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Which position did Girolamo Basso della Rovere hold in Jan, 1506?
|
January 13, 1506
|
{
"text": [
"Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio)",
"diocesan bishop"
]
}
|
L2_Q1372577_P39_4
|
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of cardinal priest from Sep, 1479 to Aug, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of diocesan bishop from Oct, 1476 to Sep, 1507.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina from Aug, 1492 to Nov, 1503.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of apostolic administrator from Sep, 1482 to Jan, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio) from Nov, 1503 to Sep, 1507.
|
Girolamo Basso della RovereGirolamo Basso della Rovere (1434–1507) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Basso della Rovere was born in Albissola Marina, the son of Giovanni Basso (Marquess of Bistagno and Monastero) and his wife Luchina della Rovere of the House of della Rovere and sister of Pope Sixtus IVHe was Bishop of Albenga in 1472, and then Bishop of Recanati in 1476. He was created cardinal on December 10, 1477, by his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV.Between 1471 and 1484 he built a new family chapel in the "Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo" in Rome, the same church that his relatives, Pope Sixtus IV and Domenico della Rovere, significantly rebuilt and embellished. The Basso Della Rovere Chapel was decorated by the favorite artist of the family, Pinturicchio, and his workshop. Girolamo's father, Giovanni Basso, was buried in the chapel.
|
[
"Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina",
"apostolic administrator",
"cardinal priest"
] |
|
Which position did Girolamo Basso della Rovere hold in 1506-01-13?
|
January 13, 1506
|
{
"text": [
"Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio)",
"diocesan bishop"
]
}
|
L2_Q1372577_P39_4
|
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of cardinal priest from Sep, 1479 to Aug, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of diocesan bishop from Oct, 1476 to Sep, 1507.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina from Aug, 1492 to Nov, 1503.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of apostolic administrator from Sep, 1482 to Jan, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio) from Nov, 1503 to Sep, 1507.
|
Girolamo Basso della RovereGirolamo Basso della Rovere (1434–1507) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Basso della Rovere was born in Albissola Marina, the son of Giovanni Basso (Marquess of Bistagno and Monastero) and his wife Luchina della Rovere of the House of della Rovere and sister of Pope Sixtus IVHe was Bishop of Albenga in 1472, and then Bishop of Recanati in 1476. He was created cardinal on December 10, 1477, by his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV.Between 1471 and 1484 he built a new family chapel in the "Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo" in Rome, the same church that his relatives, Pope Sixtus IV and Domenico della Rovere, significantly rebuilt and embellished. The Basso Della Rovere Chapel was decorated by the favorite artist of the family, Pinturicchio, and his workshop. Girolamo's father, Giovanni Basso, was buried in the chapel.
|
[
"Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina",
"apostolic administrator",
"cardinal priest"
] |
|
Which position did Girolamo Basso della Rovere hold in 13/01/1506?
|
January 13, 1506
|
{
"text": [
"Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio)",
"diocesan bishop"
]
}
|
L2_Q1372577_P39_4
|
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of cardinal priest from Sep, 1479 to Aug, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of diocesan bishop from Oct, 1476 to Sep, 1507.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina from Aug, 1492 to Nov, 1503.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of apostolic administrator from Sep, 1482 to Jan, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio) from Nov, 1503 to Sep, 1507.
|
Girolamo Basso della RovereGirolamo Basso della Rovere (1434–1507) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Basso della Rovere was born in Albissola Marina, the son of Giovanni Basso (Marquess of Bistagno and Monastero) and his wife Luchina della Rovere of the House of della Rovere and sister of Pope Sixtus IVHe was Bishop of Albenga in 1472, and then Bishop of Recanati in 1476. He was created cardinal on December 10, 1477, by his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV.Between 1471 and 1484 he built a new family chapel in the "Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo" in Rome, the same church that his relatives, Pope Sixtus IV and Domenico della Rovere, significantly rebuilt and embellished. The Basso Della Rovere Chapel was decorated by the favorite artist of the family, Pinturicchio, and his workshop. Girolamo's father, Giovanni Basso, was buried in the chapel.
|
[
"Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina",
"apostolic administrator",
"cardinal priest"
] |
|
Which position did Girolamo Basso della Rovere hold in Jan 13, 1506?
|
January 13, 1506
|
{
"text": [
"Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio)",
"diocesan bishop"
]
}
|
L2_Q1372577_P39_4
|
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of cardinal priest from Sep, 1479 to Aug, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of diocesan bishop from Oct, 1476 to Sep, 1507.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina from Aug, 1492 to Nov, 1503.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of apostolic administrator from Sep, 1482 to Jan, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio) from Nov, 1503 to Sep, 1507.
|
Girolamo Basso della RovereGirolamo Basso della Rovere (1434–1507) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Basso della Rovere was born in Albissola Marina, the son of Giovanni Basso (Marquess of Bistagno and Monastero) and his wife Luchina della Rovere of the House of della Rovere and sister of Pope Sixtus IVHe was Bishop of Albenga in 1472, and then Bishop of Recanati in 1476. He was created cardinal on December 10, 1477, by his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV.Between 1471 and 1484 he built a new family chapel in the "Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo" in Rome, the same church that his relatives, Pope Sixtus IV and Domenico della Rovere, significantly rebuilt and embellished. The Basso Della Rovere Chapel was decorated by the favorite artist of the family, Pinturicchio, and his workshop. Girolamo's father, Giovanni Basso, was buried in the chapel.
|
[
"Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina",
"apostolic administrator",
"cardinal priest"
] |
|
Which position did Girolamo Basso della Rovere hold in 01/13/1506?
|
January 13, 1506
|
{
"text": [
"Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio)",
"diocesan bishop"
]
}
|
L2_Q1372577_P39_4
|
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of cardinal priest from Sep, 1479 to Aug, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of diocesan bishop from Oct, 1476 to Sep, 1507.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina from Aug, 1492 to Nov, 1503.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of apostolic administrator from Sep, 1482 to Jan, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio) from Nov, 1503 to Sep, 1507.
|
Girolamo Basso della RovereGirolamo Basso della Rovere (1434–1507) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Basso della Rovere was born in Albissola Marina, the son of Giovanni Basso (Marquess of Bistagno and Monastero) and his wife Luchina della Rovere of the House of della Rovere and sister of Pope Sixtus IVHe was Bishop of Albenga in 1472, and then Bishop of Recanati in 1476. He was created cardinal on December 10, 1477, by his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV.Between 1471 and 1484 he built a new family chapel in the "Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo" in Rome, the same church that his relatives, Pope Sixtus IV and Domenico della Rovere, significantly rebuilt and embellished. The Basso Della Rovere Chapel was decorated by the favorite artist of the family, Pinturicchio, and his workshop. Girolamo's father, Giovanni Basso, was buried in the chapel.
|
[
"Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina",
"apostolic administrator",
"cardinal priest"
] |
|
Which position did Girolamo Basso della Rovere hold in 13-Jan-150613-January-1506?
|
January 13, 1506
|
{
"text": [
"Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio)",
"diocesan bishop"
]
}
|
L2_Q1372577_P39_4
|
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of cardinal priest from Sep, 1479 to Aug, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of diocesan bishop from Oct, 1476 to Sep, 1507.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina from Aug, 1492 to Nov, 1503.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of apostolic administrator from Sep, 1482 to Jan, 1492.
Girolamo Basso della Rovere holds the position of Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (Vescovio) from Nov, 1503 to Sep, 1507.
|
Girolamo Basso della RovereGirolamo Basso della Rovere (1434–1507) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Basso della Rovere was born in Albissola Marina, the son of Giovanni Basso (Marquess of Bistagno and Monastero) and his wife Luchina della Rovere of the House of della Rovere and sister of Pope Sixtus IVHe was Bishop of Albenga in 1472, and then Bishop of Recanati in 1476. He was created cardinal on December 10, 1477, by his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV.Between 1471 and 1484 he built a new family chapel in the "Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo" in Rome, the same church that his relatives, Pope Sixtus IV and Domenico della Rovere, significantly rebuilt and embellished. The Basso Della Rovere Chapel was decorated by the favorite artist of the family, Pinturicchio, and his workshop. Girolamo's father, Giovanni Basso, was buried in the chapel.
|
[
"Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina",
"apostolic administrator",
"cardinal priest"
] |
|
Which team did Marco Lanna play for in Aug, 1998?
|
August 27, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"UD Salamanca"
]
}
|
L2_Q2269798_P54_2
|
Marco Lanna plays for UD Salamanca from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Marco Lanna plays for A.S. Roma from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Marco Lanna plays for Real Zaragoza from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Marco Lanna plays for U.C. Sampdoria from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marco Lanna plays for Italy national association football team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
|
Marco LannaMarco Lanna (; born 13 July 1968) is an Italian former professional footballer who played at both club and international levels as a defender.Born in Genoa, Lanna played at club level for Sampdoria, Roma, Salamanca and Real Zaragoza, as well earning two caps for Italy between 1992 and 1993, including in one FIFA World Cup qualifier.
|
[
"A.S. Roma",
"Italy national association football team",
"Real Zaragoza",
"U.C. Sampdoria"
] |
|
Which team did Marco Lanna play for in 1998-08-27?
|
August 27, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"UD Salamanca"
]
}
|
L2_Q2269798_P54_2
|
Marco Lanna plays for UD Salamanca from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Marco Lanna plays for A.S. Roma from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Marco Lanna plays for Real Zaragoza from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Marco Lanna plays for U.C. Sampdoria from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marco Lanna plays for Italy national association football team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
|
Marco LannaMarco Lanna (; born 13 July 1968) is an Italian former professional footballer who played at both club and international levels as a defender.Born in Genoa, Lanna played at club level for Sampdoria, Roma, Salamanca and Real Zaragoza, as well earning two caps for Italy between 1992 and 1993, including in one FIFA World Cup qualifier.
|
[
"A.S. Roma",
"Italy national association football team",
"Real Zaragoza",
"U.C. Sampdoria"
] |
|
Which team did Marco Lanna play for in 27/08/1998?
|
August 27, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"UD Salamanca"
]
}
|
L2_Q2269798_P54_2
|
Marco Lanna plays for UD Salamanca from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Marco Lanna plays for A.S. Roma from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Marco Lanna plays for Real Zaragoza from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Marco Lanna plays for U.C. Sampdoria from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marco Lanna plays for Italy national association football team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
|
Marco LannaMarco Lanna (; born 13 July 1968) is an Italian former professional footballer who played at both club and international levels as a defender.Born in Genoa, Lanna played at club level for Sampdoria, Roma, Salamanca and Real Zaragoza, as well earning two caps for Italy between 1992 and 1993, including in one FIFA World Cup qualifier.
|
[
"A.S. Roma",
"Italy national association football team",
"Real Zaragoza",
"U.C. Sampdoria"
] |
|
Which team did Marco Lanna play for in Aug 27, 1998?
|
August 27, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"UD Salamanca"
]
}
|
L2_Q2269798_P54_2
|
Marco Lanna plays for UD Salamanca from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Marco Lanna plays for A.S. Roma from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Marco Lanna plays for Real Zaragoza from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Marco Lanna plays for U.C. Sampdoria from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marco Lanna plays for Italy national association football team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
|
Marco LannaMarco Lanna (; born 13 July 1968) is an Italian former professional footballer who played at both club and international levels as a defender.Born in Genoa, Lanna played at club level for Sampdoria, Roma, Salamanca and Real Zaragoza, as well earning two caps for Italy between 1992 and 1993, including in one FIFA World Cup qualifier.
|
[
"A.S. Roma",
"Italy national association football team",
"Real Zaragoza",
"U.C. Sampdoria"
] |
|
Which team did Marco Lanna play for in 08/27/1998?
|
August 27, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"UD Salamanca"
]
}
|
L2_Q2269798_P54_2
|
Marco Lanna plays for UD Salamanca from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Marco Lanna plays for A.S. Roma from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Marco Lanna plays for Real Zaragoza from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Marco Lanna plays for U.C. Sampdoria from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marco Lanna plays for Italy national association football team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
|
Marco LannaMarco Lanna (; born 13 July 1968) is an Italian former professional footballer who played at both club and international levels as a defender.Born in Genoa, Lanna played at club level for Sampdoria, Roma, Salamanca and Real Zaragoza, as well earning two caps for Italy between 1992 and 1993, including in one FIFA World Cup qualifier.
|
[
"A.S. Roma",
"Italy national association football team",
"Real Zaragoza",
"U.C. Sampdoria"
] |
|
Which team did Marco Lanna play for in 27-Aug-199827-August-1998?
|
August 27, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"UD Salamanca"
]
}
|
L2_Q2269798_P54_2
|
Marco Lanna plays for UD Salamanca from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Marco Lanna plays for A.S. Roma from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
Marco Lanna plays for Real Zaragoza from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001.
Marco Lanna plays for U.C. Sampdoria from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marco Lanna plays for Italy national association football team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
|
Marco LannaMarco Lanna (; born 13 July 1968) is an Italian former professional footballer who played at both club and international levels as a defender.Born in Genoa, Lanna played at club level for Sampdoria, Roma, Salamanca and Real Zaragoza, as well earning two caps for Italy between 1992 and 1993, including in one FIFA World Cup qualifier.
|
[
"A.S. Roma",
"Italy national association football team",
"Real Zaragoza",
"U.C. Sampdoria"
] |
|
Which position did Jacob Bright hold in Dec, 1882?
|
December 30, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q3157526_P39_3
|
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1867 to Nov, 1868.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1876 to Mar, 1880.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Jacob BrightThe Rt Hon. Jacob Bright (26 May 1821 – 7 November 1899) was a British Liberal politician serving as Mayor of Rochdale and later Member of Parliament for Manchester.Bright was born at Green Bank near Rochdale, Lancashire. He was the fourth of eleven children of Jacob Bright and Martha Wood. His father was a Quaker and had established a cotton-spinning business at Fieldhouse. His elder brother, John Bright, was a radical politician, and his sister, Priscilla Bright McLaren, campaigned for women's rights.Jacob Bright was educated at the Friends School in York before entering the family business of John Bright & Brothers, cotton-spinners. Bright and his brother Thomas managed the firm, and by 1885 the business had expanded into carpet manufacture. He was also responsible for introducing the linotype machine to England.Bright became involved in radical politics and supported Chartism. He was the first mayor of Rochdale on the town's incorporation as a municipal borough. He stood for election in 1865 in Manchester. Although unsuccessful on his first attempt, he won a by-election in 1867. The election was notable because Lilly Maxwell voted for Bright. This vote by a woman was later overturned.Bright held his seat at the general election in 1868. He lost his seat at the 1874 general election, but was returned to parliament at the by-election in 1876. When the three-seat Parliamentary Borough of Manchester was divided into eight single-seat constituencies in 1885, Bright was selected as the Liberal candidate for the new Manchester South West constituency. He was defeated in 1885, but successful in the general election in 1886. As a Member of Parliament, Bright was considered an "advanced radical". He was a peace campaigner and supported women's suffrage.Bright remained as MP for South West Manchester until in 1895. Upon retirement, Bright was sworn into the privy council at the suggestion of Lord Rosebery. Jacob Bright died at midnight on 7/8 November 1899, aged 78, at his residence, "Nunn's Acre", Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. He was cremated without a funeral service. The central committee of the Society for Women's Suffrage passed a resolution recognising his contribution to the movement.In 1855, Bright married Ursula Mellor Bright, daughter of a Liverpool merchant and campaigner for women's rights. They had three children.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Jacob Bright hold in 1882-12-30?
|
December 30, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q3157526_P39_3
|
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1867 to Nov, 1868.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1876 to Mar, 1880.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Jacob BrightThe Rt Hon. Jacob Bright (26 May 1821 – 7 November 1899) was a British Liberal politician serving as Mayor of Rochdale and later Member of Parliament for Manchester.Bright was born at Green Bank near Rochdale, Lancashire. He was the fourth of eleven children of Jacob Bright and Martha Wood. His father was a Quaker and had established a cotton-spinning business at Fieldhouse. His elder brother, John Bright, was a radical politician, and his sister, Priscilla Bright McLaren, campaigned for women's rights.Jacob Bright was educated at the Friends School in York before entering the family business of John Bright & Brothers, cotton-spinners. Bright and his brother Thomas managed the firm, and by 1885 the business had expanded into carpet manufacture. He was also responsible for introducing the linotype machine to England.Bright became involved in radical politics and supported Chartism. He was the first mayor of Rochdale on the town's incorporation as a municipal borough. He stood for election in 1865 in Manchester. Although unsuccessful on his first attempt, he won a by-election in 1867. The election was notable because Lilly Maxwell voted for Bright. This vote by a woman was later overturned.Bright held his seat at the general election in 1868. He lost his seat at the 1874 general election, but was returned to parliament at the by-election in 1876. When the three-seat Parliamentary Borough of Manchester was divided into eight single-seat constituencies in 1885, Bright was selected as the Liberal candidate for the new Manchester South West constituency. He was defeated in 1885, but successful in the general election in 1886. As a Member of Parliament, Bright was considered an "advanced radical". He was a peace campaigner and supported women's suffrage.Bright remained as MP for South West Manchester until in 1895. Upon retirement, Bright was sworn into the privy council at the suggestion of Lord Rosebery. Jacob Bright died at midnight on 7/8 November 1899, aged 78, at his residence, "Nunn's Acre", Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. He was cremated without a funeral service. The central committee of the Society for Women's Suffrage passed a resolution recognising his contribution to the movement.In 1855, Bright married Ursula Mellor Bright, daughter of a Liverpool merchant and campaigner for women's rights. They had three children.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Jacob Bright hold in 30/12/1882?
|
December 30, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q3157526_P39_3
|
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1867 to Nov, 1868.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1876 to Mar, 1880.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Jacob BrightThe Rt Hon. Jacob Bright (26 May 1821 – 7 November 1899) was a British Liberal politician serving as Mayor of Rochdale and later Member of Parliament for Manchester.Bright was born at Green Bank near Rochdale, Lancashire. He was the fourth of eleven children of Jacob Bright and Martha Wood. His father was a Quaker and had established a cotton-spinning business at Fieldhouse. His elder brother, John Bright, was a radical politician, and his sister, Priscilla Bright McLaren, campaigned for women's rights.Jacob Bright was educated at the Friends School in York before entering the family business of John Bright & Brothers, cotton-spinners. Bright and his brother Thomas managed the firm, and by 1885 the business had expanded into carpet manufacture. He was also responsible for introducing the linotype machine to England.Bright became involved in radical politics and supported Chartism. He was the first mayor of Rochdale on the town's incorporation as a municipal borough. He stood for election in 1865 in Manchester. Although unsuccessful on his first attempt, he won a by-election in 1867. The election was notable because Lilly Maxwell voted for Bright. This vote by a woman was later overturned.Bright held his seat at the general election in 1868. He lost his seat at the 1874 general election, but was returned to parliament at the by-election in 1876. When the three-seat Parliamentary Borough of Manchester was divided into eight single-seat constituencies in 1885, Bright was selected as the Liberal candidate for the new Manchester South West constituency. He was defeated in 1885, but successful in the general election in 1886. As a Member of Parliament, Bright was considered an "advanced radical". He was a peace campaigner and supported women's suffrage.Bright remained as MP for South West Manchester until in 1895. Upon retirement, Bright was sworn into the privy council at the suggestion of Lord Rosebery. Jacob Bright died at midnight on 7/8 November 1899, aged 78, at his residence, "Nunn's Acre", Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. He was cremated without a funeral service. The central committee of the Society for Women's Suffrage passed a resolution recognising his contribution to the movement.In 1855, Bright married Ursula Mellor Bright, daughter of a Liverpool merchant and campaigner for women's rights. They had three children.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Jacob Bright hold in Dec 30, 1882?
|
December 30, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q3157526_P39_3
|
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1867 to Nov, 1868.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1876 to Mar, 1880.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Jacob BrightThe Rt Hon. Jacob Bright (26 May 1821 – 7 November 1899) was a British Liberal politician serving as Mayor of Rochdale and later Member of Parliament for Manchester.Bright was born at Green Bank near Rochdale, Lancashire. He was the fourth of eleven children of Jacob Bright and Martha Wood. His father was a Quaker and had established a cotton-spinning business at Fieldhouse. His elder brother, John Bright, was a radical politician, and his sister, Priscilla Bright McLaren, campaigned for women's rights.Jacob Bright was educated at the Friends School in York before entering the family business of John Bright & Brothers, cotton-spinners. Bright and his brother Thomas managed the firm, and by 1885 the business had expanded into carpet manufacture. He was also responsible for introducing the linotype machine to England.Bright became involved in radical politics and supported Chartism. He was the first mayor of Rochdale on the town's incorporation as a municipal borough. He stood for election in 1865 in Manchester. Although unsuccessful on his first attempt, he won a by-election in 1867. The election was notable because Lilly Maxwell voted for Bright. This vote by a woman was later overturned.Bright held his seat at the general election in 1868. He lost his seat at the 1874 general election, but was returned to parliament at the by-election in 1876. When the three-seat Parliamentary Borough of Manchester was divided into eight single-seat constituencies in 1885, Bright was selected as the Liberal candidate for the new Manchester South West constituency. He was defeated in 1885, but successful in the general election in 1886. As a Member of Parliament, Bright was considered an "advanced radical". He was a peace campaigner and supported women's suffrage.Bright remained as MP for South West Manchester until in 1895. Upon retirement, Bright was sworn into the privy council at the suggestion of Lord Rosebery. Jacob Bright died at midnight on 7/8 November 1899, aged 78, at his residence, "Nunn's Acre", Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. He was cremated without a funeral service. The central committee of the Society for Women's Suffrage passed a resolution recognising his contribution to the movement.In 1855, Bright married Ursula Mellor Bright, daughter of a Liverpool merchant and campaigner for women's rights. They had three children.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Jacob Bright hold in 12/30/1882?
|
December 30, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q3157526_P39_3
|
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1867 to Nov, 1868.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1876 to Mar, 1880.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Jacob BrightThe Rt Hon. Jacob Bright (26 May 1821 – 7 November 1899) was a British Liberal politician serving as Mayor of Rochdale and later Member of Parliament for Manchester.Bright was born at Green Bank near Rochdale, Lancashire. He was the fourth of eleven children of Jacob Bright and Martha Wood. His father was a Quaker and had established a cotton-spinning business at Fieldhouse. His elder brother, John Bright, was a radical politician, and his sister, Priscilla Bright McLaren, campaigned for women's rights.Jacob Bright was educated at the Friends School in York before entering the family business of John Bright & Brothers, cotton-spinners. Bright and his brother Thomas managed the firm, and by 1885 the business had expanded into carpet manufacture. He was also responsible for introducing the linotype machine to England.Bright became involved in radical politics and supported Chartism. He was the first mayor of Rochdale on the town's incorporation as a municipal borough. He stood for election in 1865 in Manchester. Although unsuccessful on his first attempt, he won a by-election in 1867. The election was notable because Lilly Maxwell voted for Bright. This vote by a woman was later overturned.Bright held his seat at the general election in 1868. He lost his seat at the 1874 general election, but was returned to parliament at the by-election in 1876. When the three-seat Parliamentary Borough of Manchester was divided into eight single-seat constituencies in 1885, Bright was selected as the Liberal candidate for the new Manchester South West constituency. He was defeated in 1885, but successful in the general election in 1886. As a Member of Parliament, Bright was considered an "advanced radical". He was a peace campaigner and supported women's suffrage.Bright remained as MP for South West Manchester until in 1895. Upon retirement, Bright was sworn into the privy council at the suggestion of Lord Rosebery. Jacob Bright died at midnight on 7/8 November 1899, aged 78, at his residence, "Nunn's Acre", Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. He was cremated without a funeral service. The central committee of the Society for Women's Suffrage passed a resolution recognising his contribution to the movement.In 1855, Bright married Ursula Mellor Bright, daughter of a Liverpool merchant and campaigner for women's rights. They had three children.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Jacob Bright hold in 30-Dec-188230-December-1882?
|
December 30, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q3157526_P39_3
|
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1867 to Nov, 1868.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1876 to Mar, 1880.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
Jacob Bright holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Jacob BrightThe Rt Hon. Jacob Bright (26 May 1821 – 7 November 1899) was a British Liberal politician serving as Mayor of Rochdale and later Member of Parliament for Manchester.Bright was born at Green Bank near Rochdale, Lancashire. He was the fourth of eleven children of Jacob Bright and Martha Wood. His father was a Quaker and had established a cotton-spinning business at Fieldhouse. His elder brother, John Bright, was a radical politician, and his sister, Priscilla Bright McLaren, campaigned for women's rights.Jacob Bright was educated at the Friends School in York before entering the family business of John Bright & Brothers, cotton-spinners. Bright and his brother Thomas managed the firm, and by 1885 the business had expanded into carpet manufacture. He was also responsible for introducing the linotype machine to England.Bright became involved in radical politics and supported Chartism. He was the first mayor of Rochdale on the town's incorporation as a municipal borough. He stood for election in 1865 in Manchester. Although unsuccessful on his first attempt, he won a by-election in 1867. The election was notable because Lilly Maxwell voted for Bright. This vote by a woman was later overturned.Bright held his seat at the general election in 1868. He lost his seat at the 1874 general election, but was returned to parliament at the by-election in 1876. When the three-seat Parliamentary Borough of Manchester was divided into eight single-seat constituencies in 1885, Bright was selected as the Liberal candidate for the new Manchester South West constituency. He was defeated in 1885, but successful in the general election in 1886. As a Member of Parliament, Bright was considered an "advanced radical". He was a peace campaigner and supported women's suffrage.Bright remained as MP for South West Manchester until in 1895. Upon retirement, Bright was sworn into the privy council at the suggestion of Lord Rosebery. Jacob Bright died at midnight on 7/8 November 1899, aged 78, at his residence, "Nunn's Acre", Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. He was cremated without a funeral service. The central committee of the Society for Women's Suffrage passed a resolution recognising his contribution to the movement.In 1855, Bright married Ursula Mellor Bright, daughter of a Liverpool merchant and campaigner for women's rights. They had three children.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas S. Gates, Jr. hold in May, 1957?
|
May 23, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"United States Secretary of the Navy"
]
}
|
L2_Q1361114_P39_1
|
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from Jun, 1959 to Dec, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of the Navy from Apr, 1957 to Jun, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of Defense from Dec, 1959 to Jan, 1961.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Ambassador to China from Apr, 1976 to May, 1977.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of Under Secretary of the Navy from Oct, 1953 to Apr, 1957.
|
Thomas S. Gates Jr.Thomas Sovereign Gates Jr. (April 10, 1906March 25, 1983) was an American politician and diplomat who served as Secretary of Defense from 1959 to 1961 and Secretary of the Navy from 1957 to 1959, both under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, he established a task force to set nuclear target priorities. He also authorized U-2 reconnaissance flights, including the flight of Francis Gary Powers.Later in his career, he served as the Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, appointed by President Gerald Ford.Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gates was the son of Thomas S. Gates Sr., an investment banker and lawyer who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1930 to 1944, and his wife, Marie ("née" Rogers) Gates. Gates graduated from Chestnut Hill Academy, an all-male private preparatory school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1924. He was then accepted into the University of Pennsylvania, where his father was serving on the university's board of trustees. At Penn, Gates managed the Penn Quakers football team and was a member of the school's basketball team, where in March 1928, he was arrested along with 16 other students with charges of inciting a riot after Penn defeated Princeton to become Intercollegiate League champions. A member of Zeta Psi fraternity, and the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Gates graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in English in 1928.Gates married the former Millicent Anne Brengle on September 29, 1928. They had one son and three daughters. After graduating, he joined his father's Philadelphia-based investment banking firm, Drexel and Company. In the early to mid-1930s he worked as a bond salesman at Drexel, and later moved to New York City for two years where he was an apprentice for J.P. Morgan & Company. Gates became a full partner at Drexel and Company in 1940.During World War II he served in the Navy, rose to the rank of lieutenant commander, and participated in campaigns in the Pacific and Mediterranean areas. He was released from active duty in October 1945.President Eisenhower appointed Gates Under Secretary of the Navy in October 1953 and Secretary on 1 April 1957, positions in which he earned the president's approval. It was a foregone conclusion when Gates became Defense Secretary Neil McElroy's deputy on 8 June 1959 that he would succeed him. He entered office with an impressive background of active military experience and more than six years in the Department of Defense.As a top-level DoD official since 1953, Gates was familiar with the 1953 and 1958 Defense Department reorganizations. Believing that the Secretary of Defense had all the authority he needed and that time should be allowed for evaluation of the long range effects of the 1958 amendments, he discouraged efforts to further revamp the department. As a former Secretary of the Navy who had observed the gradual downgrading of service secretary positions, he felt that the service secretaries should play a more important role, and he encouraged them to do so.Gates cultivated a good working relationship with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Less than a month after becoming secretary, he reminded the chiefs of their responsibility to apprise him of disputes and proposed to meet with them in order to expedite settlement or bring the issue to the president's attention for final resolution. Soon Gates and the JCS met on a regular basis, not just in instances when the Chiefs disagreed. Congressional and other sources applauded Gates for taking the initiative in improving both the JCS organization and the secretary's relations with it.Another important Gates initiative was the creation in August 1960 of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff (JSTPS). Previously, inadequate coordination of targeting plans between the Strategic Air Command and the Navy led to redundancy and disputed priorities. These differences became especially significant with the advent of the Navy's sea-based Polaris ballistic missiles. Acting on a proposal by SAC Commander in Chief General Thomas S. Power that SAC control strategic weapons targeting, Gates set up the JSTPS. The SAC commander, supported by an integrated joint staff, assumed separate duties as director of strategic target planning, to be, as Gates indicated, "the planning agent for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in developing and keeping up to date the detailed plans which are necessary."When Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh A. Burke objected to the new arrangement, Gates encouraged him to argue his case with President Eisenhower, who ultimately upheld Gates's decision. Thereafter Burke supported the JSTPS and assigned to it highly qualified naval officers.By December 1960 the JSTPS had prepared the first Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), which specified for various attack options the timing, weapons, delivery systems, and targets to be used by U.S. strategic forces.Gates devoted more time than his predecessors Charles E. Wilson and Neil H. McElroy to the development of basic defense policy, a sphere in which the president remained dominant. While he instituted no radical departure from the New Look approach, the changing nature of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, the related assumed need for continental defense systems, and the pressing question of how to respond to local or "limited" wars, dictated a gradual shift in defense policy.As Gates pointed out at a congressional hearing in January 1960, the two principal U.S. defense objectives were "to deter the outbreak of general war by maintaining and improving our present capability to retaliate with devastating effectiveness in case of a major attack upon us or our allies" and "to maintain, together with our allies, a capability to apply to local situations the degree of force necessary to deter local wars, or to win or contain them promptly if they do break out."Gates saw no clear distinction between general war and limited war forces. As he put it, "All forces are a deterrent to and would be employed in a general war. Most of our forces could be employed in a limited war, if required." He noted as an example that aircraft carriers "are probably the country's best limited war capability initially because they are deployed in the world's trouble zones and they have on-the-spot ability to react"; yet, he added, they could contribute to the strategic offensive forces during general war.During Gates's tenure, two missile elements—the ICBM and the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) -- joined the manned bomber to form a "triad" of strategic nuclear delivery systems. Also during this period, there occurred movement toward greater emphasis on counterforce targeting a potential enemy's military installations and forces. Not only was the United States developing or beginning to deploy a variety of missile systems during this period-Atlas, Titan, Minuteman, and Polaris-but so was the Soviet Union.The USSR's emphasis on the land-based ICBM rather than the manned bomber as its primary strategic delivery system presaged a threat of such magnitude to the United States that, together with the Sputnik shock, it forced an acceleration in the pace of U.S. missile development.Gates, like McElroy, had to contend with the "missile gap" controversy. He regarded it as a false issue, based on the failure of missile gap believers to distinguish between space and military programs. When the U.S. long-range ballistic missile program began in the early 1950s, Gates observed, the development of small, lightweight nuclear warheads by American scientists made it possible for smaller ballistic missiles to carry them.The Russians, on the other hand, concentrated on very large boosters that they used to launch space satellites earlier than the United States. Gates told a House committee, "We are not behind the Russians in our military effort overall . . . . It is one thing to admit you are behind in the ability to put big payloads in space for which we have at the moment no military requirement, and another thing to admit that we are behind in our total military posture."Gates conceded that the Soviets might have more strategic missiles than the United States for a few years, perhaps peaking in 1962, but he denied that there was a real missile or deterrent gap; the Soviets would not "gain a strategic posture which might tempt them to initiate a surprise attack." Gates based his thinking in part on a debatable approach to intelligence estimates, which took account of Soviet intentions as well as capabilities, leading to the conclusion that the disparity between the number of Soviet and U.S. missiles by 1962 or 1963 would not be as great as estimated during the McElroy period.Like all of his predecessors, Gates supported U.S. participation in collective security pacts and military assistance programs. He identified NATO as the nucleus of the U.S. "forward strategy." As he put it, "Should we ever abandon our forward strategy in favor of the so-called 'Fortress America' concept, we would retreat forever." He urged Congress to continue adequate funding for military assistance, which had brought very high returns for the money spent.Perhaps the most spectacular event of Gates's administration occurred on 1 May 1960 when the Soviet Union shot down over its territory a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Francis Gary Powers. When Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced the incident four days later and accused the United States of spying, the Eisenhower administration initially suggested that the plane might have strayed into Soviet airspace.On the recommendation of representatives from the State and Defense departments, including Gates, President Eisenhower later admitted that the U-2 was on an intelligence-gathering mission (actually under CIA control) and assumed responsibility for the flight. In mid-May Gates accompanied Eisenhower to Paris for a summit meeting that had been scheduled prior to the U-2 affair. There Khrushchev demanded termination of all U.S. flights over the Soviet Union, an apology, and punishment of those responsible.Eisenhower indicated that the flights would not be resumed but rejected the other demands, whereupon Khrushchev refused to proceed with the summit meeting. Gates suggested later that the Russian leader used the U-2 crisis to abort a meeting that he had determined in advance would not result in gains for the Soviet Union.On the eve of the summit conference, Gates ordered a worldwide alert of U.S. military communications facilities a decision criticized by some as provocative. Stoutly defending his action, Gates later explained that he decided, with the concurrence of Eisenhower and Secretary of State Christian A. Herter, to call the alert when he became aware of the belligerent position Khrushchev intended to take when the summit convened the next day. "Under the circumstances," Gates said, "it seemed most prudent to me to increase the awareness of our unified commanders. Moreover, since the command and individuals concerned in the decision process, including the President, the Secretary of State, and myself, were overseas, it was important to check out our military communications."Although Gates adhered to the usual budget posture and strategy of the Eisenhower administration, there was 8.2 percent real growth in DoD's fiscal year 1961 budget after Congress completed its work. Total obligational authority amounted to $44.6 billion, almost $4.4 billion over the previous year. The bulk of the increase went to the Navy and the Air Force. Gates pressed for an appropriation of $2 billion for military assistance, most of which Congress provided. To criticism of the Eisenhower administration's continuing efforts to hold down the DoD budget, Gates replied that the department was spending enough money to meet the nation's vital security needs.In a lengthy statement entitled "Department of Defense, 1953-1960," prepared at the close of Gates's tenure, the Department of Defense summarized its accomplishments during the Eisenhower years, concluding that "today our armed forces have the greatest striking power in our history, many times greater than in 1953."Among other accomplishments, it cited development of medium- and long-range bombers (including the B-52s put into service during the 1950s) and ICBMs; installation of a continental defense system the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) Line, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), and Nike surface-to-air missile systems; production of several nuclear submarines, beginning with the Nautilus in 1954, and "Forrestal"-type carriers; and creation of the Defense Communications Agency.Gates retired from office on 20 January 1961. There were those who regarded him as the first of a new breed of secretaries of defense who would take a more active management approach evidenced by his regular meetings with the JCS and establishment of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff. Gates, of course, had the advantages of long prior service in DoD and the expanded authority of the office resulting from the 1953 and 1958 reorganizations.Although President Eisenhower continued to be, as during the Wilson and McElroy periods, the chief author of defense policy and the ultimate decision-maker, Gates appeared to operate with more authority and independence than his immediate predecessors, especially in areas such as strategic policy and planning.After John F. Kennedy's election to the presidency in 1960, the press speculated that he might include a Republican in his cabinet and that Gates would be high on the list of possible appointees.On January 18, 1961, Gates was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After he left at The Pentagon, Gates joined Morgan and Company in New York, later the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, which eventually became the J.P Morgan Bank, becoming president in 1962 and chairman and chief executive officer in 1965. President Richard M. Nixon appointed him chairman of the Advisory Commission on an All-Volunteer Force, which presented its recommendations to end the draft on February 21, 1970. From 1976 to 1977 he served, with the rank of ambassador, as chief of the United States Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China.Gates served as a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1948 to 1983 and received an honorary degree of an LL.D. from Penn, his alma mater, in 1956. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the College of the Atlantic during the periods 1972–1976 and 1978–1983. The community center at College of the Atlantic is named in his honor.Gates died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 25, 1983.The "Ticonderoga"-class guided missile cruiser USS "Thomas S. Gates" (CG-51) is named after the late Secretary of Defense. It is the only such cruiser named after a person.
