 saw the introduction of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers and the Public Health Act 1848, by which the state assumed responsibility for sewerage, clean water supply, refuse collection and other aspects of public health across much of England and Wales.Following the election of Lionel de Rothschild in the 1847 general election, Russell introduced a Jewish Relief bill, which would have allowed Rothschild and other Jews to sit in the House of Commons without their having to take the explicitly Christian oath of allegiance. In 1848, the bill was passed by the House of Commons, receiving support from the Whigs and a minority of Conservatives (including future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli). However, it was twice rejected by the Tory dominated House of Lords, as was a new bill in 1851. Rothschild was re-elected in the 1852 general election following the fall of the Russell government but was unable to take his seat until the Jews Relief Act was finally passed in 1858.Russell's government led the calamitous response to the Irish Famine. During the course of the famine, an estimated 1 million people died from a combination of malnutrition, disease and starvation and well over 1 million more were left with little choice but to emigrate from Ireland. After taking office in 1846 Russell's ministry introduced a programme of public works that by the end of that year employed some half-a-million but proved impossible to administer. In January 1847, the government abandoned this policy, realising that it had failed, and turned to a mixture of "indoor" and "outdoor" direct relief; the former administered in workhouses through the Irish Poor Laws, the latter through soup kitchens. The costs of the Poor Law fell primarily on the local landlords, some of whom in turn attempted to reduce their liability by evicting their tenants. In June 1847 the Poor Law Extension Act was passed, which embodied the principle, popular in Britain, that Irish property should support Irish poverty. Irish landlords were believed in Britain to have created the conditions that led to the famine, a view which Russell shared.In 1847 Russell's government was confronted by a financial crisis. Sir Robert Peel's 1844 Bank Charter Act required that all bank notes issued by the Bank of England be fully backed by gold. However, the failure of harvests in Britain and Ireland during 1846 had led to large outflows of gold in order to pay for imported grain, resulting in a dramatic decline in the Bank's gold reserves over the course of 1847. Faced with the prospect of running out of gold and being unable to issue money, the Bank of England repeatedly raised the discount rate at which it would lend money to other banks, leading to a drastic curtailment of available commercial credit and contributing to the collapse of numerous businesses. This in turn led to a loss of public confidence in the creditworthiness of the banks, culminated in the "week of terror" of 17-23 October when multiple banks were forced to close their doors as frightened depositors attempted to withdraw their funds. Faced with the potential collapse of the banking system, on Monday 25 October Russell and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Wood wrote a letter to the Governor of the Bank of England authorising him to break the terms of the Bank Charter Act and issue new notes without gold backing to facilitate lending to other banks. This move restored depositor confidence in the banks, and the crisis abated.In the first half of his premiership Russell aimed to improve the British government's relations with the Papacy and the Catholic clergy in Ireland, which he saw as one of the keys to making Ireland a more willing part of the United Kingdom. Russell proposed to make an annual grant of £340,000 to the Catholic Church in Ireland, with the aim of ameliorating Irish Catholic opinion towards the Union. In 1847 Russell's father-in-law the Earl of Minto was dispatched on a confidential mission to Rome to seek the Pope's support for the grants plan. In the end, the idea had to be abandoned due to Catholic objections to what they saw as an attempt to control their clergy. However, Russell pressed ahead with plans to re-establish formal diplomatic relations between the Court of St James's and the Holy See, which had been severed when James II was deposed in 1688. Russell managed to pass an Act to authorise an exchange of ambassadors with Rome, but not before the bill was amended by Parliament to stipulate that the Pope's ambassador must be a layman. The Pope refused to accept such a restriction on his choice of representative and so the exchange of ambassadors did not take place. It would not be until 1914 that formal UK-Vatican diplomatic relations were finally established.Relations with the Papacy soured badly in late 1850 after Pope Pius IX issued the bull Universalis Ecclesiae. By this bull Pius unilaterally reintroduced Catholic bishops to England and Wales for the first time since the Reformation. Anti-Catholic feelings ran high with many protestants incensed at what they saw as impertinent foreign interference in the prerogative of the established Church of England to appoint bishops. Russell, not withstanding his long record of advocating civil liberties for Catholics, shared the traditional Whig suspicion of the Catholic hierarchy, and was angered at what he saw as a Papal imposition. On 4 November 1850, in a letter to the Bishop of Durham published in "The Times" the same day, Russell wrote that the Pope's actions suggested a "pretension to supremacy" and declared that "No foreign prince or potentate will be permitted to fasten his fetters upon a nation which has so long and so nobly vindicated its right to freedom of opinion, civil, political, and religious." Russell's "Durham letter" won him popular support in England but in Ireland it was viewed as an unwarranted insult to the Pope. It lost Russell the confidence of Irish Repealer MPs and the cabinet were angered that he had made such an incendiary statement without having consulting them. The following year Russell passed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 with Tory support, which made it a criminal offence carrying a fine of £100 for anyone outside of the Church of England to assume an episcopal title "of any city, town or place, or of any territory or district...in the United Kingdom." The Act was widely ignored without consequences and only served to further alienate Irish MPs, thereby weakening the government's position in the Commons.Russell frequently clashed with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, whose belligerence and support for continental revolution he found embarrassing. In 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young Spanish Queen and her sister into the French royal family.He subsequently clashed with Russell over plans to increase the size of the army and the navy to defend against the perceived threat of French invasion, which subsided after the overthrow of the French king in 1848.In 1850 further tension arose between the two over Palmerston's gunboat diplomacy in the Don Pacifico affair in which Palmerston sought compensation from the Greek government for the ransacking and the burning of the house of David Pacifico, a Gibraltarian holder of a British passport. Russell considered the matter "hardly worth the interposition of the British lion," and when Palmerston ignored some of his instructions, the Prime Minister wrote to Palmerston telling him he had informed the Queen that he "thought the interests of the country required that a change should take place at the Foreign Department." However, less than a month later Lord Stanley successfully led the House of Lords into passing a motion of censure of the Government over its handling of the affair and Russell realised that he needed to align with Palmerston in order to prevent a similar motion being passed by the House of Commons, which would have obliged the Government to resign. The Government prevailed, but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British subjects anywhere in the world.Russell forced Palmerston to resign as Foreign Secretary after Palmerston recognised Napoleon III's coup of 2 December 1851 without first consulting the Queen or Cabinet. Russell tried to strengthen his government by recruiting leading Peelites such as Sir James Graham and the Duke of Newcastle to his administration, but they declined. Out of office, Palmerston sought revenge by turning a vote on a militia bill into a vote of confidence in the Government. A majority vote in favour of an amendment proposed by Palmerston caused the downfall of Russell's ministry on 21 February 1852. This was Palmerston's famous "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."Following Russell's resignation, on the 23 February 1852 the Earl of Derby accepted the Queen's invitation to form a government. The new Conservative ministry were a minority in the Commons due to the continuing rift with the Peelites. Derby called a general election for July but failed to secure a majority. After the election Derby's Conservatives held 292 out of the 662 seats in the Commons but were able to carry on in office due to divisions among the opposition. Negotiations over a Whig-Peelite coalition stalled over the question of who would lead it. Russell's authority and popularity within the Whigs had been dented by his falling out with Palmerston, who flatly refused to serve under him again. Moreover he had alienated many in the Peelites and the Irish Brigade, who held the balance of power in the Commons, leaving them unwilling to support another Russell-led government. Palmerston proposed Lord Lansdowne as a compromise candidate. This was acceptable to Russell but Lansdowne was reluctant to take on the burdens of leading a government. The defeat of Disraeli's Budget in December 1852 forced the issue. Derby's government resigned and the Queen sent for Lansdowne and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen. Lansdowne declined the Queen's invitation, pleading ill-health and so Aberdeen was tasked with forming a government.Russell, as the leader of the Whigs, agreed to bring his party into a coalition with the Peelites, headed by Aberdeen. As the leader of the largest party in the coalition, Russell was reluctant to serve under Aberdeen in a subordinate position, but agreed to take on the role of Foreign Secretary on a temporary basis, to lend stability to the fledgling government. He resigned the role in February 1853 in favour of Clarendon, but continued to lead for the government in the Commons and attended cabinet without ministerial responsibilities. Russell was unhappy that half of Aberdeen's cabinet was made up of Peelites, despite the fact that the Whigs contributed hundreds of MPs to the Government's support in the Commons, and the Peelites only around 40. However, he came to admire some of his Peelite colleagues, particularly the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, who would go on to become an important political ally in later years. With Aberdeen's agreement, Russell used his position as Leader of the House of Commons to push for a new Reform Act. Although Russell had promoted the 1832 Reform Act as a one-off measure to re-balance the constitution, after twenty years he had become convinced of the need for further electoral reform. In February 1854 Russell introduced his bill to the House. The property qualification was to be reduced from £10 to £6 in boroughs, and from £50 to £10 in the counties. Additionally 66 seats would be removed from undersized constituencies and redistributed. The second reading of the bill was set for March 1854, but the prospect of imminent war with Russia led to it being postponed until April. After the outbreak of war on 28 March Russell came under pressure from the cabinet to withdraw the bill entirely. Russell threatened to resign if the cabinet abandoned the reform bill but he was convinced to stay on by Aberdeen, who promised that he would support the reform bill if Russell reintroduced it in a future session. However, with the fall of the Aberdeen government the following year, it would be 12 years before Russell had another chance to introduce a reform bill. Together with Palmerston, Russell supported the government taking a hard line against Russian territorial ambitions in the Ottoman Empire, a policy which ultimately resulted in Britain's entry into the Crimean War in March 1854, an outcome which the more cautious Aberdeen had hoped to avoid. In the following months Russell grew frustrated by what he saw as a lack of effective war leadership by Aberdeen and the Secretary of State for War, the Duke of Newcastle. Dispatches from the front reported that the army was suffering from supply shortages and a lack of adequate accommodation and medical facilities. In November 1854 Russell urged Aberdeen to replace Newcastle with the Palmerston, who he believed would get a firmer grip on the organisation of the war, but these suggestions came to nothing. In January 1855, after a series of military setbacks, a Commons motion was brought by the radical MP John Roebuck to appoint a select committee to investigate the management of the war. Russell, not wishing to vote against an inquiry he believed was badly needed, resigned from the cabinet in order to abstain. Aberdeen viewed the Roebuck motion as a vote of no confidence in his leadership and, accordingly, when it passed by 305-148, he resigned. In the eyes of many, including the Queen and Aberdeen, Russell's temperamental behaviour and personal ambition had undermined the stability of the coalition. On visiting Windsor Castle to resign, Aberdeen told the Queen "Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Lord John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably," an assessment with which the Queen agreed. Russell accepted an invitation from the Queen to form a new government but found that he could not assemble the necessary support, with many of his colleagues having been angered by his abandonment of Aberdeen over the Roebuck motion. Palmerston became Prime Minister, and Russell reluctantly accepted the role of Colonial Secretary in his cabinet. Russell was sent to Vienna to negotiate peace terms with Russia, but his proposals were rejected and he resigned from the cabinet and returned to the backbenches in July 1855.Following his resignation Russell wrote to his father-in-law that he would not serve again under Palmerston or any other Prime Minister. For a time it appeared as if his career in frontbench politics might be over. Russell continued to speak out from the backbenches on the issues he most cared about - lobbying for increased government grants for education and for reduction in the property qualification for Parliamentary elections. In early 1857 Russell became a vocal critic of Palmerston's government over the Anglo-Persian War and the Second Opium War. Russell spoke in support of a motion tabled by Richard Cobden, which criticised British military action in China and calling for a select committee inquiry. When the motion passed on 3 March, Palmerston dissolved Parliament and went to the country. In the subsequent general election Palmerston was swept back into power on a tide of patriotic feeling with an increased majority. Many of Palmerston's critics lost their seats but Russell hung on in the City of London, after fighting off an attempt to deselect him and replace him with a pro-Palmerston Whig candidate. Palmerston's triumph was short-lived. In February 1858 the Government rushed through a Conspiracy to Murder bill, following the attempted assassination of Napoleon III by Italian nationalist Felice Orsini - an attack planned in Britain using British-made explosives. Russell attacked the bill, which he saw as undermined traditional British political liberties to appease a foreign government. On 19 February Russell voted in favour of Thomas Milner Gibson's motion, which criticised the government for bowing to French demands. When the motion passed by 19 votes Palmerston's government resigned.In 1859, following another short-lived Conservative government, Palmerston and Russell made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as Foreign Secretary in a new Palmerston cabinet, usually considered the first true Liberal cabinet. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world outside Britain, seeing the Unification of Italy (the change of British government to one sympathetic to Italian nationalism had a marked part in this process), the American Civil War, and the 1864 war over Schleswig-Holstein between Denmark and the German states. Russell arranged the London Conference of 1864, but failed to establish peace in the war. His tenure of the Foreign Office was noteworthy for the famous dispatch in which he defended Italian unification: "Her Majesty's Government will turn their eyes rather to the gratifying prospect of a people building up the edifice of their liberties, and consolidating the work of their independence, amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe" (27 October 1860).In 1861 Russell was elevated to the peerage as Earl Russell, of Kingston Russell in the County of Dorset, and as Viscount Amberley, of Amberley in the County of Gloucester, and of Ardsalla in the County of Meathin the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Henceforth, as a suo jure peer, rather than merely being known as 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke, he sat in the House of Lords for the remainder of his career.When Palmerston suddenly died in late 1865, Russell again became Prime Minister. His second premiership was short and frustrating, and Russell failed in his great ambition of expanding the franchise, a task that would be left to his Conservative successors, Derby and Benjamin Disraeli. In 1866, party disunity again brought down his government. Russell never again held any office. His last contribution to the House of Lords was on 3 August 1875.Russell married Adelaide Lister (widow of Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale, who had died in 1832.) on 11 April 1835. Together they had two daughters:Adelaide came down with a fever following the birth of their second child and died a few days later on 1 November 1838. Following her death, Russell continued to raise his late wife's four children from her first marriage, as well their two daughters.On 20 July 1841 Russell remarried, to Lady Frances ("Fanny") Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, daughter of Russell's cabinet colleague Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto. Together they had four children:In 1847 Queen Victoria granted Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park to Lord and Lady John. It remained their family home for the rest of their lives.Russell was religious in a simple non-dogmatic way and supported the "Broad church" element in the Church of England. He opposed the "Oxford Movement" because its "Tractarian" members were too dogmatic and too close to Roman Catholicism. He supported Broad Churchmen or Latitudinarians by several appointments of liberal churchmen as bishops. In 1859 he reversed himself and decided to free non-Anglicans of the duty of paying rates (taxes) to the local Anglican parish. His political clumsiness and opposition to Church finance made him a target of attack and ridicule in many Church circles.Following the death of their daughter-in-law Viscountess Amberley in 1874 and their son Viscount Amberley in 1876, Earl Russell and Countess Russell brought up their orphaned grandchildren, John ("Frank") Russell, who became 2nd Earl Russell on his grandfather's death, and Bertrand Russell who would go on to become a noted philosopher and who in later life recalled his elderly grandfather as "a kindly old man in a wheelchair."Earl Russell died at home at Pembroke Lodge on 28 May 1878. The Prime Minister, the Earl of Beaconsfield, offered a public funeral and burial at Westminster Abbey for Russell but this was declined by Countess Russell in accordance with her late husband's wish to be buried among his family and ancestors. He is buried at the 'Bedford Chapel' at St. Michael's Church, Chenies, Buckinghamshire.Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, Russell was a leading reformer who weakened the power of the aristocracy. His great achievements, wrote A. J. P. Taylor, were based on his persistent battles in Parliament over the years on behalf of the expansion of liberty; after each loss he tried again and again, until finally, his efforts were largely successful. E. L. Woodward, however, argued that he was too much the abstract theorist:He was succeeded as Liberal leader by former Peelite William Gladstone, and was thus the last true Whig to serve as Prime Minister. Generally taken as the model for Anthony Trollope's Mr Mildmay, aspects of his character may also have suggested those of Plantagenet Palliser. An ideal statesman, said Trollope, should have "unblemished, unextinguishable, inexhaustible love of country... But he should also be scrupulous, and, as being scrupulous, weak."The 1832 Reform Act and extension of the franchise to British cities are partly attributed to his efforts. He also worked for emancipation, leading the attack on the Test and Corporation acts, which were repealed in 1828, as well as towards legislation limiting working hours in factories in the 1847 Factory Act, and the Public Health Act of 1848.His government's approach to dealing with the Great Irish Famine is now widely condemned as counterproductive, ill-informed and disastrous. Russell himself was sympathetic to the plight of the Irish poor, and many of his relief proposals were blocked by his cabinet or by the British Parliament.Queen Victoria's attitude toward Russell was coloured by his role in the Aberdeen administration. On his death in 1878 her journal records that he was "a man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent."A public house in Bloomsbury, large parts of which are still owned by the Bedford Estate, is named after Russell, located on Marchmont Street.Russell published numerous books and essays over the course of his life, especially during periods out of office. He principally wrote on politics and history, but also turned his hand to a variety of other topics and genres. His published works include: "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens was dedicated to Lord John Russell, "In remembrance of many public services and private kindnesses." In speech given in 1869, Dickens remarked of Russell that "there is no man in England whom I respect more in his public capacity, whom I love more in his private capacity."
