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Who was the head coach of the team A.E.K. Athens F.C. in 06/22/2022?
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June 22, 2022
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{
"text": [
"Sokratis Ofrydopoulos"
]
}
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L2_Q201584_P286_2
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Manuel Jiménez Jiménez is the head coach of A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Dec, 2020 to Jun, 2021.
Sokratis Ofrydopoulos is the head coach of A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Mar, 2022 to Jun, 2022.
Nikos Kostenoglou is the head coach of A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Aug, 2019 to Dec, 2019.
Matías Almeyda CR7 is the head coach of A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
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AEK Athens F.C.A.E.K. Athens Football Club ( ; Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως; "Athlitikí Énosis Konstadinoupόleos", meaning "Athletic Union of Constantinople") is a Greek professional football club based in Nea Filadelfeia, a suburb of Athens, Greece.Established in Athens in 1924 by Greek refugees from Constantinople in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), AEK is one of the three most successful teams in Greek football (including Olympiacos and Panathinaikos), winning 30 national titles and the only oneto have won all the competitions organised by the Hellenic Football Federation (12 Championships, 15 Greek Cups, 1 League Cup and 2 Super Cups).The club has appeared several times in European competitions (UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and the defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup). It is the only Greek team that advanced to the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup (1976–77) and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup twice (1996–97 and 1997–98).AEK was also the first Greek team that advanced to the quarter-finals of the European Cup (1968–69) and also to the group stage of the UEFA Champions League (1994–95).The large Greek population of Constantinople, not unlike those of the other Ottoman urban centres, continued its athletic traditions in the form of numerous athletic clubs. Clubs such as Énosis Tatávlon () and Iraklís () from the Tatavla district, Mégas Aléxandros () and Ermís () of Galata, and Olympiás () of Therapia existed to promote Hellenic athletic and cultural ideals. These were amongst a dozen Greek-backed clubs that dominated the sporting landscape of the city in the years preceding World War I. After the war, with the influx of mainly French and British soldiers to Constantinople, many of the city's clubs participated in regular competition with teams formed by the foreign troops. Taxim, Pera, and Tatavla became the scene of weekly competitions in not only football, but also athletics, cycling, boxing, and tennis.Of the clubs in the city, football was dominated by Énosis Tatávlon and Ermís. Ermís, one of the most popular sports clubs, was formed in 1875 by the Greek community of Pera (Galata). Known as "Pera" since the mid 1880s, and "The Greek Football Team" when its football department was formed in 1914, it was forced to change its name to "Pera Sports Club", and then "Beyoğluspor Kulübü" in 1923. Many of its athletes, and those of most other sporting clubs, fled during the population exchanges at the end of the Greco-Turkish War, and settled in Athens and Thessaloniki.In 1924, the founders of AEK – a group of Constantinopolitan refugees (among them former athletes from the Pera Sports Club and the other Constantinopolitan clubs) – met at the athletic shop "Lux" of Emilios Ionas and Konstantinos Dimopoulos on Veranzerou Street, in the center of Athens, and created AEK. Their intention was to create a club that provided athletic and cultural diversions for the thousands of predominantly Constantinopolitan and Anatolian refugees who had settled in the new suburbs of Athens (including Nea Filadelfeia, Nea Ionia, Nea Chalkidona, Nea Smyrni).The first team of AEK was: "GK: Kitsos, DF: Ieremiadis, DF: Asderis, MF: Kechagias, MF: Paraskevas, MF: Dimopoulos, MF: Karagiannides, FW: Baltas, FW: Milas, FW: Iliades, and FW: Georgiades". AEK played its first match against "Aias Athinon" in November 1924, winning 2–0.AEK's football team grew rapidly in popularity during the 1920s, eclipsing the already-established Athens-based refugee clubs (Panionios, Apollon Smyrnis etc.), thanks mainly to the large pool of immigrants that were drawn to the club, the significance of the name "Constantinople" for many refugees and Greeks, plus, in no small part, to the political connections and wealth of several of the club's board members. Not possessing a football ground, AEK played most of its early matches at various locations around Athens, including the grounds of the Temple of Olympian Zeus and the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium.AEK's first president, Konstantinos Spanoudis (1871–1941), a journalist and associate of the Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, petitioned the government to set aside land for the establishment of a sports ground. In 1926, land in Nea Filadelfeia that was originally set aside for refugee housing, was donated as a training ground for the refugees' sports activities. AEK began using the ground for training, albeit unofficially.In 1928, Panathinaikos, Olympiacos and AEK began a dispute with the fledgling Hellenic Football Federation (EPO), decided to break away from the Athens regional league, and formed an alliance called POK (from their initial letters, K was for AEK: "Konstantinoupόleos"). During the dispute, POK organised friendly matches against each other and several continental European clubs. In 1929, though, the dispute ended and AEK, along with the other POK clubs, entered the EPO fold once again.In 1930, the property where AEK trained was officially signed over to the club. Venizelos soon approved the plans to build what was to become AEK's home ground for the next 70 years, the Nikos Goumas Stadium. The first home game, in November 1930, was an exhibition match against Olympiacos that ended in a 2–2 draw.In 1932, AEK won their first Greek Cup title, beating Aris 5–3 in the final. The team boasted a number of star football players like Kostas Negrepontis (a veteran of the original Pera Club of Constantinople), Kleanthis Maropoulos, Tryfon Tzanetis, Michalis Delavinias, Giorgos Mageiras, and Spyros Sklavounos.The club's mixed success during the 1930s was highlighted by the first Greek Championship and Greek Cup (making the Double) in 1939. Under former player Kostas Negrepontis as head coach, AEK also won the Greek Championship of 1940.With Kostas Nestoridis scoring goals in the early 1960s (top goalscorer for 5 seasons in row, from 1958 to 1963), and the timely signing of attacker Mimis Papaioannou (all-time top goalscorer and appearances recordman of the club) in 1962, AEK went on to win the 1962–63 championship. Known affectionately as "Mimis" by the AEK supporters, Papaioannou scored twice in the 1963 playoff against Panathinaikos, levelling the scores at 3–3 and giving AEK its first post-war championship on goal aggregate. Coached by Hungarian-German Jenő Csaknády, the championship team also consisted of Stelios Serafidis, Miltos Papapostolou, and Andreas Stamatiadis. Youngsters like Alekos Sofianidis, Stelios Skevofilakas, Giorgos Petridis and Manolis Kanellopoulos also played a significant role in the victorious 1963 campaign.The club followed up with Cup victories in 1964 and 1966. With the return of Csaknády to the coach's position in 1968 and with the addition of some great players like Kostas Nikolaidis, Giorgos Karafeskos, Panagiotis Ventouris, Fotis Balopoulos, Spyros Pomonis, Alekos Iordanou, Nikos Stathopoulos and Andreas Papaemmanouil, AEK easily won the championship of 1967–68.In the 1968–69 season AEK, with new Serbian coach Branko Stanković, became the first Greek football club to reach the quarter-finals of the European Champions Cup, but was eliminated by the Czechoslovakian Spartak Trnava.The addition of goalkeeper Stelios Konstantinidis and Apostolos Toskas reinforced the team, and allowed AEK to take its fifth championship title in 1971.AEK also won the unofficial Greek Super Cup of 1971, beating Olympiacos 4–2 on penalty kicks after 2 draws (2–2 at Piraeus and 1–1 at Nea Filadelfeia). Mavros, Eleftherakis, and Ardizoglou were part of the AEK outfit that dominated the Greek league in the late 1970s.Loukas Barlos, a successful industrialist, took over the presidency and financial support of AEK in 1974, and with the help of coach František Fadrhonc built one of the finest teams in the club's history. The Barlos "Golden Era" saw some of the greatest players ever to have played for AEK: Christos Ardizoglou, Giorgos Dedes, Giorgos Skrekis, the Germans Walter Wagner and Timo Zahnleiter, Dionysis Tsamis, Pantelis Nikolaou, Petros Ravousis, Dušan Bajević, Takis Nikoloudis, Stefanos Theodoridis, Babis Intzoglou and Nikos Christidis.Captained by Papaioannou in the 1976–1977 season, AEK reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup competition, the first Greek football club to do so. Beating Dynamo Moscow (Russia) 2–0, Derby County (U.K.) 2–0 and 3–2, Red Star Belgrade (Yugoslavia) 2–0, and QPR (U.K.) 3–0 and 7–6 on penalties, AEK were eventually eliminated by Gianni Agnelli's Juventus. Juventus went on to win their first European title.It was during this period that AEK signed one of Greece's finest strikers, Thomas Mavros, the all-time top goalscorer in the Greek Championship. In following years, he and Dušan Bajević formed a formidable attacking duo for AEK. Mavros was an integral part of the team that reached the UEFA Cup semi-final in 1976, but it was his devastating form (top goal scorer of 1978 and 1979 – 22 and 31 goals, respectively) that helped AEK to win the 1977–78 Championship-Cup double. The addition of former Panathinaikos stars Domazos and Eleftherakis to the AEK roster, the following year, saw the club cap off their most successful decade to-date by winning the 1979 Championship.Under the leadership of Loukas Barlos, the Nikos Goumas Stadium was finally completed with the addition of the iconic "covered stand", or "Skepasti" (), which eventually became home to the most fanatic of AEK supporter groups, "Original 21". The next generation of star players, fresh out of AEK's Academy, made their debut during this period: Stelios Manolas, Spyros Ikonomopoulos, Vangelis Vlachos, and Lysandros Georgamlis.With new president Michalis Arkadis and Austrian head coach Helmut Senekowitsch, AEK won the 1983 Greek Cup, beating PAOK 2–0 in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. Thomas Mavros and Vangelis Vlachos were the goalscorers.AEK also chased the elusive Championship title and it finally came in 1989. Coached by former player Dušan Bajević, AEK clinched the title after a winning a crucial match 1–0 against Olympiacos at the Athens Olympic Stadium. Takis Karagiozopoulos scored the goal that gave AEK its first Championship after ten years. AEK won also the Greek Super Cup of 1989, beating Panathinaikos on penalties after the match ended in a 1–1 draw.After the 1989 triumphs, under Bajević, AEK built what was to become one of the most successful teams in its history. Captained by Stelios Manolas, the team, which included Toni Savevski, Daniel Batista, Vaios Karagiannis, Vasilis Dimitriadis, Giorgos Savvidis, Alexis Alexandris, Vasilis Tsiartas, Michalis Kasapis, Refik Šabanadžović and Vasilis Borbokis dominated the Greek league through the 1990s with three successive Championship titles (1992, 1993, and 1994). AEK won the only Greek League Cup ever organised in 1990 (beating Olympiacos 3–2).In 1994–95, AEK was the first Greek football club that participated in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League after defeating Scottish champions Rangers; AEK was eliminated by Ajax Amsterdam and AC Milan, who made it to the final. With Michalis Trochanas as president and Dušan Bajević as coach, the club won the Greek Cup in 1996.Former player Petros Ravousis took over the coaching position when Dušan Bajević defected to Olympiacos at the end of 1996. Ravousis led the team to its second Super Cup in 1996, and its eleventh Cup title in 1997, beating Panathinaikos in both finals.By far AEK's most successful run with titles, the period also saw the club sign Temur Ketsbaia and several young, talented players like Demis Nikolaidis, Christos Kostis, Christos Maladenis and Akis Zikos. Nikolaidis, in particular, an AEK fan since childhood, declined more lucrative offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos to sign for his beloved club. During the 1996–97 and 1997–98 seasons, AEK progressed to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, where they were eliminated by Paris Saint-Germain and Lokomotiv Moscow.In 1999, ex-president Dimitris Melissanidis organised a friendly match against FK Partizan in Belgrade, during the height of the NATO bombing of Serbia. As a gesture of compassion and solidarity towards the embattled Serbs, the AEK players and management staff defied the international embargo and traveled to Belgrade for the match. The game ended 1–1, when after 60 minutes thousands of Serbian football fans invaded the pitch to embrace the footballers.AEK won its twelfth Cup title in 2000 under coach Giannis Pathiakakis, defeating Ionikos 3–0 in the final (37' Nikolaidis,77' Petkov,82' Maladenis). The club continued its consistency in the Championship of 2001–02, finishing second by goal aggregate to Olympiacos, and beating Olympiacos in the Greek Cup final.Dušan Bajević returned as coach in the summer of 2002, a move that sparked open hostility towards Bajević from a section of AEK supporters. A strong team, called "Dream Team" by the fans, was created with players like Kostas Katsouranis, Ilija Ivić, Dionisis Chiotis, Vasilis Borbokis, Grigoris Georgatos, Theodoros Zagorakis, Walter Centeno, Michalis Kapsis, Michel Kreek, Vasilis Lakis, Vasilis Tsiartas (who returned from Sevilla), Ioannis Okkas, Nikos Liberopoulos and Demis Nikolaidis.Under Bajević, AEK progressed through the qualifying rounds in the 2002 UEFA Champions League by eliminating APOEL. Drawn in Group A with AS Roma, Real Madrid, and Racing Genk, AEK with good performances drew all their games and were knocked out of the competition. They continued to UEFA Cup, eliminating Maccabi Haifa (4–0, 4–1) before being knocked out by Málaga CF.Off the field, president Makis Psomiadis (died 6 January 2016) caused many problems for AEK and with his mismanagement overcharged the club. Also, with the assistance of his bodyguards, he allegedly assaulted captain Demis Nikolaidis and other players.After the altercation, and partly due to the club's growing financial problems, Nikolaidis was let on free transfer by mutual consent to Atlético Madrid. Unable to cope with the negativity from a large section of AEK fans, Bajević resigned in 2004 after a match against Iraklis.In 2004, Demis Nikolaidis and other significant AEK followers formed a supporters' club Enosis 1924 (Union 1924) to motivate all AEK supporters into taking up the club's shares and governance. The project was not fully realised because, in the meantime, various businessmen decided to buy shares and invest money in the club. However, to this date, Enosis 1924's chairman is member of the AEK FC board. The same year, Nikos Goumas Stadium, AEK's home stadium for over 70 years was demolished, because a big part of it was beaten from 1999 Athens earthquake.In 2004, on the back of strong AEK fan support, Nikolaidis, at the head of a consortium of businessmen, bought out the beleaguered club and became the new president. His primary task was to lead AEK out of its precarious financial position. The first success was an arrangement through the Greek judicial system to write off most of the massive debt that previous club administrators had amassed, and to repay any remaining public debts in manageable installments.Securing the club's existence in the Alpha Ethniki, Nikolaidis then began a program to rebuild AEK to its former glory. He appointed experienced former player Ilija Ivić as technical director and brought back Fernando Santos as coach. The AEK fans, emboldened by Nikolaidis' efforts, followed suit by buying season ticket packages in record numbers (over 17,000).AEK recruited promising young players to strengthen a depleted team. Led by the experienced Katsouranis and Liberopoulos, and featuring Brazilian Júlio César, the club made it to the Greek Cup final for the seventh time in 13 years, but finished second in the Championship, and in the process, secured a place in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League. For the 2006–07 season, former Real Betis coach Lorenzo Serra Ferrer was appointed to the coaching position after Fernando Santos' contract was not renewed.By beating Hearts over both legs (2–1 in Scotland and 3–0 in Greece), AEK progressed to the group stage of the Champions League. The club obtained a total of 8 points, having beaten AC Milan 1–0, Lille 1–0, and managing two draws with Anderlecht (1–1 in Greece and 2–2 in Belgium). AEK finished second in the Greek Super League, qualifying again for the third round in the UEFA Champions League.For the 2007–08 season AEK changed kit sponsors from Adidas to Puma. They played with Sevilla FC in the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round. The first leg was played on 15 August, away at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, where AEK was defeated by 2 goals, and the second leg played on 3 September, at the Athens Olympic Stadium where AEK lost again by 1–4.AEK completed the signings of Brazilian legend Rivaldo, after he was let free from Olympiacos, Rodolfo Arruabarrena, Charis Pappas, and Argentine striker Ismael Blanco. Traianos Dellas was rewarded with a new contract, keeping him at the club until summer 2009. On 25 August, the Super League and EPO decided to postpone the opening season's games due to the fire disaster in the Peloponnese.After being eliminated from the UEFA Champions League, AEK were drawn to play against FC Salzburg for the UEFA Cup. On 20 September, in Athens, AEK defeated FC Salzburg 3–0. In the second leg, played in Salzburg on 4 October, AEK lost the match but still went through 3–1 on aggregate. On 9 October, AEK were drawn in Group C in the UEFA Cup group stage along with Villarreal, Fiorentina, Mladá Boleslav, and Elfsborg. On 25 October, AEK kicked off the group stage with a 1–1 draw away to Elfsborg. On 29 November, AEK again drew 1–1, this time at home to Fiorentina. On 5 December, AEK won Mladá Boleslav 1–0 away and on 20 December, AEK was home defeated 1–2 by Villarreal CF, but finally booked a place in the knockout stage of the UEFA Cup by finishing third in the group. They were then drawn against Getafe CF in the third round (phase of 32). AEK advanced to the third round of UEFA Cup for the second consecutive season.On 12 February, AEK parted company with Llorenç Serra Ferrer after a poor run of form and unsuccessful signings and replaced him with former player Nikos Kostenoglou, on a caretaker basis. The team initially finished in first place in the league, but after the court case between Apollon Kalamarias and Olympiacos for the illegal usage of a player in the 1–0 Apollon Kalamarias win earlier in the season, Olympiacos was awarded 3 points, thus finishing 2 points ahead of AEK.President Demis Nikolaidis and several other managers and chairmen were angered with the court's decision, stating that the Hellenic Football Federation knew about the usage of the illegal player prior to the game and had indeed issued a registration (blue card), but didn't do anything about it. Panathinaikos also challenged the result at the Court of Arbitration in Sport (CAS) with no success, as the Hellenic Federation did not support the claim. Rivaldo had stated his intention to leave Greece if the ruling went in favour of Olympiacos and AEK were not declared champions. He stated, "a team that was not good enough to win the title on the pitch does not deserve the trophy."Giorgos Donis was appointed head coach of AEK on 14 May. His reign at the club did not go well. It all began when AEK failed to surpass AC Omonia in the UEFA Cup second qualifying round, which meant their elimination from European competitions for the season. Rivaldo asked to leave the club to sign for Bunyodkor on 27 August.The league campaign started very well after a win over rivals Panathinaikos in the opening game of the season, but poor performances and results from then on left AEK in a difficult situation. Head coach Donis was eager to leave the club, but president Nikolaidis did not allow him to leave. Nevertheless, Nikolaidis left due to disappointing results and after a controversy with the club's supporters, Original 21, leaving the presidency temporarily to the members of the board of directors, Nikos Koulis, and Takis Kanellopoulos.However, the series of disappointing results continued, bringing anger and insecure situations for everyone on the team. The first to be hit by this wave of disappointment and upset with the team council was coach Donis, who was asked to leave the team. On 21 November 2008, AEK hired Dušan Bajević as head coach for third time. However, after a while, Takis Kanellopoulos left the club, as he sparked a rivalry with Bajević.On 4 February 2009, Nikos Thanopoulos was elected as the 41st president of AEK FC. Bajević brought some much-needed stability to the club, and performances on the pitch improved vastly towards the end of the season, culminating in AEK's progression to the Greek Cup final against Olympiacos which was played on 2 May 2009, at Athens Olympic Stadium. AEK lost in the final 14–15 on penalties. AEK finished the regular season in fourth position, thus qualifying for the season's playoffs, in which they eventually finished second, just missing out on UEFA Champions League qualification.In the summer transfer period of 2010, AEK, despite being low on budget, managed to reinforce its ranks with many notable players. Club idols Nikos Liberopoulos and Traianos Dellas signed the last one-year contracts of their careers, and many new and experienced players signed to AEK, the most notable of whom were Papa Bouba Diop, Cristian Nasuti, and Christos Patsatzoglou. AEK qualified for the 2010–11 Europa League group stage after defeating Dundee United 2–1 on aggregate.On 7 October 2010, Manolo Jiménez agreed to a two-year deal and took over for Bajević.On 30 April 2011, AEK won the Greek Cup for the 14th time, defeating 3–0 Atromitos at the final.To compensate for the departures of Nacho Scocco, Papa Bouba Diop, Sebastián Saja, and Ismael Blanco in the summer of 2011, AEK signed the captain of Iceland Eiður Guðjohnsen, and Colombian international Fabián Vargas. Due to financial problems, on 25 June 2012, AEK's legend Thomas Mavros took the club's management and on 1 August 2012, became president in an effort to save the club from financial disaster. Many other former AEK players like Vasilis Tsiartas, Mimis Papaioannou, Kostas Nestoridis, Christos Kostis, Vangelis Vlachos, Christos Arvanitis, and Giorgos Karafeskos were hired to help the club return to its previous glory days. Due to bad results, on 30 September 2012, Vangelis Vlachos was fired and Ewald Lienen hired as AEK's head coach. On 9 April 2013, Lienen was fired after disappointing results and AEK hired Traianos Dellas as head coach with Vasilis Borbokis and Akis Zikos for assistants.On 19 April 2013, a Super League disciplinary committee voted to remove 3 points from AEK and award Panthrakikos a 3–0 win, after fans stormed the pitch and chased players from the field during the AEK–Panthrakikos match on 14 April 2013. As a result, AEK were relegated from the Super League to the second-tier Football League for the first time in their history. In addition, AEK were to start their Football League campaign with minus 2 points.On 7 June 2013, during an AEK council, it was decided that AEK FC would become an amateur football club and would not participate in the Football League division for the 2013–14 season, preferring instead, to self-relegate and participate in the Football League 2 division and start from scratch. On the same day Dimitris Melissanidis, the former-president of the club, became administrative leader of the club, under the supervision of Amateur AEK, with the aim of saving the club. Along with other notable AEK fans and old players, they went on to create the non-profit association Independent Union of Friends of AEK (; "Anexártiti Énosi Fίlon AEK") which took the majority stake of the football club.AEK began its revival by finishing top of their group in the third division of the amateur Football League 2 division with a record of 23 wins, 3 draws, and only one defeat. Thus, AEK participated in the Football League division for the 2014–15 season, where they again finished in first place, having only 2 draws and no defeats in the regular season. AEK successfully finished first in the playoffs and gained promotion back to the top tier, the Greek Super League.On 20 October 2015, Traianos Dellas was forced to resign as a result of a dispute with the board, and a heavy 4–0 away loss to Olympiacos. Stelios Manolas was named interim coach and later Gus Poyet was appointed as new head coach. On 19 April, Poyet resigned, leaving Stelios Manolas as interim coach again. Manolas managed to guide AEK to a 3rd-place finish in the league qualifying for the playoff round and also to their first piece of silverware since the 2010–11 season by lifting the Greek Cup, defeating Olympiacos in the final 2–1. With the postponement of the final on two separate occasions and the congested fixture list of the playoff round, it meant AEK were to play a fixture every three days, which evidently took its toll on the players, but they finished third in the play-offs and qualified for the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League Third Qualifying Round. The first season back in the top flight was considered a success with a trophy and qualification for European football next season, a return after a five-year hiatus.The second season started well apart from the 0–1 aggregate loss to AS Saint-Étienne in the Europa League qualifiers. In the first match of the season AEK defeated Xanthi 4–1. However, the decision was made to replace Temur Ketsbaia with José Morais; the decision was based on the team's stuttering start to the season, 3 wins, 2 draws and 2 losses, and poor displays. José's arrival, however, did not improve the team's results or performances, winning only three of his fourteen matches as manager. On 19 January 2017 former manager Manolo Jiménez was appointed as manager for the second time following José's resignation. Upon his appointment he got the team from 7th place up to a 4th-place finish, and first place in the European Playoffs, claiming second place in the league overall and qualifying for the UEFA Champions League Third qualifying round. Jiménez also guided the team to a second consecutive Greek Cup final where they faced PAOK in a controversial game marred by pre-match violence between the two sets of fans and a winning goal from an offside position.The third season back in the top flight began with a tough draw in the Champions League Third qualifying round versus CSKA Moscow losing 3–0 on aggregate. The loss meant AEK were demoted to the Europa League play-off round where they were pitted versus Belgians Club Brugge. A 0–0 draw in Brugge in the first leg and a 3–0 win in the return in Athens meant that AEK qualified for the group stages of a major European competition for the first time in 6 years. They were seeded in pot 4 and were drawn along with AC Milan, HNK Rijeka and Austria Wien. AEK would go on to qualify for the round of 32 undefeated, a statement that solidified their return as one of Europe's elite teams, with a record of 1 win and 5 draws, the most notable being the two back to back 0–0 draws versus AC Milan. In the Round of 32 AEK were drawn against Ukrainian giants Dynamo Kyiv. AEK were better than their opponents, but also were unlucky and lost after two draws and on away goal rule. The first match took place in Athens, with a 1–1 draw and the second game in Kyiv, finished 0–0. In April, AEK won their 12th Greek championship, by recording a 2–0 home win against Levadiakos in front of 60,000 fans. This was their first championship after 24 years. AEK were crowned champions in front of 14,500 of their fans in the last matchday against Apollon Smyrnis at Georgios Kamaras Stadium.2018–19 season was the season that AEK returned to the groups of the UEFA Champions League, for the 5th time in the club's history after eliminating Celtic (3–2 on aggregate) and MOL Vidi (3–2 on aggregate) in the qualifying stages.Led by former Panathinaikos' manager, Marinos Ouzounidis, AEK was drawn against Bayern Munich, Benfica and Ajax and failed to make an impact after losing all 6 matches in the group stage.Key-players Jakob Johansson, Lazaros Christodoulopoulos, Sergio Araujo and Ognjen Vranješ as well as manager Manolo Jiménez that were essential to the 2017–18 triumphant season left the club and most transfers failed to add up to the team. Greek international Marios Oikonomou and Argentine striker Ezequiel Ponce were the only newcomers that managed to make an impact to an overall disappointing season (3rd place, 23 points behind 1st PAOK and 18 points behind 2nd Olympiacos – third consecutive cup final loss from PAOK, 1–0)2017–18 season's champions, Ognjen Vranješ and Sergio Araujo returned to Athens, and some other notable additions are Portuguese international Nélson Oliveira and Serbian midfielder Nenad Krstičić. 