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Which team did Jason Price play for in 13/10/2003?	October 13, 2003	{ "text": [ "Hull City A.F.C." ] }	L2_Q6163292_P54_3	Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009. Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006. Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001. Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001. Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003. Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.	Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England	[ "Brentford F.C.", "Guiseley A.F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Millwall F.C.", "Tranmere Rovers F.C.", "Walsall F.C.", "Brighouse Town F.C.", "Carlisle United F.C.", "Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.", "Selby Town F.C.", "Swansea City A.F.C.", "Morecambe F.C.", "Hereford United F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnet F.C.", "Bradford City A.F.C.", "Prestatyn Town F.C.", "Ossett Town F.C." ]
Which team did Jason Price play for in Oct 13, 2003?	October 13, 2003	{ "text": [ "Hull City A.F.C." ] }	L2_Q6163292_P54_3	Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009. Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006. Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001. Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001. Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003. Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.	Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England	[ "Brentford F.C.", "Guiseley A.F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Millwall F.C.", "Tranmere Rovers F.C.", "Walsall F.C.", "Brighouse Town F.C.", "Carlisle United F.C.", "Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.", "Selby Town F.C.", "Swansea City A.F.C.", "Morecambe F.C.", "Hereford United F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnet F.C.", "Bradford City A.F.C.", "Prestatyn Town F.C.", "Ossett Town F.C." ]
Which team did Jason Price play for in 10/13/2003?	October 13, 2003	{ "text": [ "Hull City A.F.C." ] }	L2_Q6163292_P54_3	Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009. Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006. Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001. Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001. Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003. Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.	Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England	[ "Brentford F.C.", "Guiseley A.F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Millwall F.C.", "Tranmere Rovers F.C.", "Walsall F.C.", "Brighouse Town F.C.", "Carlisle United F.C.", "Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.", "Selby Town F.C.", "Swansea City A.F.C.", "Morecambe F.C.", "Hereford United F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnet F.C.", "Bradford City A.F.C.", "Prestatyn Town F.C.", "Ossett Town F.C." ]
Which team did Jason Price play for in 13-Oct-200313-October-2003?	October 13, 2003	{ "text": [ "Hull City A.F.C." ] }	L2_Q6163292_P54_3	Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009. Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006. Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001. Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001. Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003. Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.	Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England	[ "Brentford F.C.", "Guiseley A.F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Millwall F.C.", "Tranmere Rovers F.C.", "Walsall F.C.", "Brighouse Town F.C.", "Carlisle United F.C.", "Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.", "Selby Town F.C.", "Swansea City A.F.C.", "Morecambe F.C.", "Hereford United F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnet F.C.", "Bradford City A.F.C.", "Prestatyn Town F.C.", "Ossett Town F.C." ]
Who was the head of Quezon City in Aug, 1956?	August 09, 1956	{ "text": [ "Norberto S. Amoranto" ] }	L2_Q1475_P6_0	Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019. Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001. Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010. Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976. Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986. Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.	Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:	[ "Herbert Bautista", "Joy Belmonte", "Brigido Simon, Jr.", "Adelina Santos Rodriguez", "Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.", "Ismael A. Mathay, Jr." ]
Who was the head of Quezon City in 1956-08-09?	August 09, 1956	{ "text": [ "Norberto S. Amoranto" ] }	L2_Q1475_P6_0	Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019. Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001. Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010. Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976. Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986. Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.	Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:	[ "Herbert Bautista", "Joy Belmonte", "Brigido Simon, Jr.", "Adelina Santos Rodriguez", "Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.", "Ismael A. Mathay, Jr." ]
Who was the head of Quezon City in 09/08/1956?	August 09, 1956	{ "text": [ "Norberto S. Amoranto" ] }	L2_Q1475_P6_0	Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019. Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001. Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010. Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976. Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986. Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.	Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:	[ "Herbert Bautista", "Joy Belmonte", "Brigido Simon, Jr.", "Adelina Santos Rodriguez", "Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.", "Ismael A. Mathay, Jr." ]
Who was the head of Quezon City in Aug 09, 1956?	August 09, 1956	{ "text": [ "Norberto S. Amoranto" ] }	L2_Q1475_P6_0	Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019. Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001. Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010. Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976. Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986. Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.	Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:	[ "Herbert Bautista", "Joy Belmonte", "Brigido Simon, Jr.", "Adelina Santos Rodriguez", "Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.", "Ismael A. Mathay, Jr." ]
Who was the head of Quezon City in 08/09/1956?	August 09, 1956	{ "text": [ "Norberto S. Amoranto" ] }	L2_Q1475_P6_0	Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019. Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001. Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010. Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976. Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986. Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.	Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:	[ "Herbert Bautista", "Joy Belmonte", "Brigido Simon, Jr.", "Adelina Santos Rodriguez", "Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.", "Ismael A. Mathay, Jr." ]
Who was the head of Quezon City in 09-Aug-195609-August-1956?	August 09, 1956	{ "text": [ "Norberto S. Amoranto" ] }	L2_Q1475_P6_0	Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019. Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001. Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010. Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976. Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986. Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.	Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:	[ "Herbert Bautista", "Joy Belmonte", "Brigido Simon, Jr.", "Adelina Santos Rodriguez", "Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.", "Ismael A. Mathay, Jr." ]
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in Nov, 2000?	November 08, 2000	{ "text": [ "Vicenza Calcio" ] }	L2_Q2447035_P54_0	Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.	Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.	[ "A.C. Rimini 1912", "Robur Siena", "Palermo FC", "Calcio Catania", "Potenza Calcio", "S.S.D. Casarano Calcio", "Unione Sportiva Lecce", "Cagliari Calcio", "Nuorese Calcio", "F.C. Crotone", "União São João E.C.", "Novara Calcio", "Piacenza Calcio", "U.S. Pergolettese 1932", "Acqui U.S. 1911" ]
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in 2000-11-08?	November 08, 2000	{ "text": [ "Vicenza Calcio" ] }	L2_Q2447035_P54_0	Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.	Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.	[ "A.C. Rimini 1912", "Robur Siena", "Palermo FC", "Calcio Catania", "Potenza Calcio", "S.S.D. Casarano Calcio", "Unione Sportiva Lecce", "Cagliari Calcio", "Nuorese Calcio", "F.C. Crotone", "União São João E.C.", "Novara Calcio", "Piacenza Calcio", "U.S. Pergolettese 1932", "Acqui U.S. 1911" ]
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in 08/11/2000?	November 08, 2000	{ "text": [ "Vicenza Calcio" ] }	L2_Q2447035_P54_0	Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.	Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.	[ "A.C. Rimini 1912", "Robur Siena", "Palermo FC", "Calcio Catania", "Potenza Calcio", "S.S.D. Casarano Calcio", "Unione Sportiva Lecce", "Cagliari Calcio", "Nuorese Calcio", "F.C. Crotone", "União São João E.C.", "Novara Calcio", "Piacenza Calcio", "U.S. Pergolettese 1932", "Acqui U.S. 1911" ]
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in Nov 08, 2000?	November 08, 2000	{ "text": [ "Vicenza Calcio" ] }	L2_Q2447035_P54_0	Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.	Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.	[ "A.C. Rimini 1912", "Robur Siena", "Palermo FC", "Calcio Catania", "Potenza Calcio", "S.S.D. Casarano Calcio", "Unione Sportiva Lecce", "Cagliari Calcio", "Nuorese Calcio", "F.C. Crotone", "União São João E.C.", "Novara Calcio", "Piacenza Calcio", "U.S. Pergolettese 1932", "Acqui U.S. 1911" ]
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in 11/08/2000?	November 08, 2000	{ "text": [ "Vicenza Calcio" ] }	L2_Q2447035_P54_0	Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.	Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.	[ "A.C. Rimini 1912", "Robur Siena", "Palermo FC", "Calcio Catania", "Potenza Calcio", "S.S.D. Casarano Calcio", "Unione Sportiva Lecce", "Cagliari Calcio", "Nuorese Calcio", "F.C. Crotone", "União São João E.C.", "Novara Calcio", "Piacenza Calcio", "U.S. Pergolettese 1932", "Acqui U.S. 1911" ]
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in 08-Nov-200008-November-2000?	November 08, 2000	{ "text": [ "Vicenza Calcio" ] }	L2_Q2447035_P54_0	Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.	Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.	[ "A.C. Rimini 1912", "Robur Siena", "Palermo FC", "Calcio Catania", "Potenza Calcio", "S.S.D. Casarano Calcio", "Unione Sportiva Lecce", "Cagliari Calcio", "Nuorese Calcio", "F.C. Crotone", "União São João E.C.", "Novara Calcio", "Piacenza Calcio", "U.S. Pergolettese 1932", "Acqui U.S. 1911" ]
Who was the head coach of the team IFK Mariehamn in Mar, 2019?	March 10, 2019	{ "text": [ "Peter Lundberg" ] }	L2_Q252276_P286_1	Peter Lundberg is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2019. Daniel Norrmén is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Pekka Lyyski is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2015.	IFK MariehamnIFK Mariehamn is an Ålandic football club based in Mariehamn, the capital of the Åland Islands. It plays in the Finnish Premier Division ("Veikkausliiga"). The club is managed by Lukas Syberjyski, and it plays its home matches at Wiklöf Holding Arena.While IFK Mariehamn was formed in 1919, the sports club did not have a football department until the mid-1930s. Initially the team participated primarily in local tournaments on Åland, only sporadically playing other Finnish or Swedish teams. The team has participated in the Finnish football leagues since 1945.Until the 1970s, IFK Mariehamn played primarily in the Finnish football divisions 3 and 4. The club reached a peak in 1975 and 1976, when the club first advanced to division 2 and then reached division 1 ("Ykkönen") the following year. After two seasons in division 1, IFK Mariehamn was relegated to division 2, where it would remain up until the 2000s, except for a few seasons in division 3 during the early 1990s.In 2003, IFK Mariehamn returned to division 1. After only one season in division 1, the club advanced, for the first time in its history to the premier division of Finnish football, the Veikkausliiga, for the 2005 season following qualyfing the October 2004 games against FC Jazz. In its first season in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn finished 12th out of 14 teams. In 2006, the club finished in 5th place and the year after 6th after an impressive run of unbeaten matches during the autumn of 2007.In addition to playing in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn participates in local Åland tournaments, having won the Åland cup 40 times and the Åland football championships 42 times. In recent years, the club has been the most dominant football team on Åland, having in 2008 won its 11th and 15th straight titles in these two events, respectively.In 2009, IFK Mariehamn started its first season as a fully professional football club. In 2015, the team won the Finnish Cup for the first time.On 23 October 2016, IFK Mariehamn defeated FC Ilves 2-1 to secure the first ever Veikkausliiga Championship for the island club.VeikkausliigaFinnish Cup	[ "Daniel Norrmén", "Pekka Lyyski" ]
Who was the head coach of the team IFK Mariehamn in 2019-03-10?	March 10, 2019	{ "text": [ "Peter Lundberg" ] }	L2_Q252276_P286_1	Peter Lundberg is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2019. Daniel Norrmén is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Pekka Lyyski is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2015.	IFK MariehamnIFK Mariehamn is an Ålandic football club based in Mariehamn, the capital of the Åland Islands. It plays in the Finnish Premier Division ("Veikkausliiga"). The club is managed by Lukas Syberjyski, and it plays its home matches at Wiklöf Holding Arena.While IFK Mariehamn was formed in 1919, the sports club did not have a football department until the mid-1930s. Initially the team participated primarily in local tournaments on Åland, only sporadically playing other Finnish or Swedish teams. The team has participated in the Finnish football leagues since 1945.Until the 1970s, IFK Mariehamn played primarily in the Finnish football divisions 3 and 4. The club reached a peak in 1975 and 1976, when the club first advanced to division 2 and then reached division 1 ("Ykkönen") the following year. After two seasons in division 1, IFK Mariehamn was relegated to division 2, where it would remain up until the 2000s, except for a few seasons in division 3 during the early 1990s.In 2003, IFK Mariehamn returned to division 1. After only one season in division 1, the club advanced, for the first time in its history to the premier division of Finnish football, the Veikkausliiga, for the 2005 season following qualyfing the October 2004 games against FC Jazz. In its first season in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn finished 12th out of 14 teams. In 2006, the club finished in 5th place and the year after 6th after an impressive run of unbeaten matches during the autumn of 2007.In addition to playing in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn participates in local Åland tournaments, having won the Åland cup 40 times and the Åland football championships 42 times. In recent years, the club has been the most dominant football team on Åland, having in 2008 won its 11th and 15th straight titles in these two events, respectively.In 2009, IFK Mariehamn started its first season as a fully professional football club. In 2015, the team won the Finnish Cup for the first time.On 23 October 2016, IFK Mariehamn defeated FC Ilves 2-1 to secure the first ever Veikkausliiga Championship for the island club.VeikkausliigaFinnish Cup	[ "Daniel Norrmén", "Pekka Lyyski" ]
Who was the head coach of the team IFK Mariehamn in 10/03/2019?	March 10, 2019	{ "text": [ "Peter Lundberg" ] }	L2_Q252276_P286_1	Peter Lundberg is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2019. Daniel Norrmén is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Pekka Lyyski is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2015.	IFK MariehamnIFK Mariehamn is an Ålandic football club based in Mariehamn, the capital of the Åland Islands. It plays in the Finnish Premier Division ("Veikkausliiga"). The club is managed by Lukas Syberjyski, and it plays its home matches at Wiklöf Holding Arena.While IFK Mariehamn was formed in 1919, the sports club did not have a football department until the mid-1930s. Initially the team participated primarily in local tournaments on Åland, only sporadically playing other Finnish or Swedish teams. The team has participated in the Finnish football leagues since 1945.Until the 1970s, IFK Mariehamn played primarily in the Finnish football divisions 3 and 4. The club reached a peak in 1975 and 1976, when the club first advanced to division 2 and then reached division 1 ("Ykkönen") the following year. After two seasons in division 1, IFK Mariehamn was relegated to division 2, where it would remain up until the 2000s, except for a few seasons in division 3 during the early 1990s.In 2003, IFK Mariehamn returned to division 1. After only one season in division 1, the club advanced, for the first time in its history to the premier division of Finnish football, the Veikkausliiga, for the 2005 season following qualyfing the October 2004 games against FC Jazz. In its first season in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn finished 12th out of 14 teams. In 2006, the club finished in 5th place and the year after 6th after an impressive run of unbeaten matches during the autumn of 2007.In addition to playing in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn participates in local Åland tournaments, having won the Åland cup 40 times and the Åland football championships 42 times. In recent years, the club has been the most dominant football team on Åland, having in 2008 won its 11th and 15th straight titles in these two events, respectively.In 2009, IFK Mariehamn started its first season as a fully professional football club. In 2015, the team won the Finnish Cup for the first time.On 23 October 2016, IFK Mariehamn defeated FC Ilves 2-1 to secure the first ever Veikkausliiga Championship for the island club.VeikkausliigaFinnish Cup	[ "Daniel Norrmén", "Pekka Lyyski" ]
Who was the head coach of the team IFK Mariehamn in Mar 10, 2019?	March 10, 2019	{ "text": [ "Peter Lundberg" ] }	L2_Q252276_P286_1	Peter Lundberg is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2019. Daniel Norrmén is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Pekka Lyyski is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2015.	IFK MariehamnIFK Mariehamn is an Ålandic football club based in Mariehamn, the capital of the Åland Islands. It plays in the Finnish Premier Division ("Veikkausliiga"). The club is managed by Lukas Syberjyski, and it plays its home matches at Wiklöf Holding Arena.While IFK Mariehamn was formed in 1919, the sports club did not have a football department until the mid-1930s. Initially the team participated primarily in local tournaments on Åland, only sporadically playing other Finnish or Swedish teams. The team has participated in the Finnish football leagues since 1945.Until the 1970s, IFK Mariehamn played primarily in the Finnish football divisions 3 and 4. The club reached a peak in 1975 and 1976, when the club first advanced to division 2 and then reached division 1 ("Ykkönen") the following year. After two seasons in division 1, IFK Mariehamn was relegated to division 2, where it would remain up until the 2000s, except for a few seasons in division 3 during the early 1990s.In 2003, IFK Mariehamn returned to division 1. After only one season in division 1, the club advanced, for the first time in its history to the premier division of Finnish football, the Veikkausliiga, for the 2005 season following qualyfing the October 2004 games against FC Jazz. In its first season in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn finished 12th out of 14 teams. In 2006, the club finished in 5th place and the year after 6th after an impressive run of unbeaten matches during the autumn of 2007.In addition to playing in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn participates in local Åland tournaments, having won the Åland cup 40 times and the Åland football championships 42 times. In recent years, the club has been the most dominant football team on Åland, having in 2008 won its 11th and 15th straight titles in these two events, respectively.In 2009, IFK Mariehamn started its first season as a fully professional football club. In 2015, the team won the Finnish Cup for the first time.On 23 October 2016, IFK Mariehamn defeated FC Ilves 2-1 to secure the first ever Veikkausliiga Championship for the island club.VeikkausliigaFinnish Cup	[ "Daniel Norrmén", "Pekka Lyyski" ]
Who was the head coach of the team IFK Mariehamn in 03/10/2019?	March 10, 2019	{ "text": [ "Peter Lundberg" ] }	L2_Q252276_P286_1	Peter Lundberg is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2019. Daniel Norrmén is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Pekka Lyyski is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2015.	IFK MariehamnIFK Mariehamn is an Ålandic football club based in Mariehamn, the capital of the Åland Islands. It plays in the Finnish Premier Division ("Veikkausliiga"). The club is managed by Lukas Syberjyski, and it plays its home matches at Wiklöf Holding Arena.While IFK Mariehamn was formed in 1919, the sports club did not have a football department until the mid-1930s. Initially the team participated primarily in local tournaments on Åland, only sporadically playing other Finnish or Swedish teams. The team has participated in the Finnish football leagues since 1945.Until the 1970s, IFK Mariehamn played primarily in the Finnish football divisions 3 and 4. The club reached a peak in 1975 and 1976, when the club first advanced to division 2 and then reached division 1 ("Ykkönen") the following year. After two seasons in division 1, IFK Mariehamn was relegated to division 2, where it would remain up until the 2000s, except for a few seasons in division 3 during the early 1990s.In 2003, IFK Mariehamn returned to division 1. After only one season in division 1, the club advanced, for the first time in its history to the premier division of Finnish football, the Veikkausliiga, for the 2005 season following qualyfing the October 2004 games against FC Jazz. In its first season in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn finished 12th out of 14 teams. In 2006, the club finished in 5th place and the year after 6th after an impressive run of unbeaten matches during the autumn of 2007.In addition to playing in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn participates in local Åland tournaments, having won the Åland cup 40 times and the Åland football championships 42 times. In recent years, the club has been the most dominant football team on Åland, having in 2008 won its 11th and 15th straight titles in these two events, respectively.In 2009, IFK Mariehamn started its first season as a fully professional football club. In 2015, the team won the Finnish Cup for the first time.On 23 October 2016, IFK Mariehamn defeated FC Ilves 2-1 to secure the first ever Veikkausliiga Championship for the island club.VeikkausliigaFinnish Cup	[ "Daniel Norrmén", "Pekka Lyyski" ]
Who was the head coach of the team IFK Mariehamn in 10-Mar-201910-March-2019?	March 10, 2019	{ "text": [ "Peter Lundberg" ] }	L2_Q252276_P286_1	Peter Lundberg is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2019. Daniel Norrmén is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Pekka Lyyski is the head coach of IFK Mariehamn from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2015.	IFK MariehamnIFK Mariehamn is an Ålandic football club based in Mariehamn, the capital of the Åland Islands. It plays in the Finnish Premier Division ("Veikkausliiga"). The club is managed by Lukas Syberjyski, and it plays its home matches at Wiklöf Holding Arena.While IFK Mariehamn was formed in 1919, the sports club did not have a football department until the mid-1930s. Initially the team participated primarily in local tournaments on Åland, only sporadically playing other Finnish or Swedish teams. The team has participated in the Finnish football leagues since 1945.Until the 1970s, IFK Mariehamn played primarily in the Finnish football divisions 3 and 4. The club reached a peak in 1975 and 1976, when the club first advanced to division 2 and then reached division 1 ("Ykkönen") the following year. After two seasons in division 1, IFK Mariehamn was relegated to division 2, where it would remain up until the 2000s, except for a few seasons in division 3 during the early 1990s.In 2003, IFK Mariehamn returned to division 1. After only one season in division 1, the club advanced, for the first time in its history to the premier division of Finnish football, the Veikkausliiga, for the 2005 season following qualyfing the October 2004 games against FC Jazz. In its first season in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn finished 12th out of 14 teams. In 2006, the club finished in 5th place and the year after 6th after an impressive run of unbeaten matches during the autumn of 2007.In addition to playing in the "Veikkausliiga", IFK Mariehamn participates in local Åland tournaments, having won the Åland cup 40 times and the Åland football championships 42 times. In recent years, the club has been the most dominant football team on Åland, having in 2008 won its 11th and 15th straight titles in these two events, respectively.In 2009, IFK Mariehamn started its first season as a fully professional football club. In 2015, the team won the Finnish Cup for the first time.On 23 October 2016, IFK Mariehamn defeated FC Ilves 2-1 to secure the first ever Veikkausliiga Championship for the island club.VeikkausliigaFinnish Cup	[ "Daniel Norrmén", "Pekka Lyyski" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in Oct, 2009?	October 02, 2009	{ "text": [ "Hannover 96" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_2	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Albania national association football team" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in 2009-10-02?	October 02, 2009	{ "text": [ "Hannover 96" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_2	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Albania national association football team" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in 02/10/2009?	October 02, 2009	{ "text": [ "Hannover 96" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_2	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Albania national association football team" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in Oct 02, 2009?	October 02, 2009	{ "text": [ "Hannover 96" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_2	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Albania national association football team" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in 10/02/2009?	October 02, 2009	{ "text": [ "Hannover 96" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_2	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Albania national association football team" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in 02-Oct-200902-October-2009?	October 02, 2009	{ "text": [ "Hannover 96" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_2	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Albania national association football team" ]
Who was the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland in Jan, 1900?	January 01, 1900	{ "text": [ "Nils Robert af Ursin", "Karl Fredrik Hellsten", "J. A. Salminen" ] }	L2_Q499029_P488_1	Kalevi Sorsa is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1987. Sanna Marin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Aug, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Nils Robert af Ursin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1900. Jutta Urpilainen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2008 to May, 2014. Pertti Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Karl Fredrik Hellsten is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1903. Emil Skog is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1957. Emil Perttilä is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1906. Edvard Valpas-Hänninen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1909. Väinö Salovaara is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944. Eero Heinäluoma is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2008. Väinö Tanner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1963. Onni Hiltunen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946. Rafael Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1975. Otto Wille Kuusinen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1913. Matti Paasivuori is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930. J. A. Salminen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1900. Ulf Sundqvist is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Kaarlo Harvala is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1942. Kullervo Manner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1918. Taavi Tainio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1905. Paavo Lipponen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1993 to Jun, 2005. Antti Rinne is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from May, 2014 to Aug, 2020.	Social Democratic Party of FinlandThe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP, ; ), founded as the Finnish Labour Party (; ), shortened to the Social Democrats (; ) and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit (), is a social-democratic political party in Finland. It is currently the largest party in the Parliament of Finland with 40 seats.Founded in 1899, the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party. The SDP has a close relationship with SAK, the largest trade union confederation. It is also a member of the Progressive Alliance, the Socialist International, the Party of European Socialists and SAMAK.Following the resignation of Antti Rinne in December 2019, Sanna Marin became the country's 67th Prime Minister. SDP formed a new coalition government on the basis of its predecessor, in effect continuing cooperation with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party. Seven of the government's nineteen ministers are Social Democrats.The SDP was founded as the Finnish Labour Party in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July in Turku. The name was changed to the present form in 1903. The SDP was closely associated with the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party. The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement until universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the 1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured a majority in the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the 1917 Finnish parliamentary election after independence from Russia and started a rebellion that escalated into the Finnish Civil War in 1918.SDP members declared Finland a socialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of the White Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge in Soviet Russia. In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of its political legitimacy and respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised by Väinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organizations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP.It became the life's work of Väinö Tanner to re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from its Nordic sister parties, namely the Danish Social Democrats, the Norwegian Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party. President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation until Kyösti Kallio was elected President in 1937. During World War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of the Labour and Socialist International from 1923 to 1940.During the first few months of the Continuation War (1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labor unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and the Agrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and other bourgeois political parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties.Because of the SDP's anti-communist activities, the United States Central Intelligence Agency supported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organizations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-war rationing served to inflate prices. In the 1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidate Karl-August Fagerholm lost by only one electoral vote to Urho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in the Fagerholm I Cabinet (1956–1957) and the Fagerholm II Cabinet (1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election of Väinö Tanner as party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL) around the former SDP chairman Emil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the 1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with the centrist-agrarian Centre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with the liberal-conservative National Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party (NCP).The 1995 Finnish parliamentary election saw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results since World War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leader Paavo Lipponen headed two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted a pro-European stance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the 2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became the Speaker of Parliament and the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki became the new Prime Minister, leading a coalition cabinet that included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to the Iraq leak and was replaced by Matti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded the Vanhanen I Cabinet.In the 2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed a coalition cabinet consisting of the Green League, the NCP and the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leader Eero Heinäluoma did not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced by Jutta Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the 2008 Finnish municipal elections and the 2009 European Parliament election. In the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than the Finns Party which came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, the Katainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet's Minister of Finance, with NCP chairman Jyrki Katainen serving as Prime Minister.In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challenger Antti Rinne in a 257 to 243 vote. Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of the Sipilä Cabinet on matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model. On 22 June 2016, Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35. In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament. Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties, Rinne announced that he would negotiate forming a government with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the SFP. The negotiations were ultimately successful and the Rinne Cabinet was formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019. On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Center Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland. He was followed in the position by Sanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019.The SDP is a centre-left social-democratic party. The SDP is opposed to Finland joining NATO and is for Finland remaining in the Partnership for Peace. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, 91% of SDP candidates were opposed to NATO membership.The SDP is in favor of LGBT adoption rights, the construction of nuclear power plants, the conservation of Swedish as one of Finland's two official languages and the increase of funding to public universities. The party is advocating for Finland to become oil-independent by 2030. The SDP has advocated for policies preventing foreigners from working in Finland. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, only the Finns Party had a higher share of candidates opposed to the easing of work-based immigration.The party opposed economic reforms both in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election and in the subsequent government program negotiations. The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays them to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions. The SDP supports the separation of church and state.The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years. Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce.	[ "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa" ]
Who was the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland in 1900-01-01?	January 01, 1900	{ "text": [ "Nils Robert af Ursin", "Karl Fredrik Hellsten", "J. A. Salminen" ] }	L2_Q499029_P488_1	Kalevi Sorsa is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1987. Sanna Marin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Aug, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Nils Robert af Ursin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1900. Jutta Urpilainen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2008 to May, 2014. Pertti Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Karl Fredrik Hellsten is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1903. Emil Skog is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1957. Emil Perttilä is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1906. Edvard Valpas-Hänninen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1909. Väinö Salovaara is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944. Eero Heinäluoma is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2008. Väinö Tanner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1963. Onni Hiltunen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946. Rafael Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1975. Otto Wille Kuusinen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1913. Matti Paasivuori is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930. J. A. Salminen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1900. Ulf Sundqvist is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Kaarlo Harvala is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1942. Kullervo Manner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1918. Taavi Tainio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1905. Paavo Lipponen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1993 to Jun, 2005. Antti Rinne is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from May, 2014 to Aug, 2020.	Social Democratic Party of FinlandThe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP, ; ), founded as the Finnish Labour Party (; ), shortened to the Social Democrats (; ) and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit (), is a social-democratic political party in Finland. It is currently the largest party in the Parliament of Finland with 40 seats.Founded in 1899, the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party. The SDP has a close relationship with SAK, the largest trade union confederation. It is also a member of the Progressive Alliance, the Socialist International, the Party of European Socialists and SAMAK.Following the resignation of Antti Rinne in December 2019, Sanna Marin became the country's 67th Prime Minister. SDP formed a new coalition government on the basis of its predecessor, in effect continuing cooperation with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party. Seven of the government's nineteen ministers are Social Democrats.The SDP was founded as the Finnish Labour Party in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July in Turku. The name was changed to the present form in 1903. The SDP was closely associated with the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party. The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement until universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the 1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured a majority in the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the 1917 Finnish parliamentary election after independence from Russia and started a rebellion that escalated into the Finnish Civil War in 1918.SDP members declared Finland a socialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of the White Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge in Soviet Russia. In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of its political legitimacy and respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised by Väinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organizations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP.It became the life's work of Väinö Tanner to re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from its Nordic sister parties, namely the Danish Social Democrats, the Norwegian Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party. President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation until Kyösti Kallio was elected President in 1937. During World War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of the Labour and Socialist International from 1923 to 1940.During the first few months of the Continuation War (1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labor unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and the Agrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and other bourgeois political parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties.Because of the SDP's anti-communist activities, the United States Central Intelligence Agency supported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organizations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-war rationing served to inflate prices. In the 1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidate Karl-August Fagerholm lost by only one electoral vote to Urho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in the Fagerholm I Cabinet (1956–1957) and the Fagerholm II Cabinet (1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election of Väinö Tanner as party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL) around the former SDP chairman Emil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the 1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with the centrist-agrarian Centre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with the liberal-conservative National Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party (NCP).The 1995 Finnish parliamentary election saw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results since World War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leader Paavo Lipponen headed two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted a pro-European stance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the 2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became the Speaker of Parliament and the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki became the new Prime Minister, leading a coalition cabinet that included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to the Iraq leak and was replaced by Matti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded the Vanhanen I Cabinet.In the 2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed a coalition cabinet consisting of the Green League, the NCP and the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leader Eero Heinäluoma did not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced by Jutta Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the 2008 Finnish municipal elections and the 2009 European Parliament election. In the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than the Finns Party which came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, the Katainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet's Minister of Finance, with NCP chairman Jyrki Katainen serving as Prime Minister.In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challenger Antti Rinne in a 257 to 243 vote. Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of the Sipilä Cabinet on matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model. On 22 June 2016, Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35. In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament. Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties, Rinne announced that he would negotiate forming a government with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the SFP. The negotiations were ultimately successful and the Rinne Cabinet was formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019. On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Center Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland. He was followed in the position by Sanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019.The SDP is a centre-left social-democratic party. The SDP is opposed to Finland joining NATO and is for Finland remaining in the Partnership for Peace. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, 91% of SDP candidates were opposed to NATO membership.The SDP is in favor of LGBT adoption rights, the construction of nuclear power plants, the conservation of Swedish as one of Finland's two official languages and the increase of funding to public universities. The party is advocating for Finland to become oil-independent by 2030. The SDP has advocated for policies preventing foreigners from working in Finland. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, only the Finns Party had a higher share of candidates opposed to the easing of work-based immigration.The party opposed economic reforms both in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election and in the subsequent government program negotiations. The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays them to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions. The SDP supports the separation of church and state.The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years. Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce.	[ "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa" ]