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[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies",
"Home Secretary",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for the Colonies",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the Opposition",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
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Which position did John Russell, 1st Earl Russell hold in Sep 07, 1854?
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September 07, 1854
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{
"text": [
"Leader of the House of Commons",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Lord President of the Council"
]
}
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L2_Q157259_P39_15
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John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Lord President of the Council from Jun, 1854 to Feb, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from Sep, 1839 to Sep, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jun, 1859 to Nov, 1865.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1813 to Feb, 1817.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for the Colonies from May, 1855 to Jul, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Home Secretary from Apr, 1835 to Aug, 1839.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the Opposition from Jun, 1866 to Dec, 1868.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Dec, 1852 to Jan, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
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John Russell, 1st Earl RussellJohn Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.The third son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, Russell was educated at Westminster School and Edinburgh University before entering Parliament in 1813. In 1828 he took a leading role in the repeal of the Test Acts which discriminated against Catholics and Protestant dissenters. He was one of the principal architects of the Reform Act 1832, which was the first major reform of Parliament since the Restoration, and a significant early step on the road to democracy and away from rule by the aristocracy and landed gentry. He favoured expanding the right to vote to the middle classes and enfranchising Britain's growing industrial towns and cities but he never advocated universal suffrage and he opposed the secret ballot. Russell was outspoken on many issues over the course of his career, advocating Catholic emancipation in the 1820s, calling for the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1845, denouncing Pope Pius IX's revival of Catholic bishoprics in 1850, and supporting Italian unification during the 1860s.Russell's ministerial career spanned four decades. In addition to his two terms as prime minister, between 1831 and 1865 he served in the cabinets of Earl Grey, Viscount Melbourne, the Earl of Aberdeen, and Viscount Palmerston. Russell's relationship with Palmerston was often stormy and contributed to bringing down Russell's first government in 1852 and Palmerston's first government in 1858. However, their renewed alliance from 1859 was one of the foundations of the united Liberal Party, which would go on to dominate British politics in the following decades. While Russell was an energetic and effective minister during the 1830s and helped to commit the Whigs to a reform agenda, he proved less successful as prime minister. During his two periods as prime minister he often suffered from a disunited cabinet and weak support in the House of Commons, meaning he was unable to carry out much of his agenda. During his first premiership, his government failed to deal effectively with the Irish Famine, a disaster that saw the loss of a quarter of Ireland's population through death and emigration. During his second premiership, he split his party by pressing for further parliamentary reform and was forced from office only to watch Derby and Disraeli carry a more ambitious Reform Bill. It has been said that Russell's ministry of 1846–1852 was the ruin of the old Whig party and that his ministry of 1865–1866 was very nearly the ruin of the Liberal Party that took its place.Russell was born on 18 August 1792 into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, being the third son of John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford, and Georgiana Byng, daughter of George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington. The Russell family had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country, but as a younger son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, he was not expected to inherit the family estates. As a younger son of a duke, he bore the courtesy title "Lord John Russell", but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861 and was elevated to the House of Lords.Russell was born two months premature and was small and sickly as a child (even in adulthood he remained under 5 feet 5 inches tall, and his small stature was frequently the butt of jokes by political opponents and caricaturists). In 1801 at the age of nine he was sent away to school. Shortly thereafter his mother died. After being withdrawn from Westminster School in 1804 due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors, including Edmund Cartwright. In 1806 Russell's father was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the short-live Ministry of All the Talents and it was during this time that the young Russell met Charles James Fox. Fox was Russell's formative political hero and would remain an inspiration throughout his life. Russell attended the University of Edinburgh from 1809 to 1812, lodging with Professor John Playfair, who oversaw his studies. He did not take a degree. Although often in poor health, he travelled widely in Britain and on the continent, and held commission as Captain in the Bedfordshire Militia in 1810. During his continental travels Russell visited Spain where his brother was serving as aide-de-camp to Lord Wellington in the Peninsular War. The following year he had a 90-minute meeting with Napoleon in December 1814 during the former emperor's exile at Elba.Russell entered the House of Commons as a Whig in 1813 at the age of 20. The future reformer gained his seat by virtue of his father, the Duke of Bedford, instructing the 30 or so electors of Tavistock to return him as an MP even though at the time Russell was abroad and under age. Russell entered Parliament more out of a sense of duty and family tradition than out of serious political ambition. With the exception the 1806-1807 coalition government in which Russell's father had served, the Whigs had been out of power since 1783, and Russell could have had had no certain expectation of a ministerial career. In June 1815 Russell denounced the Bourbon Restoration and Britain's declaration of war against the recently-returned Napoleon by arguing in the House of Commons that foreign powers had no right to dictate France's form of government. In 1817, tired of the prospect of perpetual opposition, Russell resigned from Parliament. After spending a year out of politics and travelling on the continent, he changed his mind and re-entered Parliament for Tavistock at the 1818 general election. In 1819 Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform and he led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. In 1828, while still an opposition backbencher, Russell introduced a Sacramental Test bill with the aim of abolishing the prohibitions on Catholics and Protestant dissenters being elected to local government and from holding civil and military offices. The bill gained the backing of the Tory Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel and was passed into law.When the Whigs came to power in 1830, Russell entered Earl Grey's government as Paymaster of the Forces. Despite being a relatively junior minister, as a vocal advocate for Parliamentary reform for over a decade, Russell became a principal leader in the fight for the Reform Act 1832. He was one of the committee of four tasked by Grey with drafting the reform bill, alongside cabinet ministers Lord Durham, Lord Duncannon and Sir James Graham. Despite not yet being in the Cabinet, Russell was chosen to introduce the bill in March 1831 and over the following year he successfully steered the Reform Act's difficult progress through the Commons. Russell earned the nickname "Finality Jack" from his pronouncing the Act a final measure but in later years he would go on to push for further reform of Parliament. In May 1834 Russell made a speech on the Irish Tithes bill, in which he argued that the revenue generated by tithes was more than was justified by the size of the established Protestant church in Ireland. Russell argued that a proportion the tithe revenue should instead be appropriated for the education of the Irish poor, regardless of denomination. The speech was seen by its opponents as an attack on the established church in Ireland and it cemented a split within Grey's government over the issue of Irish tithes. The following month four members of the Cabinet resigned over the issue, weakening the government's hold on Parliament. Sensing that his position was now hopeless, Grey offered his resignation to the King in July, and was replaced by Viscount Melbourne at the head of the government.In November 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer, Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons. Russell's appointment prompted King William IV to terminate Melbourne's government, in part because the King objected to Russell's views on the Irish Church. This remains the last time in British history that a monarch has dismissed a government. The subsequent minority Conservative government lasted less than five months before resigning in April 1835. Russell then returned to office as Home Secretary in Melbourne's second government, before serving as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1839 to 1841. Through this period Russell continued to lead the more reformist wing of the Whig party.As Home Secretary Russell recommended and secured royal pardons for the Tolpuddle Martyrs and partial commutation of their sentences. In 1836 he introduced the Marriages Act, which introduced civil marriages in England and Wales and allowed Catholics and Protestant Dissenters to marry in their own churches. In 1837 he steered a series of seven Acts through Parliament, which together reduced the number of offences carrying a sentence of death from thirty-seven to sixteen. This number was reduced further by the Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841. After these reforms the death penalty was rarely used in the United Kingdom for crimes other than murder. As Home Secretary Russell also introduced the public registration for births, marriages and deaths and played a large role in democratising the government of cities outside of London.In 1841 the Whigs lost the general election to the Conservatives and Russell and his colleagues returned to opposition. In November 1845, following the failure of that year's potato harvest across Britain and Ireland, Russell came out in favour of the repeal of the Corn Laws and called upon the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel to take urgent action to alleviate the emerging food crisis. Peel had by this time already become convinced of the need for repeal but he was opposed in this by the majority of his own cabinet and party. On 11 December 1845, frustrated by his party's unwillingness to support him on repeal, Peel resigned as Prime Minister and Queen Victoria invited Russell to form a new government. With the Whigs a minority in the Commons however, Russell struggled to assemble the necessary support. When Lord Grey declared that he would not serve in cabinet if Lord Palmerston was made Foreign Secretary it became clear to Russell that he could not form a viable government. Russell declined the Queen's invitation on 21 December and Peel agreed to stay on as Prime Minister. In June the following year Peel repealed the Corn Laws with Whig support, bitterly dividing the Conservative Party in the process. Later that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated after vengeful anti-repeal Tories voted with the opposition and Peel, taking this as a vote of no confidence, resigned as Prime Minister. Russell accepted the Queen's offer to form a government, this time Grey not objecting to Palmerston's appointment.Russell took office as Prime Minister with the Whigs only a minority in the House of Commons. It was the bitter split in the Conservative Party over the Corn Laws that allowed Russell's government to remain in power in spite of this, with Sir Robert Peel and his supporters offering tentative support to the new ministry in order to keep the protectionist Conservatives under Lord Stanley in opposition. At the general election of August 1847 the Whigs made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, but remained a minority, with Russell's government still dependent on the votes of Peelite and Irish Repealer MPs to win divisions in the Commons. Russell's political agenda was frequently frustrated by his lack of a reliable Commons majority. However, his government was able to secure a number of notable social reforms. Russell introduced teachers' pensions and used Orders in Council to make grants for teacher training. The Public Baths and Wash-houses Acts of 1847 and 1848 enabled local authorities to build municipal baths and washing facilities for the growing urban working classes. Russell lent his support to the passage of the Factories Act 1847, which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (aged 13–18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day. 1848 saw the introduction of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers and the Public Health Act 1848, by which the state assumed responsibility for sewerage, clean water supply, refuse collection and other aspects of public health across much of England and Wales.Following the election of Lionel de Rothschild in the 1847 general election, Russell introduced a Jewish Relief bill, which would have allowed Rothschild and other Jews to sit in the House of Commons without their having to take the explicitly Christian oath of allegiance. In 1848, the bill was passed by the House of Commons, receiving support from the Whigs and a minority of Conservatives (including future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli). However, it was twice rejected by the Tory dominated House of Lords, as was a new bill in 1851. Rothschild was re-elected in the 1852 general election following the fall of the Russell government but was unable to take his seat until the Jews Relief Act was finally passed in 1858.Russell's government led the calamitous response to the Irish Famine. During the course of the famine, an estimated 1 million people died from a combination of malnutrition, disease and starvation and well over 1 million more were left with little choice but to emigrate from Ireland. After taking office in 1846 Russell's ministry introduced a programme of public works that by the end of that year employed some half-a-million but proved impossible to administer. In January 1847, the government abandoned this policy, realising that it had failed, and turned to a mixture of "indoor" and "outdoor" direct relief; the former administered in workhouses through the Irish Poor Laws, the latter through soup kitchens. The costs of the Poor Law fell primarily on the local landlords, some of whom in turn attempted to reduce their liability by evicting their tenants. In June 1847 the Poor Law Extension Act was passed, which embodied the principle, popular in Britain, that Irish property should support Irish poverty. Irish landlords were believed in Britain to have created the conditions that led to the famine, a view which Russell shared.In 1847 Russell's government was confronted by a financial crisis. Sir Robert Peel's 1844 Bank Charter Act required that all bank notes issued by the Bank of England be fully backed by gold. However, the failure of harvests in Britain and Ireland during 1846 had led to large outflows of gold in order to pay for imported grain, resulting in a dramatic decline in the Bank's gold reserves over the course of 1847. Faced with the prospect of running out of gold and being unable to issue money, the Bank of England repeatedly raised the discount rate at which it would lend money to other banks, leading to a drastic curtailment of available commercial credit and contributing to the collapse of numerous businesses. This in turn led to a loss of public confidence in the creditworthiness of the banks, culminated in the "week of terror" of 17-23 October when multiple banks were forced to close their doors as frightened depositors attempted to withdraw their funds. Faced with the potential collapse of the banking system, on Monday 25 October Russell and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Wood wrote a letter to the Governor of the Bank of England authorising him to break the terms of the Bank Charter Act and issue new notes without gold backing to facilitate lending to other banks. This move restored depositor confidence in the banks, and the crisis abated.In the first half of his premiership Russell aimed to improve the British government's relations with the Papacy and the Catholic clergy in Ireland, which he saw as one of the keys to making Ireland a more willing part of the United Kingdom. Russell proposed to make an annual grant of £340,000 to the Catholic Church in Ireland, with the aim of ameliorating Irish Catholic opinion towards the Union. In 1847 Russell's father-in-law the Earl of Minto was dispatched on a confidential mission to Rome to seek the Pope's support for the grants plan. In the end, the idea had to be abandoned due to Catholic objections to what they saw as an attempt to control their clergy. However, Russell pressed ahead with plans to re-establish formal diplomatic relations between the Court of St James's and the Holy See, which had been severed when James II was deposed in 1688. Russell managed to pass an Act to authorise an exchange of ambassadors with Rome, but not before the bill was amended by Parliament to stipulate that the Pope's ambassador must be a layman. The Pope refused to accept such a restriction on his choice of representative and so the exchange of ambassadors did not take place. It