2019–20 season started catastrophically, with an early Europa League elimination from Turkish side Trabzonspor (1–3 in Athens, 0–2 in Trabzon, 3–3 on aggregate) and disappointing domestic results. New manager, Miguel Cardoso was sacked quickly to be replaced with club's veteran player and manager, Nikos Kostenoglou who was also later replaced by Italian manager, Massimo Carrera.Under Carrera, AEK regained the confidence lost from the previous 1,5 years of bad results. Before the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic AEK was 3rd in the regular season and in the semi-finals of the Greek Cup (2–1 home victory against Aris in the first leg). Afterwards going on to make it to the final for the fifth time in a row. However, they lost the final 1–0 to Olympiacos F.C.After the draw for the Europa League third qualifying round, AEK Athens got VfL Wolfsburg at the Play-off round they won 2–1 at the Athens Olympic Stadium getting in the Group stage.However, AEK's campaign results in the Europa league as well as the first half of the domestic Superleague were lacklustre, the European campaign being one of their worst ever, only recording 1 win in the group stages. In December, Massimo Carrera was relieved of his duties and replaced by Manolo Jiménez, previous Super League and Greek Cup winner with AEK – his fourth term at the club.Source: AEK Athens F.C.In 1924, AEK adopted the image of a double-headed eagle (; Dikéfalos Aetós) as their emblem. Created by Greek refugees from Constantinople in the years following the Greco-Turkish War and subsequent population exchange, the emblem and colours (yellow and black) of AEK were chosen as a reminder of lost homelands; they represent the club's historical ties to Constantinople. The double-headed eagle is featured in the flag of the Greek Orthodox Church, whose headquarters are in Constantinople, and served as Imperial emblem under the Palaiologos dynasty, which was the last one to rule the Byzantine Empire.AEK's main emblem underwent numerous minor changes between 1924 and 1982. The design of the eagle on the shirt badge was often not identical to the design of the eagle depicted on official club correspondence, merchandise, and promotional material. All designs were considered "official" (in the broadest sense of the word), however, it was not until 1982 that an identifiable, copyrighted design was established as the club's official, and shirt badge. The emblem design was changed in 1989, again in 1993, and again in 2013 to the current design.The colours of yellow/gold and black were adopted from AEK's connections with Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire.AEK have always worn predominantly gold or yellow shirts and black shorts. An exception has been the unusual, but notable and popular among the fans, Kappa kits of the '90s which featured a big two-headed eagle motif across the kit.AEK's traditional away colours are all-black or all-white; on a few occasions, the club has introduced as a third kit a light blue, a silver, and even a dark red, or a tyrian purple ("porphyra"), a type of reddish purple, inspired by the war Byzantine flag and used also by the imperial dynasties of the Byzantine empire (Eastern Roman empire).Since June 1st 2021, AEK's kit has been manufactured by Nike. Previous manufacturers have been Adidas (1974–75, 1977–83 and 2005–07), Zita Hellas (1983–89), Diadora (1989–93), Basic (1993–95), Kappa (1995–2000),Puma (1975–77 and 2007–15) and Capelli (2018–21).Starting in 2015, the club's main shirt sponsors are OPAP, which also sponsored them in 2010–14. Previous shirt sponsors have been Citizen (1982–83), Nissan (1983–85), Ethniki Asfalistiki (1985–93 and 1995–96), Phoenix Asfaleies (1993–95), Geniki Bank (1996–98), Firestone (1999), Marfin Investment Group (1999–2001), Alpha Digital (2001–02), Piraeus Bank (2002–04), TIM (2004–06), LG (2006–08), Diners Club (2009–10), and Jeep (2014–15).Loukas Barlos, a successful bauxite Mine Owner, was also owner and president since 1974, and was in charge when Greek football turned professional in 1979. In 1981, due to health problems, he passed his shares to Andreas Zafeiropoulos. In 1982 the business shipping magnate Michalis Arkadis became president, aiming to reinforce financial support, with Zafeiropoulos holding the majority stake. In 1988, Zafeiropoulos placed Efstratios Gidopoulos in the presidency, and AEK managed to win their first championship in ten years.On 17 June 1992, the club passed to new owners. The business shipping magnate and oil tycoon Dimitris Melissanidis, together with Giannis Karras, took the majority stake and continued the successful and champion seasons.After an unsuccessful season, in 1995, they passed their shares to Michalis Trochanas, and with his turn a percentage to ENIC Group investment company. In 1999, NETMED, a Dutch media company, took over management of the club. A crisis period followed with mismanagement and many changes in the presidency. In 2004, ex-AEK player Demis Nikolaidis made a plan to progress with the reorganization and financial consolidation, and together with other investors (such as Nicholas X. Notias, Gikas Goumas, Takis Kanellopoulos, a shareholder of Titan Cement, and others) took the majority stake.The plan initially seemed to work, but the downfall continued. The team was relegated after the 2012–13 season for the first time in its history. In an effort to discharge the immense debt created by years of mismanagement, its directors chose for the team to compete in the third tier. On the same day Dimitris Melissanidis, the old president of the club, became administrative leader of AEK, under the supervision of the amateur AEK Later, together with other notable AEK fans and old players, they created the non-profit association "Union Friends of AEK" ("Enosi Filon AEK") which took the majority stake of the football club.In March 2015, AEK FC became the first Greek company that was listed in the Elite programme of the London Stock Exchange, a pan-European programme for ambitious high-growth businesses that was launched in 2012 at Borsa Italiana and following its success was rolled out in the UK in 2014, and the first Greek football club quoted on a stock exchange. Raffaele Jerusalmi, executive director of the board of directors of LSEG, stated: "We are delighted to welcome AEK to Elite programme". On 27 April 2015, AEK FC was selected for the honor of opening a session of the London Stock Exchange.Current sponsorships:Nikos Goumas Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Nea Filadelfeia (""New Philadelphia""), a northwestern suburb of Athens, Greece. It was used mostly for football matches and was the home stadium of AEK Athens FC. It was named after one-time club president, Nicholas Goumas, who contributed to its building and later upgrading. It served as AEK's home ground since 1930. The Nikos Goumas Stadium had severe damages from 1999's earthquake and in 2003 was demolished with the prospect to build a new stadium for AEK Athens FC. Unfortunately, prolonged obstruction, legal issues and tight deadlines lapsed this prospect until recently. The club now plays its home games in the 70,000-capacity "Spyros Louis" (Athens Olympic Stadium) in Athens and currently builds its new stadium in the same place where Nikos Goumas Stadium used to stand. The Olympic Athletic Center of Athens, also known as OAKA, is one of the most complete European athletic complexes.The Olympic Athletic Center of Athens hosted the Mediterranean Games in 1991, the World Championship in Athletics in 1997, the 1994 and 2007 UEFA Champions League Finals, as well as other important athletic and cultural events, the most significant of which remains the Summer Olympics in 2004.Construction on an all new purpose built stadium began on 28 July 2017 in the site of the old Nikos Goumas stadium. It will have a capacity of approximately 30,000 fans and will feature a unique underground road system which the teams will use to enter the studium. Construction has suffered from major delays due to the local authorities taking too long on confirming certain proposals concerning the stadium's road system but construction of the system has finally began as of March 2020. Construction is set to be completed sometime in 2021 and it is considered a giant step in reinstating the club as Greece's finest.Since December 2010, AEK has been using state-of-the-art facilities in an area of 144 acres in the Mazareko area in Spata. Previously owned by Nicholas X. Notias, it is the most expensive (with a total cost around €25m) and one of the biggest training centers in Greece. These facilities include two lawns with natural turf and one with plastic for the needs of the Academies (which was created in 2013 with a viewing platform for spectators) and all the necessary and well-equipped areas for the preparation of a team with modern instruments. A standard football studio, one of the most complete in Greece. The main building of the center hosts offices of the club, a press room, and the players' rooms. The training ground is used by the first team and youth teams. The Spata Training Centre includes state-of-the-art facilities, a fitness and health center with weight-training and fitness rooms, a cryotherapy center and more. There are also plans for an AEK Museum, hotel, aquatic center and two more soccer fields. From 2013 and on, AEK training center services have been upgraded dramatically. The players of the team work daily in an environment with all the necessary infrastructure, while in the last few months they have at their disposal in the basement of the building a treatment center with the most modern means. Even the young athletes of the Academies work in facilities that very few Academies have in Greece. But the outlook is even more impressive. Since 2014, the official name of the ground is "OPAP Sports Centre". On 4 July 2018, the Sports Centre came to auction which was bought by Dimitrios Melissanidis for a price of €3.5m and then donated it to AEK. Alongside the Sports Centre, Melissanidis also bought 70 hectares for an extra €5.5m which were added to the wider area of the existing training center and there will be additional stadiums along with the necessary additional facilities for the preparation of the team and for the hospitality of the players.AEK Athens has a large fan base across all of Greece and is the third most popular Greek football team in relation to their fan base. According to Sky Sports AEK have around 15% of all Greek football fans. Another fan poll also has AEK as third most supported team in Greece with again 15% of Greek football fans supporting the club. AEK's fan base in Greece is believed to be over a million with various researches suggesting AEK have an estimated fan base between 1.1 – 1.35 million fans in Greece. AEK Athens traditional fanbase comes from the area of Nea Filadelfeia, where the club is based, as well as a good part of the rest of the Athens area. AEK have a strong following in the Greek diaspora especially in Cyprus where the club has a large following with a recent fan poll from Kerkida.net having AEK as second most popular Greek supported team in Cyprus behind Panathinaikos (34%) but ahead of Olympiacos (23%) with AEK having 27% of Cypriot football fans supporting the club. One of the main reasons AEKs popularity in Cyprus is large making them ahead of Olympiacos the most popular Greek team in Greece is due to the fact AEK are a refugee club which many Greek Cypriots are after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and due to this many Greek Cypriots can relate to the similar history of AEKs being a refugee club. AEK have also a strong following in Australia, US and Germany.The most hardcore supporters of AEK are Original 21, which is the largest group fan organisation of the club and are known for their loyal and passionate support.A so-called "triangle of brotherhood" has developed between the largest left-wing fan clubs of AEK, Marseille and Livorno. The connection is mostly an ideological one.Also, AEK's and St. Pauli's left-wing fans, have a strong friendship and their connection is mostly for ideological reasons.AEK's club anthem, Embrós tis AEK Palikária (Advance AEK's Lads), was composed by Stelios Kazantzidis. The lyrics were written by Christos Kolokotronis. The most-popular version of the anthem is sung by ex-football player Mimis Papaioannou.AEK’s club anthemAEK FC's biggest rivalries are with Panathinaikos and Olympiacos.Against their city neighbours Panathinaikos, they contest the Athens local football derby. The rivalry started not only because of both competing for the major titles, but also because of the refugee ancestry of a big part of AEK fans and, by contrast, that Panathinaikos was considered in general the representative of the Athenian high class society.The rivalry with Piraeus based club Olympiacos stems from the rivalry between two of the most successful Greek football clubs. The rivalry was particularly inflamed after 1996, when AEK former star player and then-manager Dušan Bajević moved to Olympiacos, and most recently after the controversial 2007–08 Super League which was awarded to Olympiacos.Leagues:Cups:Source: AEK Athens F.C.Best campaignsAEK has a remarkable tradition in strikers and goal-scoring players. 14 different teams' players, 24 times overall, have finished the season as the top scorer in the Super League.AEK, through its history, has highlighted some of the greatest Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the Greek national team (Papaioannou, Nestoridis, Mavros, Tsiartas, Nikolaidis, etc.).Seven players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004:A total of 110 players of AEK had played for the Greek national team up to 6 June 2021.Only competitive matches are counted. Wins, losses and draws are results at the final whistle; the results of penalty shootouts are not counted.Official websitesNews sitesMediaOther
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[
"Matías Almeyda CR7",
"Manuel Jiménez Jiménez",
"Nikos Kostenoglou"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team A.E.K. Athens F.C. in 22-Jun-202222-June-2022?
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June 22, 2022
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{
"text": [
"Sokratis Ofrydopoulos"
]
}
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L2_Q201584_P286_2
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Manuel Jiménez Jiménez is the head coach of A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Dec, 2020 to Jun, 2021.
Sokratis Ofrydopoulos is the head coach of A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Mar, 2022 to Jun, 2022.
Nikos Kostenoglou is the head coach of A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Aug, 2019 to Dec, 2019.
Matías Almeyda CR7 is the head coach of A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
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AEK Athens F.C.A.E.K. Athens Football Club ( ; Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως; "Athlitikí Énosis Konstadinoupόleos", meaning "Athletic Union of Constantinople") is a Greek professional football club based in Nea Filadelfeia, a suburb of Athens, Greece.Established in Athens in 1924 by Greek refugees from Constantinople in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), AEK is one of the three most successful teams in Greek football (including Olympiacos and Panathinaikos), winning 30 national titles and the only oneto have won all the competitions organised by the Hellenic Football Federation (12 Championships, 15 Greek Cups, 1 League Cup and 2 Super Cups).The club has appeared several times in European competitions (UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and the defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup). It is the only Greek team that advanced to the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup (1976–77) and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup twice (1996–97 and 1997–98).AEK was also the first Greek team that advanced to the quarter-finals of the European Cup (1968–69) and also to the group stage of the UEFA Champions League (1994–95).The large Greek population of Constantinople, not unlike those of the other Ottoman urban centres, continued its athletic traditions in the form of numerous athletic clubs. Clubs such as Énosis Tatávlon () and Iraklís () from the Tatavla district, Mégas Aléxandros () and Ermís () of Galata, and Olympiás () of Therapia existed to promote Hellenic athletic and cultural ideals. These were amongst a dozen Greek-backed clubs that dominated the sporting landscape of the city in the years preceding World War I. After the war, with the influx of mainly French and British soldiers to Constantinople, many of the city's clubs participated in regular competition with teams formed by the foreign troops. Taxim, Pera, and Tatavla became the scene of weekly competitions in not only football, but also athletics, cycling, boxing, and tennis.Of the clubs in the city, football was dominated by Énosis Tatávlon and Ermís. Ermís, one of the most popular sports clubs, was formed in 1875 by the Greek community of Pera (Galata). Known as "Pera" since the mid 1880s, and "The Greek Football Team" when its football department was formed in 1914, it was forced to change its name to "Pera Sports Club", and then "Beyoğluspor Kulübü" in 1923. Many of its athletes, and those of most other sporting clubs, fled during the population exchanges at the end of the Greco-Turkish War, and settled in Athens and Thessaloniki.In 1924, the founders of AEK – a group of Constantinopolitan refugees (among them former athletes from the Pera Sports Club and the other Constantinopolitan clubs) – met at the athletic shop "Lux" of Emilios Ionas and Konstantinos Dimopoulos on Veranzerou Street, in the center of Athens, and created AEK. Their intention was to create a club that provided athletic and cultural diversions for the thousands of predominantly Constantinopolitan and Anatolian refugees who had settled in the new suburbs of Athens (including Nea Filadelfeia, Nea Ionia, Nea Chalkidona, Nea Smyrni).The first team of AEK was: "GK: Kitsos, DF: Ieremiadis, DF: Asderis, MF: Kechagias, MF: Paraskevas, MF: Dimopoulos, MF: Karagiannides, FW: Baltas, FW: Milas, FW: Iliades, and FW: Georgiades". AEK played its first match against "Aias Athinon" in November 1924, winning 2–0.AEK's football team grew rapidly in popularity during the 1920s, eclipsing the already-established Athens-based refugee clubs (Panionios, Apollon Smyrnis etc.), thanks mainly to the large pool of immigrants that were drawn to the club, the significance of the name "Constantinople" for many refugees and Greeks, plus, in no small part, to the political connections and wealth of several of the club's board members. Not possessing a football ground, AEK played most of its early matches at various locations around Athens, including the grounds of the Temple of Olympian Zeus and the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium.AEK's first president, Konstantinos Spanoudis (1871–1941), a journalist and associate of the Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, petitioned the government to set aside land for the establishment of a sports ground. In 1926, land in Nea Filadelfeia that was originally set aside for refugee housing, was donated as a training ground for the refugees' sports activities. AEK began using the ground for training, albeit unofficially.In 1928, Panathinaikos, Olympiacos and AEK began a dispute with the fledgling Hellenic Football Federation (EPO), decided to break away from the Athens regional league, and formed an alliance called POK (from their initial letters, K was for AEK: "Konstantinoupόleos"). During the dispute, POK organised friendly matches against each other and several continental European clubs. In 1929, though, the dispute ended and AEK, along with the other POK clubs, entered the EPO fold once again.In 1930, the property where AEK trained was officially signed over to the club. Venizelos soon approved the plans to build what was to become AEK's home ground for the next 70 years, the Nikos Goumas Stadium. The first home game, in November 1930, was an exhibition match against Olympiacos that ended in a 2–2 draw.In 1932, AEK won their first Greek Cup title, beating Aris 5–3 in the final. The team boasted a number of star football players like Kostas Negrepontis (a veteran of the original Pera Club of Constantinople), Kleanthis Maropoulos, Tryfon Tzanetis, Michalis Delavinias, Giorgos Mageiras, and Spyros Sklavounos.The club's mixed success during the 1930s was highlighted by the first Greek Championship and Greek Cup (making the Double) in 1939. Under former player Kostas Negrepontis as head coach, AEK also won the Greek Championship of 1940.With Kostas Nestoridis scoring goals in the early 1960s (top goalscorer for 5 seasons in row, from 1958 to 1963), and the timely signing of attacker Mimis Papaioannou (all-time top goalscorer and appearances recordman of the club) in 1962, AEK went on to win the 1962–63 championship. Known affectionately as "Mimis" by the AEK supporters, Papaioannou scored twice in the 1963 playoff against Panathinaikos, levelling the scores at 3–3 and giving AEK its first post-war championship on goal aggregate. Coached by Hungarian-German Jenő Csaknády, the championship team also consisted of Stelios Serafidis, Miltos Papapostolou, and Andreas Stamatiadis. Youngsters like Alekos Sofianidis, Stelios Skevofilakas, Giorgos Petridis and Manolis Kanellopoulos also played a significant role in the victorious 1963 campaign.The club followed up with Cup victories in 1964 and 1966. With the return of Csaknády to the coach's position in 1968 and with the addition of some great players like Kostas Nikolaidis, Giorgos Karafeskos, Panagiotis Ventouris, Fotis Balopoulos, Spyros Pomonis, Alekos Iordanou, Nikos Stathopoulos and Andreas Papaemmanouil, AEK easily won the championship of 1967–68.In the 1968–69 season AEK, with new Serbian coach Branko Stanković, became the first Greek football club to reach the quarter-finals of the European Champions Cup, but was eliminated by the Czechoslovakian Spartak Trnava.The addition of goalkeeper Stelios Konstantinidis and Apostolos Toskas reinforced the team, and allowed AEK to take its fifth championship title in 1971.AEK also won the unofficial Greek Super Cup of 1971, beating Olympiacos 4–2 on penalty kicks after 2 draws (2–2 at Piraeus and 1–1 at Nea Filadelfeia). Mavros, Eleftherakis, and Ardizoglou were part of the AEK outfit that dominated the Greek league in the late 1970s.Loukas Barlos, a successful industrialist, took over the presidency and financial support of AEK in 1974, and with the help of coach František Fadrhonc built one of the finest teams in the club's history. The Barlos "Golden Era" saw some of the greatest players ever to have played for AEK: Christos Ardizoglou, Giorgos Dedes, Giorgos Skrekis, the Germans Walter Wagner and Timo Zahnleiter, Dionysis Tsamis, Pantelis Nikolaou, Petros Ravousis, Dušan Bajević, Takis Nikoloudis, Stefanos Theodoridis, Babis Intzoglou and Nikos Christidis.Captained by Papaioannou in the 1976–1977 season, AEK reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup competition, the first Greek football club to do so. Beating Dynamo Moscow (Russia) 2–0, Derby County (U.K.) 2–0 and 3–2, Red Star Belgrade (Yugoslavia) 2–0, and QPR (U.K.) 3–0 and 7–6 on penalties, AEK were eventually eliminated by Gianni Agnelli's Juventus. Juventus went on to win their first European title.It was during this period that AEK signed one of Greece's finest strikers, Thomas Mavros, the all-time top goalscorer in the Greek Championship. In following years, he and Dušan Bajević formed a formidable attacking duo for AEK. Mavros was an integral part of the team that reached the UEFA Cup semi-final in 1976, but it was his devastating form (top goal scorer of 1978 and 1979 – 22 and 31 goals, respectively) that helped AEK to win the 1977–78 Championship-Cup double. The addition of former Panathinaikos stars Domazos and Eleftherakis to the AEK roster, the following year, saw the club cap off their most successful decade to-date by winning the 1979 Championship.Under the leadership of Loukas Barlos, the Nikos Goumas Stadium was finally completed with the addition of the iconic "covered stand", or "Skepasti" (), which eventually became home to the most fanatic of AEK supporter groups, "Original 21". The next generation of star players, fresh out of AEK's Academy, made their debut during this period: Stelios Manolas, Spyros Ikonomopoulos, Vangelis Vlachos, and Lysandros Georgamlis.With new president Michalis Arkadis and Austrian head coach Helmut Senekowitsch, AEK won the 1983 Greek Cup, beating PAOK 2–0 in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. Thomas Mavros and Vangelis Vlachos were the goalscorers.AEK also chased the elusive Championship title and it finally came in 1989. Coached by former player Dušan Bajević, AEK clinched the title after a winning a crucial match 1–0 against Olympiacos at the Athens Olympic Stadium. Takis Karagiozopoulos scored the goal that gave AEK its first Championship after ten years. AEK won also the Greek Super Cup of 1989, beating Panathinaikos on penalties after the match ended in a 1–1 draw.After the 1989 triumphs, under Bajević, AEK built what was to become one of the most successful teams in its history. Captained by Stelios Manolas, the team, which included Toni Savevski, Daniel Batista, Vaios Karagiannis, Vasilis Dimitriadis, Giorgos Savvidis, Alexis Alexandris, Vasilis Tsiartas, Michalis Kasapis, Refik Šabanadžović and Vasilis Borbokis dominated the Greek league through the 1990s with three successive Championship titles (1992, 1993, and 1994). AEK won the only Greek League Cup ever organised in 1990 (beating Olympiacos 3–2).In 1994–95, AEK was the first Greek football club that participated in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League after defeating Scottish champions Rangers; AEK was eliminated by Ajax Amsterdam and AC Milan, who made it to the final. With Michalis Trochanas as president and Dušan Bajević as coach, the club won the Greek Cup in 1996.Former player Petros Ravousis took over the coaching position when Dušan Bajević defected to Olympiacos at the end of 1996. Ravousis led the team to its second Super Cup in 1996, and its eleventh Cup title in 1997, beating Panathinaikos in both finals.By far AEK's most successful run with titles, the period also saw the club sign Temur Ketsbaia and several young, talented players like Demis Nikolaidis, Christos Kostis, Christos Maladenis and Akis Zikos. Nikolaidis, in particular, an AEK fan since childhood, declined more lucrative offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos to sign for his beloved club. During the 1996–97 and 1997–98 seasons, AEK progressed to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, where they were eliminated by Paris Saint-Germain and Lokomotiv Moscow.In 1999, ex-president Dimitris Melissanidis organised a friendly match against FK Partizan in Belgrade, during the height of the NATO bombing of Serbia. As a gesture of compassion and solidarity towards the embattled Serbs, the AEK players and management staff defied the international embargo and traveled to Belgrade for the match. The game ended 1–1, when after 60 minutes thousands of Serbian football fans invaded the pitch to embrace the footballers.AEK won its twelfth Cup title in 2000 under coach Giannis Pathiakakis, defeating Ionikos 3–0 in the final (37' Nikolaidis,77' Petkov,82' Maladenis). The club continued its consistency in the Championship of 2001–02, finishing second by goal aggregate to Olympiacos, and beating Olympiacos in the Greek Cup final.Dušan Bajević returned as coach in the summer of 2002, a move that sparked open hostility towards Bajević from a section of AEK supporters. A strong team, called "Dream Team" by the fans, was created with players like Kostas Katsouranis, Ilija Ivić, Dionisis Chiotis, Vasilis Borbokis, Grigoris Georgatos, Theodoros Zagorakis, Walter Centeno, Michalis Kapsis, Michel Kreek, Vasilis Lakis, Vasilis Tsiartas (who returned from Sevilla), Ioannis Okkas, Nikos Liberopoulos and Demis Nikolaidis.Under Bajević, AEK progressed through the qualifying rounds in the 2002 UEFA Champions League by eliminating APOEL. Drawn in Group A with AS Roma, Real Madrid, and Racing Genk, AEK with good performances drew all their games and were knocked out of the competition. They continued to UEFA Cup, eliminating Maccabi Haifa (4–0, 4–1) before being knocked out by Málaga CF.Off the field, president Makis Psomiadis (died 6 January 2016) caused many problems for AEK and with his mismanagement overcharged the club. Also, with the assistance of his bodyguards, he allegedly assaulted captain Demis Nikolaidis and other players.After the altercation, and partly due to the club's growing financial problems, Nikolaidis was let on free transfer by mutual consent to Atlético Madrid. Unable to cope with the negativity from a large section of AEK fans, Bajević resigned in 2004 after a match against Iraklis.In 2004, Demis Nikolaidis and other significant AEK followers formed a supporters' club Enosis 1924 (Union 1924) to motivate all AEK supporters into taking up the club's shares and governance. The project was not fully realised because, in the meantime, various businessmen decided to buy shares and invest money in the club. However, to this date, Enosis 1924's chairman is member of the AEK FC board. The same year, Nikos Goumas Stadium, AEK's home stadium for over 70 years was demolished, because a big part of it was beaten from 1999 Athens earthquake.In 2004, on the back of strong AEK fan support, Nikolaidis, at the head of a consortium of businessmen, bought out the beleaguered club and became the new president. His primary task was to lead AEK out of its precarious financial position. The first success was an arrangement through the Greek judicial system to write off most of the massive debt that previous club administrators had amassed, and to repay any remaining public debts in manageable installments.Securing the club's existence in the Alpha Ethniki, Nikolaidis then began a program to rebuild AEK to its former glory. He appointed experienced former player Ilija Ivić as technical director and brought back Fernando Santos as coach. The AEK fans, emboldened by Nikolaidis' efforts, followed suit by buying season ticket packages in record numbers (over 17,000).AEK recruited promising young players to strengthen a depleted team. Led by the experienced Katsouranis and Liberopoulos, and featuring Brazilian Júlio César, the club made it to the Greek Cup final for the seventh time in 13 years, but finished second in the Championship, and in the process, secured a place in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League. For the 2006–07 season, former Real Betis coach Lorenzo Serra Ferrer was appointed to the coaching position after Fernando Santos' contract was not renewed.By beating Hearts over both legs (2–1 in Scotland and 3–0 in Greece), AEK progressed to the group stage of the Champions League. The club obtained a total of 8 points, having beaten AC Milan 1–0, Lille 1–0, and managing two draws with Anderlecht (1–1 in Greece and 2–2 in Belgium). AEK finished second in the Greek Super League, qualifying again for the third round in the UEFA Champions League.For the 2007–08 season AEK changed kit sponsors from Adidas to Puma. They played with Sevilla FC in the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round. The first leg was played on 15 August, away at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, where AEK was defeated by 2 goals, and the second leg played on 3 September, at the Athens Olympic Stadium where AEK lost again by 1–4.AEK completed the signings of Brazilian legend Rivaldo, after he was let free from Olympiacos, Rodolfo Arruabarrena, Charis Pappas, and Argentine striker Ismael Blanco. Traianos Dellas was rewarded with a new contract, keeping him at the club until summer 2009. On 25 August, the Super League and EPO decided to postpone the opening season's games due to the fire disaster in the Peloponnese.After being eliminated from the UEFA Champions League, AEK were drawn to play against FC Salzburg for the UEFA Cup. On 20 September, in Athens, AEK defeated FC Salzburg 3–0. In the second leg, played in Salzburg on 4 October, AEK lost the match but still went through 3–1 on aggregate. On 9 October, AEK were drawn in Group C in the UEFA Cup group stage along with Villarreal, Fiorentina, Mladá Boleslav, and Elfsborg. On 25 October, AEK kicked off the group stage with a 1–1 draw away to Elfsborg. On 29 November, AEK again drew 1–1, this time at home to Fiorentina. On 5 December, AEK won Mladá Boleslav 1–0 away and on 20 December, AEK was home defeated 1–2 by Villarreal CF, but finally booked a place in the knockout stage of the UEFA Cup by finishing third in the group. They were then drawn against Getafe CF in the third round (phase of 32). AEK advanced to the third round of UEFA Cup for the second consecutive season.On 12 February, AEK parted company with Llorenç Serra Ferrer after a poor run of form and unsuccessful signings and replaced him with former player Nikos Kostenoglou, on a caretaker basis. The team initially finished in first place in the league, but after the court case between Apollon Kalamarias and Olympiacos for the illegal usage of a player in the 1–0 Apollon Kalamarias win earlier in the season, Olympiacos was awarded 3 points, thus finishing 2 points ahead of AEK.President Demis Nikolaidis and several other managers and chairmen were angered with the court's decision, stating that the Hellenic Football Federation knew about the usage of the illegal player prior to the game and had indeed issued a registration (blue card), but didn't do anything about it. Panathinaikos also challenged the result at the Court of Arbitration in Sport (CAS) with no success, as the Hellenic Federation did not support the claim. Rivaldo had stated his intention to leave Greece if the ruling went in favour of Olympiacos and AEK were not declared champions. He stated, "a team that was not good enough to win the title on the pitch does not deserve the trophy."Giorgos Donis was appointed head coach of AEK on 14 May. His reign at the club did not go well. It all began when AEK failed to surpass AC Omonia in the UEFA Cup second qualifying round, which meant their elimination from European competitions for the season. Rivaldo asked to leave the club to sign for Bunyodkor on 27 August.The league campaign started very well after a win over rivals Panathinaikos in the opening game of the season, but poor performances and results from then on left AEK in a difficult situation. Head coach Donis was eager to leave the club, but president Nikolaidis did not allow him to leave. Nevertheless, Nikolaidis left due to disappointing results and after a controversy with the club's supporters, Original 21, leaving the presidency temporarily to the members of the board of directors, Nikos Koulis, and Takis Kanellopoulos.However, the series of disappointing results continued, bringing anger and insecure situations for everyone on the team. The first to be hit by this wave of disappointment and upset with the team council was coach Donis, who was asked to leave the team. On 21 November 2008, AEK hired Dušan Bajević as head coach for third time. However, after a while, Takis Kanellopoulos left the club, as he sparked a rivalry with Bajević.On 4 February 2009, Nikos Thanopoulos was elected as the 41st president of AEK FC. Bajević brought some much-needed stability to the club, and performances on the pitch improved vastly towards the end of the season, culminating in AEK's progression to the Greek Cup final against Olympiacos which was played on 2 May 2009, at Athens Olympic Stadium. AEK lost in the final 14–15 on penalties. AEK finished the regular season in fourth position, thus qualifying for the season's playoffs, in which they eventually finished second, just missing out on UEFA Champions League qualification.In the summer transfer period of 2010, AEK, despite being low on budget, managed to reinforce its ranks with many notable players. Club idols Nikos Liberopoulos and Traianos Dellas signed the last one-year contracts of their careers, and many new and experienced players signed to AEK, the most notable of whom were Papa Bouba Diop, Cristian Nasuti, and Christos Patsatzoglou. AEK qualified for the 2010–11 Europa League group stage after defeating Dundee United 2–1 on aggregate.On 7 October 2010, Manolo Jiménez agreed to a two-year deal and took over for Bajević.On 30 April 2011, AEK won the Greek Cup for the 14th time, defeating 3–0 Atromitos at the final.To compensate for the departures of Nacho Scocco, Papa Bouba Diop, Sebastián Saja, and Ismael Blanco in the summer of 2011, AEK signed the captain of Iceland Eiður Guðjohnsen, and Colombian international Fabián Vargas. Due to financial problems, on 25 June 2012, AEK's legend Thomas Mavros took the club's management and on 1 August 2012, became president in an effort to save the club from financial disaster. Many other former AEK players like Vasilis Tsiartas, Mimis Papaioannou, Kostas Nestoridis, Christos Kostis, Vangelis Vlachos, Christos Arvanitis, and Giorgos Karafeskos were hired to help the club return to its previous glory days. Due to bad results, on 30 September 2012, Vangelis Vlachos was fired and Ewald Lienen hired as AEK's head coach. On 9 April 2013, Lienen was fired after disappointing results and AEK hired Traianos Dellas as head coach with Vasilis Borbokis and Akis Zikos for assistants.On 19 April 2013, a Super League disciplinary committee voted to remove 3 points from AEK and award Panthrakikos a 3–0 win, after fans stormed the pitch and chased players from the field during the AEK–Panthrakikos match on 14 April 2013. As a result, AEK were relegated from the Super League to the second-tier Football League for the first time in their history. In addition, AEK were to start their Football League campaign with minus 2 points.On 7 June 2013, during an AEK council, it was decided that AEK FC would become an amateur football club and would not participate in the Football League division for the 2013–14 season, preferring instead, to self-relegate and participate in the Football League 2 division and start from scratch. On the same day Dimitris Melissanidis, the former-president of the club, became administrative leader of the club, under the supervision of Amateur AEK, with the aim of saving the club. Along with other notable AEK fans and old players, they went on to create the non-profit association Independent Union of Friends of AEK (; "Anexártiti Énosi Fίlon AEK") which took the majority stake of the football club.AEK began its revival by finishing top of their group in the third division of the amateur Football League 2 division with a record of 23 wins, 3 draws, and only one defeat. Thus, AEK participated in the Football League division for the 2014–15 season, where they again finished in first place, having only 2 draws and no defeats in the regular season. AEK successfully finished first in the playoffs and gained promotion back to the top tier, the Greek Super League.On 20 October 2015, Traianos Dellas was forced to resign as a result of a dispute with the board, and a heavy 4–0 away loss to Olympiacos. Stelios Manolas was named interim coach and later Gus Poyet was appointed as new head coach. On 19 April, Poyet resigned, leaving Stelios Manolas as interim coach again. Manolas managed to guide AEK to a 3rd-place finish in the league qualifying for the playoff round and also to their first piece of silverware since the 2010–11 season by lifting the Greek Cup, defeating Olympiacos in the final 2–1. With the postponement of the final on two separate occasions and the congested fixture list of the playoff round, it meant AEK were to play a fixture every three days, which evidently took its toll on the players, but they finished third in the play-offs and qualified for the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League Third Qualifying Round. The first season back in the top flight was considered a success with a trophy and qualification for European football next season, a return after a five-year hiatus.The second season started well apart from the 0–1 aggregate loss to AS Saint-Étienne in the Europa League qualifiers. In the first match of the season AEK defeated Xanthi 4–1. However, the decision was made to replace Temur Ketsbaia with José Morais; the decision was based on the team's stuttering start to the season, 3 wins, 2 draws and 2 losses, and poor displays. José's arrival, however, did not improve the team's results or performances, winning only three of his fourteen matches as manager. On 19 January 2017 former manager Manolo Jiménez was appointed as manager for the second time following José's resignation. Upon his appointment he got the team from 7th place up to a 4th-place finish, and first place in the European Playoffs, claiming second place in the league overall and qualifying for the UEFA Champions League Third qualifying round. Jiménez also guided the team to a second consecutive Greek Cup final where they faced PAOK in a controversial game marred by pre-match violence between the two sets of fans and a winning goal from an offside position.The third season back in the top flight began with a tough draw in the Champions League Third qualifying round versus CSKA Moscow losing 3–0 on aggregate. The loss meant AEK were demoted to the Europa League play-off round where they were pitted versus Belgians Club Brugge. A 0–0 draw in Brugge in the first leg and a 3–0 win in the return in Athens meant that AEK qualified for the group stages of a major European competition for the first time in 6 years. They were seeded in pot 4 and were drawn along with AC Milan, HNK Rijeka and Austria Wien. AEK would go on to qualify for the round of 32 undefeated, a statement that solidified their return as one of Europe's elite teams, with a record of 1 win and 5 draws, the most notable being the two back to back 0–0 draws versus AC Milan. In the Round of 32 AEK were drawn against Ukrainian giants Dynamo Kyiv. AEK were better than their opponents, but also were unlucky and lost after two draws and on away goal rule. The first match took place in Athens, with a 1–1 draw and the second game in Kyiv, finished 0–0. In April, AEK won their 12th Greek championship, by recording a 2–0 home win against Levadiakos in front of 60,000 fans. This was their first championship after 24 years. AEK were crowned champions in front of 14,500 of their fans in the last matchday against Apollon Smyrnis at Georgios Kamaras Stadium.2018–19 season was the season that AEK returned to the groups of the UEFA Champions League, for the 5th time in the club's history after eliminating Celtic (3–2 on aggregate) and MOL Vidi (3–2 on aggregate) in the qualifying stages.Led by former Panathinaikos' manager, Marinos Ouzounidis, AEK was drawn against Bayern Munich, Benfica and Ajax and failed to make an impact after losing all 6 matches in the group stage.Key-players Jakob Johansson, Lazaros Christodoulopoulos, Sergio Araujo and Ognjen Vranješ as well as manager Manolo Jiménez that were essential to the 2017–18 triumphant season left the club and most transfers failed to add up to the team. Greek international Marios Oikonomou and Argentine striker Ezequiel Ponce were the only newcomers that managed to make an impact to an overall disappointing season (3rd place, 23 points behind 1st PAOK and 18 points behind 2nd Olympiacos – third consecutive cup final loss from PAOK, 1–0)2017–18 season's champions, Ognjen Vranješ and Sergio Araujo returned to Athens, and some other notable additions are Portuguese international Nélson Oliveira and Serbian midfielder Nenad Krstičić. 