Who was the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland in 01/01/1900?	January 01, 1900	{ "text": [ "Nils Robert af Ursin", "Karl Fredrik Hellsten", "J. A. Salminen" ] }	L2_Q499029_P488_1	Kalevi Sorsa is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1987. Sanna Marin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Aug, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Nils Robert af Ursin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1900. Jutta Urpilainen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2008 to May, 2014. Pertti Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Karl Fredrik Hellsten is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1903. Emil Skog is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1957. Emil Perttilä is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1906. Edvard Valpas-Hänninen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1909. Väinö Salovaara is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944. Eero Heinäluoma is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2008. Väinö Tanner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1963. Onni Hiltunen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946. Rafael Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1975. Otto Wille Kuusinen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1913. Matti Paasivuori is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930. J. A. Salminen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1900. Ulf Sundqvist is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Kaarlo Harvala is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1942. Kullervo Manner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1918. Taavi Tainio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1905. Paavo Lipponen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1993 to Jun, 2005. Antti Rinne is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from May, 2014 to Aug, 2020.	Social Democratic Party of FinlandThe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP, ; ), founded as the Finnish Labour Party (; ), shortened to the Social Democrats (; ) and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit (), is a social-democratic political party in Finland. It is currently the largest party in the Parliament of Finland with 40 seats.Founded in 1899, the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party. The SDP has a close relationship with SAK, the largest trade union confederation. It is also a member of the Progressive Alliance, the Socialist International, the Party of European Socialists and SAMAK.Following the resignation of Antti Rinne in December 2019, Sanna Marin became the country's 67th Prime Minister. SDP formed a new coalition government on the basis of its predecessor, in effect continuing cooperation with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party. Seven of the government's nineteen ministers are Social Democrats.The SDP was founded as the Finnish Labour Party in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July in Turku. The name was changed to the present form in 1903. The SDP was closely associated with the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party. The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement until universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the 1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured a majority in the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the 1917 Finnish parliamentary election after independence from Russia and started a rebellion that escalated into the Finnish Civil War in 1918.SDP members declared Finland a socialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of the White Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge in Soviet Russia. In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of its political legitimacy and respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised by Väinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organizations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP.It became the life's work of Väinö Tanner to re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from its Nordic sister parties, namely the Danish Social Democrats, the Norwegian Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party. President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation until Kyösti Kallio was elected President in 1937. During World War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of the Labour and Socialist International from 1923 to 1940.During the first few months of the Continuation War (1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labor unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and the Agrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and other bourgeois political parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties.Because of the SDP's anti-communist activities, the United States Central Intelligence Agency supported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organizations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-war rationing served to inflate prices. In the 1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidate Karl-August Fagerholm lost by only one electoral vote to Urho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in the Fagerholm I Cabinet (1956–1957) and the Fagerholm II Cabinet (1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election of Väinö Tanner as party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL) around the former SDP chairman Emil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the 1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with the centrist-agrarian Centre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with the liberal-conservative National Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party (NCP).The 1995 Finnish parliamentary election saw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results since World War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leader Paavo Lipponen headed two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted a pro-European stance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the 2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became the Speaker of Parliament and the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki became the new Prime Minister, leading a coalition cabinet that included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to the Iraq leak and was replaced by Matti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded the Vanhanen I Cabinet.In the 2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed a coalition cabinet consisting of the Green League, the NCP and the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leader Eero Heinäluoma did not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced by Jutta Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the 2008 Finnish municipal elections and the 2009 European Parliament election. In the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than the Finns Party which came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, the Katainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet's Minister of Finance, with NCP chairman Jyrki Katainen serving as Prime Minister.In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challenger Antti Rinne in a 257 to 243 vote. Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of the Sipilä Cabinet on matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model. On 22 June 2016, Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35. In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament. Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties, Rinne announced that he would negotiate forming a government with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the SFP. The negotiations were ultimately successful and the Rinne Cabinet was formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019. On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Center Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland. He was followed in the position by Sanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019.The SDP is a centre-left social-democratic party. The SDP is opposed to Finland joining NATO and is for Finland remaining in the Partnership for Peace. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, 91% of SDP candidates were opposed to NATO membership.The SDP is in favor of LGBT adoption rights, the construction of nuclear power plants, the conservation of Swedish as one of Finland's two official languages and the increase of funding to public universities. The party is advocating for Finland to become oil-independent by 2030. The SDP has advocated for policies preventing foreigners from working in Finland. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, only the Finns Party had a higher share of candidates opposed to the easing of work-based immigration.The party opposed economic reforms both in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election and in the subsequent government program negotiations. The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays them to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions. The SDP supports the separation of church and state.The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years. Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce.	[ "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa" ]
Who was the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland in Jan 01, 1900?	January 01, 1900	{ "text": [ "Nils Robert af Ursin", "Karl Fredrik Hellsten", "J. A. Salminen" ] }	L2_Q499029_P488_1	Kalevi Sorsa is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1987. Sanna Marin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Aug, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Nils Robert af Ursin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1900. Jutta Urpilainen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2008 to May, 2014. Pertti Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Karl Fredrik Hellsten is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1903. Emil Skog is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1957. Emil Perttilä is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1906. Edvard Valpas-Hänninen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1909. Väinö Salovaara is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944. Eero Heinäluoma is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2008. Väinö Tanner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1963. Onni Hiltunen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946. Rafael Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1975. Otto Wille Kuusinen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1913. Matti Paasivuori is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930. J. A. Salminen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1900. Ulf Sundqvist is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Kaarlo Harvala is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1942. Kullervo Manner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1918. Taavi Tainio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1905. Paavo Lipponen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1993 to Jun, 2005. Antti Rinne is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from May, 2014 to Aug, 2020.	Social Democratic Party of FinlandThe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP, ; ), founded as the Finnish Labour Party (; ), shortened to the Social Democrats (; ) and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit (), is a social-democratic political party in Finland. It is currently the largest party in the Parliament of Finland with 40 seats.Founded in 1899, the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party. The SDP has a close relationship with SAK, the largest trade union confederation. It is also a member of the Progressive Alliance, the Socialist International, the Party of European Socialists and SAMAK.Following the resignation of Antti Rinne in December 2019, Sanna Marin became the country's 67th Prime Minister. SDP formed a new coalition government on the basis of its predecessor, in effect continuing cooperation with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party. Seven of the government's nineteen ministers are Social Democrats.The SDP was founded as the Finnish Labour Party in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July in Turku. The name was changed to the present form in 1903. The SDP was closely associated with the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party. The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement until universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the 1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured a majority in the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the 1917 Finnish parliamentary election after independence from Russia and started a rebellion that escalated into the Finnish Civil War in 1918.SDP members declared Finland a socialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of the White Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge in Soviet Russia. In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of its political legitimacy and respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised by Väinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organizations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP.It became the life's work of Väinö Tanner to re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from its Nordic sister parties, namely the Danish Social Democrats, the Norwegian Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party. President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation until Kyösti Kallio was elected President in 1937. During World War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of the Labour and Socialist International from 1923 to 1940.During the first few months of the Continuation War (1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labor unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and the Agrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and other bourgeois political parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties.Because of the SDP's anti-communist activities, the United States Central Intelligence Agency supported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organizations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-war rationing served to inflate prices. In the 1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidate Karl-August Fagerholm lost by only one electoral vote to Urho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in the Fagerholm I Cabinet (1956–1957) and the Fagerholm II Cabinet (1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election of Väinö Tanner as party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL) around the former SDP chairman Emil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the 1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with the centrist-agrarian Centre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with the liberal-conservative National Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party (NCP).The 1995 Finnish parliamentary election saw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results since World War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leader Paavo Lipponen headed two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted a pro-European stance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the 2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became the Speaker of Parliament and the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki became the new Prime Minister, leading a coalition cabinet that included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to the Iraq leak and was replaced by Matti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded the Vanhanen I Cabinet.In the 2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed a coalition cabinet consisting of the Green League, the NCP and the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leader Eero Heinäluoma did not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced by Jutta Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the 2008 Finnish municipal elections and the 2009 European Parliament election. In the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than the Finns Party which came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, the Katainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet's Minister of Finance, with NCP chairman Jyrki Katainen serving as Prime Minister.In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challenger Antti Rinne in a 257 to 243 vote. Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of the Sipilä Cabinet on matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model. On 22 June 2016, Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35. In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament. Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties, Rinne announced that he would negotiate forming a government with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the SFP. The negotiations were ultimately successful and the Rinne Cabinet was formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019. On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Center Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland. He was followed in the position by Sanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019.The SDP is a centre-left social-democratic party. The SDP is opposed to Finland joining NATO and is for Finland remaining in the Partnership for Peace. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, 91% of SDP candidates were opposed to NATO membership.The SDP is in favor of LGBT adoption rights, the construction of nuclear power plants, the conservation of Swedish as one of Finland's two official languages and the increase of funding to public universities. The party is advocating for Finland to become oil-independent by 2030. The SDP has advocated for policies preventing foreigners from working in Finland. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, only the Finns Party had a higher share of candidates opposed to the easing of work-based immigration.The party opposed economic reforms both in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election and in the subsequent government program negotiations. The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays them to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions. The SDP supports the separation of church and state.The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years. Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce.	[ "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa" ]
Who was the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland in 01/01/1900?	January 01, 1900	{ "text": [ "Nils Robert af Ursin", "Karl Fredrik Hellsten", "J. A. Salminen" ] }	L2_Q499029_P488_1	Kalevi Sorsa is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1987. Sanna Marin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Aug, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Nils Robert af Ursin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1900. Jutta Urpilainen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2008 to May, 2014. Pertti Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Karl Fredrik Hellsten is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1903. Emil Skog is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1957. Emil Perttilä is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1906. Edvard Valpas-Hänninen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1909. Väinö Salovaara is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944. Eero Heinäluoma is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2008. Väinö Tanner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1963. Onni Hiltunen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946. Rafael Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1975. Otto Wille Kuusinen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1913. Matti Paasivuori is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930. J. A. Salminen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1900. Ulf Sundqvist is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Kaarlo Harvala is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1942. Kullervo Manner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1918. Taavi Tainio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1905. Paavo Lipponen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1993 to Jun, 2005. Antti Rinne is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from May, 2014 to Aug, 2020.	Social Democratic Party of FinlandThe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP, ; ), founded as the Finnish Labour Party (; ), shortened to the Social Democrats (; ) and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit (), is a social-democratic political party in Finland. It is currently the largest party in the Parliament of Finland with 40 seats.Founded in 1899, the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party. The SDP has a close relationship with SAK, the largest trade union confederation. It is also a member of the Progressive Alliance, the Socialist International, the Party of European Socialists and SAMAK.Following the resignation of Antti Rinne in December 2019, Sanna Marin became the country's 67th Prime Minister. SDP formed a new coalition government on the basis of its predecessor, in effect continuing cooperation with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party. Seven of the government's nineteen ministers are Social Democrats.The SDP was founded as the Finnish Labour Party in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July in Turku. The name was changed to the present form in 1903. The SDP was closely associated with the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party. The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement until universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the 1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured a majority in the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the 1917 Finnish parliamentary election after independence from Russia and started a rebellion that escalated into the Finnish Civil War in 1918.SDP members declared Finland a socialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of the White Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge in Soviet Russia. In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of its political legitimacy and respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised by Väinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organizations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP.It became the life's work of Väinö Tanner to re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from its Nordic sister parties, namely the Danish Social Democrats, the Norwegian Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party. President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation until Kyösti Kallio was elected President in 1937. During World War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of the Labour and Socialist International from 1923 to 1940.During the first few months of the Continuation War (1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labor unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and the Agrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and other bourgeois political parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties.Because of the SDP's anti-communist activities, the United States Central Intelligence Agency supported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organizations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-war rationing served to inflate prices. In the 1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidate Karl-August Fagerholm lost by only one electoral vote to Urho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in the Fagerholm I Cabinet (1956–1957) and the Fagerholm II Cabinet (1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election of Väinö Tanner as party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL) around the former SDP chairman Emil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the 1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with the centrist-agrarian Centre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with the liberal-conservative National Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party (NCP).The 1995 Finnish parliamentary election saw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results since World War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leader Paavo Lipponen headed two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted a pro-European stance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the 2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became the Speaker of Parliament and the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki became the new Prime Minister, leading a coalition cabinet that included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to the Iraq leak and was replaced by Matti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded the Vanhanen I Cabinet.In the 2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed a coalition cabinet consisting of the Green League, the NCP and the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leader Eero Heinäluoma did not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced by Jutta Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the 2008 Finnish municipal elections and the 2009 European Parliament election. In the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than the Finns Party which came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, the Katainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet's Minister of Finance, with NCP chairman Jyrki Katainen serving as Prime Minister.In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challenger Antti Rinne in a 257 to 243 vote. Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of the Sipilä Cabinet on matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model. On 22 June 2016, Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35. In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament. Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties, Rinne announced that he would negotiate forming a government with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the SFP. The negotiations were ultimately successful and the Rinne Cabinet was formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019. On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Center Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland. He was followed in the position by Sanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019.The SDP is a centre-left social-democratic party. The SDP is opposed to Finland joining NATO and is for Finland remaining in the Partnership for Peace. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, 91% of SDP candidates were opposed to NATO membership.The SDP is in favor of LGBT adoption rights, the construction of nuclear power plants, the conservation of Swedish as one of Finland's two official languages and the increase of funding to public universities. The party is advocating for Finland to become oil-independent by 2030. The SDP has advocated for policies preventing foreigners from working in Finland. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, only the Finns Party had a higher share of candidates opposed to the easing of work-based immigration.The party opposed economic reforms both in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election and in the subsequent government program negotiations. The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays them to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions. The SDP supports the separation of church and state.The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years. Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce.	[ "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa" ]
Who was the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland in 01-Jan-190001-January-1900?	January 01, 1900	{ "text": [ "Nils Robert af Ursin", "Karl Fredrik Hellsten", "J. A. Salminen" ] }	L2_Q499029_P488_1	Kalevi Sorsa is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1987. Sanna Marin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Aug, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Nils Robert af Ursin is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1900. Jutta Urpilainen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2008 to May, 2014. Pertti Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Karl Fredrik Hellsten is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1903. Emil Skog is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1957. Emil Perttilä is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1906. Edvard Valpas-Hänninen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1909. Väinö Salovaara is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944. Eero Heinäluoma is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2008. Väinö Tanner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1963. Onni Hiltunen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1946. Rafael Paasio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1975. Otto Wille Kuusinen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1913. Matti Paasivuori is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930. J. A. Salminen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1900. Ulf Sundqvist is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Kaarlo Harvala is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1942. Kullervo Manner is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1918. Taavi Tainio is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1905. Paavo Lipponen is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from Jan, 1993 to Jun, 2005. Antti Rinne is the chair of Social Democratic Party of Finland from May, 2014 to Aug, 2020.	Social Democratic Party of FinlandThe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP, ; ), founded as the Finnish Labour Party (; ), shortened to the Social Democrats (; ) and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit (), is a social-democratic political party in Finland. It is currently the largest party in the Parliament of Finland with 40 seats.Founded in 1899, the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party. The SDP has a close relationship with SAK, the largest trade union confederation. It is also a member of the Progressive Alliance, the Socialist International, the Party of European Socialists and SAMAK.Following the resignation of Antti Rinne in December 2019, Sanna Marin became the country's 67th Prime Minister. SDP formed a new coalition government on the basis of its predecessor, in effect continuing cooperation with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party. Seven of the government's nineteen ministers are Social Democrats.The SDP was founded as the Finnish Labour Party in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July in Turku. The name was changed to the present form in 1903. The SDP was closely associated with the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party. The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement until universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the 1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured a majority in the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the 1917 Finnish parliamentary election after independence from Russia and started a rebellion that escalated into the Finnish Civil War in 1918.SDP members declared Finland a socialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of the White Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge in Soviet Russia. In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of its political legitimacy and respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised by Väinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organizations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP.It became the life's work of Väinö Tanner to re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from its Nordic sister parties, namely the Danish Social Democrats, the Norwegian Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party. President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation until Kyösti Kallio was elected President in 1937. During World War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of the Labour and Socialist International from 1923 to 1940.During the first few months of the Continuation War (1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labor unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and the Agrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and other bourgeois political parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties.Because of the SDP's anti-communist activities, the United States Central Intelligence Agency supported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organizations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-war rationing served to inflate prices. In the 1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidate Karl-August Fagerholm lost by only one electoral vote to Urho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in the Fagerholm I Cabinet (1956–1957) and the Fagerholm II Cabinet (1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election of Väinö Tanner as party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL) around the former SDP chairman Emil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the 1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with the centrist-agrarian Centre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with the liberal-conservative National Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party (NCP).The 1995 Finnish parliamentary election saw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results since World War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leader Paavo Lipponen headed two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted a pro-European stance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the 2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became the Speaker of Parliament and the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki became the new Prime Minister, leading a coalition cabinet that included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to the Iraq leak and was replaced by Matti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded the Vanhanen I Cabinet.In the 2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed a coalition cabinet consisting of the Green League, the NCP and the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leader Eero Heinäluoma did not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced by Jutta Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the 2008 Finnish municipal elections and the 2009 European Parliament election. In the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than the Finns Party which came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, the Katainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet's Minister of Finance, with NCP chairman Jyrki Katainen serving as Prime Minister.In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challenger Antti Rinne in a 257 to 243 vote. Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of the Sipilä Cabinet on matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model. On 22 June 2016, Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35. In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament. Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties, Rinne announced that he would negotiate forming a government with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the SFP. The negotiations were ultimately successful and the Rinne Cabinet was formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019. On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Center Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland. He was followed in the position by Sanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019.The SDP is a centre-left social-democratic party. The SDP is opposed to Finland joining NATO and is for Finland remaining in the Partnership for Peace. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, 91% of SDP candidates were opposed to NATO membership.The SDP is in favor of LGBT adoption rights, the construction of nuclear power plants, the conservation of Swedish as one of Finland's two official languages and the increase of funding to public universities. The party is advocating for Finland to become oil-independent by 2030. The SDP has advocated for policies preventing foreigners from working in Finland. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, only the Finns Party had a higher share of candidates opposed to the easing of work-based immigration.The party opposed economic reforms both in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election and in the subsequent government program negotiations. The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays them to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions. The SDP supports the separation of church and state.The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years. Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce.	[ "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa", "Paavo Lipponen", "Antti Rinne", "Matti Paasivuori", "Ulf Sundqvist", "Onni Hiltunen", "Edvard Valpas-Hänninen", "Taavi Tainio", "Rafael Paasio", "Eero Heinäluoma", "Jutta Urpilainen", "Väinö Salovaara", "Emil Perttilä", "Pertti Paasio", "Otto Wille Kuusinen", "Emil Skog", "Sanna Marin", "Kaarlo Harvala", "Väinö Tanner", "Kullervo Manner", "Kalevi Sorsa" ]
Who was the head of Liège in Jun, 1999?	June 30, 1999	{ "text": [ "Jean-Maurice Dehousse" ] }	L2_Q3992_P6_2	Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990. Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995. Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999. Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.	LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as "liudik-", from the Germanic word "liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):	[ "Willy Demeyer", "Henri Schlitz", "Edouard Close" ]
Who was the head of Liège in 1999-06-30?	June 30, 1999	{ "text": [ "Jean-Maurice Dehousse" ] }	L2_Q3992_P6_2	Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990. Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995. Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999. Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.	LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as "liudik-", from the Germanic word "liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):	[ "Willy Demeyer", "Henri Schlitz", "Edouard Close" ]