|
[
"United States Secretary of Defense",
"Under Secretary of the Navy",
"United States Deputy Secretary of Defense",
"United States Ambassador to China"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas S. Gates, Jr. hold in 1957-05-23?
|
May 23, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"United States Secretary of the Navy"
]
}
|
L2_Q1361114_P39_1
|
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from Jun, 1959 to Dec, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of the Navy from Apr, 1957 to Jun, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of Defense from Dec, 1959 to Jan, 1961.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Ambassador to China from Apr, 1976 to May, 1977.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of Under Secretary of the Navy from Oct, 1953 to Apr, 1957.
|
Thomas S. Gates Jr.Thomas Sovereign Gates Jr. (April 10, 1906March 25, 1983) was an American politician and diplomat who served as Secretary of Defense from 1959 to 1961 and Secretary of the Navy from 1957 to 1959, both under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, he established a task force to set nuclear target priorities. He also authorized U-2 reconnaissance flights, including the flight of Francis Gary Powers.Later in his career, he served as the Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, appointed by President Gerald Ford.Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gates was the son of Thomas S. Gates Sr., an investment banker and lawyer who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1930 to 1944, and his wife, Marie ("née" Rogers) Gates. Gates graduated from Chestnut Hill Academy, an all-male private preparatory school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1924. He was then accepted into the University of Pennsylvania, where his father was serving on the university's board of trustees. At Penn, Gates managed the Penn Quakers football team and was a member of the school's basketball team, where in March 1928, he was arrested along with 16 other students with charges of inciting a riot after Penn defeated Princeton to become Intercollegiate League champions. A member of Zeta Psi fraternity, and the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Gates graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in English in 1928.Gates married the former Millicent Anne Brengle on September 29, 1928. They had one son and three daughters. After graduating, he joined his father's Philadelphia-based investment banking firm, Drexel and Company. In the early to mid-1930s he worked as a bond salesman at Drexel, and later moved to New York City for two years where he was an apprentice for J.P. Morgan & Company. Gates became a full partner at Drexel and Company in 1940.During World War II he served in the Navy, rose to the rank of lieutenant commander, and participated in campaigns in the Pacific and Mediterranean areas. He was released from active duty in October 1945.President Eisenhower appointed Gates Under Secretary of the Navy in October 1953 and Secretary on 1 April 1957, positions in which he earned the president's approval. It was a foregone conclusion when Gates became Defense Secretary Neil McElroy's deputy on 8 June 1959 that he would succeed him. He entered office with an impressive background of active military experience and more than six years in the Department of Defense.As a top-level DoD official since 1953, Gates was familiar with the 1953 and 1958 Defense Department reorganizations. Believing that the Secretary of Defense had all the authority he needed and that time should be allowed for evaluation of the long range effects of the 1958 amendments, he discouraged efforts to further revamp the department. As a former Secretary of the Navy who had observed the gradual downgrading of service secretary positions, he felt that the service secretaries should play a more important role, and he encouraged them to do so.Gates cultivated a good working relationship with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Less than a month after becoming secretary, he reminded the chiefs of their responsibility to apprise him of disputes and proposed to meet with them in order to expedite settlement or bring the issue to the president's attention for final resolution. Soon Gates and the JCS met on a regular basis, not just in instances when the Chiefs disagreed. Congressional and other sources applauded Gates for taking the initiative in improving both the JCS organization and the secretary's relations with it.Another important Gates initiative was the creation in August 1960 of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff (JSTPS). Previously, inadequate coordination of targeting plans between the Strategic Air Command and the Navy led to redundancy and disputed priorities. These differences became especially significant with the advent of the Navy's sea-based Polaris ballistic missiles. Acting on a proposal by SAC Commander in Chief General Thomas S. Power that SAC control strategic weapons targeting, Gates set up the JSTPS. The SAC commander, supported by an integrated joint staff, assumed separate duties as director of strategic target planning, to be, as Gates indicated, "the planning agent for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in developing and keeping up to date the detailed plans which are necessary."When Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh A. Burke objected to the new arrangement, Gates encouraged him to argue his case with President Eisenhower, who ultimately upheld Gates's decision. Thereafter Burke supported the JSTPS and assigned to it highly qualified naval officers.By December 1960 the JSTPS had prepared the first Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), which specified for various attack options the timing, weapons, delivery systems, and targets to be used by U.S. strategic forces.Gates devoted more time than his predecessors Charles E. Wilson and Neil H. McElroy to the development of basic defense policy, a sphere in which the president remained dominant. While he instituted no radical departure from the New Look approach, the changing nature of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, the related assumed need for continental defense systems, and the pressing question of how to respond to local or "limited" wars, dictated a gradual shift in defense policy.As Gates pointed out at a congressional hearing in January 1960, the two principal U.S. defense objectives were "to deter the outbreak of general war by maintaining and improving our present capability to retaliate with devastating effectiveness in case of a major attack upon us or our allies" and "to maintain, together with our allies, a capability to apply to local situations the degree of force necessary to deter local wars, or to win or contain them promptly if they do break out."Gates saw no clear distinction between general war and limited war forces. As he put it, "All forces are a deterrent to and would be employed in a general war. Most of our forces could be employed in a limited war, if required." He noted as an example that aircraft carriers "are probably the country's best limited war capability initially because they are deployed in the world's trouble zones and they have on-the-spot ability to react"; yet, he added, they could contribute to the strategic offensive forces during general war.During Gates's tenure, two missile elements—the ICBM and the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) -- joined the manned bomber to form a "triad" of strategic nuclear delivery systems. Also during this period, there occurred movement toward greater emphasis on counterforce targeting a potential enemy's military installations and forces. Not only was the United States developing or beginning to deploy a variety of missile systems during this period-Atlas, Titan, Minuteman, and Polaris-but so was the Soviet Union.The USSR's emphasis on the land-based ICBM rather than the manned bomber as its primary strategic delivery system presaged a threat of such magnitude to the United States that, together with the Sputnik shock, it forced an acceleration in the pace of U.S. missile development.Gates, like McElroy, had to contend with the "missile gap" controversy. He regarded it as a false issue, based on the failure of missile gap believers to distinguish between space and military programs. When the U.S. long-range ballistic missile program began in the early 1950s, Gates observed, the development of small, lightweight nuclear warheads by American scientists made it possible for smaller ballistic missiles to carry them.The Russians, on the other hand, concentrated on very large boosters that they used to launch space satellites earlier than the United States. Gates told a House committee, "We are not behind the Russians in our military effort overall . . . . It is one thing to admit you are behind in the ability to put big payloads in space for which we have at the moment no military requirement, and another thing to admit that we are behind in our total military posture."Gates conceded that the Soviets might have more strategic missiles than the United States for a few years, perhaps peaking in 1962, but he denied that there was a real missile or deterrent gap; the Soviets would not "gain a strategic posture which might tempt them to initiate a surprise attack." Gates based his thinking in part on a debatable approach to intelligence estimates, which took account of Soviet intentions as well as capabilities, leading to the conclusion that the disparity between the number of Soviet and U.S. missiles by 1962 or 1963 would not be as great as estimated during the McElroy period.Like all of his predecessors, Gates supported U.S. participation in collective security pacts and military assistance programs. He identified NATO as the nucleus of the U.S. "forward strategy." As he put it, "Should we ever abandon our forward strategy in favor of the so-called 'Fortress America' concept, we would retreat forever." He urged Congress to continue adequate funding for military assistance, which had brought very high returns for the money spent.Perhaps the most spectacular event of Gates's administration occurred on 1 May 1960 when the Soviet Union shot down over its territory a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Francis Gary Powers. When Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced the incident four days later and accused the United States of spying, the Eisenhower administration initially suggested that the plane might have strayed into Soviet airspace.On the recommendation of representatives from the State and Defense departments, including Gates, President Eisenhower later admitted that the U-2 was on an intelligence-gathering mission (actually under CIA control) and assumed responsibility for the flight. In mid-May Gates accompanied Eisenhower to Paris for a summit meeting that had been scheduled prior to the U-2 affair. There Khrushchev demanded termination of all U.S. flights over the Soviet Union, an apology, and punishment of those responsible.Eisenhower indicated that the flights would not be resumed but rejected the other demands, whereupon Khrushchev refused to proceed with the summit meeting. Gates suggested later that the Russian leader used the U-2 crisis to abort a meeting that he had determined in advance would not result in gains for the Soviet Union.On the eve of the summit conference, Gates ordered a worldwide alert of U.S. military communications facilities a decision criticized by some as provocative. Stoutly defending his action, Gates later explained that he decided, with the concurrence of Eisenhower and Secretary of State Christian A. Herter, to call the alert when he became aware of the belligerent position Khrushchev intended to take when the summit convened the next day. "Under the circumstances," Gates said, "it seemed most prudent to me to increase the awareness of our unified commanders. Moreover, since the command and individuals concerned in the decision process, including the President, the Secretary of State, and myself, were overseas, it was important to check out our military communications."Although Gates adhered to the usual budget posture and strategy of the Eisenhower administration, there was 8.2 percent real growth in DoD's fiscal year 1961 budget after Congress completed its work. Total obligational authority amounted to $44.6 billion, almost $4.4 billion over the previous year. The bulk of the increase went to the Navy and the Air Force. Gates pressed for an appropriation of $2 billion for military assistance, most of which Congress provided. To criticism of the Eisenhower administration's continuing efforts to hold down the DoD budget, Gates replied that the department was spending enough money to meet the nation's vital security needs.In a lengthy statement entitled "Department of Defense, 1953-1960," prepared at the close of Gates's tenure, the Department of Defense summarized its accomplishments during the Eisenhower years, concluding that "today our armed forces have the greatest striking power in our history, many times greater than in 1953."Among other accomplishments, it cited development of medium- and long-range bombers (including the B-52s put into service during the 1950s) and ICBMs; installation of a continental defense system the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) Line, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), and Nike surface-to-air missile systems; production of several nuclear submarines, beginning with the Nautilus in 1954, and "Forrestal"-type carriers; and creation of the Defense Communications Agency.Gates retired from office on 20 January 1961. There were those who regarded him as the first of a new breed of secretaries of defense who would take a more active management approach evidenced by his regular meetings with the JCS and establishment of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff. Gates, of course, had the advantages of long prior service in DoD and the expanded authority of the office resulting from the 1953 and 1958 reorganizations.Although President Eisenhower continued to be, as during the Wilson and McElroy periods, the chief author of defense policy and the ultimate decision-maker, Gates appeared to operate with more authority and independence than his immediate predecessors, especially in areas such as strategic policy and planning.After John F. Kennedy's election to the presidency in 1960, the press speculated that he might include a Republican in his cabinet and that Gates would be high on the list of possible appointees.On January 18, 1961, Gates was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After he left at The Pentagon, Gates joined Morgan and Company in New York, later the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, which eventually became the J.P Morgan Bank, becoming president in 1962 and chairman and chief executive officer in 1965. President Richard M. Nixon appointed him chairman of the Advisory Commission on an All-Volunteer Force, which presented its recommendations to end the draft on February 21, 1970. From 1976 to 1977 he served, with the rank of ambassador, as chief of the United States Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China.Gates served as a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1948 to 1983 and received an honorary degree of an LL.D. from Penn, his alma mater, in 1956. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the College of the Atlantic during the periods 1972–1976 and 1978–1983. The community center at College of the Atlantic is named in his honor.Gates died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 25, 1983.The "Ticonderoga"-class guided missile cruiser USS "Thomas S. Gates" (CG-51) is named after the late Secretary of Defense. It is the only such cruiser named after a person.
|
[
"United States Secretary of Defense",
"Under Secretary of the Navy",
"United States Deputy Secretary of Defense",
"United States Ambassador to China"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas S. Gates, Jr. hold in 23/05/1957?
|
May 23, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"United States Secretary of the Navy"
]
}
|
L2_Q1361114_P39_1
|
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from Jun, 1959 to Dec, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of the Navy from Apr, 1957 to Jun, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of Defense from Dec, 1959 to Jan, 1961.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Ambassador to China from Apr, 1976 to May, 1977.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of Under Secretary of the Navy from Oct, 1953 to Apr, 1957.
|
Thomas S. Gates Jr.Thomas Sovereign Gates Jr. (April 10, 1906March 25, 1983) was an American politician and diplomat who served as Secretary of Defense from 1959 to 1961 and Secretary of the Navy from 1957 to 1959, both under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, he established a task force to set nuclear target priorities. He also authorized U-2 reconnaissance flights, including the flight of Francis Gary Powers.Later in his career, he served as the Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, appointed by President Gerald Ford.Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gates was the son of Thomas S. Gates Sr., an investment banker and lawyer who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1930 to 1944, and his wife, Marie ("née" Rogers) Gates. Gates graduated from Chestnut Hill Academy, an all-male private preparatory school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1924. He was then accepted into the University of Pennsylvania, where his father was serving on the university's board of trustees. At Penn, Gates managed the Penn Quakers football team and was a member of the school's basketball team, where in March 1928, he was arrested along with 16 other students with charges of inciting a riot after Penn defeated Princeton to become Intercollegiate League champions. A member of Zeta Psi fraternity, and the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Gates graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in English in 1928.Gates married the former Millicent Anne Brengle on September 29, 1928. They had one son and three daughters. After graduating, he joined his father's Philadelphia-based investment banking firm, Drexel and Company. In the early to mid-1930s he worked as a bond salesman at Drexel, and later moved to New York City for two years where he was an apprentice for J.P. Morgan & Company. Gates became a full partner at Drexel and Company in 1940.During World War II he served in the Navy, rose to the rank of lieutenant commander, and participated in campaigns in the Pacific and Mediterranean areas. He was released from active duty in October 1945.President Eisenhower appointed Gates Under Secretary of the Navy in October 1953 and Secretary on 1 April 1957, positions in which he earned the president's approval. It was a foregone conclusion when Gates became Defense Secretary Neil McElroy's deputy on 8 June 1959 that he would succeed him. He entered office with an impressive background of active military experience and more than six years in the Department of Defense.As a top-level DoD official since 1953, Gates was familiar with the 1953 and 1958 Defense Department reorganizations. Believing that the Secretary of Defense had all the authority he needed and that time should be allowed for evaluation of the long range effects of the 1958 amendments, he discouraged efforts to further revamp the department. As a former Secretary of the Navy who had observed the gradual downgrading of service secretary positions, he felt that the service secretaries should play a more important role, and he encouraged them to do so.Gates cultivated a good working relationship with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Less than a month after becoming secretary, he reminded the chiefs of their responsibility to apprise him of disputes and proposed to meet with them in order to expedite settlement or bring the issue to the president's attention for final resolution. Soon Gates and the JCS met on a regular basis, not just in instances when the Chiefs disagreed. Congressional and other sources applauded Gates for taking the initiative in improving both the JCS organization and the secretary's relations with it.Another important Gates initiative was the creation in August 1960 of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff (JSTPS). Previously, inadequate coordination of targeting plans between the Strategic Air Command and the Navy led to redundancy and disputed priorities. These differences became especially significant with the advent of the Navy's sea-based Polaris ballistic missiles. Acting on a proposal by SAC Commander in Chief General Thomas S. Power that SAC control strategic weapons targeting, Gates set up the JSTPS. The SAC commander, supported by an integrated joint staff, assumed separate duties as director of strategic target planning, to be, as Gates indicated, "the planning agent for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in developing and keeping up to date the detailed plans which are necessary."When Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh A. Burke objected to the new arrangement, Gates encouraged him to argue his case with President Eisenhower, who ultimately upheld Gates's decision. Thereafter Burke supported the JSTPS and assigned to it highly qualified naval officers.By December 1960 the JSTPS had prepared the first Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), which specified for various attack options the timing, weapons, delivery systems, and targets to be used by U.S. strategic forces.Gates devoted more time than his predecessors Charles E. Wilson and Neil H. McElroy to the development of basic defense policy, a sphere in which the president remained dominant. While he instituted no radical departure from the New Look approach, the changing nature of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, the related assumed need for continental defense systems, and the pressing question of how to respond to local or "limited" wars, dictated a gradual shift in defense policy.As Gates pointed out at a congressional hearing in January 1960, the two principal U.S. defense objectives were "to deter the outbreak of general war by maintaining and improving our present capability to retaliate with devastating effectiveness in case of a major attack upon us or our allies" and "to maintain, together with our allies, a capability to apply to local situations the degree of force necessary to deter local wars, or to win or contain them promptly if they do break out."Gates saw no clear distinction between general war and limited war forces. As he put it, "All forces are a deterrent to and would be employed in a general war. Most of our forces could be employed in a limited war, if required." He noted as an example that aircraft carriers "are probably the country's best limited war capability initially because they are deployed in the world's trouble zones and they have on-the-spot ability to react"; yet, he added, they could contribute to the strategic offensive forces during general war.During Gates's tenure, two missile elements—the ICBM and the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) -- joined the manned bomber to form a "triad" of strategic nuclear delivery systems. Also during this period, there occurred movement toward greater emphasis on counterforce targeting a potential enemy's military installations and forces. Not only was the United States developing or beginning to deploy a variety of missile systems during this period-Atlas, Titan, Minuteman, and Polaris-but so was the Soviet Union.The USSR's emphasis on the land-based ICBM rather than the manned bomber as its primary strategic delivery system presaged a threat of such magnitude to the United States that, together with the Sputnik shock, it forced an acceleration in the pace of U.S. missile development.Gates, like McElroy, had to contend with the "missile gap" controversy. He regarded it as a false issue, based on the failure of missile gap believers to distinguish between space and military programs. When the U.S. long-range ballistic missile program began in the early 1950s, Gates observed, the development of small, lightweight nuclear warheads by American scientists made it possible for smaller ballistic missiles to carry them.The Russians, on the other hand, concentrated on very large boosters that they used to launch space satellites earlier than the United States. Gates told a House committee, "We are not behind the Russians in our military effort overall . . . . It is one thing to admit you are behind in the ability to put big payloads in space for which we have at the moment no military requirement, and another thing to admit that we are behind in our total military posture."Gates conceded that the Soviets might have more strategic missiles than the United States for a few years, perhaps peaking in 1962, but he denied that there was a real missile or deterrent gap; the Soviets would not "gain a strategic posture which might tempt them to initiate a surprise attack." Gates based his thinking in part on a debatable approach to intelligence estimates, which took account of Soviet intentions as well as capabilities, leading to the conclusion that the disparity between the number of Soviet and U.S. missiles by 1962 or 1963 would not be as great as estimated during the McElroy period.Like all of his predecessors, Gates supported U.S. participation in collective security pacts and military assistance programs. He identified NATO as the nucleus of the U.S. "forward strategy." As he put it, "Should we ever abandon our forward strategy in favor of the so-called 'Fortress America' concept, we would retreat forever." He urged Congress to continue adequate funding for military assistance, which had brought very high returns for the money spent.Perhaps the most spectacular event of Gates's administration occurred on 1 May 1960 when the Soviet Union shot down over its territory a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Francis Gary Powers. When Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced the incident four days later and accused the United States of spying, the Eisenhower administration initially suggested that the plane might have strayed into Soviet airspace.On the recommendation of representatives from the State and Defense departments, including Gates, President Eisenhower later admitted that the U-2 was on an intelligence-gathering mission (actually under CIA control) and assumed responsibility for the flight. In mid-May Gates accompanied Eisenhower to Paris for a summit meeting that had been scheduled prior to the U-2 affair. There Khrushchev demanded termination of all U.S. flights over the Soviet Union, an apology, and punishment of those responsible.Eisenhower indicated that the flights would not be resumed but rejected the other demands, whereupon Khrushchev refused to proceed with the summit meeting. Gates suggested later that the Russian leader used the U-2 crisis to abort a meeting that he had determined in advance would not result in gains for the Soviet Union.On the eve of the summit conference, Gates ordered a worldwide alert of U.S. military communications facilities a decision criticized by some as provocative. Stoutly defending his action, Gates later explained that he decided, with the concurrence of Eisenhower and Secretary of State Christian A. Herter, to call the alert when he became aware of the belligerent position Khrushchev intended to take when the summit convened the next day. "Under the circumstances," Gates said, "it seemed most prudent to me to increase the awareness of our unified commanders. Moreover, since the command and individuals concerned in the decision process, including the President, the Secretary of State, and myself, were overseas, it was important to check out our military communications."Although Gates adhered to the usual budget posture and strategy of the Eisenhower administration, there was 8.2 percent real growth in DoD's fiscal year 1961 budget after Congress completed its work. Total obligational authority amounted to $44.6 billion, almost $4.4 billion over the previous year. The bulk of the increase went to the Navy and the Air Force. Gates pressed for an appropriation of $2 billion for military assistance, most of which Congress provided. To criticism of the Eisenhower administration's continuing efforts to hold down the DoD budget, Gates replied that the department was spending enough money to meet the nation's vital security needs.In a lengthy statement entitled "Department of Defense, 1953-1960," prepared at the close of Gates's tenure, the Department of Defense summarized its accomplishments during the Eisenhower years, concluding that "today our armed forces have the greatest striking power in our history, many times greater than in 1953."Among other accomplishments, it cited development of medium- and long-range bombers (including the B-52s put into service during the 1950s) and ICBMs; installation of a continental defense system the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) Line, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), and Nike surface-to-air missile systems; production of several nuclear submarines, beginning with the Nautilus in 1954, and "Forrestal"-type carriers; and creation of the Defense Communications Agency.Gates retired from office on 20 January 1961. There were those who regarded him as the first of a new breed of secretaries of defense who would take a more active management approach evidenced by his regular meetings with the JCS and establishment of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff. Gates, of course, had the advantages of long prior service in DoD and the expanded authority of the office resulting from the 1953 and 1958 reorganizations.Although President Eisenhower continued to be, as during the Wilson and McElroy periods, the chief author of defense policy and the ultimate decision-maker, Gates appeared to operate with more authority and independence than his immediate predecessors, especially in areas such as strategic policy and planning.After John F. Kennedy's election to the presidency in 1960, the press speculated that he might include a Republican in his cabinet and that Gates would be high on the list of possible appointees.On January 18, 1961, Gates was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After he left at The Pentagon, Gates joined Morgan and Company in New York, later the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, which eventually became the J.P Morgan Bank, becoming president in 1962 and chairman and chief executive officer in 1965. President Richard M. Nixon appointed him chairman of the Advisory Commission on an All-Volunteer Force, which presented its recommendations to end the draft on February 21, 1970. From 1976 to 1977 he served, with the rank of ambassador, as chief of the United States Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China.Gates served as a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1948 to 1983 and received an honorary degree of an LL.D. from Penn, his alma mater, in 1956. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the College of the Atlantic during the periods 1972–1976 and 1978–1983. The community center at College of the Atlantic is named in his honor.Gates died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 25, 1983.The "Ticonderoga"-class guided missile cruiser USS "Thomas S. Gates" (CG-51) is named after the late Secretary of Defense. It is the only such cruiser named after a person.
|
[
"United States Secretary of Defense",
"Under Secretary of the Navy",
"United States Deputy Secretary of Defense",
"United States Ambassador to China"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas S. Gates, Jr. hold in May 23, 1957?
|
May 23, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"United States Secretary of the Navy"
]
}
|
L2_Q1361114_P39_1
|
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from Jun, 1959 to Dec, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of the Navy from Apr, 1957 to Jun, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of Defense from Dec, 1959 to Jan, 1961.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Ambassador to China from Apr, 1976 to May, 1977.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of Under Secretary of the Navy from Oct, 1953 to Apr, 1957.