2019–20 season started catastrophically, with an early Europa League elimination from Turkish side Trabzonspor (1–3 in Athens, 0–2 in Trabzon, 3–3 on aggregate) and disappointing domestic results. New manager, Miguel Cardoso was sacked quickly to be replaced with club's veteran player and manager, Nikos Kostenoglou who was also later replaced by Italian manager, Massimo Carrera.Under Carrera, AEK regained the confidence lost from the previous 1,5 years of bad results. Before the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic AEK was 3rd in the regular season and in the semi-finals of the Greek Cup (2–1 home victory against Aris in the first leg). Afterwards going on to make it to the final for the fifth time in a row. However, they lost the final 1–0 to Olympiacos F.C.After the draw for the Europa League third qualifying round, AEK Athens got VfL Wolfsburg at the Play-off round they won 2–1 at the Athens Olympic Stadium getting in the Group stage.However, AEK's campaign results in the Europa league as well as the first half of the domestic Superleague were lacklustre, the European campaign being one of their worst ever, only recording 1 win in the group stages. In December, Massimo Carrera was relieved of his duties and replaced by Manolo Jiménez, previous Super League and Greek Cup winner with AEK – his fourth term at the club.Source: AEK Athens F.C.In 1924, AEK adopted the image of a double-headed eagle (; Dikéfalos Aetós) as their emblem. Created by Greek refugees from Constantinople in the years following the Greco-Turkish War and subsequent population exchange, the emblem and colours (yellow and black) of AEK were chosen as a reminder of lost homelands; they represent the club's historical ties to Constantinople. The double-headed eagle is featured in the flag of the Greek Orthodox Church, whose headquarters are in Constantinople, and served as Imperial emblem under the Palaiologos dynasty, which was the last one to rule the Byzantine Empire.AEK's main emblem underwent numerous minor changes between 1924 and 1982. The design of the eagle on the shirt badge was often not identical to the design of the eagle depicted on official club correspondence, merchandise, and promotional material. All designs were considered "official" (in the broadest sense of the word), however, it was not until 1982 that an identifiable, copyrighted design was established as the club's official, and shirt badge. The emblem design was changed in 1989, again in 1993, and again in 2013 to the current design.The colours of yellow/gold and black were adopted from AEK's connections with Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire.AEK have always worn predominantly gold or yellow shirts and black shorts. An exception has been the unusual, but notable and popular among the fans, Kappa kits of the '90s which featured a big two-headed eagle motif across the kit.AEK's traditional away colours are all-black or all-white; on a few occasions, the club has introduced as a third kit a light blue, a silver, and even a dark red, or a tyrian purple ("porphyra"), a type of reddish purple, inspired by the war Byzantine flag and used also by the imperial dynasties of the Byzantine empire (Eastern Roman empire).Since June 1st 2021, AEK's kit has been manufactured by Nike. Previous manufacturers have been Adidas (1974–75, 1977–83 and 2005–07), Zita Hellas (1983–89), Diadora (1989–93), Basic (1993–95), Kappa (1995–2000),Puma (1975–77 and 2007–15) and Capelli (2018–21).Starting in 2015, the club's main shirt sponsors are OPAP, which also sponsored them in 2010–14. Previous shirt sponsors have been Citizen (1982–83), Nissan (1983–85), Ethniki Asfalistiki (1985–93 and 1995–96), Phoenix Asfaleies (1993–95), Geniki Bank (1996–98), Firestone (1999), Marfin Investment Group (1999–2001), Alpha Digital (2001–02), Piraeus Bank (2002–04), TIM (2004–06), LG (2006–08), Diners Club (2009–10), and Jeep (2014–15).Loukas Barlos, a successful bauxite Mine Owner, was also owner and president since 1974, and was in charge when Greek football turned professional in 1979. In 1981, due to health problems, he passed his shares to Andreas Zafeiropoulos. In 1982 the business shipping magnate Michalis Arkadis became president, aiming to reinforce financial support, with Zafeiropoulos holding the majority stake. In 1988, Zafeiropoulos placed Efstratios Gidopoulos in the presidency, and AEK managed to win their first championship in ten years.On 17 June 1992, the club passed to new owners. The business shipping magnate and oil tycoon Dimitris Melissanidis, together with Giannis Karras, took the majority stake and continued the successful and champion seasons.After an unsuccessful season, in 1995, they passed their shares to Michalis Trochanas, and with his turn a percentage to ENIC Group investment company. In 1999, NETMED, a Dutch media company, took over management of the club. A crisis period followed with mismanagement and many changes in the presidency. In 2004, ex-AEK player Demis Nikolaidis made a plan to progress with the reorganization and financial consolidation, and together with other investors (such as Nicholas X. Notias, Gikas Goumas, Takis Kanellopoulos, a shareholder of Titan Cement, and others) took the majority stake.The plan initially seemed to work, but the downfall continued. The team was relegated after the 2012–13 season for the first time in its history. In an effort to discharge the immense debt created by years of mismanagement, its directors chose for the team to compete in the third tier. On the same day Dimitris Melissanidis, the old president of the club, became administrative leader of AEK, under the supervision of the amateur AEK Later, together with other notable AEK fans and old players, they created the non-profit association "Union Friends of AEK" ("Enosi Filon AEK") which took the majority stake of the football club.In March 2015, AEK FC became the first Greek company that was listed in the Elite programme of the London Stock Exchange, a pan-European programme for ambitious high-growth businesses that was launched in 2012 at Borsa Italiana and following its success was rolled out in the UK in 2014, and the first Greek football club quoted on a stock exchange. Raffaele Jerusalmi, executive director of the board of directors of LSEG, stated: "We are delighted to welcome AEK to Elite programme". On 27 April 2015, AEK FC was selected for the honor of opening a session of the London Stock Exchange.Current sponsorships:Nikos Goumas Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Nea Filadelfeia (""New Philadelphia""), a northwestern suburb of Athens, Greece. It was used mostly for football matches and was the home stadium of AEK Athens FC. It was named after one-time club president, Nicholas Goumas, who contributed to its building and later upgrading. It served as AEK's home ground since 1930. The Nikos Goumas Stadium had severe damages from 1999's earthquake and in 2003 was demolished with the prospect to build a new stadium for AEK Athens FC. Unfortunately, prolonged obstruction, legal issues and tight deadlines lapsed this prospect until recently. The club now plays its home games in the 70,000-capacity "Spyros Louis" (Athens Olympic Stadium) in Athens and currently builds its new stadium in the same place where Nikos Goumas Stadium used to stand. The Olympic Athletic Center of Athens, also known as OAKA, is one of the most complete European athletic complexes.The Olympic Athletic Center of Athens hosted the Mediterranean Games in 1991, the World Championship in Athletics in 1997, the 1994 and 2007 UEFA Champions League Finals, as well as other important athletic and cultural events, the most significant of which remains the Summer Olympics in 2004.Construction on an all new purpose built stadium began on 28 July 2017 in the site of the old Nikos Goumas stadium. It will have a capacity of approximately 30,000 fans and will feature a unique underground road system which the teams will use to enter the studium. Construction has suffered from major delays due to the local authorities taking too long on confirming certain proposals concerning the stadium's road system but construction of the system has finally began as of March 2020. Construction is set to be completed sometime in 2021 and it is considered a giant step in reinstating the club as Greece's finest.Since December 2010, AEK has been using state-of-the-art facilities in an area of 144 acres in the Mazareko area in Spata. Previously owned by Nicholas X. Notias, it is the most expensive (with a total cost around €25m) and one of the biggest training centers in Greece. These facilities include two lawns with natural turf and one with plastic for the needs of the Academies (which was created in 2013 with a viewing platform for spectators) and all the necessary and well-equipped areas for the preparation of a team with modern instruments. A standard football studio, one of the most complete in Greece. The main building of the center hosts offices of the club, a press room, and the players' rooms. The training ground is used by the first team and youth teams. The Spata Training Centre includes state-of-the-art facilities, a fitness and health center with weight-training and fitness rooms, a cryotherapy center and more. There are also plans for an AEK Museum, hotel, aquatic center and two more soccer fields. From 2013 and on, AEK training center services have been upgraded dramatically. The players of the team work daily in an environment with all the necessary infrastructure, while in the last few months they have at their disposal in the basement of the building a treatment center with the most modern means. Even the young athletes of the Academies work in facilities that very few Academies have in Greece. But the outlook is even more impressive. Since 2014, the official name of the ground is "OPAP Sports Centre". On 4 July 2018, the Sports Centre came to auction which was bought by Dimitrios Melissanidis for a price of €3.5m and then donated it to AEK. Alongside the Sports Centre, Melissanidis also bought 70 hectares for an extra €5.5m which were added to the wider area of the existing training center and there will be additional stadiums along with the necessary additional facilities for the preparation of the team and for the hospitality of the players.AEK Athens has a large fan base across all of Greece and is the third most popular Greek football team in relation to their fan base. According to Sky Sports AEK have around 15% of all Greek football fans. Another fan poll also has AEK as third most supported team in Greece with again 15% of Greek football fans supporting the club. AEK's fan base in Greece is believed to be over a million with various researches suggesting AEK have an estimated fan base between 1.1 – 1.35 million fans in Greece. AEK Athens traditional fanbase comes from the area of Nea Filadelfeia, where the club is based, as well as a good part of the rest of the Athens area. AEK have a strong following in the Greek diaspora especially in Cyprus where the club has a large following with a recent fan poll from Kerkida.net having AEK as second most popular Greek supported team in Cyprus behind Panathinaikos (34%) but ahead of Olympiacos (23%) with AEK having 27% of Cypriot football fans supporting the club. One of the main reasons AEKs popularity in Cyprus is large making them ahead of Olympiacos the most popular Greek team in Greece is due to the fact AEK are a refugee club which many Greek Cypriots are after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and due to this many Greek Cypriots can relate to the similar history of AEKs being a refugee club. AEK have also a strong following in Australia, US and Germany.The most hardcore supporters of AEK are Original 21, which is the largest group fan organisation of the club and are known for their loyal and passionate support.A so-called "triangle of brotherhood" has developed between the largest left-wing fan clubs of AEK, Marseille and Livorno. The connection is mostly an ideological one.Also, AEK's and St. Pauli's left-wing fans, have a strong friendship and their connection is mostly for ideological reasons.AEK's club anthem, Embrós tis AEK Palikária (Advance AEK's Lads), was composed by Stelios Kazantzidis. The lyrics were written by Christos Kolokotronis. The most-popular version of the anthem is sung by ex-football player Mimis Papaioannou.AEK’s club anthemAEK FC's biggest rivalries are with Panathinaikos and Olympiacos.Against their city neighbours Panathinaikos, they contest the Athens local football derby. The rivalry started not only because of both competing for the major titles, but also because of the refugee ancestry of a big part of AEK fans and, by contrast, that Panathinaikos was considered in general the representative of the Athenian high class society.The rivalry with Piraeus based club Olympiacos stems from the rivalry between two of the most successful Greek football clubs. The rivalry was particularly inflamed after 1996, when AEK former star player and then-manager Dušan Bajević moved to Olympiacos, and most recently after the controversial 2007–08 Super League which was awarded to Olympiacos.Leagues:Cups:Source: AEK Athens F.C.Best campaignsAEK has a remarkable tradition in strikers and goal-scoring players. 14 different teams' players, 24 times overall, have finished the season as the top scorer in the Super League.AEK, through its history, has highlighted some of the greatest Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the Greek national team (Papaioannou, Nestoridis, Mavros, Tsiartas, Nikolaidis, etc.).Seven players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004:A total of 110 players of AEK had played for the Greek national team up to 6 June 2021.Only competitive matches are counted. Wins, losses and draws are results at the final whistle; the results of penalty shootouts are not counted.Official websitesNews sitesMediaOther
|
[
"Matías Almeyda CR7",
"Manuel Jiménez Jiménez",
"Nikos Kostenoglou"
] |
|
Where was Erich Bessel-Hagen educated in Dec, 1915?
|
December 12, 1915
|
{
"text": [
"Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium"
]
}
|
L2_Q1351957_P69_0
|
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1917.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920.
|
Erich Bessel-HagenErich Bessel-Hagen (12 September 1898 in Charlottenburg – 29 March 1946 in Bonn) was a German mathematician and a historian of mathematics.Erich Paul Werner Bessel-Hagen was born in 1898 in Charlottenburg, a suburb, later a district in Berlin. He studied at the University of Berlin where in 1920 he obtained a Ph.D in mathematics under the direction of Constantin Carathéodory.His reputation was that of a gentleman as well as a conscientious intellect. This was averred in the early 1940s, when the ruling Nazis increased their persecutions of German officials who have Jewish ancestry. After Felix Hausdorff (a professor 30 years his senior) had been retired and placed under restrictions, Bessel-Hagen became the only former colleague who visited him regularly. On noticing that Hausdorff used private math researches to while away time, he started bringing him books he had borrowed from a library which no longer welcomed Jews.
|
[
"Frederick William University",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Where was Erich Bessel-Hagen educated in 1915-12-12?
|
December 12, 1915
|
{
"text": [
"Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium"
]
}
|
L2_Q1351957_P69_0
|
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1917.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920.
|
Erich Bessel-HagenErich Bessel-Hagen (12 September 1898 in Charlottenburg – 29 March 1946 in Bonn) was a German mathematician and a historian of mathematics.Erich Paul Werner Bessel-Hagen was born in 1898 in Charlottenburg, a suburb, later a district in Berlin. He studied at the University of Berlin where in 1920 he obtained a Ph.D in mathematics under the direction of Constantin Carathéodory.His reputation was that of a gentleman as well as a conscientious intellect. This was averred in the early 1940s, when the ruling Nazis increased their persecutions of German officials who have Jewish ancestry. After Felix Hausdorff (a professor 30 years his senior) had been retired and placed under restrictions, Bessel-Hagen became the only former colleague who visited him regularly. On noticing that Hausdorff used private math researches to while away time, he started bringing him books he had borrowed from a library which no longer welcomed Jews.
|
[
"Frederick William University",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Where was Erich Bessel-Hagen educated in 12/12/1915?
|
December 12, 1915
|
{
"text": [
"Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium"
]
}
|
L2_Q1351957_P69_0
|
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1917.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920.
|
Erich Bessel-HagenErich Bessel-Hagen (12 September 1898 in Charlottenburg – 29 March 1946 in Bonn) was a German mathematician and a historian of mathematics.Erich Paul Werner Bessel-Hagen was born in 1898 in Charlottenburg, a suburb, later a district in Berlin. He studied at the University of Berlin where in 1920 he obtained a Ph.D in mathematics under the direction of Constantin Carathéodory.His reputation was that of a gentleman as well as a conscientious intellect. This was averred in the early 1940s, when the ruling Nazis increased their persecutions of German officials who have Jewish ancestry. After Felix Hausdorff (a professor 30 years his senior) had been retired and placed under restrictions, Bessel-Hagen became the only former colleague who visited him regularly. On noticing that Hausdorff used private math researches to while away time, he started bringing him books he had borrowed from a library which no longer welcomed Jews.
|
[
"Frederick William University",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Where was Erich Bessel-Hagen educated in Dec 12, 1915?
|
December 12, 1915
|
{
"text": [
"Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium"
]
}
|
L2_Q1351957_P69_0
|
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1917.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920.
|
Erich Bessel-HagenErich Bessel-Hagen (12 September 1898 in Charlottenburg – 29 March 1946 in Bonn) was a German mathematician and a historian of mathematics.Erich Paul Werner Bessel-Hagen was born in 1898 in Charlottenburg, a suburb, later a district in Berlin. He studied at the University of Berlin where in 1920 he obtained a Ph.D in mathematics under the direction of Constantin Carathéodory.His reputation was that of a gentleman as well as a conscientious intellect. This was averred in the early 1940s, when the ruling Nazis increased their persecutions of German officials who have Jewish ancestry. After Felix Hausdorff (a professor 30 years his senior) had been retired and placed under restrictions, Bessel-Hagen became the only former colleague who visited him regularly. On noticing that Hausdorff used private math researches to while away time, he started bringing him books he had borrowed from a library which no longer welcomed Jews.
|
[
"Frederick William University",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Where was Erich Bessel-Hagen educated in 12/12/1915?
|
December 12, 1915
|
{
"text": [
"Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium"
]
}
|
L2_Q1351957_P69_0
|
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1917.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920.
|
Erich Bessel-HagenErich Bessel-Hagen (12 September 1898 in Charlottenburg – 29 March 1946 in Bonn) was a German mathematician and a historian of mathematics.Erich Paul Werner Bessel-Hagen was born in 1898 in Charlottenburg, a suburb, later a district in Berlin. He studied at the University of Berlin where in 1920 he obtained a Ph.D in mathematics under the direction of Constantin Carathéodory.His reputation was that of a gentleman as well as a conscientious intellect. This was averred in the early 1940s, when the ruling Nazis increased their persecutions of German officials who have Jewish ancestry. After Felix Hausdorff (a professor 30 years his senior) had been retired and placed under restrictions, Bessel-Hagen became the only former colleague who visited him regularly. On noticing that Hausdorff used private math researches to while away time, he started bringing him books he had borrowed from a library which no longer welcomed Jews.
|
[
"Frederick William University",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Where was Erich Bessel-Hagen educated in 12-Dec-191512-December-1915?
|
December 12, 1915
|
{
"text": [
"Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium"
]
}
|
L2_Q1351957_P69_0
|
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1917.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Erich Bessel-Hagen attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920.
|
Erich Bessel-HagenErich Bessel-Hagen (12 September 1898 in Charlottenburg – 29 March 1946 in Bonn) was a German mathematician and a historian of mathematics.Erich Paul Werner Bessel-Hagen was born in 1898 in Charlottenburg, a suburb, later a district in Berlin. He studied at the University of Berlin where in 1920 he obtained a Ph.D in mathematics under the direction of Constantin Carathéodory.His reputation was that of a gentleman as well as a conscientious intellect. This was averred in the early 1940s, when the ruling Nazis increased their persecutions of German officials who have Jewish ancestry. After Felix Hausdorff (a professor 30 years his senior) had been retired and placed under restrictions, Bessel-Hagen became the only former colleague who visited him regularly. On noticing that Hausdorff used private math researches to while away time, he started bringing him books he had borrowed from a library which no longer welcomed Jews.
|
[
"Frederick William University",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in May, 2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine"
]
}
|
L2_Q656611_P54_3
|
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
|
Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier
|
[
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in 2004-05-16?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine"
]
}
|
L2_Q656611_P54_3
|
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
|
Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier
|
[
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in 16/05/2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine"
]
}
|
L2_Q656611_P54_3
|
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
|
Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier
|
[
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in May 16, 2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine"
]
}
|
L2_Q656611_P54_3
|
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
|
Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier
|
[
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in 05/16/2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine"
]
}
|
L2_Q656611_P54_3
|
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
|
Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier
|
[
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in 16-May-200416-May-2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine"
]
}
|
L2_Q656611_P54_3
|
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
|
Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier
|
[
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Apr, 1936?
|
April 04, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Juventus FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_2
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in 1936-04-04?
|
April 04, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Juventus FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_2
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in 04/04/1936?
|
April 04, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Juventus FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_2
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Apr 04, 1936?
|
April 04, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Juventus FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_2
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in 04/04/1936?
|
April 04, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Juventus FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_2
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in 04-Apr-193604-April-1936?
|
April 04, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Juventus FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_2
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Bernard Joy play for in Feb, 1932?
|
February 17, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Southend United F.C.",
"Casuals F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q305021_P54_2
|
Bernard Joy plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1947.
Bernard Joy plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Bernard Joy plays for Casuals F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1948.
Bernard Joy plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1936.
Bernard Joy plays for England national amateur football team from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1930.
Bernard Joy plays for Fulham F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934.
|
Bernard JoyBernard Joy (29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984) was an English footballer and journalist. He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team.Joy was born in Fulham, London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School. He studied at the University of London, playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half. After graduating, he played for Casuals, where he eventually became club captain, leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final. He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy.While still registered as a Casuals player, Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity, including Southend United (1931–33) and Fulham (1933–34). In May 1935 he joined Arsenal, then First Division champions. Joy mainly played as a reserve, only playing two games in his first season – he didn't make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers. Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final.However, he did gain recognition at international level soon after, when on 9 May 1936, he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium, making him the last amateur to play for the national side; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day, it is exceedingly unlikely Joy's record will ever be taken by another player. Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time, he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time, not Arsenal.Joy continued to play for Arsenal, mainly deputising for the Gunners' established centre-half Herbie Roberts. Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season, winning a First Division winners' medal, and then, with Roberts having retired from the game, on through the 1938-39 season (earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners' medal in the process).With the advent of World War II, Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor, though he still turned out for Arsenal (playing over 200 wartime matches) and won an unofficial wartime England cap. In June 1940, he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage.He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances.When peace broke out and first-class football resumed, he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age (35) was counting against him; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946, though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948. In all, he played 95 first-class (i.e. non-wartime) matches for Arsenal, though he never scored a goal.Before the war Joy was a teacher, but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism. Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star, one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s. He later moved to the "Evening Standard" and the "Sunday Express" as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976. He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club, "Forward, Arsenal!" (1952), and several other football books. He died in 1984, aged 72 of cancer. He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend.Winner:Winner:
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Fulham F.C.",
"England national amateur football team",
"England national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Bernard Joy play for in 1932-02-17?
|
February 17, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Southend United F.C.",
"Casuals F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q305021_P54_2
|
Bernard Joy plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1947.
Bernard Joy plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Bernard Joy plays for Casuals F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1948.
Bernard Joy plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1936.
Bernard Joy plays for England national amateur football team from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1930.