Who was the head of Liège in 30/06/1999?	June 30, 1999	{ "text": [ "Jean-Maurice Dehousse" ] }	L2_Q3992_P6_2	Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990. Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995. Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999. Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.	LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as "liudik-", from the Germanic word "liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):	[ "Willy Demeyer", "Henri Schlitz", "Edouard Close" ]
Who was the head of Liège in Jun 30, 1999?	June 30, 1999	{ "text": [ "Jean-Maurice Dehousse" ] }	L2_Q3992_P6_2	Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990. Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995. Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999. Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.	LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as "liudik-", from the Germanic word "liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):	[ "Willy Demeyer", "Henri Schlitz", "Edouard Close" ]
Who was the head of Liège in 06/30/1999?	June 30, 1999	{ "text": [ "Jean-Maurice Dehousse" ] }	L2_Q3992_P6_2	Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990. Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995. Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999. Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.	LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as "liudik-", from the Germanic word "liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):	[ "Willy Demeyer", "Henri Schlitz", "Edouard Close" ]
Who was the head of Liège in 30-Jun-199930-June-1999?	June 30, 1999	{ "text": [ "Jean-Maurice Dehousse" ] }	L2_Q3992_P6_2	Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990. Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995. Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999. Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.	LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as "liudik-", from the Germanic word "liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):	[ "Willy Demeyer", "Henri Schlitz", "Edouard Close" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands in Jul, 2009?	July 06, 2009	{ "text": [ "Rosa Estaràs" ] }	L2_Q9056250_P488_4	Rosa Estaràs is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2008 to Sep, 2009. Jaume Matas is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Oct, 1999 to Jul, 2007. Margarita Prohens Rigo is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Cristòfol Soler is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. José Ramón Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Sep, 2009 to Jul, 2015. Joan Verger Pocoví is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1996 to Oct, 1999. Gabriel Company Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Mar, 2017 to Jul, 2021. Miquel Vidal Vidal is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2015 to Mar, 2017. Gabriel Cañellas i Fons is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995.	People's Party of the Balearic IslandsThe People's Party of the Balearic Islands (, , PP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Balearic Islands. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.	[ "Gabriel Cañellas i Fons", "José Ramón Bauzá", "Miquel Vidal Vidal", "Joan Verger Pocoví", "Margarita Prohens Rigo", "Gabriel Company Bauzá", "Jaume Matas", "Cristòfol Soler" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands in 2009-07-06?	July 06, 2009	{ "text": [ "Rosa Estaràs" ] }	L2_Q9056250_P488_4	Rosa Estaràs is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2008 to Sep, 2009. Jaume Matas is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Oct, 1999 to Jul, 2007. Margarita Prohens Rigo is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Cristòfol Soler is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. José Ramón Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Sep, 2009 to Jul, 2015. Joan Verger Pocoví is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1996 to Oct, 1999. Gabriel Company Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Mar, 2017 to Jul, 2021. Miquel Vidal Vidal is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2015 to Mar, 2017. Gabriel Cañellas i Fons is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995.	People's Party of the Balearic IslandsThe People's Party of the Balearic Islands (, , PP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Balearic Islands. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.	[ "Gabriel Cañellas i Fons", "José Ramón Bauzá", "Miquel Vidal Vidal", "Joan Verger Pocoví", "Margarita Prohens Rigo", "Gabriel Company Bauzá", "Jaume Matas", "Cristòfol Soler" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands in 06/07/2009?	July 06, 2009	{ "text": [ "Rosa Estaràs" ] }	L2_Q9056250_P488_4	Rosa Estaràs is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2008 to Sep, 2009. Jaume Matas is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Oct, 1999 to Jul, 2007. Margarita Prohens Rigo is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Cristòfol Soler is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. José Ramón Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Sep, 2009 to Jul, 2015. Joan Verger Pocoví is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1996 to Oct, 1999. Gabriel Company Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Mar, 2017 to Jul, 2021. Miquel Vidal Vidal is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2015 to Mar, 2017. Gabriel Cañellas i Fons is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995.	People's Party of the Balearic IslandsThe People's Party of the Balearic Islands (, , PP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Balearic Islands. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.	[ "Gabriel Cañellas i Fons", "José Ramón Bauzá", "Miquel Vidal Vidal", "Joan Verger Pocoví", "Margarita Prohens Rigo", "Gabriel Company Bauzá", "Jaume Matas", "Cristòfol Soler" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands in Jul 06, 2009?	July 06, 2009	{ "text": [ "Rosa Estaràs" ] }	L2_Q9056250_P488_4	Rosa Estaràs is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2008 to Sep, 2009. Jaume Matas is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Oct, 1999 to Jul, 2007. Margarita Prohens Rigo is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Cristòfol Soler is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. José Ramón Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Sep, 2009 to Jul, 2015. Joan Verger Pocoví is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1996 to Oct, 1999. Gabriel Company Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Mar, 2017 to Jul, 2021. Miquel Vidal Vidal is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2015 to Mar, 2017. Gabriel Cañellas i Fons is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995.	People's Party of the Balearic IslandsThe People's Party of the Balearic Islands (, , PP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Balearic Islands. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.	[ "Gabriel Cañellas i Fons", "José Ramón Bauzá", "Miquel Vidal Vidal", "Joan Verger Pocoví", "Margarita Prohens Rigo", "Gabriel Company Bauzá", "Jaume Matas", "Cristòfol Soler" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands in 07/06/2009?	July 06, 2009	{ "text": [ "Rosa Estaràs" ] }	L2_Q9056250_P488_4	Rosa Estaràs is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2008 to Sep, 2009. Jaume Matas is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Oct, 1999 to Jul, 2007. Margarita Prohens Rigo is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Cristòfol Soler is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. José Ramón Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Sep, 2009 to Jul, 2015. Joan Verger Pocoví is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1996 to Oct, 1999. Gabriel Company Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Mar, 2017 to Jul, 2021. Miquel Vidal Vidal is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2015 to Mar, 2017. Gabriel Cañellas i Fons is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995.	People's Party of the Balearic IslandsThe People's Party of the Balearic Islands (, , PP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Balearic Islands. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.	[ "Gabriel Cañellas i Fons", "José Ramón Bauzá", "Miquel Vidal Vidal", "Joan Verger Pocoví", "Margarita Prohens Rigo", "Gabriel Company Bauzá", "Jaume Matas", "Cristòfol Soler" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands in 06-Jul-200906-July-2009?	July 06, 2009	{ "text": [ "Rosa Estaràs" ] }	L2_Q9056250_P488_4	Rosa Estaràs is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2008 to Sep, 2009. Jaume Matas is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Oct, 1999 to Jul, 2007. Margarita Prohens Rigo is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Cristòfol Soler is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. José Ramón Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Sep, 2009 to Jul, 2015. Joan Verger Pocoví is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1996 to Oct, 1999. Gabriel Company Bauzá is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Mar, 2017 to Jul, 2021. Miquel Vidal Vidal is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jul, 2015 to Mar, 2017. Gabriel Cañellas i Fons is the chair of People's Party of the Balearic Islands from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995.	People's Party of the Balearic IslandsThe People's Party of the Balearic Islands (, , PP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Balearic Islands. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.	[ "Gabriel Cañellas i Fons", "José Ramón Bauzá", "Miquel Vidal Vidal", "Joan Verger Pocoví", "Margarita Prohens Rigo", "Gabriel Company Bauzá", "Jaume Matas", "Cristòfol Soler" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in Jan, 2009?	January 23, 2009	{ "text": [ "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-15 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_1	Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-15 football team", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team", "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in 2009-01-23?	January 23, 2009	{ "text": [ "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-15 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_1	Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-15 football team", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team", "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in 23/01/2009?	January 23, 2009	{ "text": [ "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-15 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_1	Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-15 football team", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team", "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in Jan 23, 2009?	January 23, 2009	{ "text": [ "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-15 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_1	Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-15 football team", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team", "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in 01/23/2009?	January 23, 2009	{ "text": [ "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-15 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_1	Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-15 football team", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team", "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in 23-Jan-200923-January-2009?	January 23, 2009	{ "text": [ "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-15 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_1	Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-15 football team", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team", "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "FC Bayern Munich II", "FC Bayern Munich", "Borussia Dortmund", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Germany national under-17 football team", "Germany national under-19 football team" ]
Which employer did Faye McLeod work for in Aug, 2021?	August 06, 2021	{ "text": [ "Bodleian Libraries" ] }	L2_Q104876806_P108_3	Faye McLeod works for St Antony's College from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Faye McLeod works for Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011. Faye McLeod works for Bodleian Libraries from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Faye McLeod works for Keble College from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020.	Faye McLeod (archivist)Faye McLeod is the first female Keeper of the Archives at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.McLeod studied at Brasenose College, Oxford during 1999–2003, receiving a BA degree in "English Language and Literature" from the University of Oxford. She then studied for an Masters degree in "Archive Administration" at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (2005–07) and a Post-Graduate Certificate in "Relational Database Systems" at the Open University in 2004.During 2004–05, she was a cataloguing assistant at St Anthony's College, Oxford. She was archivist for the Aston Martin Heritage Trust (2006–11), Head Archivist at the Jaguar Heritage Trust (2011–18) at Gaynor, and then Archivist and Records Manager for Keble College, Oxford (2018–20). In 2020, she was appointed Keeper of the University Archives, based in the Bodleian Libraries at Oxford University, succeeding Simon Bailey.	[ "St Antony's College", "Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum", "Keble College" ]
Which employer did Faye McLeod work for in 2021-08-06?	August 06, 2021	{ "text": [ "Bodleian Libraries" ] }	L2_Q104876806_P108_3	Faye McLeod works for St Antony's College from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Faye McLeod works for Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011. Faye McLeod works for Bodleian Libraries from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Faye McLeod works for Keble College from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020.	Faye McLeod (archivist)Faye McLeod is the first female Keeper of the Archives at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.McLeod studied at Brasenose College, Oxford during 1999–2003, receiving a BA degree in "English Language and Literature" from the University of Oxford. She then studied for an Masters degree in "Archive Administration" at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (2005–07) and a Post-Graduate Certificate in "Relational Database Systems" at the Open University in 2004.During 2004–05, she was a cataloguing assistant at St Anthony's College, Oxford. She was archivist for the Aston Martin Heritage Trust (2006–11), Head Archivist at the Jaguar Heritage Trust (2011–18) at Gaynor, and then Archivist and Records Manager for Keble College, Oxford (2018–20). In 2020, she was appointed Keeper of the University Archives, based in the Bodleian Libraries at Oxford University, succeeding Simon Bailey.	[ "St Antony's College", "Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum", "Keble College" ]
Which employer did Faye McLeod work for in 06/08/2021?	August 06, 2021	{ "text": [ "Bodleian Libraries" ] }	L2_Q104876806_P108_3	Faye McLeod works for St Antony's College from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Faye McLeod works for Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011. Faye McLeod works for Bodleian Libraries from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Faye McLeod works for Keble College from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020.	Faye McLeod (archivist)Faye McLeod is the first female Keeper of the Archives at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.McLeod studied at Brasenose College, Oxford during 1999–2003, receiving a BA degree in "English Language and Literature" from the University of Oxford. She then studied for an Masters degree in "Archive Administration" at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (2005–07) and a Post-Graduate Certificate in "Relational Database Systems" at the Open University in 2004.During 2004–05, she was a cataloguing assistant at St Anthony's College, Oxford. She was archivist for the Aston Martin Heritage Trust (2006–11), Head Archivist at the Jaguar Heritage Trust (2011–18) at Gaynor, and then Archivist and Records Manager for Keble College, Oxford (2018–20). In 2020, she was appointed Keeper of the University Archives, based in the Bodleian Libraries at Oxford University, succeeding Simon Bailey.	[ "St Antony's College", "Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum", "Keble College" ]
Which employer did Faye McLeod work for in Aug 06, 2021?	August 06, 2021	{ "text": [ "Bodleian Libraries" ] }	L2_Q104876806_P108_3	Faye McLeod works for St Antony's College from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Faye McLeod works for Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011. Faye McLeod works for Bodleian Libraries from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Faye McLeod works for Keble College from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020.	Faye McLeod (archivist)Faye McLeod is the first female Keeper of the Archives at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.McLeod studied at Brasenose College, Oxford during 1999–2003, receiving a BA degree in "English Language and Literature" from the University of Oxford. She then studied for an Masters degree in "Archive Administration" at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (2005–07) and a Post-Graduate Certificate in "Relational Database Systems" at the Open University in 2004.During 2004–05, she was a cataloguing assistant at St Anthony's College, Oxford. She was archivist for the Aston Martin Heritage Trust (2006–11), Head Archivist at the Jaguar Heritage Trust (2011–18) at Gaynor, and then Archivist and Records Manager for Keble College, Oxford (2018–20). In 2020, she was appointed Keeper of the University Archives, based in the Bodleian Libraries at Oxford University, succeeding Simon Bailey.	[ "St Antony's College", "Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum", "Keble College" ]
Which employer did Faye McLeod work for in 08/06/2021?	August 06, 2021	{ "text": [ "Bodleian Libraries" ] }	L2_Q104876806_P108_3	Faye McLeod works for St Antony's College from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Faye McLeod works for Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011. Faye McLeod works for Bodleian Libraries from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Faye McLeod works for Keble College from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020.	Faye McLeod (archivist)Faye McLeod is the first female Keeper of the Archives at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.McLeod studied at Brasenose College, Oxford during 1999–2003, receiving a BA degree in "English Language and Literature" from the University of Oxford. She then studied for an Masters degree in "Archive Administration" at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (2005–07) and a Post-Graduate Certificate in "Relational Database Systems" at the Open University in 2004.During 2004–05, she was a cataloguing assistant at St Anthony's College, Oxford. She was archivist for the Aston Martin Heritage Trust (2006–11), Head Archivist at the Jaguar Heritage Trust (2011–18) at Gaynor, and then Archivist and Records Manager for Keble College, Oxford (2018–20). In 2020, she was appointed Keeper of the University Archives, based in the Bodleian Libraries at Oxford University, succeeding Simon Bailey.	[ "St Antony's College", "Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum", "Keble College" ]
Which employer did Faye McLeod work for in 06-Aug-202106-August-2021?	August 06, 2021	{ "text": [ "Bodleian Libraries" ] }	L2_Q104876806_P108_3	Faye McLeod works for St Antony's College from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Faye McLeod works for Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011. Faye McLeod works for Bodleian Libraries from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Faye McLeod works for Keble College from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020.	Faye McLeod (archivist)Faye McLeod is the first female Keeper of the Archives at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.McLeod studied at Brasenose College, Oxford during 1999–2003, receiving a BA degree in "English Language and Literature" from the University of Oxford. She then studied for an Masters degree in "Archive Administration" at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (2005–07) and a Post-Graduate Certificate in "Relational Database Systems" at the Open University in 2004.During 2004–05, she was a cataloguing assistant at St Anthony's College, Oxford. She was archivist for the Aston Martin Heritage Trust (2006–11), Head Archivist at the Jaguar Heritage Trust (2011–18) at Gaynor, and then Archivist and Records Manager for Keble College, Oxford (2018–20). In 2020, she was appointed Keeper of the University Archives, based in the Bodleian Libraries at Oxford University, succeeding Simon Bailey.	[ "St Antony's College", "Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum", "Keble College" ]
Who was the head of Bavaria in Oct, 1987?	October 28, 1987	{ "text": [ "Franz Josef Strauß" ] }	L2_Q980_P6_4	Wilhelm Hoegner is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1954 to Oct, 1957. Max Streibl is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1988 to May, 1993. Alfons Goppel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Dec, 1962 to Nov, 1978. Franz Josef Strauß is the head of the government of Bavaria from Nov, 1978 to Oct, 1988. Hanns Seidel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Günther Beckstein is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2007 to Oct, 2008. Horst Seehofer is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2008 to Mar, 2018. Markus Söder is the head of the government of Bavaria from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Hans Ehard is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1960 to Dec, 1962. Edmund Stoiber is the head of the government of Bavaria from May, 1993 to Sep, 2007.	BavariaBavaria (; German and Bavarian: "Bayern" ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (German and Bavarian: "Freistaat Bayern"; ), is a landlocked state ("Land") in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size it is one of the least densely populated states. Bavaria's main cities are Munich (its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany), Nuremberg, and Augsburg.The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes, followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine symbolism. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, giving it a status as a rather wealthy German region.Contemporary Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke a Germanic dialect which developed into Old High German during the early Middle Ages, but, unlike other Germanic groups, they probably did not migrate from elsewhere during the period of Western Roman collapse. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520. A 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BC.From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.After Garibald II, little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onward, he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy. (It is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time.) His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hugbert.At Hugbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century.Tassilo III (b. 741 – d. after 796) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onward. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback. The king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The territory of "Ostarrichi" was elevated to a duchy in its own right and given to the Babenberger family. This event marks the founding of Austria.The last, and one of the most important, of the dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, and "de facto" the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German). They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine ("Kurpfalz" in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268, Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession, the other parts of Bavaria were reunited, and Munich became the sole capital. The country became one of the Jesuit-supported counter-reformation centers.In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the Electorate of the Palatinate in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws.During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession with the election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburg). From 1777 onward, and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines. The new state also comprised the Duchies of Jülich and Berg as these on their part were in personal union with the Palatinate.When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became - by grace of Napoleon - a kingdom in 1806 due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine. Its area doubled after the Duchy of Jülich was ceded to France, as the Electoral Palatinate was divided between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome Bonaparte. Tyrol and Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria by the Congress of Vienna. In return Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and Franconia in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict policy of modernisation copying Napoleonic France; he laid the foundations of centralized administrative structures that survived the monarchy and, in part, have retained core validity through the 20st century. In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I, being modernized in 1818. This second version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.After the rise of Prussia to power in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire) in 1871. Bavaria continued formally as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways, postal service and a diplomatic body of its own) but the diplomatic body postal service railways were later undone by Wilhelm II who declared them illegal and got rid of the diplomatic service first.When Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire, this action was considered controversial by Bavarian nationalists who had wanted to retain independence from the rest of Germany, as had Austria. As Bavaria had a majority-Catholic population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly Protestant northerners of Prussia. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence. Although the idea of Bavarian separatism was popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, apart from a small minority such as the Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accepted that Bavaria is part of Germany. In the early 20th century, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other artists were drawn to Bavaria, especially to the Schwabing district of Munich, a center of international artistic activity. This area was devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II."Free State" has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in several German states.On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner, interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stuart claims. Family members are active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria. They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by Franz's presence or absence.Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution ("") was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler. However, in the crucial German federal election, March 1933, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria.As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was occupied by U.S. troops, becoming a major part of the American Zone of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–47) and then of "Bizonia".The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the Cold War, Bavaria was part of West Germany. In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty ("Gründungsvertrag") for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II. The Bavarian Parliament did not sign the Basic Law of Germany, mainly because it was seen as not granting sufficient powers to the individual "Länder" (states), but at the same time decided that it would still come into force in Bavaria if two-thirds of the other "Länder" ratified it. All of the other "Länder" ratified it, and so it became law.Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered themselves as "Bavarians" first, "Germans" second. In the 19th-century sense, an independent Bavarian State only existed from 1806 to 1871. This feeling started to come about more strongly among Bavarians when the Kingdom of Bavaria was forced by Bismarck to join the Protestant Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871, while the Bavarian nationalists wanted to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Nowadays, aside from the minority Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accept that Bavaria is part of Germany. Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities: Franconia in the north, speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the south west, speaking Swabian German; and Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before the acquisitions through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate, Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-Bavarian. In Munich, the Old Bavarian dialect was widely spread, but nowadays High German is predominantly spoken there. Moreover, by the expulsion of German speakers from Eastern Europe, Bavaria has received a large population that was not traditionally Bavarian. In particular, the Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have become the "fourth tribe" of Bavarians.Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue lozenges. Either may be used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them. Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians.The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vorarlberg) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzeň and South Bohemian Regions), as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance to the Canton of St. Gallen). Because all of these countries are part of the Schengen Area, the border is completely open. Neighboring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state: the Danube ("Donau") and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg), and within the range is the highest peak in Germany: the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia.The major cities in Bavaria are Munich ("München"), Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"), Augsburg, Regensburg, Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth, and Erlangen.The geographic center of the European Union is located in the northwestern corner of Bavaria.The summer months have been getting hotter in recent years. For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather observations have been recorded and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years all over Bavaria. On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of was recorded in Piding. In general winter months are seeing more precipitation which is taking the form of rain more often than that of snow compared to the past. Extreme weather like the 2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often. One effect of the continuing warming is the melting of almost all Bavarian Alpine glaciers: Of the five glaciers of Bavaria only the Höllentalferner is predicted to exist over a longer time perspective. The Südliche Schneeferner has almost vanished since the 1980s.Bavaria is divided into seven administrative districts called ' (singular ').' (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the ' and the ' or '. The ' in Bavaria are territorially identical with the ', but they are self-governing regional corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of Germany, there are ' which are only administrative divisions and not self-governing entities as the ' in Bavaria.The second communal layer is made up of 71 rural districts (called ', singular ') that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities (', singular '), both of which share the same administrative responsibilities .Rural districts:Independent cities:The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities (called ', singular '). Together with the 25 independent cities (', which are in effect municipalities independent of ' administrations), there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005, called ', singular '), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (-without islands, -without island , , which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and ).Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und DatenverarbeitungBavaria has a multiparty system dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU), which has won every election since 1945 with the exception of the 1950 ballot. Other important parties are The Greens, which became the second biggest political party in the 2018 local parliament elections and the center-left Social Democrats (SPD), who have dominated the city of Munich until 2020. Hitherto, Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West German conservatives during the Cold War years, and Edmund Stoiber, who both failed with their bids for Chancellorship. The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively.In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany. However, in the subsequent 2008 elections the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years. The losses were partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill. (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority).The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its absolute majority in the state parliament in part due to the party's stances as part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of the vote; the party's second worst local election outcome in its history after 1950 The Greens who had surged in the polls leading up to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second biggest force in the Landtag with 17.6% of the vote. The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018. The liberals of the FDP were again able to reach the five-percent-threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they were not part of the "Landtag" after the 2013 elections. Also entering the new parliament will be the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) with 10.2% of the vote. The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria.The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis for the Bavarian State after the Second World War.Bavaria has a unicameral ' (English: State Parliament), elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a ', or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished.The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the:Political processes also take place in the seven regions (' or ') in Bavaria, in the 71 administrative districts (') and the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts ('), and in the 2,031 local authorities (").In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called "Mehr Demokratie" (English: More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.Unlike most German states ("Länder"), which simply designate themselves as "State of" ("Land [...]"), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" ("Freistaat Bayern"). The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional law does not draw a distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation is thus analogous to the United States, where some states use the style "Commonwealth" rather than "State". The choice of "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived "republic", has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the "de facto" abdication of Ludwig III). Two other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also use the style "Free State"; unlike Bavaria, however, these were not part of the original states when the Grundgesetz was enacted but joined the federation later on, in 1990, as a result of German reunification. Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952.In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future". Critics like the prominent journalist Heribert Prantl have called the law "shameful" and compared it to Guantanamo Bay detention camp, assessed it to be in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights, and also compared it to the legal situation in Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years (i.e., not indefinitely)Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in Europe. Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion). This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20 countries in the world have a higher GDP. The GDP of the region increased to €617.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 144% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. This makes Bavaria one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Bavaria has strong economic ties with Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are:Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany and the lowest unemployment rate with 3.6% as of Mai 2021.Branches:Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including Adidas, Allianz, Airbus, Audi, BMW, Brose, BSH Hausgeräte, HypoVereinsbank, Infineon, KUKA, Traton, MTU Aero Engines, Munich Re, Osram, Puma, Rohde & Schwarz, Schaeffler, Siemens, Wacker Chemie, Linde, Vitesco Technologies, Webasto, Grob, Heidenhain, Koenig & Bauer, Kaeser Compressors, Krones, Knorr-Bremse, Wacker Neuson, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Siltronic, Leoni, Fielmann, MediaMarkt, Conrad Electronic, BayWa, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, Telefónica Germany, Knauf, Rehau, Giesecke+Devrient.Also American companies open a lot of research and development centers in Munich region: Apple (chip design), Google (data security), IBM (Watson technology), Intel (drones and telecommunication chips), General Electric (3D-printers and additive manufacturing), Gleason (gears manufacturing), Texas Instruments (chip design and manufacturing), Coherent (lasers).With 40 million tourists in 2019, Bavaria is the most visited German state and one of Europe's leading tourist destinations.Attractions:The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one of the lowest in the European Union.Bavaria has a population of approximately 12.9 million inhabitants (2016). 8 of the 80 largest cities in Germany are located within Bavaria with Munich being the largest (1,450,381 inhabitants, approximately 5.7 million when including the broader metropolitan area), followed by Nuremberg (509,975 inhabitants, approximately 3.6 million when including the broader metropolitan area) and Augsburg (286,374 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000 inhabitants each in 2015. Population density in Bavaria was , below the national average of . Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers) were principally from other EU countries and Turkey.Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to religion, traditions, and language.Bavarian culture ("Altbayern") has a long and predominant tradition of Roman Catholic faith. Pope emeritus Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Otherwise, the culturally Franconian and Swabian regions of the modern State of Bavaria are historically more diverse in religiosity, with both Catholic and Protestant traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the village), and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the Aperschnalzen, competitive whipcracking.Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their heritage alive. In New York City the German American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others which represent a specific part of Germany, including the Bavarian organizations. They present a German parade called Steuben Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers.Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer is traditionally served by the litre (in a ). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional , or beer purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market. German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer brands. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 liters per person, although figures have been declining in recent years.Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the river Main in Franconia. The region has produced wine ("Frankenwein") for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (south west) and East Franconian German in Franconia (North). In the small town Ludwigsstadt in the north, district Kronach in Upper Franconia, Thuringian dialect is spoken. During the 20th century an increasing part of the population began to speak Standard German (Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities.Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden. In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, and several "Bavarian villages" have been founded, most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan; Helen, Georgia; and Leavenworth, Washington. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Augsburg, TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther Fürth. Bayern Munich is the most successful football team in Germany having won a record 30 German titles and 6 UEFA Champions League titles. They are followed by 1. FC Nürnberg who have won 9 titles. SpVgg Greuther Fürth have won 3 championships while TSV 1860 Munich have been champions once.Bavaria is also home to several professional basketball teams, including FC Bayern Munich, Brose Baskets Bamberg, s.Oliver Würzburg, Nürnberg Falcons BC and TSV Oberhaching Tropics.There are five Bavarian ice hockey teams playing in the German top-tier league DEL: EHC Red Bull München, Nürnberg Ice Tigers, Augsburger Panther, ERC Ingolstadt, and Straubing Tigers.Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Bavaria:	[ "Günther Beckstein", "Horst Seehofer", "Hanns Seidel", "Edmund Stoiber", "Wilhelm Hoegner", "Alfons Goppel", "Hans Ehard", "Markus Söder", "Max Streibl" ]