|
Thomas S. Gates Jr.Thomas Sovereign Gates Jr. (April 10, 1906March 25, 1983) was an American politician and diplomat who served as Secretary of Defense from 1959 to 1961 and Secretary of the Navy from 1957 to 1959, both under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, he established a task force to set nuclear target priorities. He also authorized U-2 reconnaissance flights, including the flight of Francis Gary Powers.Later in his career, he served as the Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, appointed by President Gerald Ford.Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gates was the son of Thomas S. Gates Sr., an investment banker and lawyer who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1930 to 1944, and his wife, Marie ("née" Rogers) Gates. Gates graduated from Chestnut Hill Academy, an all-male private preparatory school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1924. He was then accepted into the University of Pennsylvania, where his father was serving on the university's board of trustees. At Penn, Gates managed the Penn Quakers football team and was a member of the school's basketball team, where in March 1928, he was arrested along with 16 other students with charges of inciting a riot after Penn defeated Princeton to become Intercollegiate League champions. A member of Zeta Psi fraternity, and the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Gates graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in English in 1928.Gates married the former Millicent Anne Brengle on September 29, 1928. They had one son and three daughters. After graduating, he joined his father's Philadelphia-based investment banking firm, Drexel and Company. In the early to mid-1930s he worked as a bond salesman at Drexel, and later moved to New York City for two years where he was an apprentice for J.P. Morgan & Company. Gates became a full partner at Drexel and Company in 1940.During World War II he served in the Navy, rose to the rank of lieutenant commander, and participated in campaigns in the Pacific and Mediterranean areas. He was released from active duty in October 1945.President Eisenhower appointed Gates Under Secretary of the Navy in October 1953 and Secretary on 1 April 1957, positions in which he earned the president's approval. It was a foregone conclusion when Gates became Defense Secretary Neil McElroy's deputy on 8 June 1959 that he would succeed him. He entered office with an impressive background of active military experience and more than six years in the Department of Defense.As a top-level DoD official since 1953, Gates was familiar with the 1953 and 1958 Defense Department reorganizations. Believing that the Secretary of Defense had all the authority he needed and that time should be allowed for evaluation of the long range effects of the 1958 amendments, he discouraged efforts to further revamp the department. As a former Secretary of the Navy who had observed the gradual downgrading of service secretary positions, he felt that the service secretaries should play a more important role, and he encouraged them to do so.Gates cultivated a good working relationship with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Less than a month after becoming secretary, he reminded the chiefs of their responsibility to apprise him of disputes and proposed to meet with them in order to expedite settlement or bring the issue to the president's attention for final resolution. Soon Gates and the JCS met on a regular basis, not just in instances when the Chiefs disagreed. Congressional and other sources applauded Gates for taking the initiative in improving both the JCS organization and the secretary's relations with it.Another important Gates initiative was the creation in August 1960 of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff (JSTPS). Previously, inadequate coordination of targeting plans between the Strategic Air Command and the Navy led to redundancy and disputed priorities. These differences became especially significant with the advent of the Navy's sea-based Polaris ballistic missiles. Acting on a proposal by SAC Commander in Chief General Thomas S. Power that SAC control strategic weapons targeting, Gates set up the JSTPS. The SAC commander, supported by an integrated joint staff, assumed separate duties as director of strategic target planning, to be, as Gates indicated, "the planning agent for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in developing and keeping up to date the detailed plans which are necessary."When Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh A. Burke objected to the new arrangement, Gates encouraged him to argue his case with President Eisenhower, who ultimately upheld Gates's decision. Thereafter Burke supported the JSTPS and assigned to it highly qualified naval officers.By December 1960 the JSTPS had prepared the first Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), which specified for various attack options the timing, weapons, delivery systems, and targets to be used by U.S. strategic forces.Gates devoted more time than his predecessors Charles E. Wilson and Neil H. McElroy to the development of basic defense policy, a sphere in which the president remained dominant. While he instituted no radical departure from the New Look approach, the changing nature of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, the related assumed need for continental defense systems, and the pressing question of how to respond to local or "limited" wars, dictated a gradual shift in defense policy.As Gates pointed out at a congressional hearing in January 1960, the two principal U.S. defense objectives were "to deter the outbreak of general war by maintaining and improving our present capability to retaliate with devastating effectiveness in case of a major attack upon us or our allies" and "to maintain, together with our allies, a capability to apply to local situations the degree of force necessary to deter local wars, or to win or contain them promptly if they do break out."Gates saw no clear distinction between general war and limited war forces. As he put it, "All forces are a deterrent to and would be employed in a general war. Most of our forces could be employed in a limited war, if required." He noted as an example that aircraft carriers "are probably the country's best limited war capability initially because they are deployed in the world's trouble zones and they have on-the-spot ability to react"; yet, he added, they could contribute to the strategic offensive forces during general war.During Gates's tenure, two missile elements—the ICBM and the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) -- joined the manned bomber to form a "triad" of strategic nuclear delivery systems. Also during this period, there occurred movement toward greater emphasis on counterforce targeting a potential enemy's military installations and forces. Not only was the United States developing or beginning to deploy a variety of missile systems during this period-Atlas, Titan, Minuteman, and Polaris-but so was the Soviet Union.The USSR's emphasis on the land-based ICBM rather than the manned bomber as its primary strategic delivery system presaged a threat of such magnitude to the United States that, together with the Sputnik shock, it forced an acceleration in the pace of U.S. missile development.Gates, like McElroy, had to contend with the "missile gap" controversy. He regarded it as a false issue, based on the failure of missile gap believers to distinguish between space and military programs. When the U.S. long-range ballistic missile program began in the early 1950s, Gates observed, the development of small, lightweight nuclear warheads by American scientists made it possible for smaller ballistic missiles to carry them.The Russians, on the other hand, concentrated on very large boosters that they used to launch space satellites earlier than the United States. Gates told a House committee, "We are not behind the Russians in our military effort overall . . . . It is one thing to admit you are behind in the ability to put big payloads in space for which we have at the moment no military requirement, and another thing to admit that we are behind in our total military posture."Gates conceded that the Soviets might have more strategic missiles than the United States for a few years, perhaps peaking in 1962, but he denied that there was a real missile or deterrent gap; the Soviets would not "gain a strategic posture which might tempt them to initiate a surprise attack." Gates based his thinking in part on a debatable approach to intelligence estimates, which took account of Soviet intentions as well as capabilities, leading to the conclusion that the disparity between the number of Soviet and U.S. missiles by 1962 or 1963 would not be as great as estimated during the McElroy period.Like all of his predecessors, Gates supported U.S. participation in collective security pacts and military assistance programs. He identified NATO as the nucleus of the U.S. "forward strategy." As he put it, "Should we ever abandon our forward strategy in favor of the so-called 'Fortress America' concept, we would retreat forever." He urged Congress to continue adequate funding for military assistance, which had brought very high returns for the money spent.Perhaps the most spectacular event of Gates's administration occurred on 1 May 1960 when the Soviet Union shot down over its territory a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Francis Gary Powers. When Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced the incident four days later and accused the United States of spying, the Eisenhower administration initially suggested that the plane might have strayed into Soviet airspace.On the recommendation of representatives from the State and Defense departments, including Gates, President Eisenhower later admitted that the U-2 was on an intelligence-gathering mission (actually under CIA control) and assumed responsibility for the flight. In mid-May Gates accompanied Eisenhower to Paris for a summit meeting that had been scheduled prior to the U-2 affair. There Khrushchev demanded termination of all U.S. flights over the Soviet Union, an apology, and punishment of those responsible.Eisenhower indicated that the flights would not be resumed but rejected the other demands, whereupon Khrushchev refused to proceed with the summit meeting. Gates suggested later that the Russian leader used the U-2 crisis to abort a meeting that he had determined in advance would not result in gains for the Soviet Union.On the eve of the summit conference, Gates ordered a worldwide alert of U.S. military communications facilities a decision criticized by some as provocative. Stoutly defending his action, Gates later explained that he decided, with the concurrence of Eisenhower and Secretary of State Christian A. Herter, to call the alert when he became aware of the belligerent position Khrushchev intended to take when the summit convened the next day. "Under the circumstances," Gates said, "it seemed most prudent to me to increase the awareness of our unified commanders. Moreover, since the command and individuals concerned in the decision process, including the President, the Secretary of State, and myself, were overseas, it was important to check out our military communications."Although Gates adhered to the usual budget posture and strategy of the Eisenhower administration, there was 8.2 percent real growth in DoD's fiscal year 1961 budget after Congress completed its work. Total obligational authority amounted to $44.6 billion, almost $4.4 billion over the previous year. The bulk of the increase went to the Navy and the Air Force. Gates pressed for an appropriation of $2 billion for military assistance, most of which Congress provided. To criticism of the Eisenhower administration's continuing efforts to hold down the DoD budget, Gates replied that the department was spending enough money to meet the nation's vital security needs.In a lengthy statement entitled "Department of Defense, 1953-1960," prepared at the close of Gates's tenure, the Department of Defense summarized its accomplishments during the Eisenhower years, concluding that "today our armed forces have the greatest striking power in our history, many times greater than in 1953."Among other accomplishments, it cited development of medium- and long-range bombers (including the B-52s put into service during the 1950s) and ICBMs; installation of a continental defense system the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) Line, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), and Nike surface-to-air missile systems; production of several nuclear submarines, beginning with the Nautilus in 1954, and "Forrestal"-type carriers; and creation of the Defense Communications Agency.Gates retired from office on 20 January 1961. There were those who regarded him as the first of a new breed of secretaries of defense who would take a more active management approach evidenced by his regular meetings with the JCS and establishment of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff. Gates, of course, had the advantages of long prior service in DoD and the expanded authority of the office resulting from the 1953 and 1958 reorganizations.Although President Eisenhower continued to be, as during the Wilson and McElroy periods, the chief author of defense policy and the ultimate decision-maker, Gates appeared to operate with more authority and independence than his immediate predecessors, especially in areas such as strategic policy and planning.After John F. Kennedy's election to the presidency in 1960, the press speculated that he might include a Republican in his cabinet and that Gates would be high on the list of possible appointees.On January 18, 1961, Gates was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After he left at The Pentagon, Gates joined Morgan and Company in New York, later the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, which eventually became the J.P Morgan Bank, becoming president in 1962 and chairman and chief executive officer in 1965. President Richard M. Nixon appointed him chairman of the Advisory Commission on an All-Volunteer Force, which presented its recommendations to end the draft on February 21, 1970. From 1976 to 1977 he served, with the rank of ambassador, as chief of the United States Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China.Gates served as a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1948 to 1983 and received an honorary degree of an LL.D. from Penn, his alma mater, in 1956. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the College of the Atlantic during the periods 1972–1976 and 1978–1983. The community center at College of the Atlantic is named in his honor.Gates died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 25, 1983.The "Ticonderoga"-class guided missile cruiser USS "Thomas S. Gates" (CG-51) is named after the late Secretary of Defense. It is the only such cruiser named after a person.
|
[
"United States Secretary of Defense",
"Under Secretary of the Navy",
"United States Deputy Secretary of Defense",
"United States Ambassador to China"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas S. Gates, Jr. hold in 05/23/1957?
|
May 23, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"United States Secretary of the Navy"
]
}
|
L2_Q1361114_P39_1
|
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from Jun, 1959 to Dec, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of the Navy from Apr, 1957 to Jun, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of Defense from Dec, 1959 to Jan, 1961.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Ambassador to China from Apr, 1976 to May, 1977.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of Under Secretary of the Navy from Oct, 1953 to Apr, 1957.
|
Thomas S. Gates Jr.Thomas Sovereign Gates Jr. (April 10, 1906March 25, 1983) was an American politician and diplomat who served as Secretary of Defense from 1959 to 1961 and Secretary of the Navy from 1957 to 1959, both under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, he established a task force to set nuclear target priorities. He also authorized U-2 reconnaissance flights, including the flight of Francis Gary Powers.Later in his career, he served as the Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, appointed by President Gerald Ford.Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gates was the son of Thomas S. Gates Sr., an investment banker and lawyer who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1930 to 1944, and his wife, Marie ("née" Rogers) Gates. Gates graduated from Chestnut Hill Academy, an all-male private preparatory school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1924. He was then accepted into the University of Pennsylvania, where his father was serving on the university's board of trustees. At Penn, Gates managed the Penn Quakers football team and was a member of the school's basketball team, where in March 1928, he was arrested along with 16 other students with charges of inciting a riot after Penn defeated Princeton to become Intercollegiate League champions. A member of Zeta Psi fraternity, and the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Gates graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in English in 1928.Gates married the former Millicent Anne Brengle on September 29, 1928. They had one son and three daughters. After graduating, he joined his father's Philadelphia-based investment banking firm, Drexel and Company. In the early to mid-1930s he worked as a bond salesman at Drexel, and later moved to New York City for two years where he was an apprentice for J.P. Morgan & Company. Gates became a full partner at Drexel and Company in 1940.During World War II he served in the Navy, rose to the rank of lieutenant commander, and participated in campaigns in the Pacific and Mediterranean areas. He was released from active duty in October 1945.President Eisenhower appointed Gates Under Secretary of the Navy in October 1953 and Secretary on 1 April 1957, positions in which he earned the president's approval. It was a foregone conclusion when Gates became Defense Secretary Neil McElroy's deputy on 8 June 1959 that he would succeed him. He entered office with an impressive background of active military experience and more than six years in the Department of Defense.As a top-level DoD official since 1953, Gates was familiar with the 1953 and 1958 Defense Department reorganizations. Believing that the Secretary of Defense had all the authority he needed and that time should be allowed for evaluation of the long range effects of the 1958 amendments, he discouraged efforts to further revamp the department. As a former Secretary of the Navy who had observed the gradual downgrading of service secretary positions, he felt that the service secretaries should play a more important role, and he encouraged them to do so.Gates cultivated a good working relationship with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Less than a month after becoming secretary, he reminded the chiefs of their responsibility to apprise him of disputes and proposed to meet with them in order to expedite settlement or bring the issue to the president's attention for final resolution. Soon Gates and the JCS met on a regular basis, not just in instances when the Chiefs disagreed. Congressional and other sources applauded Gates for taking the initiative in improving both the JCS organization and the secretary's relations with it.Another important Gates initiative was the creation in August 1960 of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff (JSTPS). Previously, inadequate coordination of targeting plans between the Strategic Air Command and the Navy led to redundancy and disputed priorities. These differences became especially significant with the advent of the Navy's sea-based Polaris ballistic missiles. Acting on a proposal by SAC Commander in Chief General Thomas S. Power that SAC control strategic weapons targeting, Gates set up the JSTPS. The SAC commander, supported by an integrated joint staff, assumed separate duties as director of strategic target planning, to be, as Gates indicated, "the planning agent for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in developing and keeping up to date the detailed plans which are necessary."When Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh A. Burke objected to the new arrangement, Gates encouraged him to argue his case with President Eisenhower, who ultimately upheld Gates's decision. Thereafter Burke supported the JSTPS and assigned to it highly qualified naval officers.By December 1960 the JSTPS had prepared the first Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), which specified for various attack options the timing, weapons, delivery systems, and targets to be used by U.S. strategic forces.Gates devoted more time than his predecessors Charles E. Wilson and Neil H. McElroy to the development of basic defense policy, a sphere in which the president remained dominant. While he instituted no radical departure from the New Look approach, the changing nature of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, the related assumed need for continental defense systems, and the pressing question of how to respond to local or "limited" wars, dictated a gradual shift in defense policy.As Gates pointed out at a congressional hearing in January 1960, the two principal U.S. defense objectives were "to deter the outbreak of general war by maintaining and improving our present capability to retaliate with devastating effectiveness in case of a major attack upon us or our allies" and "to maintain, together with our allies, a capability to apply to local situations the degree of force necessary to deter local wars, or to win or contain them promptly if they do break out."Gates saw no clear distinction between general war and limited war forces. As he put it, "All forces are a deterrent to and would be employed in a general war. Most of our forces could be employed in a limited war, if required." He noted as an example that aircraft carriers "are probably the country's best limited war capability initially because they are deployed in the world's trouble zones and they have on-the-spot ability to react"; yet, he added, they could contribute to the strategic offensive forces during general war.During Gates's tenure, two missile elements—the ICBM and the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) -- joined the manned bomber to form a "triad" of strategic nuclear delivery systems. Also during this period, there occurred movement toward greater emphasis on counterforce targeting a potential enemy's military installations and forces. Not only was the United States developing or beginning to deploy a variety of missile systems during this period-Atlas, Titan, Minuteman, and Polaris-but so was the Soviet Union.The USSR's emphasis on the land-based ICBM rather than the manned bomber as its primary strategic delivery system presaged a threat of such magnitude to the United States that, together with the Sputnik shock, it forced an acceleration in the pace of U.S. missile development.Gates, like McElroy, had to contend with the "missile gap" controversy. He regarded it as a false issue, based on the failure of missile gap believers to distinguish between space and military programs. When the U.S. long-range ballistic missile program began in the early 1950s, Gates observed, the development of small, lightweight nuclear warheads by American scientists made it possible for smaller ballistic missiles to carry them.The Russians, on the other hand, concentrated on very large boosters that they used to launch space satellites earlier than the United States. Gates told a House committee, "We are not behind the Russians in our military effort overall . . . . It is one thing to admit you are behind in the ability to put big payloads in space for which we have at the moment no military requirement, and another thing to admit that we are behind in our total military posture."Gates conceded that the Soviets might have more strategic missiles than the United States for a few years, perhaps peaking in 1962, but he denied that there was a real missile or deterrent gap; the Soviets would not "gain a strategic posture which might tempt them to initiate a surprise attack." Gates based his thinking in part on a debatable approach to intelligence estimates, which took account of Soviet intentions as well as capabilities, leading to the conclusion that the disparity between the number of Soviet and U.S. missiles by 1962 or 1963 would not be as great as estimated during the McElroy period.Like all of his predecessors, Gates supported U.S. participation in collective security pacts and military assistance programs. He identified NATO as the nucleus of the U.S. "forward strategy." As he put it, "Should we ever abandon our forward strategy in favor of the so-called 'Fortress America' concept, we would retreat forever." He urged Congress to continue adequate funding for military assistance, which had brought very high returns for the money spent.Perhaps the most spectacular event of Gates's administration occurred on 1 May 1960 when the Soviet Union shot down over its territory a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Francis Gary Powers. When Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced the incident four days later and accused the United States of spying, the Eisenhower administration initially suggested that the plane might have strayed into Soviet airspace.On the recommendation of representatives from the State and Defense departments, including Gates, President Eisenhower later admitted that the U-2 was on an intelligence-gathering mission (actually under CIA control) and assumed responsibility for the flight. In mid-May Gates accompanied Eisenhower to Paris for a summit meeting that had been scheduled prior to the U-2 affair. There Khrushchev demanded termination of all U.S. flights over the Soviet Union, an apology, and punishment of those responsible.Eisenhower indicated that the flights would not be resumed but rejected the other demands, whereupon Khrushchev refused to proceed with the summit meeting. Gates suggested later that the Russian leader used the U-2 crisis to abort a meeting that he had determined in advance would not result in gains for the Soviet Union.On the eve of the summit conference, Gates ordered a worldwide alert of U.S. military communications facilities a decision criticized by some as provocative. Stoutly defending his action, Gates later explained that he decided, with the concurrence of Eisenhower and Secretary of State Christian A. Herter, to call the alert when he became aware of the belligerent position Khrushchev intended to take when the summit convened the next day. "Under the circumstances," Gates said, "it seemed most prudent to me to increase the awareness of our unified commanders. Moreover, since the command and individuals concerned in the decision process, including the President, the Secretary of State, and myself, were overseas, it was important to check out our military communications."Although Gates adhered to the usual budget posture and strategy of the Eisenhower administration, there was 8.2 percent real growth in DoD's fiscal year 1961 budget after Congress completed its work. Total obligational authority amounted to $44.6 billion, almost $4.4 billion over the previous year. The bulk of the increase went to the Navy and the Air Force. Gates pressed for an appropriation of $2 billion for military assistance, most of which Congress provided. To criticism of the Eisenhower administration's continuing efforts to hold down the DoD budget, Gates replied that the department was spending enough money to meet the nation's vital security needs.In a lengthy statement entitled "Department of Defense, 1953-1960," prepared at the close of Gates's tenure, the Department of Defense summarized its accomplishments during the Eisenhower years, concluding that "today our armed forces have the greatest striking power in our history, many times greater than in 1953."Among other accomplishments, it cited development of medium- and long-range bombers (including the B-52s put into service during the 1950s) and ICBMs; installation of a continental defense system the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) Line, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), and Nike surface-to-air missile systems; production of several nuclear submarines, beginning with the Nautilus in 1954, and "Forrestal"-type carriers; and creation of the Defense Communications Agency.Gates retired from office on 20 January 1961. There were those who regarded him as the first of a new breed of secretaries of defense who would take a more active management approach evidenced by his regular meetings with the JCS and establishment of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff. Gates, of course, had the advantages of long prior service in DoD and the expanded authority of the office resulting from the 1953 and 1958 reorganizations.Although President Eisenhower continued to be, as during the Wilson and McElroy periods, the chief author of defense policy and the ultimate decision-maker, Gates appeared to operate with more authority and independence than his immediate predecessors, especially in areas such as strategic policy and planning.After John F. Kennedy's election to the presidency in 1960, the press speculated that he might include a Republican in his cabinet and that Gates would be high on the list of possible appointees.On January 18, 1961, Gates was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After he left at The Pentagon, Gates joined Morgan and Company in New York, later the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, which eventually became the J.P Morgan Bank, becoming president in 1962 and chairman and chief executive officer in 1965. President Richard M. Nixon appointed him chairman of the Advisory Commission on an All-Volunteer Force, which presented its recommendations to end the draft on February 21, 1970. From 1976 to 1977 he served, with the rank of ambassador, as chief of the United States Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China.Gates served as a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1948 to 1983 and received an honorary degree of an LL.D. from Penn, his alma mater, in 1956. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the College of the Atlantic during the periods 1972–1976 and 1978–1983. The community center at College of the Atlantic is named in his honor.Gates died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 25, 1983.The "Ticonderoga"-class guided missile cruiser USS "Thomas S. Gates" (CG-51) is named after the late Secretary of Defense. It is the only such cruiser named after a person.
|
[
"United States Secretary of Defense",
"Under Secretary of the Navy",
"United States Deputy Secretary of Defense",
"United States Ambassador to China"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas S. Gates, Jr. hold in 23-May-195723-May-1957?
|
May 23, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"United States Secretary of the Navy"
]
}
|
L2_Q1361114_P39_1
|
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from Jun, 1959 to Dec, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of the Navy from Apr, 1957 to Jun, 1959.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Secretary of Defense from Dec, 1959 to Jan, 1961.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of United States Ambassador to China from Apr, 1976 to May, 1977.
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. holds the position of Under Secretary of the Navy from Oct, 1953 to Apr, 1957.
|
Thomas S. Gates Jr.Thomas Sovereign Gates Jr. (April 10, 1906March 25, 1983) was an American politician and diplomat who served as Secretary of Defense from 1959 to 1961 and Secretary of the Navy from 1957 to 1959, both under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, he established a task force to set nuclear target priorities. He also authorized U-2 reconnaissance flights, including the flight of Francis Gary Powers.Later in his career, he served as the Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, appointed by President Gerald Ford.Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gates was the son of Thomas S. Gates Sr., an investment banker and lawyer who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1930 to 1944, and his wife, Marie ("née" Rogers) Gates. Gates graduated from Chestnut Hill Academy, an all-male private preparatory school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1924. He was then accepted into the University of Pennsylvania, where his father was serving on the university's board of trustees. At Penn, Gates managed the Penn Quakers football team and was a member of the school's basketball team, where in March 1928, he was arrested along with 16 other students with charges of inciting a riot after Penn defeated Princeton to become Intercollegiate League champions. A member of Zeta Psi fraternity, and the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Gates graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in English in 1928.Gates married the former Millicent Anne Brengle on September 29, 1928. They had one son and three daughters. After graduating, he joined his father's Philadelphia-based investment banking firm, Drexel and Company. In the early to mid-1930s he worked as a bond salesman at Drexel, and later moved to New York City for two years where he was an apprentice for J.P. Morgan & Company. Gates became a full partner at Drexel and Company in 1940.During World War II he served in the Navy, rose to the rank of lieutenant commander, and participated in campaigns in the Pacific and Mediterranean areas. He was released from active duty in October 1945.President Eisenhower appointed Gates Under Secretary of the Navy in October 1953 and Secretary on 1 April 1957, positions in which he earned the president's approval. It was a foregone conclusion when Gates became Defense Secretary Neil McElroy's deputy on 8 June 1959 that he would succeed him. He entered office with an impressive background of active military experience and more than six years in the Department of Defense.As a top-level DoD official since 1953, Gates was familiar with the 1953 and 1958 Defense Department reorganizations. Believing that the Secretary of Defense had all the authority he needed and that time should be allowed for evaluation of the long range effects of the 1958 amendments, he discouraged efforts to further revamp the department. As a former Secretary of the Navy who had observed the gradual downgrading of service secretary positions, he felt that the service secretaries should play a more important role, and he encouraged them to do so.Gates cultivated a good working relationship with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Less than a month after becoming secretary, he reminded the chiefs of their responsibility to apprise him of disputes and proposed to meet with them in order to expedite settlement or bring the issue to the president's attention for final resolution. Soon Gates and the JCS met on a regular basis, not just in instances when the Chiefs disagreed. Congressional and other sources applauded Gates for taking the initiative in improving both the JCS organization and the secretary's relations with it.Another important Gates initiative was the creation in August 1960 of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff (JSTPS). Previously, inadequate coordination of targeting plans between the Strategic Air Command and the Navy led to redundancy and disputed priorities. These differences became especially significant with the advent of the Navy's sea-based Polaris ballistic missiles. Acting on a proposal by SAC Commander in Chief General Thomas S. Power that SAC control strategic weapons targeting, Gates set up the JSTPS. The SAC commander, supported by an integrated joint staff, assumed separate duties as director of strategic target planning, to be, as Gates indicated, "the planning agent for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in developing and keeping up to date the detailed plans which are necessary."When Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh A. Burke objected to the new arrangement, Gates encouraged him to argue his case with President Eisenhower, who ultimately upheld Gates's decision. Thereafter Burke supported the JSTPS and assigned to it highly qualified naval officers.By December 1960 the JSTPS had prepared the first Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), which specified for various attack options the timing, weapons, delivery systems, and targets to be used by U.S. strategic forces.Gates devoted more time than his predecessors Charles E. Wilson and Neil H. McElroy to the development of basic defense policy, a sphere in which the president remained dominant. While he instituted no radical departure from the New Look approach, the changing nature of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, the related assumed need for continental defense systems, and the pressing question of how to respond to local or "limited" wars, dictated a gradual shift in defense policy.As Gates pointed out at a congressional hearing in January 1960, the two principal U.S. defense objectives were "to deter the outbreak of general war by maintaining and improving our present capability to retaliate with devastating effectiveness in case of a major attack upon us or our allies" and "to maintain, together with our allies, a capability to apply to local situations the degree of force necessary to deter local wars, or to win or contain them promptly if they do break out."Gates saw no clear distinction between general war and limited war forces. As he put it, "All forces are a deterrent to and would be employed in a general war. Most of our forces could be employed in a limited war, if required." He noted as an example that aircraft carriers "are probably the country's best limited war capability initially because they are deployed in the world's trouble zones and they have on-the-spot ability to react"; yet, he added, they could contribute to the strategic offensive forces during general war.During Gates's tenure, two missile elements—the ICBM and the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) -- joined the manned bomber to form a "triad" of strategic nuclear delivery systems. Also during this period, there occurred movement toward greater emphasis on counterforce targeting a potential enemy's military installations and forces. Not only was the United States developing or beginning to deploy a variety of missile systems during this period-Atlas, Titan, Minuteman, and Polaris-but so was the Soviet Union.The USSR's emphasis on the land-based ICBM rather than the manned bomber as its primary strategic delivery system presaged a threat of such magnitude to the United States that, together with the Sputnik shock, it forced an acceleration in the pace of U.S. missile development.Gates, like McElroy, had to contend with the "missile gap" controversy. He regarded it as a false issue, based on the failure of missile gap believers to distinguish between space and military programs. When the U.S. long-range ballistic missile program began in the early 1950s, Gates observed, the development of small, lightweight nuclear warheads by American scientists made it possible for smaller ballistic missiles to carry them.The Russians, on the other hand, concentrated on very large boosters that they used to launch space satellites earlier than the United States. Gates told a House committee, "We are not behind the Russians in our military effort overall . . . . It is one thing to admit you are behind in the ability to put big payloads in space for which we have at the moment no military requirement, and another thing to admit that we are behind in our total military posture."Gates conceded that the Soviets might have more strategic missiles than the United States for a few years, perhaps peaking in 1962, but he denied that there was a real missile or deterrent gap; the Soviets would not "gain a strategic posture which might tempt them to initiate a surprise attack." Gates based his thinking in part on a debatable approach to intelligence estimates, which took account of Soviet intentions as well as capabilities, leading to the conclusion that the disparity between the number of Soviet and U.S. missiles by 1962 or 1963 would not be as great as estimated during the McElroy period.Like all of his predecessors, Gates supported U.S. participation in collective security pacts and military assistance programs. He identified NATO as the nucleus of the U.S. "forward strategy." As he put it, "Should we ever abandon our forward strategy in favor of the so-called 'Fortress America' concept, we would retreat forever." He urged Congress to continue adequate funding for military assistance, which had brought very high returns for the money spent.Perhaps the most spectacular event of Gates's administration occurred on 1 May 1960 when the Soviet Union shot down over its territory a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Francis Gary Powers. When Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced the incident four days later and accused the United States of spying, the Eisenhower administration initially suggested that the plane might have strayed into Soviet airspace.On the recommendation of representatives from the State and Defense departments, including Gates, President Eisenhower later admitted that the U-2 was on an intelligence-gathering mission (actually under CIA control) and assumed responsibility for the flight. In mid-May Gates accompanied Eisenhower to Paris for a summit meeting that had been scheduled prior to the U-2 affair. There Khrushchev demanded termination of all U.S. flights over the Soviet Union, an apology, and punishment of those responsible.Eisenhower indicated that the flights would not be resumed but rejected the other demands, whereupon Khrushchev refused to proceed with the summit meeting. Gates suggested later that the Russian leader used the U-2 crisis to abort a meeting that he had determined in advance would not result in gains for the Soviet Union.On the eve of the summit conference, Gates ordered a worldwide alert of U.S. military communications facilities a decision criticized by some as provocative. Stoutly defending his action, Gates later explained that he decided, with the concurrence of Eisenhower and Secretary of State Christian A. Herter, to call the alert when he became aware of the belligerent position Khrushchev intended to take when the summit convened the next day. "Under the circumstances," Gates said, "it seemed most prudent to me to increase the awareness of our unified commanders. Moreover, since the command and individuals concerned in the decision process, including the President, the Secretary of State, and myself, were overseas, it was important to check out our military communications."Although Gates adhered to the usual budget posture and strategy of the Eisenhower administration, there was 8.2 percent real growth in DoD's fiscal year 1961 budget after Congress completed its work. Total obligational authority amounted to $44.6 billion, almost $4.4 billion over the previous year. The bulk of the increase went to the Navy and the Air Force. Gates pressed for an appropriation of $2 billion for military assistance, most of which Congress provided. To criticism of the Eisenhower administration's continuing efforts to hold down the DoD budget, Gates replied that the department was spending enough money to meet the nation's vital security needs.In a lengthy statement entitled "Department of Defense, 1953-1960," prepared at the close of Gates's tenure, the Department of Defense summarized its accomplishments during the Eisenhower years, concluding that "today our armed forces have the greatest striking power in our history, many times greater than in 1953."Among other accomplishments, it cited development of medium- and long-range bombers (including the B-52s put into service during the 1950s) and ICBMs; installation of a continental defense system the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) Line, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), and Nike surface-to-air missile systems; production of several nuclear submarines, beginning with the Nautilus in 1954, and "Forrestal"-type carriers; and creation of the Defense Communications Agency.Gates retired from office on 20 January 1961. There were those who regarded him as the first of a new breed of secretaries of defense who would take a more active management approach evidenced by his regular meetings with the JCS and establishment of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff. Gates, of course, had the advantages of long prior service in DoD and the expanded authority of the office resulting from the 1953 and 1958 reorganizations.Although President Eisenhower continued to be, as during the Wilson and McElroy periods, the chief author of defense policy and the ultimate decision-maker, Gates appeared to operate with more authority and independence than his immediate predecessors, especially in areas such as strategic policy and planning.After John F. Kennedy's election to the presidency in 1960, the press speculated that he might include a Republican in his cabinet and that Gates would be high on the list of possible appointees.On January 18, 1961, Gates was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After he left at The Pentagon, Gates joined Morgan and Company in New York, later the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, which eventually became the J.P Morgan Bank, becoming president in 1962 and chairman and chief executive officer in 1965. President Richard M. Nixon appointed him chairman of the Advisory Commission on an All-Volunteer Force, which presented its recommendations to end the draft on February 21, 1970. From 1976 to 1977 he served, with the rank of ambassador, as chief of the United States Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China.Gates served as a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1948 to 1983 and received an honorary degree of an LL.D. from Penn, his alma mater, in 1956. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the College of the Atlantic during the periods 1972–1976 and 1978–1983. The community center at College of the Atlantic is named in his honor.Gates died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 25, 1983.The "Ticonderoga"-class guided missile cruiser USS "Thomas S. Gates" (CG-51) is named after the late Secretary of Defense. It is the only such cruiser named after a person.
|
[
"United States Secretary of Defense",
"Under Secretary of the Navy",
"United States Deputy Secretary of Defense",
"United States Ambassador to China"
] |
|
Where was Mihajlo Pupin educated in Jun, 1882?
|
June 11, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia College"
]
}
|
L2_Q196287_P69_0
|
Mihajlo Pupin attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1885.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1885 to Jan, 1889.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Columbia College from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1883.