would not be until 1914 that formal UK-Vatican diplomatic relations were finally established.Relations with the Papacy soured badly in late 1850 after Pope Pius IX issued the bull Universalis Ecclesiae. By this bull Pius unilaterally reintroduced Catholic bishops to England and Wales for the first time since the Reformation. Anti-Catholic feelings ran high with many protestants incensed at what they saw as impertinent foreign interference in the prerogative of the established Church of England to appoint bishops. Russell, not withstanding his long record of advocating civil liberties for Catholics, shared the traditional Whig suspicion of the Catholic hierarchy, and was angered at what he saw as a Papal imposition. On 4 November 1850, in a letter to the Bishop of Durham published in "The Times" the same day, Russell wrote that the Pope's actions suggested a "pretension to supremacy" and declared that "No foreign prince or potentate will be permitted to fasten his fetters upon a nation which has so long and so nobly vindicated its right to freedom of opinion, civil, political, and religious." Russell's "Durham letter" won him popular support in England but in Ireland it was viewed as an unwarranted insult to the Pope. It lost Russell the confidence of Irish Repealer MPs and the cabinet were angered that he had made such an incendiary statement without having consulting them. The following year Russell passed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 with Tory support, which made it a criminal offence carrying a fine of £100 for anyone outside of the Church of England to assume an episcopal title "of any city, town or place, or of any territory or district...in the United Kingdom." The Act was widely ignored without consequences and only served to further alienate Irish MPs, thereby weakening the government's position in the Commons.Russell frequently clashed with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, whose belligerence and support for continental revolution he found embarrassing. In 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young Spanish Queen and her sister into the French royal family.He subsequently clashed with Russell over plans to increase the size of the army and the navy to defend against the perceived threat of French invasion, which subsided after the overthrow of the French king in 1848.In 1850 further tension arose between the two over Palmerston's gunboat diplomacy in the Don Pacifico affair in which Palmerston sought compensation from the Greek government for the ransacking and the burning of the house of David Pacifico, a Gibraltarian holder of a British passport. Russell considered the matter "hardly worth the interposition of the British lion," and when Palmerston ignored some of his instructions, the Prime Minister wrote to Palmerston telling him he had informed the Queen that he "thought the interests of the country required that a change should take place at the Foreign Department." However, less than a month later Lord Stanley successfully led the House of Lords into passing a motion of censure of the Government over its handling of the affair and Russell realised that he needed to align with Palmerston in order to prevent a similar motion being passed by the House of Commons, which would have obliged the Government to resign. The Government prevailed, but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British subjects anywhere in the world.Russell forced Palmerston to resign as Foreign Secretary after Palmerston recognised Napoleon III's coup of 2 December 1851 without first consulting the Queen or Cabinet. Russell tried to strengthen his government by recruiting leading Peelites such as Sir James Graham and the Duke of Newcastle to his administration, but they declined. Out of office, Palmerston sought revenge by turning a vote on a militia bill into a vote of confidence in the Government. A majority vote in favour of an amendment proposed by Palmerston caused the downfall of Russell's ministry on 21 February 1852. This was Palmerston's famous "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."Following Russell's resignation, on the 23 February 1852 the Earl of Derby accepted the Queen's invitation to form a government. The new Conservative ministry were a minority in the Commons due to the continuing rift with the Peelites. Derby called a general election for July but failed to secure a majority. After the election Derby's Conservatives held 292 out of the 662 seats in the Commons but were able to carry on in office due to divisions among the opposition. Negotiations over a Whig-Peelite coalition stalled over the question of who would lead it. Russell's authority and popularity within the Whigs had been dented by his falling out with Palmerston, who flatly refused to serve under him again. Moreover he had alienated many in the Peelites and the Irish Brigade, who held the balance of power in the Commons, leaving them unwilling to support another Russell-led government. Palmerston proposed Lord Lansdowne as a compromise candidate. This was acceptable to Russell but Lansdowne was reluctant to take on the burdens of leading a government. The defeat of Disraeli's Budget in December 1852 forced the issue. Derby's government resigned and the Queen sent for Lansdowne and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen. Lansdowne declined the Queen's invitation, pleading ill-health and so Aberdeen was tasked with forming a government.Russell, as the leader of the Whigs, agreed to bring his party into a coalition with the Peelites, headed by Aberdeen. As the leader of the largest party in the coalition, Russell was reluctant to serve under Aberdeen in a subordinate position, but agreed to take on the role of Foreign Secretary on a temporary basis, to lend stability to the fledgling government. He resigned the role in February 1853 in favour of Clarendon, but continued to lead for the government in the Commons and attended cabinet without ministerial responsibilities. Russell was unhappy that half of Aberdeen's cabinet was made up of Peelites, despite the fact that the Whigs contributed hundreds of MPs to the Government's support in the Commons, and the Peelites only around 40. However, he came to admire some of his Peelite colleagues, particularly the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, who would go on to become an important political ally in later years. With Aberdeen's agreement, Russell used his position as Leader of the House of Commons to push for a new Reform Act. Although Russell had promoted the 1832 Reform Act as a one-off measure to re-balance the constitution, after twenty years he had become convinced of the need for further electoral reform. In February 1854 Russell introduced his bill to the House. The property qualification was to be reduced from £10 to £6 in boroughs, and from £50 to £10 in the counties. Additionally 66 seats would be removed from undersized constituencies and redistributed. The second reading of the bill was set for March 1854, but the prospect of imminent war with Russia led to it being postponed until April. After the outbreak of war on 28 March Russell came under pressure from the cabinet to withdraw the bill entirely. Russell threatened to resign if the cabinet abandoned the reform bill but he was convinced to stay on by Aberdeen, who promised that he would support the reform bill if Russell reintroduced it in a future session. However, with the fall of the Aberdeen government the following year, it would be 12 years before Russell had another chance to introduce a reform bill. Together with Palmerston, Russell supported the government taking a hard line against Russian territorial ambitions in the Ottoman Empire, a policy which ultimately resulted in Britain's entry into the Crimean War in March 1854, an outcome which the more cautious Aberdeen had hoped to avoid. In the following months Russell grew frustrated by what he saw as a lack of effective war leadership by Aberdeen and the Secretary of State for War, the Duke of Newcastle. Dispatches from the front reported that the army was suffering from supply shortages and a lack of adequate accommodation and medical facilities. In November 1854 Russell urged Aberdeen to replace Newcastle with the Palmerston, who he believed would get a firmer grip on the organisation of the war, but these suggestions came to nothing. In January 1855, after a series of military setbacks, a Commons motion was brought by the radical MP John Roebuck to appoint a select committee to investigate the management of the war. Russell, not wishing to vote against an inquiry he believed was badly needed, resigned from the cabinet in order to abstain. Aberdeen viewed the Roebuck motion as a vote of no confidence in his leadership and, accordingly, when it passed by 305-148, he resigned. In the eyes of many, including the Queen and Aberdeen, Russell's temperamental behaviour and personal ambition had undermined the stability of the coalition. On visiting Windsor Castle to resign, Aberdeen told the Queen "Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Lord John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably," an assessment with which the Queen agreed. Russell accepted an invitation from the Queen to form a new government but found that he could not assemble the necessary support, with many of his colleagues having been angered by his abandonment of Aberdeen over the Roebuck motion. Palmerston became Prime Minister, and Russell reluctantly accepted the role of Colonial Secretary in his cabinet. Russell was sent to Vienna to negotiate peace terms with Russia, but his proposals were rejected and he resigned from the cabinet and returned to the backbenches in July 1855.Following his resignation Russell wrote to his father-in-law that he would not serve again under Palmerston or any other Prime Minister. For a time it appeared as if his career in frontbench politics might be over. Russell continued to speak out from the backbenches on the issues he most cared about - lobbying for increased government grants for education and for reduction in the property qualification for Parliamentary elections. In early 1857 Russell became a vocal critic of Palmerston's government over the Anglo-Persian War and the Second Opium War. Russell spoke in support of a motion tabled by Richard Cobden, which criticised British military action in China and calling for a select committee inquiry. When the motion passed on 3 March, Palmerston dissolved Parliament and went to the country. In the subsequent general election Palmerston was swept back into power on a tide of patriotic feeling with an increased majority. Many of Palmerston's critics lost their seats but Russell hung on in the City of London, after fighting off an attempt to deselect him and replace him with a pro-Palmerston Whig candidate. Palmerston's triumph was short-lived. In February 1858 the Government rushed through a Conspiracy to Murder bill, following the attempted assassination of Napoleon III by Italian nationalist Felice Orsini - an attack planned in Britain using British-made explosives. Russell attacked the bill, which he saw as undermined traditional British political liberties to appease a foreign government. On 19 February Russell voted in favour of Thomas Milner Gibson's motion, which criticised the government for bowing to French demands. When the motion passed by 19 votes Palmerston's government resigned.In 1859, following another short-lived Conservative government, Palmerston and Russell made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as Foreign Secretary in a new Palmerston cabinet, usually considered the first true Liberal cabinet. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world outside Britain, seeing the Unification of Italy (the change of British government to one sympathetic to Italian nationalism had a marked part in this process), the American Civil War, and the 1864 war over Schleswig-Holstein between Denmark and the German states. Russell arranged the London Conference of 1864, but failed to establish peace in the war. His tenure of the Foreign Office was noteworthy for the famous dispatch in which he defended Italian unification: "Her Majesty's Government will turn their eyes rather to the gratifying prospect of a people building up the edifice of their liberties, and consolidating the work of their independence, amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe" (27 October 1860).In 1861 Russell was elevated to the peerage as Earl Russell, of Kingston Russell in the County of Dorset, and as Viscount Amberley, of Amberley in the County of Gloucester, and of Ardsalla in the County of Meathin the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Henceforth, as a suo jure peer, rather than merely being known as 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke, he sat in the House of Lords for the remainder of his career.When Palmerston suddenly died in late 1865, Russell again became Prime Minister. His second premiership was short and frustrating, and Russell failed in his great ambition of expanding the franchise, a task that would be left to his Conservative successors, Derby and Benjamin Disraeli. In 1866, party disunity again brought down his government. Russell never again held any office. His last contribution to the House of Lords was on 3 August 1875.Russell married Adelaide Lister (widow of Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale, who had died in 1832.) on 11 April 1835. Together they had two daughters:Adelaide came down with a fever following the birth of their second child and died a few days later on 1 November 1838. Following her death, Russell continued to raise his late wife's four children from her first marriage, as well their two daughters.On 20 July 1841 Russell remarried, to Lady Frances ("Fanny") Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, daughter of Russell's cabinet colleague Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto. Together they had four children:In 1847 Queen Victoria granted Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park to Lord and Lady John. It remained their family home for the rest of their lives.Russell was religious in a simple non-dogmatic way and supported the "Broad church" element in the Church of England. He opposed the "Oxford Movement" because its "Tractarian" members were too dogmatic and too close to Roman Catholicism. He supported Broad Churchmen or Latitudinarians by several appointments of liberal churchmen as bishops. In 1859 he reversed himself and decided to free non-Anglicans of the duty of paying rates (taxes) to the local Anglican parish. His political clumsiness and opposition to Church finance made him a target of attack and ridicule in many Church circles.Following the death of their daughter-in-law Viscountess Amberley in 1874 and their son Viscount Amberley in 1876, Earl Russell and Countess Russell brought up their orphaned grandchildren, John ("Frank") Russell, who became 2nd Earl Russell on his grandfather's death, and Bertrand Russell who would go on to become a noted philosopher and who in later life recalled his elderly grandfather as "a kindly old man in a wheelchair."Earl Russell died at home at Pembroke Lodge on 28 May 1878. The Prime Minister, the Earl of Beaconsfield, offered a public funeral and burial at Westminster Abbey for Russell but this was declined by Countess Russell in accordance with her late husband's wish to be buried among his family and ancestors. He is buried at the 'Bedford Chapel' at St. Michael's Church, Chenies, Buckinghamshire.Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, Russell was a leading reformer who weakened the power of the aristocracy. His great achievements, wrote A. J. P. Taylor, were based on his persistent battles in Parliament over the years on behalf of the expansion of liberty; after each loss he tried again and again, until finally, his efforts were largely successful. E. L. Woodward, however, argued that he was too much the abstract theorist:He was succeeded as Liberal leader by former Peelite William Gladstone, and was thus the last true Whig to serve as Prime Minister. Generally taken as the model for Anthony Trollope's Mr Mildmay, aspects of his character may also have suggested those of Plantagenet Palliser. An ideal statesman, said Trollope, should have "unblemished, unextinguishable, inexhaustible love of country... But he should also be scrupulous, and, as being scrupulous, weak."The 1832 Reform Act and extension of the franchise to British cities are partly attributed to his efforts. He also worked for emancipation, leading the attack on the Test and Corporation acts, which were repealed in 1828, as well as towards legislation limiting working hours in factories in the 1847 Factory Act, and the Public Health Act of 1848.His government's approach to dealing with the Great Irish Famine is now widely condemned as counterproductive, ill-informed and disastrous. Russell himself was sympathetic to the plight of the Irish poor, and many of his relief proposals were blocked by his cabinet or by the British Parliament.Queen Victoria's attitude toward Russell was coloured by his role in the Aberdeen administration. On his death in 1878 her journal records that he was "a man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent."A public house in Bloomsbury, large parts of which are still owned by the Bedford Estate, is named after Russell, located on Marchmont Street.Russell published numerous books and essays over the course of his life, especially during periods out of office. He principally wrote on politics and history, but also turned his hand to a variety of other topics and genres. His published works include: "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens was dedicated to Lord John Russell, "In remembrance of many public services and private kindnesses." In speech given in 1869, Dickens remarked of Russell that "there is no man in England whom I respect more in his public capacity, whom I love more in his private capacity."
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[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies",
"Home Secretary",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for the Colonies",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the Opposition",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
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Which position did John Russell, 1st Earl Russell hold in 09/07/1854?