Bernard Joy plays for Fulham F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934.
|
Bernard JoyBernard Joy (29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984) was an English footballer and journalist. He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team.Joy was born in Fulham, London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School. He studied at the University of London, playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half. After graduating, he played for Casuals, where he eventually became club captain, leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final. He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy.While still registered as a Casuals player, Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity, including Southend United (1931–33) and Fulham (1933–34). In May 1935 he joined Arsenal, then First Division champions. Joy mainly played as a reserve, only playing two games in his first season – he didn't make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers. Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final.However, he did gain recognition at international level soon after, when on 9 May 1936, he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium, making him the last amateur to play for the national side; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day, it is exceedingly unlikely Joy's record will ever be taken by another player. Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time, he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time, not Arsenal.Joy continued to play for Arsenal, mainly deputising for the Gunners' established centre-half Herbie Roberts. Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season, winning a First Division winners' medal, and then, with Roberts having retired from the game, on through the 1938-39 season (earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners' medal in the process).With the advent of World War II, Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor, though he still turned out for Arsenal (playing over 200 wartime matches) and won an unofficial wartime England cap. In June 1940, he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage.He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances.When peace broke out and first-class football resumed, he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age (35) was counting against him; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946, though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948. In all, he played 95 first-class (i.e. non-wartime) matches for Arsenal, though he never scored a goal.Before the war Joy was a teacher, but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism. Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star, one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s. He later moved to the "Evening Standard" and the "Sunday Express" as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976. He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club, "Forward, Arsenal!" (1952), and several other football books. He died in 1984, aged 72 of cancer. He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend.Winner:Winner:
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Fulham F.C.",
"England national amateur football team",
"England national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Bernard Joy play for in 17/02/1932?
|
February 17, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Southend United F.C.",
"Casuals F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q305021_P54_2
|
Bernard Joy plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1947.
Bernard Joy plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Bernard Joy plays for Casuals F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1948.
Bernard Joy plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1936.
Bernard Joy plays for England national amateur football team from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1930.
Bernard Joy plays for Fulham F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934.
|
Bernard JoyBernard Joy (29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984) was an English footballer and journalist. He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team.Joy was born in Fulham, London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School. He studied at the University of London, playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half. After graduating, he played for Casuals, where he eventually became club captain, leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final. He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy.While still registered as a Casuals player, Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity, including Southend United (1931–33) and Fulham (1933–34). In May 1935 he joined Arsenal, then First Division champions. Joy mainly played as a reserve, only playing two games in his first season – he didn't make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers. Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final.However, he did gain recognition at international level soon after, when on 9 May 1936, he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium, making him the last amateur to play for the national side; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day, it is exceedingly unlikely Joy's record will ever be taken by another player. Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time, he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time, not Arsenal.Joy continued to play for Arsenal, mainly deputising for the Gunners' established centre-half Herbie Roberts. Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season, winning a First Division winners' medal, and then, with Roberts having retired from the game, on through the 1938-39 season (earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners' medal in the process).With the advent of World War II, Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor, though he still turned out for Arsenal (playing over 200 wartime matches) and won an unofficial wartime England cap. In June 1940, he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage.He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances.When peace broke out and first-class football resumed, he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age (35) was counting against him; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946, though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948. In all, he played 95 first-class (i.e. non-wartime) matches for Arsenal, though he never scored a goal.Before the war Joy was a teacher, but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism. Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star, one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s. He later moved to the "Evening Standard" and the "Sunday Express" as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976. He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club, "Forward, Arsenal!" (1952), and several other football books. He died in 1984, aged 72 of cancer. He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend.Winner:Winner:
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Fulham F.C.",
"England national amateur football team",
"England national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Bernard Joy play for in Feb 17, 1932?
|
February 17, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Southend United F.C.",
"Casuals F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q305021_P54_2
|
Bernard Joy plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1947.
Bernard Joy plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Bernard Joy plays for Casuals F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1948.
Bernard Joy plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1936.
Bernard Joy plays for England national amateur football team from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1930.
Bernard Joy plays for Fulham F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934.
|
Bernard JoyBernard Joy (29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984) was an English footballer and journalist. He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team.Joy was born in Fulham, London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School. He studied at the University of London, playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half. After graduating, he played for Casuals, where he eventually became club captain, leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final. He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy.While still registered as a Casuals player, Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity, including Southend United (1931–33) and Fulham (1933–34). In May 1935 he joined Arsenal, then First Division champions. Joy mainly played as a reserve, only playing two games in his first season – he didn't make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers. Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final.However, he did gain recognition at international level soon after, when on 9 May 1936, he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium, making him the last amateur to play for the national side; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day, it is exceedingly unlikely Joy's record will ever be taken by another player. Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time, he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time, not Arsenal.Joy continued to play for Arsenal, mainly deputising for the Gunners' established centre-half Herbie Roberts. Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season, winning a First Division winners' medal, and then, with Roberts having retired from the game, on through the 1938-39 season (earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners' medal in the process).With the advent of World War II, Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor, though he still turned out for Arsenal (playing over 200 wartime matches) and won an unofficial wartime England cap. In June 1940, he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage.He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances.When peace broke out and first-class football resumed, he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age (35) was counting against him; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946, though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948. In all, he played 95 first-class (i.e. non-wartime) matches for Arsenal, though he never scored a goal.Before the war Joy was a teacher, but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism. Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star, one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s. He later moved to the "Evening Standard" and the "Sunday Express" as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976. He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club, "Forward, Arsenal!" (1952), and several other football books. He died in 1984, aged 72 of cancer. He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend.Winner:Winner:
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Fulham F.C.",
"England national amateur football team",
"England national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Bernard Joy play for in 02/17/1932?
|
February 17, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Southend United F.C.",
"Casuals F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q305021_P54_2
|
Bernard Joy plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1947.
Bernard Joy plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Bernard Joy plays for Casuals F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1948.
Bernard Joy plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1936.
Bernard Joy plays for England national amateur football team from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1930.
Bernard Joy plays for Fulham F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934.
|
Bernard JoyBernard Joy (29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984) was an English footballer and journalist. He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team.Joy was born in Fulham, London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School. He studied at the University of London, playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half. After graduating, he played for Casuals, where he eventually became club captain, leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final. He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy.While still registered as a Casuals player, Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity, including Southend United (1931–33) and Fulham (1933–34). In May 1935 he joined Arsenal, then First Division champions. Joy mainly played as a reserve, only playing two games in his first season – he didn't make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers. Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final.However, he did gain recognition at international level soon after, when on 9 May 1936, he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium, making him the last amateur to play for the national side; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day, it is exceedingly unlikely Joy's record will ever be taken by another player. Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time, he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time, not Arsenal.Joy continued to play for Arsenal, mainly deputising for the Gunners' established centre-half Herbie Roberts. Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season, winning a First Division winners' medal, and then, with Roberts having retired from the game, on through the 1938-39 season (earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners' medal in the process).With the advent of World War II, Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor, though he still turned out for Arsenal (playing over 200 wartime matches) and won an unofficial wartime England cap. In June 1940, he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage.He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances.When peace broke out and first-class football resumed, he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age (35) was counting against him; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946, though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948. In all, he played 95 first-class (i.e. non-wartime) matches for Arsenal, though he never scored a goal.Before the war Joy was a teacher, but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism. Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star, one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s. He later moved to the "Evening Standard" and the "Sunday Express" as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976. He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club, "Forward, Arsenal!" (1952), and several other football books. He died in 1984, aged 72 of cancer. He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend.Winner:Winner:
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Fulham F.C.",
"England national amateur football team",
"England national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Bernard Joy play for in 17-Feb-193217-February-1932?
|
February 17, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Southend United F.C.",
"Casuals F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q305021_P54_2
|
Bernard Joy plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1947.
Bernard Joy plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Bernard Joy plays for Casuals F.C. from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1948.
Bernard Joy plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1936.
Bernard Joy plays for England national amateur football team from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1930.
Bernard Joy plays for Fulham F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934.
|
Bernard JoyBernard Joy (29 October 1911 – 18 July 1984) was an English footballer and journalist. He is notable for being the last amateur player to play for the England national football team.Joy was born in Fulham, London and educated at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School. He studied at the University of London, playing in his spare time for the university football side at centre half. After graduating, he played for Casuals, where he eventually became club captain, leading them to victory in the 1936 FA Amateur Cup final. He also won ten caps for the England amateur team and was captain of the Great Britain football side at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Bernard was father to Christopher Margaret and Karen Joy.While still registered as a Casuals player, Joy also played for several other clubs in an amateur capacity, including Southend United (1931–33) and Fulham (1933–34). In May 1935 he joined Arsenal, then First Division champions. Joy mainly played as a reserve, only playing two games in his first season – he didn't make his debut for Arsenal until 1 April 1936 against Bolton Wanderers. Arsenal won the FA Cup that season but Joy played no part in the final.However, he did gain recognition at international level soon after, when on 9 May 1936, he played for England in their 3–2 loss against Belgium, making him the last amateur to play for the national side; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day, it is exceedingly unlikely Joy's record will ever be taken by another player. Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time, he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time, not Arsenal.Joy continued to play for Arsenal, mainly deputising for the Gunners' established centre-half Herbie Roberts. Roberts suffered a broken leg in October 1937 and Joy took his place in the side for the remainder of the 1937-38 season, winning a First Division winners' medal, and then, with Roberts having retired from the game, on through the 1938-39 season (earning a 1938 Charity Shield winners' medal in the process).With the advent of World War II, Joy signed up to join the Royal Air Force where he was an PE instructor, though he still turned out for Arsenal (playing over 200 wartime matches) and won an unofficial wartime England cap. In June 1940, he was one of five Arsenal players who guested for Southampton in a victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage.He also appeared as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II making two appearances.When peace broke out and first-class football resumed, he played the first half of the 1946-47 season before deciding that his age (35) was counting against him; he retired from top-flight football in December 1946, though he carried on playing for Casuals until 1948. In all, he played 95 first-class (i.e. non-wartime) matches for Arsenal, though he never scored a goal.Before the war Joy was a teacher, but afterwards he decided not to return to the profession and moved into journalism. Joy began his career in journalism as a football writer on The Star, one of three London evening papers published in the 1940s. He later moved to the "Evening Standard" and the "Sunday Express" as football and lawn tennis correspondent until retirement in 1976. He also wrote one of the first histories of Arsenal Football Club, "Forward, Arsenal!" (1952), and several other football books. He died in 1984, aged 72 of cancer. He often held dinner parties at his house in Osterley which many footballing celebrities would attend.Winner:Winner:
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Fulham F.C.",
"England national amateur football team",
"England national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in Feb, 1996?
|
February 16, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Crystal Palace F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4919753_P54_0
|
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.
|
[
"Malmö FF",
"Panachaiki F.C.",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"GAIS",
"Kastoria F.C.",
"Apollon Smyrna F.C.",
"Aris Limassol F.C.",
"Veria F.C.",
"APEP F.C.",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in 1996-02-16?
|
February 16, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Crystal Palace F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4919753_P54_0
|
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.
|
[
"Malmö FF",
"Panachaiki F.C.",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"GAIS",
"Kastoria F.C.",
"Apollon Smyrna F.C.",
"Aris Limassol F.C.",
"Veria F.C.",
"APEP F.C.",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in 16/02/1996?
|
February 16, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Crystal Palace F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4919753_P54_0
|
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.
|
[
"Malmö FF",
"Panachaiki F.C.",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"GAIS",
"Kastoria F.C.",
"Apollon Smyrna F.C.",
"Aris Limassol F.C.",
"Veria F.C.",
"APEP F.C.",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in Feb 16, 1996?
|
February 16, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Crystal Palace F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4919753_P54_0
|
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.
|
[
"Malmö FF",
"Panachaiki F.C.",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"GAIS",
"Kastoria F.C.",
"Apollon Smyrna F.C.",
"Aris Limassol F.C.",
"Veria F.C.",
"APEP F.C.",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in 02/16/1996?
|
February 16, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Crystal Palace F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4919753_P54_0
|
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.
|
[
"Malmö FF",
"Panachaiki F.C.",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"GAIS",
"Kastoria F.C.",
"Apollon Smyrna F.C.",
"Aris Limassol F.C.",
"Veria F.C.",
"APEP F.C.",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in 16-Feb-199616-February-1996?
|
February 16, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Crystal Palace F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4919753_P54_0
|
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.
|
[
"Malmö FF",
"Panachaiki F.C.",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"GAIS",
"Kastoria F.C.",
"Apollon Smyrna F.C.",
"Aris Limassol F.C.",
"Veria F.C.",
"APEP F.C.",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in Mar, 2008?
|
March 26, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"AS Monaco FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_0
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"Empoli F.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"CF Badalona"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in 2008-03-26?
|
March 26, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"AS Monaco FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_0
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"Empoli F.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"CF Badalona"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in 26/03/2008?
|
March 26, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"AS Monaco FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_0
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"Empoli F.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"CF Badalona"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in Mar 26, 2008?
|
March 26, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"AS Monaco FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_0
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"Empoli F.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"CF Badalona"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in 03/26/2008?
|
March 26, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"AS Monaco FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_0
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"Empoli F.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"CF Badalona"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in 26-Mar-200826-March-2008?
|
March 26, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"AS Monaco FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_0
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"Empoli F.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"CF Badalona"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in Jun, 1994?
|
June 08, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"University of California, San Diego"
]
}
|
L2_Q6833643_P108_0
|
Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006.
Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan.
|
[
"North Carolina State University",
"New York University"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in 1994-06-08?
|
June 08, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"University of California, San Diego"
]
}
|
L2_Q6833643_P108_0
|
Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006.
Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan.
|
[
"North Carolina State University",
"New York University"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in 08/06/1994?
|
June 08, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"University of California, San Diego"
]
}
|
L2_Q6833643_P108_0
|
Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006.
Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan.
|
[
"North Carolina State University",
"New York University"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in Jun 08, 1994?
|
June 08, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"University of California, San Diego"
]
}
|
L2_Q6833643_P108_0
|
Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006.
Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan.
|
[
"North Carolina State University",
"New York University"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in 06/08/1994?
|
June 08, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"University of California, San Diego"
]
}
|
L2_Q6833643_P108_0
|
Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006.
Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan.
|
[
"North Carolina State University",
"New York University"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in 08-Jun-199408-June-1994?
|
June 08, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"University of California, San Diego"
]
}
|
L2_Q6833643_P108_0
|
Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006.
Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan.
|
[
"North Carolina State University",
"New York University"
] |
|
Which team did Jukka Sauso play for in Jun, 2005?
|
June 18, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Finland national football team",
"Örgryte IS"
]
}
|
L2_Q725661_P54_3
|
Jukka Sauso plays for Örgryte IS from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Jukka Sauso plays for FC Hämeenlinna from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Finland national football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jukka Sauso plays for Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Jukka Sauso plays for Jönköpings Södra IF from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jukka SausoJukka Sauso (born 20 June 1982 in Vaasa) is a Finnish footballer who currently plays for Jönköpings Södra IF in Sweden.Sauso is a big and strong central defender, but is often used as a last minute solution up front because of his notorious heading skills. When Sauso was playing for Örgryte IS in the Swedish Allsvenskan in 2006, he also started some matches as a striker.Sauso played for Vaasan Palloseura and FC Hämeenlinna in Veikkausliiga before moving to Sweden and Örgryte for the 2005 season. He was a big hit in his first season in Allsvenskan and was near to move to Wisła Kraków. After playing two seasons in Allsvenskan and a third in Superettan for Örgryte, he moved back to Finland for the 2008 season.Sauso was promoted to the senior squad of the Finnish national team in 2005. He was also a part of the Finland squad at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.
|
[
"Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi",
"Jönköpings Södra IF",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"FC Hämeenlinna"
] |
|
Which team did Jukka Sauso play for in 2005-06-18?
|
June 18, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Finland national football team",
"Örgryte IS"
]
}
|
L2_Q725661_P54_3
|
Jukka Sauso plays for Örgryte IS from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Jukka Sauso plays for FC Hämeenlinna from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Finland national football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jukka Sauso plays for Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Jukka Sauso plays for Jönköpings Södra IF from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jukka SausoJukka Sauso (born 20 June 1982 in Vaasa) is a Finnish footballer who currently plays for Jönköpings Södra IF in Sweden.Sauso is a big and strong central defender, but is often used as a last minute solution up front because of his notorious heading skills. When Sauso was playing for Örgryte IS in the Swedish Allsvenskan in 2006, he also started some matches as a striker.Sauso played for Vaasan Palloseura and FC Hämeenlinna in Veikkausliiga before moving to Sweden and Örgryte for the 2005 season. He was a big hit in his first season in Allsvenskan and was near to move to Wisła Kraków. After playing two seasons in Allsvenskan and a third in Superettan for Örgryte, he moved back to Finland for the 2008 season.Sauso was promoted to the senior squad of the Finnish national team in 2005. He was also a part of the Finland squad at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.
|
[
"Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi",
"Jönköpings Södra IF",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"FC Hämeenlinna"
] |
|
Which team did Jukka Sauso play for in 18/06/2005?
|
June 18, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Finland national football team",
"Örgryte IS"
]
}
|
L2_Q725661_P54_3
|
Jukka Sauso plays for Örgryte IS from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Jukka Sauso plays for FC Hämeenlinna from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Finland national football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jukka Sauso plays for Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Jukka Sauso plays for Jönköpings Södra IF from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jukka SausoJukka Sauso (born 20 June 1982 in Vaasa) is a Finnish footballer who currently plays for Jönköpings Södra IF in Sweden.Sauso is a big and strong central defender, but is often used as a last minute solution up front because of his notorious heading skills. When Sauso was playing for Örgryte IS in the Swedish Allsvenskan in 2006, he also started some matches as a striker.Sauso played for Vaasan Palloseura and FC Hämeenlinna in Veikkausliiga before moving to Sweden and Örgryte for the 2005 season. He was a big hit in his first season in Allsvenskan and was near to move to Wisła Kraków. After playing two seasons in Allsvenskan and a third in Superettan for Örgryte, he moved back to Finland for the 2008 season.Sauso was promoted to the senior squad of the Finnish national team in 2005. He was also a part of the Finland squad at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.
|
[
"Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi",
"Jönköpings Södra IF",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"FC Hämeenlinna"
] |
|
Which team did Jukka Sauso play for in Jun 18, 2005?
|
June 18, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Finland national football team",
"Örgryte IS"
]
}
|
L2_Q725661_P54_3
|
Jukka Sauso plays for Örgryte IS from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Jukka Sauso plays for FC Hämeenlinna from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Finland national football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jukka Sauso plays for Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Jukka Sauso plays for Jönköpings Södra IF from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jukka SausoJukka Sauso (born 20 June 1982 in Vaasa) is a Finnish footballer who currently plays for Jönköpings Södra IF in Sweden.Sauso is a big and strong central defender, but is often used as a last minute solution up front because of his notorious heading skills. When Sauso was playing for Örgryte IS in the Swedish Allsvenskan in 2006, he also started some matches as a striker.Sauso played for Vaasan Palloseura and FC Hämeenlinna in Veikkausliiga before moving to Sweden and Örgryte for the 2005 season. He was a big hit in his first season in Allsvenskan and was near to move to Wisła Kraków. After playing two seasons in Allsvenskan and a third in Superettan for Örgryte, he moved back to Finland for the 2008 season.Sauso was promoted to the senior squad of the Finnish national team in 2005. He was also a part of the Finland squad at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.
|
[
"Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi",
"Jönköpings Södra IF",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"FC Hämeenlinna"
] |
|
Which team did Jukka Sauso play for in 06/18/2005?
|
June 18, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Finland national football team",
"Örgryte IS"
]
}
|
L2_Q725661_P54_3
|
Jukka Sauso plays for Örgryte IS from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Jukka Sauso plays for FC Hämeenlinna from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Finland national football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jukka Sauso plays for Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Jukka Sauso plays for Jönköpings Södra IF from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jukka SausoJukka Sauso (born 20 June 1982 in Vaasa) is a Finnish footballer who currently plays for Jönköpings Södra IF in Sweden.Sauso is a big and strong central defender, but is often used as a last minute solution up front because of his notorious heading skills. When Sauso was playing for Örgryte IS in the Swedish Allsvenskan in 2006, he also started some matches as a striker.Sauso played for Vaasan Palloseura and FC Hämeenlinna in Veikkausliiga before moving to Sweden and Örgryte for the 2005 season. He was a big hit in his first season in Allsvenskan and was near to move to Wisła Kraków. After playing two seasons in Allsvenskan and a third in Superettan for Örgryte, he moved back to Finland for the 2008 season.Sauso was promoted to the senior squad of the Finnish national team in 2005. He was also a part of the Finland squad at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.
|
[
"Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi",
"Jönköpings Södra IF",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"FC Hämeenlinna"
] |
|
Which team did Jukka Sauso play for in 18-Jun-200518-June-2005?
|
June 18, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Finland national football team",
"Örgryte IS"
]
}
|
L2_Q725661_P54_3
|
Jukka Sauso plays for Örgryte IS from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Jukka Sauso plays for FC Hämeenlinna from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Jukka Sauso plays for Finland national football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jukka Sauso plays for Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Jukka Sauso plays for Jönköpings Södra IF from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jukka SausoJukka Sauso (born 20 June 1982 in Vaasa) is a Finnish footballer who currently plays for Jönköpings Södra IF in Sweden.Sauso is a big and strong central defender, but is often used as a last minute solution up front because of his notorious heading skills. When Sauso was playing for Örgryte IS in the Swedish Allsvenskan in 2006, he also started some matches as a striker.Sauso played for Vaasan Palloseura and FC Hämeenlinna in Veikkausliiga before moving to Sweden and Örgryte for the 2005 season. He was a big hit in his first season in Allsvenskan and was near to move to Wisła Kraków. After playing two seasons in Allsvenskan and a third in Superettan for Örgryte, he moved back to Finland for the 2008 season.Sauso was promoted to the senior squad of the Finnish national team in 2005. He was also a part of the Finland squad at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.
|
[
"Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi",
"Jönköpings Södra IF",
"Vaasan Palloseura",
"FC Hämeenlinna"
] |
|
Which team did Todor Kyuchukov play for in Jan, 2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Bansko"
]
}
|
L2_Q3530305_P54_11
|
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Makedonikos F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Elista from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Marek Dupnitsa from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC CSKA - Sofia from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bansko from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Sportist Svoge from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Kom-Minyor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for S.C. Beira-Mar from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Rodopa Smolyan from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for SK Sigma Olomouc from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bdin from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
|
Todor KyuchukovTodor Kyuchukov (; born 6 September 1978 in Parvomay) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
|
[
"Makedonikos F.C.",
"PFC CSKA - Sofia",
"FC Sportist Svoge",
"PFC Rodopa Smolyan",
"S.C. Beira-Mar",
"SK Sigma Olomouc",
"PFC Kom-Minyor",
"FC Bdin",
"PFC Marek Dupnitsa",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"FC Elista",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Todor Kyuchukov play for in 2011-01-01?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Bansko"
]
}
|
L2_Q3530305_P54_11
|
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Makedonikos F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Elista from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Marek Dupnitsa from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC CSKA - Sofia from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bansko from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Sportist Svoge from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Kom-Minyor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for S.C. Beira-Mar from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Rodopa Smolyan from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for SK Sigma Olomouc from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bdin from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
|
Todor KyuchukovTodor Kyuchukov (; born 6 September 1978 in Parvomay) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
|
[
"Makedonikos F.C.",
"PFC CSKA - Sofia",
"FC Sportist Svoge",
"PFC Rodopa Smolyan",
"S.C. Beira-Mar",
"SK Sigma Olomouc",
"PFC Kom-Minyor",
"FC Bdin",
"PFC Marek Dupnitsa",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"FC Elista",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Todor Kyuchukov play for in 01/01/2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Bansko"
]
}
|
L2_Q3530305_P54_11
|
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Makedonikos F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Elista from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Marek Dupnitsa from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC CSKA - Sofia from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bansko from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Sportist Svoge from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Kom-Minyor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for S.C. Beira-Mar from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Rodopa Smolyan from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for SK Sigma Olomouc from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bdin from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
|
Todor KyuchukovTodor Kyuchukov (; born 6 September 1978 in Parvomay) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
|
[
"Makedonikos F.C.",
"PFC CSKA - Sofia",
"FC Sportist Svoge",
"PFC Rodopa Smolyan",
"S.C. Beira-Mar",
"SK Sigma Olomouc",
"PFC Kom-Minyor",
"FC Bdin",
"PFC Marek Dupnitsa",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"FC Elista",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Todor Kyuchukov play for in Jan 01, 2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Bansko"
]
}
|
L2_Q3530305_P54_11
|
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Makedonikos F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Elista from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Marek Dupnitsa from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC CSKA - Sofia from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bansko from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Sportist Svoge from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Kom-Minyor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for S.C. Beira-Mar from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Rodopa Smolyan from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for SK Sigma Olomouc from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bdin from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
|
Todor KyuchukovTodor Kyuchukov (; born 6 September 1978 in Parvomay) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
|
[
"Makedonikos F.C.",
"PFC CSKA - Sofia",
"FC Sportist Svoge",
"PFC Rodopa Smolyan",
"S.C. Beira-Mar",
"SK Sigma Olomouc",
"PFC Kom-Minyor",
"FC Bdin",
"PFC Marek Dupnitsa",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"FC Elista",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Todor Kyuchukov play for in 01/01/2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Bansko"
]
}
|
L2_Q3530305_P54_11
|
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Makedonikos F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Elista from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Marek Dupnitsa from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC CSKA - Sofia from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bansko from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Sportist Svoge from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Kom-Minyor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for S.C. Beira-Mar from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Rodopa Smolyan from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for SK Sigma Olomouc from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bdin from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
|
Todor KyuchukovTodor Kyuchukov (; born 6 September 1978 in Parvomay) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
|
[
"Makedonikos F.C.",
"PFC CSKA - Sofia",
"FC Sportist Svoge",
"PFC Rodopa Smolyan",
"S.C. Beira-Mar",
"SK Sigma Olomouc",
"PFC Kom-Minyor",
"FC Bdin",
"PFC Marek Dupnitsa",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"FC Elista",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Which team did Todor Kyuchukov play for in 01-Jan-201101-January-2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Bansko"
]
}
|
L2_Q3530305_P54_11
|
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Makedonikos F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Elista from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Marek Dupnitsa from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC CSKA - Sofia from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bansko from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Sportist Svoge from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Kom-Minyor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for S.C. Beira-Mar from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for PFC Rodopa Smolyan from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for SK Sigma Olomouc from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Todor Kyuchukov plays for FC Bdin from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
|
Todor KyuchukovTodor Kyuchukov (; born 6 September 1978 in Parvomay) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
|
[
"Makedonikos F.C.",
"PFC CSKA - Sofia",
"FC Sportist Svoge",
"PFC Rodopa Smolyan",
"S.C. Beira-Mar",
"SK Sigma Olomouc",
"PFC Kom-Minyor",
"FC Bdin",
"PFC Marek Dupnitsa",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"FC Elista",
"Nea Salamis Famagusta FC"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in Feb, 1945?
|
February 26, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_2
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in 1945-02-26?
|
February 26, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_2
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in 26/02/1945?
|
February 26, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_2
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in Feb 26, 1945?
|
February 26, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_2
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in 02/26/1945?
|
February 26, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_2
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in 26-Feb-194526-February-1945?
|
February 26, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_2
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Enosis Neon Paralimni FC in Sep, 2017?
|
September 27, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Apostolos Makrides"
]
}
|
L2_Q959341_P286_1
|
Kostas Kaiafas is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from May, 2016 to Feb, 2017.
Apostolos Makrides is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jun, 2017 to Oct, 2017.
Marinos Satsias is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Carlos Alós Ferrer is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Sep, 2020 to Mar, 2021.
André Paus is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Oct, 2017 to Nov, 2018.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Apr, 2021 to May, 2021.
Čedomir Janevski is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jan, 2020 to May, 2020.
|
Enosis Neon Paralimni FCEnosis Neon Paralimni Football Club (, "Enosi Neon Paralimniou", "Youth Union of Paralimni") is a Cypriot football team from Paralimni. Currently playing in the first division, it holds home games at the Paralimni Municipal Stadium "Tasos Marcou", which holds 5,800 people.Enosis Neon Paralimniou was founded in April 1944, following the merger of two Paralimni clubs, Heracles and People's Love.The club's emblem is the Parthenon, with a trumpeter and the year 1936 inscription, birth year of the club Heracles. The only reason why founders decided to adopt the year 1936 as the new club's birth year instead of the year 1944 has purely to do with Heracles official papers. On those, it was clear that whenever the club's members decided to cease its operations, all of its assets (movable and immovable property) would go straight to the Church. In view of that and in order to avoid any legal implications, the newly born club of Enosis was reckoned by the authorities as a continuation of the club Heracles of Paralimni, absorbing the other club, People's Love.The first football match played in Paralimni took place in the first half of the year 1945, some weeks before the end of World War II, against a German team of POWs (no further details found). The first recorded encounter was on 16 September 1945, against a mixed team from Anorthosis and EHAN, both of Famagusta (a final 4–5 loss).The team’s colours of claret and blue were introduced by the Parnerou brothers who were both supporters of West Ham United and acquainted with player Bobby Moore. Moore donated West Ham United kits for the team to play in 1971, 2 years after the team's promotion to the Cypriot First Division . These colours became an established part of the club itself.Until the early 1960s, Enosis took part only in local competitions, since the Cyprus Football Association (CFA) had repeatedly denied its participation in its competitions, stating that only clubs based in towns could take part. The CFA's denial was the reason why Enosis joined E.A.P.O., a village-based club association. In 1965, the CFA changed its rules and Enosis finally managed to join and participate in the second division. From the very beginning, the side tried to win promotion to the first division and, after four attempts, managed to finish first, in the football season of 1968–69. Since then, Enosis has taken part in all 45 editions of first division, being one of only five clubs never to have been demoted into the second division until 2013–14, when it was relegated for the first time to the second division after finishing 13th in the league.
|
[
"Marinos Satsias",
"Sotiris Antoniou",
"Kostas Kaiafas",
"André Paus",
"Čedomir Janevski",
"Carlos Alós Ferrer"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Enosis Neon Paralimni FC in 2017-09-27?
|
September 27, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Apostolos Makrides"
]
}
|
L2_Q959341_P286_1
|
Kostas Kaiafas is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from May, 2016 to Feb, 2017.