Who was the head of Bavaria in 1987-10-28?	October 28, 1987	{ "text": [ "Franz Josef Strauß" ] }	L2_Q980_P6_4	Wilhelm Hoegner is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1954 to Oct, 1957. Max Streibl is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1988 to May, 1993. Alfons Goppel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Dec, 1962 to Nov, 1978. Franz Josef Strauß is the head of the government of Bavaria from Nov, 1978 to Oct, 1988. Hanns Seidel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Günther Beckstein is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2007 to Oct, 2008. Horst Seehofer is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2008 to Mar, 2018. Markus Söder is the head of the government of Bavaria from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Hans Ehard is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1960 to Dec, 1962. Edmund Stoiber is the head of the government of Bavaria from May, 1993 to Sep, 2007.	BavariaBavaria (; German and Bavarian: "Bayern" ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (German and Bavarian: "Freistaat Bayern"; ), is a landlocked state ("Land") in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size it is one of the least densely populated states. Bavaria's main cities are Munich (its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany), Nuremberg, and Augsburg.The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes, followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine symbolism. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, giving it a status as a rather wealthy German region.Contemporary Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke a Germanic dialect which developed into Old High German during the early Middle Ages, but, unlike other Germanic groups, they probably did not migrate from elsewhere during the period of Western Roman collapse. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520. A 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BC.From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.After Garibald II, little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onward, he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy. (It is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time.) His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hugbert.At Hugbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century.Tassilo III (b. 741 – d. after 796) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onward. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback. The king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The territory of "Ostarrichi" was elevated to a duchy in its own right and given to the Babenberger family. This event marks the founding of Austria.The last, and one of the most important, of the dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, and "de facto" the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German). They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine ("Kurpfalz" in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268, Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession, the other parts of Bavaria were reunited, and Munich became the sole capital. The country became one of the Jesuit-supported counter-reformation centers.In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the Electorate of the Palatinate in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws.During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession with the election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburg). From 1777 onward, and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines. The new state also comprised the Duchies of Jülich and Berg as these on their part were in personal union with the Palatinate.When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became - by grace of Napoleon - a kingdom in 1806 due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine. Its area doubled after the Duchy of Jülich was ceded to France, as the Electoral Palatinate was divided between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome Bonaparte. Tyrol and Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria by the Congress of Vienna. In return Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and Franconia in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict policy of modernisation copying Napoleonic France; he laid the foundations of centralized administrative structures that survived the monarchy and, in part, have retained core validity through the 20st century. In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I, being modernized in 1818. This second version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.After the rise of Prussia to power in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire) in 1871. Bavaria continued formally as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways, postal service and a diplomatic body of its own) but the diplomatic body postal service railways were later undone by Wilhelm II who declared them illegal and got rid of the diplomatic service first.When Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire, this action was considered controversial by Bavarian nationalists who had wanted to retain independence from the rest of Germany, as had Austria. As Bavaria had a majority-Catholic population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly Protestant northerners of Prussia. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence. Although the idea of Bavarian separatism was popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, apart from a small minority such as the Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accepted that Bavaria is part of Germany. In the early 20th century, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other artists were drawn to Bavaria, especially to the Schwabing district of Munich, a center of international artistic activity. This area was devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II."Free State" has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in several German states.On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner, interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stuart claims. Family members are active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria. They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by Franz's presence or absence.Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution ("") was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler. However, in the crucial German federal election, March 1933, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria.As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was occupied by U.S. troops, becoming a major part of the American Zone of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–47) and then of "Bizonia".The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the Cold War, Bavaria was part of West Germany. In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty ("Gründungsvertrag") for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II. The Bavarian Parliament did not sign the Basic Law of Germany, mainly because it was seen as not granting sufficient powers to the individual "Länder" (states), but at the same time decided that it would still come into force in Bavaria if two-thirds of the other "Länder" ratified it. All of the other "Länder" ratified it, and so it became law.Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered themselves as "Bavarians" first, "Germans" second. In the 19th-century sense, an independent Bavarian State only existed from 1806 to 1871. This feeling started to come about more strongly among Bavarians when the Kingdom of Bavaria was forced by Bismarck to join the Protestant Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871, while the Bavarian nationalists wanted to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Nowadays, aside from the minority Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accept that Bavaria is part of Germany. Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities: Franconia in the north, speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the south west, speaking Swabian German; and Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before the acquisitions through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate, Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-Bavarian. In Munich, the Old Bavarian dialect was widely spread, but nowadays High German is predominantly spoken there. Moreover, by the expulsion of German speakers from Eastern Europe, Bavaria has received a large population that was not traditionally Bavarian. In particular, the Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have become the "fourth tribe" of Bavarians.Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue lozenges. Either may be used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them. Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians.The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vorarlberg) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzeň and South Bohemian Regions), as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance to the Canton of St. Gallen). Because all of these countries are part of the Schengen Area, the border is completely open. Neighboring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state: the Danube ("Donau") and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg), and within the range is the highest peak in Germany: the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia.The major cities in Bavaria are Munich ("München"), Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"), Augsburg, Regensburg, Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth, and Erlangen.The geographic center of the European Union is located in the northwestern corner of Bavaria.The summer months have been getting hotter in recent years. For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather observations have been recorded and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years all over Bavaria. On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of was recorded in Piding. In general winter months are seeing more precipitation which is taking the form of rain more often than that of snow compared to the past. Extreme weather like the 2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often. One effect of the continuing warming is the melting of almost all Bavarian Alpine glaciers: Of the five glaciers of Bavaria only the Höllentalferner is predicted to exist over a longer time perspective. The Südliche Schneeferner has almost vanished since the 1980s.Bavaria is divided into seven administrative districts called ' (singular ').' (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the ' and the ' or '. The ' in Bavaria are territorially identical with the ', but they are self-governing regional corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of Germany, there are ' which are only administrative divisions and not self-governing entities as the ' in Bavaria.The second communal layer is made up of 71 rural districts (called ', singular ') that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities (', singular '), both of which share the same administrative responsibilities .Rural districts:Independent cities:The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities (called ', singular '). Together with the 25 independent cities (', which are in effect municipalities independent of ' administrations), there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005, called ', singular '), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (-without islands, -without island , , which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and ).Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und DatenverarbeitungBavaria has a multiparty system dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU), which has won every election since 1945 with the exception of the 1950 ballot. Other important parties are The Greens, which became the second biggest political party in the 2018 local parliament elections and the center-left Social Democrats (SPD), who have dominated the city of Munich until 2020. Hitherto, Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West German conservatives during the Cold War years, and Edmund Stoiber, who both failed with their bids for Chancellorship. The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively.In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany. However, in the subsequent 2008 elections the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years. The losses were partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill. (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority).The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its absolute majority in the state parliament in part due to the party's stances as part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of the vote; the party's second worst local election outcome in its history after 1950 The Greens who had surged in the polls leading up to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second biggest force in the Landtag with 17.6% of the vote. The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018. The liberals of the FDP were again able to reach the five-percent-threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they were not part of the "Landtag" after the 2013 elections. Also entering the new parliament will be the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) with 10.2% of the vote. The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria.The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis for the Bavarian State after the Second World War.Bavaria has a unicameral ' (English: State Parliament), elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a ', or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished.The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the:Political processes also take place in the seven regions (' or ') in Bavaria, in the 71 administrative districts (') and the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts ('), and in the 2,031 local authorities (").In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called "Mehr Demokratie" (English: More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.Unlike most German states ("Länder"), which simply designate themselves as "State of" ("Land [...]"), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" ("Freistaat Bayern"). The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional law does not draw a distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation is thus analogous to the United States, where some states use the style "Commonwealth" rather than "State". The choice of "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived "republic", has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the "de facto" abdication of Ludwig III). Two other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also use the style "Free State"; unlike Bavaria, however, these were not part of the original states when the Grundgesetz was enacted but joined the federation later on, in 1990, as a result of German reunification. Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952.In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future". Critics like the prominent journalist Heribert Prantl have called the law "shameful" and compared it to Guantanamo Bay detention camp, assessed it to be in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights, and also compared it to the legal situation in Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years (i.e., not indefinitely)Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in Europe. Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion). This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20 countries in the world have a higher GDP. The GDP of the region increased to €617.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 144% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. This makes Bavaria one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Bavaria has strong economic ties with Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are:Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany and the lowest unemployment rate with 3.6% as of Mai 2021.Branches:Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including Adidas, Allianz, Airbus, Audi, BMW, Brose, BSH Hausgeräte, HypoVereinsbank, Infineon, KUKA, Traton, MTU Aero Engines, Munich Re, Osram, Puma, Rohde & Schwarz, Schaeffler, Siemens, Wacker Chemie, Linde, Vitesco Technologies, Webasto, Grob, Heidenhain, Koenig & Bauer, Kaeser Compressors, Krones, Knorr-Bremse, Wacker Neuson, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Siltronic, Leoni, Fielmann, MediaMarkt, Conrad Electronic, BayWa, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, Telefónica Germany, Knauf, Rehau, Giesecke+Devrient.Also American companies open a lot of research and development centers in Munich region: Apple (chip design), Google (data security), IBM (Watson technology), Intel (drones and telecommunication chips), General Electric (3D-printers and additive manufacturing), Gleason (gears manufacturing), Texas Instruments (chip design and manufacturing), Coherent (lasers).With 40 million tourists in 2019, Bavaria is the most visited German state and one of Europe's leading tourist destinations.Attractions:The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one of the lowest in the European Union.Bavaria has a population of approximately 12.9 million inhabitants (2016). 8 of the 80 largest cities in Germany are located within Bavaria with Munich being the largest (1,450,381 inhabitants, approximately 5.7 million when including the broader metropolitan area), followed by Nuremberg (509,975 inhabitants, approximately 3.6 million when including the broader metropolitan area) and Augsburg (286,374 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000 inhabitants each in 2015. Population density in Bavaria was , below the national average of . Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers) were principally from other EU countries and Turkey.Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to religion, traditions, and language.Bavarian culture ("Altbayern") has a long and predominant tradition of Roman Catholic faith. Pope emeritus Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Otherwise, the culturally Franconian and Swabian regions of the modern State of Bavaria are historically more diverse in religiosity, with both Catholic and Protestant traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the village), and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the Aperschnalzen, competitive whipcracking.Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their heritage alive. In New York City the German American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others which represent a specific part of Germany, including the Bavarian organizations. They present a German parade called Steuben Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers.Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer is traditionally served by the litre (in a ). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional , or beer purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market. German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer brands. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 liters per person, although figures have been declining in recent years.Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the river Main in Franconia. The region has produced wine ("Frankenwein") for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (south west) and East Franconian German in Franconia (North). In the small town Ludwigsstadt in the north, district Kronach in Upper Franconia, Thuringian dialect is spoken. During the 20th century an increasing part of the population began to speak Standard German (Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities.Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden. In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, and several "Bavarian villages" have been founded, most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan; Helen, Georgia; and Leavenworth, Washington. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Augsburg, TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther Fürth. Bayern Munich is the most successful football team in Germany having won a record 30 German titles and 6 UEFA Champions League titles. They are followed by 1. FC Nürnberg who have won 9 titles. SpVgg Greuther Fürth have won 3 championships while TSV 1860 Munich have been champions once.Bavaria is also home to several professional basketball teams, including FC Bayern Munich, Brose Baskets Bamberg, s.Oliver Würzburg, Nürnberg Falcons BC and TSV Oberhaching Tropics.There are five Bavarian ice hockey teams playing in the German top-tier league DEL: EHC Red Bull München, Nürnberg Ice Tigers, Augsburger Panther, ERC Ingolstadt, and Straubing Tigers.Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Bavaria:	[ "Günther Beckstein", "Horst Seehofer", "Hanns Seidel", "Edmund Stoiber", "Wilhelm Hoegner", "Alfons Goppel", "Hans Ehard", "Markus Söder", "Max Streibl" ]
Who was the head of Bavaria in 28/10/1987?	October 28, 1987	{ "text": [ "Franz Josef Strauß" ] }	L2_Q980_P6_4	Wilhelm Hoegner is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1954 to Oct, 1957. Max Streibl is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1988 to May, 1993. Alfons Goppel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Dec, 1962 to Nov, 1978. Franz Josef Strauß is the head of the government of Bavaria from Nov, 1978 to Oct, 1988. Hanns Seidel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Günther Beckstein is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2007 to Oct, 2008. Horst Seehofer is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2008 to Mar, 2018. Markus Söder is the head of the government of Bavaria from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Hans Ehard is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1960 to Dec, 1962. Edmund Stoiber is the head of the government of Bavaria from May, 1993 to Sep, 2007.	BavariaBavaria (; German and Bavarian: "Bayern" ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (German and Bavarian: "Freistaat Bayern"; ), is a landlocked state ("Land") in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size it is one of the least densely populated states. Bavaria's main cities are Munich (its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany), Nuremberg, and Augsburg.The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes, followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine symbolism. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, giving it a status as a rather wealthy German region.Contemporary Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke a Germanic dialect which developed into Old High German during the early Middle Ages, but, unlike other Germanic groups, they probably did not migrate from elsewhere during the period of Western Roman collapse. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520. A 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BC.From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.After Garibald II, little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onward, he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy. (It is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time.) His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hugbert.At Hugbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century.Tassilo III (b. 741 – d. after 796) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onward. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback. The king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The territory of "Ostarrichi" was elevated to a duchy in its own right and given to the Babenberger family. This event marks the founding of Austria.The last, and one of the most important, of the dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, and "de facto" the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German). They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine ("Kurpfalz" in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268, Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession, the other parts of Bavaria were reunited, and Munich became the sole capital. The country became one of the Jesuit-supported counter-reformation centers.In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the Electorate of the Palatinate in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws.During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession with the election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburg). From 1777 onward, and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines. The new state also comprised the Duchies of Jülich and Berg as these on their part were in personal union with the Palatinate.When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became - by grace of Napoleon - a kingdom in 1806 due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine. Its area doubled after the Duchy of Jülich was ceded to France, as the Electoral Palatinate was divided between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome Bonaparte. Tyrol and Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria by the Congress of Vienna. In return Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and Franconia in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict policy of modernisation copying Napoleonic France; he laid the foundations of centralized administrative structures that survived the monarchy and, in part, have retained core validity through the 20st century. In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I, being modernized in 1818. This second version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.After the rise of Prussia to power in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire) in 1871. Bavaria continued formally as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways, postal service and a diplomatic body of its own) but the diplomatic body postal service railways were later undone by Wilhelm II who declared them illegal and got rid of the diplomatic service first.When Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire, this action was considered controversial by Bavarian nationalists who had wanted to retain independence from the rest of Germany, as had Austria. As Bavaria had a majority-Catholic population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly Protestant northerners of Prussia. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence. Although the idea of Bavarian separatism was popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, apart from a small minority such as the Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accepted that Bavaria is part of Germany. In the early 20th century, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other artists were drawn to Bavaria, especially to the Schwabing district of Munich, a center of international artistic activity. This area was devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II."Free State" has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in several German states.On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner, interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stuart claims. Family members are active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria. They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by Franz's presence or absence.Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution ("") was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler. However, in the crucial German federal election, March 1933, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria.As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was occupied by U.S. troops, becoming a major part of the American Zone of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–47) and then of "Bizonia".The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the Cold War, Bavaria was part of West Germany. In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty ("Gründungsvertrag") for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II. The Bavarian Parliament did not sign the Basic Law of Germany, mainly because it was seen as not granting sufficient powers to the individual "Länder" (states), but at the same time decided that it would still come into force in Bavaria if two-thirds of the other "Länder" ratified it. All of the other "Länder" ratified it, and so it became law.Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered themselves as "Bavarians" first, "Germans" second. In the 19th-century sense, an independent Bavarian State only existed from 1806 to 1871. This feeling started to come about more strongly among Bavarians when the Kingdom of Bavaria was forced by Bismarck to join the Protestant Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871, while the Bavarian nationalists wanted to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Nowadays, aside from the minority Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accept that Bavaria is part of Germany. Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities: Franconia in the north, speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the south west, speaking Swabian German; and Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before the acquisitions through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate, Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-Bavarian. In Munich, the Old Bavarian dialect was widely spread, but nowadays High German is predominantly spoken there. Moreover, by the expulsion of German speakers from Eastern Europe, Bavaria has received a large population that was not traditionally Bavarian. In particular, the Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have become the "fourth tribe" of Bavarians.Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue lozenges. Either may be used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them. Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians.The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vorarlberg) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzeň and South Bohemian Regions), as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance to the Canton of St. Gallen). Because all of these countries are part of the Schengen Area, the border is completely open. Neighboring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state: the Danube ("Donau") and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg), and within the range is the highest peak in Germany: the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia.The major cities in Bavaria are Munich ("München"), Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"), Augsburg, Regensburg, Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth, and Erlangen.The geographic center of the European Union is located in the northwestern corner of Bavaria.The summer months have been getting hotter in recent years. For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather observations have been recorded and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years all over Bavaria. On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of was recorded in Piding. In general winter months are seeing more precipitation which is taking the form of rain more often than that of snow compared to the past. Extreme weather like the 2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often. One effect of the continuing warming is the melting of almost all Bavarian Alpine glaciers: Of the five glaciers of Bavaria only the Höllentalferner is predicted to exist over a longer time perspective. The Südliche Schneeferner has almost vanished since the 1980s.Bavaria is divided into seven administrative districts called ' (singular ').' (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the ' and the ' or '. The ' in Bavaria are territorially identical with the ', but they are self-governing regional corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of Germany, there are ' which are only administrative divisions and not self-governing entities as the ' in Bavaria.The second communal layer is made up of 71 rural districts (called ', singular ') that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities (', singular '), both of which share the same administrative responsibilities .Rural districts:Independent cities:The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities (called ', singular '). Together with the 25 independent cities (', which are in effect municipalities independent of ' administrations), there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005, called ', singular '), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (-without islands, -without island , , which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and ).Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und DatenverarbeitungBavaria has a multiparty system dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU), which has won every election since 1945 with the exception of the 1950 ballot. Other important parties are The Greens, which became the second biggest political party in the 2018 local parliament elections and the center-left Social Democrats (SPD), who have dominated the city of Munich until 2020. Hitherto, Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West German conservatives during the Cold War years, and Edmund Stoiber, who both failed with their bids for Chancellorship. The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively.In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany. However, in the subsequent 2008 elections the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years. The losses were partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill. (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority).The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its absolute majority in the state parliament in part due to the party's stances as part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of the vote; the party's second worst local election outcome in its history after 1950 The Greens who had surged in the polls leading up to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second biggest force in the Landtag with 17.6% of the vote. The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018. The liberals of the FDP were again able to reach the five-percent-threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they were not part of the "Landtag" after the 2013 elections. Also entering the new parliament will be the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) with 10.2% of the vote. The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria.The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis for the Bavarian State after the Second World War.Bavaria has a unicameral ' (English: State Parliament), elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a ', or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished.The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the:Political processes also take place in the seven regions (' or ') in Bavaria, in the 71 administrative districts (') and the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts ('), and in the 2,031 local authorities (").In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called "Mehr Demokratie" (English: More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.Unlike most German states ("Länder"), which simply designate themselves as "State of" ("Land [...]"), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" ("Freistaat Bayern"). The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional law does not draw a distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation is thus analogous to the United States, where some states use the style "Commonwealth" rather than "State". The choice of "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived "republic", has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the "de facto" abdication of Ludwig III). Two other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also use the style "Free State"; unlike Bavaria, however, these were not part of the original states when the Grundgesetz was enacted but joined the federation later on, in 1990, as a result of German reunification. Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952.In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future". Critics like the prominent journalist Heribert Prantl have called the law "shameful" and compared it to Guantanamo Bay detention camp, assessed it to be in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights, and also compared it to the legal situation in Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years (i.e., not indefinitely)Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in Europe. Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion). This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20 countries in the world have a higher GDP. The GDP of the region increased to €617.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 144% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. This makes Bavaria one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Bavaria has strong economic ties with Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are:Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany and the lowest unemployment rate with 3.6% as of Mai 2021.Branches:Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including Adidas, Allianz, Airbus, Audi, BMW, Brose, BSH Hausgeräte, HypoVereinsbank, Infineon, KUKA, Traton, MTU Aero Engines, Munich Re, Osram, Puma, Rohde & Schwarz, Schaeffler, Siemens, Wacker Chemie, Linde, Vitesco Technologies, Webasto, Grob, Heidenhain, Koenig & Bauer, Kaeser Compressors, Krones, Knorr-Bremse, Wacker Neuson, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Siltronic, Leoni, Fielmann, MediaMarkt, Conrad Electronic, BayWa, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, Telefónica Germany, Knauf, Rehau, Giesecke+Devrient.Also American companies open a lot of research and development centers in Munich region: Apple (chip design), Google (data security), IBM (Watson technology), Intel (drones and telecommunication chips), General Electric (3D-printers and additive manufacturing), Gleason (gears manufacturing), Texas Instruments (chip design and manufacturing), Coherent (lasers).With 40 million tourists in 2019, Bavaria is the most visited German state and one of Europe's leading tourist destinations.Attractions:The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one of the lowest in the European Union.Bavaria has a population of approximately 12.9 million inhabitants (2016). 8 of the 80 largest cities in Germany are located within Bavaria with Munich being the largest (1,450,381 inhabitants, approximately 5.7 million when including the broader metropolitan area), followed by Nuremberg (509,975 inhabitants, approximately 3.6 million when including the broader metropolitan area) and Augsburg (286,374 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000 inhabitants each in 2015. Population density in Bavaria was , below the national average of . Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers) were principally from other EU countries and Turkey.Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to religion, traditions, and language.Bavarian culture ("Altbayern") has a long and predominant tradition of Roman Catholic faith. Pope emeritus Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Otherwise, the culturally Franconian and Swabian regions of the modern State of Bavaria are historically more diverse in religiosity, with both Catholic and Protestant traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the village), and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the Aperschnalzen, competitive whipcracking.Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their heritage alive. In New York City the German American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others which represent a specific part of Germany, including the Bavarian organizations. They present a German parade called Steuben Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers.Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer is traditionally served by the litre (in a ). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional , or beer purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market. German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer brands. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 liters per person, although figures have been declining in recent years.Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the river Main in Franconia. The region has produced wine ("Frankenwein") for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (south west) and East Franconian German in Franconia (North). In the small town Ludwigsstadt in the north, district Kronach in Upper Franconia, Thuringian dialect is spoken. During the 20th century an increasing part of the population began to speak Standard German (Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities.Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden. In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, and several "Bavarian villages" have been founded, most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan; Helen, Georgia; and Leavenworth, Washington. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Augsburg, TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther Fürth. Bayern Munich is the most successful football team in Germany having won a record 30 German titles and 6 UEFA Champions League titles. They are followed by 1. FC Nürnberg who have won 9 titles. SpVgg Greuther Fürth have won 3 championships while TSV 1860 Munich have been champions once.Bavaria is also home to several professional basketball teams, including FC Bayern Munich, Brose Baskets Bamberg, s.Oliver Würzburg, Nürnberg Falcons BC and TSV Oberhaching Tropics.There are five Bavarian ice hockey teams playing in the German top-tier league DEL: EHC Red Bull München, Nürnberg Ice Tigers, Augsburger Panther, ERC Ingolstadt, and Straubing Tigers.Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Bavaria:	[ "Günther Beckstein", "Horst Seehofer", "Hanns Seidel", "Edmund Stoiber", "Wilhelm Hoegner", "Alfons Goppel", "Hans Ehard", "Markus Söder", "Max Streibl" ]