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September 07, 1854
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{
"text": [
"Leader of the House of Commons",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Lord President of the Council"
]
}
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L2_Q157259_P39_15
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John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Lord President of the Council from Jun, 1854 to Feb, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from Sep, 1839 to Sep, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jun, 1859 to Nov, 1865.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1813 to Feb, 1817.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for the Colonies from May, 1855 to Jul, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Home Secretary from Apr, 1835 to Aug, 1839.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the Opposition from Jun, 1866 to Dec, 1868.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Dec, 1852 to Jan, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
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John Russell, 1st Earl RussellJohn Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.The third son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, Russell was educated at Westminster School and Edinburgh University before entering Parliament in 1813. In 1828 he took a leading role in the repeal of the Test Acts which discriminated against Catholics and Protestant dissenters. He was one of the principal architects of the Reform Act 1832, which was the first major reform of Parliament since the Restoration, and a significant early step on the road to democracy and away from rule by the aristocracy and landed gentry. He favoured expanding the right to vote to the middle classes and enfranchising Britain's growing industrial towns and cities but he never advocated universal suffrage and he opposed the secret ballot. Russell was outspoken on many issues over the course of his career, advocating Catholic emancipation in the 1820s, calling for the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1845, denouncing Pope Pius IX's revival of Catholic bishoprics in 1850, and supporting Italian unification during the 1860s.Russell's ministerial career spanned four decades. In addition to his two terms as prime minister, between 1831 and 1865 he served in the cabinets of Earl Grey, Viscount Melbourne, the Earl of Aberdeen, and Viscount Palmerston. Russell's relationship with Palmerston was often stormy and contributed to bringing down Russell's first government in 1852 and Palmerston's first government in 1858. However, their renewed alliance from 1859 was one of the foundations of the united Liberal Party, which would go on to dominate British politics in the following decades. While Russell was an energetic and effective minister during the 1830s and helped to commit the Whigs to a reform agenda, he proved less successful as prime minister. During his two periods as prime minister he often suffered from a disunited cabinet and weak support in the House of Commons, meaning he was unable to carry out much of his agenda. During his first premiership, his government failed to deal effectively with the Irish Famine, a disaster that saw the loss of a quarter of Ireland's population through death and emigration. During his second premiership, he split his party by pressing for further parliamentary reform and was forced from office only to watch Derby and Disraeli carry a more ambitious Reform Bill. It has been said that Russell's ministry of 1846–1852 was the ruin of the old Whig party and that his ministry of 1865–1866 was very nearly the ruin of the Liberal Party that took its place.Russell was born on 18 August 1792 into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, being the third son of John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford, and Georgiana Byng, daughter of George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington. The Russell family had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country, but as a younger son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, he was not expected to inherit the family estates. As a younger son of a duke, he bore the courtesy title "Lord John Russell", but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861 and was elevated to the House of Lords.Russell was born two months premature and was small and sickly as a child (even in adulthood he remained under 5 feet 5 inches tall, and his small stature was frequently the butt of jokes by political opponents and caricaturists). In 1801 at the age of nine he was sent away to school. Shortly thereafter his mother died. After being withdrawn from Westminster School in 1804 due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors, including Edmund Cartwright. In 1806 Russell's father was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the short-live Ministry of All the Talents and it was during this time that the young Russell met Charles James Fox. Fox was Russell's formative political hero and would remain an inspiration throughout his life. Russell attended the University of Edinburgh from 1809 to 1812, lodging with Professor John Playfair, who oversaw his studies. He did not take a degree. Although often in poor health, he travelled widely in Britain and on the continent, and held commission as Captain in the Bedfordshire Militia in 1810. During his continental travels Russell visited Spain where his brother was serving as aide-de-camp to Lord Wellington in the Peninsular War. The following year he had a 90-minute meeting with Napoleon in December 1814 during the former emperor's exile at Elba.Russell entered the House of Commons as a Whig in 1813 at the age of 20. The future reformer gained his seat by virtue of his father, the Duke of Bedford, instructing the 30 or so electors of Tavistock to return him as an MP even though at the time Russell was abroad and under age. Russell entered Parliament more out of a sense of duty and family tradition than out of serious political ambition. With the exception the 1806-1807 coalition government in which Russell's father had served, the Whigs had been out of power since 1783, and Russell could have had had no certain expectation of a ministerial career. In June 1815 Russell denounced the Bourbon Restoration and Britain's declaration of war against the recently-returned Napoleon by arguing in the House of Commons that foreign powers had no right to dictate France's form of government. In 1817, tired of the prospect of perpetual opposition, Russell resigned from Parliament. After spending a year out of politics and travelling on the continent, he changed his mind and re-entered Parliament for Tavistock at the 1818 general election. In 1819 Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform and he led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. In 1828, while still an opposition backbencher, Russell introduced a Sacramental Test bill with the aim of abolishing the prohibitions on Catholics and Protestant dissenters being elected to local government and from holding civil and military offices. The bill gained the backing of the Tory Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel and was passed into law.When the Whigs came to power in 1830, Russell entered Earl Grey's government as Paymaster of the Forces. Despite being a relatively junior minister, as a vocal advocate for Parliamentary reform for over a decade, Russell became a principal leader in the fight for the Reform Act 1832. He was one of the committee of four tasked by Grey with drafting the reform bill, alongside cabinet ministers Lord Durham, Lord Duncannon and Sir James Graham. Despite not yet being in the Cabinet, Russell was chosen to introduce the bill in March 1831 and over the following year he successfully steered the Reform Act's difficult progress through the Commons. Russell earned the nickname "Finality Jack" from his pronouncing the Act a final measure but in later years he would go on to push for further reform of Parliament. In May 1834 Russell made a speech on the Irish Tithes bill, in which he argued that the revenue generated by tithes was more than was justified by the size of the established Protestant church in Ireland. Russell argued that a proportion the tithe revenue should instead be appropriated for the education of the Irish poor, regardless of denomination. The speech was seen by its opponents as an attack on the established church in Ireland and it cemented a split within Grey's government over the issue of Irish tithes. The following month four members of the Cabinet resigned over the issue, weakening the government's hold on Parliament. Sensing that his position was now hopeless, Grey offered his resignation to the King in July, and was replaced by Viscount Melbourne at the head of the government.In November 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer, Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons. Russell's appointment prompted King William IV to terminate Melbourne's government, in part because the King objected to Russell's views on the Irish Church. This remains the last time in British history that a monarch has dismissed a government. The subsequent minority Conservative government lasted less than five months before resigning in April 1835. Russell then returned to office as Home Secretary in Melbourne's second government, before serving as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1839 to 1841. Through this period Russell continued to lead the more reformist wing of the Whig party.As Home Secretary Russell recommended and secured royal pardons for the Tolpuddle Martyrs and partial commutation of their sentences. In 1836 he introduced the Marriages Act, which introduced civil marriages in England and Wales and allowed Catholics and Protestant Dissenters to marry in their own churches. In 1837 he steered a series of seven Acts through Parliament, which together reduced the number of offences carrying a sentence of death from thirty-seven to sixteen. This number was reduced further by the Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841. After these reforms the death penalty was rarely used in the United Kingdom for crimes other than murder. As Home Secretary Russell also introduced the public registration for births, marriages and deaths and played a large role in democratising the government of cities outside of London.In 1841 the Whigs lost the general election to the Conservatives and Russell and his colleagues returned to opposition. In November 1845, following the failure of that year's potato harvest across Britain and Ireland, Russell came out in favour of the repeal of the Corn Laws and called upon the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel to take urgent action to alleviate the emerging food crisis. Peel had by this time already become convinced of the need for repeal but he was opposed in this by the majority of his own cabinet and party. On 11 December 1845, frustrated by his party's unwillingness to support him on repeal, Peel resigned as Prime Minister and Queen Victoria invited Russell to form a new government. With the Whigs a minority in the Commons however, Russell struggled to assemble the necessary support. When Lord Grey declared that he would not serve in cabinet if Lord Palmerston was made Foreign Secretary it became clear to Russell that he could not form a viable government. Russell declined the Queen's invitation on 21 December and Peel agreed to stay on as Prime Minister. In June the following year Peel repealed the Corn Laws with Whig support, bitterly dividing the Conservative Party in the process. Later that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated after vengeful anti-repeal Tories voted with the opposition and Peel, taking this as a vote of no confidence, resigned as Prime Minister. Russell accepted the Queen's offer to form a government, this time Grey not objecting to Palmerston's appointment.Russell took office as Prime Minister with the Whigs only a minority in the House of Commons. It was the bitter split in the Conservative Party over the Corn Laws that allowed Russell's government to remain in power in spite of this, with Sir Robert Peel and his supporters offering tentative support to the new ministry in order to keep the protectionist Conservatives under Lord Stanley in opposition. At the general election of August 1847 the Whigs made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, but remained a minority, with Russell's government still dependent on the votes of Peelite and Irish Repealer MPs to win divisions in the Commons. Russell's political agenda was frequently frustrated by his lack of a reliable Commons majority. However, his government was able to secure a number of notable social reforms. Russell introduced teachers' pensions and used Orders in Council to make grants for teacher training. The Public Baths and Wash-houses Acts of 1847 and 1848 enabled local authorities to build municipal baths and washing facilities for the growing urban working classes. Russell lent his support to the passage of the Factories Act 1847, which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (aged 13–18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day. 1848 saw the introduction of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers and the Public Health Act 1848, by which the state assumed responsibility for sewerage, clean water supply, refuse collection and other aspects of public health across much of England and Wales.Following the election of Lionel de Rothschild in the 1847 general election, Russell introduced a Jewish Relief bill, which would have allowed Rothschild and other Jews to sit in the House of Commons without their having to take the explicitly Christian oath of allegiance. In 1848, the bill was passed by the House of Commons, receiving support from the Whigs and a minority of Conservatives (including future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli). However, it was twice rejected by the Tory dominated House of Lords, as was a new bill in 1851. Rothschild was re-elected in the 1852 general election following the fall of the Russell government but was unable to take his seat until the Jews Relief Act was finally passed in 1858.Russell's government led the calamitous response to the Irish Famine. During the course of the famine, an estimated 1 million people died from a combination of malnutrition, disease and starvation and well over 1 million more were left with little choice but to emigrate from Ireland. After taking office in 1846 Russell's ministry introduced a programme of public works that by the end of that year employed some half-a-million but proved impossible to administer. In January 1847, the government abandoned this policy, realising that it had failed, and turned to a mixture of "indoor" and "outdoor" direct relief; the former administered in workhouses through the Irish Poor Laws, the latter through soup kitchens. The costs of the Poor Law fell primarily on the local landlords, some of whom in turn attempted to reduce their liability by evicting their tenants. In June 1847 the Poor Law Extension Act was passed, which embodied the principle, popular in Britain, that Irish property should support Irish poverty. Irish landlords were believed in Britain to have created the conditions that led to the famine, a view which Russell shared.In 1847 Russell's government was confronted by a financial crisis. Sir Robert Peel's 1844 Bank Charter Act required that all bank notes issued by the Bank of England be fully backed by gold. However, the failure of harvests in Britain and Ireland during 1846 had led to large outflows of gold in order to pay for imported grain, resulting in a dramatic decline in the Bank's gold reserves over the course of 1847. Faced with the prospect of running out of gold and being unable to issue money, the Bank of England repeatedly raised the discount rate at which it would lend money to other banks, leading to a drastic curtailment of available commercial credit and contributing to the collapse of numerous businesses. This in turn led to a loss of public confidence in the creditworthiness of the banks, culminated in the "week of terror" of 17-23 October when multiple banks were forced to close their doors as frightened depositors attempted to withdraw their funds. Faced with the potential collapse of the banking system, on Monday 25 October Russell and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Wood wrote a letter to the Governor of the Bank of England authorising him to break the terms of the Bank Charter Act and issue new notes without gold backing to facilitate lending to other banks. This move restored depositor confidence in the banks, and the crisis abated.In the first half of his premiership Russell aimed to improve the British government's relations with the Papacy and the Catholic clergy in Ireland, which he saw as one of the keys to making Ireland a more willing part of the United Kingdom. Russell proposed to make an annual grant of £340,000 to the Catholic Church in Ireland, with the aim of ameliorating Irish Catholic opinion towards the Union. In 1847 Russell's father-in-law the Earl of Minto was dispatched on a confidential mission to Rome to seek the Pope's support for the grants plan. In the end, the idea had to be abandoned due to Catholic objections to what they saw as an attempt to control their clergy. However, Russell pressed ahead with plans to re-establish formal diplomatic relations between the Court of St James's and the Holy See, which had been severed when James II was deposed in 1688. Russell managed to pass an Act to authorise an exchange of ambassadors with Rome, but not before the bill was amended by Parliament to stipulate that the Pope's ambassador must be a layman. The Pope refused to accept such a restriction on his choice of representative and so the exchange of ambassadors did not take place. It would not be until 1914 that formal UK-Vatican diplomatic relations were finally established.Relations with the Papacy soured badly in late 1850 after Pope Pius IX issued the bull Universalis Ecclesiae. By this bull Pius unilaterally reintroduced Catholic bishops to England and Wales for the first time since the Reformation. Anti-Catholic feelings ran high with many protestants incensed at what they saw as impertinent foreign interference in the prerogative of the established Church of England to appoint bishops. Russell, not withstanding his long record of advocating civil liberties for Catholics, shared the traditional Whig suspicion of the Catholic hierarchy, and was angered at what he saw as a Papal imposition. On 4 November 1850, in a letter to the Bishop of Durham published in "The Times" the same day, Russell wrote that the Pope's actions suggested a "pretension to supremacy" and declared that "No foreign prince or potentate will be permitted to fasten his fetters upon a nation which has so long and so nobly vindicated its right to freedom of opinion, civil, political, and religious." Russell's "Durham letter" won him popular support in England but in Ireland it was viewed as an unwarranted insult to the Pope. It lost Russell the confidence of Irish Repealer MPs and the cabinet were angered that he had made such an incendiary statement without having consulting them. The following year Russell passed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 with Tory support, which made it a criminal offence carrying a fine of £100 for anyone outside of the Church of England to assume an episcopal title "of any city, town or place, or of any territory or district...in the United Kingdom." The Act was widely ignored without consequences and only served to further alienate Irish MPs, thereby weakening the government's position in the Commons.Russell frequently clashed with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, whose belligerence and support for continental revolution he found embarrassing. In 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young Spanish Queen and her sister into the French royal family.He subsequently clashed with Russell over plans to increase the size of the army and the navy to defend against the perceived threat of French invasion, which subsided after the overthrow of the French king in 1848.In 1850 further tension arose between the two over Palmerston's gunboat diplomacy in the Don Pacifico affair in which Palmerston sought compensation from the Greek government for the ransacking and the burning of the house of David Pacifico, a Gibraltarian holder of a British passport. Russell considered the matter "hardly worth the interposition of the British lion," and when Palmerston ignored some of his instructions, the Prime Minister wrote to Palmerston telling him he had informed the Queen that he "thought the interests of the country required that a change should take place at the Foreign Department." However, less than a month later Lord Stanley successfully led the House of Lords into passing a motion of censure of the Government over its handling of the affair and Russell realised that he needed to align with Palmerston in order to prevent a similar motion being passed by the House of Commons, which would have obliged the Government to resign. The Government prevailed, but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British subjects anywhere in the world.Russell forced Palmerston to resign as Foreign Secretary after Palmerston recognised Napoleon III's coup of 2 December 1851 without first consulting the Queen or Cabinet. Russell tried to strengthen his government by recruiting leading Peelites such as Sir James Graham and the Duke of Newcastle to his administration, but they declined. Out of office, Palmerston sought revenge by turning a vote on a militia bill into a vote of confidence in the Government. A majority vote in favour of an amendment proposed by Palmerston caused the downfall of Russell's ministry on 21 February 1852. This was Palmerston's famous "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."Following Russell's resignation, on the 23 February 1852 the Earl of Derby accepted the Queen's invitation to form a government. The new Conservative ministry were a minority in the Commons due to the continuing rift with the Peelites. Derby called a general election for July but failed to secure a majority. After the election Derby's Conservatives held 292 out of the 662 seats in the Commons but were able to carry on in office due to divisions among the opposition. Negotiations over a Whig-Peelite coalition stalled over the question of who would lead it. Russell's authority and popularity within the Whigs had been dented by his falling out with Palmerston, who flatly refused to serve under him again. Moreover he had alienated many in the Peelites and the Irish Brigade, who held the balance of power in the Commons, leaving them unwilling to support another Russell-led government. Palmerston proposed Lord Lansdowne as a compromise candidate. This was acceptable to Russell but Lansdowne was reluctant to take on the burdens of leading a government. The defeat of Disraeli's Budget in December 1852 forced the issue. Derby's government resigned and the Queen sent for Lansdowne and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen. Lansdowne declined the Queen's invitation, pleading ill-health and so Aberdeen was tasked with forming a government.Russell, as the leader of the Whigs, agreed to bring his party into a coalition with the Peelites, headed by Aberdeen. As the leader of the largest party in the coalition, Russell was reluctant to serve under Aberdeen in a subordinate position, but agreed to take on the role of Foreign Secretary on a temporary basis, to lend stability to the fledgling government. He resigned the role in February 1853 in favour of Clarendon, but continued to lead for the government in the Commons and attended cabinet without ministerial responsibilities. Russell was unhappy that half of Aberdeen's cabinet was made up of Peelites, despite the fact that the Whigs contributed hundreds of MPs to the Government's support in the Commons, and the Peelites only around 40. However, he