Apostolos Makrides is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jun, 2017 to Oct, 2017.
Marinos Satsias is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Carlos Alós Ferrer is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Sep, 2020 to Mar, 2021.
André Paus is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Oct, 2017 to Nov, 2018.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Apr, 2021 to May, 2021.
Čedomir Janevski is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jan, 2020 to May, 2020.
|
Enosis Neon Paralimni FCEnosis Neon Paralimni Football Club (, "Enosi Neon Paralimniou", "Youth Union of Paralimni") is a Cypriot football team from Paralimni. Currently playing in the first division, it holds home games at the Paralimni Municipal Stadium "Tasos Marcou", which holds 5,800 people.Enosis Neon Paralimniou was founded in April 1944, following the merger of two Paralimni clubs, Heracles and People's Love.The club's emblem is the Parthenon, with a trumpeter and the year 1936 inscription, birth year of the club Heracles. The only reason why founders decided to adopt the year 1936 as the new club's birth year instead of the year 1944 has purely to do with Heracles official papers. On those, it was clear that whenever the club's members decided to cease its operations, all of its assets (movable and immovable property) would go straight to the Church. In view of that and in order to avoid any legal implications, the newly born club of Enosis was reckoned by the authorities as a continuation of the club Heracles of Paralimni, absorbing the other club, People's Love.The first football match played in Paralimni took place in the first half of the year 1945, some weeks before the end of World War II, against a German team of POWs (no further details found). The first recorded encounter was on 16 September 1945, against a mixed team from Anorthosis and EHAN, both of Famagusta (a final 4–5 loss).The team’s colours of claret and blue were introduced by the Parnerou brothers who were both supporters of West Ham United and acquainted with player Bobby Moore. Moore donated West Ham United kits for the team to play in 1971, 2 years after the team's promotion to the Cypriot First Division . These colours became an established part of the club itself.Until the early 1960s, Enosis took part only in local competitions, since the Cyprus Football Association (CFA) had repeatedly denied its participation in its competitions, stating that only clubs based in towns could take part. The CFA's denial was the reason why Enosis joined E.A.P.O., a village-based club association. In 1965, the CFA changed its rules and Enosis finally managed to join and participate in the second division. From the very beginning, the side tried to win promotion to the first division and, after four attempts, managed to finish first, in the football season of 1968–69. Since then, Enosis has taken part in all 45 editions of first division, being one of only five clubs never to have been demoted into the second division until 2013–14, when it was relegated for the first time to the second division after finishing 13th in the league.
|
[
"Marinos Satsias",
"Sotiris Antoniou",
"Kostas Kaiafas",
"André Paus",
"Čedomir Janevski",
"Carlos Alós Ferrer"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Enosis Neon Paralimni FC in 27/09/2017?
|
September 27, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Apostolos Makrides"
]
}
|
L2_Q959341_P286_1
|
Kostas Kaiafas is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from May, 2016 to Feb, 2017.
Apostolos Makrides is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jun, 2017 to Oct, 2017.
Marinos Satsias is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Carlos Alós Ferrer is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Sep, 2020 to Mar, 2021.
André Paus is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Oct, 2017 to Nov, 2018.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Apr, 2021 to May, 2021.
Čedomir Janevski is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jan, 2020 to May, 2020.
|
Enosis Neon Paralimni FCEnosis Neon Paralimni Football Club (, "Enosi Neon Paralimniou", "Youth Union of Paralimni") is a Cypriot football team from Paralimni. Currently playing in the first division, it holds home games at the Paralimni Municipal Stadium "Tasos Marcou", which holds 5,800 people.Enosis Neon Paralimniou was founded in April 1944, following the merger of two Paralimni clubs, Heracles and People's Love.The club's emblem is the Parthenon, with a trumpeter and the year 1936 inscription, birth year of the club Heracles. The only reason why founders decided to adopt the year 1936 as the new club's birth year instead of the year 1944 has purely to do with Heracles official papers. On those, it was clear that whenever the club's members decided to cease its operations, all of its assets (movable and immovable property) would go straight to the Church. In view of that and in order to avoid any legal implications, the newly born club of Enosis was reckoned by the authorities as a continuation of the club Heracles of Paralimni, absorbing the other club, People's Love.The first football match played in Paralimni took place in the first half of the year 1945, some weeks before the end of World War II, against a German team of POWs (no further details found). The first recorded encounter was on 16 September 1945, against a mixed team from Anorthosis and EHAN, both of Famagusta (a final 4–5 loss).The team’s colours of claret and blue were introduced by the Parnerou brothers who were both supporters of West Ham United and acquainted with player Bobby Moore. Moore donated West Ham United kits for the team to play in 1971, 2 years after the team's promotion to the Cypriot First Division . These colours became an established part of the club itself.Until the early 1960s, Enosis took part only in local competitions, since the Cyprus Football Association (CFA) had repeatedly denied its participation in its competitions, stating that only clubs based in towns could take part. The CFA's denial was the reason why Enosis joined E.A.P.O., a village-based club association. In 1965, the CFA changed its rules and Enosis finally managed to join and participate in the second division. From the very beginning, the side tried to win promotion to the first division and, after four attempts, managed to finish first, in the football season of 1968–69. Since then, Enosis has taken part in all 45 editions of first division, being one of only five clubs never to have been demoted into the second division until 2013–14, when it was relegated for the first time to the second division after finishing 13th in the league.
|
[
"Marinos Satsias",
"Sotiris Antoniou",
"Kostas Kaiafas",
"André Paus",
"Čedomir Janevski",
"Carlos Alós Ferrer"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Enosis Neon Paralimni FC in Sep 27, 2017?
|
September 27, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Apostolos Makrides"
]
}
|
L2_Q959341_P286_1
|
Kostas Kaiafas is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from May, 2016 to Feb, 2017.
Apostolos Makrides is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jun, 2017 to Oct, 2017.
Marinos Satsias is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Carlos Alós Ferrer is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Sep, 2020 to Mar, 2021.
André Paus is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Oct, 2017 to Nov, 2018.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Apr, 2021 to May, 2021.
Čedomir Janevski is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jan, 2020 to May, 2020.
|
Enosis Neon Paralimni FCEnosis Neon Paralimni Football Club (, "Enosi Neon Paralimniou", "Youth Union of Paralimni") is a Cypriot football team from Paralimni. Currently playing in the first division, it holds home games at the Paralimni Municipal Stadium "Tasos Marcou", which holds 5,800 people.Enosis Neon Paralimniou was founded in April 1944, following the merger of two Paralimni clubs, Heracles and People's Love.The club's emblem is the Parthenon, with a trumpeter and the year 1936 inscription, birth year of the club Heracles. The only reason why founders decided to adopt the year 1936 as the new club's birth year instead of the year 1944 has purely to do with Heracles official papers. On those, it was clear that whenever the club's members decided to cease its operations, all of its assets (movable and immovable property) would go straight to the Church. In view of that and in order to avoid any legal implications, the newly born club of Enosis was reckoned by the authorities as a continuation of the club Heracles of Paralimni, absorbing the other club, People's Love.The first football match played in Paralimni took place in the first half of the year 1945, some weeks before the end of World War II, against a German team of POWs (no further details found). The first recorded encounter was on 16 September 1945, against a mixed team from Anorthosis and EHAN, both of Famagusta (a final 4–5 loss).The team’s colours of claret and blue were introduced by the Parnerou brothers who were both supporters of West Ham United and acquainted with player Bobby Moore. Moore donated West Ham United kits for the team to play in 1971, 2 years after the team's promotion to the Cypriot First Division . These colours became an established part of the club itself.Until the early 1960s, Enosis took part only in local competitions, since the Cyprus Football Association (CFA) had repeatedly denied its participation in its competitions, stating that only clubs based in towns could take part. The CFA's denial was the reason why Enosis joined E.A.P.O., a village-based club association. In 1965, the CFA changed its rules and Enosis finally managed to join and participate in the second division. From the very beginning, the side tried to win promotion to the first division and, after four attempts, managed to finish first, in the football season of 1968–69. Since then, Enosis has taken part in all 45 editions of first division, being one of only five clubs never to have been demoted into the second division until 2013–14, when it was relegated for the first time to the second division after finishing 13th in the league.
|
[
"Marinos Satsias",
"Sotiris Antoniou",
"Kostas Kaiafas",
"André Paus",
"Čedomir Janevski",
"Carlos Alós Ferrer"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Enosis Neon Paralimni FC in 09/27/2017?
|
September 27, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Apostolos Makrides"
]
}
|
L2_Q959341_P286_1
|
Kostas Kaiafas is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from May, 2016 to Feb, 2017.
Apostolos Makrides is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jun, 2017 to Oct, 2017.
Marinos Satsias is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Carlos Alós Ferrer is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Sep, 2020 to Mar, 2021.
André Paus is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Oct, 2017 to Nov, 2018.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Apr, 2021 to May, 2021.
Čedomir Janevski is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jan, 2020 to May, 2020.
|
Enosis Neon Paralimni FCEnosis Neon Paralimni Football Club (, "Enosi Neon Paralimniou", "Youth Union of Paralimni") is a Cypriot football team from Paralimni. Currently playing in the first division, it holds home games at the Paralimni Municipal Stadium "Tasos Marcou", which holds 5,800 people.Enosis Neon Paralimniou was founded in April 1944, following the merger of two Paralimni clubs, Heracles and People's Love.The club's emblem is the Parthenon, with a trumpeter and the year 1936 inscription, birth year of the club Heracles. The only reason why founders decided to adopt the year 1936 as the new club's birth year instead of the year 1944 has purely to do with Heracles official papers. On those, it was clear that whenever the club's members decided to cease its operations, all of its assets (movable and immovable property) would go straight to the Church. In view of that and in order to avoid any legal implications, the newly born club of Enosis was reckoned by the authorities as a continuation of the club Heracles of Paralimni, absorbing the other club, People's Love.The first football match played in Paralimni took place in the first half of the year 1945, some weeks before the end of World War II, against a German team of POWs (no further details found). The first recorded encounter was on 16 September 1945, against a mixed team from Anorthosis and EHAN, both of Famagusta (a final 4–5 loss).The team’s colours of claret and blue were introduced by the Parnerou brothers who were both supporters of West Ham United and acquainted with player Bobby Moore. Moore donated West Ham United kits for the team to play in 1971, 2 years after the team's promotion to the Cypriot First Division . These colours became an established part of the club itself.Until the early 1960s, Enosis took part only in local competitions, since the Cyprus Football Association (CFA) had repeatedly denied its participation in its competitions, stating that only clubs based in towns could take part. The CFA's denial was the reason why Enosis joined E.A.P.O., a village-based club association. In 1965, the CFA changed its rules and Enosis finally managed to join and participate in the second division. From the very beginning, the side tried to win promotion to the first division and, after four attempts, managed to finish first, in the football season of 1968–69. Since then, Enosis has taken part in all 45 editions of first division, being one of only five clubs never to have been demoted into the second division until 2013–14, when it was relegated for the first time to the second division after finishing 13th in the league.
|
[
"Marinos Satsias",
"Sotiris Antoniou",
"Kostas Kaiafas",
"André Paus",
"Čedomir Janevski",
"Carlos Alós Ferrer"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Enosis Neon Paralimni FC in 27-Sep-201727-September-2017?
|
September 27, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Apostolos Makrides"
]
}
|
L2_Q959341_P286_1
|
Kostas Kaiafas is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from May, 2016 to Feb, 2017.
Apostolos Makrides is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jun, 2017 to Oct, 2017.
Marinos Satsias is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Carlos Alós Ferrer is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Sep, 2020 to Mar, 2021.
André Paus is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Oct, 2017 to Nov, 2018.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Apr, 2021 to May, 2021.
Čedomir Janevski is the head coach of Enosis Neon Paralimni FC from Jan, 2020 to May, 2020.
|
Enosis Neon Paralimni FCEnosis Neon Paralimni Football Club (, "Enosi Neon Paralimniou", "Youth Union of Paralimni") is a Cypriot football team from Paralimni. Currently playing in the first division, it holds home games at the Paralimni Municipal Stadium "Tasos Marcou", which holds 5,800 people.Enosis Neon Paralimniou was founded in April 1944, following the merger of two Paralimni clubs, Heracles and People's Love.The club's emblem is the Parthenon, with a trumpeter and the year 1936 inscription, birth year of the club Heracles. The only reason why founders decided to adopt the year 1936 as the new club's birth year instead of the year 1944 has purely to do with Heracles official papers. On those, it was clear that whenever the club's members decided to cease its operations, all of its assets (movable and immovable property) would go straight to the Church. In view of that and in order to avoid any legal implications, the newly born club of Enosis was reckoned by the authorities as a continuation of the club Heracles of Paralimni, absorbing the other club, People's Love.The first football match played in Paralimni took place in the first half of the year 1945, some weeks before the end of World War II, against a German team of POWs (no further details found). The first recorded encounter was on 16 September 1945, against a mixed team from Anorthosis and EHAN, both of Famagusta (a final 4–5 loss).The team’s colours of claret and blue were introduced by the Parnerou brothers who were both supporters of West Ham United and acquainted with player Bobby Moore. Moore donated West Ham United kits for the team to play in 1971, 2 years after the team's promotion to the Cypriot First Division . These colours became an established part of the club itself.Until the early 1960s, Enosis took part only in local competitions, since the Cyprus Football Association (CFA) had repeatedly denied its participation in its competitions, stating that only clubs based in towns could take part. The CFA's denial was the reason why Enosis joined E.A.P.O., a village-based club association. In 1965, the CFA changed its rules and Enosis finally managed to join and participate in the second division. From the very beginning, the side tried to win promotion to the first division and, after four attempts, managed to finish first, in the football season of 1968–69. Since then, Enosis has taken part in all 45 editions of first division, being one of only five clubs never to have been demoted into the second division until 2013–14, when it was relegated for the first time to the second division after finishing 13th in the league.
|
[
"Marinos Satsias",
"Sotiris Antoniou",
"Kostas Kaiafas",
"André Paus",
"Čedomir Janevski",
"Carlos Alós Ferrer"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Creevey hold in Nov, 1810?
|
November 20, 1810
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7788693_P39_2
|
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1807 to Apr, 1807.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
|
Thomas CreeveyThomas Creevey (March 17685 February 1838) was an English politician. He is best known for his insight into social conditions as revealed by his writings, which were published in 1903.Creevey was the son of William Creevey, a Liverpool merchant, and was born in that city.He went to Queens' College, Cambridge, and graduated as seventh Wrangler in 1789. The same year he became a student at the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in 1794. In 1802 he entered Parliament through the Duke of Norfolk's nomination as member for Thetford, and married a widow with six children, Mrs Ord, who had a life interest in a comfortable income.Creevey was a Whig and a follower of Charles James Fox, and his active intellect and social qualities procured him a considerable intimacy with the leaders of this political circle. In 1806, when the brief "All the Talents" ministry was formed, he was given the office of secretary to the Board of Control; in 1830, when next his party came into power, Creevey, who had lost his seat in parliament, was appointed by Lord Grey Treasurer of the Ordnance; and subsequently Lord Melbourne made him treasurer of Greenwich Hospital. Creevey is also known for being the first civilian to interview the Duke of Wellington after the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. He and his wife, who was ill at the time, were vacationing in Brussels when Napoleon was defeated by British and Prussian forces near the Belgian border. At their meeting in Wellington's headquarters, Creevey recorded the Duke's famous quote about the battle ("It was a near run thing. The nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.")After 1818, when his wife died, he had very slender means of his own, but he was popular with his friends and was well looked after by them; his close association with Lord Sefton, led to speculation that they were biological half-brothers—a rumour which Creevey himself appeared to abet. Charles Greville, writing of him in 1829, remarks that "old Creevey is a living proof that a man may be perfectly happy and exceedingly poor. I think he is the only man I know in society who possesses nothing."He is remembered through the "Creevey Papers", published in 1903 under the editorship of Sir Herbert Maxwell, which, consisting partly of Creevey's own journals and partly of correspondence, give a lively and valuable picture of the political and social life of the late Georgian era, and are characterized by an almost Pepysian outspokenness. They are a useful addition and correction to the "Croker Papers", written from a Tory point of view.For thirty-six years Creevey had kept a "copious diary", and had preserved a vast miscellaneous correspondence with such people as Lord Brougham, and his stepdaughter, Elizabeth Ord, had assisted him, by keeping his letters to her, in compiling material avowedly for a collection of "Creevey Papers" in the future.At his death it was found that he had left his mistress, with whom he had lived for four years, his sole executrix and legatee, and Greville notes in his "Memoirs" the anxiety of Brougham and others to get the papers into their hands and suppress them. The diary, mentioned above, did not survive, perhaps through Brougham's success, and the papers from which Sir Herbert Maxwell made his selection came into his hands from Mrs Blackett Ord, whose husband was the grandson of Creevey's eldest stepdaughter.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Creevey hold in 1810-11-20?
|
November 20, 1810
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7788693_P39_2
|
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1807 to Apr, 1807.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
|
Thomas CreeveyThomas Creevey (March 17685 February 1838) was an English politician. He is best known for his insight into social conditions as revealed by his writings, which were published in 1903.Creevey was the son of William Creevey, a Liverpool merchant, and was born in that city.He went to Queens' College, Cambridge, and graduated as seventh Wrangler in 1789. The same year he became a student at the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in 1794. In 1802 he entered Parliament through the Duke of Norfolk's nomination as member for Thetford, and married a widow with six children, Mrs Ord, who had a life interest in a comfortable income.Creevey was a Whig and a follower of Charles James Fox, and his active intellect and social qualities procured him a considerable intimacy with the leaders of this political circle. In 1806, when the brief "All the Talents" ministry was formed, he was given the office of secretary to the Board of Control; in 1830, when next his party came into power, Creevey, who had lost his seat in parliament, was appointed by Lord Grey Treasurer of the Ordnance; and subsequently Lord Melbourne made him treasurer of Greenwich Hospital. Creevey is also known for being the first civilian to interview the Duke of Wellington after the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. He and his wife, who was ill at the time, were vacationing in Brussels when Napoleon was defeated by British and Prussian forces near the Belgian border. At their meeting in Wellington's headquarters, Creevey recorded the Duke's famous quote about the battle ("It was a near run thing. The nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.")After 1818, when his wife died, he had very slender means of his own, but he was popular with his friends and was well looked after by them; his close association with Lord Sefton, led to speculation that they were biological half-brothers—a rumour which Creevey himself appeared to abet. Charles Greville, writing of him in 1829, remarks that "old Creevey is a living proof that a man may be perfectly happy and exceedingly poor. I think he is the only man I know in society who possesses nothing."He is remembered through the "Creevey Papers", published in 1903 under the editorship of Sir Herbert Maxwell, which, consisting partly of Creevey's own journals and partly of correspondence, give a lively and valuable picture of the political and social life of the late Georgian era, and are characterized by an almost Pepysian outspokenness. They are a useful addition and correction to the "Croker Papers", written from a Tory point of view.For thirty-six years Creevey had kept a "copious diary", and had preserved a vast miscellaneous correspondence with such people as Lord Brougham, and his stepdaughter, Elizabeth Ord, had assisted him, by keeping his letters to her, in compiling material avowedly for a collection of "Creevey Papers" in the future.At his death it was found that he had left his mistress, with whom he had lived for four years, his sole executrix and legatee, and Greville notes in his "Memoirs" the anxiety of Brougham and others to get the papers into their hands and suppress them. The diary, mentioned above, did not survive, perhaps through Brougham's success, and the papers from which Sir Herbert Maxwell made his selection came into his hands from Mrs Blackett Ord, whose husband was the grandson of Creevey's eldest stepdaughter.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Creevey hold in 20/11/1810?
|
November 20, 1810
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7788693_P39_2
|
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1807 to Apr, 1807.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
|
Thomas CreeveyThomas Creevey (March 17685 February 1838) was an English politician. He is best known for his insight into social conditions as revealed by his writings, which were published in 1903.Creevey was the son of William Creevey, a Liverpool merchant, and was born in that city.He went to Queens' College, Cambridge, and graduated as seventh Wrangler in 1789. The same year he became a student at the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in 1794. In 1802 he entered Parliament through the Duke of Norfolk's nomination as member for Thetford, and married a widow with six children, Mrs Ord, who had a life interest in a comfortable income.Creevey was a Whig and a follower of Charles James Fox, and his active intellect and social qualities procured him a considerable intimacy with the leaders of this political circle. In 1806, when the brief "All the Talents" ministry was formed, he was given the office of secretary to the Board of Control; in 1830, when next his party came into power, Creevey, who had lost his seat in parliament, was appointed by Lord Grey Treasurer of the Ordnance; and subsequently Lord Melbourne made him treasurer of Greenwich Hospital. Creevey is also known for being the first civilian to interview the Duke of Wellington after the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. He and his wife, who was ill at the time, were vacationing in Brussels when Napoleon was defeated by British and Prussian forces near the Belgian border. At their meeting in Wellington's headquarters, Creevey recorded the Duke's famous quote about the battle ("It was a near run thing. The nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.")After 1818, when his wife died, he had very slender means of his own, but he was popular with his friends and was well looked after by them; his close association with Lord Sefton, led to speculation that they were biological half-brothers—a rumour which Creevey himself appeared to abet. Charles Greville, writing of him in 1829, remarks that "old Creevey is a living proof that a man may be perfectly happy and exceedingly poor. I think he is the only man I know in society who possesses nothing."He is remembered through the "Creevey Papers", published in 1903 under the editorship of Sir Herbert Maxwell, which, consisting partly of Creevey's own journals and partly of correspondence, give a lively and valuable picture of the political and social life of the late Georgian era, and are characterized by an almost Pepysian outspokenness. They are a useful addition and correction to the "Croker Papers", written from a Tory point of view.For thirty-six years Creevey had kept a "copious diary", and had preserved a vast miscellaneous correspondence with such people as Lord Brougham, and his stepdaughter, Elizabeth Ord, had assisted him, by keeping his letters to her, in compiling material avowedly for a collection of "Creevey Papers" in the future.At his death it was found that he had left his mistress, with whom he had lived for four years, his sole executrix and legatee, and Greville notes in his "Memoirs" the anxiety of Brougham and others to get the papers into their hands and suppress them. The diary, mentioned above, did not survive, perhaps through Brougham's success, and the papers from which Sir Herbert Maxwell made his selection came into his hands from Mrs Blackett Ord, whose husband was the grandson of Creevey's eldest stepdaughter.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Creevey hold in Nov 20, 1810?
|
November 20, 1810
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7788693_P39_2
|
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1807 to Apr, 1807.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
|
Thomas CreeveyThomas Creevey (March 17685 February 1838) was an English politician. He is best known for his insight into social conditions as revealed by his writings, which were published in 1903.Creevey was the son of William Creevey, a Liverpool merchant, and was born in that city.He went to Queens' College, Cambridge, and graduated as seventh Wrangler in 1789. The same year he became a student at the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in 1794. In 1802 he entered Parliament through the Duke of Norfolk's nomination as member for Thetford, and married a widow with six children, Mrs Ord, who had a life interest in a comfortable income.Creevey was a Whig and a follower of Charles James Fox, and his active intellect and social qualities procured him a considerable intimacy with the leaders of this political circle. In 1806, when the brief "All the Talents" ministry was formed, he was given the office of secretary to the Board of Control; in 1830, when next his party came into power, Creevey, who had lost his seat in parliament, was appointed by Lord Grey Treasurer of the Ordnance; and subsequently Lord Melbourne made him treasurer of Greenwich Hospital. Creevey is also known for being the first civilian to interview the Duke of Wellington after the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. He and his wife, who was ill at the time, were vacationing in Brussels when Napoleon was defeated by British and Prussian forces near the Belgian border. At their meeting in Wellington's headquarters, Creevey recorded the Duke's famous quote about the battle ("It was a near run thing. The nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.")After 1818, when his wife died, he had very slender means of his own, but he was popular with his friends and was well looked after by them; his close association with Lord Sefton, led to speculation that they were biological half-brothers—a rumour which Creevey himself appeared to abet. Charles Greville, writing of him in 1829, remarks that "old Creevey is a living proof that a man may be perfectly happy and exceedingly poor. I think he is the only man I know in society who possesses nothing."He is remembered through the "Creevey Papers", published in 1903 under the editorship of Sir Herbert Maxwell, which, consisting partly of Creevey's own journals and partly of correspondence, give a lively and valuable picture of the political and social life of the late Georgian era, and are characterized by an almost Pepysian outspokenness. They are a useful addition and correction to the "Croker Papers", written from a Tory point of view.For thirty-six years Creevey had kept a "copious diary", and had preserved a vast miscellaneous correspondence with such people as Lord Brougham, and his stepdaughter, Elizabeth Ord, had assisted him, by keeping his letters to her, in compiling material avowedly for a collection of "Creevey Papers" in the future.At his death it was found that he had left his mistress, with whom he had lived for four years, his sole executrix and legatee, and Greville notes in his "Memoirs" the anxiety of Brougham and others to get the papers into their hands and suppress them. The diary, mentioned above, did not survive, perhaps through Brougham's success, and the papers from which Sir Herbert Maxwell made his selection came into his hands from Mrs Blackett Ord, whose husband was the grandson of Creevey's eldest stepdaughter.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Creevey hold in 11/20/1810?
|
November 20, 1810
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7788693_P39_2
|
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1807 to Apr, 1807.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
|
Thomas CreeveyThomas Creevey (March 17685 February 1838) was an English politician. He is best known for his insight into social conditions as revealed by his writings, which were published in 1903.Creevey was the son of William Creevey, a Liverpool merchant, and was born in that city.He went to Queens' College, Cambridge, and graduated as seventh Wrangler in 1789. The same year he became a student at the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in 1794. In 1802 he entered Parliament through the Duke of Norfolk's nomination as member for Thetford, and married a widow with six children, Mrs Ord, who had a life interest in a comfortable income.Creevey was a Whig and a follower of Charles James Fox, and his active intellect and social qualities procured him a considerable intimacy with the leaders of this political circle. In 1806, when the brief "All the Talents" ministry was formed, he was given the office of secretary to the Board of Control; in 1830, when next his party came into power, Creevey, who had lost his seat in parliament, was appointed by Lord Grey Treasurer of the Ordnance; and subsequently Lord Melbourne made him treasurer of Greenwich Hospital. Creevey is also known for being the first civilian to interview the Duke of Wellington after the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. He and his wife, who was ill at the time, were vacationing in Brussels when Napoleon was defeated by British and Prussian forces near the Belgian border. At their meeting in Wellington's headquarters, Creevey recorded the Duke's famous quote about the battle ("It was a near run thing. The nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.")After 1818, when his wife died, he had very slender means of his own, but he was popular with his friends and was well looked after by them; his close association with Lord Sefton, led to speculation that they were biological half-brothers—a rumour which Creevey himself appeared to abet. Charles Greville, writing of him in 1829, remarks that "old Creevey is a living proof that a man may be perfectly happy and exceedingly poor. I think he is the only man I know in society who possesses nothing."He is remembered through the "Creevey Papers", published in 1903 under the editorship of Sir Herbert Maxwell, which, consisting partly of Creevey's own journals and partly of correspondence, give a lively and valuable picture of the political and social life of the late Georgian era, and are characterized by an almost Pepysian outspokenness. They are a useful addition and correction to the "Croker Papers", written from a Tory point of view.For thirty-six years Creevey had kept a "copious diary", and had preserved a vast miscellaneous correspondence with such people as Lord Brougham, and his stepdaughter, Elizabeth Ord, had assisted him, by keeping his letters to her, in compiling material avowedly for a collection of "Creevey Papers" in the future.At his death it was found that he had left his mistress, with whom he had lived for four years, his sole executrix and legatee, and Greville notes in his "Memoirs" the anxiety of Brougham and others to get the papers into their hands and suppress them. The diary, mentioned above, did not survive, perhaps through Brougham's success, and the papers from which Sir Herbert Maxwell made his selection came into his hands from Mrs Blackett Ord, whose husband was the grandson of Creevey's eldest stepdaughter.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Creevey hold in 20-Nov-181020-November-1810?
|
November 20, 1810
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7788693_P39_2
|
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1807 to Apr, 1807.