Who was the head of Bavaria in Oct 28, 1987?	October 28, 1987	{ "text": [ "Franz Josef Strauß" ] }	L2_Q980_P6_4	Wilhelm Hoegner is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1954 to Oct, 1957. Max Streibl is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1988 to May, 1993. Alfons Goppel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Dec, 1962 to Nov, 1978. Franz Josef Strauß is the head of the government of Bavaria from Nov, 1978 to Oct, 1988. Hanns Seidel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Günther Beckstein is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2007 to Oct, 2008. Horst Seehofer is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2008 to Mar, 2018. Markus Söder is the head of the government of Bavaria from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Hans Ehard is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1960 to Dec, 1962. Edmund Stoiber is the head of the government of Bavaria from May, 1993 to Sep, 2007.	BavariaBavaria (; German and Bavarian: "Bayern" ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (German and Bavarian: "Freistaat Bayern"; ), is a landlocked state ("Land") in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size it is one of the least densely populated states. Bavaria's main cities are Munich (its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany), Nuremberg, and Augsburg.The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes, followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine symbolism. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, giving it a status as a rather wealthy German region.Contemporary Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke a Germanic dialect which developed into Old High German during the early Middle Ages, but, unlike other Germanic groups, they probably did not migrate from elsewhere during the period of Western Roman collapse. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520. A 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BC.From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.After Garibald II, little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onward, he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy. (It is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time.) His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hugbert.At Hugbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century.Tassilo III (b. 741 – d. after 796) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onward. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback. The king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The territory of "Ostarrichi" was elevated to a duchy in its own right and given to the Babenberger family. This event marks the founding of Austria.The last, and one of the most important, of the dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, and "de facto" the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German). They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine ("Kurpfalz" in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268, Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession, the other parts of Bavaria were reunited, and Munich became the sole capital. The country became one of the Jesuit-supported counter-reformation centers.In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the Electorate of the Palatinate in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws.During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession with the election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburg). From 1777 onward, and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines. The new state also comprised the Duchies of Jülich and Berg as these on their part were in personal union with the Palatinate.When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became - by grace of Napoleon - a kingdom in 1806 due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine. Its area doubled after the Duchy of Jülich was ceded to France, as the Electoral Palatinate was divided between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome Bonaparte. Tyrol and Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria by the Congress of Vienna. In return Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and Franconia in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict policy of modernisation copying Napoleonic France; he laid the foundations of centralized administrative structures that survived the monarchy and, in part, have retained core validity through the 20st century. In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I, being modernized in 1818. This second version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.After the rise of Prussia to power in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire) in 1871. Bavaria continued formally as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways, postal service and a diplomatic body of its own) but the diplomatic body postal service railways were later undone by Wilhelm II who declared them illegal and got rid of the diplomatic service first.When Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire, this action was considered controversial by Bavarian nationalists who had wanted to retain independence from the rest of Germany, as had Austria. As Bavaria had a majority-Catholic population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly Protestant northerners of Prussia. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence. Although the idea of Bavarian separatism was popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, apart from a small minority such as the Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accepted that Bavaria is part of Germany. In the early 20th century, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other artists were drawn to Bavaria, especially to the Schwabing district of Munich, a center of international artistic activity. This area was devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II."Free State" has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in several German states.On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner, interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stuart claims. Family members are active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria. They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by Franz's presence or absence.Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution ("") was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler. However, in the crucial German federal election, March 1933, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria.As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was occupied by U.S. troops, becoming a major part of the American Zone of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–47) and then of "Bizonia".The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the Cold War, Bavaria was part of West Germany. In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty ("Gründungsvertrag") for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II. The Bavarian Parliament did not sign the Basic Law of Germany, mainly because it was seen as not granting sufficient powers to the individual "Länder" (states), but at the same time decided that it would still come into force in Bavaria if two-thirds of the other "Länder" ratified it. All of the other "Länder" ratified it, and so it became law.Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered themselves as "Bavarians" first, "Germans" second. In the 19th-century sense, an independent Bavarian State only existed from 1806 to 1871. This feeling started to come about more strongly among Bavarians when the Kingdom of Bavaria was forced by Bismarck to join the Protestant Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871, while the Bavarian nationalists wanted to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Nowadays, aside from the minority Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accept that Bavaria is part of Germany. Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities: Franconia in the north, speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the south west, speaking Swabian German; and Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before the acquisitions through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate, Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-Bavarian. In Munich, the Old Bavarian dialect was widely spread, but nowadays High German is predominantly spoken there. Moreover, by the expulsion of German speakers from Eastern Europe, Bavaria has received a large population that was not traditionally Bavarian. In particular, the Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have become the "fourth tribe" of Bavarians.Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue lozenges. Either may be used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them. Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians.The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vorarlberg) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzeň and South Bohemian Regions), as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance to the Canton of St. Gallen). Because all of these countries are part of the Schengen Area, the border is completely open. Neighboring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state: the Danube ("Donau") and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg), and within the range is the highest peak in Germany: the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia.The major cities in Bavaria are Munich ("München"), Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"), Augsburg, Regensburg, Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth, and Erlangen.The geographic center of the European Union is located in the northwestern corner of Bavaria.The summer months have been getting hotter in recent years. For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather observations have been recorded and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years all over Bavaria. On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of was recorded in Piding. In general winter months are seeing more precipitation which is taking the form of rain more often than that of snow compared to the past. Extreme weather like the 2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often. One effect of the continuing warming is the melting of almost all Bavarian Alpine glaciers: Of the five glaciers of Bavaria only the Höllentalferner is predicted to exist over a longer time perspective. The Südliche Schneeferner has almost vanished since the 1980s.Bavaria is divided into seven administrative districts called ' (singular ').' (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the ' and the ' or '. The ' in Bavaria are territorially identical with the ', but they are self-governing regional corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of Germany, there are ' which are only administrative divisions and not self-governing entities as the ' in Bavaria.The second communal layer is made up of 71 rural districts (called ', singular ') that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities (', singular '), both of which share the same administrative responsibilities .Rural districts:Independent cities:The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities (called ', singular '). Together with the 25 independent cities (', which are in effect municipalities independent of ' administrations), there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005, called ', singular '), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (-without islands, -without island , , which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and ).Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und DatenverarbeitungBavaria has a multiparty system dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU), which has won every election since 1945 with the exception of the 1950 ballot. Other important parties are The Greens, which became the second biggest political party in the 2018 local parliament elections and the center-left Social Democrats (SPD), who have dominated the city of Munich until 2020. Hitherto, Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West German conservatives during the Cold War years, and Edmund Stoiber, who both failed with their bids for Chancellorship. The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively.In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany. However, in the subsequent 2008 elections the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years. The losses were partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill. (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority).The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its absolute majority in the state parliament in part due to the party's stances as part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of the vote; the party's second worst local election outcome in its history after 1950 The Greens who had surged in the polls leading up to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second biggest force in the Landtag with 17.6% of the vote. The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018. The liberals of the FDP were again able to reach the five-percent-threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they were not part of the "Landtag" after the 2013 elections. Also entering the new parliament will be the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) with 10.2% of the vote. The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria.The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis for the Bavarian State after the Second World War.Bavaria has a unicameral ' (English: State Parliament), elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a ', or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished.The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the:Political processes also take place in the seven regions (' or ') in Bavaria, in the 71 administrative districts (') and the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts ('), and in the 2,031 local authorities (").In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called "Mehr Demokratie" (English: More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.Unlike most German states ("Länder"), which simply designate themselves as "State of" ("Land [...]"), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" ("Freistaat Bayern"). The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional law does not draw a distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation is thus analogous to the United States, where some states use the style "Commonwealth" rather than "State". The choice of "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived "republic", has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the "de facto" abdication of Ludwig III). Two other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also use the style "Free State"; unlike Bavaria, however, these were not part of the original states when the Grundgesetz was enacted but joined the federation later on, in 1990, as a result of German reunification. Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952.In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future". Critics like the prominent journalist Heribert Prantl have called the law "shameful" and compared it to Guantanamo Bay detention camp, assessed it to be in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights, and also compared it to the legal situation in Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years (i.e., not indefinitely)Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in Europe. Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion). This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20 countries in the world have a higher GDP. The GDP of the region increased to €617.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 144% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. This makes Bavaria one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Bavaria has strong economic ties with Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are:Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany and the lowest unemployment rate with 3.6% as of Mai 2021.Branches:Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including Adidas, Allianz, Airbus, Audi, BMW, Brose, BSH Hausgeräte, HypoVereinsbank, Infineon, KUKA, Traton, MTU Aero Engines, Munich Re, Osram, Puma, Rohde & Schwarz, Schaeffler, Siemens, Wacker Chemie, Linde, Vitesco Technologies, Webasto, Grob, Heidenhain, Koenig & Bauer, Kaeser Compressors, Krones, Knorr-Bremse, Wacker Neuson, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Siltronic, Leoni, Fielmann, MediaMarkt, Conrad Electronic, BayWa, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, Telefónica Germany, Knauf, Rehau, Giesecke+Devrient.Also American companies open a lot of research and development centers in Munich region: Apple (chip design), Google (data security), IBM (Watson technology), Intel (drones and telecommunication chips), General Electric (3D-printers and additive manufacturing), Gleason (gears manufacturing), Texas Instruments (chip design and manufacturing), Coherent (lasers).With 40 million tourists in 2019, Bavaria is the most visited German state and one of Europe's leading tourist destinations.Attractions:The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one of the lowest in the European Union.Bavaria has a population of approximately 12.9 million inhabitants (2016). 8 of the 80 largest cities in Germany are located within Bavaria with Munich being the largest (1,450,381 inhabitants, approximately 5.7 million when including the broader metropolitan area), followed by Nuremberg (509,975 inhabitants, approximately 3.6 million when including the broader metropolitan area) and Augsburg (286,374 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000 inhabitants each in 2015. Population density in Bavaria was , below the national average of . Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers) were principally from other EU countries and Turkey.Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to religion, traditions, and language.Bavarian culture ("Altbayern") has a long and predominant tradition of Roman Catholic faith. Pope emeritus Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Otherwise, the culturally Franconian and Swabian regions of the modern State of Bavaria are historically more diverse in religiosity, with both Catholic and Protestant traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the village), and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the Aperschnalzen, competitive whipcracking.Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their heritage alive. In New York City the German American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others which represent a specific part of Germany, including the Bavarian organizations. They present a German parade called Steuben Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers.Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer is traditionally served by the litre (in a ). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional , or beer purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market. German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer brands. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 liters per person, although figures have been declining in recent years.Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the river Main in Franconia. The region has produced wine ("Frankenwein") for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (south west) and East Franconian German in Franconia (North). In the small town Ludwigsstadt in the north, district Kronach in Upper Franconia, Thuringian dialect is spoken. During the 20th century an increasing part of the population began to speak Standard German (Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities.Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden. In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, and several "Bavarian villages" have been founded, most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan; Helen, Georgia; and Leavenworth, Washington. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Augsburg, TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther Fürth. Bayern Munich is the most successful football team in Germany having won a record 30 German titles and 6 UEFA Champions League titles. They are followed by 1. FC Nürnberg who have won 9 titles. SpVgg Greuther Fürth have won 3 championships while TSV 1860 Munich have been champions once.Bavaria is also home to several professional basketball teams, including FC Bayern Munich, Brose Baskets Bamberg, s.Oliver Würzburg, Nürnberg Falcons BC and TSV Oberhaching Tropics.There are five Bavarian ice hockey teams playing in the German top-tier league DEL: EHC Red Bull München, Nürnberg Ice Tigers, Augsburger Panther, ERC Ingolstadt, and Straubing Tigers.Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Bavaria:	[ "Günther Beckstein", "Horst Seehofer", "Hanns Seidel", "Edmund Stoiber", "Wilhelm Hoegner", "Alfons Goppel", "Hans Ehard", "Markus Söder", "Max Streibl" ]
Who was the head of Bavaria in 10/28/1987?	October 28, 1987	{ "text": [ "Franz Josef Strauß" ] }	L2_Q980_P6_4	Wilhelm Hoegner is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1954 to Oct, 1957. Max Streibl is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1988 to May, 1993. Alfons Goppel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Dec, 1962 to Nov, 1978. Franz Josef Strauß is the head of the government of Bavaria from Nov, 1978 to Oct, 1988. Hanns Seidel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Günther Beckstein is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2007 to Oct, 2008. Horst Seehofer is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2008 to Mar, 2018. Markus Söder is the head of the government of Bavaria from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Hans Ehard is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1960 to Dec, 1962. Edmund Stoiber is the head of the government of Bavaria from May, 1993 to Sep, 2007.	BavariaBavaria (; German and Bavarian: "Bayern" ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (German and Bavarian: "Freistaat Bayern"; ), is a landlocked state ("Land") in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size it is one of the least densely populated states. Bavaria's main cities are Munich (its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany), Nuremberg, and Augsburg.The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes, followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine symbolism. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, giving it a status as a rather wealthy German region.Contemporary Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke a Germanic dialect which developed into Old High German during the early Middle Ages, but, unlike other Germanic groups, they probably did not migrate from elsewhere during the period of Western Roman collapse. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520. A 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BC.From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.After Garibald II, little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onward, he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy. (It is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time.) His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hugbert.At Hugbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century.Tassilo III (b. 741 – d. after 796) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onward. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback. The king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The territory of "Ostarrichi" was elevated to a duchy in its own right and given to the Babenberger family. This event marks the founding of Austria.The last, and one of the most important, of the dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, and "de facto" the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German). They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine ("Kurpfalz" in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268, Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession, the other parts of Bavaria were reunited, and Munich became the sole capital. The country became one of the Jesuit-supported counter-reformation centers.In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the Electorate of the Palatinate in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws.During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession with the election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburg). From 1777 onward, and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines. The new state also comprised the Duchies of Jülich and Berg as these on their part were in personal union with the Palatinate.When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became - by grace of Napoleon - a kingdom in 1806 due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine. Its area doubled after the Duchy of Jülich was ceded to France, as the Electoral Palatinate was divided between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome Bonaparte. Tyrol and Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria by the Congress of Vienna. In return Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and Franconia in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict policy of modernisation copying Napoleonic France; he laid the foundations of centralized administrative structures that survived the monarchy and, in part, have retained core validity through the 20st century. In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I, being modernized in 1818. This second version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.After the rise of Prussia to power in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire) in 1871. Bavaria continued formally as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways, postal service and a diplomatic body of its own) but the diplomatic body postal service railways were later undone by Wilhelm II who declared them illegal and got rid of the diplomatic service first.When Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire, this action was considered controversial by Bavarian nationalists who had wanted to retain independence from the rest of Germany, as had Austria. As Bavaria had a majority-Catholic population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly Protestant northerners of Prussia. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence. Although the idea of Bavarian separatism was popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, apart from a small minority such as the Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accepted that Bavaria is part of Germany. In the early 20th century, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other artists were drawn to Bavaria, especially to the Schwabing district of Munich, a center of international artistic activity. This area was devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II."Free State" has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in several German states.On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner, interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stuart claims. Family members are active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria. They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by Franz's presence or absence.Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution ("") was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler. However, in the crucial German federal election, March 1933, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria.As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was occupied by U.S. troops, becoming a major part of the American Zone of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–47) and then of "Bizonia".The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the Cold War, Bavaria was part of West Germany. In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty ("Gründungsvertrag") for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II. The Bavarian Parliament did not sign the Basic Law of Germany, mainly because it was seen as not granting sufficient powers to the individual "Länder" (states), but at the same time decided that it would still come into force in Bavaria if two-thirds of the other "Länder" ratified it. All of the other "Länder" ratified it, and so it became law.Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered themselves as "Bavarians" first, "Germans" second. In the 19th-century sense, an independent Bavarian State only existed from 1806 to 1871. This feeling started to come about more strongly among Bavarians when the Kingdom of Bavaria was forced by Bismarck to join the Protestant Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871, while the Bavarian nationalists wanted to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Nowadays, aside from the minority Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accept that Bavaria is part of Germany. Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities: Franconia in the north, speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the south west, speaking Swabian German; and Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before the acquisitions through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate, Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-Bavarian. In Munich, the Old Bavarian dialect was widely spread, but nowadays High German is predominantly spoken there. Moreover, by the expulsion of German speakers from Eastern Europe, Bavaria has received a large population that was not traditionally Bavarian. In particular, the Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have become the "fourth tribe" of Bavarians.Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue lozenges. Either may be used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them. Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians.The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vorarlberg) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzeň and South Bohemian Regions), as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance to the Canton of St. Gallen). Because all of these countries are part of the Schengen Area, the border is completely open. Neighboring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state: the Danube ("Donau") and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg), and within the range is the highest peak in Germany: the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia.The major cities in Bavaria are Munich ("München"), Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"), Augsburg, Regensburg, Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth, and Erlangen.The geographic center of the European Union is located in the northwestern corner of Bavaria.The summer months have been getting hotter in recent years. For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather observations have been recorded and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years all over Bavaria. On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of was recorded in Piding. In general winter months are seeing more precipitation which is taking the form of rain more often than that of snow compared to the past. Extreme weather like the 2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often. One effect of the continuing warming is the melting of almost all Bavarian Alpine glaciers: Of the five glaciers of Bavaria only the Höllentalferner is predicted to exist over a longer time perspective. The Südliche Schneeferner has almost vanished since the 1980s.Bavaria is divided into seven administrative districts called ' (singular ').' (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the ' and the ' or '. The ' in Bavaria are territorially identical with the ', but they are self-governing regional corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of Germany, there are ' which are only administrative divisions and not self-governing entities as the ' in Bavaria.The second communal layer is made up of 71 rural districts (called ', singular ') that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities (', singular '), both of which share the same administrative responsibilities .Rural districts:Independent cities:The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities (called ', singular '). Together with the 25 independent cities (', which are in effect municipalities independent of ' administrations), there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005, called ', singular '), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (-without islands, -without island , , which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and ).Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und DatenverarbeitungBavaria has a multiparty system dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU), which has won every election since 1945 with the exception of the 1950 ballot. Other important parties are The Greens, which became the second biggest political party in the 2018 local parliament elections and the center-left Social Democrats (SPD), who have dominated the city of Munich until 2020. Hitherto, Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West German conservatives during the Cold War years, and Edmund Stoiber, who both failed with their bids for Chancellorship. The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively.In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany. However, in the subsequent 2008 elections the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years. The losses were partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill. (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority).The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its absolute majority in the state parliament in part due to the party's stances as part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of the vote; the party's second worst local election outcome in its history after 1950 The Greens who had surged in the polls leading up to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second biggest force in the Landtag with 17.6% of the vote. The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018. The liberals of the FDP were again able to reach the five-percent-threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they were not part of the "Landtag" after the 2013 elections. Also entering the new parliament will be the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) with 10.2% of the vote. The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria.The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis for the Bavarian State after the Second World War.Bavaria has a unicameral ' (English: State Parliament), elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a ', or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished.The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the:Political processes also take place in the seven regions (' or ') in Bavaria, in the 71 administrative districts (') and the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts ('), and in the 2,031 local authorities (").In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called "Mehr Demokratie" (English: More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.Unlike most German states ("Länder"), which simply designate themselves as "State of" ("Land [...]"), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" ("Freistaat Bayern"). The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional law does not draw a distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation is thus analogous to the United States, where some states use the style "Commonwealth" rather than "State". The choice of "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived "republic", has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the "de facto" abdication of Ludwig III). Two other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also use the style "Free State"; unlike Bavaria, however, these were not part of the original states when the Grundgesetz was enacted but joined the federation later on, in 1990, as a result of German reunification. Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952.In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future". Critics like the prominent journalist Heribert Prantl have called the law "shameful" and compared it to Guantanamo Bay detention camp, assessed it to be in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights, and also compared it to the legal situation in Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years (i.e., not indefinitely)Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in Europe. Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion). This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20 countries in the world have a higher GDP. The GDP of the region increased to €617.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 144% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. This makes Bavaria one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Bavaria has strong economic ties with Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are:Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany and the lowest unemployment rate with 3.6% as of Mai 2021.Branches:Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including Adidas, Allianz, Airbus, Audi, BMW, Brose, BSH Hausgeräte, HypoVereinsbank, Infineon, KUKA, Traton, MTU Aero Engines, Munich Re, Osram, Puma, Rohde & Schwarz, Schaeffler, Siemens, Wacker Chemie, Linde, Vitesco Technologies, Webasto, Grob, Heidenhain, Koenig & Bauer, Kaeser Compressors, Krones, Knorr-Bremse, Wacker Neuson, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Siltronic, Leoni, Fielmann, MediaMarkt, Conrad Electronic, BayWa, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, Telefónica Germany, Knauf, Rehau, Giesecke+Devrient.Also American companies open a lot of research and development centers in Munich region: Apple (chip design), Google (data security), IBM (Watson technology), Intel (drones and telecommunication chips), General Electric (3D-printers and additive manufacturing), Gleason (gears manufacturing), Texas Instruments (chip design and manufacturing), Coherent (lasers).With 40 million tourists in 2019, Bavaria is the most visited German state and one of Europe's leading tourist destinations.Attractions:The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one of the lowest in the European Union.Bavaria has a population of approximately 12.9 million inhabitants (2016). 8 of the 80 largest cities in Germany are located within Bavaria with Munich being the largest (1,450,381 inhabitants, approximately 5.7 million when including the broader metropolitan area), followed by Nuremberg (509,975 inhabitants, approximately 3.6 million when including the broader metropolitan area) and Augsburg (286,374 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000 inhabitants each in 2015. Population density in Bavaria was , below the national average of . Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers) were principally from other EU countries and Turkey.Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to religion, traditions, and language.Bavarian culture ("Altbayern") has a long and predominant tradition of Roman Catholic faith. Pope emeritus Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Otherwise, the culturally Franconian and Swabian regions of the modern State of Bavaria are historically more diverse in religiosity, with both Catholic and Protestant traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the village), and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the Aperschnalzen, competitive whipcracking.Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their heritage alive. In New York City the German American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others which represent a specific part of Germany, including the Bavarian organizations. They present a German parade called Steuben Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers.Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer is traditionally served by the litre (in a ). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional , or beer purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market. German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer brands. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 liters per person, although figures have been declining in recent years.Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the river Main in Franconia. The region has produced wine ("Frankenwein") for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (south west) and East Franconian German in Franconia (North). In the small town Ludwigsstadt in the north, district Kronach in Upper Franconia, Thuringian dialect is spoken. During the 20th century an increasing part of the population began to speak Standard German (Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities.Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden. In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, and several "Bavarian villages" have been founded, most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan; Helen, Georgia; and Leavenworth, Washington. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Augsburg, TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther Fürth. Bayern Munich is the most successful football team in Germany having won a record 30 German titles and 6 UEFA Champions League titles. They are followed by 1. FC Nürnberg who have won 9 titles. SpVgg Greuther Fürth have won 3 championships while TSV 1860 Munich have been champions once.Bavaria is also home to several professional basketball teams, including FC Bayern Munich, Brose Baskets Bamberg, s.Oliver Würzburg, Nürnberg Falcons BC and TSV Oberhaching Tropics.There are five Bavarian ice hockey teams playing in the German top-tier league DEL: EHC Red Bull München, Nürnberg Ice Tigers, Augsburger Panther, ERC Ingolstadt, and Straubing Tigers.Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Bavaria:	[ "Günther Beckstein", "Horst Seehofer", "Hanns Seidel", "Edmund Stoiber", "Wilhelm Hoegner", "Alfons Goppel", "Hans Ehard", "Markus Söder", "Max Streibl" ]