came to admire some of his Peelite colleagues, particularly the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, who would go on to become an important political ally in later years. With Aberdeen's agreement, Russell used his position as Leader of the House of Commons to push for a new Reform Act. Although Russell had promoted the 1832 Reform Act as a one-off measure to re-balance the constitution, after twenty years he had become convinced of the need for further electoral reform. In February 1854 Russell introduced his bill to the House. The property qualification was to be reduced from £10 to £6 in boroughs, and from £50 to £10 in the counties. Additionally 66 seats would be removed from undersized constituencies and redistributed. The second reading of the bill was set for March 1854, but the prospect of imminent war with Russia led to it being postponed until April. After the outbreak of war on 28 March Russell came under pressure from the cabinet to withdraw the bill entirely. Russell threatened to resign if the cabinet abandoned the reform bill but he was convinced to stay on by Aberdeen, who promised that he would support the reform bill if Russell reintroduced it in a future session. However, with the fall of the Aberdeen government the following year, it would be 12 years before Russell had another chance to introduce a reform bill. Together with Palmerston, Russell supported the government taking a hard line against Russian territorial ambitions in the Ottoman Empire, a policy which ultimately resulted in Britain's entry into the Crimean War in March 1854, an outcome which the more cautious Aberdeen had hoped to avoid. In the following months Russell grew frustrated by what he saw as a lack of effective war leadership by Aberdeen and the Secretary of State for War, the Duke of Newcastle. Dispatches from the front reported that the army was suffering from supply shortages and a lack of adequate accommodation and medical facilities. In November 1854 Russell urged Aberdeen to replace Newcastle with the Palmerston, who he believed would get a firmer grip on the organisation of the war, but these suggestions came to nothing. In January 1855, after a series of military setbacks, a Commons motion was brought by the radical MP John Roebuck to appoint a select committee to investigate the management of the war. Russell, not wishing to vote against an inquiry he believed was badly needed, resigned from the cabinet in order to abstain. Aberdeen viewed the Roebuck motion as a vote of no confidence in his leadership and, accordingly, when it passed by 305-148, he resigned. In the eyes of many, including the Queen and Aberdeen, Russell's temperamental behaviour and personal ambition had undermined the stability of the coalition. On visiting Windsor Castle to resign, Aberdeen told the Queen "Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Lord John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably," an assessment with which the Queen agreed. Russell accepted an invitation from the Queen to form a new government but found that he could not assemble the necessary support, with many of his colleagues having been angered by his abandonment of Aberdeen over the Roebuck motion. Palmerston became Prime Minister, and Russell reluctantly accepted the role of Colonial Secretary in his cabinet. Russell was sent to Vienna to negotiate peace terms with Russia, but his proposals were rejected and he resigned from the cabinet and returned to the backbenches in July 1855.Following his resignation Russell wrote to his father-in-law that he would not serve again under Palmerston or any other Prime Minister. For a time it appeared as if his career in frontbench politics might be over. Russell continued to speak out from the backbenches on the issues he most cared about - lobbying for increased government grants for education and for reduction in the property qualification for Parliamentary elections. In early 1857 Russell became a vocal critic of Palmerston's government over the Anglo-Persian War and the Second Opium War. Russell spoke in support of a motion tabled by Richard Cobden, which criticised British military action in China and calling for a select committee inquiry. When the motion passed on 3 March, Palmerston dissolved Parliament and went to the country. In the subsequent general election Palmerston was swept back into power on a tide of patriotic feeling with an increased majority. Many of Palmerston's critics lost their seats but Russell hung on in the City of London, after fighting off an attempt to deselect him and replace him with a pro-Palmerston Whig candidate. Palmerston's triumph was short-lived. In February 1858 the Government rushed through a Conspiracy to Murder bill, following the attempted assassination of Napoleon III by Italian nationalist Felice Orsini - an attack planned in Britain using British-made explosives. Russell attacked the bill, which he saw as undermined traditional British political liberties to appease a foreign government. On 19 February Russell voted in favour of Thomas Milner Gibson's motion, which criticised the government for bowing to French demands. When the motion passed by 19 votes Palmerston's government resigned.In 1859, following another short-lived Conservative government, Palmerston and Russell made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as Foreign Secretary in a new Palmerston cabinet, usually considered the first true Liberal cabinet. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world outside Britain, seeing the Unification of Italy (the change of British government to one sympathetic to Italian nationalism had a marked part in this process), the American Civil War, and the 1864 war over Schleswig-Holstein between Denmark and the German states. Russell arranged the London Conference of 1864, but failed to establish peace in the war. His tenure of the Foreign Office was noteworthy for the famous dispatch in which he defended Italian unification: "Her Majesty's Government will turn their eyes rather to the gratifying prospect of a people building up the edifice of their liberties, and consolidating the work of their independence, amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe" (27 October 1860).In 1861 Russell was elevated to the peerage as Earl Russell, of Kingston Russell in the County of Dorset, and as Viscount Amberley, of Amberley in the County of Gloucester, and of Ardsalla in the County of Meathin the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Henceforth, as a suo jure peer, rather than merely being known as 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke, he sat in the House of Lords for the remainder of his career.When Palmerston suddenly died in late 1865, Russell again became Prime Minister. His second premiership was short and frustrating, and Russell failed in his great ambition of expanding the franchise, a task that would be left to his Conservative successors, Derby and Benjamin Disraeli. In 1866, party disunity again brought down his government. Russell never again held any office. His last contribution to the House of Lords was on 3 August 1875.Russell married Adelaide Lister (widow of Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale, who had died in 1832.) on 11 April 1835. Together they had two daughters:Adelaide came down with a fever following the birth of their second child and died a few days later on 1 November 1838. Following her death, Russell continued to raise his late wife's four children from her first marriage, as well their two daughters.On 20 July 1841 Russell remarried, to Lady Frances ("Fanny") Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, daughter of Russell's cabinet colleague Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto. Together they had four children:In 1847 Queen Victoria granted Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park to Lord and Lady John. It remained their family home for the rest of their lives.Russell was religious in a simple non-dogmatic way and supported the "Broad church" element in the Church of England. He opposed the "Oxford Movement" because its "Tractarian" members were too dogmatic and too close to Roman Catholicism. He supported Broad Churchmen or Latitudinarians by several appointments of liberal churchmen as bishops. In 1859 he reversed himself and decided to free non-Anglicans of the duty of paying rates (taxes) to the local Anglican parish. His political clumsiness and opposition to Church finance made him a target of attack and ridicule in many Church circles.Following the death of their daughter-in-law Viscountess Amberley in 1874 and their son Viscount Amberley in 1876, Earl Russell and Countess Russell brought up their orphaned grandchildren, John ("Frank") Russell, who became 2nd Earl Russell on his grandfather's death, and Bertrand Russell who would go on to become a noted philosopher and who in later life recalled his elderly grandfather as "a kindly old man in a wheelchair."Earl Russell died at home at Pembroke Lodge on 28 May 1878. The Prime Minister, the Earl of Beaconsfield, offered a public funeral and burial at Westminster Abbey for Russell but this was declined by Countess Russell in accordance with her late husband's wish to be buried among his family and ancestors. He is buried at the 'Bedford Chapel' at St. Michael's Church, Chenies, Buckinghamshire.Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, Russell was a leading reformer who weakened the power of the aristocracy. His great achievements, wrote A. J. P. Taylor, were based on his persistent battles in Parliament over the years on behalf of the expansion of liberty; after each loss he tried again and again, until finally, his efforts were largely successful. E. L. Woodward, however, argued that he was too much the abstract theorist:He was succeeded as Liberal leader by former Peelite William Gladstone, and was thus the last true Whig to serve as Prime Minister. Generally taken as the model for Anthony Trollope's Mr Mildmay, aspects of his character may also have suggested those of Plantagenet Palliser. An ideal statesman, said Trollope, should have "unblemished, unextinguishable, inexhaustible love of country... But he should also be scrupulous, and, as being scrupulous, weak."The 1832 Reform Act and extension of the franchise to British cities are partly attributed to his efforts. He also worked for emancipation, leading the attack on the Test and Corporation acts, which were repealed in 1828, as well as towards legislation limiting working hours in factories in the 1847 Factory Act, and the Public Health Act of 1848.His government's approach to dealing with the Great Irish Famine is now widely condemned as counterproductive, ill-informed and disastrous. Russell himself was sympathetic to the plight of the Irish poor, and many of his relief proposals were blocked by his cabinet or by the British Parliament.Queen Victoria's attitude toward Russell was coloured by his role in the Aberdeen administration. On his death in 1878 her journal records that he was "a man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent."A public house in Bloomsbury, large parts of which are still owned by the Bedford Estate, is named after Russell, located on Marchmont Street.Russell published numerous books and essays over the course of his life, especially during periods out of office. He principally wrote on politics and history, but also turned his hand to a variety of other topics and genres. His published works include: "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens was dedicated to Lord John Russell, "In remembrance of many public services and private kindnesses." In speech given in 1869, Dickens remarked of Russell that "there is no man in England whom I respect more in his public capacity, whom I love more in his private capacity."
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[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies",
"Home Secretary",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for the Colonies",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the Opposition",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
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Which position did John Russell, 1st Earl Russell hold in 07-Sep-185407-September-1854?
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September 07, 1854
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{
"text": [
"Leader of the House of Commons",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Lord President of the Council"
]
}
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L2_Q157259_P39_15
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John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Lord President of the Council from Jun, 1854 to Feb, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from Sep, 1839 to Sep, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1861.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jun, 1859 to Nov, 1865.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1813 to Feb, 1817.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Secretary of State for the Colonies from May, 1855 to Jul, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Home Secretary from Apr, 1835 to Aug, 1839.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the Opposition from Jun, 1866 to Dec, 1868.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Dec, 1852 to Jan, 1855.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell holds the position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1865 to Jun, 1866.
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John Russell, 1st Earl RussellJohn Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.The third son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, Russell was educated at Westminster School and Edinburgh University before entering Parliament in 1813. In 1828 he took a leading role in the repeal of the Test Acts which discriminated against Catholics and Protestant dissenters. He was one of the principal architects of the Reform Act 1832, which was the first major reform of Parliament since the Restoration, and a significant early step on the road to democracy and away from rule by the aristocracy and landed gentry. He favoured expanding the right to vote to the middle classes and enfranchising Britain's growing industrial towns and cities but he never advocated universal suffrage and he opposed the secret ballot. Russell was outspoken on many issues over the course of his career, advocating Catholic emancipation in the 1820s, calling for the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1845, denouncing Pope Pius IX's revival of Catholic bishoprics in 1850, and supporting Italian unification during the 1860s.Russell's ministerial career spanned four decades. In addition to his two terms as prime minister, between 1831 and 1865 he served in the cabinets of Earl Grey, Viscount Melbourne, the Earl of Aberdeen, and Viscount Palmerston. Russell's relationship with Palmerston was often stormy and contributed to bringing down Russell's first government in 1852 and Palmerston's first government in 1858. However, their renewed alliance from 1859 was one of the foundations of the united Liberal Party, which would go on to dominate British politics in the following decades. While Russell was an energetic and effective minister during the 1830s and helped to commit the Whigs to a reform agenda, he proved less successful as prime minister. During his two periods as prime minister he often suffered from a disunited cabinet and weak support in the House of Commons, meaning he was unable to carry out much of his agenda. During his first premiership, his government failed to deal effectively with the Irish Famine, a disaster that saw the loss of a quarter of Ireland's population through death and emigration. During his second premiership, he split his party by pressing for further parliamentary reform and was forced from office only to watch Derby and Disraeli carry a more ambitious Reform Bill. It has been said that Russell's ministry of 1846–1852 was the ruin of the old Whig party and that his ministry of 1865–1866 was very nearly the ruin of the Liberal Party that took its place.Russell was born on 18 August 1792 into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, being the third son of John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford, and Georgiana Byng, daughter of George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington. The Russell family had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country, but as a younger son of the 6th Duke of Bedford, he was not expected to inherit the family estates. As a younger son of a duke, he bore the courtesy title "Lord John Russell", but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861 and was elevated to the House of Lords.Russell was born two months premature and was small and sickly as a child (even in adulthood he remained under 5 feet 5 inches tall, and his small stature was frequently the butt of jokes by political opponents and caricaturists). In 1801 at the age of nine he was sent away to school. Shortly thereafter his mother died. After being withdrawn from Westminster School in 1804 due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors, including Edmund Cartwright. In 1806 Russell's father was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the short-live Ministry of All the Talents and it was during this time that the young Russell met Charles James Fox. Fox was Russell's formative political hero and would remain an inspiration throughout his life. Russell attended the University of Edinburgh from 1809 to 1812, lodging with Professor John Playfair, who oversaw his studies. He did not take a degree. Although often in poor health, he travelled widely in Britain and on the continent, and held commission as Captain in the Bedfordshire Militia in 1810. During his continental travels Russell visited Spain where his brother was serving as aide-de-camp to Lord Wellington in the Peninsular War. The following year he had a 90-minute meeting with Napoleon in December 1814 during the former emperor's exile at Elba.Russell entered the House of Commons as a Whig in 1813 at the age of 20. The future reformer gained his seat by virtue of his father, the Duke of Bedford, instructing the 30 or so electors of Tavistock to return him as an MP even though at the time Russell was abroad and under age. Russell entered Parliament more out of a sense of duty and family tradition than out of serious political ambition. With the exception the 1806-1807 coalition government in which Russell's father had served, the Whigs had been out of power since 1783, and Russell could have had had no certain expectation of a ministerial career. In June 1815 Russell denounced the Bourbon Restoration and Britain's declaration of war against the recently-returned Napoleon by arguing in the House of Commons that foreign powers had no right to dictate France's form of government. In 1817, tired of the prospect of perpetual opposition, Russell resigned from Parliament. After spending a year out of politics and travelling on the continent, he changed his mind and re-entered Parliament for Tavistock at the 1818 general election. In 1819 Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform and he led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. In 1828, while still an opposition backbencher, Russell introduced a Sacramental Test bill with the aim of abolishing the prohibitions on Catholics and Protestant dissenters being elected to local government and from holding civil and military offices. The bill gained the backing of the Tory Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel and was passed into law.When the Whigs came to power in 1830, Russell entered Earl Grey's government as Paymaster of the Forces. Despite being a relatively junior minister, as a vocal advocate for Parliamentary reform for over a decade, Russell became a principal leader in the fight for the Reform Act 1832. He was one of the committee of four tasked by Grey with drafting the reform bill, alongside cabinet ministers Lord Durham, Lord Duncannon and Sir James Graham. Despite not yet being in the Cabinet, Russell was chosen to introduce the bill in March 1831 and over the following year he successfully steered the Reform Act's difficult progress through the Commons. Russell earned the nickname "Finality Jack" from his pronouncing the Act a final measure but in later years he would go on to push for further reform of Parliament. In May 1834 Russell made a speech on the Irish Tithes bill, in which he argued that the revenue generated by tithes was more than was justified by the size of the established Protestant church in Ireland. Russell argued that a proportion the tithe revenue should instead be appropriated for the education of the Irish poor, regardless of denomination. The speech was seen by its opponents as an attack on the established church in Ireland and it cemented a split within Grey's government over the issue of Irish tithes. The following month four members of the Cabinet resigned over the issue, weakening the government's hold on Parliament. Sensing that his position was now hopeless, Grey offered his resignation to the King in July, and was replaced by Viscount Melbourne at the head of the government.In November 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer, Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons. Russell's appointment prompted King William IV to terminate Melbourne's government, in part because the King objected to Russell's views on the Irish Church. This remains the last time in British history that a monarch has dismissed a government. The subsequent minority Conservative government lasted less than five months before resigning in April 1835. Russell then returned to office as Home Secretary in Melbourne's second government, before serving as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1839 to 1841. Through this period Russell continued to lead the more reformist wing of the Whig party.As Home Secretary Russell recommended and secured royal pardons for the Tolpuddle Martyrs and partial commutation of their sentences. In 1836 he introduced the Marriages Act, which introduced civil marriages in England and Wales and allowed Catholics and Protestant Dissenters to marry in their own churches. In 1837 he steered a series of seven Acts through Parliament, which together reduced the number of offences carrying a sentence of death from thirty-seven to sixteen. This number was reduced further by the Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841. After these reforms the death penalty was rarely used in the United Kingdom for crimes other than murder. As Home Secretary Russell also introduced the public registration for births, marriages and deaths and played a large role in democratising the government of cities outside of London.In 1841 the Whigs lost the general election to the Conservatives and Russell and his colleagues returned to opposition. In November 1845, following the failure of that year's potato harvest across Britain and Ireland, Russell came out in favour of the repeal of the Corn Laws and called upon the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel to take urgent action to alleviate the emerging food crisis. Peel had by this time already become convinced of the need for repeal but he was opposed in this by the majority of his own cabinet and party. On 11 December 1845, frustrated by his party's unwillingness to support him on repeal, Peel resigned as Prime Minister and Queen Victoria invited Russell to form a new government. With the Whigs a minority in the Commons however, Russell struggled to assemble the necessary support. When Lord Grey declared that he would not serve in cabinet if Lord Palmerston was made Foreign Secretary it became clear to Russell that he could not form a viable government. Russell declined the Queen's invitation on 21 December and Peel agreed to stay on as Prime Minister. In June the following year Peel repealed the Corn Laws with Whig support, bitterly dividing the Conservative Party in the process. Later that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated after vengeful