Thomas Creevey holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
|
Thomas CreeveyThomas Creevey (March 17685 February 1838) was an English politician. He is best known for his insight into social conditions as revealed by his writings, which were published in 1903.Creevey was the son of William Creevey, a Liverpool merchant, and was born in that city.He went to Queens' College, Cambridge, and graduated as seventh Wrangler in 1789. The same year he became a student at the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in 1794. In 1802 he entered Parliament through the Duke of Norfolk's nomination as member for Thetford, and married a widow with six children, Mrs Ord, who had a life interest in a comfortable income.Creevey was a Whig and a follower of Charles James Fox, and his active intellect and social qualities procured him a considerable intimacy with the leaders of this political circle. In 1806, when the brief "All the Talents" ministry was formed, he was given the office of secretary to the Board of Control; in 1830, when next his party came into power, Creevey, who had lost his seat in parliament, was appointed by Lord Grey Treasurer of the Ordnance; and subsequently Lord Melbourne made him treasurer of Greenwich Hospital. Creevey is also known for being the first civilian to interview the Duke of Wellington after the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. He and his wife, who was ill at the time, were vacationing in Brussels when Napoleon was defeated by British and Prussian forces near the Belgian border. At their meeting in Wellington's headquarters, Creevey recorded the Duke's famous quote about the battle ("It was a near run thing. The nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.")After 1818, when his wife died, he had very slender means of his own, but he was popular with his friends and was well looked after by them; his close association with Lord Sefton, led to speculation that they were biological half-brothers—a rumour which Creevey himself appeared to abet. Charles Greville, writing of him in 1829, remarks that "old Creevey is a living proof that a man may be perfectly happy and exceedingly poor. I think he is the only man I know in society who possesses nothing."He is remembered through the "Creevey Papers", published in 1903 under the editorship of Sir Herbert Maxwell, which, consisting partly of Creevey's own journals and partly of correspondence, give a lively and valuable picture of the political and social life of the late Georgian era, and are characterized by an almost Pepysian outspokenness. They are a useful addition and correction to the "Croker Papers", written from a Tory point of view.For thirty-six years Creevey had kept a "copious diary", and had preserved a vast miscellaneous correspondence with such people as Lord Brougham, and his stepdaughter, Elizabeth Ord, had assisted him, by keeping his letters to her, in compiling material avowedly for a collection of "Creevey Papers" in the future.At his death it was found that he had left his mistress, with whom he had lived for four years, his sole executrix and legatee, and Greville notes in his "Memoirs" the anxiety of Brougham and others to get the papers into their hands and suppress them. The diary, mentioned above, did not survive, perhaps through Brougham's success, and the papers from which Sir Herbert Maxwell made his selection came into his hands from Mrs Blackett Ord, whose husband was the grandson of Creevey's eldest stepdaughter.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which employer did Cecilia Lo work for in Sep, 1992?
|
September 25, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
}
|
L2_Q29985563_P108_0
|
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pittsburgh from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Cecilia Lo works for National Institutes of Health from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2009.
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pennsylvania from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 2001.
|
Cecilia LoCecilia Wen-ya Lo () is a professor and the F. Sargent Cheever Chair of Developmental Biology at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on the study of congenital heart defects.Lo received her bachelor's degree in biology in 1974 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she worked with David Baltimore. She received her Ph.D. in 1979 from Rockefeller University.After a period on the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania, Lo joined the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), one of the United States National Institutes of Health, to serve as chief of the Laboratory of Developmental Biology in 2001. Three years later, she became the director of the NHLBI's Genetics and Developmental Biology Center. In 2009, she and her husband, fellow NIH researcher Rocky Tuan, were recruited to the University of Pittsburgh. Lo became the founding chair of the newly established Department of Developmental Biology and is the F. Sargent Cheever professor.Lo's research focuses on the genetics and developmental biology of congenital heart defects. Her research group relies on mouse models for investigation of genetic causes of congenital heart disease and also engages in translational research. They have developed particular interest in the functional role of cilia in heart development and in contributions of genetic defects in ciliary function to clinical outcomes, especially with respect to cases of heterotaxy.Lo and Tuan co-edited a three-volume book titled "Developmental Biology Protocols".
|
[
"University of Pittsburgh",
"National Institutes of Health"
] |
|
Which employer did Cecilia Lo work for in 1992-09-25?
|
September 25, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
}
|
L2_Q29985563_P108_0
|
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pittsburgh from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Cecilia Lo works for National Institutes of Health from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2009.
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pennsylvania from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 2001.
|
Cecilia LoCecilia Wen-ya Lo () is a professor and the F. Sargent Cheever Chair of Developmental Biology at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on the study of congenital heart defects.Lo received her bachelor's degree in biology in 1974 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she worked with David Baltimore. She received her Ph.D. in 1979 from Rockefeller University.After a period on the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania, Lo joined the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), one of the United States National Institutes of Health, to serve as chief of the Laboratory of Developmental Biology in 2001. Three years later, she became the director of the NHLBI's Genetics and Developmental Biology Center. In 2009, she and her husband, fellow NIH researcher Rocky Tuan, were recruited to the University of Pittsburgh. Lo became the founding chair of the newly established Department of Developmental Biology and is the F. Sargent Cheever professor.Lo's research focuses on the genetics and developmental biology of congenital heart defects. Her research group relies on mouse models for investigation of genetic causes of congenital heart disease and also engages in translational research. They have developed particular interest in the functional role of cilia in heart development and in contributions of genetic defects in ciliary function to clinical outcomes, especially with respect to cases of heterotaxy.Lo and Tuan co-edited a three-volume book titled "Developmental Biology Protocols".
|
[
"University of Pittsburgh",
"National Institutes of Health"
] |
|
Which employer did Cecilia Lo work for in 25/09/1992?
|
September 25, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
}
|
L2_Q29985563_P108_0
|
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pittsburgh from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Cecilia Lo works for National Institutes of Health from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2009.
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pennsylvania from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 2001.
|
Cecilia LoCecilia Wen-ya Lo () is a professor and the F. Sargent Cheever Chair of Developmental Biology at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on the study of congenital heart defects.Lo received her bachelor's degree in biology in 1974 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she worked with David Baltimore. She received her Ph.D. in 1979 from Rockefeller University.After a period on the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania, Lo joined the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), one of the United States National Institutes of Health, to serve as chief of the Laboratory of Developmental Biology in 2001. Three years later, she became the director of the NHLBI's Genetics and Developmental Biology Center. In 2009, she and her husband, fellow NIH researcher Rocky Tuan, were recruited to the University of Pittsburgh. Lo became the founding chair of the newly established Department of Developmental Biology and is the F. Sargent Cheever professor.Lo's research focuses on the genetics and developmental biology of congenital heart defects. Her research group relies on mouse models for investigation of genetic causes of congenital heart disease and also engages in translational research. They have developed particular interest in the functional role of cilia in heart development and in contributions of genetic defects in ciliary function to clinical outcomes, especially with respect to cases of heterotaxy.Lo and Tuan co-edited a three-volume book titled "Developmental Biology Protocols".
|
[
"University of Pittsburgh",
"National Institutes of Health"
] |
|
Which employer did Cecilia Lo work for in Sep 25, 1992?
|
September 25, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
}
|
L2_Q29985563_P108_0
|
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pittsburgh from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Cecilia Lo works for National Institutes of Health from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2009.
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pennsylvania from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 2001.
|
Cecilia LoCecilia Wen-ya Lo () is a professor and the F. Sargent Cheever Chair of Developmental Biology at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on the study of congenital heart defects.Lo received her bachelor's degree in biology in 1974 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she worked with David Baltimore. She received her Ph.D. in 1979 from Rockefeller University.After a period on the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania, Lo joined the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), one of the United States National Institutes of Health, to serve as chief of the Laboratory of Developmental Biology in 2001. Three years later, she became the director of the NHLBI's Genetics and Developmental Biology Center. In 2009, she and her husband, fellow NIH researcher Rocky Tuan, were recruited to the University of Pittsburgh. Lo became the founding chair of the newly established Department of Developmental Biology and is the F. Sargent Cheever professor.Lo's research focuses on the genetics and developmental biology of congenital heart defects. Her research group relies on mouse models for investigation of genetic causes of congenital heart disease and also engages in translational research. They have developed particular interest in the functional role of cilia in heart development and in contributions of genetic defects in ciliary function to clinical outcomes, especially with respect to cases of heterotaxy.Lo and Tuan co-edited a three-volume book titled "Developmental Biology Protocols".
|
[
"University of Pittsburgh",
"National Institutes of Health"
] |
|
Which employer did Cecilia Lo work for in 09/25/1992?
|
September 25, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
}
|
L2_Q29985563_P108_0
|
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pittsburgh from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Cecilia Lo works for National Institutes of Health from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2009.
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pennsylvania from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 2001.
|
Cecilia LoCecilia Wen-ya Lo () is a professor and the F. Sargent Cheever Chair of Developmental Biology at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on the study of congenital heart defects.Lo received her bachelor's degree in biology in 1974 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she worked with David Baltimore. She received her Ph.D. in 1979 from Rockefeller University.After a period on the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania, Lo joined the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), one of the United States National Institutes of Health, to serve as chief of the Laboratory of Developmental Biology in 2001. Three years later, she became the director of the NHLBI's Genetics and Developmental Biology Center. In 2009, she and her husband, fellow NIH researcher Rocky Tuan, were recruited to the University of Pittsburgh. Lo became the founding chair of the newly established Department of Developmental Biology and is the F. Sargent Cheever professor.Lo's research focuses on the genetics and developmental biology of congenital heart defects. Her research group relies on mouse models for investigation of genetic causes of congenital heart disease and also engages in translational research. They have developed particular interest in the functional role of cilia in heart development and in contributions of genetic defects in ciliary function to clinical outcomes, especially with respect to cases of heterotaxy.Lo and Tuan co-edited a three-volume book titled "Developmental Biology Protocols".
|
[
"University of Pittsburgh",
"National Institutes of Health"
] |
|
Which employer did Cecilia Lo work for in 25-Sep-199225-September-1992?
|
September 25, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
}
|
L2_Q29985563_P108_0
|
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pittsburgh from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Cecilia Lo works for National Institutes of Health from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2009.
Cecilia Lo works for University of Pennsylvania from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 2001.
|
Cecilia LoCecilia Wen-ya Lo () is a professor and the F. Sargent Cheever Chair of Developmental Biology at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on the study of congenital heart defects.Lo received her bachelor's degree in biology in 1974 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she worked with David Baltimore. She received her Ph.D. in 1979 from Rockefeller University.After a period on the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania, Lo joined the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), one of the United States National Institutes of Health, to serve as chief of the Laboratory of Developmental Biology in 2001. Three years later, she became the director of the NHLBI's Genetics and Developmental Biology Center. In 2009, she and her husband, fellow NIH researcher Rocky Tuan, were recruited to the University of Pittsburgh. Lo became the founding chair of the newly established Department of Developmental Biology and is the F. Sargent Cheever professor.Lo's research focuses on the genetics and developmental biology of congenital heart defects. Her research group relies on mouse models for investigation of genetic causes of congenital heart disease and also engages in translational research. They have developed particular interest in the functional role of cilia in heart development and in contributions of genetic defects in ciliary function to clinical outcomes, especially with respect to cases of heterotaxy.Lo and Tuan co-edited a three-volume book titled "Developmental Biology Protocols".
|
[
"University of Pittsburgh",
"National Institutes of Health"
] |
|
Which position did Hervé Alphand hold in Jan, 1955?
|
January 05, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations"
]
}
|
L2_Q555864_P39_2
|
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1956.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of ambassador of France to the United States from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1965.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of French Committee of National Liberation from Jul, 1942 to Oct, 1942.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
|
Hervé AlphandHervé Alphand (31 May 1907 – 13 January 1994) was a French diplomat, and French ambassador to the United States, from 1956 to 1965.Born into a family of diplomats, he studied law and graduated in political science. In 1930, he joined the Inspector General of Finance. He married the same year, a music-hall singer, Claude Raynaud; they divorced in 1957.In 1934, he was sent to Ankara to help the government of Turkey to reorganize the finances of Turkey, and he was appointed Financial Attaché in Moscow in 1936, before taking up positions in the Department of Commerce.At the outbreak of World War II, he was financial advisor of the Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. Opposed to the Vichy regime, he resigned in 1941, and joined Charles de Gaulle in London. He was then appointed National Commissioner for the Economy, Finance and the Colonies and Director of Economic Affairs of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), first in London and then in Algiers, and became a close advisor to De Gaulle.At the liberation of Paris in 1944, he became Director of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As such he participated in conferences on security and reconstruction in Europe. He was representative of France to the sixteen nation Conference in Paris, in July 1947, which developed the Marshall Plan.Raised to the rank of ambassador of France in 1950, he was the French representative to NATO between 1952 and 1954, then Permanent Representative of France to the UN in 1955. He served as ambassador of France to the United States between 1956 and 1965. He played a leading role in the Franco-American relations. This included explaining the war in Algeria in the context of decolonization, and with the return of De Gaulle to power in 1958, justifying the French position on NATO, which resulted in the withdrawal of France from the integrated military command of the organization in 1966.During their stay in Washington, and his wife Nicole Alphand (ex-wife of Stephen Bunau-Varilla), whom he married in 1958, made the Embassy of France renowned for diplomatic receptions during the Kennedy administration.Back in Paris in 1965, he became secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1972. He then performed diplomatic missions in the Middle East and the Far East.In 1977, he published his memoirs, "Wonder of being: a journal 1939 to 1973". He died in Paris. He is buried at Passy Cemetery.
|
[
"Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry",
"French Committee of National Liberation",
"ambassador of France to the United States",
"list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO"
] |
|
Which position did Hervé Alphand hold in 1955-01-05?
|
January 05, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations"
]
}
|
L2_Q555864_P39_2
|
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1956.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of ambassador of France to the United States from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1965.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of French Committee of National Liberation from Jul, 1942 to Oct, 1942.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
|
Hervé AlphandHervé Alphand (31 May 1907 – 13 January 1994) was a French diplomat, and French ambassador to the United States, from 1956 to 1965.Born into a family of diplomats, he studied law and graduated in political science. In 1930, he joined the Inspector General of Finance. He married the same year, a music-hall singer, Claude Raynaud; they divorced in 1957.In 1934, he was sent to Ankara to help the government of Turkey to reorganize the finances of Turkey, and he was appointed Financial Attaché in Moscow in 1936, before taking up positions in the Department of Commerce.At the outbreak of World War II, he was financial advisor of the Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. Opposed to the Vichy regime, he resigned in 1941, and joined Charles de Gaulle in London. He was then appointed National Commissioner for the Economy, Finance and the Colonies and Director of Economic Affairs of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), first in London and then in Algiers, and became a close advisor to De Gaulle.At the liberation of Paris in 1944, he became Director of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As such he participated in conferences on security and reconstruction in Europe. He was representative of France to the sixteen nation Conference in Paris, in July 1947, which developed the Marshall Plan.Raised to the rank of ambassador of France in 1950, he was the French representative to NATO between 1952 and 1954, then Permanent Representative of France to the UN in 1955. He served as ambassador of France to the United States between 1956 and 1965. He played a leading role in the Franco-American relations. This included explaining the war in Algeria in the context of decolonization, and with the return of De Gaulle to power in 1958, justifying the French position on NATO, which resulted in the withdrawal of France from the integrated military command of the organization in 1966.During their stay in Washington, and his wife Nicole Alphand (ex-wife of Stephen Bunau-Varilla), whom he married in 1958, made the Embassy of France renowned for diplomatic receptions during the Kennedy administration.Back in Paris in 1965, he became secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1972. He then performed diplomatic missions in the Middle East and the Far East.In 1977, he published his memoirs, "Wonder of being: a journal 1939 to 1973". He died in Paris. He is buried at Passy Cemetery.
|
[
"Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry",
"French Committee of National Liberation",
"ambassador of France to the United States",
"list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO"
] |
|
Which position did Hervé Alphand hold in 05/01/1955?
|
January 05, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations"
]
}
|
L2_Q555864_P39_2
|
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1956.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of ambassador of France to the United States from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1965.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of French Committee of National Liberation from Jul, 1942 to Oct, 1942.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
|
Hervé AlphandHervé Alphand (31 May 1907 – 13 January 1994) was a French diplomat, and French ambassador to the United States, from 1956 to 1965.Born into a family of diplomats, he studied law and graduated in political science. In 1930, he joined the Inspector General of Finance. He married the same year, a music-hall singer, Claude Raynaud; they divorced in 1957.In 1934, he was sent to Ankara to help the government of Turkey to reorganize the finances of Turkey, and he was appointed Financial Attaché in Moscow in 1936, before taking up positions in the Department of Commerce.At the outbreak of World War II, he was financial advisor of the Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. Opposed to the Vichy regime, he resigned in 1941, and joined Charles de Gaulle in London. He was then appointed National Commissioner for the Economy, Finance and the Colonies and Director of Economic Affairs of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), first in London and then in Algiers, and became a close advisor to De Gaulle.At the liberation of Paris in 1944, he became Director of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As such he participated in conferences on security and reconstruction in Europe. He was representative of France to the sixteen nation Conference in Paris, in July 1947, which developed the Marshall Plan.Raised to the rank of ambassador of France in 1950, he was the French representative to NATO between 1952 and 1954, then Permanent Representative of France to the UN in 1955. He served as ambassador of France to the United States between 1956 and 1965. He played a leading role in the Franco-American relations. This included explaining the war in Algeria in the context of decolonization, and with the return of De Gaulle to power in 1958, justifying the French position on NATO, which resulted in the withdrawal of France from the integrated military command of the organization in 1966.During their stay in Washington, and his wife Nicole Alphand (ex-wife of Stephen Bunau-Varilla), whom he married in 1958, made the Embassy of France renowned for diplomatic receptions during the Kennedy administration.Back in Paris in 1965, he became secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1972. He then performed diplomatic missions in the Middle East and the Far East.In 1977, he published his memoirs, "Wonder of being: a journal 1939 to 1973". He died in Paris. He is buried at Passy Cemetery.
|
[
"Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry",
"French Committee of National Liberation",
"ambassador of France to the United States",
"list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO"
] |
|
Which position did Hervé Alphand hold in Jan 05, 1955?
|
January 05, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations"
]
}
|
L2_Q555864_P39_2
|
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1956.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of ambassador of France to the United States from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1965.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of French Committee of National Liberation from Jul, 1942 to Oct, 1942.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
|
Hervé AlphandHervé Alphand (31 May 1907 – 13 January 1994) was a French diplomat, and French ambassador to the United States, from 1956 to 1965.Born into a family of diplomats, he studied law and graduated in political science. In 1930, he joined the Inspector General of Finance. He married the same year, a music-hall singer, Claude Raynaud; they divorced in 1957.In 1934, he was sent to Ankara to help the government of Turkey to reorganize the finances of Turkey, and he was appointed Financial Attaché in Moscow in 1936, before taking up positions in the Department of Commerce.At the outbreak of World War II, he was financial advisor of the Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. Opposed to the Vichy regime, he resigned in 1941, and joined Charles de Gaulle in London. He was then appointed National Commissioner for the Economy, Finance and the Colonies and Director of Economic Affairs of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), first in London and then in Algiers, and became a close advisor to De Gaulle.At the liberation of Paris in 1944, he became Director of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As such he participated in conferences on security and reconstruction in Europe. He was representative of France to the sixteen nation Conference in Paris, in July 1947, which developed the Marshall Plan.Raised to the rank of ambassador of France in 1950, he was the French representative to NATO between 1952 and 1954, then Permanent Representative of France to the UN in 1955. He served as ambassador of France to the United States between 1956 and 1965. He played a leading role in the Franco-American relations. This included explaining the war in Algeria in the context of decolonization, and with the return of De Gaulle to power in 1958, justifying the French position on NATO, which resulted in the withdrawal of France from the integrated military command of the organization in 1966.During their stay in Washington, and his wife Nicole Alphand (ex-wife of Stephen Bunau-Varilla), whom he married in 1958, made the Embassy of France renowned for diplomatic receptions during the Kennedy administration.Back in Paris in 1965, he became secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1972. He then performed diplomatic missions in the Middle East and the Far East.In 1977, he published his memoirs, "Wonder of being: a journal 1939 to 1973". He died in Paris. He is buried at Passy Cemetery.
|
[
"Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry",
"French Committee of National Liberation",
"ambassador of France to the United States",
"list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO"
] |
|
Which position did Hervé Alphand hold in 01/05/1955?
|
January 05, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations"
]
}
|
L2_Q555864_P39_2
|
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1956.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of ambassador of France to the United States from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1965.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of French Committee of National Liberation from Jul, 1942 to Oct, 1942.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
|
Hervé AlphandHervé Alphand (31 May 1907 – 13 January 1994) was a French diplomat, and French ambassador to the United States, from 1956 to 1965.Born into a family of diplomats, he studied law and graduated in political science. In 1930, he joined the Inspector General of Finance. He married the same year, a music-hall singer, Claude Raynaud; they divorced in 1957.In 1934, he was sent to Ankara to help the government of Turkey to reorganize the finances of Turkey, and he was appointed Financial Attaché in Moscow in 1936, before taking up positions in the Department of Commerce.At the outbreak of World War II, he was financial advisor of the Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. Opposed to the Vichy regime, he resigned in 1941, and joined Charles de Gaulle in London. He was then appointed National Commissioner for the Economy, Finance and the Colonies and Director of Economic Affairs of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), first in London and then in Algiers, and became a close advisor to De Gaulle.At the liberation of Paris in 1944, he became Director of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As such he participated in conferences on security and reconstruction in Europe. He was representative of France to the sixteen nation Conference in Paris, in July 1947, which developed the Marshall Plan.Raised to the rank of ambassador of France in 1950, he was the French representative to NATO between 1952 and 1954, then Permanent Representative of France to the UN in 1955. He served as ambassador of France to the United States between 1956 and 1965. He played a leading role in the Franco-American relations. This included explaining the war in Algeria in the context of decolonization, and with the return of De Gaulle to power in 1958, justifying the French position on NATO, which resulted in the withdrawal of France from the integrated military command of the organization in 1966.During their stay in Washington, and his wife Nicole Alphand (ex-wife of Stephen Bunau-Varilla), whom he married in 1958, made the Embassy of France renowned for diplomatic receptions during the Kennedy administration.Back in Paris in 1965, he became secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1972. He then performed diplomatic missions in the Middle East and the Far East.In 1977, he published his memoirs, "Wonder of being: a journal 1939 to 1973". He died in Paris. He is buried at Passy Cemetery.
|
[
"Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry",
"French Committee of National Liberation",
"ambassador of France to the United States",
"list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO"
] |
|
Which position did Hervé Alphand hold in 05-Jan-195505-January-1955?
|
January 05, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations"
]
}
|
L2_Q555864_P39_2
|
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1956.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of ambassador of France to the United States from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1965.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of French Committee of National Liberation from Jul, 1942 to Oct, 1942.
Hervé Alphand holds the position of list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
|
Hervé AlphandHervé Alphand (31 May 1907 – 13 January 1994) was a French diplomat, and French ambassador to the United States, from 1956 to 1965.Born into a family of diplomats, he studied law and graduated in political science. In 1930, he joined the Inspector General of Finance. He married the same year, a music-hall singer, Claude Raynaud; they divorced in 1957.In 1934, he was sent to Ankara to help the government of Turkey to reorganize the finances of Turkey, and he was appointed Financial Attaché in Moscow in 1936, before taking up positions in the Department of Commerce.At the outbreak of World War II, he was financial advisor of the Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. Opposed to the Vichy regime, he resigned in 1941, and joined Charles de Gaulle in London. He was then appointed National Commissioner for the Economy, Finance and the Colonies and Director of Economic Affairs of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), first in London and then in Algiers, and became a close advisor to De Gaulle.At the liberation of Paris in 1944, he became Director of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As such he participated in conferences on security and reconstruction in Europe. He was representative of France to the sixteen nation Conference in Paris, in July 1947, which developed the Marshall Plan.Raised to the rank of ambassador of France in 1950, he was the French representative to NATO between 1952 and 1954, then Permanent Representative of France to the UN in 1955. He served as ambassador of France to the United States between 1956 and 1965. He played a leading role in the Franco-American relations. This included explaining the war in Algeria in the context of decolonization, and with the return of De Gaulle to power in 1958, justifying the French position on NATO, which resulted in the withdrawal of France from the integrated military command of the organization in 1966.During their stay in Washington, and his wife Nicole Alphand (ex-wife of Stephen Bunau-Varilla), whom he married in 1958, made the Embassy of France renowned for diplomatic receptions during the Kennedy administration.Back in Paris in 1965, he became secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1972. He then performed diplomatic missions in the Middle East and the Far East.In 1977, he published his memoirs, "Wonder of being: a journal 1939 to 1973". He died in Paris. He is buried at Passy Cemetery.
|
[
"Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry",
"French Committee of National Liberation",
"ambassador of France to the United States",
"list of Permanent Representatives of France to NATO"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team ASM Clermont Auvergne in Oct, 1995?
|
October 11, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Alain Gaillard"
]
}
|
L2_Q297901_P286_3
|
Vern Cotter is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2014.
Laurent Travers is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Alain Gaillard is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jono Gibbes is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franck Azéma is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2014 to Jun, 2021.
Michel Ringeval is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1987.
Olivier Saïsset is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Robert Vigier is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1971.
Patrick Boucheix is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Victor Boffelli is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Alain Hyardet is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2003 to Aug, 2004.
|
ASM Clermont AuvergneAssociation Sportive Montferrandaise Clermont Auvergne () is a French rugby union club from Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes that currently competes in Top 14, the top level of the French league system. Clermont are two times French champions in 2009-10 and 2016-17. The rugby section is a part of a multi-sport club called AS Montferrand, which was founded in 1911 and adopted that name in 1919. Although the rugby section changed its name to the current ASM Clermont Auvergne in 2004, it is still frequently referred to as Montferrand both within and outside France.The team play at the 19,022-seat Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin, also known by its nickname, The Bib Park. Clermont wear yellow and blue, the colours of the city of Montferrand, taken from the French tyre manufacturer Michelin when the firm settled in Montferrand in 1889.The city is where Marcel Michelin, the son of the founder of the French tyre manufacturer, decided to implement the first factory but also the stadium after the creation of ASM for its workers before World War I. "L'ASM", as they are also called, have reached the French Championship final thirteen times, losing on each occasion until their eleventh trip in 2010, when they won the championship in their 100th year as a club.The club was established in 1911 as AS Michelin, though they changed their name to AS Montferrandaise in 1919 due to legal obligation. The club was started by Marcel Michelin, the son of André Michelin, the founder of the Michelin tyre manufacturer. He died in deportation at Buchenwald; he had been deported there as a member of the Resistance and was involved in two successful escape attempts before dying during the third.The club made its first final of any competition in 1935, where they played Perpignan for the Challenge Yves du Manoir. AS Montferrand lost the match, 3–3 and 9–0. The following year they featured in their first championship final; though they lost to RC Narbonne 6 points to 3. They made the final again in 1937, though that match was also lost, 13 points to 7 to CS Vienne. The following season the club won its first title; winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir by defeating Perpignan 23 points to 10.During the 1940s the club contested the Coupe de France on two occasions, in 1945 and 1947. The club lost on both occasions, by one point, 14 to 13 to SU Agen in 1945, and then 14 to 11 against Toulouse in 1947. It would be another 10 years until the club featured in another competition final; losing to US Dax in the 1957 Challenge Yves du Manoir. The club became a force during the 1970s, starting in 1970 with a 3 points to nil championship loss to La Voulte Sportif. The club then contested the Challenge Yves du Manoir twice in a row over the 1972–73 seasons; losing both finals, against AS Béziers and Narbonne respectively. Then they won the competition in 1976, defeating SC Graulhet 40 points to 12 just a few days after the death of the young international winger, Jean-François Philiponeau, struck on the field during an exhibition game. The club then contested the championship final in 1978, though they lost to Béziers. They also lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1979, against Narbonne.In 1994 season the club contested both the French championship and the Challenge Yves du Manoir. They lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir to Perpignan (the third time the clubs had met in the competition final). They also lost the championship, defeated 22 points to 16 by Toulouse.The club contested two finals in the 1999 season as well, the French championship and the European Challenge Cup. They won the European Challenge Cup, defeating fellow French club CS Bourgoin-Jallieu 35 points to 16 at the Stade Gerland in Lyon. However they lost the domestic final, being defeated by Toulouse again, 15 points to 11. The club would meet Toulouse again in the season final of 2001, with Toulouse winning 34 points to 22. In 2004 they contested the European Challenge Cup again, though they lost to English club Harlequins, by one point, 27 to 26 at the last minute.The team experienced a hard period between 2002 and 2006 and it was only with the arrival of Vern Cotter, in the middle of 2006, that the team's form began to improve. In Vern Cotter's first year as head coach, Clermont reached their first final since 2001 (which they lost in the last minute against Stade Français), and won the European Challenge Cup against Bath at the Twickenham Stoop.Montferrand developed further under Vern Cotter during the following two seasons, but they lose two more finals against Toulouse in 2008, and Perpignan in 2009. But the team continues to bounce back and perform well years of years.In 2010, in the Heineken Cup the team was drawn against Leicester Tigers and Ospreys in a tough pool. Despite this Montferrand succeeded in winning the pool and were subsequently drawn against the holders of the cup, Leinster Rugby. That was the beginning of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in rugby. In an epic battle, Montferrand lost 29–28. After this loss, they went on to win all of their remaining games to win the French championship against Perpignan (19–6) with a notably exceptional display during the semi-final against RC Toulon in Saint-Etienne.In 2012 they reached the semi-final of the Heineken Cup. They were beaten by Leinster Rugby and were inches from winning the game at the end but Wesley Fofana dropped the ball on Leinster's try line.Clermont reached the Heineken Cup final for the first time in 2013 after they beat Munster Rugby 16–10 in the semi-final in Montpellier. They subsequently lost to Toulon in the HEC final which was held in Lansdowne Road in Dublin on 18 May 2013 by a single point (16–15).In 2014, Clermont reached the Heineken Cup semi-final of the play-offs for the second consecutive time and lost to Saracens.2015 saw Clermont make it to the final of the European Cup (now European Rugby Champions Cup) but lost to RC Toulon 24–18. A few weeks later, they also lost the final of the French Top 14 against Stade Français 12–6.2016 saw Clermont having their first blow in the European Rugby Champions Cup since 2011 by failing to make the quarter final after a late loss against Bordeaux at home. But they finally reached the French championship semi-final with a highly controversial lose against Racing 92.However, the team bounced back and produced during the season 2016-2017, reaching again two finals in the French Top 14 and European Champions Cup. They lost the European Cup against reigning champions Saracens.In January 2020, Clermont acquired a minority stake in the American rugby club New Orleans Gold. In addition to player exchanges, the teams will seek to facilitate cultural exchanges between the state of Louisiana and France."* Note: by virtue of younger players"The Clermont squad for the 2020–2021 season is:
|
[
"Victor Boffelli",
"Olivier Saïsset",
"Alain Hyardet",
"Franck Azéma",
"Jono Gibbes",
"Patrick Boucheix",
"Robert Vigier",
"Laurent Travers",
"Michel Ringeval",
"Vern Cotter"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team ASM Clermont Auvergne in 1995-10-11?
|
October 11, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Alain Gaillard"
]
}
|
L2_Q297901_P286_3
|
Vern Cotter is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2014.