|
Mihajlo PupinMihajlo Idvorski Pupin (, ; 9 October 1858 – 12 March 1935), also known as Michael Pupin, was a Serbian physicist, physical chemist and philanthropist based in the United States. Pupin is best known for his numerous patents, including a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance telephone communication by placing loading coils (of wire) at predetermined intervals along the transmitting wire (known as "pupinization"). Pupin was a founding member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) on 3 March 1915, which later became NASA, and he participated in the founding of American Mathematical Society and American Physical Society.In 1924, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography. Pupin was elected president or vice-president of the highest scientific and technical institutions, such as the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Radio Institute of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also an honorary consul of Serbia in the United States from 1912 to 1920 and played a role in determining the borders of newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia.Mihajlo Pupin was born on 4 October (22 September, O.S.) 1858 in the village of Idvor (in the modern-day municipality of Kovačica, Serbia) in the region of Banat, in the Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire. He always remembered the words of his mother and cited her in his autobiography, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (1925):Pupin went to elementary school in his birthplace, to Serbian Orthodox school, and later to German elementary school in Perlez. He enrolled in high school in Pančevo, and later in the Real Gymnasium. He was one of the best students there; a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, and influenced the authorities to give Pupin a scholarship.Because of his activity in the "Serbian Youth" movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to Prague, where he continued the sixth and first half of the seventh year. After his father died in March 1874, the sixteen-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States.For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer (most notably at the biscuit factory on Cortlandt Street in Manhattan) while he learned English, Greek and Latin. He also gave private lectures. After three years of various courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered Columbia College, where he became known as an exceptional athlete and scholar. A friend of Pupin's predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, and that Columbia would do anything for a good oarsman. A popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time.After Pupin completed his studies, with emphasis in the fields of physics and mathematics, he returned to Europe, initially the United Kingdom (1883–1885), where he continued his schooling at the University of Cambridge. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Berlin under Hermann von Helmholtz and in 1889 he returned to Columbia University to become a lecturer of mathematical physics in the newly formed Department of Electrical Engineering. Pupin's research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis.He was an early investigator into X-ray imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect. He learned of Röntgen's discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself. Using a vacuum tube, which he had previously used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases, he made successful images on 2 January 1896. Edison provided Pupin with a calcium tungstate fluoroscopic screen which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the exposure time by twenty times, from one hour to a few minutes. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays. With his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use a fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes. A New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove lead shot from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a well-known lawyer, was "too weak and nervous to be stood still nearly an hour" which is the time it took to get an X-ray photo at the time. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate and the patient's hand on the screen. X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate. A fairly good image was obtained with an exposure of only a few seconds and showed the shot as if "drawn with pen and ink." Dr. Bull was able to take out all of the lead balls in a very short time.Pupin's 1899 patent for loading coils, archaically called "Pupin coils", followed closely on the pioneering work of the English polymath Oliver Heaviside, which predates Pupin's patent by some seven years. The importance of the patent was made clear when the American rights to it were acquired by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), making him wealthy. Although AT&T bought Pupin's patent, they made little use of it, as they already had their own development in hand led by George Campbell and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long-distance telephones and especially submarine ones.When the United States joined the First World War in 1917, Pupin was working at Columbia University, organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques.Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous researches with the aim of discovering submarines at Key West and New London. He also conducted research in the field of establishing telecommunications between places. During the war Pupin was a member of the state council for research and state advisory board for aeronautics. For his work he received a laudative from president Warren G. Harding, which was published on page 386 of his autobiography.In 1912, the Kingdom of Serbia named Pupin an honorary consul in the United States. Pupin performed his duties until 1920. During the First World War, Pupin met with Cecil Spring Rice, the British ambassador to the United States, in an attempt to aid Austro-Hungarian Slavs in Canadian custody. Canada had incarcerated some 8,600 so-called Austrians and Hungarians who were deemed to be a threat to national security and were sent to internment camps across the country. The majority, however, turned out to be Ukrainian, but among them were hundreds of Austro-Hungarian Slavs, including Serbs. The British ambassador agreed to allow Pupin to send delegates to visit Canadian internment camps and accept their recommendation of release. Pupin went on to make great contributions to the establishment of international and social relations between the Kingdom of Serbia, and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the United States.After World War I, Pupin was already a well-known and acclaimed scientist, as well as a politically influential figure in America. He influenced the final decisions of the Paris peace conference when the borders of the future kingdom (of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) were drawn. Pupin stayed in Paris for two months during the peace talk (April–May 1919) on the insistence of the government.According to the London agreement from 1915. it was planned that Italy should get Dalmatia. After the secret London agreement France, England and Russia asked from Serbia some territorial concessions to Romania and Bulgaria. Romania should have gotten Banat and Bulgaria should have gotten a part of Macedonia all the way to Skoplje.In a difficult situation during the negotiations on the borders of Yugoslavia, Pupin personally wrote a memorandum on 19 March 1919 to American president Woodrow Wilson, who, based on the data received from Pupin about the historical and ethnic characteristics of the border areas of Dalmatia, Slovenia, Istria, Banat, Međimurje, Baranja and Macedonia, stated that he did not recognize the London agreement signed between the allies and Italy.In 1914, Pupin formed "Fund Pijade Aleksić-Pupin" within the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to commemorate his mother Olimpijada for all the support she gave him through life. Fund assets were used for helping schools in old Serbia and Macedonia, and scholarships were awarded every year on the Saint Sava day. One street in Ohrid was named after Mihajlo Pupin in 1930 to honour his efforts. He also established a separate "Mihajlo Pupin fund" which he funded from his own property in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which he later gave to "Privrednik" for schooling of young people and for prizes in "exceptional achievements in agriculture", as well as for Idvor for giving prizes to pupils and to help the church district.Thanks to Pupin's donations, the library in Idvor got a reading room, schooling of young people for agriculture sciences was founded, as well as the electrification and waterplant in Idvor. Pupin established a foundation in the museum of Natural History and Arts in Belgrade. The funds of the foundation were used to purchase artistic works of Serbian artists for the museum and for the printing of certain publications. Pupin invested a million dollars in the funds of the foundation.In 1909, he established one of the oldest Serbian emigrant organizations in the United States called "Union of Serbs – "Sloga"." The organization had a mission to gather Serbs in immigration and offer help, as well as keeping ethnic and cultural values. This organization later merged with three other immigrant societies.Other emigrant organizations in to one large Serbian national foundation, and Pupin was one of its founders and a longtime president (1909–1926).He also organized "Kolo srpskih sestara" (English: Circle of Serbian sisters) who gathered help for the Serbian Red Cross, and he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the First World War with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the "Serbian National Defense Council" which he founded and led. Later, at the start of the Second World War this organization was rehabilitated by Jovan Dučić and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to Serbia with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes and shelter for war orphans.Besides his patents he published several dozen scientific disputes, articles, reviews and a 396-page autobiography under the name Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (Scribner's, 1923). He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. It was published in Serbian in 1929 under the title "From pastures to scientist" (Od pašnjaka do naučenjaka). Beside this he also published:Columbia University's Physical Laboratories building, built in 1927, is named Pupin Hall in his honor. It houses the physics and astronomy departments of the university. During Pupin's tenure, Harold C. Urey, in his work with the hydrogen isotope deuterium demonstrated the existence of heavy water, the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories (1931). In 1934 Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the work he performed in Pupin Hall related to his discovery of "heavy hydrogen".Pupin released about 70 technical articles and reviews and 34 patents.Mihajlo Pupin was:After going to America, he changed his name to Michael Idvorsky Pupin, stressing his origin. His father was named Constantine and mother Olimpijada and Pupin had four brothers and five sisters. In 1888 he married American Sarah Catharine Jackson from New York, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara Ivanka Pupin who was born in 1899 in Yonkers, New York and died on August 2, 1962 in New York. They were married only for eight years, because she died from pneumonia.Pupin had a reputation not only as a great scientist but also a fine person. He was known for his manners, great knowledge, love of his homeland and availability to everyone. Pupin was a great philanthropist and patron of the arts. He was a devoted Orthodox Christian and a prominent Freemason.Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 at age 76 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Where was Mihajlo Pupin educated in 1882-06-11?
|
June 11, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia College"
]
}
|
L2_Q196287_P69_0
|
Mihajlo Pupin attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1885.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1885 to Jan, 1889.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Columbia College from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1883.
|
Mihajlo PupinMihajlo Idvorski Pupin (, ; 9 October 1858 – 12 March 1935), also known as Michael Pupin, was a Serbian physicist, physical chemist and philanthropist based in the United States. Pupin is best known for his numerous patents, including a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance telephone communication by placing loading coils (of wire) at predetermined intervals along the transmitting wire (known as "pupinization"). Pupin was a founding member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) on 3 March 1915, which later became NASA, and he participated in the founding of American Mathematical Society and American Physical Society.In 1924, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography. Pupin was elected president or vice-president of the highest scientific and technical institutions, such as the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Radio Institute of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also an honorary consul of Serbia in the United States from 1912 to 1920 and played a role in determining the borders of newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia.Mihajlo Pupin was born on 4 October (22 September, O.S.) 1858 in the village of Idvor (in the modern-day municipality of Kovačica, Serbia) in the region of Banat, in the Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire. He always remembered the words of his mother and cited her in his autobiography, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (1925):Pupin went to elementary school in his birthplace, to Serbian Orthodox school, and later to German elementary school in Perlez. He enrolled in high school in Pančevo, and later in the Real Gymnasium. He was one of the best students there; a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, and influenced the authorities to give Pupin a scholarship.Because of his activity in the "Serbian Youth" movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to Prague, where he continued the sixth and first half of the seventh year. After his father died in March 1874, the sixteen-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States.For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer (most notably at the biscuit factory on Cortlandt Street in Manhattan) while he learned English, Greek and Latin. He also gave private lectures. After three years of various courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered Columbia College, where he became known as an exceptional athlete and scholar. A friend of Pupin's predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, and that Columbia would do anything for a good oarsman. A popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time.After Pupin completed his studies, with emphasis in the fields of physics and mathematics, he returned to Europe, initially the United Kingdom (1883–1885), where he continued his schooling at the University of Cambridge. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Berlin under Hermann von Helmholtz and in 1889 he returned to Columbia University to become a lecturer of mathematical physics in the newly formed Department of Electrical Engineering. Pupin's research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis.He was an early investigator into X-ray imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect. He learned of Röntgen's discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself. Using a vacuum tube, which he had previously used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases, he made successful images on 2 January 1896. Edison provided Pupin with a calcium tungstate fluoroscopic screen which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the exposure time by twenty times, from one hour to a few minutes. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays. With his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use a fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes. A New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove lead shot from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a well-known lawyer, was "too weak and nervous to be stood still nearly an hour" which is the time it took to get an X-ray photo at the time. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate and the patient's hand on the screen. X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate. A fairly good image was obtained with an exposure of only a few seconds and showed the shot as if "drawn with pen and ink." Dr. Bull was able to take out all of the lead balls in a very short time.Pupin's 1899 patent for loading coils, archaically called "Pupin coils", followed closely on the pioneering work of the English polymath Oliver Heaviside, which predates Pupin's patent by some seven years. The importance of the patent was made clear when the American rights to it were acquired by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), making him wealthy. Although AT&T bought Pupin's patent, they made little use of it, as they already had their own development in hand led by George Campbell and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long-distance telephones and especially submarine ones.When the United States joined the First World War in 1917, Pupin was working at Columbia University, organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques.Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous researches with the aim of discovering submarines at Key West and New London. He also conducted research in the field of establishing telecommunications between places. During the war Pupin was a member of the state council for research and state advisory board for aeronautics. For his work he received a laudative from president Warren G. Harding, which was published on page 386 of his autobiography.In 1912, the Kingdom of Serbia named Pupin an honorary consul in the United States. Pupin performed his duties until 1920. During the First World War, Pupin met with Cecil Spring Rice, the British ambassador to the United States, in an attempt to aid Austro-Hungarian Slavs in Canadian custody. Canada had incarcerated some 8,600 so-called Austrians and Hungarians who were deemed to be a threat to national security and were sent to internment camps across the country. The majority, however, turned out to be Ukrainian, but among them were hundreds of Austro-Hungarian Slavs, including Serbs. The British ambassador agreed to allow Pupin to send delegates to visit Canadian internment camps and accept their recommendation of release. Pupin went on to make great contributions to the establishment of international and social relations between the Kingdom of Serbia, and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the United States.After World War I, Pupin was already a well-known and acclaimed scientist, as well as a politically influential figure in America. He influenced the final decisions of the Paris peace conference when the borders of the future kingdom (of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) were drawn. Pupin stayed in Paris for two months during the peace talk (April–May 1919) on the insistence of the government.According to the London agreement from 1915. it was planned that Italy should get Dalmatia. After the secret London agreement France, England and Russia asked from Serbia some territorial concessions to Romania and Bulgaria. Romania should have gotten Banat and Bulgaria should have gotten a part of Macedonia all the way to Skoplje.In a difficult situation during the negotiations on the borders of Yugoslavia, Pupin personally wrote a memorandum on 19 March 1919 to American president Woodrow Wilson, who, based on the data received from Pupin about the historical and ethnic characteristics of the border areas of Dalmatia, Slovenia, Istria, Banat, Međimurje, Baranja and Macedonia, stated that he did not recognize the London agreement signed between the allies and Italy.In 1914, Pupin formed "Fund Pijade Aleksić-Pupin" within the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to commemorate his mother Olimpijada for all the support she gave him through life. Fund assets were used for helping schools in old Serbia and Macedonia, and scholarships were awarded every year on the Saint Sava day. One street in Ohrid was named after Mihajlo Pupin in 1930 to honour his efforts. He also established a separate "Mihajlo Pupin fund" which he funded from his own property in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which he later gave to "Privrednik" for schooling of young people and for prizes in "exceptional achievements in agriculture", as well as for Idvor for giving prizes to pupils and to help the church district.Thanks to Pupin's donations, the library in Idvor got a reading room, schooling of young people for agriculture sciences was founded, as well as the electrification and waterplant in Idvor. Pupin established a foundation in the museum of Natural History and Arts in Belgrade. The funds of the foundation were used to purchase artistic works of Serbian artists for the museum and for the printing of certain publications. Pupin invested a million dollars in the funds of the foundation.In 1909, he established one of the oldest Serbian emigrant organizations in the United States called "Union of Serbs – "Sloga"." The organization had a mission to gather Serbs in immigration and offer help, as well as keeping ethnic and cultural values. This organization later merged with three other immigrant societies.Other emigrant organizations in to one large Serbian national foundation, and Pupin was one of its founders and a longtime president (1909–1926).He also organized "Kolo srpskih sestara" (English: Circle of Serbian sisters) who gathered help for the Serbian Red Cross, and he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the First World War with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the "Serbian National Defense Council" which he founded and led. Later, at the start of the Second World War this organization was rehabilitated by Jovan Dučić and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to Serbia with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes and shelter for war orphans.Besides his patents he published several dozen scientific disputes, articles, reviews and a 396-page autobiography under the name Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (Scribner's, 1923). He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. It was published in Serbian in 1929 under the title "From pastures to scientist" (Od pašnjaka do naučenjaka). Beside this he also published:Columbia University's Physical Laboratories building, built in 1927, is named Pupin Hall in his honor. It houses the physics and astronomy departments of the university. During Pupin's tenure, Harold C. Urey, in his work with the hydrogen isotope deuterium demonstrated the existence of heavy water, the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories (1931). In 1934 Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the work he performed in Pupin Hall related to his discovery of "heavy hydrogen".Pupin released about 70 technical articles and reviews and 34 patents.Mihajlo Pupin was:After going to America, he changed his name to Michael Idvorsky Pupin, stressing his origin. His father was named Constantine and mother Olimpijada and Pupin had four brothers and five sisters. In 1888 he married American Sarah Catharine Jackson from New York, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara Ivanka Pupin who was born in 1899 in Yonkers, New York and died on August 2, 1962 in New York. They were married only for eight years, because she died from pneumonia.Pupin had a reputation not only as a great scientist but also a fine person. He was known for his manners, great knowledge, love of his homeland and availability to everyone. Pupin was a great philanthropist and patron of the arts. He was a devoted Orthodox Christian and a prominent Freemason.Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 at age 76 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Where was Mihajlo Pupin educated in 11/06/1882?
|
June 11, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia College"
]
}
|
L2_Q196287_P69_0
|
Mihajlo Pupin attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1885.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1885 to Jan, 1889.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Columbia College from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1883.
|
Mihajlo PupinMihajlo Idvorski Pupin (, ; 9 October 1858 – 12 March 1935), also known as Michael Pupin, was a Serbian physicist, physical chemist and philanthropist based in the United States. Pupin is best known for his numerous patents, including a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance telephone communication by placing loading coils (of wire) at predetermined intervals along the transmitting wire (known as "pupinization"). Pupin was a founding member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) on 3 March 1915, which later became NASA, and he participated in the founding of American Mathematical Society and American Physical Society.In 1924, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography. Pupin was elected president or vice-president of the highest scientific and technical institutions, such as the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Radio Institute of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also an honorary consul of Serbia in the United States from 1912 to 1920 and played a role in determining the borders of newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia.Mihajlo Pupin was born on 4 October (22 September, O.S.) 1858 in the village of Idvor (in the modern-day municipality of Kovačica, Serbia) in the region of Banat, in the Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire. He always remembered the words of his mother and cited her in his autobiography, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (1925):Pupin went to elementary school in his birthplace, to Serbian Orthodox school, and later to German elementary school in Perlez. He enrolled in high school in Pančevo, and later in the Real Gymnasium. He was one of the best students there; a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, and influenced the authorities to give Pupin a scholarship.Because of his activity in the "Serbian Youth" movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to Prague, where he continued the sixth and first half of the seventh year. After his father died in March 1874, the sixteen-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States.For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer (most notably at the biscuit factory on Cortlandt Street in Manhattan) while he learned English, Greek and Latin. He also gave private lectures. After three years of various courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered Columbia College, where he became known as an exceptional athlete and scholar. A friend of Pupin's predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, and that Columbia would do anything for a good oarsman. A popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time.After Pupin completed his studies, with emphasis in the fields of physics and mathematics, he returned to Europe, initially the United Kingdom (1883–1885), where he continued his schooling at the University of Cambridge. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Berlin under Hermann von Helmholtz and in 1889 he returned to Columbia University to become a lecturer of mathematical physics in the newly formed Department of Electrical Engineering. Pupin's research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis.He was an early investigator into X-ray imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect. He learned of Röntgen's discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself. Using a vacuum tube, which he had previously used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases, he made successful images on 2 January 1896. Edison provided Pupin with a calcium tungstate fluoroscopic screen which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the exposure time by twenty times, from one hour to a few minutes. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays. With his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use a fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes. A New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove lead shot from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a well-known lawyer, was "too weak and nervous to be stood still nearly an hour" which is the time it took to get an X-ray photo at the time. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate and the patient's hand on the screen. X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate. A fairly good image was obtained with an exposure of only a few seconds and showed the shot as if "drawn with pen and ink." Dr. Bull was able to take out all of the lead balls in a very short time.Pupin's 1899 patent for loading coils, archaically called "Pupin coils", followed closely on the pioneering work of the English polymath Oliver Heaviside, which predates Pupin's patent by some seven years. The importance of the patent was made clear when the American rights to it were acquired by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), making him wealthy. Although AT&T bought Pupin's patent, they made little use of it, as they already had their own development in hand led by George Campbell and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long-distance telephones and especially submarine ones.When the United States joined the First World War in 1917, Pupin was working at Columbia University, organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques.Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous researches with the aim of discovering submarines at Key West and New London. He also conducted research in the field of establishing telecommunications between places. During the war Pupin was a member of the state council for research and state advisory board for aeronautics. For his work he received a laudative from president Warren G. Harding, which was published on page 386 of his autobiography.In 1912, the Kingdom of Serbia named Pupin an honorary consul in the United States. Pupin performed his duties until 1920. During the First World War, Pupin met with Cecil Spring Rice, the British ambassador to the United States, in an attempt to aid Austro-Hungarian Slavs in Canadian custody. Canada had incarcerated some 8,600 so-called Austrians and Hungarians who were deemed to be a threat to national security and were sent to internment camps across the country. The majority, however, turned out to be Ukrainian, but among them were hundreds of Austro-Hungarian Slavs, including Serbs. The British ambassador agreed to allow Pupin to send delegates to visit Canadian internment camps and accept their recommendation of release. Pupin went on to make great contributions to the establishment of international and social relations between the Kingdom of Serbia, and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the United States.After World War I, Pupin was already a well-known and acclaimed scientist, as well as a politically influential figure in America. He influenced the final decisions of the Paris peace conference when the borders of the future kingdom (of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) were drawn. Pupin stayed in Paris for two months during the peace talk (April–May 1919) on the insistence of the government.According to the London agreement from 1915. it was planned that Italy should get Dalmatia. After the secret London agreement France, England and Russia asked from Serbia some territorial concessions to Romania and Bulgaria. Romania should have gotten Banat and Bulgaria should have gotten a part of Macedonia all the way to Skoplje.In a difficult situation during the negotiations on the borders of Yugoslavia, Pupin personally wrote a memorandum on 19 March 1919 to American president Woodrow Wilson, who, based on the data received from Pupin about the historical and ethnic characteristics of the border areas of Dalmatia, Slovenia, Istria, Banat, Međimurje, Baranja and Macedonia, stated that he did not recognize the London agreement signed between the allies and Italy.In 1914, Pupin formed "Fund Pijade Aleksić-Pupin" within the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to commemorate his mother Olimpijada for all the support she gave him through life. Fund assets were used for helping schools in old Serbia and Macedonia, and scholarships were awarded every year on the Saint Sava day. One street in Ohrid was named after Mihajlo Pupin in 1930 to honour his efforts. He also established a separate "Mihajlo Pupin fund" which he funded from his own property in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which he later gave to "Privrednik" for schooling of young people and for prizes in "exceptional achievements in agriculture", as well as for Idvor for giving prizes to pupils and to help the church district.Thanks to Pupin's donations, the library in Idvor got a reading room, schooling of young people for agriculture sciences was founded, as well as the electrification and waterplant in Idvor. Pupin established a foundation in the museum of Natural History and Arts in Belgrade. The funds of the foundation were used to purchase artistic works of Serbian artists for the museum and for the printing of certain publications. Pupin invested a million dollars in the funds of the foundation.In 1909, he established one of the oldest Serbian emigrant organizations in the United States called "Union of Serbs – "Sloga"." The organization had a mission to gather Serbs in immigration and offer help, as well as keeping ethnic and cultural values. This organization later merged with three other immigrant societies.Other emigrant organizations in to one large Serbian national foundation, and Pupin was one of its founders and a longtime president (1909–1926).He also organized "Kolo srpskih sestara" (English: Circle of Serbian sisters) who gathered help for the Serbian Red Cross, and he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the First World War with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the "Serbian National Defense Council" which he founded and led. Later, at the start of the Second World War this organization was rehabilitated by Jovan Dučić and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to Serbia with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes and shelter for war orphans.Besides his patents he published several dozen scientific disputes, articles, reviews and a 396-page autobiography under the name Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (Scribner's, 1923). He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. It was published in Serbian in 1929 under the title "From pastures to scientist" (Od pašnjaka do naučenjaka). Beside this he also published:Columbia University's Physical Laboratories building, built in 1927, is named Pupin Hall in his honor. It houses the physics and astronomy departments of the university. During Pupin's tenure, Harold C. Urey, in his work with the hydrogen isotope deuterium demonstrated the existence of heavy water, the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories (1931). In 1934 Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the work he performed in Pupin Hall related to his discovery of "heavy hydrogen".Pupin released about 70 technical articles and reviews and 34 patents.Mihajlo Pupin was:After going to America, he changed his name to Michael Idvorsky Pupin, stressing his origin. His father was named Constantine and mother Olimpijada and Pupin had four brothers and five sisters. In 1888 he married American Sarah Catharine Jackson from New York, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara Ivanka Pupin who was born in 1899 in Yonkers, New York and died on August 2, 1962 in New York. They were married only for eight years, because she died from pneumonia.Pupin had a reputation not only as a great scientist but also a fine person. He was known for his manners, great knowledge, love of his homeland and availability to everyone. Pupin was a great philanthropist and patron of the arts. He was a devoted Orthodox Christian and a prominent Freemason.Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 at age 76 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Where was Mihajlo Pupin educated in Jun 11, 1882?
|
June 11, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia College"
]
}
|
L2_Q196287_P69_0
|
Mihajlo Pupin attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1885.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1885 to Jan, 1889.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Columbia College from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1883.
|
Mihajlo PupinMihajlo Idvorski Pupin (, ; 9 October 1858 – 12 March 1935), also known as Michael Pupin, was a Serbian physicist, physical chemist and philanthropist based in the United States. Pupin is best known for his numerous patents, including a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance telephone communication by placing loading coils (of wire) at predetermined intervals along the transmitting wire (known as "pupinization"). Pupin was a founding member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) on 3 March 1915, which later became NASA, and he participated in the founding of American Mathematical Society and American Physical Society.In 1924, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography. Pupin was elected president or vice-president of the highest scientific and technical institutions, such as the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Radio Institute of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also an honorary consul of Serbia in the United States from 1912 to 1920 and played a role in determining the borders of newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia.Mihajlo Pupin was born on 4 October (22 September, O.S.) 1858 in the village of Idvor (in the modern-day municipality of Kovačica, Serbia) in the region of Banat, in the Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire. He always remembered the words of his mother and cited her in his autobiography, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (1925):Pupin went to elementary school in his birthplace, to Serbian Orthodox school, and later to German elementary school in Perlez. He enrolled in high school in Pančevo, and later in the Real Gymnasium. He was one of the best students there; a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, and influenced the authorities to give Pupin a scholarship.Because of his activity in the "Serbian Youth" movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to Prague, where he continued the sixth and first half of the seventh year. After his father died in March 1874, the sixteen-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States.For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer (most notably at the biscuit factory on Cortlandt Street in Manhattan) while he learned English, Greek and Latin. He also gave private lectures. After three years of various courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered Columbia College, where he became known as an exceptional athlete and scholar. A friend of Pupin's predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, and that Columbia would do anything for a good oarsman. A popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time.After Pupin completed his studies, with emphasis in the fields of physics and mathematics, he returned to Europe, initially the United Kingdom (1883–1885), where he continued his schooling at the University of Cambridge. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Berlin under Hermann von Helmholtz and in 1889 he returned to Columbia University to become a lecturer of mathematical physics in the newly formed Department of Electrical Engineering. Pupin's research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis.He was an early investigator into X-ray imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect. He learned of Röntgen's discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself. Using a vacuum tube, which he had previously used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases, he made successful images on 2 January 1896. Edison provided Pupin with a calcium tungstate fluoroscopic screen which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the exposure time by twenty times, from one hour to a few minutes. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays. With his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use a fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes. A New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove lead shot from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a well-known lawyer, was "too weak and nervous to be stood still nearly an hour" which is the time it took to get an X-ray photo at the time. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate and the patient's hand on the screen. X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate. A fairly good image was obtained with an exposure of only a few seconds and showed the shot as if "drawn with pen and ink." Dr. Bull was able to take out all of the lead balls in a very short time.Pupin's 1899 patent for loading coils, archaically called "Pupin coils", followed closely on the pioneering work of the English polymath Oliver Heaviside, which predates Pupin's patent by some seven years. The importance of the patent was made clear when the American rights to it were acquired by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), making him wealthy. Although AT&T bought Pupin's patent, they made little use of it, as they already had their own development in hand led by George Campbell and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long-distance telephones and especially submarine ones.When the United States joined the First World War in 1917, Pupin was working at Columbia University, organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques.Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous researches with the aim of discovering submarines at Key West and New London. He also conducted research in the field of establishing telecommunications between places. During the war Pupin was a member of the state council for research and state advisory board for aeronautics. For his work he received a laudative from president Warren G. Harding, which was published on page 386 of his autobiography.In 1912, the Kingdom of Serbia named Pupin an honorary consul in the United States. Pupin performed his duties until 1920. During the First World War, Pupin met with Cecil Spring Rice, the British ambassador to the United States, in an attempt to aid Austro-Hungarian Slavs in Canadian custody. Canada had incarcerated some 8,600 so-called Austrians and Hungarians who were deemed to be a threat to national security and were sent to internment camps across the country. The majority, however, turned out to be Ukrainian, but among them were hundreds of Austro-Hungarian Slavs, including Serbs. The British ambassador agreed to allow Pupin to send delegates to visit Canadian internment camps and accept their recommendation of release. Pupin went on to make great contributions to the establishment of international and social relations between the Kingdom of Serbia, and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the United States.After World War I, Pupin was already a well-known and acclaimed scientist, as well as a politically influential figure in America. He influenced the final decisions of the Paris peace conference when the borders of the future kingdom (of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) were drawn. Pupin stayed in Paris for two months during the peace talk (April–May 1919) on the insistence of the government.According to the London agreement from 1915. it was planned that Italy should get Dalmatia. After the secret London agreement France, England and Russia asked from Serbia some territorial concessions to Romania and Bulgaria. Romania should have gotten Banat and Bulgaria should have gotten a part of Macedonia all the way to Skoplje.In a difficult situation during the negotiations on the borders of Yugoslavia, Pupin personally wrote a memorandum on 19 March 1919 to American president Woodrow Wilson, who, based on the data received from Pupin about the historical and ethnic characteristics of the border areas of Dalmatia, Slovenia, Istria, Banat, Međimurje, Baranja and Macedonia, stated that he did not recognize the London agreement signed between the allies and Italy.In 1914, Pupin formed "Fund Pijade Aleksić-Pupin" within the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to commemorate his mother Olimpijada for all the support she gave him through life. Fund assets were used for helping schools in old Serbia and Macedonia, and scholarships were awarded every year on the Saint Sava day. One street in Ohrid was named after Mihajlo Pupin in 1930 to honour his efforts. He also established a separate "Mihajlo Pupin fund" which he funded from his own property in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which he later gave to "Privrednik" for schooling of young people and for prizes in "exceptional achievements in agriculture", as well as for Idvor for giving prizes to pupils and to help the church district.Thanks to Pupin's donations, the library in Idvor got a reading room, schooling of young people for agriculture sciences was founded, as well as the electrification and waterplant in Idvor. Pupin established a foundation in the museum of Natural History and Arts in Belgrade. The funds of the foundation were used to purchase artistic works of Serbian artists for the museum and for the printing of certain publications. Pupin invested a million dollars in the funds of the foundation.In 1909, he established one of the oldest Serbian emigrant organizations in the United States called "Union of Serbs – "Sloga"." The organization had a mission to gather Serbs in immigration and offer help, as well as keeping ethnic and cultural values. This organization later merged with three other immigrant societies.Other emigrant organizations in to one large Serbian national foundation, and Pupin was one of its founders and a longtime president (1909–1926).He also organized "Kolo srpskih sestara" (English: Circle of Serbian sisters) who gathered help for the Serbian Red Cross, and he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the First World War with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the "Serbian National Defense Council" which he founded and led. Later, at the start of the Second World War this organization was rehabilitated by Jovan Dučić and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to Serbia with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes and shelter for war orphans.Besides his patents he published several dozen scientific disputes, articles, reviews and a 396-page autobiography under the name Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (Scribner's, 1923). He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. It was published in Serbian in 1929 under the title "From pastures to scientist" (Od pašnjaka do naučenjaka). Beside this he also published:Columbia University's Physical Laboratories building, built in 1927, is named Pupin Hall in his honor. It houses the physics and astronomy departments of the university. During Pupin's tenure, Harold C. Urey, in his work with the hydrogen isotope deuterium demonstrated the existence of heavy water, the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories (1931). In 1934 Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the work he performed in Pupin Hall related to his discovery of "heavy hydrogen".Pupin released about 70 technical articles and reviews and 34 patents.Mihajlo Pupin was:After going to America, he changed his name to Michael Idvorsky Pupin, stressing his origin. His father was named Constantine and mother Olimpijada and Pupin had four brothers and five sisters. In 1888 he married American Sarah Catharine Jackson from New York, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara Ivanka Pupin who was born in 1899 in Yonkers, New York and died on August 2, 1962 in New York. They were married only for eight years, because she died from pneumonia.Pupin had a reputation not only as a great scientist but also a fine person. He was known for his manners, great knowledge, love of his homeland and availability to everyone. Pupin was a great philanthropist and patron of the arts. He was a devoted Orthodox Christian and a prominent Freemason.Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 at age 76 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.
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[
"University of Cambridge",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Where was Mihajlo Pupin educated in 06/11/1882?