anti-repeal Tories voted with the opposition and Peel, taking this as a vote of no confidence, resigned as Prime Minister. Russell accepted the Queen's offer to form a government, this time Grey not objecting to Palmerston's appointment.Russell took office as Prime Minister with the Whigs only a minority in the House of Commons. It was the bitter split in the Conservative Party over the Corn Laws that allowed Russell's government to remain in power in spite of this, with Sir Robert Peel and his supporters offering tentative support to the new ministry in order to keep the protectionist Conservatives under Lord Stanley in opposition. At the general election of August 1847 the Whigs made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, but remained a minority, with Russell's government still dependent on the votes of Peelite and Irish Repealer MPs to win divisions in the Commons. Russell's political agenda was frequently frustrated by his lack of a reliable Commons majority. However, his government was able to secure a number of notable social reforms. Russell introduced teachers' pensions and used Orders in Council to make grants for teacher training. The Public Baths and Wash-houses Acts of 1847 and 1848 enabled local authorities to build municipal baths and washing facilities for the growing urban working classes. Russell lent his support to the passage of the Factories Act 1847, which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (aged 13–18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day. 1848 saw the introduction of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers and the Public Health Act 1848, by which the state assumed responsibility for sewerage, clean water supply, refuse collection and other aspects of public health across much of England and Wales.Following the election of Lionel de Rothschild in the 1847 general election, Russell introduced a Jewish Relief bill, which would have allowed Rothschild and other Jews to sit in the House of Commons without their having to take the explicitly Christian oath of allegiance. In 1848, the bill was passed by the House of Commons, receiving support from the Whigs and a minority of Conservatives (including future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli). However, it was twice rejected by the Tory dominated House of Lords, as was a new bill in 1851. Rothschild was re-elected in the 1852 general election following the fall of the Russell government but was unable to take his seat until the Jews Relief Act was finally passed in 1858.Russell's government led the calamitous response to the Irish Famine. During the course of the famine, an estimated 1 million people died from a combination of malnutrition, disease and starvation and well over 1 million more were left with little choice but to emigrate from Ireland. After taking office in 1846 Russell's ministry introduced a programme of public works that by the end of that year employed some half-a-million but proved impossible to administer. In January 1847, the government abandoned this policy, realising that it had failed, and turned to a mixture of "indoor" and "outdoor" direct relief; the former administered in workhouses through the Irish Poor Laws, the latter through soup kitchens. The costs of the Poor Law fell primarily on the local landlords, some of whom in turn attempted to reduce their liability by evicting their tenants. In June 1847 the Poor Law Extension Act was passed, which embodied the principle, popular in Britain, that Irish property should support Irish poverty. Irish landlords were believed in Britain to have created the conditions that led to the famine, a view which Russell shared.In 1847 Russell's government was confronted by a financial crisis. Sir Robert Peel's 1844 Bank Charter Act required that all bank notes issued by the Bank of England be fully backed by gold. However, the failure of harvests in Britain and Ireland during 1846 had led to large outflows of gold in order to pay for imported grain, resulting in a dramatic decline in the Bank's gold reserves over the course of 1847. Faced with the prospect of running out of gold and being unable to issue money, the Bank of England repeatedly raised the discount rate at which it would lend money to other banks, leading to a drastic curtailment of available commercial credit and contributing to the collapse of numerous businesses. This in turn led to a loss of public confidence in the creditworthiness of the banks, culminated in the "week of terror" of 17-23 October when multiple banks were forced to close their doors as frightened depositors attempted to withdraw their funds. Faced with the potential collapse of the banking system, on Monday 25 October Russell and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Wood wrote a letter to the Governor of the Bank of England authorising him to break the terms of the Bank Charter Act and issue new notes without gold backing to facilitate lending to other banks. This move restored depositor confidence in the banks, and the crisis abated.In the first half of his premiership Russell aimed to improve the British government's relations with the Papacy and the Catholic clergy in Ireland, which he saw as one of the keys to making Ireland a more willing part of the United Kingdom. Russell proposed to make an annual grant of £340,000 to the Catholic Church in Ireland, with the aim of ameliorating Irish Catholic opinion towards the Union. In 1847 Russell's father-in-law the Earl of Minto was dispatched on a confidential mission to Rome to seek the Pope's support for the grants plan. In the end, the idea had to be abandoned due to Catholic objections to what they saw as an attempt to control their clergy. However, Russell pressed ahead with plans to re-establish formal diplomatic relations between the Court of St James's and the Holy See, which had been severed when James II was deposed in 1688. Russell managed to pass an Act to authorise an exchange of ambassadors with Rome, but not before the bill was amended by Parliament to stipulate that the Pope's ambassador must be a layman. The Pope refused to accept such a restriction on his choice of representative and so the exchange of ambassadors did not take place. It would not be until 1914 that formal UK-Vatican diplomatic relations were finally established.Relations with the Papacy soured badly in late 1850 after Pope Pius IX issued the bull Universalis Ecclesiae. By this bull Pius unilaterally reintroduced Catholic bishops to England and Wales for the first time since the Reformation. Anti-Catholic feelings ran high with many protestants incensed at what they saw as impertinent foreign interference in the prerogative of the established Church of England to appoint bishops. Russell, not withstanding his long record of advocating civil liberties for Catholics, shared the traditional Whig suspicion of the Catholic hierarchy, and was angered at what he saw as a Papal imposition. On 4 November 1850, in a letter to the Bishop of Durham published in "The Times" the same day, Russell wrote that the Pope's actions suggested a "pretension to supremacy" and declared that "No foreign prince or potentate will be permitted to fasten his fetters upon a nation which has so long and so nobly vindicated its right to freedom of opinion, civil, political, and religious." Russell's "Durham letter" won him popular support in England but in Ireland it was viewed as an unwarranted insult to the Pope. It lost Russell the confidence of Irish Repealer MPs and the cabinet were angered that he had made such an incendiary statement without having consulting them. The following year Russell passed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 with Tory support, which made it a criminal offence carrying a fine of £100 for anyone outside of the Church of England to assume an episcopal title "of any city, town or place, or of any territory or district...in the United Kingdom." The Act was widely ignored without consequences and only served to further alienate Irish MPs, thereby weakening the government's position in the Commons.Russell frequently clashed with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, whose belligerence and support for continental revolution he found embarrassing. In 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young Spanish Queen and her sister into the French royal family.He subsequently clashed with Russell over plans to increase the size of the army and the navy to defend against the perceived threat of French invasion, which subsided after the overthrow of the French king in 1848.In 1850 further tension arose between the two over Palmerston's gunboat diplomacy in the Don Pacifico affair in which Palmerston sought compensation from the Greek government for the ransacking and the burning of the house of David Pacifico, a Gibraltarian holder of a British passport. Russell considered the matter "hardly worth the interposition of the British lion," and when Palmerston ignored some of his instructions, the Prime Minister wrote to Palmerston telling him he had informed the Queen that he "thought the interests of the country required that a change should take place at the Foreign Department." However, less than a month later Lord Stanley successfully led the House of Lords into passing a motion of censure of the Government over its handling of the affair and Russell realised that he needed to align with Palmerston in order to prevent a similar motion being passed by the House of Commons, which would have obliged the Government to resign. The Government prevailed, but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British subjects anywhere in the world.Russell forced Palmerston to resign as Foreign Secretary after Palmerston recognised Napoleon III's coup of 2 December 1851 without first consulting the Queen or Cabinet. Russell tried to strengthen his government by recruiting leading Peelites such as Sir James Graham and the Duke of Newcastle to his administration, but they declined. Out of office, Palmerston sought revenge by turning a vote on a militia bill into a vote of confidence in the Government. A majority vote in favour of an amendment proposed by Palmerston caused the downfall of Russell's ministry on 21 February 1852. This was Palmerston's famous "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."Following Russell's resignation, on the 23 February 1852 the Earl of Derby accepted the Queen's invitation to form a government. The new Conservative ministry were a minority in the Commons due to the continuing rift with the Peelites. Derby called a general election for July but failed to secure a majority. After the election Derby's Conservatives held 292 out of the 662 seats in the Commons but were able to carry on in office due to divisions among the opposition. Negotiations over a Whig-Peelite coalition stalled over the question of who would lead it. Russell's authority and popularity within the Whigs had been dented by his falling out with Palmerston, who flatly refused to serve under him again. Moreover he had alienated many in the Peelites and the Irish Brigade, who held the balance of power in the Commons, leaving them unwilling to support another Russell-led government. Palmerston proposed Lord Lansdowne as a compromise candidate. This was acceptable to Russell but Lansdowne was reluctant to take on the burdens of leading a government. The defeat of Disraeli's Budget in December 1852 forced the issue. Derby's government resigned and the Queen sent for Lansdowne and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen. Lansdowne declined the Queen's invitation, pleading ill-health and so Aberdeen was tasked with forming a government.Russell, as the leader of the Whigs, agreed to bring his party into a coalition with the Peelites, headed by Aberdeen. As the leader of the largest party in the coalition, Russell was reluctant to serve under Aberdeen in a subordinate position, but agreed to take on the role of Foreign Secretary on a temporary basis, to lend stability to the fledgling government. He resigned the role in February 1853 in favour of Clarendon, but continued to lead for the government in the Commons and attended cabinet without ministerial responsibilities. Russell was unhappy that half of Aberdeen's cabinet was made up of Peelites, despite the fact that the Whigs contributed hundreds of MPs to the Government's support in the Commons, and the Peelites only around 40. However, he came to admire some of his Peelite colleagues, particularly the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, who would go on to become an important political ally in later years. With Aberdeen's agreement, Russell used his position as Leader of the House of Commons to push for a new Reform Act. Although Russell had promoted the 1832 Reform Act as a one-off measure to re-balance the constitution, after twenty years he had become convinced of the need for further electoral reform. In February 1854 Russell introduced his bill to the House. The property qualification was to be reduced from £10 to £6 in boroughs, and from £50 to £10 in the counties. Additionally 66 seats would be removed from undersized constituencies and redistributed. The second reading of the bill was set for March 1854, but the prospect of imminent war with Russia led to it being postponed until April. After the outbreak of war on 28 March Russell came under pressure from the cabinet to withdraw the bill entirely. Russell threatened to resign if the cabinet abandoned the reform bill but he was convinced to stay on by Aberdeen, who promised that he would support the reform bill if Russell reintroduced it in a future session. However, with the fall of the Aberdeen government the following year, it would be 12 years before Russell had another chance to introduce a reform bill. Together with Palmerston, Russell supported the government taking a hard line against Russian territorial ambitions in the Ottoman Empire, a policy which ultimately resulted in Britain's entry into the Crimean War in March 1854, an outcome which the more cautious Aberdeen had hoped to avoid. In the following months Russell grew frustrated by what he saw as a lack of effective war leadership by Aberdeen and the Secretary of State for War, the Duke of Newcastle. Dispatches from the front reported that the army was suffering from supply shortages and a lack of adequate accommodation and medical facilities. In November 1854 Russell urged Aberdeen to replace Newcastle with the Palmerston, who he believed would get a firmer grip on the organisation of the war, but these suggestions came to nothing. In January 1855, after a series of military setbacks, a Commons motion was brought by the radical MP John Roebuck to appoint a select committee to investigate the management of the war. Russell, not wishing to vote against an inquiry he believed was badly needed, resigned from the cabinet in order to abstain. Aberdeen viewed the Roebuck motion as a vote of no confidence in his leadership and, accordingly, when it passed by 305-148, he resigned. In the eyes of many, including the Queen and Aberdeen, Russell's temperamental behaviour and personal ambition had undermined the stability of the coalition. On visiting Windsor Castle to resign, Aberdeen told the Queen "Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Lord John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably," an assessment with which the Queen agreed. Russell accepted an invitation from the Queen to form a new government but found that he could not assemble the necessary support, with many of his colleagues having been angered by his abandonment of Aberdeen over the Roebuck motion. Palmerston became Prime Minister, and Russell reluctantly accepted the role of Colonial Secretary in his cabinet. Russell was sent to Vienna to negotiate peace terms with Russia, but his proposals were rejected and he resigned from the cabinet and returned to the backbenches in July 1855.Following his resignation Russell wrote to his father-in-law that he would not serve again under Palmerston or any other Prime Minister. For a time it appeared as if his career in frontbench politics might be over. Russell continued to speak out from the backbenches on the issues he most cared about - lobbying for increased government grants for education and for reduction in the property qualification for Parliamentary elections. In early 1857 Russell became a vocal critic of Palmerston's government over the Anglo-Persian War and the Second Opium War. Russell spoke in support of a motion tabled by Richard Cobden, which criticised British military action in China and calling for a select committee inquiry. When the motion passed on 3 March, Palmerston dissolved Parliament and went to the country. In the subsequent general election Palmerston was swept back into power on a tide of patriotic feeling with an increased majority. Many of Palmerston's critics lost their seats but Russell hung on in the City of London, after fighting off an attempt to deselect him and replace him with a pro-Palmerston Whig candidate. Palmerston's triumph was short-lived. In February 1858 the Government rushed through a Conspiracy to Murder bill, following the attempted assassination of Napoleon III by Italian nationalist Felice Orsini - an attack planned in Britain using British-made explosives. Russell attacked the bill, which he saw as undermined traditional British political liberties to appease a foreign government. On 19 February Russell voted in favour of Thomas Milner Gibson's motion, which criticised the government for bowing to French demands. When the motion passed by 19 votes Palmerston's government resigned.In 1859, following another short-lived Conservative government, Palmerston and Russell made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as Foreign Secretary in a new Palmerston cabinet, usually considered the first true Liberal cabinet. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world outside Britain, seeing the Unification of Italy (the change of British government to one sympathetic to Italian nationalism had a marked part in this process), the American Civil War, and the 1864 war over Schleswig-Holstein between Denmark and the German states. Russell arranged the London Conference of 1864, but failed to establish peace in the war. His tenure of the Foreign Office was noteworthy for the famous dispatch in which he defended Italian unification: "Her Majesty's Government will turn their eyes rather to the gratifying prospect of a people building up the edifice of their liberties, and consolidating the work of their independence, amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe" (27 October 1860).In 1861 Russell was elevated to the peerage as Earl Russell, of Kingston Russell in the County of Dorset, and as Viscount Amberley, of Amberley in the County of Gloucester, and of Ardsalla in the County of Meathin the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Henceforth, as a suo jure peer, rather than merely being known as 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke, he sat in the House of Lords for the remainder of his career.When Palmerston suddenly died in late 1865, Russell again became Prime Minister. His second premiership was short and frustrating, and Russell failed in his great ambition of expanding the franchise, a task that would be left to his Conservative successors, Derby and Benjamin Disraeli. In 1866, party disunity again brought down his government. Russell never again held any office. His last contribution to the House of Lords was on 3 August 1875.Russell married Adelaide Lister (widow of Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale, who had died in 1832.) on 11 April 1835. Together they had two daughters:Adelaide came down with a fever following the birth of their second child and died a few days later on 1 November 1838. Following her death, Russell continued to raise his late wife's four children from her first marriage, as well their two daughters.On 20 July 1841 Russell remarried, to Lady Frances ("Fanny") Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, daughter of Russell's cabinet colleague Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto. Together they had four children:In 1847 Queen Victoria granted Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park to Lord and Lady John. It remained their family home for the rest of their lives.Russell was religious in a simple non-dogmatic way and supported the "Broad church" element in the Church of England. He opposed the "Oxford Movement" because its "Tractarian" members were too dogmatic and too close to Roman Catholicism. He supported Broad Churchmen or Latitudinarians by several appointments of liberal churchmen as bishops. In 1859 he reversed himself and decided to free non-Anglicans of the duty of paying rates (taxes) to the local Anglican parish. His political clumsiness and opposition to Church finance made him a target of attack and ridicule in many Church circles.Following the death of their daughter-in-law Viscountess Amberley in 1874 and their son Viscount Amberley in 1876, Earl Russell and Countess Russell brought up their orphaned grandchildren, John ("Frank") Russell, who became 2nd Earl Russell on his grandfather's death, and Bertrand Russell who would go on to become a noted philosopher and who in later life recalled his elderly grandfather as "a kindly old man in a wheelchair."Earl Russell died at home at Pembroke Lodge on 28 May 1878. The Prime Minister, the Earl of Beaconsfield, offered a public funeral and burial at Westminster Abbey for Russell but this was declined by Countess Russell in accordance with her late husband's wish to be buried among his family and ancestors. He is buried at the 'Bedford Chapel' at St. Michael's Church, Chenies, Buckinghamshire.Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, Russell was a leading reformer who weakened the power of the aristocracy. His great achievements, wrote A. J. P. Taylor, were based on his persistent battles in Parliament over the years on behalf of the expansion of liberty; after each loss he tried again and again, until finally, his efforts were largely successful. E. L. Woodward, however, argued that he was too much the abstract theorist:He was succeeded as Liberal leader by former Peelite William Gladstone, and was thus the last true Whig to serve as Prime Minister. Generally taken as the model for Anthony Trollope's Mr Mildmay, aspects of his character may also have suggested those of Plantagenet Palliser. An ideal statesman, said Trollope, should have "unblemished, unextinguishable, inexhaustible love of country... But he should also be scrupulous, and, as being scrupulous, weak."The 1832 Reform Act and extension of the franchise to British cities are partly attributed to his efforts. He also worked for emancipation, leading the attack on the Test and Corporation acts, which were repealed in 1828, as well as towards legislation limiting working hours in factories in the 1847 Factory Act, and the Public Health Act of 1848.His government's approach to dealing with the Great Irish Famine is now widely condemned as counterproductive, ill-informed and disastrous. Russell himself was sympathetic to the plight of the Irish poor, and many of his relief proposals were blocked by his cabinet or by the British Parliament.Queen Victoria's attitude toward Russell was coloured by his role in the Aberdeen administration. On his death in 1878 her journal records that he was "a man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent."A public house in Bloomsbury, large parts of which are still owned by the Bedford Estate, is named after Russell, located on Marchmont Street.Russell published numerous books and essays over the course of his life, especially during periods out of office. He principally wrote on politics and history, but also turned his hand to a variety of other topics and genres. His published works include: "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens was dedicated to Lord John Russell, "In remembrance of many public services and private kindnesses." In speech given in 1869, Dickens remarked of Russell that "there is no man in England whom I respect more in his public capacity, whom I love more in his private capacity."