Who was the head of Bavaria in 28-Oct-198728-October-1987?	October 28, 1987	{ "text": [ "Franz Josef Strauß" ] }	L2_Q980_P6_4	Wilhelm Hoegner is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1954 to Oct, 1957. Max Streibl is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1988 to May, 1993. Alfons Goppel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Dec, 1962 to Nov, 1978. Franz Josef Strauß is the head of the government of Bavaria from Nov, 1978 to Oct, 1988. Hanns Seidel is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Günther Beckstein is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2007 to Oct, 2008. Horst Seehofer is the head of the government of Bavaria from Oct, 2008 to Mar, 2018. Markus Söder is the head of the government of Bavaria from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Hans Ehard is the head of the government of Bavaria from Jan, 1960 to Dec, 1962. Edmund Stoiber is the head of the government of Bavaria from May, 1993 to Sep, 2007.	BavariaBavaria (; German and Bavarian: "Bayern" ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (German and Bavarian: "Freistaat Bayern"; ), is a landlocked state ("Land") in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size it is one of the least densely populated states. Bavaria's main cities are Munich (its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany), Nuremberg, and Augsburg.The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes, followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine symbolism. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, giving it a status as a rather wealthy German region.Contemporary Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke a Germanic dialect which developed into Old High German during the early Middle Ages, but, unlike other Germanic groups, they probably did not migrate from elsewhere during the period of Western Roman collapse. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520. A 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BC.From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.After Garibald II, little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onward, he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy. (It is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time.) His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hugbert.At Hugbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century.Tassilo III (b. 741 – d. after 796) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onward. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback. The king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The territory of "Ostarrichi" was elevated to a duchy in its own right and given to the Babenberger family. This event marks the founding of Austria.The last, and one of the most important, of the dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, and "de facto" the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German). They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine ("Kurpfalz" in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268, Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession, the other parts of Bavaria were reunited, and Munich became the sole capital. The country became one of the Jesuit-supported counter-reformation centers.In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the Electorate of the Palatinate in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws.During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession with the election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburg). From 1777 onward, and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines. The new state also comprised the Duchies of Jülich and Berg as these on their part were in personal union with the Palatinate.When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became - by grace of Napoleon - a kingdom in 1806 due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine. Its area doubled after the Duchy of Jülich was ceded to France, as the Electoral Palatinate was divided between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome Bonaparte. Tyrol and Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria by the Congress of Vienna. In return Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and Franconia in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict policy of modernisation copying Napoleonic France; he laid the foundations of centralized administrative structures that survived the monarchy and, in part, have retained core validity through the 20st century. In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I, being modernized in 1818. This second version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.After the rise of Prussia to power in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire) in 1871. Bavaria continued formally as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways, postal service and a diplomatic body of its own) but the diplomatic body postal service railways were later undone by Wilhelm II who declared them illegal and got rid of the diplomatic service first.When Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire, this action was considered controversial by Bavarian nationalists who had wanted to retain independence from the rest of Germany, as had Austria. As Bavaria had a majority-Catholic population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly Protestant northerners of Prussia. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence. Although the idea of Bavarian separatism was popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, apart from a small minority such as the Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accepted that Bavaria is part of Germany. In the early 20th century, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other artists were drawn to Bavaria, especially to the Schwabing district of Munich, a center of international artistic activity. This area was devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II."Free State" has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in several German states.On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner, interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stuart claims. Family members are active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria. They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by Franz's presence or absence.Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution ("") was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler. However, in the crucial German federal election, March 1933, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria.As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was occupied by U.S. troops, becoming a major part of the American Zone of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–47) and then of "Bizonia".The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the Cold War, Bavaria was part of West Germany. In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty ("Gründungsvertrag") for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II. The Bavarian Parliament did not sign the Basic Law of Germany, mainly because it was seen as not granting sufficient powers to the individual "Länder" (states), but at the same time decided that it would still come into force in Bavaria if two-thirds of the other "Länder" ratified it. All of the other "Länder" ratified it, and so it became law.Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered themselves as "Bavarians" first, "Germans" second. In the 19th-century sense, an independent Bavarian State only existed from 1806 to 1871. This feeling started to come about more strongly among Bavarians when the Kingdom of Bavaria was forced by Bismarck to join the Protestant Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871, while the Bavarian nationalists wanted to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Nowadays, aside from the minority Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accept that Bavaria is part of Germany. Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities: Franconia in the north, speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the south west, speaking Swabian German; and Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before the acquisitions through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate, Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-Bavarian. In Munich, the Old Bavarian dialect was widely spread, but nowadays High German is predominantly spoken there. Moreover, by the expulsion of German speakers from Eastern Europe, Bavaria has received a large population that was not traditionally Bavarian. In particular, the Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have become the "fourth tribe" of Bavarians.Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue lozenges. Either may be used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them. Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians.The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vorarlberg) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzeň and South Bohemian Regions), as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance to the Canton of St. Gallen). Because all of these countries are part of the Schengen Area, the border is completely open. Neighboring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state: the Danube ("Donau") and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg), and within the range is the highest peak in Germany: the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia.The major cities in Bavaria are Munich ("München"), Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"), Augsburg, Regensburg, Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth, and Erlangen.The geographic center of the European Union is located in the northwestern corner of Bavaria.The summer months have been getting hotter in recent years. For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather observations have been recorded and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years all over Bavaria. On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of was recorded in Piding. In general winter months are seeing more precipitation which is taking the form of rain more often than that of snow compared to the past. Extreme weather like the 2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often. One effect of the continuing warming is the melting of almost all Bavarian Alpine glaciers: Of the five glaciers of Bavaria only the Höllentalferner is predicted to exist over a longer time perspective. The Südliche Schneeferner has almost vanished since the 1980s.Bavaria is divided into seven administrative districts called ' (singular ').' (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the ' and the ' or '. The ' in Bavaria are territorially identical with the ', but they are self-governing regional corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of Germany, there are ' which are only administrative divisions and not self-governing entities as the ' in Bavaria.The second communal layer is made up of 71 rural districts (called ', singular ') that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities (', singular '), both of which share the same administrative responsibilities .Rural districts:Independent cities:The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities (called ', singular '). Together with the 25 independent cities (', which are in effect municipalities independent of ' administrations), there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005, called ', singular '), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (-without islands, -without island , , which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and ).Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und DatenverarbeitungBavaria has a multiparty system dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU), which has won every election since 1945 with the exception of the 1950 ballot. Other important parties are The Greens, which became the second biggest political party in the 2018 local parliament elections and the center-left Social Democrats (SPD), who have dominated the city of Munich until 2020. Hitherto, Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West German conservatives during the Cold War years, and Edmund Stoiber, who both failed with their bids for Chancellorship. The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively.In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany. However, in the subsequent 2008 elections the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years. The losses were partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill. (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority).The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its absolute majority in the state parliament in part due to the party's stances as part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of the vote; the party's second worst local election outcome in its history after 1950 The Greens who had surged in the polls leading up to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second biggest force in the Landtag with 17.6% of the vote. The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018. The liberals of the FDP were again able to reach the five-percent-threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they were not part of the "Landtag" after the 2013 elections. Also entering the new parliament will be the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) with 10.2% of the vote. The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria.The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis for the Bavarian State after the Second World War.Bavaria has a unicameral ' (English: State Parliament), elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a ', or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished.The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the:Political processes also take place in the seven regions (' or ') in Bavaria, in the 71 administrative districts (') and the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts ('), and in the 2,031 local authorities (").In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called "Mehr Demokratie" (English: More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.Unlike most German states ("Länder"), which simply designate themselves as "State of" ("Land [...]"), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" ("Freistaat Bayern"). The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional law does not draw a distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation is thus analogous to the United States, where some states use the style "Commonwealth" rather than "State". The choice of "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived "republic", has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the "de facto" abdication of Ludwig III). Two other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also use the style "Free State"; unlike Bavaria, however, these were not part of the original states when the Grundgesetz was enacted but joined the federation later on, in 1990, as a result of German reunification. Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952.In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future". Critics like the prominent journalist Heribert Prantl have called the law "shameful" and compared it to Guantanamo Bay detention camp, assessed it to be in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights, and also compared it to the legal situation in Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years (i.e., not indefinitely)Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in Europe. Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion). This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20 countries in the world have a higher GDP. The GDP of the region increased to €617.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 144% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. This makes Bavaria one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Bavaria has strong economic ties with Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are:Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany and the lowest unemployment rate with 3.6% as of Mai 2021.Branches:Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including Adidas, Allianz, Airbus, Audi, BMW, Brose, BSH Hausgeräte, HypoVereinsbank, Infineon, KUKA, Traton, MTU Aero Engines, Munich Re, Osram, Puma, Rohde & Schwarz, Schaeffler, Siemens, Wacker Chemie, Linde, Vitesco Technologies, Webasto, Grob, Heidenhain, Koenig & Bauer, Kaeser Compressors, Krones, Knorr-Bremse, Wacker Neuson, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Siltronic, Leoni, Fielmann, MediaMarkt, Conrad Electronic, BayWa, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, Telefónica Germany, Knauf, Rehau, Giesecke+Devrient.Also American companies open a lot of research and development centers in Munich region: Apple (chip design), Google (data security), IBM (Watson technology), Intel (drones and telecommunication chips), General Electric (3D-printers and additive manufacturing), Gleason (gears manufacturing), Texas Instruments (chip design and manufacturing), Coherent (lasers).With 40 million tourists in 2019, Bavaria is the most visited German state and one of Europe's leading tourist destinations.Attractions:The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one of the lowest in the European Union.Bavaria has a population of approximately 12.9 million inhabitants (2016). 8 of the 80 largest cities in Germany are located within Bavaria with Munich being the largest (1,450,381 inhabitants, approximately 5.7 million when including the broader metropolitan area), followed by Nuremberg (509,975 inhabitants, approximately 3.6 million when including the broader metropolitan area) and Augsburg (286,374 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000 inhabitants each in 2015. Population density in Bavaria was , below the national average of . Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers) were principally from other EU countries and Turkey.Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to religion, traditions, and language.Bavarian culture ("Altbayern") has a long and predominant tradition of Roman Catholic faith. Pope emeritus Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Otherwise, the culturally Franconian and Swabian regions of the modern State of Bavaria are historically more diverse in religiosity, with both Catholic and Protestant traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the village), and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the Aperschnalzen, competitive whipcracking.Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their heritage alive. In New York City the German American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others which represent a specific part of Germany, including the Bavarian organizations. They present a German parade called Steuben Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers.Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer is traditionally served by the litre (in a ). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional , or beer purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market. German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer brands. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 liters per person, although figures have been declining in recent years.Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the river Main in Franconia. The region has produced wine ("Frankenwein") for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (south west) and East Franconian German in Franconia (North). In the small town Ludwigsstadt in the north, district Kronach in Upper Franconia, Thuringian dialect is spoken. During the 20th century an increasing part of the population began to speak Standard German (Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities.Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden. In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, and several "Bavarian villages" have been founded, most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan; Helen, Georgia; and Leavenworth, Washington. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Augsburg, TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther Fürth. Bayern Munich is the most successful football team in Germany having won a record 30 German titles and 6 UEFA Champions League titles. They are followed by 1. FC Nürnberg who have won 9 titles. SpVgg Greuther Fürth have won 3 championships while TSV 1860 Munich have been champions once.Bavaria is also home to several professional basketball teams, including FC Bayern Munich, Brose Baskets Bamberg, s.Oliver Würzburg, Nürnberg Falcons BC and TSV Oberhaching Tropics.There are five Bavarian ice hockey teams playing in the German top-tier league DEL: EHC Red Bull München, Nürnberg Ice Tigers, Augsburger Panther, ERC Ingolstadt, and Straubing Tigers.Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Bavaria:	[ "Günther Beckstein", "Horst Seehofer", "Hanns Seidel", "Edmund Stoiber", "Wilhelm Hoegner", "Alfons Goppel", "Hans Ehard", "Markus Söder", "Max Streibl" ]
Which position did George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry hold in Nov, 1823?	November 08, 1823	{ "text": [ "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5538165_P39_2	George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1816 to Jun, 1818. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	George Coventry, 8th Earl of CoventryGeorge William Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry (16 October 1784 – 15 May 1843), styled Viscount Deerhurst from 1809 to 1831, was a British peer and Tory Member of Parliament.Coventry was the eldest son of George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry, and his wife Peggy (née Pitches). His younger brother was the Hon. William Coventry and his sisters were Lady Augusta Coventry (wife of Gen. Sir Willoughby Cotton), Lady Barbara Coventry (wife of Lt. Col. Alexander Gregan-Crauford) and Lady Sophia Coventry (wife of Sir Roger Gresley, 3rd Bt and Sir William Des Voeux, 3rd Bt).His paternal grandparents were George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry and the former Maria Gunning (eldest daughter of Col. John Gunning of Castle Combe and Hon Bridget Bourke, a daughter of Theobald Bourke, 6th Viscount Mayo). His mother was the second daughter and co-heiress of Sir Abraham Pitches, former High Sheriff of Surrey, and Jane Hassel (daughter of Robert Prowse Hassel of Wraytesbury).He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.He was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Worcester in 1816, a seat he held until 1826. In 1831, he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. In 1838, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire.On 16 January 1808, Lord Coventry married the Hon. Emma Susanna Lygon, daughter of William Lygon, 2nd Baron Beauchamp, subsequently created 1st Earl Beauchamp. At around the time of his marriage, he was also involved with Sophia Dubochet, a girl in her early teens with whom he eloped and whom he subsequently kept as a mistress while she was courted by Thomas Noel Hill, 2nd Baron Berwick, who married her in 1812. Her relationship with Coventry (then Viscount Deerhurst) is recorded in some detail by Sophia's sister, the noted courtesan Harriette Wilson. Before her death in 1810, Emma and George were the parents of:On 6 November 1811, Coventry married secondly to Lady Mary Beauclerk, daughter of Aubrey Beauclerk, 6th Duke of St Albans. Together, they were the parents of:He died in May 1843, aged 58. His son from his first marriage had predeceased him and he was succeeded in his titles by Viscount Deerhurst's son, his grandson, George. Lady Coventry died on 11 September 1845, aged 54.Through his second son Henry, he was a grandfather of Mary Eleanor Lauderdale Coventry (1847–1928), who married Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk and was the mother of his great-grandchildren, Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, Hon. James Knyvett Estcourt Howard, Lady Mary Howard, Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, and Lady Katharine Howard.His granddaughter, Mary Augusta Henrietta Coventry (1841–1894), married John Turner Hopwood. Their nine children included the lyricist and novelist Aubrey Hopwood (1863–1917) and the Royal Navy officer Ronald Hopwood (1868–1949). His great-granddaughter, Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby (d. 1944), married Dermot Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo.	[ "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry hold in 1823-11-08?	November 08, 1823	{ "text": [ "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5538165_P39_2	George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1816 to Jun, 1818. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	George Coventry, 8th Earl of CoventryGeorge William Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry (16 October 1784 – 15 May 1843), styled Viscount Deerhurst from 1809 to 1831, was a British peer and Tory Member of Parliament.Coventry was the eldest son of George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry, and his wife Peggy (née Pitches). His younger brother was the Hon. William Coventry and his sisters were Lady Augusta Coventry (wife of Gen. Sir Willoughby Cotton), Lady Barbara Coventry (wife of Lt. Col. Alexander Gregan-Crauford) and Lady Sophia Coventry (wife of Sir Roger Gresley, 3rd Bt and Sir William Des Voeux, 3rd Bt).His paternal grandparents were George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry and the former Maria Gunning (eldest daughter of Col. John Gunning of Castle Combe and Hon Bridget Bourke, a daughter of Theobald Bourke, 6th Viscount Mayo). His mother was the second daughter and co-heiress of Sir Abraham Pitches, former High Sheriff of Surrey, and Jane Hassel (daughter of Robert Prowse Hassel of Wraytesbury).He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.He was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Worcester in 1816, a seat he held until 1826. In 1831, he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. In 1838, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire.On 16 January 1808, Lord Coventry married the Hon. Emma Susanna Lygon, daughter of William Lygon, 2nd Baron Beauchamp, subsequently created 1st Earl Beauchamp. At around the time of his marriage, he was also involved with Sophia Dubochet, a girl in her early teens with whom he eloped and whom he subsequently kept as a mistress while she was courted by Thomas Noel Hill, 2nd Baron Berwick, who married her in 1812. Her relationship with Coventry (then Viscount Deerhurst) is recorded in some detail by Sophia's sister, the noted courtesan Harriette Wilson. Before her death in 1810, Emma and George were the parents of:On 6 November 1811, Coventry married secondly to Lady Mary Beauclerk, daughter of Aubrey Beauclerk, 6th Duke of St Albans. Together, they were the parents of:He died in May 1843, aged 58. His son from his first marriage had predeceased him and he was succeeded in his titles by Viscount Deerhurst's son, his grandson, George. Lady Coventry died on 11 September 1845, aged 54.Through his second son Henry, he was a grandfather of Mary Eleanor Lauderdale Coventry (1847–1928), who married Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk and was the mother of his great-grandchildren, Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, Hon. James Knyvett Estcourt Howard, Lady Mary Howard, Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, and Lady Katharine Howard.His granddaughter, Mary Augusta Henrietta Coventry (1841–1894), married John Turner Hopwood. Their nine children included the lyricist and novelist Aubrey Hopwood (1863–1917) and the Royal Navy officer Ronald Hopwood (1868–1949). His great-granddaughter, Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby (d. 1944), married Dermot Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo.	[ "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry hold in 08/11/1823?	November 08, 1823	{ "text": [ "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5538165_P39_2	George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1816 to Jun, 1818. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	George Coventry, 8th Earl of CoventryGeorge William Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry (16 October 1784 – 15 May 1843), styled Viscount Deerhurst from 1809 to 1831, was a British peer and Tory Member of Parliament.Coventry was the eldest son of George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry, and his wife Peggy (née Pitches). His younger brother was the Hon. William Coventry and his sisters were Lady Augusta Coventry (wife of Gen. Sir Willoughby Cotton), Lady Barbara Coventry (wife of Lt. Col. Alexander Gregan-Crauford) and Lady Sophia Coventry (wife of Sir Roger Gresley, 3rd Bt and Sir William Des Voeux, 3rd Bt).His paternal grandparents were George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry and the former Maria Gunning (eldest daughter of Col. John Gunning of Castle Combe and Hon Bridget Bourke, a daughter of Theobald Bourke, 6th Viscount Mayo). His mother was the second daughter and co-heiress of Sir Abraham Pitches, former High Sheriff of Surrey, and Jane Hassel (daughter of Robert Prowse Hassel of Wraytesbury).He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.He was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Worcester in 1816, a seat he held until 1826. In 1831, he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. In 1838, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire.On 16 January 1808, Lord Coventry married the Hon. Emma Susanna Lygon, daughter of William Lygon, 2nd Baron Beauchamp, subsequently created 1st Earl Beauchamp. At around the time of his marriage, he was also involved with Sophia Dubochet, a girl in her early teens with whom he eloped and whom he subsequently kept as a mistress while she was courted by Thomas Noel Hill, 2nd Baron Berwick, who married her in 1812. Her relationship with Coventry (then Viscount Deerhurst) is recorded in some detail by Sophia's sister, the noted courtesan Harriette Wilson. Before her death in 1810, Emma and George were the parents of:On 6 November 1811, Coventry married secondly to Lady Mary Beauclerk, daughter of Aubrey Beauclerk, 6th Duke of St Albans. Together, they were the parents of:He died in May 1843, aged 58. His son from his first marriage had predeceased him and he was succeeded in his titles by Viscount Deerhurst's son, his grandson, George. Lady Coventry died on 11 September 1845, aged 54.Through his second son Henry, he was a grandfather of Mary Eleanor Lauderdale Coventry (1847–1928), who married Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk and was the mother of his great-grandchildren, Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, Hon. James Knyvett Estcourt Howard, Lady Mary Howard, Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, and Lady Katharine Howard.His granddaughter, Mary Augusta Henrietta Coventry (1841–1894), married John Turner Hopwood. Their nine children included the lyricist and novelist Aubrey Hopwood (1863–1917) and the Royal Navy officer Ronald Hopwood (1868–1949). His great-granddaughter, Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby (d. 1944), married Dermot Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo.	[ "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry hold in Nov 08, 1823?	November 08, 1823	{ "text": [ "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5538165_P39_2	George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1816 to Jun, 1818. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	George Coventry, 8th Earl of CoventryGeorge William Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry (16 October 1784 – 15 May 1843), styled Viscount Deerhurst from 1809 to 1831, was a British peer and Tory Member of Parliament.Coventry was the eldest son of George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry, and his wife Peggy (née Pitches). His younger brother was the Hon. William Coventry and his sisters were Lady Augusta Coventry (wife of Gen. Sir Willoughby Cotton), Lady Barbara Coventry (wife of Lt. Col. Alexander Gregan-Crauford) and Lady Sophia Coventry (wife of Sir Roger Gresley, 3rd Bt and Sir William Des Voeux, 3rd Bt).His paternal grandparents were George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry and the former Maria Gunning (eldest daughter of Col. John Gunning of Castle Combe and Hon Bridget Bourke, a daughter of Theobald Bourke, 6th Viscount Mayo). His mother was the second daughter and co-heiress of Sir Abraham Pitches, former High Sheriff of Surrey, and Jane Hassel (daughter of Robert Prowse Hassel of Wraytesbury).He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.He was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Worcester in 1816, a seat he held until 1826. In 1831, he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. In 1838, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire.On 16 January 1808, Lord Coventry married the Hon. Emma Susanna Lygon, daughter of William Lygon, 2nd Baron Beauchamp, subsequently created 1st Earl Beauchamp. At around the time of his marriage, he was also involved with Sophia Dubochet, a girl in her early teens with whom he eloped and whom he subsequently kept as a mistress while she was courted by Thomas Noel Hill, 2nd Baron Berwick, who married her in 1812. Her relationship with Coventry (then Viscount Deerhurst) is recorded in some detail by Sophia's sister, the noted courtesan Harriette Wilson. Before her death in 1810, Emma and George were the parents of:On 6 November 1811, Coventry married secondly to Lady Mary Beauclerk, daughter of Aubrey Beauclerk, 6th Duke of St Albans. Together, they were the parents of:He died in May 1843, aged 58. His son from his first marriage had predeceased him and he was succeeded in his titles by Viscount Deerhurst's son, his grandson, George. Lady Coventry died on 11 September 1845, aged 54.Through his second son Henry, he was a grandfather of Mary Eleanor Lauderdale Coventry (1847–1928), who married Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk and was the mother of his great-grandchildren, Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, Hon. James Knyvett Estcourt Howard, Lady Mary Howard, Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, and Lady Katharine Howard.His granddaughter, Mary Augusta Henrietta Coventry (1841–1894), married John Turner Hopwood. Their nine children included the lyricist and novelist Aubrey Hopwood (1863–1917) and the Royal Navy officer Ronald Hopwood (1868–1949). His great-granddaughter, Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby (d. 1944), married Dermot Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo.	[ "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry hold in 11/08/1823?	November 08, 1823	{ "text": [ "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5538165_P39_2	George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1816 to Jun, 1818. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	George Coventry, 8th Earl of CoventryGeorge William Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry (16 October 1784 – 15 May 1843), styled Viscount Deerhurst from 1809 to 1831, was a British peer and Tory Member of Parliament.Coventry was the eldest son of George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry, and his wife Peggy (née Pitches). His younger brother was the Hon. William Coventry and his sisters were Lady Augusta Coventry (wife of Gen. Sir Willoughby Cotton), Lady Barbara Coventry (wife of Lt. Col. Alexander Gregan-Crauford) and Lady Sophia Coventry (wife of Sir Roger Gresley, 3rd Bt and Sir William Des Voeux, 3rd Bt).His paternal grandparents were George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry and the former Maria Gunning (eldest daughter of Col. John Gunning of Castle Combe and Hon Bridget Bourke, a daughter of Theobald Bourke, 6th Viscount Mayo). His mother was the second daughter and co-heiress of Sir Abraham Pitches, former High Sheriff of Surrey, and Jane Hassel (daughter of Robert Prowse Hassel of Wraytesbury).He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.He was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Worcester in 1816, a seat he held until 1826. In 1831, he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. In 1838, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire.On 16 January 1808, Lord Coventry married the Hon. Emma Susanna Lygon, daughter of William Lygon, 2nd Baron Beauchamp, subsequently created 1st Earl Beauchamp. At around the time of his marriage, he was also involved with Sophia Dubochet, a girl in her early teens with whom he eloped and whom he subsequently kept as a mistress while she was courted by Thomas Noel Hill, 2nd Baron Berwick, who married her in 1812. Her relationship with Coventry (then Viscount Deerhurst) is recorded in some detail by Sophia's sister, the noted courtesan Harriette Wilson. Before her death in 1810, Emma and George were the parents of:On 6 November 1811, Coventry married secondly to Lady Mary Beauclerk, daughter of Aubrey Beauclerk, 6th Duke of St Albans. Together, they were the parents of:He died in May 1843, aged 58. His son from his first marriage had predeceased him and he was succeeded in his titles by Viscount Deerhurst's son, his grandson, George. Lady Coventry died on 11 September 1845, aged 54.Through his second son Henry, he was a grandfather of Mary Eleanor Lauderdale Coventry (1847–1928), who married Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk and was the mother of his great-grandchildren, Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, Hon. James Knyvett Estcourt Howard, Lady Mary Howard, Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, and Lady Katharine Howard.His granddaughter, Mary Augusta Henrietta Coventry (1841–1894), married John Turner Hopwood. Their nine children included the lyricist and novelist Aubrey Hopwood (1863–1917) and the Royal Navy officer Ronald Hopwood (1868–1949). His great-granddaughter, Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby (d. 1944), married Dermot Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo.	[ "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry hold in 08-Nov-182308-November-1823?	November 08, 1823	{ "text": [ "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5538165_P39_2	George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1816 to Jun, 1818. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	George Coventry, 8th Earl of CoventryGeorge William Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry (16 October 1784 – 15 May 1843), styled Viscount Deerhurst from 1809 to 1831, was a British peer and Tory Member of Parliament.Coventry was the eldest son of George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry, and his wife Peggy (née Pitches). His younger brother was the Hon. William Coventry and his sisters were Lady Augusta Coventry (wife of Gen. Sir Willoughby Cotton), Lady Barbara Coventry (wife of Lt. Col. Alexander Gregan-Crauford) and Lady Sophia Coventry (wife of Sir Roger Gresley, 3rd Bt and Sir William Des Voeux, 3rd Bt).His paternal grandparents were George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry and the former Maria Gunning (eldest daughter of Col. John Gunning of Castle Combe and Hon Bridget Bourke, a daughter of Theobald Bourke, 6th Viscount Mayo). His mother was the second daughter and co-heiress of Sir Abraham Pitches, former High Sheriff of Surrey, and Jane Hassel (daughter of Robert Prowse Hassel of Wraytesbury).He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.He was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Worcester in 1816, a seat he held until 1826. In 1831, he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. In 1838, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire.On 16 January 1808, Lord Coventry married the Hon. Emma Susanna Lygon, daughter of William Lygon, 2nd Baron Beauchamp, subsequently created 1st Earl Beauchamp. At around the time of his marriage, he was also involved with Sophia Dubochet, a girl in her early teens with whom he eloped and whom he subsequently kept as a mistress while she was courted by Thomas Noel Hill, 2nd Baron Berwick, who married her in 1812. Her relationship with Coventry (then Viscount Deerhurst) is recorded in some detail by Sophia's sister, the noted courtesan Harriette Wilson. Before her death in 1810, Emma and George were the parents of:On 6 November 1811, Coventry married secondly to Lady Mary Beauclerk, daughter of Aubrey Beauclerk, 6th Duke of St Albans. Together, they were the parents of:He died in May 1843, aged 58. His son from his first marriage had predeceased him and he was succeeded in his titles by Viscount Deerhurst's son, his grandson, George. Lady Coventry died on 11 September 1845, aged 54.Through his second son Henry, he was a grandfather of Mary Eleanor Lauderdale Coventry (1847–1928), who married Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk and was the mother of his great-grandchildren, Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, Hon. James Knyvett Estcourt Howard, Lady Mary Howard, Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, and Lady Katharine Howard.His granddaughter, Mary Augusta Henrietta Coventry (1841–1894), married John Turner Hopwood. Their nine children included the lyricist and novelist Aubrey Hopwood (1863–1917) and the Royal Navy officer Ronald Hopwood (1868–1949). His great-granddaughter, Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby (d. 1944), married Dermot Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo.	[ "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Who was the chair of Christian Social People's Party in Aug, 1989?	August 15, 1989	{ "text": [ "Jean Spautz" ] }	L2_Q1344670_P488_5	François Biltgen is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Marc Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Feb, 2014 to Jan, 2019. Jacques Santer is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982. Michel Wolter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2009 to Feb, 2014. Nicolas Mosar is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Jean Dupong is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972. Frank Engel is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2021. Jean-Claude Juncker is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995. Tony Biever is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965. Jean Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990. Claude Wiseler is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1964. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.	Christian Social People's PartyThe Christian Social People's Party (, , ), abbreviated to CSV or PCS, is the largest political party in Luxembourg. The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and, like most parties in Luxembourg, is strongly pro-European. The CSV is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the Centrist Democrat International (CDI).The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the party's formation, and currently holds 21 of 60 seats in the Chamber. Since the Second World War, every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV, with only two exceptions: Gaston Thorn (1974–1979), and Xavier Bettel (2013–). It holds three of Luxembourg's six seats in the European Parliament, as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected.The party's President is since January 2019 Frank Engel. However, the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker, who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) until the 2013 general election.The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914.In 1944, the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV. The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945; the party won 25 out of 51 seats, missing an absolute majority by a single seat.From 1945 to 1974, the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers: Pierre Dupong, Joseph Bech, Pierre Frieden, and Pierre Werner. Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party (DP), it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability.In the 1950s, the party structure underwent a certain democratisation: the party's youth section (founded in 1953) and women's section received representation in the party's central organs.The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974, when the Democratic Party's Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP). In 1979, the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election; Pierre Werner became PM.In 1984, Jacques Santer became PM. He remained as such until 1995, when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM, with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission.Following the 2013 general election, the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Party's Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens, making it the first time in Luxembourg's history that a three-party coalition government had been formed. This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition. Despite remaining the largest party, the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the party's history.+ Died in office	[ "Nicolas Mosar", "Frank Engel", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Tony Biever", "Émile Reuter", "Marc Spautz", "Jean-Claude Juncker", "Claude Wiseler", "Jean Dupong", "Michel Wolter", "Jacques Santer", "François Biltgen" ]