Laurent Travers is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Alain Gaillard is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jono Gibbes is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franck Azéma is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2014 to Jun, 2021.
Michel Ringeval is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1987.
Olivier Saïsset is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Robert Vigier is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1971.
Patrick Boucheix is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Victor Boffelli is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Alain Hyardet is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2003 to Aug, 2004.
|
ASM Clermont AuvergneAssociation Sportive Montferrandaise Clermont Auvergne () is a French rugby union club from Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes that currently competes in Top 14, the top level of the French league system. Clermont are two times French champions in 2009-10 and 2016-17. The rugby section is a part of a multi-sport club called AS Montferrand, which was founded in 1911 and adopted that name in 1919. Although the rugby section changed its name to the current ASM Clermont Auvergne in 2004, it is still frequently referred to as Montferrand both within and outside France.The team play at the 19,022-seat Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin, also known by its nickname, The Bib Park. Clermont wear yellow and blue, the colours of the city of Montferrand, taken from the French tyre manufacturer Michelin when the firm settled in Montferrand in 1889.The city is where Marcel Michelin, the son of the founder of the French tyre manufacturer, decided to implement the first factory but also the stadium after the creation of ASM for its workers before World War I. "L'ASM", as they are also called, have reached the French Championship final thirteen times, losing on each occasion until their eleventh trip in 2010, when they won the championship in their 100th year as a club.The club was established in 1911 as AS Michelin, though they changed their name to AS Montferrandaise in 1919 due to legal obligation. The club was started by Marcel Michelin, the son of André Michelin, the founder of the Michelin tyre manufacturer. He died in deportation at Buchenwald; he had been deported there as a member of the Resistance and was involved in two successful escape attempts before dying during the third.The club made its first final of any competition in 1935, where they played Perpignan for the Challenge Yves du Manoir. AS Montferrand lost the match, 3–3 and 9–0. The following year they featured in their first championship final; though they lost to RC Narbonne 6 points to 3. They made the final again in 1937, though that match was also lost, 13 points to 7 to CS Vienne. The following season the club won its first title; winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir by defeating Perpignan 23 points to 10.During the 1940s the club contested the Coupe de France on two occasions, in 1945 and 1947. The club lost on both occasions, by one point, 14 to 13 to SU Agen in 1945, and then 14 to 11 against Toulouse in 1947. It would be another 10 years until the club featured in another competition final; losing to US Dax in the 1957 Challenge Yves du Manoir. The club became a force during the 1970s, starting in 1970 with a 3 points to nil championship loss to La Voulte Sportif. The club then contested the Challenge Yves du Manoir twice in a row over the 1972–73 seasons; losing both finals, against AS Béziers and Narbonne respectively. Then they won the competition in 1976, defeating SC Graulhet 40 points to 12 just a few days after the death of the young international winger, Jean-François Philiponeau, struck on the field during an exhibition game. The club then contested the championship final in 1978, though they lost to Béziers. They also lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1979, against Narbonne.In 1994 season the club contested both the French championship and the Challenge Yves du Manoir. They lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir to Perpignan (the third time the clubs had met in the competition final). They also lost the championship, defeated 22 points to 16 by Toulouse.The club contested two finals in the 1999 season as well, the French championship and the European Challenge Cup. They won the European Challenge Cup, defeating fellow French club CS Bourgoin-Jallieu 35 points to 16 at the Stade Gerland in Lyon. However they lost the domestic final, being defeated by Toulouse again, 15 points to 11. The club would meet Toulouse again in the season final of 2001, with Toulouse winning 34 points to 22. In 2004 they contested the European Challenge Cup again, though they lost to English club Harlequins, by one point, 27 to 26 at the last minute.The team experienced a hard period between 2002 and 2006 and it was only with the arrival of Vern Cotter, in the middle of 2006, that the team's form began to improve. In Vern Cotter's first year as head coach, Clermont reached their first final since 2001 (which they lost in the last minute against Stade Français), and won the European Challenge Cup against Bath at the Twickenham Stoop.Montferrand developed further under Vern Cotter during the following two seasons, but they lose two more finals against Toulouse in 2008, and Perpignan in 2009. But the team continues to bounce back and perform well years of years.In 2010, in the Heineken Cup the team was drawn against Leicester Tigers and Ospreys in a tough pool. Despite this Montferrand succeeded in winning the pool and were subsequently drawn against the holders of the cup, Leinster Rugby. That was the beginning of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in rugby. In an epic battle, Montferrand lost 29–28. After this loss, they went on to win all of their remaining games to win the French championship against Perpignan (19–6) with a notably exceptional display during the semi-final against RC Toulon in Saint-Etienne.In 2012 they reached the semi-final of the Heineken Cup. They were beaten by Leinster Rugby and were inches from winning the game at the end but Wesley Fofana dropped the ball on Leinster's try line.Clermont reached the Heineken Cup final for the first time in 2013 after they beat Munster Rugby 16–10 in the semi-final in Montpellier. They subsequently lost to Toulon in the HEC final which was held in Lansdowne Road in Dublin on 18 May 2013 by a single point (16–15).In 2014, Clermont reached the Heineken Cup semi-final of the play-offs for the second consecutive time and lost to Saracens.2015 saw Clermont make it to the final of the European Cup (now European Rugby Champions Cup) but lost to RC Toulon 24–18. A few weeks later, they also lost the final of the French Top 14 against Stade Français 12–6.2016 saw Clermont having their first blow in the European Rugby Champions Cup since 2011 by failing to make the quarter final after a late loss against Bordeaux at home. But they finally reached the French championship semi-final with a highly controversial lose against Racing 92.However, the team bounced back and produced during the season 2016-2017, reaching again two finals in the French Top 14 and European Champions Cup. They lost the European Cup against reigning champions Saracens.In January 2020, Clermont acquired a minority stake in the American rugby club New Orleans Gold. In addition to player exchanges, the teams will seek to facilitate cultural exchanges between the state of Louisiana and France."* Note: by virtue of younger players"The Clermont squad for the 2020–2021 season is:
|
[
"Victor Boffelli",
"Olivier Saïsset",
"Alain Hyardet",
"Franck Azéma",
"Jono Gibbes",
"Patrick Boucheix",
"Robert Vigier",
"Laurent Travers",
"Michel Ringeval",
"Vern Cotter"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team ASM Clermont Auvergne in 11/10/1995?
|
October 11, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Alain Gaillard"
]
}
|
L2_Q297901_P286_3
|
Vern Cotter is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2014.
Laurent Travers is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Alain Gaillard is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jono Gibbes is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franck Azéma is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2014 to Jun, 2021.
Michel Ringeval is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1987.
Olivier Saïsset is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Robert Vigier is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1971.
Patrick Boucheix is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Victor Boffelli is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Alain Hyardet is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2003 to Aug, 2004.
|
ASM Clermont AuvergneAssociation Sportive Montferrandaise Clermont Auvergne () is a French rugby union club from Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes that currently competes in Top 14, the top level of the French league system. Clermont are two times French champions in 2009-10 and 2016-17. The rugby section is a part of a multi-sport club called AS Montferrand, which was founded in 1911 and adopted that name in 1919. Although the rugby section changed its name to the current ASM Clermont Auvergne in 2004, it is still frequently referred to as Montferrand both within and outside France.The team play at the 19,022-seat Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin, also known by its nickname, The Bib Park. Clermont wear yellow and blue, the colours of the city of Montferrand, taken from the French tyre manufacturer Michelin when the firm settled in Montferrand in 1889.The city is where Marcel Michelin, the son of the founder of the French tyre manufacturer, decided to implement the first factory but also the stadium after the creation of ASM for its workers before World War I. "L'ASM", as they are also called, have reached the French Championship final thirteen times, losing on each occasion until their eleventh trip in 2010, when they won the championship in their 100th year as a club.The club was established in 1911 as AS Michelin, though they changed their name to AS Montferrandaise in 1919 due to legal obligation. The club was started by Marcel Michelin, the son of André Michelin, the founder of the Michelin tyre manufacturer. He died in deportation at Buchenwald; he had been deported there as a member of the Resistance and was involved in two successful escape attempts before dying during the third.The club made its first final of any competition in 1935, where they played Perpignan for the Challenge Yves du Manoir. AS Montferrand lost the match, 3–3 and 9–0. The following year they featured in their first championship final; though they lost to RC Narbonne 6 points to 3. They made the final again in 1937, though that match was also lost, 13 points to 7 to CS Vienne. The following season the club won its first title; winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir by defeating Perpignan 23 points to 10.During the 1940s the club contested the Coupe de France on two occasions, in 1945 and 1947. The club lost on both occasions, by one point, 14 to 13 to SU Agen in 1945, and then 14 to 11 against Toulouse in 1947. It would be another 10 years until the club featured in another competition final; losing to US Dax in the 1957 Challenge Yves du Manoir. The club became a force during the 1970s, starting in 1970 with a 3 points to nil championship loss to La Voulte Sportif. The club then contested the Challenge Yves du Manoir twice in a row over the 1972–73 seasons; losing both finals, against AS Béziers and Narbonne respectively. Then they won the competition in 1976, defeating SC Graulhet 40 points to 12 just a few days after the death of the young international winger, Jean-François Philiponeau, struck on the field during an exhibition game. The club then contested the championship final in 1978, though they lost to Béziers. They also lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1979, against Narbonne.In 1994 season the club contested both the French championship and the Challenge Yves du Manoir. They lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir to Perpignan (the third time the clubs had met in the competition final). They also lost the championship, defeated 22 points to 16 by Toulouse.The club contested two finals in the 1999 season as well, the French championship and the European Challenge Cup. They won the European Challenge Cup, defeating fellow French club CS Bourgoin-Jallieu 35 points to 16 at the Stade Gerland in Lyon. However they lost the domestic final, being defeated by Toulouse again, 15 points to 11. The club would meet Toulouse again in the season final of 2001, with Toulouse winning 34 points to 22. In 2004 they contested the European Challenge Cup again, though they lost to English club Harlequins, by one point, 27 to 26 at the last minute.The team experienced a hard period between 2002 and 2006 and it was only with the arrival of Vern Cotter, in the middle of 2006, that the team's form began to improve. In Vern Cotter's first year as head coach, Clermont reached their first final since 2001 (which they lost in the last minute against Stade Français), and won the European Challenge Cup against Bath at the Twickenham Stoop.Montferrand developed further under Vern Cotter during the following two seasons, but they lose two more finals against Toulouse in 2008, and Perpignan in 2009. But the team continues to bounce back and perform well years of years.In 2010, in the Heineken Cup the team was drawn against Leicester Tigers and Ospreys in a tough pool. Despite this Montferrand succeeded in winning the pool and were subsequently drawn against the holders of the cup, Leinster Rugby. That was the beginning of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in rugby. In an epic battle, Montferrand lost 29–28. After this loss, they went on to win all of their remaining games to win the French championship against Perpignan (19–6) with a notably exceptional display during the semi-final against RC Toulon in Saint-Etienne.In 2012 they reached the semi-final of the Heineken Cup. They were beaten by Leinster Rugby and were inches from winning the game at the end but Wesley Fofana dropped the ball on Leinster's try line.Clermont reached the Heineken Cup final for the first time in 2013 after they beat Munster Rugby 16–10 in the semi-final in Montpellier. They subsequently lost to Toulon in the HEC final which was held in Lansdowne Road in Dublin on 18 May 2013 by a single point (16–15).In 2014, Clermont reached the Heineken Cup semi-final of the play-offs for the second consecutive time and lost to Saracens.2015 saw Clermont make it to the final of the European Cup (now European Rugby Champions Cup) but lost to RC Toulon 24–18. A few weeks later, they also lost the final of the French Top 14 against Stade Français 12–6.2016 saw Clermont having their first blow in the European Rugby Champions Cup since 2011 by failing to make the quarter final after a late loss against Bordeaux at home. But they finally reached the French championship semi-final with a highly controversial lose against Racing 92.However, the team bounced back and produced during the season 2016-2017, reaching again two finals in the French Top 14 and European Champions Cup. They lost the European Cup against reigning champions Saracens.In January 2020, Clermont acquired a minority stake in the American rugby club New Orleans Gold. In addition to player exchanges, the teams will seek to facilitate cultural exchanges between the state of Louisiana and France."* Note: by virtue of younger players"The Clermont squad for the 2020–2021 season is:
|
[
"Victor Boffelli",
"Olivier Saïsset",
"Alain Hyardet",
"Franck Azéma",
"Jono Gibbes",
"Patrick Boucheix",
"Robert Vigier",
"Laurent Travers",
"Michel Ringeval",
"Vern Cotter"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team ASM Clermont Auvergne in Oct 11, 1995?
|
October 11, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Alain Gaillard"
]
}
|
L2_Q297901_P286_3
|
Vern Cotter is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2014.
Laurent Travers is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Alain Gaillard is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jono Gibbes is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franck Azéma is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2014 to Jun, 2021.
Michel Ringeval is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1987.
Olivier Saïsset is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Robert Vigier is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1971.
Patrick Boucheix is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Victor Boffelli is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Alain Hyardet is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2003 to Aug, 2004.
|
ASM Clermont AuvergneAssociation Sportive Montferrandaise Clermont Auvergne () is a French rugby union club from Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes that currently competes in Top 14, the top level of the French league system. Clermont are two times French champions in 2009-10 and 2016-17. The rugby section is a part of a multi-sport club called AS Montferrand, which was founded in 1911 and adopted that name in 1919. Although the rugby section changed its name to the current ASM Clermont Auvergne in 2004, it is still frequently referred to as Montferrand both within and outside France.The team play at the 19,022-seat Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin, also known by its nickname, The Bib Park. Clermont wear yellow and blue, the colours of the city of Montferrand, taken from the French tyre manufacturer Michelin when the firm settled in Montferrand in 1889.The city is where Marcel Michelin, the son of the founder of the French tyre manufacturer, decided to implement the first factory but also the stadium after the creation of ASM for its workers before World War I. "L'ASM", as they are also called, have reached the French Championship final thirteen times, losing on each occasion until their eleventh trip in 2010, when they won the championship in their 100th year as a club.The club was established in 1911 as AS Michelin, though they changed their name to AS Montferrandaise in 1919 due to legal obligation. The club was started by Marcel Michelin, the son of André Michelin, the founder of the Michelin tyre manufacturer. He died in deportation at Buchenwald; he had been deported there as a member of the Resistance and was involved in two successful escape attempts before dying during the third.The club made its first final of any competition in 1935, where they played Perpignan for the Challenge Yves du Manoir. AS Montferrand lost the match, 3–3 and 9–0. The following year they featured in their first championship final; though they lost to RC Narbonne 6 points to 3. They made the final again in 1937, though that match was also lost, 13 points to 7 to CS Vienne. The following season the club won its first title; winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir by defeating Perpignan 23 points to 10.During the 1940s the club contested the Coupe de France on two occasions, in 1945 and 1947. The club lost on both occasions, by one point, 14 to 13 to SU Agen in 1945, and then 14 to 11 against Toulouse in 1947. It would be another 10 years until the club featured in another competition final; losing to US Dax in the 1957 Challenge Yves du Manoir. The club became a force during the 1970s, starting in 1970 with a 3 points to nil championship loss to La Voulte Sportif. The club then contested the Challenge Yves du Manoir twice in a row over the 1972–73 seasons; losing both finals, against AS Béziers and Narbonne respectively. Then they won the competition in 1976, defeating SC Graulhet 40 points to 12 just a few days after the death of the young international winger, Jean-François Philiponeau, struck on the field during an exhibition game. The club then contested the championship final in 1978, though they lost to Béziers. They also lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1979, against Narbonne.In 1994 season the club contested both the French championship and the Challenge Yves du Manoir. They lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir to Perpignan (the third time the clubs had met in the competition final). They also lost the championship, defeated 22 points to 16 by Toulouse.The club contested two finals in the 1999 season as well, the French championship and the European Challenge Cup. They won the European Challenge Cup, defeating fellow French club CS Bourgoin-Jallieu 35 points to 16 at the Stade Gerland in Lyon. However they lost the domestic final, being defeated by Toulouse again, 15 points to 11. The club would meet Toulouse again in the season final of 2001, with Toulouse winning 34 points to 22. In 2004 they contested the European Challenge Cup again, though they lost to English club Harlequins, by one point, 27 to 26 at the last minute.The team experienced a hard period between 2002 and 2006 and it was only with the arrival of Vern Cotter, in the middle of 2006, that the team's form began to improve. In Vern Cotter's first year as head coach, Clermont reached their first final since 2001 (which they lost in the last minute against Stade Français), and won the European Challenge Cup against Bath at the Twickenham Stoop.Montferrand developed further under Vern Cotter during the following two seasons, but they lose two more finals against Toulouse in 2008, and Perpignan in 2009. But the team continues to bounce back and perform well years of years.In 2010, in the Heineken Cup the team was drawn against Leicester Tigers and Ospreys in a tough pool. Despite this Montferrand succeeded in winning the pool and were subsequently drawn against the holders of the cup, Leinster Rugby. That was the beginning of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in rugby. In an epic battle, Montferrand lost 29–28. After this loss, they went on to win all of their remaining games to win the French championship against Perpignan (19–6) with a notably exceptional display during the semi-final against RC Toulon in Saint-Etienne.In 2012 they reached the semi-final of the Heineken Cup. They were beaten by Leinster Rugby and were inches from winning the game at the end but Wesley Fofana dropped the ball on Leinster's try line.Clermont reached the Heineken Cup final for the first time in 2013 after they beat Munster Rugby 16–10 in the semi-final in Montpellier. They subsequently lost to Toulon in the HEC final which was held in Lansdowne Road in Dublin on 18 May 2013 by a single point (16–15).In 2014, Clermont reached the Heineken Cup semi-final of the play-offs for the second consecutive time and lost to Saracens.2015 saw Clermont make it to the final of the European Cup (now European Rugby Champions Cup) but lost to RC Toulon 24–18. A few weeks later, they also lost the final of the French Top 14 against Stade Français 12–6.2016 saw Clermont having their first blow in the European Rugby Champions Cup since 2011 by failing to make the quarter final after a late loss against Bordeaux at home. But they finally reached the French championship semi-final with a highly controversial lose against Racing 92.However, the team bounced back and produced during the season 2016-2017, reaching again two finals in the French Top 14 and European Champions Cup. They lost the European Cup against reigning champions Saracens.In January 2020, Clermont acquired a minority stake in the American rugby club New Orleans Gold. In addition to player exchanges, the teams will seek to facilitate cultural exchanges between the state of Louisiana and France."* Note: by virtue of younger players"The Clermont squad for the 2020–2021 season is:
|
[
"Victor Boffelli",
"Olivier Saïsset",
"Alain Hyardet",
"Franck Azéma",
"Jono Gibbes",
"Patrick Boucheix",
"Robert Vigier",
"Laurent Travers",
"Michel Ringeval",
"Vern Cotter"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team ASM Clermont Auvergne in 10/11/1995?
|
October 11, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Alain Gaillard"
]
}
|
L2_Q297901_P286_3
|
Vern Cotter is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2014.
Laurent Travers is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Alain Gaillard is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jono Gibbes is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franck Azéma is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2014 to Jun, 2021.
Michel Ringeval is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1987.
Olivier Saïsset is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Robert Vigier is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1971.
Patrick Boucheix is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Victor Boffelli is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Alain Hyardet is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2003 to Aug, 2004.
|
ASM Clermont AuvergneAssociation Sportive Montferrandaise Clermont Auvergne () is a French rugby union club from Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes that currently competes in Top 14, the top level of the French league system. Clermont are two times French champions in 2009-10 and 2016-17. The rugby section is a part of a multi-sport club called AS Montferrand, which was founded in 1911 and adopted that name in 1919. Although the rugby section changed its name to the current ASM Clermont Auvergne in 2004, it is still frequently referred to as Montferrand both within and outside France.The team play at the 19,022-seat Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin, also known by its nickname, The Bib Park. Clermont wear yellow and blue, the colours of the city of Montferrand, taken from the French tyre manufacturer Michelin when the firm settled in Montferrand in 1889.The city is where Marcel Michelin, the son of the founder of the French tyre manufacturer, decided to implement the first factory but also the stadium after the creation of ASM for its workers before World War I. "L'ASM", as they are also called, have reached the French Championship final thirteen times, losing on each occasion until their eleventh trip in 2010, when they won the championship in their 100th year as a club.The club was established in 1911 as AS Michelin, though they changed their name to AS Montferrandaise in 1919 due to legal obligation. The club was started by Marcel Michelin, the son of André Michelin, the founder of the Michelin tyre manufacturer. He died in deportation at Buchenwald; he had been deported there as a member of the Resistance and was involved in two successful escape attempts before dying during the third.The club made its first final of any competition in 1935, where they played Perpignan for the Challenge Yves du Manoir. AS Montferrand lost the match, 3–3 and 9–0. The following year they featured in their first championship final; though they lost to RC Narbonne 6 points to 3. They made the final again in 1937, though that match was also lost, 13 points to 7 to CS Vienne. The following season the club won its first title; winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir by defeating Perpignan 23 points to 10.During the 1940s the club contested the Coupe de France on two occasions, in 1945 and 1947. The club lost on both occasions, by one point, 14 to 13 to SU Agen in 1945, and then 14 to 11 against Toulouse in 1947. It would be another 10 years until the club featured in another competition final; losing to US Dax in the 1957 Challenge Yves du Manoir. The club became a force during the 1970s, starting in 1970 with a 3 points to nil championship loss to La Voulte Sportif. The club then contested the Challenge Yves du Manoir twice in a row over the 1972–73 seasons; losing both finals, against AS Béziers and Narbonne respectively. Then they won the competition in 1976, defeating SC Graulhet 40 points to 12 just a few days after the death of the young international winger, Jean-François Philiponeau, struck on the field during an exhibition game. The club then contested the championship final in 1978, though they lost to Béziers. They also lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1979, against Narbonne.In 1994 season the club contested both the French championship and the Challenge Yves du Manoir. They lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir to Perpignan (the third time the clubs had met in the competition final). They also lost the championship, defeated 22 points to 16 by Toulouse.The club contested two finals in the 1999 season as well, the French championship and the European Challenge Cup. They won the European Challenge Cup, defeating fellow French club CS Bourgoin-Jallieu 35 points to 16 at the Stade Gerland in Lyon. However they lost the domestic final, being defeated by Toulouse again, 15 points to 11. The club would meet Toulouse again in the season final of 2001, with Toulouse winning 34 points to 22. In 2004 they contested the European Challenge Cup again, though they lost to English club Harlequins, by one point, 27 to 26 at the last minute.The team experienced a hard period between 2002 and 2006 and it was only with the arrival of Vern Cotter, in the middle of 2006, that the team's form began to improve. In Vern Cotter's first year as head coach, Clermont reached their first final since 2001 (which they lost in the last minute against Stade Français), and won the European Challenge Cup against Bath at the Twickenham Stoop.Montferrand developed further under Vern Cotter during the following two seasons, but they lose two more finals against Toulouse in 2008, and Perpignan in 2009. But the team continues to bounce back and perform well years of years.In 2010, in the Heineken Cup the team was drawn against Leicester Tigers and Ospreys in a tough pool. Despite this Montferrand succeeded in winning the pool and were subsequently drawn against the holders of the cup, Leinster Rugby. That was the beginning of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in rugby. In an epic battle, Montferrand lost 29–28. After this loss, they went on to win all of their remaining games to win the French championship against Perpignan (19–6) with a notably exceptional display during the semi-final against RC Toulon in Saint-Etienne.In 2012 they reached the semi-final of the Heineken Cup. They were beaten by Leinster Rugby and were inches from winning the game at the end but Wesley Fofana dropped the ball on Leinster's try line.Clermont reached the Heineken Cup final for the first time in 2013 after they beat Munster Rugby 16–10 in the semi-final in Montpellier. They subsequently lost to Toulon in the HEC final which was held in Lansdowne Road in Dublin on 18 May 2013 by a single point (16–15).In 2014, Clermont reached the Heineken Cup semi-final of the play-offs for the second consecutive time and lost to Saracens.2015 saw Clermont make it to the final of the European Cup (now European Rugby Champions Cup) but lost to RC Toulon 24–18. A few weeks later, they also lost the final of the French Top 14 against Stade Français 12–6.2016 saw Clermont having their first blow in the European Rugby Champions Cup since 2011 by failing to make the quarter final after a late loss against Bordeaux at home. But they finally reached the French championship semi-final with a highly controversial lose against Racing 92.However, the team bounced back and produced during the season 2016-2017, reaching again two finals in the French Top 14 and European Champions Cup. They lost the European Cup against reigning champions Saracens.In January 2020, Clermont acquired a minority stake in the American rugby club New Orleans Gold. In addition to player exchanges, the teams will seek to facilitate cultural exchanges between the state of Louisiana and France."* Note: by virtue of younger players"The Clermont squad for the 2020–2021 season is:
|
[
"Victor Boffelli",
"Olivier Saïsset",
"Alain Hyardet",
"Franck Azéma",
"Jono Gibbes",
"Patrick Boucheix",
"Robert Vigier",
"Laurent Travers",
"Michel Ringeval",
"Vern Cotter"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team ASM Clermont Auvergne in 11-Oct-199511-October-1995?
|
October 11, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Alain Gaillard"
]
}
|
L2_Q297901_P286_3
|
Vern Cotter is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2014.
Laurent Travers is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Alain Gaillard is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Jono Gibbes is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franck Azéma is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2014 to Jun, 2021.
Michel Ringeval is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1987.
Olivier Saïsset is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Robert Vigier is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1971.