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies",
"Home Secretary",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for the Colonies",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the Opposition",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Ski Federation in Jul, 2009?
|
July 26, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Gian-Franco Kasper"
]
}
|
L2_Q212928_P488_3
|
Johan Eliasch is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Ivar Holmquist is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1934.
Marc Hodler is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1998.
Nikolai Ramm Østgaard is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1951.
Gian-Franco Kasper is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2021.
|
International Ski FederationThe Fédération internationale de ski (FIS; ) is the highest international governing body for skiing and snowboarding. Founded on 2 February 1924 in Chamonix, France, the FIS is responsible for the Olympic disciplines of Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The FIS is also responsible for setting the international competition rules. The organization now has a membership of 118 national ski associations and is based in Oberhofen am Thunersee, Switzerland.More than 45 World Cup wins in all disciplines run by International Ski Federation for men and ladies: The federation organises the following ski sport disciplines, for which it oversees World Cup competitions and World Championships:"Note:" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).List of all hosts:As of 2017, there are 31 official FIS Ski Museums worldwide in 13 countries which are devoted to the history of skiing, taking into account the region's own history of skiing and tourism.
|
[
"Marc Hodler",
"Nikolai Ramm Østgaard",
"Ivar Holmquist",
"Johan Eliasch"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Ski Federation in 2009-07-26?
|
July 26, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Gian-Franco Kasper"
]
}
|
L2_Q212928_P488_3
|
Johan Eliasch is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Ivar Holmquist is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1934.
Marc Hodler is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1998.
Nikolai Ramm Østgaard is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1951.
Gian-Franco Kasper is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2021.
|
International Ski FederationThe Fédération internationale de ski (FIS; ) is the highest international governing body for skiing and snowboarding. Founded on 2 February 1924 in Chamonix, France, the FIS is responsible for the Olympic disciplines of Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The FIS is also responsible for setting the international competition rules. The organization now has a membership of 118 national ski associations and is based in Oberhofen am Thunersee, Switzerland.More than 45 World Cup wins in all disciplines run by International Ski Federation for men and ladies: The federation organises the following ski sport disciplines, for which it oversees World Cup competitions and World Championships:"Note:" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).List of all hosts:As of 2017, there are 31 official FIS Ski Museums worldwide in 13 countries which are devoted to the history of skiing, taking into account the region's own history of skiing and tourism.
|
[
"Marc Hodler",
"Nikolai Ramm Østgaard",
"Ivar Holmquist",
"Johan Eliasch"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Ski Federation in 26/07/2009?
|
July 26, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Gian-Franco Kasper"
]
}
|
L2_Q212928_P488_3
|
Johan Eliasch is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Ivar Holmquist is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1934.
Marc Hodler is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1998.
Nikolai Ramm Østgaard is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1951.
Gian-Franco Kasper is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2021.
|
International Ski FederationThe Fédération internationale de ski (FIS; ) is the highest international governing body for skiing and snowboarding. Founded on 2 February 1924 in Chamonix, France, the FIS is responsible for the Olympic disciplines of Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The FIS is also responsible for setting the international competition rules. The organization now has a membership of 118 national ski associations and is based in Oberhofen am Thunersee, Switzerland.More than 45 World Cup wins in all disciplines run by International Ski Federation for men and ladies: The federation organises the following ski sport disciplines, for which it oversees World Cup competitions and World Championships:"Note:" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).List of all hosts:As of 2017, there are 31 official FIS Ski Museums worldwide in 13 countries which are devoted to the history of skiing, taking into account the region's own history of skiing and tourism.
|
[
"Marc Hodler",
"Nikolai Ramm Østgaard",
"Ivar Holmquist",
"Johan Eliasch"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Ski Federation in Jul 26, 2009?
|
July 26, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Gian-Franco Kasper"
]
}
|
L2_Q212928_P488_3
|
Johan Eliasch is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Ivar Holmquist is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1934.
Marc Hodler is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1998.
Nikolai Ramm Østgaard is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1951.
Gian-Franco Kasper is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2021.
|
International Ski FederationThe Fédération internationale de ski (FIS; ) is the highest international governing body for skiing and snowboarding. Founded on 2 February 1924 in Chamonix, France, the FIS is responsible for the Olympic disciplines of Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The FIS is also responsible for setting the international competition rules. The organization now has a membership of 118 national ski associations and is based in Oberhofen am Thunersee, Switzerland.More than 45 World Cup wins in all disciplines run by International Ski Federation for men and ladies: The federation organises the following ski sport disciplines, for which it oversees World Cup competitions and World Championships:"Note:" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).List of all hosts:As of 2017, there are 31 official FIS Ski Museums worldwide in 13 countries which are devoted to the history of skiing, taking into account the region's own history of skiing and tourism.
|
[
"Marc Hodler",
"Nikolai Ramm Østgaard",
"Ivar Holmquist",
"Johan Eliasch"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Ski Federation in 07/26/2009?
|
July 26, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Gian-Franco Kasper"
]
}
|
L2_Q212928_P488_3
|
Johan Eliasch is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Ivar Holmquist is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1934.
Marc Hodler is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1998.
Nikolai Ramm Østgaard is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1951.
Gian-Franco Kasper is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2021.
|
International Ski FederationThe Fédération internationale de ski (FIS; ) is the highest international governing body for skiing and snowboarding. Founded on 2 February 1924 in Chamonix, France, the FIS is responsible for the Olympic disciplines of Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The FIS is also responsible for setting the international competition rules. The organization now has a membership of 118 national ski associations and is based in Oberhofen am Thunersee, Switzerland.More than 45 World Cup wins in all disciplines run by International Ski Federation for men and ladies: The federation organises the following ski sport disciplines, for which it oversees World Cup competitions and World Championships:"Note:" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).List of all hosts:As of 2017, there are 31 official FIS Ski Museums worldwide in 13 countries which are devoted to the history of skiing, taking into account the region's own history of skiing and tourism.
|
[
"Marc Hodler",
"Nikolai Ramm Østgaard",
"Ivar Holmquist",
"Johan Eliasch"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Ski Federation in 26-Jul-200926-July-2009?
|
July 26, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Gian-Franco Kasper"
]
}
|
L2_Q212928_P488_3
|
Johan Eliasch is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Ivar Holmquist is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1934.
Marc Hodler is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1998.
Nikolai Ramm Østgaard is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1951.
Gian-Franco Kasper is the chair of International Ski Federation from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2021.
|
International Ski FederationThe Fédération internationale de ski (FIS; ) is the highest international governing body for skiing and snowboarding. Founded on 2 February 1924 in Chamonix, France, the FIS is responsible for the Olympic disciplines of Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The FIS is also responsible for setting the international competition rules. The organization now has a membership of 118 national ski associations and is based in Oberhofen am Thunersee, Switzerland.More than 45 World Cup wins in all disciplines run by International Ski Federation for men and ladies: The federation organises the following ski sport disciplines, for which it oversees World Cup competitions and World Championships:"Note:" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).List of all hosts:As of 2017, there are 31 official FIS Ski Museums worldwide in 13 countries which are devoted to the history of skiing, taking into account the region's own history of skiing and tourism.
|
[
"Marc Hodler",
"Nikolai Ramm Østgaard",
"Ivar Holmquist",
"Johan Eliasch"
] |
|
Which position did Christopher Soames hold in May, 1954?
|
May 15, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q336050_P39_1
|
Christopher Soames holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jul, 1960 to Oct, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Secretary of State for War from Jan, 1958 to Jul, 1960.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Apr, 1978 to Sep, 1987.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for Trade from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Christopher Soames holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to France from Sep, 1968 to Oct, 1972.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1958.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1965 to May, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Nov, 1965 to Apr, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Governor of Southern Rhodesia from Dec, 1979 to Apr, 1980.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Lord President of the Council from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for External Relations from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
|
Christopher SoamesArthur Christopher John Soames, Baron Soames, (12 October 1920 – 16 September 1987) was a British Conservative politician who served as a European Commissioner and the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1950 to 1966. He held several government posts and attained Cabinet rank.Soames was born in Penn, Buckinghamshire, England, the son of Captain Arthur Granville Soames (the brother of Olave Baden-Powell, World Chief Guide, both descendants of a brewing family who had joined the landed gentry) by his marriage to Hope Mary Woodbine Parish. His parents divorced while he was a boy, and his mother married as her second husband Charles Rhys (later 8th Baron Dynevor), by whom she had further children including Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor.Soames was educated at West Downs School, Eton College, and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He obtained a commission as an officer in the Coldstream Guards just before World War II broke out. During the war he served in France, Italy, and North Africa, and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for his actions at the Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942.After military service during the Second World War, Soames served as the Assistant Military Attaché in Paris. He was the Conservative MP for Bedford from 1950 to 1966 and served under Anthony Eden as Under-Secretary of State for Air from 1955 to 1957 and under Harold Macmillan as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty from 1957 to 1958. In the 1955 Birthday Honours he was invested as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).In 1958 he was sworn of the Privy Council. He served under Macmillan as Secretary of State for War (outside the Cabinet) from 1958 to 1960 and then in the cabinets of Macmillan and his successor Alec Douglas-Home as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from July 1960 to 1964. Home had promised to promote him to Foreign Secretary if the Conservatives won the 1964 general election, but they did not.Between 1965 and 1966, Soames was Shadow Foreign Secretary under Edward Heath. He lost his seat in Parliament in the 1966 election. In 1968 Harold Wilson appointed him Ambassador to France, where he served until 1972. During his tenure as ambassador, he was involved in the February 1969 "Soames affair", following a private meeting between Soames and French president Charles de Gaulle, the latter offering bilateral talks concerning partnership for Britain in a larger and looser European union, the talks not involving other members. The British government eventually refused the offer, and that for a time strained Franco-British relations. He was then a Vice-President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1976. He was created a life peer on 19 April 1978 as Baron Soames, of Fletching in the County of East Sussex.He served as the interim governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980, charged with administering the terms of the Lancaster House Agreement and overseeing its governmental transition into Zimbabwe. From 1979 to 1981, he was Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords under Margaret Thatcher, concurrent with his duties in Southern Rhodesia.Soames served as president of the Royal Agricultural Society of England in 1973, was a non-executive director of N.M. Rothschild and Sons Ltd 1977–79, and a director of the Nat West Bank 1978–79.Lord Soames married Mary Churchill, the youngest child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, on 11 February 1947. They had five children:Lord Soames died from pancreatitis, aged 66. His ashes were buried within the Churchill plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.In date order:
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"European Commissioner for Trade",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Lord President of the Council",
"Governor of Southern Rhodesia",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food",
"Secretary of State for War",
"European Commissioner for External Relations",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to France",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Christopher Soames hold in 1954-05-15?