Who was the chair of Christian Social People's Party in 1989-08-15?	August 15, 1989	{ "text": [ "Jean Spautz" ] }	L2_Q1344670_P488_5	François Biltgen is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Marc Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Feb, 2014 to Jan, 2019. Jacques Santer is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982. Michel Wolter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2009 to Feb, 2014. Nicolas Mosar is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Jean Dupong is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972. Frank Engel is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2021. Jean-Claude Juncker is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995. Tony Biever is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965. Jean Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990. Claude Wiseler is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1964. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.	Christian Social People's PartyThe Christian Social People's Party (, , ), abbreviated to CSV or PCS, is the largest political party in Luxembourg. The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and, like most parties in Luxembourg, is strongly pro-European. The CSV is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the Centrist Democrat International (CDI).The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the party's formation, and currently holds 21 of 60 seats in the Chamber. Since the Second World War, every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV, with only two exceptions: Gaston Thorn (1974–1979), and Xavier Bettel (2013–). It holds three of Luxembourg's six seats in the European Parliament, as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected.The party's President is since January 2019 Frank Engel. However, the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker, who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) until the 2013 general election.The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914.In 1944, the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV. The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945; the party won 25 out of 51 seats, missing an absolute majority by a single seat.From 1945 to 1974, the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers: Pierre Dupong, Joseph Bech, Pierre Frieden, and Pierre Werner. Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party (DP), it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability.In the 1950s, the party structure underwent a certain democratisation: the party's youth section (founded in 1953) and women's section received representation in the party's central organs.The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974, when the Democratic Party's Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP). In 1979, the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election; Pierre Werner became PM.In 1984, Jacques Santer became PM. He remained as such until 1995, when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM, with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission.Following the 2013 general election, the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Party's Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens, making it the first time in Luxembourg's history that a three-party coalition government had been formed. This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition. Despite remaining the largest party, the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the party's history.+ Died in office	[ "Nicolas Mosar", "Frank Engel", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Tony Biever", "Émile Reuter", "Marc Spautz", "Jean-Claude Juncker", "Claude Wiseler", "Jean Dupong", "Michel Wolter", "Jacques Santer", "François Biltgen" ]
Who was the chair of Christian Social People's Party in 15/08/1989?	August 15, 1989	{ "text": [ "Jean Spautz" ] }	L2_Q1344670_P488_5	François Biltgen is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Marc Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Feb, 2014 to Jan, 2019. Jacques Santer is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982. Michel Wolter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2009 to Feb, 2014. Nicolas Mosar is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Jean Dupong is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972. Frank Engel is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2021. Jean-Claude Juncker is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995. Tony Biever is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965. Jean Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990. Claude Wiseler is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1964. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.	Christian Social People's PartyThe Christian Social People's Party (, , ), abbreviated to CSV or PCS, is the largest political party in Luxembourg. The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and, like most parties in Luxembourg, is strongly pro-European. The CSV is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the Centrist Democrat International (CDI).The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the party's formation, and currently holds 21 of 60 seats in the Chamber. Since the Second World War, every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV, with only two exceptions: Gaston Thorn (1974–1979), and Xavier Bettel (2013–). It holds three of Luxembourg's six seats in the European Parliament, as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected.The party's President is since January 2019 Frank Engel. However, the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker, who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) until the 2013 general election.The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914.In 1944, the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV. The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945; the party won 25 out of 51 seats, missing an absolute majority by a single seat.From 1945 to 1974, the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers: Pierre Dupong, Joseph Bech, Pierre Frieden, and Pierre Werner. Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party (DP), it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability.In the 1950s, the party structure underwent a certain democratisation: the party's youth section (founded in 1953) and women's section received representation in the party's central organs.The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974, when the Democratic Party's Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP). In 1979, the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election; Pierre Werner became PM.In 1984, Jacques Santer became PM. He remained as such until 1995, when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM, with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission.Following the 2013 general election, the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Party's Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens, making it the first time in Luxembourg's history that a three-party coalition government had been formed. This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition. Despite remaining the largest party, the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the party's history.+ Died in office	[ "Nicolas Mosar", "Frank Engel", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Tony Biever", "Émile Reuter", "Marc Spautz", "Jean-Claude Juncker", "Claude Wiseler", "Jean Dupong", "Michel Wolter", "Jacques Santer", "François Biltgen" ]
Who was the chair of Christian Social People's Party in Aug 15, 1989?	August 15, 1989	{ "text": [ "Jean Spautz" ] }	L2_Q1344670_P488_5	François Biltgen is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Marc Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Feb, 2014 to Jan, 2019. Jacques Santer is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982. Michel Wolter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2009 to Feb, 2014. Nicolas Mosar is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Jean Dupong is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972. Frank Engel is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2021. Jean-Claude Juncker is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995. Tony Biever is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965. Jean Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990. Claude Wiseler is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1964. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.	Christian Social People's PartyThe Christian Social People's Party (, , ), abbreviated to CSV or PCS, is the largest political party in Luxembourg. The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and, like most parties in Luxembourg, is strongly pro-European. The CSV is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the Centrist Democrat International (CDI).The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the party's formation, and currently holds 21 of 60 seats in the Chamber. Since the Second World War, every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV, with only two exceptions: Gaston Thorn (1974–1979), and Xavier Bettel (2013–). It holds three of Luxembourg's six seats in the European Parliament, as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected.The party's President is since January 2019 Frank Engel. However, the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker, who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) until the 2013 general election.The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914.In 1944, the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV. The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945; the party won 25 out of 51 seats, missing an absolute majority by a single seat.From 1945 to 1974, the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers: Pierre Dupong, Joseph Bech, Pierre Frieden, and Pierre Werner. Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party (DP), it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability.In the 1950s, the party structure underwent a certain democratisation: the party's youth section (founded in 1953) and women's section received representation in the party's central organs.The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974, when the Democratic Party's Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP). In 1979, the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election; Pierre Werner became PM.In 1984, Jacques Santer became PM. He remained as such until 1995, when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM, with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission.Following the 2013 general election, the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Party's Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens, making it the first time in Luxembourg's history that a three-party coalition government had been formed. This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition. Despite remaining the largest party, the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the party's history.+ Died in office	[ "Nicolas Mosar", "Frank Engel", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Tony Biever", "Émile Reuter", "Marc Spautz", "Jean-Claude Juncker", "Claude Wiseler", "Jean Dupong", "Michel Wolter", "Jacques Santer", "François Biltgen" ]
Who was the chair of Christian Social People's Party in 08/15/1989?	August 15, 1989	{ "text": [ "Jean Spautz" ] }	L2_Q1344670_P488_5	François Biltgen is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Marc Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Feb, 2014 to Jan, 2019. Jacques Santer is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982. Michel Wolter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2009 to Feb, 2014. Nicolas Mosar is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Jean Dupong is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972. Frank Engel is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2021. Jean-Claude Juncker is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995. Tony Biever is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965. Jean Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990. Claude Wiseler is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1964. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.	Christian Social People's PartyThe Christian Social People's Party (, , ), abbreviated to CSV or PCS, is the largest political party in Luxembourg. The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and, like most parties in Luxembourg, is strongly pro-European. The CSV is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the Centrist Democrat International (CDI).The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the party's formation, and currently holds 21 of 60 seats in the Chamber. Since the Second World War, every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV, with only two exceptions: Gaston Thorn (1974–1979), and Xavier Bettel (2013–). It holds three of Luxembourg's six seats in the European Parliament, as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected.The party's President is since January 2019 Frank Engel. However, the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker, who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) until the 2013 general election.The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914.In 1944, the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV. The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945; the party won 25 out of 51 seats, missing an absolute majority by a single seat.From 1945 to 1974, the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers: Pierre Dupong, Joseph Bech, Pierre Frieden, and Pierre Werner. Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party (DP), it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability.In the 1950s, the party structure underwent a certain democratisation: the party's youth section (founded in 1953) and women's section received representation in the party's central organs.The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974, when the Democratic Party's Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP). In 1979, the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election; Pierre Werner became PM.In 1984, Jacques Santer became PM. He remained as such until 1995, when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM, with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission.Following the 2013 general election, the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Party's Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens, making it the first time in Luxembourg's history that a three-party coalition government had been formed. This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition. Despite remaining the largest party, the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the party's history.+ Died in office	[ "Nicolas Mosar", "Frank Engel", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Tony Biever", "Émile Reuter", "Marc Spautz", "Jean-Claude Juncker", "Claude Wiseler", "Jean Dupong", "Michel Wolter", "Jacques Santer", "François Biltgen" ]
Who was the chair of Christian Social People's Party in 15-Aug-198915-August-1989?	August 15, 1989	{ "text": [ "Jean Spautz" ] }	L2_Q1344670_P488_5	François Biltgen is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Marc Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Feb, 2014 to Jan, 2019. Jacques Santer is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982. Michel Wolter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2009 to Feb, 2014. Nicolas Mosar is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Jean Dupong is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1972. Frank Engel is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2021. Jean-Claude Juncker is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995. Tony Biever is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965. Jean Spautz is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990. Claude Wiseler is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1964. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Christian Social People's Party from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.	Christian Social People's PartyThe Christian Social People's Party (, , ), abbreviated to CSV or PCS, is the largest political party in Luxembourg. The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and, like most parties in Luxembourg, is strongly pro-European. The CSV is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the Centrist Democrat International (CDI).The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the party's formation, and currently holds 21 of 60 seats in the Chamber. Since the Second World War, every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV, with only two exceptions: Gaston Thorn (1974–1979), and Xavier Bettel (2013–). It holds three of Luxembourg's six seats in the European Parliament, as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected.The party's President is since January 2019 Frank Engel. However, the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker, who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) until the 2013 general election.The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914.In 1944, the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV. The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945; the party won 25 out of 51 seats, missing an absolute majority by a single seat.From 1945 to 1974, the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers: Pierre Dupong, Joseph Bech, Pierre Frieden, and Pierre Werner. Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party (DP), it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability.In the 1950s, the party structure underwent a certain democratisation: the party's youth section (founded in 1953) and women's section received representation in the party's central organs.The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974, when the Democratic Party's Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP). In 1979, the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election; Pierre Werner became PM.In 1984, Jacques Santer became PM. He remained as such until 1995, when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM, with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission.Following the 2013 general election, the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Party's Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens, making it the first time in Luxembourg's history that a three-party coalition government had been formed. This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition. Despite remaining the largest party, the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the party's history.+ Died in office	[ "Nicolas Mosar", "Frank Engel", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Tony Biever", "Émile Reuter", "Marc Spautz", "Jean-Claude Juncker", "Claude Wiseler", "Jean Dupong", "Michel Wolter", "Jacques Santer", "François Biltgen" ]
Which position did James Prior, Baron Prior hold in Jul, 1978?	July 14, 1978	{ "text": [ "Shadow Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q333412_P39_10	James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Home Secretary from Mar, 1974 to Jun, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Oct, 1987 to Dec, 2016. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Nov, 1972 to Mar, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jun, 1970 to Nov, 1972. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from Sep, 1981 to Sep, 1984. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Leader of the House of Commons from Mar, 1974 to Oct, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Employment from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Employment from Oct, 1974 to May, 1979.	Jim PriorJames Michael Leathes Prior, Baron Prior, (11 October 1927 – 12 December 2016), sometimes known as Jim Prior, was a British Conservative politician. A Member of Parliament from 1959 to 1987, he represented the Suffolk constituency of Lowestoft until 1983 and then the renamed constituency of Waveney from 1983 to 1987, when he stood down from the House of Commons and was made a life peer. He served in two Conservative cabinets, and outside parliament was Chairman of the Arab British Chamber of Commerce from 1996 to 2004.Under Edward Heath, Prior was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons until Heath lost office in the wake of the February 1974 election. His party returned to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and Prior was Secretary of State for Employment from 1979 to 1981, disagreeing with some of her views on trade unions and her monetarist economic policies generally. This made him a leader of the so-called "wet" faction in the Conservative ranks. In 1981 he was moved to the less pivotal role of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, from which he stood down in 1984; he never returned to government.Prior was born in Norwich, the son of solicitor Charles Bolingbroke Leathes Prior (1883–1964) and Aileen Sophia Mary (1893–1978), daughter of barrister Charles Storey Gilman. Charles Prior's uncle was head of the family of Prior of Adstock Manor, Bletchley, Buckinghamshire; the family was closely related to the Lake baronets, the Stuart-Menteth baronets, the Blackett family of Wylam, Northumberland, and the Prideaux-Brune family of Prideaux Place, Cornwall. Prior was educated at Orwell Park School, then at Charterhouse School before going on to Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he earned a first class honours degree in Land economy. He performed his two-year National Service as an officer in the Royal Norfolk Regiment of the British Army, serving in Germany and India.He was first elected to Parliament in 1959, and was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council until March 1974. He was one of several unsuccessful candidates in the Conservative Party's 1975 leadership election, entering at the second round and gaining 19 votes to Margaret Thatcher's 146.Under Margaret Thatcher he was Secretary of State for Employment from May 1979 to 14 September 1981. Thatcher said of their relationship, "we agreed that trade unions had acquired far too many powers and privileges. We also agreed that these must be dealt with one step at a time. But when it came down to specific measures, there was deep disagreement about how fast and how far to move."Prior is believed to have annoyed Thatcher by being too friendly with trade union leaders, with Thatcher writing "He [Prior] had forged good relations with a number of trade union leaders whose practical value he perhaps overestimated." And during his period in the Cabinet, he is believed to have angered the right wing of his party and the Prime Minister for not pressing far enough with anti-trade union legislation. In the September 1981 cabinet reshuffle Prior was moved from the Employment portfolio to become Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, an office he held until September 1984. At the time of the reshuffle, it was reported that Prior considered following the sacked Ian Gilmour to the back benches to oppose the Thatcher Government's economic policies. However, Prior ultimately decided to accept being moved to the Northern Ireland Office after consulting cabinet colleagues William Whitelaw, then Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party, and Francis Pym. This transfer was widely seen as a move by Thatcher to isolate Prior, who disagreed with her on a number of economic issues. The post of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was seen as a dumping ground to marginalise ministers. However, when Prior resigned, Thatcher revealed that she was going to offer him another Cabinet post during the reshuffle, which would have very likely been a non-economic one.In 1986, he collaborated with John Cassels and Pauline Perry to create the Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE), which would become the National Centre for Universities and Business in 2013.He retired from Parliament in 1987, and was created a life peer as Baron Prior, of Brampton in the County of Suffolk, on 14 October 1987.He was chairman and later vice-president of the Rural Housing Trust.After his retirement from politics he was much sought after in the world of business: he served as chairman of both GEC and Allders, and had directorships at Barclays, Sainsburys and United Biscuits.Prior was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series "Tory! Tory! Tory!" and in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.In January 1954 Prior married Jane Primrose Gifford Lywood, daughter of Air Vice-Marshal Oswyn George William Gifford Lywood, CB, CBE, a developer of the Typex cypher machines, of a landed gentry family of Woodlands, near Sevenoaks, Kent. They had four children. Prior's eldest son David Prior held the seat of North Norfolk between 1997 and 2001, and was appointed Parliamentary-Under Secretary of State for NHS Productivity; he was later, in May 2015, elevated to the peerage in his own right as Baron Prior of Brampton.James Prior died on 12 December 2016 at the age of 89.After Prior's death, Keith Simpson MP said of him: "In many ways he was a larger than life figure. He had a ruddy face, he played up to being the farmer. People underestimated him because he didn't claim to be a Keith Joseph or Enoch Powell parading their intellectualism. But he was somebody who was well-loved by the grassroots and was a decent man who was in politics out of a sense of public service."	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Northern Ireland", "Shadow Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did James Prior, Baron Prior hold in 1978-07-14?	July 14, 1978	{ "text": [ "Shadow Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q333412_P39_10	James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Home Secretary from Mar, 1974 to Jun, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Oct, 1987 to Dec, 2016. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Nov, 1972 to Mar, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jun, 1970 to Nov, 1972. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from Sep, 1981 to Sep, 1984. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Leader of the House of Commons from Mar, 1974 to Oct, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Employment from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Employment from Oct, 1974 to May, 1979.	Jim PriorJames Michael Leathes Prior, Baron Prior, (11 October 1927 – 12 December 2016), sometimes known as Jim Prior, was a British Conservative politician. A Member of Parliament from 1959 to 1987, he represented the Suffolk constituency of Lowestoft until 1983 and then the renamed constituency of Waveney from 1983 to 1987, when he stood down from the House of Commons and was made a life peer. He served in two Conservative cabinets, and outside parliament was Chairman of the Arab British Chamber of Commerce from 1996 to 2004.Under Edward Heath, Prior was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons until Heath lost office in the wake of the February 1974 election. His party returned to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and Prior was Secretary of State for Employment from 1979 to 1981, disagreeing with some of her views on trade unions and her monetarist economic policies generally. This made him a leader of the so-called "wet" faction in the Conservative ranks. In 1981 he was moved to the less pivotal role of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, from which he stood down in 1984; he never returned to government.Prior was born in Norwich, the son of solicitor Charles Bolingbroke Leathes Prior (1883–1964) and Aileen Sophia Mary (1893–1978), daughter of barrister Charles Storey Gilman. Charles Prior's uncle was head of the family of Prior of Adstock Manor, Bletchley, Buckinghamshire; the family was closely related to the Lake baronets, the Stuart-Menteth baronets, the Blackett family of Wylam, Northumberland, and the Prideaux-Brune family of Prideaux Place, Cornwall. Prior was educated at Orwell Park School, then at Charterhouse School before going on to Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he earned a first class honours degree in Land economy. He performed his two-year National Service as an officer in the Royal Norfolk Regiment of the British Army, serving in Germany and India.He was first elected to Parliament in 1959, and was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council until March 1974. He was one of several unsuccessful candidates in the Conservative Party's 1975 leadership election, entering at the second round and gaining 19 votes to Margaret Thatcher's 146.Under Margaret Thatcher he was Secretary of State for Employment from May 1979 to 14 September 1981. Thatcher said of their relationship, "we agreed that trade unions had acquired far too many powers and privileges. We also agreed that these must be dealt with one step at a time. But when it came down to specific measures, there was deep disagreement about how fast and how far to move."Prior is believed to have annoyed Thatcher by being too friendly with trade union leaders, with Thatcher writing "He [Prior] had forged good relations with a number of trade union leaders whose practical value he perhaps overestimated." And during his period in the Cabinet, he is believed to have angered the right wing of his party and the Prime Minister for not pressing far enough with anti-trade union legislation. In the September 1981 cabinet reshuffle Prior was moved from the Employment portfolio to become Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, an office he held until September 1984. At the time of the reshuffle, it was reported that Prior considered following the sacked Ian Gilmour to the back benches to oppose the Thatcher Government's economic policies. However, Prior ultimately decided to accept being moved to the Northern Ireland Office after consulting cabinet colleagues William Whitelaw, then Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party, and Francis Pym. This transfer was widely seen as a move by Thatcher to isolate Prior, who disagreed with her on a number of economic issues. The post of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was seen as a dumping ground to marginalise ministers. However, when Prior resigned, Thatcher revealed that she was going to offer him another Cabinet post during the reshuffle, which would have very likely been a non-economic one.In 1986, he collaborated with John Cassels and Pauline Perry to create the Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE), which would become the National Centre for Universities and Business in 2013.He retired from Parliament in 1987, and was created a life peer as Baron Prior, of Brampton in the County of Suffolk, on 14 October 1987.He was chairman and later vice-president of the Rural Housing Trust.After his retirement from politics he was much sought after in the world of business: he served as chairman of both GEC and Allders, and had directorships at Barclays, Sainsburys and United Biscuits.Prior was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series "Tory! Tory! Tory!" and in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.In January 1954 Prior married Jane Primrose Gifford Lywood, daughter of Air Vice-Marshal Oswyn George William Gifford Lywood, CB, CBE, a developer of the Typex cypher machines, of a landed gentry family of Woodlands, near Sevenoaks, Kent. They had four children. Prior's eldest son David Prior held the seat of North Norfolk between 1997 and 2001, and was appointed Parliamentary-Under Secretary of State for NHS Productivity; he was later, in May 2015, elevated to the peerage in his own right as Baron Prior of Brampton.James Prior died on 12 December 2016 at the age of 89.After Prior's death, Keith Simpson MP said of him: "In many ways he was a larger than life figure. He had a ruddy face, he played up to being the farmer. People underestimated him because he didn't claim to be a Keith Joseph or Enoch Powell parading their intellectualism. But he was somebody who was well-loved by the grassroots and was a decent man who was in politics out of a sense of public service."	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Northern Ireland", "Shadow Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did James Prior, Baron Prior hold in 14/07/1978?	July 14, 1978	{ "text": [ "Shadow Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q333412_P39_10	James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Home Secretary from Mar, 1974 to Jun, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Oct, 1987 to Dec, 2016. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Nov, 1972 to Mar, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jun, 1970 to Nov, 1972. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from Sep, 1981 to Sep, 1984. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Leader of the House of Commons from Mar, 1974 to Oct, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Employment from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Employment from Oct, 1974 to May, 1979.	Jim PriorJames Michael Leathes Prior, Baron Prior, (11 October 1927 – 12 December 2016), sometimes known as Jim Prior, was a British Conservative politician. A Member of Parliament from 1959 to 1987, he represented the Suffolk constituency of Lowestoft until 1983 and then the renamed constituency of Waveney from 1983 to 1987, when he stood down from the House of Commons and was made a life peer. He served in two Conservative cabinets, and outside parliament was Chairman of the Arab British Chamber of Commerce from 1996 to 2004.Under Edward Heath, Prior was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons until Heath lost office in the wake of the February 1974 election. His party returned to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and Prior was Secretary of State for Employment from 1979 to 1981, disagreeing with some of her views on trade unions and her monetarist economic policies generally. This made him a leader of the so-called "wet" faction in the Conservative ranks. In 1981 he was moved to the less pivotal role of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, from which he stood down in 1984; he never returned to government.Prior was born in Norwich, the son of solicitor Charles Bolingbroke Leathes Prior (1883–1964) and Aileen Sophia Mary (1893–1978), daughter of barrister Charles Storey Gilman. Charles Prior's uncle was head of the family of Prior of Adstock Manor, Bletchley, Buckinghamshire; the family was closely related to the Lake baronets, the Stuart-Menteth baronets, the Blackett family of Wylam, Northumberland, and the Prideaux-Brune family of Prideaux Place, Cornwall. Prior was educated at Orwell Park School, then at Charterhouse School before going on to Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he earned a first class honours degree in Land economy. He performed his two-year National Service as an officer in the Royal Norfolk Regiment of the British Army, serving in Germany and India.He was first elected to Parliament in 1959, and was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council until March 1974. He was one of several unsuccessful candidates in the Conservative Party's 1975 leadership election, entering at the second round and gaining 19 votes to Margaret Thatcher's 146.Under Margaret Thatcher he was Secretary of State for Employment from May 1979 to 14 September 1981. Thatcher said of their relationship, "we agreed that trade unions had acquired far too many powers and privileges. We also agreed that these must be dealt with one step at a time. But when it came down to specific measures, there was deep disagreement about how fast and how far to move."Prior is believed to have annoyed Thatcher by being too friendly with trade union leaders, with Thatcher writing "He [Prior] had forged good relations with a number of trade union leaders whose practical value he perhaps overestimated." And during his period in the Cabinet, he is believed to have angered the right wing of his party and the Prime Minister for not pressing far enough with anti-trade union legislation. In the September 1981 cabinet reshuffle Prior was moved from the Employment portfolio to become Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, an office he held until September 1984. At the time of the reshuffle, it was reported that Prior considered following the sacked Ian Gilmour to the back benches to oppose the Thatcher Government's economic policies. However, Prior ultimately decided to accept being moved to the Northern Ireland Office after consulting cabinet colleagues William Whitelaw, then Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party, and Francis Pym. This transfer was widely seen as a move by Thatcher to isolate Prior, who disagreed with her on a number of economic issues. The post of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was seen as a dumping ground to marginalise ministers. However, when Prior resigned, Thatcher revealed that she was going to offer him another Cabinet post during the reshuffle, which would have very likely been a non-economic one.In 1986, he collaborated with John Cassels and Pauline Perry to create the Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE), which would become the National Centre for Universities and Business in 2013.He retired from Parliament in 1987, and was created a life peer as Baron Prior, of Brampton in the County of Suffolk, on 14 October 1987.He was chairman and later vice-president of the Rural Housing Trust.After his retirement from politics he was much sought after in the world of business: he served as chairman of both GEC and Allders, and had directorships at Barclays, Sainsburys and United Biscuits.Prior was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series "Tory! Tory! Tory!" and in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.In January 1954 Prior married Jane Primrose Gifford Lywood, daughter of Air Vice-Marshal Oswyn George William Gifford Lywood, CB, CBE, a developer of the Typex cypher machines, of a landed gentry family of Woodlands, near Sevenoaks, Kent. They had four children. Prior's eldest son David Prior held the seat of North Norfolk between 1997 and 2001, and was appointed Parliamentary-Under Secretary of State for NHS Productivity; he was later, in May 2015, elevated to the peerage in his own right as Baron Prior of Brampton.James Prior died on 12 December 2016 at the age of 89.After Prior's death, Keith Simpson MP said of him: "In many ways he was a larger than life figure. He had a ruddy face, he played up to being the farmer. People underestimated him because he didn't claim to be a Keith Joseph or Enoch Powell parading their intellectualism. But he was somebody who was well-loved by the grassroots and was a decent man who was in politics out of a sense of public service."	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Northern Ireland", "Shadow Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did James Prior, Baron Prior hold in Jul 14, 1978?	July 14, 1978	{ "text": [ "Shadow Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q333412_P39_10	James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Home Secretary from Mar, 1974 to Jun, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Oct, 1987 to Dec, 2016. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Nov, 1972 to Mar, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jun, 1970 to Nov, 1972. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from Sep, 1981 to Sep, 1984. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Leader of the House of Commons from Mar, 1974 to Oct, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Employment from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Employment from Oct, 1974 to May, 1979.	