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June 11, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia College"
]
}
|
L2_Q196287_P69_0
|
Mihajlo Pupin attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1885.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1885 to Jan, 1889.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Columbia College from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1883.
|
Mihajlo PupinMihajlo Idvorski Pupin (, ; 9 October 1858 – 12 March 1935), also known as Michael Pupin, was a Serbian physicist, physical chemist and philanthropist based in the United States. Pupin is best known for his numerous patents, including a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance telephone communication by placing loading coils (of wire) at predetermined intervals along the transmitting wire (known as "pupinization"). Pupin was a founding member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) on 3 March 1915, which later became NASA, and he participated in the founding of American Mathematical Society and American Physical Society.In 1924, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography. Pupin was elected president or vice-president of the highest scientific and technical institutions, such as the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Radio Institute of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also an honorary consul of Serbia in the United States from 1912 to 1920 and played a role in determining the borders of newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia.Mihajlo Pupin was born on 4 October (22 September, O.S.) 1858 in the village of Idvor (in the modern-day municipality of Kovačica, Serbia) in the region of Banat, in the Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire. He always remembered the words of his mother and cited her in his autobiography, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (1925):Pupin went to elementary school in his birthplace, to Serbian Orthodox school, and later to German elementary school in Perlez. He enrolled in high school in Pančevo, and later in the Real Gymnasium. He was one of the best students there; a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, and influenced the authorities to give Pupin a scholarship.Because of his activity in the "Serbian Youth" movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to Prague, where he continued the sixth and first half of the seventh year. After his father died in March 1874, the sixteen-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States.For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer (most notably at the biscuit factory on Cortlandt Street in Manhattan) while he learned English, Greek and Latin. He also gave private lectures. After three years of various courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered Columbia College, where he became known as an exceptional athlete and scholar. A friend of Pupin's predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, and that Columbia would do anything for a good oarsman. A popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time.After Pupin completed his studies, with emphasis in the fields of physics and mathematics, he returned to Europe, initially the United Kingdom (1883–1885), where he continued his schooling at the University of Cambridge. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Berlin under Hermann von Helmholtz and in 1889 he returned to Columbia University to become a lecturer of mathematical physics in the newly formed Department of Electrical Engineering. Pupin's research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis.He was an early investigator into X-ray imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect. He learned of Röntgen's discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself. Using a vacuum tube, which he had previously used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases, he made successful images on 2 January 1896. Edison provided Pupin with a calcium tungstate fluoroscopic screen which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the exposure time by twenty times, from one hour to a few minutes. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays. With his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use a fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes. A New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove lead shot from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a well-known lawyer, was "too weak and nervous to be stood still nearly an hour" which is the time it took to get an X-ray photo at the time. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate and the patient's hand on the screen. X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate. A fairly good image was obtained with an exposure of only a few seconds and showed the shot as if "drawn with pen and ink." Dr. Bull was able to take out all of the lead balls in a very short time.Pupin's 1899 patent for loading coils, archaically called "Pupin coils", followed closely on the pioneering work of the English polymath Oliver Heaviside, which predates Pupin's patent by some seven years. The importance of the patent was made clear when the American rights to it were acquired by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), making him wealthy. Although AT&T bought Pupin's patent, they made little use of it, as they already had their own development in hand led by George Campbell and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long-distance telephones and especially submarine ones.When the United States joined the First World War in 1917, Pupin was working at Columbia University, organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques.Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous researches with the aim of discovering submarines at Key West and New London. He also conducted research in the field of establishing telecommunications between places. During the war Pupin was a member of the state council for research and state advisory board for aeronautics. For his work he received a laudative from president Warren G. Harding, which was published on page 386 of his autobiography.In 1912, the Kingdom of Serbia named Pupin an honorary consul in the United States. Pupin performed his duties until 1920. During the First World War, Pupin met with Cecil Spring Rice, the British ambassador to the United States, in an attempt to aid Austro-Hungarian Slavs in Canadian custody. Canada had incarcerated some 8,600 so-called Austrians and Hungarians who were deemed to be a threat to national security and were sent to internment camps across the country. The majority, however, turned out to be Ukrainian, but among them were hundreds of Austro-Hungarian Slavs, including Serbs. The British ambassador agreed to allow Pupin to send delegates to visit Canadian internment camps and accept their recommendation of release. Pupin went on to make great contributions to the establishment of international and social relations between the Kingdom of Serbia, and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the United States.After World War I, Pupin was already a well-known and acclaimed scientist, as well as a politically influential figure in America. He influenced the final decisions of the Paris peace conference when the borders of the future kingdom (of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) were drawn. Pupin stayed in Paris for two months during the peace talk (April–May 1919) on the insistence of the government.According to the London agreement from 1915. it was planned that Italy should get Dalmatia. After the secret London agreement France, England and Russia asked from Serbia some territorial concessions to Romania and Bulgaria. Romania should have gotten Banat and Bulgaria should have gotten a part of Macedonia all the way to Skoplje.In a difficult situation during the negotiations on the borders of Yugoslavia, Pupin personally wrote a memorandum on 19 March 1919 to American president Woodrow Wilson, who, based on the data received from Pupin about the historical and ethnic characteristics of the border areas of Dalmatia, Slovenia, Istria, Banat, Međimurje, Baranja and Macedonia, stated that he did not recognize the London agreement signed between the allies and Italy.In 1914, Pupin formed "Fund Pijade Aleksić-Pupin" within the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to commemorate his mother Olimpijada for all the support she gave him through life. Fund assets were used for helping schools in old Serbia and Macedonia, and scholarships were awarded every year on the Saint Sava day. One street in Ohrid was named after Mihajlo Pupin in 1930 to honour his efforts. He also established a separate "Mihajlo Pupin fund" which he funded from his own property in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which he later gave to "Privrednik" for schooling of young people and for prizes in "exceptional achievements in agriculture", as well as for Idvor for giving prizes to pupils and to help the church district.Thanks to Pupin's donations, the library in Idvor got a reading room, schooling of young people for agriculture sciences was founded, as well as the electrification and waterplant in Idvor. Pupin established a foundation in the museum of Natural History and Arts in Belgrade. The funds of the foundation were used to purchase artistic works of Serbian artists for the museum and for the printing of certain publications. Pupin invested a million dollars in the funds of the foundation.In 1909, he established one of the oldest Serbian emigrant organizations in the United States called "Union of Serbs – "Sloga"." The organization had a mission to gather Serbs in immigration and offer help, as well as keeping ethnic and cultural values. This organization later merged with three other immigrant societies.Other emigrant organizations in to one large Serbian national foundation, and Pupin was one of its founders and a longtime president (1909–1926).He also organized "Kolo srpskih sestara" (English: Circle of Serbian sisters) who gathered help for the Serbian Red Cross, and he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the First World War with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the "Serbian National Defense Council" which he founded and led. Later, at the start of the Second World War this organization was rehabilitated by Jovan Dučić and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to Serbia with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes and shelter for war orphans.Besides his patents he published several dozen scientific disputes, articles, reviews and a 396-page autobiography under the name Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (Scribner's, 1923). He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. It was published in Serbian in 1929 under the title "From pastures to scientist" (Od pašnjaka do naučenjaka). Beside this he also published:Columbia University's Physical Laboratories building, built in 1927, is named Pupin Hall in his honor. It houses the physics and astronomy departments of the university. During Pupin's tenure, Harold C. Urey, in his work with the hydrogen isotope deuterium demonstrated the existence of heavy water, the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories (1931). In 1934 Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the work he performed in Pupin Hall related to his discovery of "heavy hydrogen".Pupin released about 70 technical articles and reviews and 34 patents.Mihajlo Pupin was:After going to America, he changed his name to Michael Idvorsky Pupin, stressing his origin. His father was named Constantine and mother Olimpijada and Pupin had four brothers and five sisters. In 1888 he married American Sarah Catharine Jackson from New York, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara Ivanka Pupin who was born in 1899 in Yonkers, New York and died on August 2, 1962 in New York. They were married only for eight years, because she died from pneumonia.Pupin had a reputation not only as a great scientist but also a fine person. He was known for his manners, great knowledge, love of his homeland and availability to everyone. Pupin was a great philanthropist and patron of the arts. He was a devoted Orthodox Christian and a prominent Freemason.Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 at age 76 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Where was Mihajlo Pupin educated in 11-Jun-188211-June-1882?
|
June 11, 1882
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia College"
]
}
|
L2_Q196287_P69_0
|
Mihajlo Pupin attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1883 to Jan, 1885.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1885 to Jan, 1889.
Mihajlo Pupin attended Columbia College from Jan, 1879 to Jan, 1883.
|
Mihajlo PupinMihajlo Idvorski Pupin (, ; 9 October 1858 – 12 March 1935), also known as Michael Pupin, was a Serbian physicist, physical chemist and philanthropist based in the United States. Pupin is best known for his numerous patents, including a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance telephone communication by placing loading coils (of wire) at predetermined intervals along the transmitting wire (known as "pupinization"). Pupin was a founding member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) on 3 March 1915, which later became NASA, and he participated in the founding of American Mathematical Society and American Physical Society.In 1924, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography. Pupin was elected president or vice-president of the highest scientific and technical institutions, such as the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Radio Institute of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also an honorary consul of Serbia in the United States from 1912 to 1920 and played a role in determining the borders of newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia.Mihajlo Pupin was born on 4 October (22 September, O.S.) 1858 in the village of Idvor (in the modern-day municipality of Kovačica, Serbia) in the region of Banat, in the Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire. He always remembered the words of his mother and cited her in his autobiography, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (1925):Pupin went to elementary school in his birthplace, to Serbian Orthodox school, and later to German elementary school in Perlez. He enrolled in high school in Pančevo, and later in the Real Gymnasium. He was one of the best students there; a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, and influenced the authorities to give Pupin a scholarship.Because of his activity in the "Serbian Youth" movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to Prague, where he continued the sixth and first half of the seventh year. After his father died in March 1874, the sixteen-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States.For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer (most notably at the biscuit factory on Cortlandt Street in Manhattan) while he learned English, Greek and Latin. He also gave private lectures. After three years of various courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered Columbia College, where he became known as an exceptional athlete and scholar. A friend of Pupin's predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, and that Columbia would do anything for a good oarsman. A popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time.After Pupin completed his studies, with emphasis in the fields of physics and mathematics, he returned to Europe, initially the United Kingdom (1883–1885), where he continued his schooling at the University of Cambridge. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Berlin under Hermann von Helmholtz and in 1889 he returned to Columbia University to become a lecturer of mathematical physics in the newly formed Department of Electrical Engineering. Pupin's research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis.He was an early investigator into X-ray imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect. He learned of Röntgen's discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself. Using a vacuum tube, which he had previously used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases, he made successful images on 2 January 1896. Edison provided Pupin with a calcium tungstate fluoroscopic screen which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the exposure time by twenty times, from one hour to a few minutes. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays. With his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use a fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes. A New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove lead shot from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a well-known lawyer, was "too weak and nervous to be stood still nearly an hour" which is the time it took to get an X-ray photo at the time. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate and the patient's hand on the screen. X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate. A fairly good image was obtained with an exposure of only a few seconds and showed the shot as if "drawn with pen and ink." Dr. Bull was able to take out all of the lead balls in a very short time.Pupin's 1899 patent for loading coils, archaically called "Pupin coils", followed closely on the pioneering work of the English polymath Oliver Heaviside, which predates Pupin's patent by some seven years. The importance of the patent was made clear when the American rights to it were acquired by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), making him wealthy. Although AT&T bought Pupin's patent, they made little use of it, as they already had their own development in hand led by George Campbell and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long-distance telephones and especially submarine ones.When the United States joined the First World War in 1917, Pupin was working at Columbia University, organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques.Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous researches with the aim of discovering submarines at Key West and New London. He also conducted research in the field of establishing telecommunications between places. During the war Pupin was a member of the state council for research and state advisory board for aeronautics. For his work he received a laudative from president Warren G. Harding, which was published on page 386 of his autobiography.In 1912, the Kingdom of Serbia named Pupin an honorary consul in the United States. Pupin performed his duties until 1920. During the First World War, Pupin met with Cecil Spring Rice, the British ambassador to the United States, in an attempt to aid Austro-Hungarian Slavs in Canadian custody. Canada had incarcerated some 8,600 so-called Austrians and Hungarians who were deemed to be a threat to national security and were sent to internment camps across the country. The majority, however, turned out to be Ukrainian, but among them were hundreds of Austro-Hungarian Slavs, including Serbs. The British ambassador agreed to allow Pupin to send delegates to visit Canadian internment camps and accept their recommendation of release. Pupin went on to make great contributions to the establishment of international and social relations between the Kingdom of Serbia, and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the United States.After World War I, Pupin was already a well-known and acclaimed scientist, as well as a politically influential figure in America. He influenced the final decisions of the Paris peace conference when the borders of the future kingdom (of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) were drawn. Pupin stayed in Paris for two months during the peace talk (April–May 1919) on the insistence of the government.According to the London agreement from 1915. it was planned that Italy should get Dalmatia. After the secret London agreement France, England and Russia asked from Serbia some territorial concessions to Romania and Bulgaria. Romania should have gotten Banat and Bulgaria should have gotten a part of Macedonia all the way to Skoplje.In a difficult situation during the negotiations on the borders of Yugoslavia, Pupin personally wrote a memorandum on 19 March 1919 to American president Woodrow Wilson, who, based on the data received from Pupin about the historical and ethnic characteristics of the border areas of Dalmatia, Slovenia, Istria, Banat, Međimurje, Baranja and Macedonia, stated that he did not recognize the London agreement signed between the allies and Italy.In 1914, Pupin formed "Fund Pijade Aleksić-Pupin" within the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to commemorate his mother Olimpijada for all the support she gave him through life. Fund assets were used for helping schools in old Serbia and Macedonia, and scholarships were awarded every year on the Saint Sava day. One street in Ohrid was named after Mihajlo Pupin in 1930 to honour his efforts. He also established a separate "Mihajlo Pupin fund" which he funded from his own property in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which he later gave to "Privrednik" for schooling of young people and for prizes in "exceptional achievements in agriculture", as well as for Idvor for giving prizes to pupils and to help the church district.Thanks to Pupin's donations, the library in Idvor got a reading room, schooling of young people for agriculture sciences was founded, as well as the electrification and waterplant in Idvor. Pupin established a foundation in the museum of Natural History and Arts in Belgrade. The funds of the foundation were used to purchase artistic works of Serbian artists for the museum and for the printing of certain publications. Pupin invested a million dollars in the funds of the foundation.In 1909, he established one of the oldest Serbian emigrant organizations in the United States called "Union of Serbs – "Sloga"." The organization had a mission to gather Serbs in immigration and offer help, as well as keeping ethnic and cultural values. This organization later merged with three other immigrant societies.Other emigrant organizations in to one large Serbian national foundation, and Pupin was one of its founders and a longtime president (1909–1926).He also organized "Kolo srpskih sestara" (English: Circle of Serbian sisters) who gathered help for the Serbian Red Cross, and he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the First World War with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the "Serbian National Defense Council" which he founded and led. Later, at the start of the Second World War this organization was rehabilitated by Jovan Dučić and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to Serbia with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes and shelter for war orphans.Besides his patents he published several dozen scientific disputes, articles, reviews and a 396-page autobiography under the name Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (Scribner's, 1923). He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. It was published in Serbian in 1929 under the title "From pastures to scientist" (Od pašnjaka do naučenjaka). Beside this he also published:Columbia University's Physical Laboratories building, built in 1927, is named Pupin Hall in his honor. It houses the physics and astronomy departments of the university. During Pupin's tenure, Harold C. Urey, in his work with the hydrogen isotope deuterium demonstrated the existence of heavy water, the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories (1931). In 1934 Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the work he performed in Pupin Hall related to his discovery of "heavy hydrogen".Pupin released about 70 technical articles and reviews and 34 patents.Mihajlo Pupin was:After going to America, he changed his name to Michael Idvorsky Pupin, stressing his origin. His father was named Constantine and mother Olimpijada and Pupin had four brothers and five sisters. In 1888 he married American Sarah Catharine Jackson from New York, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara Ivanka Pupin who was born in 1899 in Yonkers, New York and died on August 2, 1962 in New York. They were married only for eight years, because she died from pneumonia.Pupin had a reputation not only as a great scientist but also a fine person. He was known for his manners, great knowledge, love of his homeland and availability to everyone. Pupin was a great philanthropist and patron of the arts. He was a devoted Orthodox Christian and a prominent Freemason.Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 at age 76 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in Jan, 2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_8
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in 2009-01-01?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_8
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in 01/01/2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_8
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in Jan 01, 2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_8
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in 01/01/2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_8
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in 01-Jan-200901-January-2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_8
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC",
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"Pedro Sangome",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which employer did Juan Cuevas Perales work for in May, 1825?
|
May 29, 1825
|
{
"text": [
"Toledo Cathedral"
]
}
|
L2_Q6299561_P108_2
|
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Tortosa Cathedral from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1825.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Toledo Cathedral from Jan, 1825 to Jan, 1826.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Mezquita Catedral from Jan, 1826 to Jan, 1833.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Valencia Cathedral from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1855.
|
Juan Cuevas PeralesJuan Cuevas Perales (8 February 1782 in Guadassuar – 1855) was a Valencian composer in the Classical style.He was a Chapel Cathedral choirboy in Valencia. His first known professional employment was as choirmaster at church of "" in Valencia in a post which he held from 1801 to 1804, when he came back to cathedral.He obtained the position of Chapel master in the cathedral of Tortosa in February 1817 and moved there, but days before he asked and won the same post at "" in Xàtiva.Later he was Chapel master in Málaga, Toledo and Córdoba, where he asked at 1832 to replace in Cathedral of Valencia, but he had no success until December 1833. He held this position until his death in 1855.
|
[
"Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva",
"Valencia Cathedral",
"Tortosa Cathedral",
"Mezquita Catedral"
] |
|
Which employer did Juan Cuevas Perales work for in 1825-05-29?
|
May 29, 1825
|
{
"text": [
"Toledo Cathedral"
]
}
|
L2_Q6299561_P108_2
|
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Tortosa Cathedral from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1825.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Toledo Cathedral from Jan, 1825 to Jan, 1826.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Mezquita Catedral from Jan, 1826 to Jan, 1833.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Valencia Cathedral from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1855.
|
Juan Cuevas PeralesJuan Cuevas Perales (8 February 1782 in Guadassuar – 1855) was a Valencian composer in the Classical style.He was a Chapel Cathedral choirboy in Valencia. His first known professional employment was as choirmaster at church of "" in Valencia in a post which he held from 1801 to 1804, when he came back to cathedral.He obtained the position of Chapel master in the cathedral of Tortosa in February 1817 and moved there, but days before he asked and won the same post at "" in Xàtiva.Later he was Chapel master in Málaga, Toledo and Córdoba, where he asked at 1832 to replace in Cathedral of Valencia, but he had no success until December 1833. He held this position until his death in 1855.
|
[
"Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva",
"Valencia Cathedral",
"Tortosa Cathedral",
"Mezquita Catedral"
] |
|
Which employer did Juan Cuevas Perales work for in 29/05/1825?
|
May 29, 1825
|
{
"text": [
"Toledo Cathedral"
]
}
|
L2_Q6299561_P108_2
|
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Tortosa Cathedral from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1825.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Toledo Cathedral from Jan, 1825 to Jan, 1826.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Mezquita Catedral from Jan, 1826 to Jan, 1833.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Valencia Cathedral from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1855.
|
Juan Cuevas PeralesJuan Cuevas Perales (8 February 1782 in Guadassuar – 1855) was a Valencian composer in the Classical style.He was a Chapel Cathedral choirboy in Valencia. His first known professional employment was as choirmaster at church of "" in Valencia in a post which he held from 1801 to 1804, when he came back to cathedral.He obtained the position of Chapel master in the cathedral of Tortosa in February 1817 and moved there, but days before he asked and won the same post at "" in Xàtiva.Later he was Chapel master in Málaga, Toledo and Córdoba, where he asked at 1832 to replace in Cathedral of Valencia, but he had no success until December 1833. He held this position until his death in 1855.
|
[
"Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva",
"Valencia Cathedral",
"Tortosa Cathedral",
"Mezquita Catedral"
] |
|
Which employer did Juan Cuevas Perales work for in May 29, 1825?
|
May 29, 1825
|
{
"text": [
"Toledo Cathedral"
]
}
|
L2_Q6299561_P108_2
|
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Tortosa Cathedral from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1825.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Toledo Cathedral from Jan, 1825 to Jan, 1826.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Mezquita Catedral from Jan, 1826 to Jan, 1833.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Valencia Cathedral from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1855.
|
Juan Cuevas PeralesJuan Cuevas Perales (8 February 1782 in Guadassuar – 1855) was a Valencian composer in the Classical style.He was a Chapel Cathedral choirboy in Valencia. His first known professional employment was as choirmaster at church of "" in Valencia in a post which he held from 1801 to 1804, when he came back to cathedral.He obtained the position of Chapel master in the cathedral of Tortosa in February 1817 and moved there, but days before he asked and won the same post at "" in Xàtiva.Later he was Chapel master in Málaga, Toledo and Córdoba, where he asked at 1832 to replace in Cathedral of Valencia, but he had no success until December 1833. He held this position until his death in 1855.
|
[
"Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva",
"Valencia Cathedral",
"Tortosa Cathedral",
"Mezquita Catedral"
] |
|
Which employer did Juan Cuevas Perales work for in 05/29/1825?
|
May 29, 1825
|
{
"text": [
"Toledo Cathedral"
]
}
|
L2_Q6299561_P108_2
|
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Tortosa Cathedral from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1825.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Toledo Cathedral from Jan, 1825 to Jan, 1826.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Mezquita Catedral from Jan, 1826 to Jan, 1833.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Valencia Cathedral from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1855.
|
Juan Cuevas PeralesJuan Cuevas Perales (8 February 1782 in Guadassuar – 1855) was a Valencian composer in the Classical style.He was a Chapel Cathedral choirboy in Valencia. His first known professional employment was as choirmaster at church of "" in Valencia in a post which he held from 1801 to 1804, when he came back to cathedral.He obtained the position of Chapel master in the cathedral of Tortosa in February 1817 and moved there, but days before he asked and won the same post at "" in Xàtiva.Later he was Chapel master in Málaga, Toledo and Córdoba, where he asked at 1832 to replace in Cathedral of Valencia, but he had no success until December 1833. He held this position until his death in 1855.
|
[
"Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva",
"Valencia Cathedral",
"Tortosa Cathedral",
"Mezquita Catedral"
] |
|
Which employer did Juan Cuevas Perales work for in 29-May-182529-May-1825?
|
May 29, 1825
|
{
"text": [
"Toledo Cathedral"
]
}
|
L2_Q6299561_P108_2
|
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Tortosa Cathedral from Jan, 1817 to Jan, 1818.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1825.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Toledo Cathedral from Jan, 1825 to Jan, 1826.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Mezquita Catedral from Jan, 1826 to Jan, 1833.
Juan Cuevas Perales works for Valencia Cathedral from Jan, 1833 to Jan, 1855.
|
Juan Cuevas PeralesJuan Cuevas Perales (8 February 1782 in Guadassuar – 1855) was a Valencian composer in the Classical style.He was a Chapel Cathedral choirboy in Valencia. His first known professional employment was as choirmaster at church of "" in Valencia in a post which he held from 1801 to 1804, when he came back to cathedral.He obtained the position of Chapel master in the cathedral of Tortosa in February 1817 and moved there, but days before he asked and won the same post at "" in Xàtiva.Later he was Chapel master in Málaga, Toledo and Córdoba, where he asked at 1832 to replace in Cathedral of Valencia, but he had no success until December 1833. He held this position until his death in 1855.
|
[
"Collegiate Basilica of Xàtiva",
"Valencia Cathedral",
"Tortosa Cathedral",
"Mezquita Catedral"
] |
|
Which position did Christos Papoutsis hold in Sep, 2011?
|
September 10, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for the Protection of the Citizen"
]
}
|
L2_Q1087152_P39_4
|
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of European Commissioner for Energy from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister for the Protection of the Citizen from Sep, 2010 to Mar, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 2000 to Oct, 2001.
|
Christos PapoutsisChristos Papoutsis () (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95) and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999). He has also served as the Secretary of the Parliamentary Group and Parliamentary Spokesman for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the majority party in Greece (2009–2010). He also was candidate for Mayor of Athens (2002).He was born in Larissa, Greece, in 1953 and later moved to Athens where he studied Economics at the National and Kapodistrian University. Since his university years he became politically active in the Democratic Movement against the Greek military junta – dictatorship- of 1967–1974.On July 12, 2013, he was appointed as Greece's Representative to the World Bank.He served as Minister of Citizen Protection responsible for the national security of the country, with the PASOK government serving under Prime Minister George Papandreou (2010-2011), and in the coalition government under Prime Minister Lucas Papademos (2011-2012).Major Achievements in that time:Created a stable, integrated framework for the supervision and coordination of all state services for internal security and civil protection of the country. Introduced structural and functional changes upgrading the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. At the same time, modernized the institutional framework of the National Intelligence Service.Established:Created new structures of the Greek State for the implementation of the European Asylum policy and handling of illegal migration:Further established:Member of the Greek Parliament for Athens (PASOK party) through four general elections (2000, 2004, 2007, 2009), following his return to Greece after 16 years of serving in the European Institutions.During this period held the positions of:Since 2000 he is elected consecutively member of the Hellenic Parliament with PASOK (2000, 2004, 2007 and 2009 elections).In 2002 he was a candidate for Mayor of Athens in the local elections. As Leader of the Opposition served in the Municipal Council Athens (2002–2006) and participated in the preparation, organization and conduct of the 2004 Athens Olympics.Minister of Mercantile Marine in the Government of PASOK under Prime Minister Costas Simitis. Represented Greece at the Transport Council of the European Union.Promoted the competitiveness and prestige of the Hellenic Mercantile Marine with legislative initiatives for maritime safety, protection of the marine environment and the education of Greek seafarers. In particular:He was appointed European Commissioner for Energy under the Santer Presidency, with an extended portfolio pertaining to Energy, EURATOM Supply Agency, SMEs, Tourism and Social Economy. During his mandate he put forward a series of policies in the areas of Green Energy, Enterprise Policy, Commerce, Tourism and Social Economy.During 1995 to 1999 held the following positions/had the following responsibilities:Furthermore:From 1984 to 1995, he was elected Member of the European Parliament for three consecutive terms (1984, 1989, 1994). During this period he held the positions of Vice-President of the Socialist Group of the European Parliament (1987–1994) and Head of PASOK MEP delegation in the European Parliament (1989–1994).Along with his mandate in the European Parliament, he served as International Relations Secretary and PASOK Representative at the Socialist International, from 1988 to 1994.During 1984 - 1995 period held the following positions:During his tenure in the European Commission and the Minister for Citizen Protection, he collaborated his various High E.U. officials, such as Commissioner Cecilia Malmström and Director Wainwright.During his political career he has been accredited with the following awards:Christos Papoutsis is married to Ioulia Taliouri.Their daughter, Zoi Melina holds a bachelor's degree from the School of Economics of the Athens University of Economics and Business and a master's degree from Yale University .
|
[
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"European Commissioner for Energy",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did Christos Papoutsis hold in 2011-09-10?
|
September 10, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for the Protection of the Citizen"
]
}
|
L2_Q1087152_P39_4
|
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of European Commissioner for Energy from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister for the Protection of the Citizen from Sep, 2010 to Mar, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 2000 to Oct, 2001.
|
Christos PapoutsisChristos Papoutsis () (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95) and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999). He has also served as the Secretary of the Parliamentary Group and Parliamentary Spokesman for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the majority party in Greece (2009–2010). He also was candidate for Mayor of Athens (2002).He was born in Larissa, Greece, in 1953 and later moved to Athens where he studied Economics at the National and Kapodistrian University. Since his university years he became politically active in the Democratic Movement against the Greek military junta – dictatorship- of 1967–1974.On July 12, 2013, he was appointed as Greece's Representative to the World Bank.He served as Minister of Citizen Protection responsible for the national security of the country, with the PASOK government serving under Prime Minister George Papandreou (2010-2011), and in the coalition government under Prime Minister Lucas Papademos (2011-2012).Major Achievements in that time:Created a stable, integrated framework for the supervision and coordination of all state services for internal security and civil protection of the country. Introduced structural and functional changes upgrading the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. At the same time, modernized the institutional framework of the National Intelligence Service.Established:Created new structures of the Greek State for the implementation of the European Asylum policy and handling of illegal migration:Further established:Member of the Greek Parliament for Athens (PASOK party) through four general elections (2000, 2004, 2007, 2009), following his return to Greece after 16 years of serving in the European Institutions.During this period held the positions of:Since 2000 he is elected consecutively member of the Hellenic Parliament with PASOK (2000, 2004, 2007 and 2009 elections).In 2002 he was a candidate for Mayor of Athens in the local elections. As Leader of the Opposition served in the Municipal Council Athens (2002–2006) and participated in the preparation, organization and conduct of the 2004 Athens Olympics.Minister of Mercantile Marine in the Government of PASOK under Prime Minister Costas Simitis. Represented Greece at the Transport Council of the European Union.Promoted the competitiveness and prestige of the Hellenic Mercantile Marine with legislative initiatives for maritime safety, protection of the marine environment and the education of Greek seafarers. In particular:He was appointed European Commissioner for Energy under the Santer Presidency, with an extended portfolio pertaining to Energy, EURATOM Supply Agency, SMEs, Tourism and Social Economy. During his mandate he put forward a series of policies in the areas of Green Energy, Enterprise Policy, Commerce, Tourism and Social Economy.During 1995 to 1999 held the following positions/had the following responsibilities:Furthermore:From 1984 to 1995, he was elected Member of the European Parliament for three consecutive terms (1984, 1989, 1994). During this period he held the positions of Vice-President of the Socialist Group of the European Parliament (1987–1994) and Head of PASOK MEP delegation in the European Parliament (1989–1994).Along with his mandate in the European Parliament, he served as International Relations Secretary and PASOK Representative at the Socialist International, from 1988 to 1994.During 1984 - 1995 period held the following positions:During his tenure in the European Commission and the Minister for Citizen Protection, he collaborated his various High E.U. officials, such as Commissioner Cecilia Malmström and Director Wainwright.During his political career he has been accredited with the following awards:Christos Papoutsis is married to Ioulia Taliouri.Their daughter, Zoi Melina holds a bachelor's degree from the School of Economics of the Athens University of Economics and Business and a master's degree from Yale University .
|
[
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"European Commissioner for Energy",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did Christos Papoutsis hold in 10/09/2011?
|
September 10, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for the Protection of the Citizen"
]
}
|
L2_Q1087152_P39_4
|
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of European Commissioner for Energy from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister for the Protection of the Citizen from Sep, 2010 to Mar, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 2000 to Oct, 2001.
|
Christos PapoutsisChristos Papoutsis () (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95) and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999). He has also served as the Secretary of the Parliamentary Group and Parliamentary Spokesman for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the majority party in Greece (2009–2010). He also was candidate for Mayor of Athens (2002).He was born in Larissa, Greece, in 1953 and later moved to Athens where he studied Economics at the National and Kapodistrian University. Since his university years he became politically active in the Democratic Movement against the Greek military junta – dictatorship- of 1967–1974.On July 12, 2013, he was appointed as Greece's Representative to the World Bank.He served as Minister of Citizen Protection responsible for the national security of the country, with the PASOK government serving under Prime Minister George Papandreou (2010-2011), and in the coalition government under Prime Minister Lucas Papademos (2011-2012).Major Achievements in that time:Created a stable, integrated framework for the supervision and coordination of all state services for internal security and civil protection of the country. Introduced structural and functional changes upgrading the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. At the same time, modernized the institutional framework of the National Intelligence Service.Established:Created new structures of the Greek State for the implementation of the European Asylum policy and handling of illegal migration:Further established:Member of the Greek Parliament for Athens (PASOK party) through four general elections (2000, 2004, 2007, 2009), following his return to Greece after 16 years of serving in the European Institutions.During this period held the positions of:Since 2000 he is elected consecutively member of the Hellenic Parliament with PASOK (2000, 2004, 2007 and 2009 elections).In 2002 he was a candidate for Mayor of Athens in the local elections. As Leader of the Opposition served in the Municipal Council Athens (2002–2006) and participated in the preparation, organization and conduct of the 2004 Athens Olympics.Minister of Mercantile Marine in the Government of PASOK under Prime Minister Costas Simitis. Represented Greece at the Transport Council of the European Union.Promoted the competitiveness and prestige of the Hellenic Mercantile Marine with legislative initiatives for maritime safety, protection of the marine environment and the education of Greek seafarers. In particular:He was appointed European Commissioner for Energy under the Santer Presidency, with an extended portfolio pertaining to Energy, EURATOM Supply Agency, SMEs, Tourism and Social Economy. During his mandate he put forward a series of policies in the areas of Green Energy, Enterprise Policy, Commerce, Tourism and Social Economy.During 1995 to 1999 held the following positions/had the following responsibilities:Furthermore:From 1984 to 1995, he was elected Member of the European Parliament for three consecutive terms (1984, 1989, 1994). During this period he held the positions of Vice-President of the Socialist Group of the European Parliament (1987–1994) and Head of PASOK MEP delegation in the European Parliament (1989–1994).Along with his mandate in the European Parliament, he served as International Relations Secretary and PASOK Representative at the Socialist International, from 1988 to 1994.During 1984 - 1995 period held the following positions:During his tenure in the European Commission and the Minister for Citizen Protection, he collaborated his various High E.U. officials, such as Commissioner Cecilia Malmström and Director Wainwright.During his political career he has been accredited with the following awards:Christos Papoutsis is married to Ioulia Taliouri.Their daughter, Zoi Melina holds a bachelor's degree from the School of Economics of the Athens University of Economics and Business and a master's degree from Yale University .