|
May 15, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q336050_P39_1
|
Christopher Soames holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jul, 1960 to Oct, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Secretary of State for War from Jan, 1958 to Jul, 1960.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Apr, 1978 to Sep, 1987.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for Trade from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Christopher Soames holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to France from Sep, 1968 to Oct, 1972.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1958.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1965 to May, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Nov, 1965 to Apr, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Governor of Southern Rhodesia from Dec, 1979 to Apr, 1980.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Lord President of the Council from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for External Relations from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
|
Christopher SoamesArthur Christopher John Soames, Baron Soames, (12 October 1920 – 16 September 1987) was a British Conservative politician who served as a European Commissioner and the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1950 to 1966. He held several government posts and attained Cabinet rank.Soames was born in Penn, Buckinghamshire, England, the son of Captain Arthur Granville Soames (the brother of Olave Baden-Powell, World Chief Guide, both descendants of a brewing family who had joined the landed gentry) by his marriage to Hope Mary Woodbine Parish. His parents divorced while he was a boy, and his mother married as her second husband Charles Rhys (later 8th Baron Dynevor), by whom she had further children including Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor.Soames was educated at West Downs School, Eton College, and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He obtained a commission as an officer in the Coldstream Guards just before World War II broke out. During the war he served in France, Italy, and North Africa, and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for his actions at the Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942.After military service during the Second World War, Soames served as the Assistant Military Attaché in Paris. He was the Conservative MP for Bedford from 1950 to 1966 and served under Anthony Eden as Under-Secretary of State for Air from 1955 to 1957 and under Harold Macmillan as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty from 1957 to 1958. In the 1955 Birthday Honours he was invested as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).In 1958 he was sworn of the Privy Council. He served under Macmillan as Secretary of State for War (outside the Cabinet) from 1958 to 1960 and then in the cabinets of Macmillan and his successor Alec Douglas-Home as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from July 1960 to 1964. Home had promised to promote him to Foreign Secretary if the Conservatives won the 1964 general election, but they did not.Between 1965 and 1966, Soames was Shadow Foreign Secretary under Edward Heath. He lost his seat in Parliament in the 1966 election. In 1968 Harold Wilson appointed him Ambassador to France, where he served until 1972. During his tenure as ambassador, he was involved in the February 1969 "Soames affair", following a private meeting between Soames and French president Charles de Gaulle, the latter offering bilateral talks concerning partnership for Britain in a larger and looser European union, the talks not involving other members. The British government eventually refused the offer, and that for a time strained Franco-British relations. He was then a Vice-President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1976. He was created a life peer on 19 April 1978 as Baron Soames, of Fletching in the County of East Sussex.He served as the interim governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980, charged with administering the terms of the Lancaster House Agreement and overseeing its governmental transition into Zimbabwe. From 1979 to 1981, he was Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords under Margaret Thatcher, concurrent with his duties in Southern Rhodesia.Soames served as president of the Royal Agricultural Society of England in 1973, was a non-executive director of N.M. Rothschild and Sons Ltd 1977–79, and a director of the Nat West Bank 1978–79.Lord Soames married Mary Churchill, the youngest child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, on 11 February 1947. They had five children:Lord Soames died from pancreatitis, aged 66. His ashes were buried within the Churchill plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.In date order:
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"European Commissioner for Trade",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Lord President of the Council",
"Governor of Southern Rhodesia",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food",
"Secretary of State for War",
"European Commissioner for External Relations",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to France",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Christopher Soames hold in 15/05/1954?
|
May 15, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q336050_P39_1
|
Christopher Soames holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jul, 1960 to Oct, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Secretary of State for War from Jan, 1958 to Jul, 1960.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Apr, 1978 to Sep, 1987.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for Trade from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Christopher Soames holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to France from Sep, 1968 to Oct, 1972.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1958.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1965 to May, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Nov, 1965 to Apr, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Governor of Southern Rhodesia from Dec, 1979 to Apr, 1980.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Lord President of the Council from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for External Relations from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
|
Christopher SoamesArthur Christopher John Soames, Baron Soames, (12 October 1920 – 16 September 1987) was a British Conservative politician who served as a European Commissioner and the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1950 to 1966. He held several government posts and attained Cabinet rank.Soames was born in Penn, Buckinghamshire, England, the son of Captain Arthur Granville Soames (the brother of Olave Baden-Powell, World Chief Guide, both descendants of a brewing family who had joined the landed gentry) by his marriage to Hope Mary Woodbine Parish. His parents divorced while he was a boy, and his mother married as her second husband Charles Rhys (later 8th Baron Dynevor), by whom she had further children including Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor.Soames was educated at West Downs School, Eton College, and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He obtained a commission as an officer in the Coldstream Guards just before World War II broke out. During the war he served in France, Italy, and North Africa, and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for his actions at the Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942.After military service during the Second World War, Soames served as the Assistant Military Attaché in Paris. He was the Conservative MP for Bedford from 1950 to 1966 and served under Anthony Eden as Under-Secretary of State for Air from 1955 to 1957 and under Harold Macmillan as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty from 1957 to 1958. In the 1955 Birthday Honours he was invested as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).In 1958 he was sworn of the Privy Council. He served under Macmillan as Secretary of State for War (outside the Cabinet) from 1958 to 1960 and then in the cabinets of Macmillan and his successor Alec Douglas-Home as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from July 1960 to 1964. Home had promised to promote him to Foreign Secretary if the Conservatives won the 1964 general election, but they did not.Between 1965 and 1966, Soames was Shadow Foreign Secretary under Edward Heath. He lost his seat in Parliament in the 1966 election. In 1968 Harold Wilson appointed him Ambassador to France, where he served until 1972. During his tenure as ambassador, he was involved in the February 1969 "Soames affair", following a private meeting between Soames and French president Charles de Gaulle, the latter offering bilateral talks concerning partnership for Britain in a larger and looser European union, the talks not involving other members. The British government eventually refused the offer, and that for a time strained Franco-British relations. He was then a Vice-President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1976. He was created a life peer on 19 April 1978 as Baron Soames, of Fletching in the County of East Sussex.He served as the interim governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980, charged with administering the terms of the Lancaster House Agreement and overseeing its governmental transition into Zimbabwe. From 1979 to 1981, he was Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords under Margaret Thatcher, concurrent with his duties in Southern Rhodesia.Soames served as president of the Royal Agricultural Society of England in 1973, was a non-executive director of N.M. Rothschild and Sons Ltd 1977–79, and a director of the Nat West Bank 1978–79.Lord Soames married Mary Churchill, the youngest child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, on 11 February 1947. They had five children:Lord Soames died from pancreatitis, aged 66. His ashes were buried within the Churchill plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.In date order:
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"European Commissioner for Trade",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Lord President of the Council",
"Governor of Southern Rhodesia",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food",
"Secretary of State for War",
"European Commissioner for External Relations",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to France",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Christopher Soames hold in May 15, 1954?
|
May 15, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q336050_P39_1
|
Christopher Soames holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jul, 1960 to Oct, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Secretary of State for War from Jan, 1958 to Jul, 1960.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Apr, 1978 to Sep, 1987.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for Trade from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Christopher Soames holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to France from Sep, 1968 to Oct, 1972.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1958.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1965 to May, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Nov, 1965 to Apr, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Governor of Southern Rhodesia from Dec, 1979 to Apr, 1980.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Lord President of the Council from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for External Relations from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
|
Christopher SoamesArthur Christopher John Soames, Baron Soames, (12 October 1920 – 16 September 1987) was a British Conservative politician who served as a European Commissioner and the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1950 to 1966. He held several government posts and attained Cabinet rank.Soames was born in Penn, Buckinghamshire, England, the son of Captain Arthur Granville Soames (the brother of Olave Baden-Powell, World Chief Guide, both descendants of a brewing family who had joined the landed gentry) by his marriage to Hope Mary Woodbine Parish. His parents divorced while he was a boy, and his mother married as her second husband Charles Rhys (later 8th Baron Dynevor), by whom she had further children including Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor.Soames was educated at West Downs School, Eton College, and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He obtained a commission as an officer in the Coldstream Guards just before World War II broke out. During the war he served in France, Italy, and North Africa, and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for his actions at the Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942.After military service during the Second World War, Soames served as the Assistant Military Attaché in Paris. He was the Conservative MP for Bedford from 1950 to 1966 and served under Anthony Eden as Under-Secretary of State for Air from 1955 to 1957 and under Harold Macmillan as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty from 1957 to 1958. In the 1955 Birthday Honours he was invested as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).In 1958 he was sworn of the Privy Council. He served under Macmillan as Secretary of State for War (outside the Cabinet) from 1958 to 1960 and then in the cabinets of Macmillan and his successor Alec Douglas-Home as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from July 1960 to 1964. Home had promised to promote him to Foreign Secretary if the Conservatives won the 1964 general election, but they did not.Between 1965 and 1966, Soames was Shadow Foreign Secretary under Edward Heath. He lost his seat in Parliament in the 1966 election. In 1968 Harold Wilson appointed him Ambassador to France, where he served until 1972. During his tenure as ambassador, he was involved in the February 1969 "Soames affair", following a private meeting between Soames and French president Charles de Gaulle, the latter offering bilateral talks concerning partnership for Britain in a larger and looser European union, the talks not involving other members. The British government eventually refused the offer, and that for a time strained Franco-British relations. He was then a Vice-President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1976. He was created a life peer on 19 April 1978 as Baron Soames, of Fletching in the County of East Sussex.He served as the interim governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980, charged with administering the terms of the Lancaster House Agreement and overseeing its governmental transition into Zimbabwe. From 1979 to 1981, he was Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords under Margaret Thatcher, concurrent with his duties in Southern Rhodesia.Soames served as president of the Royal Agricultural Society of England in 1973, was a non-executive director of N.M. Rothschild and Sons Ltd 1977–79, and a director of the Nat West Bank 1978–79.Lord Soames married Mary Churchill, the youngest child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, on 11 February 1947. They had five children:Lord Soames died from pancreatitis, aged 66. His ashes were buried within the Churchill plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.In date order:
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"European Commissioner for Trade",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Lord President of the Council",
"Governor of Southern Rhodesia",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food",
"Secretary of State for War",
"European Commissioner for External Relations",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to France",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Christopher Soames hold in 05/15/1954?
|
May 15, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q336050_P39_1
|
Christopher Soames holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jul, 1960 to Oct, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Secretary of State for War from Jan, 1958 to Jul, 1960.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Apr, 1978 to Sep, 1987.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for Trade from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Christopher Soames holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to France from Sep, 1968 to Oct, 1972.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1958.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1965 to May, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Nov, 1965 to Apr, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Governor of Southern Rhodesia from Dec, 1979 to Apr, 1980.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Lord President of the Council from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for External Relations from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
|
Christopher SoamesArthur Christopher John Soames, Baron Soames, (12 October 1920 – 16 September 1987) was a British Conservative politician who served as a European Commissioner and the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1950 to 1966. He held several government posts and attained Cabinet rank.Soames was born in Penn, Buckinghamshire, England, the son of Captain Arthur Granville Soames (the brother of Olave Baden-Powell, World Chief Guide, both descendants of a brewing family who had joined the landed gentry) by his marriage to Hope Mary Woodbine Parish. His parents divorced while he was a boy, and his mother married as her second husband Charles Rhys (later 8th Baron Dynevor), by whom she had further children including Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor.Soames was educated at West Downs School, Eton College, and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He obtained a commission as an officer in the Coldstream Guards just before World War II broke out. During the war he served in France, Italy, and North Africa, and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for his actions at the Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942.After military service during the Second World War, Soames served as the Assistant Military Attaché in Paris. He was the Conservative MP for Bedford from 1950 to 1966 and served under Anthony Eden as Under-Secretary of State for Air from 1955 to 1957 and under Harold Macmillan as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty from 1957 to 1958. In the 1955 Birthday Honours he was invested as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).In 1958 he was sworn of the Privy Council. He served under Macmillan as Secretary of State for War (outside the Cabinet) from 1958 to 1960 and then in the cabinets of Macmillan and his successor Alec Douglas-Home as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from July 1960 to 1964. Home had promised to promote him to Foreign Secretary if the Conservatives won the 1964 general election, but they did not.Between 1965 and 1966, Soames was Shadow Foreign Secretary under Edward Heath. He lost his seat in Parliament in the 1966 election. In 1968 Harold Wilson appointed him Ambassador to France, where he served until 1972. During his tenure as ambassador, he was involved in the February 1969 "Soames affair", following a private meeting between Soames and French president Charles de Gaulle, the latter offering bilateral talks concerning partnership for Britain in a larger and looser European union, the talks not involving other members. The British government eventually refused the offer, and that for a time strained Franco-British relations. He was then a Vice-President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1976. He was created a life peer on 19 April 1978 as Baron Soames, of Fletching in the County of East Sussex.He served as the interim governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980, charged with administering the terms of the Lancaster House Agreement and overseeing its governmental transition into Zimbabwe. From 1979 to 1981, he was Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords under Margaret Thatcher, concurrent with his duties in Southern Rhodesia.Soames served as president of the Royal Agricultural Society of England in 1973, was a non-executive director of N.M. Rothschild and Sons Ltd 1977–79, and a director of the Nat West Bank 1978–79.Lord Soames married Mary Churchill, the youngest child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, on 11 February 1947. They had five children:Lord Soames died from pancreatitis, aged 66. His ashes were buried within the Churchill plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.In date order:
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"European Commissioner for Trade",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Lord President of the Council",
"Governor of Southern Rhodesia",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food",
"Secretary of State for War",
"European Commissioner for External Relations",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to France",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Christopher Soames hold in 15-May-195415-May-1954?
|
May 15, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q336050_P39_1
|
Christopher Soames holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jul, 1960 to Oct, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Secretary of State for War from Jan, 1958 to Jul, 1960.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Apr, 1978 to Sep, 1987.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for Trade from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
Christopher Soames holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to France from Sep, 1968 to Oct, 1972.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Leader of the House of Lords from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1958.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1965 to May, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Nov, 1965 to Apr, 1966.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Governor of Southern Rhodesia from Dec, 1979 to Apr, 1980.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Lord President of the Council from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981.
Christopher Soames holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Christopher Soames holds the position of European Commissioner for External Relations from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1977.
|
Christopher SoamesArthur Christopher John Soames, Baron Soames, (12 October 1920 – 16 September 1987) was a British Conservative politician who served as a European Commissioner and the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1950 to 1966. He held several government posts and attained Cabinet rank.Soames was born in Penn, Buckinghamshire, England, the son of Captain Arthur Granville Soames (the brother of Olave Baden-Powell, World Chief Guide, both descendants of a brewing family who had joined the landed gentry) by his marriage to Hope Mary Woodbine Parish. His parents divorced while he was a boy, and his mother married as her second husband Charles Rhys (later 8th Baron Dynevor), by whom she had further children including Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor.Soames was educated at West Downs School, Eton College, and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He obtained a commission as an officer in the Coldstream Guards just before World War II broke out. During the war he served in France, Italy, and North Africa, and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for his actions at the Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942.After military service during the Second World War, Soames served as the Assistant Military Attaché in Paris. He was the Conservative MP for Bedford from 1950 to 1966 and served under Anthony Eden as Under-Secretary of State for Air from 1955 to 1957 and under Harold Macmillan as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty from 1957 to 1958. In the 1955 Birthday Honours he was invested as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).In 1958 he was sworn of the Privy Council. He served under Macmillan as Secretary of State for War (outside the Cabinet) from 1958 to 1960 and then in the cabinets of Macmillan and his successor Alec Douglas-Home as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from July 1960 to 1964. Home had promised to promote him to Foreign Secretary if the Conservatives won the 1964 general election, but they did not.Between 1965 and 1966, Soames was Shadow Foreign Secretary under Edward Heath. He lost his seat in Parliament in the 1966 election. In 1968 Harold Wilson appointed him Ambassador to France, where he served until 1972. During his tenure as ambassador, he was involved in the February 1969 "Soames affair", following a private meeting between Soames and French president Charles de Gaulle, the latter offering bilateral talks concerning partnership for Britain in a larger and looser European union, the talks not involving other members. The British government eventually refused the offer, and that for a time strained Franco-British relations. He was then a Vice-President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1976. He was created a life peer on 19 April 1978 as Baron Soames, of Fletching in the County of East Sussex.He served as the interim governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980, charged with administering the terms of the Lancaster House Agreement and overseeing its governmental transition into Zimbabwe. From 1979 to 1981, he was Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords under Margaret Thatcher, concurrent with his duties in Southern Rhodesia.Soames served as president of the Royal Agricultural Society of England in 1973, was a non-executive director of N.M. Rothschild and Sons Ltd 1977–79, and a director of the Nat West Bank 1978–79.Lord Soames married Mary Churchill, the youngest child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, on 11 February 1947. They had five children:Lord Soames died from pancreatitis, aged 66. His ashes were buried within the Churchill plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.In date order:
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"European Commissioner for Trade",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Lord President of the Council",
"Governor of Southern Rhodesia",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food",
"Secretary of State for War",
"European Commissioner for External Relations",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Leader of the House of Lords",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to France",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
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