Jim PriorJames Michael Leathes Prior, Baron Prior, (11 October 1927 – 12 December 2016), sometimes known as Jim Prior, was a British Conservative politician. A Member of Parliament from 1959 to 1987, he represented the Suffolk constituency of Lowestoft until 1983 and then the renamed constituency of Waveney from 1983 to 1987, when he stood down from the House of Commons and was made a life peer. He served in two Conservative cabinets, and outside parliament was Chairman of the Arab British Chamber of Commerce from 1996 to 2004.Under Edward Heath, Prior was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons until Heath lost office in the wake of the February 1974 election. His party returned to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and Prior was Secretary of State for Employment from 1979 to 1981, disagreeing with some of her views on trade unions and her monetarist economic policies generally. This made him a leader of the so-called "wet" faction in the Conservative ranks. In 1981 he was moved to the less pivotal role of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, from which he stood down in 1984; he never returned to government.Prior was born in Norwich, the son of solicitor Charles Bolingbroke Leathes Prior (1883–1964) and Aileen Sophia Mary (1893–1978), daughter of barrister Charles Storey Gilman. Charles Prior's uncle was head of the family of Prior of Adstock Manor, Bletchley, Buckinghamshire; the family was closely related to the Lake baronets, the Stuart-Menteth baronets, the Blackett family of Wylam, Northumberland, and the Prideaux-Brune family of Prideaux Place, Cornwall. Prior was educated at Orwell Park School, then at Charterhouse School before going on to Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he earned a first class honours degree in Land economy. He performed his two-year National Service as an officer in the Royal Norfolk Regiment of the British Army, serving in Germany and India.He was first elected to Parliament in 1959, and was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council until March 1974. He was one of several unsuccessful candidates in the Conservative Party's 1975 leadership election, entering at the second round and gaining 19 votes to Margaret Thatcher's 146.Under Margaret Thatcher he was Secretary of State for Employment from May 1979 to 14 September 1981. Thatcher said of their relationship, "we agreed that trade unions had acquired far too many powers and privileges. We also agreed that these must be dealt with one step at a time. But when it came down to specific measures, there was deep disagreement about how fast and how far to move."Prior is believed to have annoyed Thatcher by being too friendly with trade union leaders, with Thatcher writing "He [Prior] had forged good relations with a number of trade union leaders whose practical value he perhaps overestimated." And during his period in the Cabinet, he is believed to have angered the right wing of his party and the Prime Minister for not pressing far enough with anti-trade union legislation. In the September 1981 cabinet reshuffle Prior was moved from the Employment portfolio to become Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, an office he held until September 1984. At the time of the reshuffle, it was reported that Prior considered following the sacked Ian Gilmour to the back benches to oppose the Thatcher Government's economic policies. However, Prior ultimately decided to accept being moved to the Northern Ireland Office after consulting cabinet colleagues William Whitelaw, then Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party, and Francis Pym. This transfer was widely seen as a move by Thatcher to isolate Prior, who disagreed with her on a number of economic issues. The post of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was seen as a dumping ground to marginalise ministers. However, when Prior resigned, Thatcher revealed that she was going to offer him another Cabinet post during the reshuffle, which would have very likely been a non-economic one.In 1986, he collaborated with John Cassels and Pauline Perry to create the Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE), which would become the National Centre for Universities and Business in 2013.He retired from Parliament in 1987, and was created a life peer as Baron Prior, of Brampton in the County of Suffolk, on 14 October 1987.He was chairman and later vice-president of the Rural Housing Trust.After his retirement from politics he was much sought after in the world of business: he served as chairman of both GEC and Allders, and had directorships at Barclays, Sainsburys and United Biscuits.Prior was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series "Tory! Tory! Tory!" and in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.In January 1954 Prior married Jane Primrose Gifford Lywood, daughter of Air Vice-Marshal Oswyn George William Gifford Lywood, CB, CBE, a developer of the Typex cypher machines, of a landed gentry family of Woodlands, near Sevenoaks, Kent. They had four children. Prior's eldest son David Prior held the seat of North Norfolk between 1997 and 2001, and was appointed Parliamentary-Under Secretary of State for NHS Productivity; he was later, in May 2015, elevated to the peerage in his own right as Baron Prior of Brampton.James Prior died on 12 December 2016 at the age of 89.After Prior's death, Keith Simpson MP said of him: "In many ways he was a larger than life figure. He had a ruddy face, he played up to being the farmer. People underestimated him because he didn't claim to be a Keith Joseph or Enoch Powell parading their intellectualism. But he was somebody who was well-loved by the grassroots and was a decent man who was in politics out of a sense of public service."	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Northern Ireland", "Shadow Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did James Prior, Baron Prior hold in 07/14/1978?	July 14, 1978	{ "text": [ "Shadow Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q333412_P39_10	James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Home Secretary from Mar, 1974 to Jun, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Oct, 1987 to Dec, 2016. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Nov, 1972 to Mar, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jun, 1970 to Nov, 1972. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from Sep, 1981 to Sep, 1984. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Leader of the House of Commons from Mar, 1974 to Oct, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Employment from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Employment from Oct, 1974 to May, 1979.	Jim PriorJames Michael Leathes Prior, Baron Prior, (11 October 1927 – 12 December 2016), sometimes known as Jim Prior, was a British Conservative politician. A Member of Parliament from 1959 to 1987, he represented the Suffolk constituency of Lowestoft until 1983 and then the renamed constituency of Waveney from 1983 to 1987, when he stood down from the House of Commons and was made a life peer. He served in two Conservative cabinets, and outside parliament was Chairman of the Arab British Chamber of Commerce from 1996 to 2004.Under Edward Heath, Prior was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons until Heath lost office in the wake of the February 1974 election. His party returned to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and Prior was Secretary of State for Employment from 1979 to 1981, disagreeing with some of her views on trade unions and her monetarist economic policies generally. This made him a leader of the so-called "wet" faction in the Conservative ranks. In 1981 he was moved to the less pivotal role of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, from which he stood down in 1984; he never returned to government.Prior was born in Norwich, the son of solicitor Charles Bolingbroke Leathes Prior (1883–1964) and Aileen Sophia Mary (1893–1978), daughter of barrister Charles Storey Gilman. Charles Prior's uncle was head of the family of Prior of Adstock Manor, Bletchley, Buckinghamshire; the family was closely related to the Lake baronets, the Stuart-Menteth baronets, the Blackett family of Wylam, Northumberland, and the Prideaux-Brune family of Prideaux Place, Cornwall. Prior was educated at Orwell Park School, then at Charterhouse School before going on to Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he earned a first class honours degree in Land economy. He performed his two-year National Service as an officer in the Royal Norfolk Regiment of the British Army, serving in Germany and India.He was first elected to Parliament in 1959, and was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council until March 1974. He was one of several unsuccessful candidates in the Conservative Party's 1975 leadership election, entering at the second round and gaining 19 votes to Margaret Thatcher's 146.Under Margaret Thatcher he was Secretary of State for Employment from May 1979 to 14 September 1981. Thatcher said of their relationship, "we agreed that trade unions had acquired far too many powers and privileges. We also agreed that these must be dealt with one step at a time. But when it came down to specific measures, there was deep disagreement about how fast and how far to move."Prior is believed to have annoyed Thatcher by being too friendly with trade union leaders, with Thatcher writing "He [Prior] had forged good relations with a number of trade union leaders whose practical value he perhaps overestimated." And during his period in the Cabinet, he is believed to have angered the right wing of his party and the Prime Minister for not pressing far enough with anti-trade union legislation. In the September 1981 cabinet reshuffle Prior was moved from the Employment portfolio to become Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, an office he held until September 1984. At the time of the reshuffle, it was reported that Prior considered following the sacked Ian Gilmour to the back benches to oppose the Thatcher Government's economic policies. However, Prior ultimately decided to accept being moved to the Northern Ireland Office after consulting cabinet colleagues William Whitelaw, then Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party, and Francis Pym. This transfer was widely seen as a move by Thatcher to isolate Prior, who disagreed with her on a number of economic issues. The post of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was seen as a dumping ground to marginalise ministers. However, when Prior resigned, Thatcher revealed that she was going to offer him another Cabinet post during the reshuffle, which would have very likely been a non-economic one.In 1986, he collaborated with John Cassels and Pauline Perry to create the Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE), which would become the National Centre for Universities and Business in 2013.He retired from Parliament in 1987, and was created a life peer as Baron Prior, of Brampton in the County of Suffolk, on 14 October 1987.He was chairman and later vice-president of the Rural Housing Trust.After his retirement from politics he was much sought after in the world of business: he served as chairman of both GEC and Allders, and had directorships at Barclays, Sainsburys and United Biscuits.Prior was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series "Tory! Tory! Tory!" and in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.In January 1954 Prior married Jane Primrose Gifford Lywood, daughter of Air Vice-Marshal Oswyn George William Gifford Lywood, CB, CBE, a developer of the Typex cypher machines, of a landed gentry family of Woodlands, near Sevenoaks, Kent. They had four children. Prior's eldest son David Prior held the seat of North Norfolk between 1997 and 2001, and was appointed Parliamentary-Under Secretary of State for NHS Productivity; he was later, in May 2015, elevated to the peerage in his own right as Baron Prior of Brampton.James Prior died on 12 December 2016 at the age of 89.After Prior's death, Keith Simpson MP said of him: "In many ways he was a larger than life figure. He had a ruddy face, he played up to being the farmer. People underestimated him because he didn't claim to be a Keith Joseph or Enoch Powell parading their intellectualism. But he was somebody who was well-loved by the grassroots and was a decent man who was in politics out of a sense of public service."	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Northern Ireland", "Shadow Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did James Prior, Baron Prior hold in 14-Jul-197814-July-1978?	July 14, 1978	{ "text": [ "Shadow Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q333412_P39_10	James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Home Secretary from Mar, 1974 to Jun, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Oct, 1987 to Dec, 2016. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Leader of the House of Commons from Nov, 1972 to Mar, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from Jun, 1970 to Nov, 1972. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from Sep, 1981 to Sep, 1984. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Leader of the House of Commons from Mar, 1974 to Oct, 1974. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Secretary of State for Employment from May, 1979 to Sep, 1981. James Prior, Baron Prior holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Employment from Oct, 1974 to May, 1979.	Jim PriorJames Michael Leathes Prior, Baron Prior, (11 October 1927 – 12 December 2016), sometimes known as Jim Prior, was a British Conservative politician. A Member of Parliament from 1959 to 1987, he represented the Suffolk constituency of Lowestoft until 1983 and then the renamed constituency of Waveney from 1983 to 1987, when he stood down from the House of Commons and was made a life peer. He served in two Conservative cabinets, and outside parliament was Chairman of the Arab British Chamber of Commerce from 1996 to 2004.Under Edward Heath, Prior was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons until Heath lost office in the wake of the February 1974 election. His party returned to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and Prior was Secretary of State for Employment from 1979 to 1981, disagreeing with some of her views on trade unions and her monetarist economic policies generally. This made him a leader of the so-called "wet" faction in the Conservative ranks. In 1981 he was moved to the less pivotal role of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, from which he stood down in 1984; he never returned to government.Prior was born in Norwich, the son of solicitor Charles Bolingbroke Leathes Prior (1883–1964) and Aileen Sophia Mary (1893–1978), daughter of barrister Charles Storey Gilman. Charles Prior's uncle was head of the family of Prior of Adstock Manor, Bletchley, Buckinghamshire; the family was closely related to the Lake baronets, the Stuart-Menteth baronets, the Blackett family of Wylam, Northumberland, and the Prideaux-Brune family of Prideaux Place, Cornwall. Prior was educated at Orwell Park School, then at Charterhouse School before going on to Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he earned a first class honours degree in Land economy. He performed his two-year National Service as an officer in the Royal Norfolk Regiment of the British Army, serving in Germany and India.He was first elected to Parliament in 1959, and was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1970 to 1972, then Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council until March 1974. He was one of several unsuccessful candidates in the Conservative Party's 1975 leadership election, entering at the second round and gaining 19 votes to Margaret Thatcher's 146.Under Margaret Thatcher he was Secretary of State for Employment from May 1979 to 14 September 1981. Thatcher said of their relationship, "we agreed that trade unions had acquired far too many powers and privileges. We also agreed that these must be dealt with one step at a time. But when it came down to specific measures, there was deep disagreement about how fast and how far to move."Prior is believed to have annoyed Thatcher by being too friendly with trade union leaders, with Thatcher writing "He [Prior] had forged good relations with a number of trade union leaders whose practical value he perhaps overestimated." And during his period in the Cabinet, he is believed to have angered the right wing of his party and the Prime Minister for not pressing far enough with anti-trade union legislation. In the September 1981 cabinet reshuffle Prior was moved from the Employment portfolio to become Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, an office he held until September 1984. At the time of the reshuffle, it was reported that Prior considered following the sacked Ian Gilmour to the back benches to oppose the Thatcher Government's economic policies. However, Prior ultimately decided to accept being moved to the Northern Ireland Office after consulting cabinet colleagues William Whitelaw, then Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party, and Francis Pym. This transfer was widely seen as a move by Thatcher to isolate Prior, who disagreed with her on a number of economic issues. The post of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was seen as a dumping ground to marginalise ministers. However, when Prior resigned, Thatcher revealed that she was going to offer him another Cabinet post during the reshuffle, which would have very likely been a non-economic one.In 1986, he collaborated with John Cassels and Pauline Perry to create the Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE), which would become the National Centre for Universities and Business in 2013.He retired from Parliament in 1987, and was created a life peer as Baron Prior, of Brampton in the County of Suffolk, on 14 October 1987.He was chairman and later vice-president of the Rural Housing Trust.After his retirement from politics he was much sought after in the world of business: he served as chairman of both GEC and Allders, and had directorships at Barclays, Sainsburys and United Biscuits.Prior was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series "Tory! Tory! Tory!" and in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.In January 1954 Prior married Jane Primrose Gifford Lywood, daughter of Air Vice-Marshal Oswyn George William Gifford Lywood, CB, CBE, a developer of the Typex cypher machines, of a landed gentry family of Woodlands, near Sevenoaks, Kent. They had four children. Prior's eldest son David Prior held the seat of North Norfolk between 1997 and 2001, and was appointed Parliamentary-Under Secretary of State for NHS Productivity; he was later, in May 2015, elevated to the peerage in his own right as Baron Prior of Brampton.James Prior died on 12 December 2016 at the age of 89.After Prior's death, Keith Simpson MP said of him: "In many ways he was a larger than life figure. He had a ruddy face, he played up to being the farmer. People underestimated him because he didn't claim to be a Keith Joseph or Enoch Powell parading their intellectualism. But he was somebody who was well-loved by the grassroots and was a decent man who was in politics out of a sense of public service."	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Northern Ireland", "Shadow Leader of the House of Commons", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Employment", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which team did Wang Guoming play for in Aug, 2010?	August 20, 2010	{ "text": [ "Dalian Shide F.C." ] }	L2_Q9074130_P54_1	Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Wang Guoming plays for Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. Wang Guoming plays for Henan Songshan Longmen F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide Siwu FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.	Wang GuomingWang Guoming (Chinese: 王国明; Pinyin: "Wáng Guómíng"; born 2 February 1990) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays as a Goalkeeper for Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye.Wang Guoming joined Dalian Shide's youth team at the age of 13 in 2003. At his time with their youth academy he was sent out to Dalian Shide's satellite team Dalian Shide Siwu, who played as a foreign team in Singapore's S.League in the 2008 league season. While in the Singapore league he was team's first choice goalkeeper as he helped guide the team to a tenth-place finish at the end of the season. Upon his return he was promoted to Dalian Shide's first team squad in the summer of 2010.He was loaned to China League Two club Fujian Smart Hero for one year in 2011. He transferred to Fujian Smart Hero in 2012 after helping the club promote to China League One. He played as the first choice goalkeeper of the club and followed the club to move to Shijiazhuang in 2013. After impressive performance in 2014 season, which made him the best goalkeeper of 2014 China League One, he finally returned to Chinese Super League in 2015. On 9 March 2015, Wang made his Super League debut in the season's first match which Shijiazhuang lost to Guangzhou Evergrande 2–1. Wang was the first choice goalkeeper at the beginning of the season; however, he lost his position to Guan Zhen after May 2015.On 26 February 2016, Wang transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye. He made his debut for Henan on 5 March 2016 in a 1–0 home win against Shanghai SIPG."Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020."	[ "Dalian Shide Siwu FC", "Henan Songshan Longmen F.C.", "Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C." ]
Which team did Wang Guoming play for in 2010-08-20?	August 20, 2010	{ "text": [ "Dalian Shide F.C." ] }	L2_Q9074130_P54_1	Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Wang Guoming plays for Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. Wang Guoming plays for Henan Songshan Longmen F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide Siwu FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.	Wang GuomingWang Guoming (Chinese: 王国明; Pinyin: "Wáng Guómíng"; born 2 February 1990) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays as a Goalkeeper for Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye.Wang Guoming joined Dalian Shide's youth team at the age of 13 in 2003. At his time with their youth academy he was sent out to Dalian Shide's satellite team Dalian Shide Siwu, who played as a foreign team in Singapore's S.League in the 2008 league season. While in the Singapore league he was team's first choice goalkeeper as he helped guide the team to a tenth-place finish at the end of the season. Upon his return he was promoted to Dalian Shide's first team squad in the summer of 2010.He was loaned to China League Two club Fujian Smart Hero for one year in 2011. He transferred to Fujian Smart Hero in 2012 after helping the club promote to China League One. He played as the first choice goalkeeper of the club and followed the club to move to Shijiazhuang in 2013. After impressive performance in 2014 season, which made him the best goalkeeper of 2014 China League One, he finally returned to Chinese Super League in 2015. On 9 March 2015, Wang made his Super League debut in the season's first match which Shijiazhuang lost to Guangzhou Evergrande 2–1. Wang was the first choice goalkeeper at the beginning of the season; however, he lost his position to Guan Zhen after May 2015.On 26 February 2016, Wang transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye. He made his debut for Henan on 5 March 2016 in a 1–0 home win against Shanghai SIPG."Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020."	[ "Dalian Shide Siwu FC", "Henan Songshan Longmen F.C.", "Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C." ]
Which team did Wang Guoming play for in 20/08/2010?	August 20, 2010	{ "text": [ "Dalian Shide F.C." ] }	L2_Q9074130_P54_1	Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Wang Guoming plays for Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. Wang Guoming plays for Henan Songshan Longmen F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide Siwu FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.	Wang GuomingWang Guoming (Chinese: 王国明; Pinyin: "Wáng Guómíng"; born 2 February 1990) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays as a Goalkeeper for Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye.Wang Guoming joined Dalian Shide's youth team at the age of 13 in 2003. At his time with their youth academy he was sent out to Dalian Shide's satellite team Dalian Shide Siwu, who played as a foreign team in Singapore's S.League in the 2008 league season. While in the Singapore league he was team's first choice goalkeeper as he helped guide the team to a tenth-place finish at the end of the season. Upon his return he was promoted to Dalian Shide's first team squad in the summer of 2010.He was loaned to China League Two club Fujian Smart Hero for one year in 2011. He transferred to Fujian Smart Hero in 2012 after helping the club promote to China League One. He played as the first choice goalkeeper of the club and followed the club to move to Shijiazhuang in 2013. After impressive performance in 2014 season, which made him the best goalkeeper of 2014 China League One, he finally returned to Chinese Super League in 2015. On 9 March 2015, Wang made his Super League debut in the season's first match which Shijiazhuang lost to Guangzhou Evergrande 2–1. Wang was the first choice goalkeeper at the beginning of the season; however, he lost his position to Guan Zhen after May 2015.On 26 February 2016, Wang transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye. He made his debut for Henan on 5 March 2016 in a 1–0 home win against Shanghai SIPG."Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020."	[ "Dalian Shide Siwu FC", "Henan Songshan Longmen F.C.", "Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C." ]
Which team did Wang Guoming play for in Aug 20, 2010?	August 20, 2010	{ "text": [ "Dalian Shide F.C." ] }	L2_Q9074130_P54_1	Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Wang Guoming plays for Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. Wang Guoming plays for Henan Songshan Longmen F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide Siwu FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.	Wang GuomingWang Guoming (Chinese: 王国明; Pinyin: "Wáng Guómíng"; born 2 February 1990) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays as a Goalkeeper for Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye.Wang Guoming joined Dalian Shide's youth team at the age of 13 in 2003. At his time with their youth academy he was sent out to Dalian Shide's satellite team Dalian Shide Siwu, who played as a foreign team in Singapore's S.League in the 2008 league season. While in the Singapore league he was team's first choice goalkeeper as he helped guide the team to a tenth-place finish at the end of the season. Upon his return he was promoted to Dalian Shide's first team squad in the summer of 2010.He was loaned to China League Two club Fujian Smart Hero for one year in 2011. He transferred to Fujian Smart Hero in 2012 after helping the club promote to China League One. He played as the first choice goalkeeper of the club and followed the club to move to Shijiazhuang in 2013. After impressive performance in 2014 season, which made him the best goalkeeper of 2014 China League One, he finally returned to Chinese Super League in 2015. On 9 March 2015, Wang made his Super League debut in the season's first match which Shijiazhuang lost to Guangzhou Evergrande 2–1. Wang was the first choice goalkeeper at the beginning of the season; however, he lost his position to Guan Zhen after May 2015.On 26 February 2016, Wang transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye. He made his debut for Henan on 5 March 2016 in a 1–0 home win against Shanghai SIPG."Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020."	[ "Dalian Shide Siwu FC", "Henan Songshan Longmen F.C.", "Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C." ]
Which team did Wang Guoming play for in 08/20/2010?	August 20, 2010	{ "text": [ "Dalian Shide F.C." ] }	L2_Q9074130_P54_1	Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Wang Guoming plays for Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. Wang Guoming plays for Henan Songshan Longmen F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide Siwu FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.	Wang GuomingWang Guoming (Chinese: 王国明; Pinyin: "Wáng Guómíng"; born 2 February 1990) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays as a Goalkeeper for Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye.Wang Guoming joined Dalian Shide's youth team at the age of 13 in 2003. At his time with their youth academy he was sent out to Dalian Shide's satellite team Dalian Shide Siwu, who played as a foreign team in Singapore's S.League in the 2008 league season. While in the Singapore league he was team's first choice goalkeeper as he helped guide the team to a tenth-place finish at the end of the season. Upon his return he was promoted to Dalian Shide's first team squad in the summer of 2010.He was loaned to China League Two club Fujian Smart Hero for one year in 2011. He transferred to Fujian Smart Hero in 2012 after helping the club promote to China League One. He played as the first choice goalkeeper of the club and followed the club to move to Shijiazhuang in 2013. After impressive performance in 2014 season, which made him the best goalkeeper of 2014 China League One, he finally returned to Chinese Super League in 2015. On 9 March 2015, Wang made his Super League debut in the season's first match which Shijiazhuang lost to Guangzhou Evergrande 2–1. Wang was the first choice goalkeeper at the beginning of the season; however, he lost his position to Guan Zhen after May 2015.On 26 February 2016, Wang transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye. He made his debut for Henan on 5 March 2016 in a 1–0 home win against Shanghai SIPG."Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020."	[ "Dalian Shide Siwu FC", "Henan Songshan Longmen F.C.", "Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C." ]
Which team did Wang Guoming play for in 20-Aug-201020-August-2010?	August 20, 2010	{ "text": [ "Dalian Shide F.C." ] }	L2_Q9074130_P54_1	Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Wang Guoming plays for Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. Wang Guoming plays for Henan Songshan Longmen F.C. from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Wang Guoming plays for Dalian Shide Siwu FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.	Wang GuomingWang Guoming (Chinese: 王国明; Pinyin: "Wáng Guómíng"; born 2 February 1990) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays as a Goalkeeper for Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye.Wang Guoming joined Dalian Shide's youth team at the age of 13 in 2003. At his time with their youth academy he was sent out to Dalian Shide's satellite team Dalian Shide Siwu, who played as a foreign team in Singapore's S.League in the 2008 league season. While in the Singapore league he was team's first choice goalkeeper as he helped guide the team to a tenth-place finish at the end of the season. Upon his return he was promoted to Dalian Shide's first team squad in the summer of 2010.He was loaned to China League Two club Fujian Smart Hero for one year in 2011. He transferred to Fujian Smart Hero in 2012 after helping the club promote to China League One. He played as the first choice goalkeeper of the club and followed the club to move to Shijiazhuang in 2013. After impressive performance in 2014 season, which made him the best goalkeeper of 2014 China League One, he finally returned to Chinese Super League in 2015. On 9 March 2015, Wang made his Super League debut in the season's first match which Shijiazhuang lost to Guangzhou Evergrande 2–1. Wang was the first choice goalkeeper at the beginning of the season; however, he lost his position to Guan Zhen after May 2015.On 26 February 2016, Wang transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye. He made his debut for Henan on 5 March 2016 in a 1–0 home win against Shanghai SIPG."Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020."	[ "Dalian Shide Siwu FC", "Henan Songshan Longmen F.C.", "Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C." ]
Who was the head of Lintgen in Feb, 1858?	February 16, 1858	{ "text": [ "Johann Peter Heuardt" ] }	L2_Q985395_P6_1	Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945. Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972. Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986. Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912. Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909. Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861. Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866. Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825. Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926. Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918. Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.	LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.	[ "Nicolas Petges", "Pierre Pesch", "Albert Stoffel", "Pierre Weicherding", "Jean Donnersbach", "Gérard Schoellen", "Antoine Wolff", "Henri Wurth", "Charles Reiffers", "Henri Witry", "Gusty Casagranda", "Ambroise Heuardt" ]
Who was the head of Lintgen in 1858-02-16?	February 16, 1858	{ "text": [ "Johann Peter Heuardt" ] }	L2_Q985395_P6_1	Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945. Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972. Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986. Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912. Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909. Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861. Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866. Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825. Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926. Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918. Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.	LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.	[ "Nicolas Petges", "Pierre Pesch", "Albert Stoffel", "Pierre Weicherding", "Jean Donnersbach", "Gérard Schoellen", "Antoine Wolff", "Henri Wurth", "Charles Reiffers", "Henri Witry", "Gusty Casagranda", "Ambroise Heuardt" ]
Who was the head of Lintgen in 16/02/1858?	February 16, 1858	{ "text": [ "Johann Peter Heuardt" ] }	L2_Q985395_P6_1	Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945. Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972. Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986. Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912. Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909. Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861. Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866. Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825. Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926. Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918. Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.	LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.	[ "Nicolas Petges", "Pierre Pesch", "Albert Stoffel", "Pierre Weicherding", "Jean Donnersbach", "Gérard Schoellen", "Antoine Wolff", "Henri Wurth", "Charles Reiffers", "Henri Witry", "Gusty Casagranda", "Ambroise Heuardt" ]
Who was the head of Lintgen in Feb 16, 1858?	February 16, 1858	{ "text": [ "Johann Peter Heuardt" ] }	L2_Q985395_P6_1	Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945. Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972. Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986. Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912. Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909. Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861. Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866. Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825. Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926. Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918. Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.	LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.	[ "Nicolas Petges", "Pierre Pesch", "Albert Stoffel", "Pierre Weicherding", "Jean Donnersbach", "Gérard Schoellen", "Antoine Wolff", "Henri Wurth", "Charles Reiffers", "Henri Witry", "Gusty Casagranda", "Ambroise Heuardt" ]
Who was the head of Lintgen in 02/16/1858?	February 16, 1858	{ "text": [ "Johann Peter Heuardt" ] }	L2_Q985395_P6_1	Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945. Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972. Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986. Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912. Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909. Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861. Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866. Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825. Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926. Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918. Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.	LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.	[ "Nicolas Petges", "Pierre Pesch", "Albert Stoffel", "Pierre Weicherding", "Jean Donnersbach", "Gérard Schoellen", "Antoine Wolff", "Henri Wurth", "Charles Reiffers", "Henri Witry", "Gusty Casagranda", "Ambroise Heuardt" ]
Who was the head of Lintgen in 16-Feb-185816-February-1858?	February 16, 1858	{ "text": [ "Johann Peter Heuardt" ] }	L2_Q985395_P6_1	Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945. Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972. Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986. Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912. Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909. Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861. Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866. Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991. Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825. Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926. Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918. Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.	LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.	[ "Nicolas Petges", "Pierre Pesch", "Albert Stoffel", "Pierre Weicherding", "Jean Donnersbach", "Gérard Schoellen", "Antoine Wolff", "Henri Wurth", "Charles Reiffers", "Henri Witry", "Gusty Casagranda", "Ambroise Heuardt" ]
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in Apr, 2001?	April 23, 2001	{ "text": [ "GAIS" ] }	L2_Q4919753_P54_3	Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.	Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.	[ "Malmö FF", "Panachaiki F.C.", "Vaasan Palloseura", "Crystal Palace F.C.", "Kastoria F.C.", "Apollon Smyrna F.C.", "Aris Limassol F.C.", "Veria F.C.", "APEP F.C.", "Nea Salamis Famagusta FC" ]
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in 2001-04-23?	April 23, 2001	{ "text": [ "GAIS" ] }	L2_Q4919753_P54_3	Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.	Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.	[ "Malmö FF", "Panachaiki F.C.", "Vaasan Palloseura", "Crystal Palace F.C.", "Kastoria F.C.", "Apollon Smyrna F.C.", "Aris Limassol F.C.", "Veria F.C.", "APEP F.C.", "Nea Salamis Famagusta FC" ]
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in 23/04/2001?	April 23, 2001	{ "text": [ "GAIS" ] }	L2_Q4919753_P54_3	Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.	Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.	[ "Malmö FF", "Panachaiki F.C.", "Vaasan Palloseura", "Crystal Palace F.C.", "Kastoria F.C.", "Apollon Smyrna F.C.", "Aris Limassol F.C.", "Veria F.C.", "APEP F.C.", "Nea Salamis Famagusta FC" ]
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in Apr 23, 2001?	April 23, 2001	{ "text": [ "GAIS" ] }	L2_Q4919753_P54_3	Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.	Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.	[ "Malmö FF", "Panachaiki F.C.", "Vaasan Palloseura", "Crystal Palace F.C.", "Kastoria F.C.", "Apollon Smyrna F.C.", "Aris Limassol F.C.", "Veria F.C.", "APEP F.C.", "Nea Salamis Famagusta FC" ]
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in 04/23/2001?	April 23, 2001	{ "text": [ "GAIS" ] }	L2_Q4919753_P54_3	Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.	Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.	[ "Malmö FF", "Panachaiki F.C.", "Vaasan Palloseura", "Crystal Palace F.C.", "Kastoria F.C.", "Apollon Smyrna F.C.", "Aris Limassol F.C.", "Veria F.C.", "APEP F.C.", "Nea Salamis Famagusta FC" ]
Which team did Björn Morgan Enqvist play for in 23-Apr-200123-April-2001?	April 23, 2001	{ "text": [ "GAIS" ] }	L2_Q4919753_P54_3	Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Vaasan Palloseura from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for GAIS from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Nea Salamis Famagusta FC from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Apollon Smyrna F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Aris Limassol F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Kastoria F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Panachaiki F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for APEP F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Björn Morgan Enqvist plays for Veria F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.	Björn Morgan EnqvistBjörn Morgan Enqvist (born 12 October 1977 in Lund, Sweden) is a Swedish footballer. last playing for Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division in Cyprus.Enqvist is a centre midfielder from the academy of Malmö FF, where he started his career as a 10-year-old playing in a very successful youth team of boys born 1977. The team won two Swedish championships for u-16. Both the national league for u-16 and the National indoor 5 a-side championship. They also competed successfully in many European tournaments and the successful youth team finally produced five professional players for the senior team of Malmö FF, including Enqvist.On 10 February 1995, Enqvist was brought by Crystal Palace to the Premier League at the age of 17 notably the first ever foreign (outside the British isles) player to sign for the club.He spent two years playing for the club mostly in the Crystal Palace reserves but also reaching the FA Youth Cup semi-final against Liverpool where Enqvist scored a memorable volley.Enqvist transferred back to Malmö FF in January 1997 under Dutch coach Frans Thijssen.In his two years in the senior squad of Malmö FF he was an important player when the team finished third in the league 1997, and also influential in 1998 where the team also took part in the UEFA Cup where they for the second year running got knocked out by Croatian side Hajduk Split.In 1999 Enqvist transferred to VPS Vaasa in Finland where he in two years playing for the club managed to win two league cup titles and again took part in the UEFA Cup.In January 2000 he signed for Swedish side GAIS where he played two years.Enqvist caught the eye of several European clubs including West Ham, Espanyol, NEC Nijmegen and Italian sides Ternana and Pistoiese. But player and clubs could never agree on a transfer fee.He remained in Scandinavia until January 2003 when he made a free transfer to Greece.Enqvist arrived in Greece on 3 January signing for Athens-based Apollon Athinon.He then moved on to sign for Panahaiki in July 2004 where he enjoyed his most successful period in Greece playing under coach Ivan Jovanovic.He also played for Kastoria in Northern Greece for one year under coach Gjoko Hadzievski.In Greece Enqvist played successfully with close to 90 games in B-Ethniki scoring 13 times as a defensive playmaker.In 2009 Enqvist returned to Greece after playing in Cyprus and signed for Veria FC, where he after a successful season won the league and promotion to the 2nd division.His career then continued in Cyprus where on 7 January he signed for Nea Salamina.In July 2007 Enqvist transferred within Cyprus and signed for APEP Pitsilia.In which he has enjoyed two successful seasons. His first season saw him guide the team to promotion to the Cypriot top league playing as a defensive playmaker.Enqvist has currently completed his second successful season 08/09 again playing regularly as a central defensive midfielder. This team made history as the first APEP side ever, which managed to stay up in the top league.In June 2010 Enqvist signed a contract with Aris Limassol FC in the 2nd division where he again managed to play a big part in the team's league title and promotion to the premier league.Enqvist was capped for Sweden on all levels from u-16 to u-21, representing his country (Sweden). Captaining the u-18 side and taking part in Sweden's U-21 European qualifiers against England and was also capped against strong opposition France and Spain among others.	[ "Malmö FF", "Panachaiki F.C.", "Vaasan Palloseura", "Crystal Palace F.C.", "Kastoria F.C.", "Apollon Smyrna F.C.", "Aris Limassol F.C.", "Veria F.C.", "APEP F.C.", "Nea Salamis Famagusta FC" ]

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