|
[
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"European Commissioner for Energy",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did Christos Papoutsis hold in Sep 10, 2011?
|
September 10, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for the Protection of the Citizen"
]
}
|
L2_Q1087152_P39_4
|
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of European Commissioner for Energy from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister for the Protection of the Citizen from Sep, 2010 to Mar, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 2000 to Oct, 2001.
|
Christos PapoutsisChristos Papoutsis () (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95) and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999). He has also served as the Secretary of the Parliamentary Group and Parliamentary Spokesman for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the majority party in Greece (2009–2010). He also was candidate for Mayor of Athens (2002).He was born in Larissa, Greece, in 1953 and later moved to Athens where he studied Economics at the National and Kapodistrian University. Since his university years he became politically active in the Democratic Movement against the Greek military junta – dictatorship- of 1967–1974.On July 12, 2013, he was appointed as Greece's Representative to the World Bank.He served as Minister of Citizen Protection responsible for the national security of the country, with the PASOK government serving under Prime Minister George Papandreou (2010-2011), and in the coalition government under Prime Minister Lucas Papademos (2011-2012).Major Achievements in that time:Created a stable, integrated framework for the supervision and coordination of all state services for internal security and civil protection of the country. Introduced structural and functional changes upgrading the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. At the same time, modernized the institutional framework of the National Intelligence Service.Established:Created new structures of the Greek State for the implementation of the European Asylum policy and handling of illegal migration:Further established:Member of the Greek Parliament for Athens (PASOK party) through four general elections (2000, 2004, 2007, 2009), following his return to Greece after 16 years of serving in the European Institutions.During this period held the positions of:Since 2000 he is elected consecutively member of the Hellenic Parliament with PASOK (2000, 2004, 2007 and 2009 elections).In 2002 he was a candidate for Mayor of Athens in the local elections. As Leader of the Opposition served in the Municipal Council Athens (2002–2006) and participated in the preparation, organization and conduct of the 2004 Athens Olympics.Minister of Mercantile Marine in the Government of PASOK under Prime Minister Costas Simitis. Represented Greece at the Transport Council of the European Union.Promoted the competitiveness and prestige of the Hellenic Mercantile Marine with legislative initiatives for maritime safety, protection of the marine environment and the education of Greek seafarers. In particular:He was appointed European Commissioner for Energy under the Santer Presidency, with an extended portfolio pertaining to Energy, EURATOM Supply Agency, SMEs, Tourism and Social Economy. During his mandate he put forward a series of policies in the areas of Green Energy, Enterprise Policy, Commerce, Tourism and Social Economy.During 1995 to 1999 held the following positions/had the following responsibilities:Furthermore:From 1984 to 1995, he was elected Member of the European Parliament for three consecutive terms (1984, 1989, 1994). During this period he held the positions of Vice-President of the Socialist Group of the European Parliament (1987–1994) and Head of PASOK MEP delegation in the European Parliament (1989–1994).Along with his mandate in the European Parliament, he served as International Relations Secretary and PASOK Representative at the Socialist International, from 1988 to 1994.During 1984 - 1995 period held the following positions:During his tenure in the European Commission and the Minister for Citizen Protection, he collaborated his various High E.U. officials, such as Commissioner Cecilia Malmström and Director Wainwright.During his political career he has been accredited with the following awards:Christos Papoutsis is married to Ioulia Taliouri.Their daughter, Zoi Melina holds a bachelor's degree from the School of Economics of the Athens University of Economics and Business and a master's degree from Yale University .
|
[
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"European Commissioner for Energy",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did Christos Papoutsis hold in 09/10/2011?
|
September 10, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for the Protection of the Citizen"
]
}
|
L2_Q1087152_P39_4
|
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of European Commissioner for Energy from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister for the Protection of the Citizen from Sep, 2010 to Mar, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 2000 to Oct, 2001.
|
Christos PapoutsisChristos Papoutsis () (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95) and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999). He has also served as the Secretary of the Parliamentary Group and Parliamentary Spokesman for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the majority party in Greece (2009–2010). He also was candidate for Mayor of Athens (2002).He was born in Larissa, Greece, in 1953 and later moved to Athens where he studied Economics at the National and Kapodistrian University. Since his university years he became politically active in the Democratic Movement against the Greek military junta – dictatorship- of 1967–1974.On July 12, 2013, he was appointed as Greece's Representative to the World Bank.He served as Minister of Citizen Protection responsible for the national security of the country, with the PASOK government serving under Prime Minister George Papandreou (2010-2011), and in the coalition government under Prime Minister Lucas Papademos (2011-2012).Major Achievements in that time:Created a stable, integrated framework for the supervision and coordination of all state services for internal security and civil protection of the country. Introduced structural and functional changes upgrading the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. At the same time, modernized the institutional framework of the National Intelligence Service.Established:Created new structures of the Greek State for the implementation of the European Asylum policy and handling of illegal migration:Further established:Member of the Greek Parliament for Athens (PASOK party) through four general elections (2000, 2004, 2007, 2009), following his return to Greece after 16 years of serving in the European Institutions.During this period held the positions of:Since 2000 he is elected consecutively member of the Hellenic Parliament with PASOK (2000, 2004, 2007 and 2009 elections).In 2002 he was a candidate for Mayor of Athens in the local elections. As Leader of the Opposition served in the Municipal Council Athens (2002–2006) and participated in the preparation, organization and conduct of the 2004 Athens Olympics.Minister of Mercantile Marine in the Government of PASOK under Prime Minister Costas Simitis. Represented Greece at the Transport Council of the European Union.Promoted the competitiveness and prestige of the Hellenic Mercantile Marine with legislative initiatives for maritime safety, protection of the marine environment and the education of Greek seafarers. In particular:He was appointed European Commissioner for Energy under the Santer Presidency, with an extended portfolio pertaining to Energy, EURATOM Supply Agency, SMEs, Tourism and Social Economy. During his mandate he put forward a series of policies in the areas of Green Energy, Enterprise Policy, Commerce, Tourism and Social Economy.During 1995 to 1999 held the following positions/had the following responsibilities:Furthermore:From 1984 to 1995, he was elected Member of the European Parliament for three consecutive terms (1984, 1989, 1994). During this period he held the positions of Vice-President of the Socialist Group of the European Parliament (1987–1994) and Head of PASOK MEP delegation in the European Parliament (1989–1994).Along with his mandate in the European Parliament, he served as International Relations Secretary and PASOK Representative at the Socialist International, from 1988 to 1994.During 1984 - 1995 period held the following positions:During his tenure in the European Commission and the Minister for Citizen Protection, he collaborated his various High E.U. officials, such as Commissioner Cecilia Malmström and Director Wainwright.During his political career he has been accredited with the following awards:Christos Papoutsis is married to Ioulia Taliouri.Their daughter, Zoi Melina holds a bachelor's degree from the School of Economics of the Athens University of Economics and Business and a master's degree from Yale University .
|
[
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"European Commissioner for Energy",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did Christos Papoutsis hold in 10-Sep-201110-September-2011?
|
September 10, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for the Protection of the Citizen"
]
}
|
L2_Q1087152_P39_4
|
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of European Commissioner for Energy from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister for the Protection of the Citizen from Sep, 2010 to Mar, 2012.
Christos Papoutsis holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 2000 to Oct, 2001.
|
Christos PapoutsisChristos Papoutsis () (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95) and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999). He has also served as the Secretary of the Parliamentary Group and Parliamentary Spokesman for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the majority party in Greece (2009–2010). He also was candidate for Mayor of Athens (2002).He was born in Larissa, Greece, in 1953 and later moved to Athens where he studied Economics at the National and Kapodistrian University. Since his university years he became politically active in the Democratic Movement against the Greek military junta – dictatorship- of 1967–1974.On July 12, 2013, he was appointed as Greece's Representative to the World Bank.He served as Minister of Citizen Protection responsible for the national security of the country, with the PASOK government serving under Prime Minister George Papandreou (2010-2011), and in the coalition government under Prime Minister Lucas Papademos (2011-2012).Major Achievements in that time:Created a stable, integrated framework for the supervision and coordination of all state services for internal security and civil protection of the country. Introduced structural and functional changes upgrading the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. At the same time, modernized the institutional framework of the National Intelligence Service.Established:Created new structures of the Greek State for the implementation of the European Asylum policy and handling of illegal migration:Further established:Member of the Greek Parliament for Athens (PASOK party) through four general elections (2000, 2004, 2007, 2009), following his return to Greece after 16 years of serving in the European Institutions.During this period held the positions of:Since 2000 he is elected consecutively member of the Hellenic Parliament with PASOK (2000, 2004, 2007 and 2009 elections).In 2002 he was a candidate for Mayor of Athens in the local elections. As Leader of the Opposition served in the Municipal Council Athens (2002–2006) and participated in the preparation, organization and conduct of the 2004 Athens Olympics.Minister of Mercantile Marine in the Government of PASOK under Prime Minister Costas Simitis. Represented Greece at the Transport Council of the European Union.Promoted the competitiveness and prestige of the Hellenic Mercantile Marine with legislative initiatives for maritime safety, protection of the marine environment and the education of Greek seafarers. In particular:He was appointed European Commissioner for Energy under the Santer Presidency, with an extended portfolio pertaining to Energy, EURATOM Supply Agency, SMEs, Tourism and Social Economy. During his mandate he put forward a series of policies in the areas of Green Energy, Enterprise Policy, Commerce, Tourism and Social Economy.During 1995 to 1999 held the following positions/had the following responsibilities:Furthermore:From 1984 to 1995, he was elected Member of the European Parliament for three consecutive terms (1984, 1989, 1994). During this period he held the positions of Vice-President of the Socialist Group of the European Parliament (1987–1994) and Head of PASOK MEP delegation in the European Parliament (1989–1994).Along with his mandate in the European Parliament, he served as International Relations Secretary and PASOK Representative at the Socialist International, from 1988 to 1994.During 1984 - 1995 period held the following positions:During his tenure in the European Commission and the Minister for Citizen Protection, he collaborated his various High E.U. officials, such as Commissioner Cecilia Malmström and Director Wainwright.During his political career he has been accredited with the following awards:Christos Papoutsis is married to Ioulia Taliouri.Their daughter, Zoi Melina holds a bachelor's degree from the School of Economics of the Athens University of Economics and Business and a master's degree from Yale University .
|
[
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"European Commissioner for Energy",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which team did Davor Jozić play for in Aug, 1985?
|
August 15, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"F.K. Sarajevo",
"Yugoslavia national association football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q1178268_P54_0
|
Davor Jozić plays for F.K. Sarajevo from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Davor Jozić plays for Club América from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Davor Jozić plays for Yugoslavia national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1991.
Davor Jozić plays for A.C. Cesena from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1993.
Davor Jozić plays for Spezia Calcio from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Davor JozićDavor Jozić (born 22 September 1960) is a Bosnian retired footballer.Jozić started playing at a local club FK Igman Konjic and then he moved to FK Sarajevo where he played in 450 games. He was a member of the memorable Sarajevo squad that won the 1984–85 Yugoslav First League. After that, he played for such clubs as Cesena, Club América, and Spezia. He earned 27 caps and scored 2 goals for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1984 to 1991, and played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in world cup 1990 group stages: one a headed goal against eventual tournament winners West Germany in a 4–1 defeat and the winner against Colombia in a 1-0 yugoslav winHe made his debut for Yugoslavia in a September 1984 friendly match away against Scotland and has earned a total of 27 caps, scoring 2 goals. He played in 5 matches at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. His final international was a May 1991 European Championship qualification match against Denmark.He was Fabrizio Castori's assistant coach at Cesena.
|
[
"Club América",
"A.C. Cesena",
"Spezia Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Davor Jozić play for in 1985-08-15?
|
August 15, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"F.K. Sarajevo",
"Yugoslavia national association football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q1178268_P54_0
|
Davor Jozić plays for F.K. Sarajevo from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Davor Jozić plays for Club América from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Davor Jozić plays for Yugoslavia national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1991.
Davor Jozić plays for A.C. Cesena from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1993.
Davor Jozić plays for Spezia Calcio from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Davor JozićDavor Jozić (born 22 September 1960) is a Bosnian retired footballer.Jozić started playing at a local club FK Igman Konjic and then he moved to FK Sarajevo where he played in 450 games. He was a member of the memorable Sarajevo squad that won the 1984–85 Yugoslav First League. After that, he played for such clubs as Cesena, Club América, and Spezia. He earned 27 caps and scored 2 goals for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1984 to 1991, and played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in world cup 1990 group stages: one a headed goal against eventual tournament winners West Germany in a 4–1 defeat and the winner against Colombia in a 1-0 yugoslav winHe made his debut for Yugoslavia in a September 1984 friendly match away against Scotland and has earned a total of 27 caps, scoring 2 goals. He played in 5 matches at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. His final international was a May 1991 European Championship qualification match against Denmark.He was Fabrizio Castori's assistant coach at Cesena.
|
[
"Club América",
"A.C. Cesena",
"Spezia Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Davor Jozić play for in 15/08/1985?
|
August 15, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"F.K. Sarajevo",
"Yugoslavia national association football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q1178268_P54_0
|
Davor Jozić plays for F.K. Sarajevo from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Davor Jozić plays for Club América from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Davor Jozić plays for Yugoslavia national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1991.
Davor Jozić plays for A.C. Cesena from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1993.
Davor Jozić plays for Spezia Calcio from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Davor JozićDavor Jozić (born 22 September 1960) is a Bosnian retired footballer.Jozić started playing at a local club FK Igman Konjic and then he moved to FK Sarajevo where he played in 450 games. He was a member of the memorable Sarajevo squad that won the 1984–85 Yugoslav First League. After that, he played for such clubs as Cesena, Club América, and Spezia. He earned 27 caps and scored 2 goals for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1984 to 1991, and played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in world cup 1990 group stages: one a headed goal against eventual tournament winners West Germany in a 4–1 defeat and the winner against Colombia in a 1-0 yugoslav winHe made his debut for Yugoslavia in a September 1984 friendly match away against Scotland and has earned a total of 27 caps, scoring 2 goals. He played in 5 matches at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. His final international was a May 1991 European Championship qualification match against Denmark.He was Fabrizio Castori's assistant coach at Cesena.
|
[
"Club América",
"A.C. Cesena",
"Spezia Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Davor Jozić play for in Aug 15, 1985?
|
August 15, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"F.K. Sarajevo",
"Yugoslavia national association football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q1178268_P54_0
|
Davor Jozić plays for F.K. Sarajevo from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Davor Jozić plays for Club América from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Davor Jozić plays for Yugoslavia national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1991.
Davor Jozić plays for A.C. Cesena from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1993.
Davor Jozić plays for Spezia Calcio from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Davor JozićDavor Jozić (born 22 September 1960) is a Bosnian retired footballer.Jozić started playing at a local club FK Igman Konjic and then he moved to FK Sarajevo where he played in 450 games. He was a member of the memorable Sarajevo squad that won the 1984–85 Yugoslav First League. After that, he played for such clubs as Cesena, Club América, and Spezia. He earned 27 caps and scored 2 goals for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1984 to 1991, and played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in world cup 1990 group stages: one a headed goal against eventual tournament winners West Germany in a 4–1 defeat and the winner against Colombia in a 1-0 yugoslav winHe made his debut for Yugoslavia in a September 1984 friendly match away against Scotland and has earned a total of 27 caps, scoring 2 goals. He played in 5 matches at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. His final international was a May 1991 European Championship qualification match against Denmark.He was Fabrizio Castori's assistant coach at Cesena.
|
[
"Club América",
"A.C. Cesena",
"Spezia Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Davor Jozić play for in 08/15/1985?
|
August 15, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"F.K. Sarajevo",
"Yugoslavia national association football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q1178268_P54_0
|
Davor Jozić plays for F.K. Sarajevo from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Davor Jozić plays for Club América from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Davor Jozić plays for Yugoslavia national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1991.
Davor Jozić plays for A.C. Cesena from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1993.
Davor Jozić plays for Spezia Calcio from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Davor JozićDavor Jozić (born 22 September 1960) is a Bosnian retired footballer.Jozić started playing at a local club FK Igman Konjic and then he moved to FK Sarajevo where he played in 450 games. He was a member of the memorable Sarajevo squad that won the 1984–85 Yugoslav First League. After that, he played for such clubs as Cesena, Club América, and Spezia. He earned 27 caps and scored 2 goals for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1984 to 1991, and played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in world cup 1990 group stages: one a headed goal against eventual tournament winners West Germany in a 4–1 defeat and the winner against Colombia in a 1-0 yugoslav winHe made his debut for Yugoslavia in a September 1984 friendly match away against Scotland and has earned a total of 27 caps, scoring 2 goals. He played in 5 matches at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. His final international was a May 1991 European Championship qualification match against Denmark.He was Fabrizio Castori's assistant coach at Cesena.
|
[
"Club América",
"A.C. Cesena",
"Spezia Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Davor Jozić play for in 15-Aug-198515-August-1985?
|
August 15, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"F.K. Sarajevo",
"Yugoslavia national association football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q1178268_P54_0
|
Davor Jozić plays for F.K. Sarajevo from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Davor Jozić plays for Club América from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Davor Jozić plays for Yugoslavia national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1991.
Davor Jozić plays for A.C. Cesena from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1993.
Davor Jozić plays for Spezia Calcio from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Davor JozićDavor Jozić (born 22 September 1960) is a Bosnian retired footballer.Jozić started playing at a local club FK Igman Konjic and then he moved to FK Sarajevo where he played in 450 games. He was a member of the memorable Sarajevo squad that won the 1984–85 Yugoslav First League. After that, he played for such clubs as Cesena, Club América, and Spezia. He earned 27 caps and scored 2 goals for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1984 to 1991, and played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in world cup 1990 group stages: one a headed goal against eventual tournament winners West Germany in a 4–1 defeat and the winner against Colombia in a 1-0 yugoslav winHe made his debut for Yugoslavia in a September 1984 friendly match away against Scotland and has earned a total of 27 caps, scoring 2 goals. He played in 5 matches at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. His final international was a May 1991 European Championship qualification match against Denmark.He was Fabrizio Castori's assistant coach at Cesena.
|
[
"Club América",
"A.C. Cesena",
"Spezia Calcio"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in Jan, 1932?
|
January 24, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_0
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in 1932-01-24?
|
January 24, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_0
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in 24/01/1932?
|
January 24, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_0
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in Jan 24, 1932?
|
January 24, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_0
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in 01/24/1932?
|
January 24, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_0
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Where was W. T. Tutte educated in 24-Jan-193224-January-1932?
|
January 24, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys"
]
}
|
L2_Q1391861_P69_0
|
W. T. Tutte attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.
W. T. Tutte attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1935.
W. T. Tutte attended Trinity College from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1939.
|
W. T. TutteWilliam Thomas Tutte (; 14 May 1917 – 2 May 2002) was an English and Canadian codebreaker and mathematician. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system which was used for top-secret communications within the Wehrmacht High Command. The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. He also had a number of significant mathematical accomplishments, including foundation work in the fields of graph theory and matroid theory.Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory was still a primitive subject, Tutte commenced the study of matroids and developed them into a theory by expanding from the work that Hassler Whitney had first developed around the mid 1930s. Even though Tutte's contributions to graph theory have been influential to modern graph theory and many of his theorems have been used to keep making advances in the field, most of his terminology was not in agreement with their conventional usage and thus his terminology is not used by graph theorists today. "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Kőnig's) toward its present extremely active state."Tutte was born in Newmarket in Suffolk. He was the younger son of William John Tutte (1873–1944), an estate gardener, and Annie ("née" Newell; 1881–1956), a housekeeper. Both parents worked at Fitzroy House stables where Tutte was born. The family spent some time in Buckinghamshire, County Durham and Yorkshire before returning to Newmarket, where Tutte attended Cheveley Church of England primary school in the nearby village of Cheveley. In 1927, when he was ten, Tutte won a scholarship to the Cambridge and County High School for Boys. He took up his place there in 1928.In 1935 he won a scholarship to study natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he specialized in chemistry and graduated with first-class honours in 1938. He continued with physical chemistry as a graduate student, but transferred to mathematics at the end of 1940. As a student, he (along with three of his friends) became one of the first to solve the problem of squaring the square, and the first to solve the problem without a squared subrectangle. Together the four created the pseudonym Blanche Descartes, under which Tutte published occasionally for years.Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). He was interviewed and sent on a training course in London before going to Bletchley Park, where he joined the Research Section. At first, he worked on the Hagelin cipher that was being used by the Italian Navy. This was a rotor cipher machine that was available commercially, so the mechanics of enciphering was known, and decrypting messages only required working out how the machine was set up.In the summer of 1941, Tutte was transferred to work on a project called Fish. Intelligence information had revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems ""Sägefisch"" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The nickname Tunny (tunafish) was used for the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic that they enciphered.Telegraphy used the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2). Nothing was known about the mechanism of enciphering other than that messages were preceded by a 12-letter indicator, which implied a 12-wheel rotor cipher machine. The first step, therefore, had to be to diagnose the machine by establishing the logical structure and hence the functioning of the machine. Tutte played a pivotal role in achieving this, and it was not until shortly before the Allied victory in Europe in 1945, that Bletchley Park acquired a Tunny Lorenz cipher machine. Tutte's breakthroughs led eventually to bulk decrypting of Tunny-enciphered messages between the German High Command (OKW) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Germany.On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". This allowed John Tiltman, Bletchley Park's veteran and remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages and hence obtain the obscuring key. After a fruitless period during which Research Section cryptanalysts tried to work out how the Tunny machine worked, this and some other keys were handed to Tutte, who was asked to "see what you can make of these".At his training course, Tutte had been taught the Kasiski examination technique of writing out a key on squared paper, starting a new row after a defined number of characters that was suspected of being the frequency of repetition of the key. If this number was correct, the columns of the matrix would show more repetitions of sequences of characters than chance alone. Tutte knew that the Tunny indicators used 25 letters (excluding J) for 11 of the positions, but only 23 letters for the other. He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 × 23 = 575. He did not observe a large number of column repetitions with this period, but he did observe the phenomenon on a diagonal. He therefore tried again with 574, which showed up repeats in the columns. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".It was clear, however, that the first impulse of the key was more complicated than that produced by a single wheel of 41 key impulses. Tutte called this component of the key formula_1 ("chi"). He figured that there was another component, which was XOR-ed with this, that did not always change with each new character, and that this was the product of a wheel that he called formula_2 ("psi"). The same applied for each of the five impulses (formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1formula_1 and formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2formula_2). So for a single character, the whole key K consisted of two components:At Bletchley Park, mark impulses were signified by x and space impulses by •. For example, the letter "H" would be coded as ••x•x. Tutte's derivation of the "chi" and "psi" components was made possible by the fact that dots were more likely than not to be followed by dots, and crosses more likely than not to be followed by crosses. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five "chi" wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five "psi" wheels all moved together under the control of two "mu" or "motor" wheels. Over the following two months, Tutte and other members of the Research Section worked out the complete logical structure of the machine, with its set of wheels bearing cams that could either be in a position (raised) that added x to the stream of key characters, or in the alternative position that added in •.Diagnosing the functioning of the Tunny machine in this way was a truly remarkable cryptanalytical achievement which, in the citation for Tutte's induction as an Officer of the Order of Canada, was described as "one of the greatest intellectual feats of World War II".To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. The resultant stream (symbolised by the Greek letter "delta" Δ) was called the difference because XOR is the same as modulo 2 subtraction.The reason that this provided a way into Tunny was that although the frequency distribution of characters in the ciphertext could not be distinguished from a random stream, the same was not true for a version of the ciphertext from which the "chi" element of the key had been removed. This was the case because where the plaintext contained a repeated character and the "psi" wheels did not move on, the differenced "psi" character (Δformula_2) would be the null character ('/ ' at Bletchley Park). When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. Repeated characters in the plaintext were more frequent both because of the characteristics of German (EE, TT, LL and SS are relatively common), and because telegraphists frequently repeated the figures-shift and letters-shift characters as their loss in an ordinary telegraph message could lead to gibberish.To quote the General Report on Tunny:Turingery introduced the principle that the key differenced at one, now called ΔΚ, could yield information unobtainable from ordinary key. This Δ principle was to be the fundamental basis of nearly all statistical methods of wheel-breaking and setting.Tutte exploited this amplification of non-uniformity in the differenced values and by November 1942 had produced a way of discovering wheel starting points of the Tunny machine which became known as the "Statistical Method". The essence of this method was to find the initial settings of the "chi" component of the key by exhaustively trying all positions of its combination with the ciphertext, and looking for evidence of the non-uniformity that reflected the characteristics of the original plaintext. Because any repeated characters in the plaintext would always generate •, and similarly ∆formula_2 ⊕ ∆formula_2 would generate • whenever the "psi" wheels did not move on, and about half of the time when they did – some 70% overall.As well as applying differencing to the full 5-bit characters of the ITA2 code, Tutte applied it to the individual impulses (bits). The current "chi" wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the "chi" wheels to be generated. It was totally impracticable to generate the 22 million characters from all five of the "chi" wheels, so it was initially limited to 41 × 31 = 1271 from the first two. After explaining his findings to Max Newman, Newman was given the job of developing an automated approach to comparing ciphertext and key to look for departures from randomness. The first machine was dubbed Heath Robinson, but the much faster Colossus computer, developed by Tommy Flowers and using algorithms written by Tutte and his colleagues, soon took over for breaking codes.Tutte completed a doctorate in mathematics from Cambridge in 1948 under the supervision of Shaun Wylie, who had also worked at Bletchley Park on Tunny. In late 1945, Tutte resumed his studies at Cambridge, now as a graduate student in mathematics. He published some work begun earlier, one a now famous paper that characterises which graphs have a perfect matching, and another that constructs a non-Hamiltonian graph. He went on to create a ground-breaking PhD thesis, "An algebraic theory of graphs", about the subject later known as matroid theory.The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. In 1962, he moved to the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, where he stayed for the rest of his academic career. He officially retired in 1985, but remained active as an emeritus professor. Tutte was instrumental in helping to found the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo.His mathematical career concentrated on combinatorics, especially graph theory, which he is credited as having helped create in its modern form, and matroid theory, to which he made profound contributions; one colleague described him as "the leading mathematician in combinatorics for three decades". He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Combinatorial Theory" until retiring from Waterloo in 1985. He also served on the editorial boards of several other mathematical research journals.Tutte's work in graph theory includes the structure of cycle spaces and cut spaces, the size of maximum matchings and existence of "k"-factors in graphs, and Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian graphs. He disproved Tait's conjecture, on the Hamiltonicity of polyhedral graphs, by using the construction known as Tutte's fragment. The eventual proof of the four colour theorem made use of his earlier work. The graph polynomial he called the "dichromate" has become famous and influential under the name of the Tutte polynomial and serves as the prototype of combinatorial invariants that are universal for all invariants that satisfy a specified reduction law.The first major advances in matroid theory were made by Tutte in his 1948 Cambridge PhD thesis which formed the basis of an important sequence of papers published over the next two decades. Tutte's work in graph theory and matroid theory has been profoundly influential on the development of both the content and direction of these two fields. In matroid theory, he discovered the highly sophisticated homotopy theorem and founded the studies of chain groups and regular matroids, about which he proved deep results.In addition, Tutte developed an algorithm for determining whether a given binary matroid is a graphic matroid. The algorithm makes use of the fact that a planar graph is simply a graph whose circuit-matroid, the dual of its bond-matroid, is graphic.Tutte wrote a paper entitled "How to Draw a Graph" in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that "K" and "K" each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. In addition to using peripheral cycles to prove that the Kuratowski graphs are non-planar, Tutte proved that every simple 3-connected graph can be drawn with all its faces convex, and devised an algorithm which constructs the plane drawing by solving a linear system. The resulting drawing is known as the Tutte embedding.Tutte's algorithm makes use of the barycentric mappings of the peripheral circuits of a simple 3-connected graph.The findings published in this paper have proved to be of much significance because the algorithms that Tutte developed have become popular planar graph drawing methods.One of the reasons for which Tutte's embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the Euclidean plane, which is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. "Tutte's theorem is the basis for solutions to other computer graphics problems, such as morphing."Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. This work involved some highly innovative techniques of his own invention, requiring considerable manipulative dexterity in handling power series (whose coefficients count appropriate kinds of graphs) and the functions arising as their sums, as well as geometrical dexterity in extracting these power series from the graph-theoretic situation.Tutte summarised his work in the "Selected Papers of W.T. Tutte", 1979, and in "Graph Theory as I have known it", 1998.Tutte's work in World War II and subsequently in combinatorics brought him various positions, honours and awards:Tutte served as Librarian for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 1959–1960, and asteroid 14989 Tutte (1997 UB7) was named after him.Because of Tutte's work at Bletchley Park, Canada's Communications Security Establishment named an internal organisation aimed at promoting research into cryptology, the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing (TIMC), in his honour in 2011.In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory.Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition "Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker" from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.In addition to the career benefits of working at the new University of Waterloo, the more rural setting of Waterloo County appealed to Bill and his wife Dorothea. They bought a house in the nearby village of West Montrose, Ontario where they enjoyed hiking, spending time in their garden on the Grand River and allowing others to enjoy the beautiful scenery of their property.They also had an extensive knowledge of all the birds in their garden. Dorothea, an avid potter, was also a keen hiker and Bill organised hiking trips. Even near the end of his life Bill still was an avid walker. After his wife died in 1994, he moved back to Newmarket (Suffolk), but then returned to Waterloo in 2000, where he died two years later. He is buried in West Montrose United Cemetery.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Germany national association football team in Oct, 1973?
|
October 13, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Helmut Schön"
]
}
|
L2_Q43310_P286_2
|
Erich Ribbeck is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Otto Nerz is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1936.
Franz Beckenbauer is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1990.
Hansi Flick is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Rudi Völler is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Helmut Schön is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1978.
Jürgen Klinsmann is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Joachim Löw is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2006 to Jul, 2021.