Patrick Boucheix is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Victor Boffelli is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Alain Hyardet is the head coach of ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jul, 2003 to Aug, 2004.
|
ASM Clermont AuvergneAssociation Sportive Montferrandaise Clermont Auvergne () is a French rugby union club from Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes that currently competes in Top 14, the top level of the French league system. Clermont are two times French champions in 2009-10 and 2016-17. The rugby section is a part of a multi-sport club called AS Montferrand, which was founded in 1911 and adopted that name in 1919. Although the rugby section changed its name to the current ASM Clermont Auvergne in 2004, it is still frequently referred to as Montferrand both within and outside France.The team play at the 19,022-seat Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin, also known by its nickname, The Bib Park. Clermont wear yellow and blue, the colours of the city of Montferrand, taken from the French tyre manufacturer Michelin when the firm settled in Montferrand in 1889.The city is where Marcel Michelin, the son of the founder of the French tyre manufacturer, decided to implement the first factory but also the stadium after the creation of ASM for its workers before World War I. "L'ASM", as they are also called, have reached the French Championship final thirteen times, losing on each occasion until their eleventh trip in 2010, when they won the championship in their 100th year as a club.The club was established in 1911 as AS Michelin, though they changed their name to AS Montferrandaise in 1919 due to legal obligation. The club was started by Marcel Michelin, the son of André Michelin, the founder of the Michelin tyre manufacturer. He died in deportation at Buchenwald; he had been deported there as a member of the Resistance and was involved in two successful escape attempts before dying during the third.The club made its first final of any competition in 1935, where they played Perpignan for the Challenge Yves du Manoir. AS Montferrand lost the match, 3–3 and 9–0. The following year they featured in their first championship final; though they lost to RC Narbonne 6 points to 3. They made the final again in 1937, though that match was also lost, 13 points to 7 to CS Vienne. The following season the club won its first title; winning the Challenge Yves du Manoir by defeating Perpignan 23 points to 10.During the 1940s the club contested the Coupe de France on two occasions, in 1945 and 1947. The club lost on both occasions, by one point, 14 to 13 to SU Agen in 1945, and then 14 to 11 against Toulouse in 1947. It would be another 10 years until the club featured in another competition final; losing to US Dax in the 1957 Challenge Yves du Manoir. The club became a force during the 1970s, starting in 1970 with a 3 points to nil championship loss to La Voulte Sportif. The club then contested the Challenge Yves du Manoir twice in a row over the 1972–73 seasons; losing both finals, against AS Béziers and Narbonne respectively. Then they won the competition in 1976, defeating SC Graulhet 40 points to 12 just a few days after the death of the young international winger, Jean-François Philiponeau, struck on the field during an exhibition game. The club then contested the championship final in 1978, though they lost to Béziers. They also lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir in 1979, against Narbonne.In 1994 season the club contested both the French championship and the Challenge Yves du Manoir. They lost the Challenge Yves du Manoir to Perpignan (the third time the clubs had met in the competition final). They also lost the championship, defeated 22 points to 16 by Toulouse.The club contested two finals in the 1999 season as well, the French championship and the European Challenge Cup. They won the European Challenge Cup, defeating fellow French club CS Bourgoin-Jallieu 35 points to 16 at the Stade Gerland in Lyon. However they lost the domestic final, being defeated by Toulouse again, 15 points to 11. The club would meet Toulouse again in the season final of 2001, with Toulouse winning 34 points to 22. In 2004 they contested the European Challenge Cup again, though they lost to English club Harlequins, by one point, 27 to 26 at the last minute.The team experienced a hard period between 2002 and 2006 and it was only with the arrival of Vern Cotter, in the middle of 2006, that the team's form began to improve. In Vern Cotter's first year as head coach, Clermont reached their first final since 2001 (which they lost in the last minute against Stade Français), and won the European Challenge Cup against Bath at the Twickenham Stoop.Montferrand developed further under Vern Cotter during the following two seasons, but they lose two more finals against Toulouse in 2008, and Perpignan in 2009. But the team continues to bounce back and perform well years of years.In 2010, in the Heineken Cup the team was drawn against Leicester Tigers and Ospreys in a tough pool. Despite this Montferrand succeeded in winning the pool and were subsequently drawn against the holders of the cup, Leinster Rugby. That was the beginning of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in rugby. In an epic battle, Montferrand lost 29–28. After this loss, they went on to win all of their remaining games to win the French championship against Perpignan (19–6) with a notably exceptional display during the semi-final against RC Toulon in Saint-Etienne.In 2012 they reached the semi-final of the Heineken Cup. They were beaten by Leinster Rugby and were inches from winning the game at the end but Wesley Fofana dropped the ball on Leinster's try line.Clermont reached the Heineken Cup final for the first time in 2013 after they beat Munster Rugby 16–10 in the semi-final in Montpellier. They subsequently lost to Toulon in the HEC final which was held in Lansdowne Road in Dublin on 18 May 2013 by a single point (16–15).In 2014, Clermont reached the Heineken Cup semi-final of the play-offs for the second consecutive time and lost to Saracens.2015 saw Clermont make it to the final of the European Cup (now European Rugby Champions Cup) but lost to RC Toulon 24–18. A few weeks later, they also lost the final of the French Top 14 against Stade Français 12–6.2016 saw Clermont having their first blow in the European Rugby Champions Cup since 2011 by failing to make the quarter final after a late loss against Bordeaux at home. But they finally reached the French championship semi-final with a highly controversial lose against Racing 92.However, the team bounced back and produced during the season 2016-2017, reaching again two finals in the French Top 14 and European Champions Cup. They lost the European Cup against reigning champions Saracens.In January 2020, Clermont acquired a minority stake in the American rugby club New Orleans Gold. In addition to player exchanges, the teams will seek to facilitate cultural exchanges between the state of Louisiana and France."* Note: by virtue of younger players"The Clermont squad for the 2020–2021 season is:
|
[
"Victor Boffelli",
"Olivier Saïsset",
"Alain Hyardet",
"Franck Azéma",
"Jono Gibbes",
"Patrick Boucheix",
"Robert Vigier",
"Laurent Travers",
"Michel Ringeval",
"Vern Cotter"
] |
|
Which position did John Lee Lee hold in Nov, 1831?
|
November 24, 1831
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6244393_P39_1
|
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
|
John Lee LeeJohn Lee Lee (11 December 1802 – 16 August 1874) of Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer in Devon, and of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset, was a British Whig politician who was Member of Parliament for Wells in Somerset between 1830 and 1837. He was Sheriff of Somerset in 1845–6.He was born "John Lee Hanning", the only son and heir of William Hanning (died 1834) of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset by his wife Harriett Lee, daughter of Edward Lee of Pinhoe, Devon. In 1819 at the age of 17, by the will of his uncle Major Edward Lee (d.17 January 1819) of Orleigh, he inherited several estates including Orleigh. Under the terms of the bequest he adopted the surname Lee by royal licence dated 21 March 1825. He let Orleigh to his brother-in-law William Speke of Jordans near Ilminster (father of the River Nile explorer John Hanning Speke (1827–1864)) and made his own residence at Dillington.In 1830 he was elected one of the Members of Parliament for Wells, and held the seat until 1837.Lee married twice. His first marriage was in 1834 to Jessy Edwards-Vaughan (died 1836), the daughter of John Edwards-Vaughan of Rheola who was his fellow MP for Wells from 1830 to 1832. By her he had one son, Vaughan Hanning Vaughan-Lee (1836–1882) who became Conservative MP for West Somerset 1874–82. His second marriage, in 1841, was to Hon. Mary Sophia Hood, daughter of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport (1788–1868) by whom he had two sons and two daughters.He died on 16 August 1874 at the age of 71.
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Lee Lee hold in 1831-11-24?
|
November 24, 1831
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6244393_P39_1
|
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
|
John Lee LeeJohn Lee Lee (11 December 1802 – 16 August 1874) of Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer in Devon, and of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset, was a British Whig politician who was Member of Parliament for Wells in Somerset between 1830 and 1837. He was Sheriff of Somerset in 1845–6.He was born "John Lee Hanning", the only son and heir of William Hanning (died 1834) of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset by his wife Harriett Lee, daughter of Edward Lee of Pinhoe, Devon. In 1819 at the age of 17, by the will of his uncle Major Edward Lee (d.17 January 1819) of Orleigh, he inherited several estates including Orleigh. Under the terms of the bequest he adopted the surname Lee by royal licence dated 21 March 1825. He let Orleigh to his brother-in-law William Speke of Jordans near Ilminster (father of the River Nile explorer John Hanning Speke (1827–1864)) and made his own residence at Dillington.In 1830 he was elected one of the Members of Parliament for Wells, and held the seat until 1837.Lee married twice. His first marriage was in 1834 to Jessy Edwards-Vaughan (died 1836), the daughter of John Edwards-Vaughan of Rheola who was his fellow MP for Wells from 1830 to 1832. By her he had one son, Vaughan Hanning Vaughan-Lee (1836–1882) who became Conservative MP for West Somerset 1874–82. His second marriage, in 1841, was to Hon. Mary Sophia Hood, daughter of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport (1788–1868) by whom he had two sons and two daughters.He died on 16 August 1874 at the age of 71.
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Lee Lee hold in 24/11/1831?
|
November 24, 1831
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6244393_P39_1
|
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
|
John Lee LeeJohn Lee Lee (11 December 1802 – 16 August 1874) of Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer in Devon, and of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset, was a British Whig politician who was Member of Parliament for Wells in Somerset between 1830 and 1837. He was Sheriff of Somerset in 1845–6.He was born "John Lee Hanning", the only son and heir of William Hanning (died 1834) of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset by his wife Harriett Lee, daughter of Edward Lee of Pinhoe, Devon. In 1819 at the age of 17, by the will of his uncle Major Edward Lee (d.17 January 1819) of Orleigh, he inherited several estates including Orleigh. Under the terms of the bequest he adopted the surname Lee by royal licence dated 21 March 1825. He let Orleigh to his brother-in-law William Speke of Jordans near Ilminster (father of the River Nile explorer John Hanning Speke (1827–1864)) and made his own residence at Dillington.In 1830 he was elected one of the Members of Parliament for Wells, and held the seat until 1837.Lee married twice. His first marriage was in 1834 to Jessy Edwards-Vaughan (died 1836), the daughter of John Edwards-Vaughan of Rheola who was his fellow MP for Wells from 1830 to 1832. By her he had one son, Vaughan Hanning Vaughan-Lee (1836–1882) who became Conservative MP for West Somerset 1874–82. His second marriage, in 1841, was to Hon. Mary Sophia Hood, daughter of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport (1788–1868) by whom he had two sons and two daughters.He died on 16 August 1874 at the age of 71.
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Lee Lee hold in Nov 24, 1831?
|
November 24, 1831
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6244393_P39_1
|
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
|
John Lee LeeJohn Lee Lee (11 December 1802 – 16 August 1874) of Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer in Devon, and of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset, was a British Whig politician who was Member of Parliament for Wells in Somerset between 1830 and 1837. He was Sheriff of Somerset in 1845–6.He was born "John Lee Hanning", the only son and heir of William Hanning (died 1834) of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset by his wife Harriett Lee, daughter of Edward Lee of Pinhoe, Devon. In 1819 at the age of 17, by the will of his uncle Major Edward Lee (d.17 January 1819) of Orleigh, he inherited several estates including Orleigh. Under the terms of the bequest he adopted the surname Lee by royal licence dated 21 March 1825. He let Orleigh to his brother-in-law William Speke of Jordans near Ilminster (father of the River Nile explorer John Hanning Speke (1827–1864)) and made his own residence at Dillington.In 1830 he was elected one of the Members of Parliament for Wells, and held the seat until 1837.Lee married twice. His first marriage was in 1834 to Jessy Edwards-Vaughan (died 1836), the daughter of John Edwards-Vaughan of Rheola who was his fellow MP for Wells from 1830 to 1832. By her he had one son, Vaughan Hanning Vaughan-Lee (1836–1882) who became Conservative MP for West Somerset 1874–82. His second marriage, in 1841, was to Hon. Mary Sophia Hood, daughter of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport (1788–1868) by whom he had two sons and two daughters.He died on 16 August 1874 at the age of 71.
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Lee Lee hold in 11/24/1831?
|
November 24, 1831
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6244393_P39_1
|
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
|
John Lee LeeJohn Lee Lee (11 December 1802 – 16 August 1874) of Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer in Devon, and of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset, was a British Whig politician who was Member of Parliament for Wells in Somerset between 1830 and 1837. He was Sheriff of Somerset in 1845–6.He was born "John Lee Hanning", the only son and heir of William Hanning (died 1834) of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset by his wife Harriett Lee, daughter of Edward Lee of Pinhoe, Devon. In 1819 at the age of 17, by the will of his uncle Major Edward Lee (d.17 January 1819) of Orleigh, he inherited several estates including Orleigh. Under the terms of the bequest he adopted the surname Lee by royal licence dated 21 March 1825. He let Orleigh to his brother-in-law William Speke of Jordans near Ilminster (father of the River Nile explorer John Hanning Speke (1827–1864)) and made his own residence at Dillington.In 1830 he was elected one of the Members of Parliament for Wells, and held the seat until 1837.Lee married twice. His first marriage was in 1834 to Jessy Edwards-Vaughan (died 1836), the daughter of John Edwards-Vaughan of Rheola who was his fellow MP for Wells from 1830 to 1832. By her he had one son, Vaughan Hanning Vaughan-Lee (1836–1882) who became Conservative MP for West Somerset 1874–82. His second marriage, in 1841, was to Hon. Mary Sophia Hood, daughter of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport (1788–1868) by whom he had two sons and two daughters.He died on 16 August 1874 at the age of 71.
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Lee Lee hold in 24-Nov-183124-November-1831?
|
November 24, 1831
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6244393_P39_1
|
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
John Lee Lee holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
|
John Lee LeeJohn Lee Lee (11 December 1802 – 16 August 1874) of Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer in Devon, and of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset, was a British Whig politician who was Member of Parliament for Wells in Somerset between 1830 and 1837. He was Sheriff of Somerset in 1845–6.He was born "John Lee Hanning", the only son and heir of William Hanning (died 1834) of Dillington House, near Ilminster in Somerset by his wife Harriett Lee, daughter of Edward Lee of Pinhoe, Devon. In 1819 at the age of 17, by the will of his uncle Major Edward Lee (d.17 January 1819) of Orleigh, he inherited several estates including Orleigh. Under the terms of the bequest he adopted the surname Lee by royal licence dated 21 March 1825. He let Orleigh to his brother-in-law William Speke of Jordans near Ilminster (father of the River Nile explorer John Hanning Speke (1827–1864)) and made his own residence at Dillington.In 1830 he was elected one of the Members of Parliament for Wells, and held the seat until 1837.Lee married twice. His first marriage was in 1834 to Jessy Edwards-Vaughan (died 1836), the daughter of John Edwards-Vaughan of Rheola who was his fellow MP for Wells from 1830 to 1832. By her he had one son, Vaughan Hanning Vaughan-Lee (1836–1882) who became Conservative MP for West Somerset 1874–82. His second marriage, in 1841, was to Hon. Mary Sophia Hood, daughter of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport (1788–1868) by whom he had two sons and two daughters.He died on 16 August 1874 at the age of 71.
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice in Jun, 2013?
|
June 07, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Mario Monti"
]
}
|
L2_Q2792033_P488_1
|
Alberto Bombassei is the chair of Civic Choice from Oct, 2013 to Apr, 2014.
Mariano Rabino is the chair of Civic Choice from Apr, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Salvatore Matarrese is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2015 to Jul, 2016.
Mario Monti is the chair of Civic Choice from Mar, 2013 to Oct, 2013.
Andrea Riccardi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Renato Balduzzi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2014 to Sep, 2014.
|
Civic ChoiceCivic Choice (, SC) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti.The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda. In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy, along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini.In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party. In February 2014 after Letta's resignation, Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi. After that, the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and, by the end of 2017, joined forces with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia.Following the 2018 Italian general election, the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019.In order to compete in the upcoming general election, on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the "civil society" to implement his "agenda". It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy (CMI) coalition, alongside the Union of the Centre (UdC) and Future and Freedom (FLI).At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals, who were represented in the party's lists:In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote, 37 deputies (in its own lists) and 15 senators (within CMI). After the election, SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named "Civic Choice", including also UdC and FLI MPs, in both houses of Parliament.In late April the party joined Enrico Letta's grand coalition government, which included three SC leading members: Mario Mauro as minister of Defence, Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development.The party began to take shape too: on 13 March Monti, who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president, appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the party's assembly; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions. In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator, Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president, and Benedetto Della Vedova, a former member of the Italian Radicals, Forza Italia, the PdL and finally FLI, spokesperson. The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats: Maria Paola Merloni (vice president), Lorenzo Dellai (party leader in the Chamber of Deputies), Gianluca Susta (party leader in the Senate), Andrea Causin (organizational secretary), Pietro Ichino (platform coordinator) and Gregorio Gitti (local structures' coordinator). No member of Future Italy, a liberal think tank, took a leading role.Since then, the party was often riven by internal disputes. Monti twice presented (and later retracted) his resignation from president. In late July he clashed with the "Catholic" wing of the party, especially with Olivero, whom he accused of being too close to the UdC (whose deputies and senators were part of SC's parliamentary groups). Also Future Italy, seemed to have little patience with the "Catholic" wing and even to be willing to distance from the party.In this phase, an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation. Some, including the party's "Catholics", former members of PdL and Monti himself, favoured joining the European People's Party (EPP), while others, notably those close to Future Italy, Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta, preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party. It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPP's leadership in order to appease the party's Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split.On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president. Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators (out of 20), including Mario Mauro, Andrea Olivero, Gabriele Albertini, Pier Ferdinando Casini (UdC leader), Maria Paola Merloni, Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano. Particularly, Monti criticized Mauro's line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party, open to the PdL. One of the 12 senators, Tito Di Maggio, was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata.After Monti's abrupt departure, spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova, who represented the liberal wing of the party (including Pietro Ichino, Gianluca Susta, Linda Lanzillotta, etc.), announced that SC would "go on" as a "liberal, people's, reform and European party" and would never form a partnership with the PdL. Lanzillotta remarked that "Italy needs a liberal, people's, deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party" and that "we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi. For his part, during a TV interview, Monti stated that "my and SC's commitment does not end now" and that "many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini; they might have been right".On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC. The "popular" majority of SC's parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader, while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germany's Christian Democratic Union. On 6 November the SC senatorial group, dominated by Populars, elected L. Romano as new floor leader; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by "Montiani" and liberals, who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation.On 15 November the Populars walked away from the party's national assembly and left the party altogether. The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary. On 23 November the Populars, led by Mauro, Dellai and Olivero, launched Populars for Italy (PpI). On 10 December the party's break-up was effective in Parliament: 20 deputies (led by Dellai) and 12 senators (led by L. Romano) launched For Italy (PI) groups, while 26 deputies (led by Andrea Romano) and 8 senators (led by Susta) confirmed their allegiance to SC. All the UdC MPs but one joined PI.After Matteo Renzi's election as secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) in December, SC started to approach the centre-left, while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right, once again led by Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi, and, in early February 2014, Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw "its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer".Subsequently, SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi.On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini, a university professor, as minister of Education.On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice (SE), an electoral list including, among others, Democratic Centre, Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party. Members of SC topped SE's slates in two of five constituencies. The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party, cherished by Guy Verhofstadt (ALDE's candidate for President of the European Commission) and Romano Prodi, prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin, one of SC's few remaining Christian democrats, from organizational secretary.On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party, citing his disagreement with the party's political re-positionment (no longer a third-party force, but a close ally of Renzi's PD, under Giannini's leadership), the change in party's identity and "prevailing personal ambitions".On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs. Consequently, Giannini resigned from secretary.In October A. Romano, who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier, left the party in order to join the PD.In November the party's assembly decided that the new leadership, replacing Giannini and Balduzzi, who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament, will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015.Two candidates, Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti, announced their bid for secretary, while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the party's president. However, in mid December, Tinagli retired from the race. In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups, tried to stop the congress (along with Giannini, Bombassei, Ichino, Tinagli, Carlo Calenda, Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members) and finally decided to run for secretary (along with a third candidate, Luciana Cazzaniga). During the congress, postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitano's resignation, Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary.However, on 6 February, two days before the congress, eight senior members of the party (including six former Democrats), including its minister (Giannini), its deputy minister (Calenda), two deputies and five senators (including Giannini), had already left the party; all of them, except Calenda (who later became minister), joined the PD. As a result, the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate. In fact, of the two remaining senators, Della Vedova left during the congress, while Monti was no longer active.In two years, from the 2013 election to February 2015, SC had lost more than the half of its MPs, mostly to Popular Area and the PD.In July 2015 the party's national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president, Angelo D'Agostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president. More important, the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer, in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections. The new chosen name, "Citizens for Italy", would be used only in local elections, indeed.In January 2016, during a cabinet's reshuffle, Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy, while another SC deputy, Antimo Cesaro, was appointed undersecretary at Culture. Despite this, the party, which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls, continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February. In the meantime, Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdini's Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA), and, according to "Corriere della Sera", the two groups could soon merge. In the meantime, SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates.In July, after that the majority of the party's deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA (a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconi's FI), Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group. Contextually, Zanetti, who pretended to be still the leader of SC, started to organise a joint group with the ALA and, possibly, Flavio Tosi's Act!, and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera, a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany. The party's national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October, with 63 votes in favour and 39 against.This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups:In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party.In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and, more specifically, in close alliance with Berlusconi's FI. The 2017 Sicilian regional election, for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FI's lists, marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right. In November, the party's national board endorsed Zanetti's political line and marked SC's official adhesion to the centre-right coalition. The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the party's membership and three deputies (Ernesto Auci, D'Agostino and Vezzali) subsequently left and formed the European Civics.In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy (NcI), a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election, along with Act!, splinters of Popular Alternative (AP – two groups, a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi), Direction Italy (DI), Popular Construction (CP) and the Movement for the Autonomies (MpA). NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action (IdeA), with the goal of reaching 3%, required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law.In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected. After that, the party was "de facto" disbanded.
|
[
"Renato Balduzzi",
"Mariano Rabino",
"Alberto Bombassei",
"Salvatore Matarrese",
"Andrea Riccardi"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice in 2013-06-07?
|
June 07, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Mario Monti"
]
}
|
L2_Q2792033_P488_1
|
Alberto Bombassei is the chair of Civic Choice from Oct, 2013 to Apr, 2014.
Mariano Rabino is the chair of Civic Choice from Apr, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Salvatore Matarrese is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2015 to Jul, 2016.
Mario Monti is the chair of Civic Choice from Mar, 2013 to Oct, 2013.
Andrea Riccardi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jan, 2013 to Mar, 2013.
Renato Balduzzi is the chair of Civic Choice from Jul, 2014 to Sep, 2014.
|
Civic ChoiceCivic Choice (, SC) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti.The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda. In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy, along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini.In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party. In February 2014 after Letta's resignation, Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi. After that, the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and, by the end of 2017, joined forces with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia.Following the 2018 Italian general election, the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019.In order to compete in the upcoming general election, on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the "civil society" to implement his "agenda". It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy (CMI) coalition, alongside the Union of the Centre (UdC) and Future and Freedom (FLI).At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals, who were represented in the party's lists:In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote, 37 deputies (in its own lists) and 15 senators (within CMI). After the election, SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named "Civic Choice", including also UdC and FLI MPs, in both houses of Parliament.In late April the party joined Enrico Letta's grand coalition government, which included three SC leading members: Mario Mauro as minister of Defence, Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development.The party began to take shape too: on 13 March Monti, who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president, appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the party's assembly; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions. In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator, Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president, and Benedetto Della Vedova, a former member of the Italian Radicals, Forza Italia, the PdL and finally FLI, spokesperson. The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats: Maria Paola Merloni (vice president), Lorenzo Dellai (party leader in the Chamber of Deputies), Gianluca Susta (party leader in the Senate), Andrea Causin (organizational secretary), Pietro Ichino (platform coordinator) and Gregorio Gitti (local structures' coordinator). No member of Future Italy, a liberal think tank, took a leading role.Since then, the party was often riven by internal disputes. Monti twice presented (and later retracted) his resignation from president. In late July he clashed with the "Catholic" wing of the party, especially with Olivero, whom he accused of being too close to the UdC (whose deputies and senators were part of SC's parliamentary groups). Also Future Italy, seemed to have little patience with the "Catholic" wing and even to be willing to distance from the party.In this phase, an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation. Some, including the party's "Catholics", former members of PdL and Monti himself, favoured joining the European People's Party (EPP), while others, notably those close to Future Italy, Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta, preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party. It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPP's leadership in order to appease the party's Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split.On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president. Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators (out of 20), including Mario Mauro, Andrea Olivero, Gabriele Albertini, Pier Ferdinando Casini (UdC leader), Maria Paola Merloni, Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano. Particularly, Monti criticized Mauro's line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party, open to the PdL. One of the 12 senators, Tito Di Maggio, was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata.After Monti's abrupt departure, spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova, who represented the liberal wing of the party (including Pietro Ichino, Gianluca Susta, Linda Lanzillotta, etc.), announced that SC would "go on" as a "liberal, people's, reform and European party" and would never form a partnership with the PdL. Lanzillotta remarked that "Italy needs a liberal, people's, deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party" and that "we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi. For his part, during a TV interview, Monti stated that "my and SC's commitment does not end now" and that "many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini; they might have been right".On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC. The "popular" majority of SC's parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader, while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germany's Christian Democratic Union. On 6 November the SC senatorial group, dominated by Populars, elected L. Romano as new floor leader; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by "Montiani" and liberals, who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation.On 15 November the Populars walked away from the party's national assembly and left the party altogether. The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary. On 23 November the Populars, led by Mauro, Dellai and Olivero, launched Populars for Italy (PpI). On 10 December the party's break-up was effective in Parliament: 20 deputies (led by Dellai) and 12 senators (led by L. Romano) launched For Italy (PI) groups, while 26 deputies (led by Andrea Romano) and 8 senators (led by Susta) confirmed their allegiance to SC. All the UdC MPs but one joined PI.After Matteo Renzi's election as secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) in December, SC started to approach the centre-left, while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right, once again led by Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi, and, in early February 2014, Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw "its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer".Subsequently, SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi.On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini, a university professor, as minister of Education.On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice (SE), an electoral list including, among others, Democratic Centre, Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party. Members of SC topped SE's slates in two of five constituencies. The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Party, cherished by Guy Verhofstadt (ALDE's candidate for President of the European Commission) and Romano Prodi, prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin, one of SC's few remaining Christian democrats, from organizational secretary.On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party, citing his disagreement with the party's political re-positionment (no longer a third-party force, but a close ally of Renzi's PD, under Giannini's leadership), the change in party's identity and "prevailing personal ambitions".On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs. Consequently, Giannini resigned from secretary.In October A. Romano, who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier, left the party in order to join the PD.In November the party's assembly decided that the new leadership, replacing Giannini and Balduzzi, who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament, will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015.Two candidates, Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti, announced their bid for secretary, while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the party's president. However, in mid December, Tinagli retired from the race. In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups, tried to stop the congress (along with Giannini, Bombassei, Ichino, Tinagli, Carlo Calenda, Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members) and finally decided to run for secretary (along with a third candidate, Luciana Cazzaniga). During the congress, postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitano's resignation, Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary.However, on 6 February, two days before the congress, eight senior members of the party (including six former Democrats), including its minister (Giannini), its deputy minister (Calenda), two deputies and five senators (including Giannini), had already left the party; all of them, except Calenda (who later became minister), joined the PD. As a result, the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate. In fact, of the two remaining senators, Della Vedova left during the congress, while Monti was no longer active.In two years, from the 2013 election to February 2015, SC had lost more than the half of its MPs, mostly to Popular Area and the PD.In July 2015 the party's national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president, Angelo D'Agostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president. More important, the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer, in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections. The new chosen name, "Citizens for Italy", would be used only in local elections, indeed.In January 2016, during a cabinet's reshuffle, Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy, while another SC deputy, Antimo Cesaro, was appointed undersecretary at Culture. Despite this, the party, which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls, continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February. In the meantime, Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdini's Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA), and, according to "Corriere della Sera", the two groups could soon merge. In the meantime, SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates.In July, after that the majority of the party's deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA (a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconi's FI), Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group. Contextually, Zanetti, who pretended to be still the leader of SC, started to organise a joint group with the ALA and, possibly, Flavio Tosi's Act!, and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera, a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany. The party's national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October, with 63 votes in favour and 39 against.This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups:In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party.In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and, more specifically, in close alliance with Berlusconi's FI. The 2017 Sicilian regional election, for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FI's lists, marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right. In November, the party's national board endorsed Zanetti's political line and marked SC's official adhesion to the centre-right coalition. The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the party's membership and three deputies (Ernesto Auci, D'Agostino and Vezzali) subsequently left and formed the European Civics.In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy (NcI), a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election, along with Act!, splinters of Popular Alternative (AP – two groups, a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi), Direction Italy (DI), Popular Construction (CP) and the Movement for the Autonomies (MpA). NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action (IdeA), with the goal of reaching 3%, required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law.In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected. After that, the party was "de facto" disbanded.
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[
"Renato Balduzzi",
"Mariano Rabino",
"Alberto Bombassei",
"Salvatore Matarrese",
"Andrea Riccardi"
] |
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