Jupp Derwall is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
Sepp Herberger is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
Berti Vogts is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1998.
|
Germany national football teamThe Germany national football team ( or Die Mannschaft) represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany (named West Germany from 1949 to 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976.Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with a record 2,205 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas. Joachim Löw, the current head coach since 2006 and with the team since 2004 will step down after the UEFA Euro 2020 in 2021.On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five unofficial international matches between German and English selection teams, which all ended as large defeats for the German teams. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB), the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3.Julius Hirsch was the first Jewish player to represent the Germany national football team, which he joined in 1911. Hirsch scored four goals for Germany against the Netherlands in 1912, becoming the first German to score four goals in a single match.Gottfried Fuchs scored a world record 10 goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm on 1 July, becoming the top scorer of the tournament; his international record was not surpassed until 2001 when Australia's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in a 31–0 defeat of American Samoa. He was Jewish, and the German Football Association erased all references to him from their records between 1933 and 1945. As of 2016, he was still the top German scorer for one match.The first match after World War I in 1920, the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions, and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well. Germany's first championship title was even won in Switzerland in 1954.At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the "Breslau Elf" (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).After Austria became part of Germany in the "Anschluss" of March 1938, that country's national team – one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this "united" German team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris, France. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just two occasions the team failed to progress the group stage (the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament).During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942. National team games were then suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players were gathered together under coach Herberger as "Rote Jäger" through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.After World War II, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950. The DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states – West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland – entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers.The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, continued the DFB. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950.West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup.The Saarland, under French control between 1946 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. It sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the "Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR" (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup against Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, Germany lost 3–8. West Germany met the Hungarian "Mighty Magyars" again in the final. Hungary had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches. In an upset, West Germany won 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" ("Das Wunder von Bern").After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB made changes. Professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semi-final, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have fully crossed the line. Hurst then scored another goal giving England a 4–2 win.West Germany in the 1970 World Cup knocked England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, before they suffered a 4–3 extra-time loss in the semi-final against Italy. This match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called the "Game of the Century" in both Italy and Germany. West Germany claimed third by beating Uruguay 1–0. Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to victory at the European Championship at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.As hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final in Munich.Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. The East Germans won 1–0. The West Germans advanced to the final against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". The Dutch took the lead from a penalty. However, West Germany tied the match on a penalty by Paul Breitner, and won it with Gerd Müller's fine finish soon after.West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout 5–3. Since that loss, Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments.In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 3–2 to Austria. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany reached the final of the 1982 World Cup, though not without difficulties. They were upset 1–2 by Algeria in their first match, but advanced to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. In the semi-final against France, they tied the match 3–3 and won the penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.During this period, West Germany's Gerd Müller racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. (Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006; this was then further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals).After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semi-finals.At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina, played in the Italian capital of Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the first person to win the World Cup as both captain and coach.Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup, with the first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal. It took Germany 28 years to participate at the Olympics again in 2016, this time reaching the final and winning a silver medal. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany and West Germany were drawn together in UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 5. In November 1990, the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband integrated into the DFB, by which time the East German team had ceased operations, playing its last match on 12 September 1990. The unified German national team completed the European Championship qualifying group. The East German 1990–91 league continued, with a restructuring of German leagues in 1991–92. The first game with a unified German team was against Sweden on 10 October.After the 1990 World Cup, assistant Berti Vogts took over as the national team coach from the retiring Beckenbauer. In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to underdogs Denmark.In the 1994 World Cup, they were upset 1–2 in the quarterfinals by Bulgaria.Reunified Germany won its first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England in the semi-finals, and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final on a golden goal in extra time.However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were eliminated in the quarterfinals in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia, all goals being scored after defender Christian Wörns received a straight red card. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.In Euro 2000, the team went out in the first round, drawing with Romania, then suffering a 1–0 defeat to England and were routed 3–0 by Portugal (which fielded their backup players, having already advanced). Ribbeck resigned, and was replaced by Rudi Völler.Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers and not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team advanced through group play, and in the knockout stages they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea. Oliver Neuville scored two minutes from time against Paraguay and Michael Ballack scored both goals in the US and South Korea games, although he picked up a second yellow card against South Korea for a tactical foul and was suspended for the subsequent match. This set up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Germany lost 0–2 thanks to two Ronaldo goals. Nevertheless, German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament.Germany again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, drawing their first two matches and losing the third to the Czech Republic (who had fielded a second-string team). Völler resigned afterwards, and Jürgen Klinsmann was appointed head coach.Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. Klinsmann relieved goalkeeper Kahn of the captaincy and announced that Kahn and longtime backup Jens Lehmann would be competing for the position of starting goaltender, a decision that angered Kahn and Lehmann eventually won that contest. Expectations for the team were low, which was not helped by veteran defender Christian Wörns being dropped (after Wörns criticised Klinsmann for designating him only as a backup player on the squad), a choice roundly panned in Germany. Italy routed Germany 4–1 in a March exhibition game, and Klinsmann bore the brunt of the criticism as the team was ranked only 22nd in the world entering the 2006 FIFA World Cup.As World Cup hosts, Germany won all three group-stage matches to finish top of their group. The team defeated Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16.Germany faced Argentina in the quarter-finals. The match ended 1–1, and Germany won the penalty shootout 4–2.In the semi-final against Italy, the match was scoreless until near the end of extra time when Germany conceded two goals.In the third place match, Germany defeated Portugal 3–1.Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals.Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann resigned.At UEFA Euro 2008, Germany won two out of three matches in group play to advance to the knockout round.They defeated Portugal 3–2 in the quarterfinal,and won their semi-final against Turkey.Germany lost the final against Spain 0–1, finishing as the runners-up.At UEFA Euro 2000 in the Netherlands and Belgium, Germany's squad was still homogeneous. Apart from Brazilian striker Paulo Rink, there were only two players, Dariusz Wosz, born in Poland, and Mehmet Scholl, whose biological father came from Turkey, who had at least one foreign parent or were born abroad. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa - apart from striker Cacau, who also comes from Brazil and received German citizenship in 2009 - there were no less than ten players who were born abroad or had at least one foreign parent. Piotr Trochowski, Miroslav Klose and Lukas Podolski were born in Poland, Marko Marin was born in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the fathers of Jérôme Boateng and Dennis Aogo come from Africa (Ghana and Nigeria respectively), Sami Khedira's father is a Tunisian, Mario Gomez's father is from Spain and the parents of Serdar Tasci and Mesut Özil are originally from Turkey. In the 2010 World Cup, Germany won the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1. The game controversially had a valid goal by Frank Lampard disallowed.In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0, and Miroslav Klose tied German Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals.In the semi-final, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain. Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to take third place (their second third place after 2006).German Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player Award.In Euro 2012, Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark. Germany won all three group matches. Germany defeated Greece in the quarter-final and set a record of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Italy, 1–2.Germany finished first in their qualification group for the 2014 World Cup. The draw for the 2014 World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G, with Portugal, Ghana, and United States. They first faced Portugal in a match billed by some as the "team of all the talents against the team of The Talent (Cristiano Ronaldo)", routing the Portuguese 4–0 thanks to a hat-trick by Thomas Müller. In their match with Ghana, they led the game with Götze's second half goal, but then conceded two consecutive goals, then at the 71st minute Klose scored a goal to help Germany to draw 2–2 with Ghana. With that goal, Klose also nudged home his 15th World Cup goal to join former Brazil striker Ronaldo at the pinnacle of World Cup Finals scorers. They then went on to defeat the United States team 1–0, securing them a spot in the round of sixteen against Algeria.The round of sixteen knockout match against Algeria remained goalless after regulation time, resulting in extra time. In the 92nd minute, André Schürrle scored a goal from a Thomas Müller pass. Mesut Özil scored Germany's second goal in the 120th minute. Algeria managed to score one goal in injury time and the match ended 2–1. Germany secured a place in the quarter-final, where they would face France.In the quarter-final match against France, Mats Hummels scored in the 13th minute. Germany won the game 1–0 to advance to a record fourth consecutive semi-finals.The semi-final win (7–1) against Brazil was a major accomplishment. Germany scored four goals in just less than seven minutes and were 5–0 up against Brazil by the 30th minute with goals from Thomas Müller, Miroslav Klose, Sami Khedira and two from Toni Kroos. Klose's goal in the 23rd minute, his 16th World Cup goal, gave him sole possession of the record for most goals scored during World Cup Finals, dethroning former Brazil national Ronaldo.In the second half of the game, substitute André Schürrle scored twice for Germany to lead 7–0, the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany did, however, concede a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final as well as being the topic of the most tweets ever on Twitter about a certain subject when the previous social media record was smashed after Germany scored their fourth goal. Also, Germany's seven goals took their total tally in World Cup history to 223, surpassing Brazil's 221 goals to first place overall.The World Cup Final was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe.After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home, then suffered a 2–0 loss at Poland (the first in their history), a 1–1 draw against the Republic of Ireland, and a 4–0 win over Gibraltar. The year ended with an away 0–1 friendly win against Spain, the reigning European champions of 2008 and 2012.Troubles during qualifying for the 2016 European Championship continued, drawing at home, as well as losing away, to Ireland; the team also only narrowly defeated Scotland on two occasions, but handily won the return against Poland and both games against Gibraltar (who competed for the first time). Eventually, however, topping their group and qualifying for the tournament through a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 11 October 2015 (having won the first match against them).On 13 November 2015, the team was playing a friendly match against France in Paris when a series of terrorist attacks took place in the city, some in the direct vicinity of the Stade de France, where the game was held. For security reasons, the team needed to spend the night inside the stadium, accompanied by the French squad who stayed behind in an act of comradery. Four days later, on 17 November 2015, the German team was scheduled to face the Netherlands at Hanover's HDI-Arena, also in a friendly. After initial security reservations, the DFB decided to play the match on 15 November. However, after reports about a concrete threat to the stadium, the match was cancelled ninety minutes before kickoff.Germany began their preparations for Euro 2016 in March with friendlies against England and Italy. They gave up a 2–0 lead to England, and ended up losing 2–3. They bounced back in their match with Italy, however, winning by a score of 4–1. It was their first win against the Italians in 21 years.Germany began their campaign for a fourth European title with a 2–0 win against Ukraine on 12 June. Against Poland, Germany was held to a 0–0 draw but concluded Group C with a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland. In the Round of 16, Germany faced Slovakia and earned a comfortable 3–0 win. Germany then faced off against rivals Italy in the quarter-finals. Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany, before Leonardo Bonucci drew even after converting a penalty in the 78th minute. The score remained 1–1 after extra time and Germany beat Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout. It was the first time Germany had overcome Italy in a major tournament. In the semi-finals Germany played the host nation France. Germany's hopes of securing a fourth European championship were put on hold however as France ended Germany's run by eliminating them by a score of 0–2. It was France's first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.On 2 July 2017, Germany won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after a 1–0 win against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, it was their only FIFA Confederations Cup title.Despite winning all their qualifying matches and the Confederations Cup the previous year, Germany started their 2018 World Cup campaign with a defeat to Mexico. This was their first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 in their second game via an injury-time winner from Toni Kroos, but was subsequently eliminated following a 2–0 loss to South Korea, their first exit in the first round since 1938 and first ever in group stage since the format had been reintroduced in 1950.Following the World Cup, Germany's struggles continued into the UEFA Nations League. After a 0–0 draw at home against France, they lost 3–0 against the Netherlands and 1–2 in the rematch against France three days later; the latter result being their fourth loss in six competitive matches. These results meant that Germany could not advance to the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and faced the prospect of possible relegation to League B in the next Nations League.After the Netherlands' win against France, the relegation to League B was originally confirmed, but due to the overhaul of the format for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, Germany was spared from relegation to League B.In March 2021, the DFB announced that Löw would step down as Germany's manager after the team competes in UEFA Euro 2020. Later that month, Germany lost 1–2 at home to North Macedonia in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, their first World Cup qualification defeat since losing 5–1 to England in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers and only their third in history. On 25 May 2021, the DFB announced that former assistant manager Hansi Flick will replace Löw as head coach. Flick's first match will be against Liechtenstein in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers on 2 September 2021.The national team's home kit has always been a white shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The colours are derived from the 19th-century flag of the North German State of Prussia. Since 1988, many of the home kit's designs incorporate details patterned after the modern German flag. For the 2014 World Cup, the German team used white shorts rather than the traditional black due to FIFA's kit clashing rule for the tournament. The away shirt colour has changed several times. Historically, green shirt with white shorts is the most often used alternative colour combination, derived from the DFB colours – though it is often erroneously reported that the choice is in recognition of the fact that Ireland, whose home shirts are green, were the first nation to play Germany in a friendly game after World War II. However, the first team to play Germany after WWII, as stated above, was actually Switzerland. Other colours such as red, grey and black have also been used.A change from black to red came in 2005 on the request of Jürgen Klinsmann, but Germany played every game at the 2006 World Cup in its home white colours. In 2010, the away colours then changed back to a black shirt and white shorts, but at the tournament, the team dressed up in the black shorts from the home kit. The German team next resumed the use of a green shirt on its away kit, but then changed again to red-and-black striped shirts with white stripes and letters and black shorts.Adidas AG is the longstanding kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1954 and is contracted to continue until at least 2022. In the 70s, Germany wore Erima kits (a German brand, formerly a subsidiary of Adidas).Germany plays its home matches among various stadiums, in rotation, around the country. They have played home matches in 43 different cities so far, including venues that were German at the time of the match, such as Vienna, Austria, which staged three games between 1938 and 1942.National team matches have been held most often (46 times) in the stadiums of Berlin, which was the venue of Germany's first home match (in 1908 against England). Other common host cities include Hamburg (34 matches), Stuttgart (32), Hanover (28) and Dortmund. Another notable location is Munich, which has hosted numerous notable matches throughout the history of German football, including the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final, which West Germany won against the Netherlands.Germany's qualifying and friendly matches are televised by privately owned RTL; Nations League by public broadcasters ARD and ZDF. World Cup & European Championships matches featuring the German national team are among the most-watched events in the history of television in Germany.Recent results and scheduled matches according to the DFB, UEFA and FIFA websites.The following 26 players were selected for the UEFA Euro 2020."Caps and goals correct as of 29 June 2021, after the match against England."The following players have also been called up to the Germany squad within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.Germany has won the World Cup four times, behind only Brazil (five titles). It has finished as runners-up four times. In terms of semi-final appearances, Germany leads with 13, two more than Brazil's 11, which had participated in two more tournaments. From 1954 to 2014 (16 tournament editions), Germany always reached at least the stage of the last eight teams, before being eliminated in the group stage in 2018. Germany has also qualified for every one of the 19 World Cups for which it has entered – it did not enter the inaugural competition in Uruguay of 1930 for economic reasons, and could not qualify for or compete in the post-war 1950 World Cup as the DFB was reinstated as a FIFA member only two months after this tournament. Germany also has the distinction of having an Elo football rating of 2196 following their victory in the 2014 World Cup, which was higher than any previous champion.Germany has also won the European Championship three times (Spain and France are the only other multiple-time winners with three and two titles respectively), and finished as runners-up three times as well. The Germans have qualified for every European Championship tournament except for the first European Championship they entered in 1968. For that tournament, Germany was in the only group of three teams and thus only played four qualifying games. The deciding game was a scoreless draw in Albania which gave Yugoslavia the edge, having won in their neighbour country. The team finished out of top eight only in two occasions, the tournaments of 2000 and 2004. In the other ten editions Germany participated in they reached nine times at least the semi-finals, an unparalleled record in Europe.See also East Germany and Saarland for the results of these separate German teams, and Austria for the team that was merged into the German team from 1938 to 1945.FIFA World CupUEFA European ChampionshipFIFA Confederations CupSource:
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[
"Jupp Derwall",
"Rudi Völler",
"Berti Vogts",
"Erich Ribbeck",
"Hansi Flick",
"Joachim Löw",
"Franz Beckenbauer",
"Jürgen Klinsmann",
"Otto Nerz",
"Sepp Herberger"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Germany national association football team in 1973-10-13?
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October 13, 1973
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{
"text": [
"Helmut Schön"
]
}
|
L2_Q43310_P286_2
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Erich Ribbeck is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Otto Nerz is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1936.
Franz Beckenbauer is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1990.
Hansi Flick is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Rudi Völler is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Helmut Schön is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1978.
Jürgen Klinsmann is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Joachim Löw is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2006 to Jul, 2021.
Jupp Derwall is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
Sepp Herberger is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
Berti Vogts is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1998.
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Germany national football teamThe Germany national football team ( or Die Mannschaft) represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany (named West Germany from 1949 to 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976.Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with a record 2,205 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas. Joachim Löw, the current head coach since 2006 and with the team since 2004 will step down after the UEFA Euro 2020 in 2021.On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five unofficial international matches between German and English selection teams, which all ended as large defeats for the German teams. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB), the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3.Julius Hirsch was the first Jewish player to represent the Germany national football team, which he joined in 1911. Hirsch scored four goals for Germany against the Netherlands in 1912, becoming the first German to score four goals in a single match.Gottfried Fuchs scored a world record 10 goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm on 1 July, becoming the top scorer of the tournament; his international record was not surpassed until 2001 when Australia's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in a 31–0 defeat of American Samoa. He was Jewish, and the German Football Association erased all references to him from their records between 1933 and 1945. As of 2016, he was still the top German scorer for one match.The first match after World War I in 1920, the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions, and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well. Germany's first championship title was even won in Switzerland in 1954.At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the "Breslau Elf" (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).After Austria became part of Germany in the "Anschluss" of March 1938, that country's national team – one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this "united" German team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris, France. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just two occasions the team failed to progress the group stage (the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament).During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942. National team games were then suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players were gathered together under coach Herberger as "Rote Jäger" through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.After World War II, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950. The DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states – West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland – entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers.The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, continued the DFB. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950.West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup.The Saarland, under French control between 1946 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. It sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the "Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR" (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup against Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, Germany lost 3–8. West Germany met the Hungarian "Mighty Magyars" again in the final. Hungary had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches. In an upset, West Germany won 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" ("Das Wunder von Bern").After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB made changes. Professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semi-final, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have fully crossed the line. Hurst then scored another goal giving England a 4–2 win.West Germany in the 1970 World Cup knocked England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, before they suffered a 4–3 extra-time loss in the semi-final against Italy. This match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called the "Game of the Century" in both Italy and Germany. West Germany claimed third by beating Uruguay 1–0. Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to victory at the European Championship at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.As hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final in Munich.Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. The East Germans won 1–0. The West Germans advanced to the final against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". The Dutch took the lead from a penalty. However, West Germany tied the match on a penalty by Paul Breitner, and won it with Gerd Müller's fine finish soon after.West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout 5–3. Since that loss, Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments.In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 3–2 to Austria. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany reached the final of the 1982 World Cup, though not without difficulties. They were upset 1–2 by Algeria in their first match, but advanced to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. In the semi-final against France, they tied the match 3–3 and won the penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.During this period, West Germany's Gerd Müller racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. (Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006; this was then further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals).After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semi-finals.At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina, played in the Italian capital of Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the first person to win the World Cup as both captain and coach.Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup, with the first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal. It took Germany 28 years to participate at the Olympics again in 2016, this time reaching the final and winning a silver medal. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany and West Germany were drawn together in UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 5. In November 1990, the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband integrated into the DFB, by which time the East German team had ceased operations, playing its last match on 12 September 1990. The unified German national team completed the European Championship qualifying group. The East German 1990–91 league continued, with a restructuring of German leagues in 1991–92. The first game with a unified German team was against Sweden on 10 October.After the 1990 World Cup, assistant Berti Vogts took over as the national team coach from the retiring Beckenbauer. In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to underdogs Denmark.In the 1994 World Cup, they were upset 1–2 in the quarterfinals by Bulgaria.Reunified Germany won its first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England in the semi-finals, and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final on a golden goal in extra time.However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were eliminated in the quarterfinals in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia, all goals being scored after defender Christian Wörns received a straight red card. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.In Euro 2000, the team went out in the first round, drawing with Romania, then suffering a 1–0 defeat to England and were routed 3–0 by Portugal (which fielded their backup players, having already advanced). Ribbeck resigned, and was replaced by Rudi Völler.Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers and not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team advanced through group play, and in the knockout stages they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea. Oliver Neuville scored two minutes from time against Paraguay and Michael Ballack scored both goals in the US and South Korea games, although he picked up a second yellow card against South Korea for a tactical foul and was suspended for the subsequent match. This set up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Germany lost 0–2 thanks to two Ronaldo goals. Nevertheless, German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament.Germany again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, drawing their first two matches and losing the third to the Czech Republic (who had fielded a second-string team). Völler resigned afterwards, and Jürgen Klinsmann was appointed head coach.Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. Klinsmann relieved goalkeeper Kahn of the captaincy and announced that Kahn and longtime backup Jens Lehmann would be competing for the position of starting goaltender, a decision that angered Kahn and Lehmann eventually won that contest. Expectations for the team were low, which was not helped by veteran defender Christian Wörns being dropped (after Wörns criticised Klinsmann for designating him only as a backup player on the squad), a choice roundly panned in Germany. Italy routed Germany 4–1 in a March exhibition game, and Klinsmann bore the brunt of the criticism as the team was ranked only 22nd in the world entering the 2006 FIFA World Cup.As World Cup hosts, Germany won all three group-stage matches to finish top of their group. The team defeated Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16.Germany faced Argentina in the quarter-finals. The match ended 1–1, and Germany won the penalty shootout 4–2.In the semi-final against Italy, the match was scoreless until near the end of extra time when Germany conceded two goals.In the third place match, Germany defeated Portugal 3–1.Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals.Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann resigned.At UEFA Euro 2008, Germany won two out of three matches in group play to advance to the knockout round.They defeated Portugal 3–2 in the quarterfinal,and won their semi-final against Turkey.Germany lost the final against Spain 0–1, finishing as the runners-up.At UEFA Euro 2000 in the Netherlands and Belgium, Germany's squad was still homogeneous. Apart from Brazilian striker Paulo Rink, there were only two players, Dariusz Wosz, born in Poland, and Mehmet Scholl, whose biological father came from Turkey, who had at least one foreign parent or were born abroad. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa - apart from striker Cacau, who also comes from Brazil and received German citizenship in 2009 - there were no less than ten players who were born abroad or had at least one foreign parent. Piotr Trochowski, Miroslav Klose and Lukas Podolski were born in Poland, Marko Marin was born in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the fathers of Jérôme Boateng and Dennis Aogo come from Africa (Ghana and Nigeria respectively), Sami Khedira's father is a Tunisian, Mario Gomez's father is from Spain and the parents of Serdar Tasci and Mesut Özil are originally from Turkey. In the 2010 World Cup, Germany won the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1. The game controversially had a valid goal by Frank Lampard disallowed.In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0, and Miroslav Klose tied German Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals.In the semi-final, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain. Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to take third place (their second third place after 2006).German Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player Award.In Euro 2012, Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark. Germany won all three group matches. Germany defeated Greece in the quarter-final and set a record of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Italy, 1–2.Germany finished first in their qualification group for the 2014 World Cup. The draw for the 2014 World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G, with Portugal, Ghana, and United States. They first faced Portugal in a match billed by some as the "team of all the talents against the team of The Talent (Cristiano Ronaldo)", routing the Portuguese 4–0 thanks to a hat-trick by Thomas Müller. In their match with Ghana, they led the game with Götze's second half goal, but then conceded two consecutive goals, then at the 71st minute Klose scored a goal to help Germany to draw 2–2 with Ghana. With that goal, Klose also nudged home his 15th World Cup goal to join former Brazil striker Ronaldo at the pinnacle of World Cup Finals scorers. They then went on to defeat the United States team 1–0, securing them a spot in the round of sixteen against Algeria.The round of sixteen knockout match against Algeria remained goalless after regulation time, resulting in extra time. In the 92nd minute, André Schürrle scored a goal from a Thomas Müller pass. Mesut Özil scored Germany's second goal in the 120th minute. Algeria managed to score one goal in injury time and the match ended 2–1. Germany secured a place in the quarter-final, where they would face France.In the quarter-final match against France, Mats Hummels scored in the 13th minute. Germany won the game 1–0 to advance to a record fourth consecutive semi-finals.The semi-final win (7–1) against Brazil was a major accomplishment. Germany scored four goals in just less than seven minutes and were 5–0 up against Brazil by the 30th minute with goals from Thomas Müller, Miroslav Klose, Sami Khedira and two from Toni Kroos. Klose's goal in the 23rd minute, his 16th World Cup goal, gave him sole possession of the record for most goals scored during World Cup Finals, dethroning former Brazil national Ronaldo.In the second half of the game, substitute André Schürrle scored twice for Germany to lead 7–0, the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany did, however, concede a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final as well as being the topic of the most tweets ever on Twitter about a certain subject when the previous social media record was smashed after Germany scored their fourth goal. Also, Germany's seven goals took their total tally in World Cup history to 223, surpassing Brazil's 221 goals to first place overall.The World Cup Final was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe.After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home, then suffered a 2–0 loss at Poland (the first in their history), a 1–1 draw against the Republic of Ireland, and a 4–0 win over Gibraltar. The year ended with an away 0–1 friendly win against Spain, the reigning European champions of 2008 and 2012.Troubles during qualifying for the 2016 European Championship continued, drawing at home, as well as losing away, to Ireland; the team also only narrowly defeated Scotland on two occasions, but handily won the return against Poland and both games against Gibraltar (who competed for the first time). Eventually, however, topping their group and qualifying for the tournament through a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 11 October 2015 (having won the first match against them).On 13 November 2015, the team was playing a friendly match against France in Paris when a series of terrorist attacks took place in the city, some in the direct vicinity of the Stade de France, where the game was held. For security reasons, the team needed to spend the night inside the stadium, accompanied by the French squad who stayed behind in an act of comradery. Four days later, on 17 November 2015, the German team was scheduled to face the Netherlands at Hanover's HDI-Arena, also in a friendly. After initial security reservations, the DFB decided to play the match on 15 November. However, after reports about a concrete threat to the stadium, the match was cancelled ninety minutes before kickoff.Germany began their preparations for Euro 2016 in March with friendlies against England and Italy. They gave up a 2–0 lead to England, and ended up losing 2–3. They bounced back in their match with Italy, however, winning by a score of 4–1. It was their first win against the Italians in 21 years.Germany began their campaign for a fourth European title with a 2–0 win against Ukraine on 12 June. Against Poland, Germany was held to a 0–0 draw but concluded Group C with a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland. In the Round of 16, Germany faced Slovakia and earned a comfortable 3–0 win. Germany then faced off against rivals Italy in the quarter-finals. Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany, before Leonardo Bonucci drew even after converting a penalty in the 78th minute. The score remained 1–1 after extra time and Germany beat Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout. It was the first time Germany had overcome Italy in a major tournament. In the semi-finals Germany played the host nation France. Germany's hopes of securing a fourth European championship were put on hold however as France ended Germany's run by eliminating them by a score of 0–2. It was France's first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.On 2 July 2017, Germany won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after a 1–0 win against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, it was their only FIFA Confederations Cup title.Despite winning all their qualifying matches and the Confederations Cup the previous year, Germany started their 2018 World Cup campaign with a defeat to Mexico. This was their first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 in their second game via an injury-time winner from Toni Kroos, but was subsequently eliminated following a 2–0 loss to South Korea, their first exit in the first round since 1938 and first ever in group stage since the format had been reintroduced in 1950.Following the World Cup, Germany's struggles continued into the UEFA Nations League. After a 0–0 draw at home against France, they lost 3–0 against the Netherlands and 1–2 in the rematch against France three days later; the latter result being their fourth loss in six competitive matches. These results meant that Germany could not advance to the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and faced the prospect of possible relegation to League B in the next Nations League.After the Netherlands' win against France, the relegation to League B was originally confirmed, but due to the overhaul of the format for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, Germany was spared from relegation to League B.In March 2021, the DFB announced that Löw would step down as Germany's manager after the team competes in UEFA Euro 2020. Later that month, Germany lost 1–2 at home to North Macedonia in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, their first World Cup qualification defeat since losing 5–1 to England in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers and only their third in history. On 25 May 2021, the DFB announced that former assistant manager Hansi Flick will replace Löw as head coach. Flick's first match will be against Liechtenstein in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers on 2 September 2021.The national team's home kit has always been a white shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The colours are derived from the 19th-century flag of the North German State of Prussia. Since 1988, many of the home kit's designs incorporate details patterned after the modern German flag. For the 2014 World Cup, the German team used white shorts rather than the traditional black due to FIFA's kit clashing rule for the tournament. The away shirt colour has changed several times. Historically, green shirt with white shorts is the most often used alternative colour combination, derived from the DFB colours – though it is often erroneously reported that the choice is in recognition of the fact that Ireland, whose home shirts are green, were the first nation to play Germany in a friendly game after World War II. However, the first team to play Germany after WWII, as stated above, was actually Switzerland. Other colours such as red, grey and black have also been used.A change from black to red came in 2005 on the request of Jürgen Klinsmann, but Germany played every game at the 2006 World Cup in its home white colours. In 2010, the away colours then changed back to a black shirt and white shorts, but at the tournament, the team dressed up in the black shorts from the home kit. The German team next resumed the use of a green shirt on its away kit, but then changed again to red-and-black striped shirts with white stripes and letters and black shorts.Adidas AG is the longstanding kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1954 and is contracted to continue until at least 2022. In the 70s, Germany wore Erima kits (a German brand, formerly a subsidiary of Adidas).Germany plays its home matches among various stadiums, in rotation, around the country. They have played home matches in 43 different cities so far, including venues that were German at the time of the match, such as Vienna, Austria, which staged three games between 1938 and 1942.National team matches have been held most often (46 times) in the stadiums of Berlin, which was the venue of Germany's first home match (in 1908 against England). Other common host cities include Hamburg (34 matches), Stuttgart (32), Hanover (28) and Dortmund. Another notable location is Munich, which has hosted numerous notable matches throughout the history of German football, including the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final, which West Germany won against the Netherlands.Germany's qualifying and friendly matches are televised by privately owned RTL; Nations League by public broadcasters ARD and ZDF. World Cup & European Championships matches featuring the German national team are among the most-watched events in the history of television in Germany.Recent results and scheduled matches according to the DFB, UEFA and FIFA websites.The following 26 players were selected for the UEFA Euro 2020."Caps and goals correct as of 29 June 2021, after the match against England."The following players have also been called up to the Germany squad within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.Germany has won the World Cup four times, behind only Brazil (five titles). It has finished as runners-up four times. In terms of semi-final appearances, Germany leads with 13, two more than Brazil's 11, which had participated in two more tournaments. From 1954 to 2014 (16 tournament editions), Germany always reached at least the stage of the last eight teams, before being eliminated in the group stage in 2018. Germany has also qualified for every one of the 19 World Cups for which it has entered – it did not enter the inaugural competition in Uruguay of 1930 for economic reasons, and could not qualify for or compete in the post-war 1950 World Cup as the DFB was reinstated as a FIFA member only two months after this tournament. Germany also has the distinction of having an Elo football rating of 2196 following their victory in the 2014 World Cup, which was higher than any previous champion.Germany has also won the European Championship three times (Spain and France are the only other multiple-time winners with three and two titles respectively), and finished as runners-up three times as well. The Germans have qualified for every European Championship tournament except for the first European Championship they entered in 1968. For that tournament, Germany was in the only group of three teams and thus only played four qualifying games. The deciding game was a scoreless draw in Albania which gave Yugoslavia the edge, having won in their neighbour country. The team finished out of top eight only in two occasions, the tournaments of 2000 and 2004. In the other ten editions Germany participated in they reached nine times at least the semi-finals, an unparalleled record in Europe.See also East Germany and Saarland for the results of these separate German teams, and Austria for the team that was merged into the German team from 1938 to 1945.FIFA World CupUEFA European ChampionshipFIFA Confederations CupSource:
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[
"Jupp Derwall",
"Rudi Völler",
"Berti Vogts",
"Erich Ribbeck",
"Hansi Flick",
"Joachim Löw",
"Franz Beckenbauer",
"Jürgen Klinsmann",
"Otto Nerz",
"Sepp Herberger"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Germany national association football team in 13/10/1973?
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October 13, 1973
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{
"text": [
"Helmut Schön"
]
}
|
L2_Q43310_P286_2
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Erich Ribbeck is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Otto Nerz is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1936.
Franz Beckenbauer is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1990.
Hansi Flick is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Rudi Völler is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Helmut Schön is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1978.
Jürgen Klinsmann is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Joachim Löw is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2006 to Jul, 2021.
Jupp Derwall is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
Sepp Herberger is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
Berti Vogts is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1998.
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Germany national football teamThe Germany national football team ( or Die Mannschaft) represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany (named West Germany from 1949 to 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976.Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with a record 2,205 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas. Joachim Löw, the current head coach since 2006 and with the team since 2004 will step down after the UEFA Euro 2020 in 2021.On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five unofficial international matches between German and English selection teams, which all ended as large defeats for the German teams. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB), the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3.Julius Hirsch was the first Jewish player to represent the Germany national football team, which he joined in 1911. Hirsch scored four goals for Germany against the Netherlands in 1912, becoming the first German to score four goals in a single match.Gottfried Fuchs scored a world record 10 goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm on 1 July, becoming the top scorer of the tournament; his international record was not surpassed until 2001 when Australia's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in a 31–0 defeat of American Samoa. He was Jewish, and the German Football Association erased all references to him from their records between 1933 and 1945. As of 2016, he was still the top German scorer for one match.The first match after World War I in 1920, the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions, and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well. Germany's first championship title was even won in Switzerland in 1954.At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the "Breslau Elf" (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).After Austria became part of Germany in the "Anschluss" of March 1938, that country's national team – one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this "united" German team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris, France. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just two occasions the team failed to progress the group stage (the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament).During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942. National team games were then suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players were gathered together under coach Herberger as "Rote Jäger" through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.After World War II, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950. The DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states – West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland – entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers.The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, continued the DFB. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950.West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup.The Saarland, under French control between 1946 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. It sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the "Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR" (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup against Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, Germany lost 3–8. West Germany met the Hungarian "Mighty Magyars" again in the final. Hungary had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches. In an upset, West Germany won 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" ("Das Wunder von Bern").After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB made changes. Professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semi-final, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have fully crossed the line. Hurst then scored another goal giving England a 4–2 win.West Germany in the 1970 World Cup knocked England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, before they suffered a 4–3 extra-time loss in the semi-final against Italy. This match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called the "Game of the Century" in both Italy and Germany. West Germany claimed third by beating Uruguay 1–0. Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to victory at the European Championship at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.As hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final in Munich.Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. The East Germans won 1–0. The West Germans advanced to the final against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". The Dutch took the lead from a penalty. However, West Germany tied the match on a penalty by Paul Breitner, and won it with Gerd Müller's fine finish soon after.West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout 5–3. Since that loss, Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments.In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 3–2 to Austria. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany reached the final of the 1982 World Cup, though not without difficulties. They were upset 1–2 by Algeria in their first match, but advanced to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. In the semi-final against France, they tied the match 3–3 and won the penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.During this period, West Germany's Gerd Müller racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. (Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006; this was then further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals).After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semi-finals.At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina, played in the Italian capital of Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the first person to win the World Cup as both captain and coach.Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup, with the first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal. It took Germany 28 years to participate at the Olympics again in 2016, this time reaching the final and winning a silver medal. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany and West Germany were drawn together in UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 5. In November 1990, the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband integrated into the DFB, by which time the East German team had ceased operations, playing its last match on 12 September 1990. The unified German national team completed the European Championship qualifying group. The East German 1990–91 league continued, with a restructuring of German leagues in 1991–92. The first game with a unified German team was against Sweden on 10 October.After the 1990 World Cup, assistant Berti Vogts took over as the national team coach from the retiring Beckenbauer. In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to underdogs Denmark.In the 1994 World Cup, they were upset 1–2 in the quarterfinals by Bulgaria.Reunified Germany won its first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England in the semi-finals, and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final on a golden goal in extra time.However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were eliminated in the quarterfinals in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia, all goals being scored after defender Christian Wörns received a straight red card. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.In Euro 2000, the team went out in the first round, drawing with Romania, then suffering a 1–0 defeat to England and were routed 3–0 by Portugal (which fielded their backup players, having already advanced). Ribbeck resigned, and was replaced by Rudi Völler.Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers and not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team advanced through group play, and in the knockout stages they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea. Oliver Neuville scored two minutes from time against Paraguay and Michael Ballack scored both goals in the US and South Korea games, although he picked up a second yellow card against South Korea for a tactical foul and was suspended for the subsequent match. This set up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Germany lost 0–2 thanks to two Ronaldo goals. Nevertheless, German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament.Germany again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, drawing their first two matches and losing the third to the Czech Republic (who had fielded a second-string team). Völler resigned afterwards, and Jürgen Klinsmann was appointed head coach.Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. Klinsmann relieved goalkeeper Kahn of the captaincy and announced that Kahn and longtime backup Jens Lehmann would be competing for the position of starting goaltender, a decision that angered Kahn and Lehmann eventually won that contest. Expectations for the team were low, which was not helped by veteran defender Christian Wörns being dropped (after Wörns criticised Klinsmann for designating him only as a backup player on the squad), a choice roundly panned in Germany. Italy routed Germany 4–1 in a March exhibition game, and Klinsmann bore the brunt of the criticism as the team was ranked only 22nd in the world entering the 2006 FIFA World Cup.As World Cup hosts, Germany won all three group-stage matches to finish top of their group. The team defeated Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16.Germany faced Argentina in the quarter-finals. The match ended 1–1, and Germany won the penalty shootout 4–2.In the semi-final against Italy, the match was scoreless until near the end of extra time when Germany conceded two goals.In the third place match, Germany defeated Portugal 3–1.Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals.Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann resigned.At UEFA Euro 2008, Germany won two out of three matches in group play to advance to the knockout round.They defeated Portugal 3–2 in the quarterfinal,and won their semi-final against Turkey.Germany lost the final against Spain 0–1, finishing as the runners-up.At UEFA Euro 2000 in the Netherlands and Belgium, Germany's squad was still homogeneous. Apart from Brazilian striker Paulo Rink, there were only two players, Dariusz Wosz, born in Poland, and Mehmet Scholl, whose biological father came from Turkey, who had at least one foreign parent or were born abroad. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa - apart from striker Cacau, who also comes from Brazil and received German citizenship in 2009 - there were no less than ten players who were born abroad or had at least one foreign parent. Piotr Trochowski, Miroslav Klose and Lukas Podolski were born in Poland, Marko Marin was born in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the fathers of Jérôme Boateng and Dennis Aogo come from Africa (Ghana and Nigeria respectively), Sami Khedira's father is a Tunisian, Mario Gomez's father is from Spain and the parents of Serdar Tasci and Mesut Özil are originally from Turkey. In the 2010 World Cup, Germany won the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1. The game controversially had a valid goal by Frank Lampard disallowed.In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0, and Miroslav Klose tied German Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals.In the semi-final, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain. Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to take third place (their second third place after 2006).German Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player Award.In Euro 2012, Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark. Germany won all three group matches. Germany defeated Greece in the quarter-final and set a record of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Italy, 1–2.Germany finished first in their qualification group for the 2014 World Cup. The draw for the 2014 World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G, with Portugal, Ghana, and United States. They first faced Portugal in a match billed by some as the "team of all the talents against the team of The Talent (Cristiano Ronaldo)", routing the Portuguese 4–0 thanks to a hat-trick by Thomas Müller. In their match with Ghana, they led the game with Götze's second half goal, but then conceded two consecutive goals, then at the 71st minute Klose scored a goal to help Germany to draw 2–2 with Ghana. With that goal, Klose also nudged home his 15th World Cup goal to join former Brazil striker Ronaldo at the pinnacle of World Cup Finals scorers. They then went on to defeat the United States team 1–0, securing them a spot in the round of sixteen against Algeria.The round of sixteen knockout match against Algeria remained goalless after regulation time, resulting in extra time. In the 92nd minute, André Schürrle scored a goal from a Thomas Müller pass. Mesut Özil scored Germany's second goal in the 120th minute. Algeria managed to score one goal in injury time and the match ended 2–1. Germany secured a place in the quarter-final, where they would face France.In the quarter-final match against France, Mats Hummels scored in the 13th minute. Germany won the game 1–0 to advance to a record fourth consecutive semi-finals.The semi-final win (7–1) against Brazil was a major accomplishment. Germany scored four goals in just less than seven minutes and were 5–0 up against Brazil by the 30th minute with goals from Thomas Müller, Miroslav Klose, Sami Khedira and two from Toni Kroos. Klose's goal in the 23rd minute, his 16th World Cup goal, gave him sole possession of the record for most goals scored during World Cup Finals, dethroning former Brazil national Ronaldo.In the second half of the game, substitute André Schürrle scored twice for Germany to lead 7–0, the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany did, however, concede a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final as well as being the topic of the most tweets ever on Twitter about a certain subject when the previous social media record was smashed after Germany scored their fourth goal. Also, Germany's seven goals took their total tally in World Cup history to 223, surpassing Brazil's 221 goals to first place overall.The World Cup Final was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe.After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home, then suffered a 2–0 loss at Poland (the first in their history), a 1–1 draw against the Republic of Ireland, and a 4–0 win over Gibraltar. The year ended with an away 0–1 friendly win against Spain, the reigning European champions of 2008 and 2012.Troubles during qualifying for the 2016 European Championship continued, drawing at home, as well as losing away, to Ireland; the team also only narrowly defeated Scotland on two occasions, but handily won the return against Poland and both games against Gibraltar (who competed for the first time). Eventually, however, topping their group and qualifying for the tournament through a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 11 October 2015 (having won the first match against them).On 13 November 2015, the team was playing a friendly match against France in Paris when a series of terrorist attacks took place in the city, some in the direct vicinity of the Stade de France, where the game was held. For security reasons, the team needed to spend the night inside the stadium, accompanied by the French squad who stayed behind in an act of comradery. Four days later, on 17 November 2015, the German team was scheduled to face the Netherlands at Hanover's HDI-Arena, also in a friendly. After initial security reservations, the DFB decided to play the match on 15 November. However, after reports about a concrete threat to the stadium, the match was cancelled ninety minutes before kickoff.Germany began their preparations for Euro 2016 in March with friendlies against England and Italy. They gave up a 2–0 lead to England, and ended up losing 2–3. They bounced back in their match with Italy, however, winning by a score of 4–1. It was their first win against the Italians in 21 years.Germany began their campaign for a fourth European title with a 2–0 win against Ukraine on 12 June. Against Poland, Germany was held to a 0–0 draw but concluded Group C with a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland. In the Round of 16, Germany faced Slovakia and earned a comfortable 3–0 win. Germany then faced off against rivals Italy in the quarter-finals. Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany, before Leonardo Bonucci drew even after converting a penalty in the 78th minute. The score remained 1–1 after extra time and Germany beat Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout. It was the first time Germany had overcome Italy in a major tournament. In the semi-finals Germany played the host nation France. Germany's hopes of securing a fourth European championship were put on hold however as France ended Germany's run by eliminating them by a score of 0–2. It was France's first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.On 2 July 2017, Germany won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after a 1–0 win against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, it was their only FIFA Confederations Cup title.Despite winning all their qualifying matches and the Confederations Cup the previous year, Germany started their 2018 World Cup campaign with a defeat to Mexico. This was their first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 in their second game via an injury-time winner from Toni Kroos, but was subsequently eliminated following a 2–0 loss to South Korea, their first exit in the first round since 1938 and first ever in group stage since the format had been reintroduced in 1950.Following the World Cup, Germany's struggles continued into the UEFA Nations League. After a 0–0 draw at home against France, they lost 3–0 against the Netherlands and 1–2 in the rematch against France three days later; the latter result being their fourth loss in six competitive matches. These results meant that Germany could not advance to the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and faced the prospect of possible relegation to League B in the next Nations League.After the Netherlands' win against France, the relegation to League B was originally confirmed, but due to the overhaul of the format for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, Germany was spared from relegation to League B.In March 2021, the DFB announced that Löw would step down as Germany's manager after the team competes in UEFA Euro 2020. Later that month, Germany lost 1–2 at home to North Macedonia in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, their first World Cup qualification defeat since losing 5–1 to England in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers and only their third in history. On 25 May 2021, the DFB announced that former assistant manager Hansi Flick will replace Löw as head coach. Flick's first match will be against Liechtenstein in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers on 2 September 2021.The national team's home kit has always been a white shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The colours are derived from the 19th-century flag of the North German State of Prussia. Since 1988, many of the home kit's designs incorporate details patterned after the modern German flag. For the 2014 World Cup, the German team used white shorts rather than the traditional black due to FIFA's kit clashing rule for the tournament. The away shirt colour has changed several times. Historically, green shirt with white shorts is the most often used alternative colour combination, derived from the DFB colours – though it is often erroneously reported that the choice is in recognition of the fact that Ireland, whose home shirts are green, were the first nation to play Germany in a friendly game after World War II. However, the first team to play Germany after WWII, as stated above, was actually Switzerland. Other colours such as red, grey and black have also been used.A change from black to red came in 2005 on the request of Jürgen Klinsmann, but Germany played every game at the 2006 World Cup in its home white colours. In 2010, the away colours then changed back to a black shirt and white shorts, but at the tournament, the team dressed up in the black shorts from the home kit. The German team next resumed the use of a green shirt on its away kit, but then changed again to red-and-black striped shirts with white stripes and letters and black shorts.Adidas AG is the longstanding kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1954 and is contracted to continue until at least 2022. In the 70s, Germany wore Erima kits (a German brand, formerly a subsidiary of Adidas).Germany plays its home matches among various stadiums, in rotation, around the country. They have played home matches in 43 different cities so far, including venues that were German at the time of the match, such as Vienna, Austria, which staged three games between 1938 and 1942.National team matches have been held most often (46 times) in the stadiums of Berlin, which was the venue of Germany's first home match (in 1908 against England). Other common host cities include Hamburg (34 matches), Stuttgart (32), Hanover (28) and Dortmund. Another notable location is Munich, which has hosted numerous notable matches throughout the history of German football, including the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final, which West Germany won against the Netherlands.Germany's qualifying and friendly matches are televised by privately owned RTL; Nations League by public broadcasters ARD and ZDF. World Cup & European Championships matches featuring the German national team are among the most-watched events in the history of television in Germany.Recent results and scheduled matches according to the DFB, UEFA and FIFA websites.The following 26 players were selected for the UEFA Euro 2020."Caps and goals correct as of 29 June 2021, after the match against England."The following players have also been called up to the Germany squad within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.Germany has won the World Cup four times, behind only Brazil (five titles). It has finished as runners-up four times. In terms of semi-final appearances, Germany leads with 13, two more than Brazil's 11, which had participated in two more tournaments. From 1954 to 2014 (16 tournament editions), Germany always reached at least the stage of the last eight teams, before being eliminated in the group stage in 2018. Germany has also qualified for every one of the 19 World Cups for which it has entered – it did not enter the inaugural competition in Uruguay of 1930 for economic reasons, and could not qualify for or compete in the post-war 1950 World Cup as the DFB was reinstated as a FIFA member only two months after this tournament. Germany also has the distinction of having an Elo football rating of 2196 following their victory in the 2014 World Cup, which was higher than any previous champion.Germany has also won the European Championship three times (Spain and France are the only other multiple-time winners with three and two titles respectively), and finished as runners-up three times as well. The Germans have qualified for every European Championship tournament except for the first European Championship they entered in 1968. For that tournament, Germany was in the only group of three teams and thus only played four qualifying games. The deciding game was a scoreless draw in Albania which gave Yugoslavia the edge, having won in their neighbour country. The team finished out of top eight only in two occasions, the tournaments of 2000 and 2004. In the other ten editions Germany participated in they reached nine times at least the semi-finals, an unparalleled record in Europe.See also East Germany and Saarland for the results of these separate German teams, and Austria for the team that was merged into the German team from 1938 to 1945.FIFA World CupUEFA European ChampionshipFIFA Confederations CupSource:
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[
"Jupp Derwall",
"Rudi Völler",
"Berti Vogts",
"Erich Ribbeck",
"Hansi Flick",
"Joachim Löw",
"Franz Beckenbauer",
"Jürgen Klinsmann",
"Otto Nerz",
"Sepp Herberger"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Germany national association football team in Oct 13, 1973?
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October 13, 1973
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{
"text": [
"Helmut Schön"
]
}
|
L2_Q43310_P286_2
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Erich Ribbeck is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Otto Nerz is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1936.
Franz Beckenbauer is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1990.
Hansi Flick is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Rudi Völler is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Helmut Schön is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1978.
Jürgen Klinsmann is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Joachim Löw is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2006 to Jul, 2021.
Jupp Derwall is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
Sepp Herberger is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
Berti Vogts is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1998.
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Germany national football teamThe Germany national football team ( or Die Mannschaft) represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany (named West Germany from 1949 to 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976.Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with a record 2,205 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas. Joachim Löw, the current head coach since 2006 and with the team since 2004 will step down after the UEFA Euro 2020 in 2021.On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five unofficial international matches between German and English selection teams, which all ended as large defeats for the German teams. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB), the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3.Julius Hirsch was the first Jewish player to represent the Germany national football team, which he joined in 1911. Hirsch scored four goals for Germany against the Netherlands in 1912, becoming the first German to score four goals in a single match.Gottfried Fuchs scored a world record 10 goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm on 1 July, becoming the top scorer of the tournament; his international record was not surpassed until 2001 when Australia's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in a 31–0 defeat of American Samoa. He was Jewish, and the German Football Association erased all references to him from their records between 1933 and 1945. As of 2016, he was still the top German scorer for one match.The first match after World War I in 1920, the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions, and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well. Germany's first championship title was even won in Switzerland in 1954.At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the "Breslau Elf" (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).After Austria became part of Germany in the "Anschluss" of March 1938, that country's national team – one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this "united" German team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris, France. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just two occasions the team failed to progress the group stage (the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament).During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942. National team games were then suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players were gathered together under coach Herberger as "Rote Jäger" through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.After World War II, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950. The DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states – West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland – entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers.The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, continued the DFB. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950.West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup.The Saarland, under French control between 1946 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. It sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the "Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR" (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup against Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, Germany lost 3–8. West Germany met the Hungarian "Mighty Magyars" again in the final. Hungary had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches. In an upset, West Germany won 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" ("Das Wunder von Bern").After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB made changes. Professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semi-final, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have fully crossed the line. Hurst then scored another goal giving England a 4–2 win.West Germany in the 1970 World Cup knocked England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, before they suffered a 4–3 extra-time loss in the semi-final against Italy. This match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called the "Game of the Century" in both Italy and Germany. West Germany claimed third by beating Uruguay 1–0. Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to victory at the European Championship at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.As hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final in Munich.Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. The East Germans won 1–0. The West Germans advanced to the final against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". The Dutch took the lead from a penalty. However, West Germany tied the match on a penalty by Paul Breitner, and won it with Gerd Müller's fine finish soon after.West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout 5–3. Since that loss, Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments.In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 3–2 to Austria. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany reached the final of the 1982 World Cup, though not without difficulties. They were upset 1–2 by Algeria in their first match, but advanced to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. In the semi-final against France, they tied the match 3–3 and won the penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.During this period, West Germany's Gerd Müller racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. (Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006; this was then further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals).After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semi-finals.At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina, played in the Italian capital of Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the first person to win the World Cup as both captain and coach.Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup, with the first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal. It took Germany 28 years to participate at the Olympics again in 2016, this time reaching the final and winning a silver medal. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany and West Germany were drawn together in UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 5. In November 1990, the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband integrated into the DFB, by which time the East German team had ceased operations, playing its last match on 12 September 1990. The unified German national team completed the European Championship qualifying group. The East German 1990–91 league continued, with a restructuring of German leagues in 1991–92. The first game with a unified German team was against Sweden on 10 October.After the 1990 World Cup, assistant Berti Vogts took over as the national team coach from the retiring Beckenbauer. In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to underdogs Denmark.In the 1994 World Cup, they were upset 1–2 in the quarterfinals by Bulgaria.Reunified Germany won its first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England in the semi-finals, and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final on a golden goal in extra time.However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were eliminated in the quarterfinals in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia, all goals being scored after defender Christian Wörns received a straight red card. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.In Euro 2000, the team went out in the first round, drawing with Romania, then suffering a 1–0 defeat to England and were routed 3–0 by Portugal (which fielded their backup players, having already advanced). Ribbeck resigned, and was replaced by Rudi Völler.Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers and not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team advanced through group play, and in the knockout stages they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea. Oliver Neuville scored two minutes from time against Paraguay and Michael Ballack scored both goals in the US and South Korea games, although he picked up a second yellow card against South Korea for a tactical foul and was suspended for the subsequent match. This set up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Germany lost 0–2 thanks to two Ronaldo goals. Nevertheless, German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament.Germany again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, drawing their first two matches and losing the third to the Czech Republic (who had fielded a second-string team). Völler resigned afterwards, and Jürgen Klinsmann was appointed head coach.Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. Klinsmann relieved goalkeeper Kahn of the captaincy and announced that Kahn and longtime backup Jens Lehmann would be competing for the position of starting goaltender, a decision that angered Kahn and Lehmann eventually won that contest. Expectations for the team were low, which was not helped by veteran defender Christian Wörns being dropped (after Wörns criticised Klinsmann for designating him only as a backup player on the squad), a choice roundly panned in Germany. Italy routed Germany 4–1 in a March exhibition game, and Klinsmann bore the brunt of the criticism as the team was ranked only 22nd in the world entering the 2006 FIFA World Cup.As World Cup hosts, Germany won all three group-stage matches to finish top of their group. The team defeated Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16.Germany faced Argentina in the quarter-finals. The match ended 1–1, and Germany won the penalty shootout 4–2.In the semi-final against Italy, the match was scoreless until near the end of extra time when Germany conceded two goals.In the third place match, Germany defeated Portugal 3–1.Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals.Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann resigned.At UEFA Euro 2008, Germany won two out of three matches in group play to advance to the knockout round.They defeated Portugal 3–2 in the quarterfinal,and won their semi-final against Turkey.Germany lost the final against Spain 0–1, finishing as the runners-up.At UEFA Euro 2000 in the Netherlands and Belgium, Germany's squad was still homogeneous. Apart from Brazilian striker Paulo Rink, there were only two players, Dariusz Wosz, born in Poland, and Mehmet Scholl, whose biological father came from Turkey, who had at least one foreign parent or were born abroad. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa - apart from striker Cacau, who also comes from Brazil and received German citizenship in 2009 - there were no less than ten players who were born abroad or had at least one foreign parent. Piotr Trochowski, Miroslav Klose and Lukas Podolski were born in Poland, Marko Marin was born in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the fathers of Jérôme Boateng and Dennis Aogo come from Africa (Ghana and Nigeria respectively), Sami Khedira's father is a Tunisian, Mario Gomez's father is from Spain and the parents of Serdar Tasci and Mesut Özil are originally from Turkey. In the 2010 World Cup, Germany won the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1. The game controversially had a valid goal by Frank Lampard disallowed.In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0, and Miroslav Klose tied German Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals.In the semi-final, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain. Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to take third place (their second third place after 2006).German Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player Award.In Euro 2012, Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark. Germany won all three group matches. Germany defeated Greece in the quarter-final and set a record of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Italy, 1–2.Germany finished first in their qualification group for the 2014 World Cup. The draw for the 2014 World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G, with Portugal, Ghana, and United States. They first faced Portugal in a match billed by some as the "team of all the talents against the team of The Talent (Cristiano Ronaldo)", routing the Portuguese 4–0 thanks to a hat-trick by Thomas Müller. In their match with Ghana, they led the game with Götze's second half goal, but then conceded two consecutive goals, then at the 71st minute Klose scored a goal to help Germany to draw 2–2 with Ghana. With that goal, Klose also nudged home his 15th World Cup goal to join former Brazil striker Ronaldo at the pinnacle of World Cup Finals scorers. They then went on to defeat the United States team 1–0, securing them a spot in the round of sixteen against Algeria.The round of sixteen knockout match against Algeria remained goalless after regulation time, resulting in extra time. In the 92nd minute, André Schürrle scored a goal from a Thomas Müller pass. Mesut Özil scored Germany's second goal in the 120th minute. Algeria managed to score one goal in injury time and the match ended 2–1. Germany secured a place in the quarter-final, where they would face France.In the quarter-final match against France, Mats Hummels scored in the 13th minute. Germany won the game 1–0 to advance to a record fourth consecutive semi-finals.The semi-final win (7–1) against Brazil was a major accomplishment. Germany scored four goals in just less than seven minutes and were 5–0 up against Brazil by the 30th minute with goals from Thomas Müller, Miroslav Klose, Sami Khedira and two from Toni Kroos. Klose's goal in the 23rd minute, his 16th World Cup goal, gave him sole possession of the record for most goals scored during World Cup Finals, dethroning former Brazil national Ronaldo.In the second half of the game, substitute André Schürrle scored twice for Germany to lead 7–0, the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany did, however, concede a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final as well as being the topic of the most tweets ever on Twitter about a certain subject when the previous social media record was smashed after Germany scored their fourth goal. Also, Germany's seven goals took their total tally in World Cup history to 223, surpassing Brazil's 221 goals to first place overall.The World Cup Final was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe.After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home, then suffered a 2–0 loss at Poland (the first in their history), a 1–1 draw against the Republic of Ireland, and a 4–0 win over Gibraltar. The year ended with an away 0–1 friendly win against Spain, the reigning European champions of 2008 and 2012.Troubles during qualifying for the 2016 European Championship continued, drawing at home, as well as losing away, to Ireland; the team also only narrowly defeated Scotland on two occasions, but handily won the return against Poland and both games against Gibraltar (who competed for the first time). Eventually, however, topping their group and qualifying for the tournament through a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 11 October 2015 (having won the first match against them).On 13 November 2015, the team was playing a friendly match against France in Paris when a series of terrorist attacks took place in the city, some in the direct vicinity of the Stade de France, where the game was held. For security reasons, the team needed to spend the night inside the stadium, accompanied by the French squad who stayed behind in an act of comradery. Four days later, on 17 November 2015, the German team was scheduled to face the Netherlands at Hanover's HDI-Arena, also in a friendly. After initial security reservations, the DFB decided to play the match on 15 November. However, after reports about a concrete threat to the stadium, the match was cancelled ninety minutes before kickoff.Germany began their preparations for Euro 2016 in March with friendlies against England and Italy. They gave up a 2–0 lead to England, and ended up losing 2–3. They bounced back in their match with Italy, however, winning by a score of 4–1. It was their first win against the Italians in 21 years.Germany began their campaign for a fourth European title with a 2–0 win against Ukraine on 12 June. Against Poland, Germany was held to a 0–0 draw but concluded Group C with a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland. In the Round of 16, Germany faced Slovakia and earned a comfortable 3–0 win. Germany then faced off against rivals Italy in the quarter-finals. Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany, before Leonardo Bonucci drew even after converting a penalty in the 78th minute. The score remained 1–1 after extra time and Germany beat Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout. It was the first time Germany had overcome Italy in a major tournament. In the semi-finals Germany played the host nation France. Germany's hopes of securing a fourth European championship were put on hold however as France ended Germany's run by eliminating them by a score of 0–2. It was France's first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.On 2 July 2017, Germany won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after a 1–0 win against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, it was their only FIFA Confederations Cup title.Despite winning all their qualifying matches and the Confederations Cup the previous year, Germany started their 2018 World Cup campaign with a defeat to Mexico. This was their first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 in their second game via an injury-time winner from Toni Kroos, but was subsequently eliminated following a 2–0 loss to South Korea, their first exit in the first round since 1938 and first ever in group stage since the format had been reintroduced in 1950.Following the World Cup, Germany's struggles continued into the UEFA Nations League. After a 0–0 draw at home against France, they lost 3–0 against the Netherlands and 1–2 in the rematch against France three days later; the latter result being their fourth loss in six competitive matches. These results meant that Germany could not advance to the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and faced the prospect of possible relegation to League B in the next Nations League.After the Netherlands' win against France, the relegation to League B was originally confirmed, but due to the overhaul of the format for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, Germany was spared from relegation to League B.In March 2021, the DFB announced that Löw would step down as Germany's manager after the team competes in UEFA Euro 2020. Later that month, Germany lost 1–2 at home to North Macedonia in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, their first World Cup qualification defeat since losing 5–1 to England in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers and only their third in history. On 25 May 2021, the DFB announced that former assistant manager Hansi Flick will replace Löw as head coach. Flick's first match will be against Liechtenstein in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers on 2 September 2021.The national team's home kit has always been a white shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The colours are derived from the 19th-century flag of the North German State of Prussia. Since 1988, many of the home kit's designs incorporate details patterned after the modern German flag. For the 2014 World Cup, the German team used white shorts rather than the traditional black due to FIFA's kit clashing rule for the tournament. The away shirt colour has changed several times. Historically, green shirt with white shorts is the most often used alternative colour combination, derived from the DFB colours – though it is often erroneously reported that the choice is in recognition of the fact that Ireland, whose home shirts are green, were the first nation to play Germany in a friendly game after World War II. However, the first team to play Germany after WWII, as stated above, was actually Switzerland. Other colours such as red, grey and black have also been used.A change from black to red came in 2005 on the request of Jürgen Klinsmann, but Germany played every game at the 2006 World Cup in its home white colours. In 2010, the away colours then changed back to a black shirt and white shorts, but at the tournament, the team dressed up in the black shorts from the home kit. The German team next resumed the use of a green shirt on its away kit, but then changed again to red-and-black striped shirts with white stripes and letters and black shorts.Adidas AG is the longstanding kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1954 and is contracted to continue until at least 2022. In the 70s, Germany wore Erima kits (a German brand, formerly a subsidiary of Adidas).Germany plays its home matches among various stadiums, in rotation, around the country. They have played home matches in 43 different cities so far, including venues that were German at the time of the match, such as Vienna, Austria, which staged three games between 1938 and 1942.National team matches have been held most often (46 times) in the stadiums of Berlin, which was the venue of Germany's first home match (in 1908 against England). Other common host cities include Hamburg (34 matches), Stuttgart (32), Hanover (28) and Dortmund. Another notable location is Munich, which has hosted numerous notable matches throughout the history of German football, including the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final, which West Germany won against the Netherlands.Germany's qualifying and friendly matches are televised by privately owned RTL; Nations League by public broadcasters ARD and ZDF. World Cup & European Championships matches featuring the German national team are among the most-watched events in the history of television in Germany.Recent results and scheduled matches according to the DFB, UEFA and FIFA websites.The following 26 players were selected for the UEFA Euro 2020."Caps and goals correct as of 29 June 2021, after the match against England."The following players have also been called up to the Germany squad within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.Germany has won the World Cup four times, behind only Brazil (five titles). It has finished as runners-up four times. In terms of semi-final appearances, Germany leads with 13, two more than Brazil's 11, which had participated in two more tournaments. From 1954 to 2014 (16 tournament editions), Germany always reached at least the stage of the last eight teams, before being eliminated in the group stage in 2018. Germany has also qualified for every one of the 19 World Cups for which it has entered – it did not enter the inaugural competition in Uruguay of 1930 for economic reasons, and could not qualify for or compete in the post-war 1950 World Cup as the DFB was reinstated as a FIFA member only two months after this tournament. Germany also has the distinction of having an Elo football rating of 2196 following their victory in the 2014 World Cup, which was higher than any previous champion.Germany has also won the European Championship three times (Spain and France are the only other multiple-time winners with three and two titles respectively), and finished as runners-up three times as well. The Germans have qualified for every European Championship tournament except for the first European Championship they entered in 1968. For that tournament, Germany was in the only group of three teams and thus only played four qualifying games. The deciding game was a scoreless draw in Albania which gave Yugoslavia the edge, having won in their neighbour country. The team finished out of top eight only in two occasions, the tournaments of 2000 and 2004. In the other ten editions Germany participated in they reached nine times at least the semi-finals, an unparalleled record in Europe.See also East Germany and Saarland for the results of these separate German teams, and Austria for the team that was merged into the German team from 1938 to 1945.FIFA World CupUEFA European ChampionshipFIFA Confederations CupSource:
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[
"Jupp Derwall",
"Rudi Völler",
"Berti Vogts",
"Erich Ribbeck",
"Hansi Flick",
"Joachim Löw",
"Franz Beckenbauer",
"Jürgen Klinsmann",
"Otto Nerz",
"Sepp Herberger"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Germany national association football team in 10/13/1973?
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October 13, 1973
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{
"text": [
"Helmut Schön"
]
}
|
L2_Q43310_P286_2
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Erich Ribbeck is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Otto Nerz is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1936.
Franz Beckenbauer is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1990.
Hansi Flick is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Rudi Völler is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Helmut Schön is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1978.
Jürgen Klinsmann is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Joachim Löw is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2006 to Jul, 2021.
Jupp Derwall is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
Sepp Herberger is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
Berti Vogts is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1998.
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Germany national football teamThe Germany national football team ( or Die Mannschaft) represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany (named West Germany from 1949 to 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976.Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with a record 2,205 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas. Joachim Löw, the current head coach since 2006 and with the team since 2004 will step down after the UEFA Euro 2020 in 2021.On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five unofficial international matches between German and English selection teams, which all ended as large defeats for the German teams. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB), the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3.Julius Hirsch was the first Jewish player to represent the Germany national football team, which he joined in 1911. Hirsch scored four goals for Germany against the Netherlands in 1912, becoming the first German to score four goals in a single match.Gottfried Fuchs scored a world record 10 goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm on 1 July, becoming the top scorer of the tournament; his international record was not surpassed until 2001 when Australia's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in a 31–0 defeat of American Samoa. He was Jewish, and the German Football Association erased all references to him from their records between 1933 and 1945. As of 2016, he was still the top German scorer for one match.The first match after World War I in 1920, the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions, and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well. Germany's first championship title was even won in Switzerland in 1954.At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the "Breslau Elf" (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).After Austria became part of Germany in the "Anschluss" of March 1938, that country's national team – one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this "united" German team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris, France. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just two occasions the team failed to progress the group stage (the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament).During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942. National team games were then suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players were gathered together under coach Herberger as "Rote Jäger" through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.After World War II, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950. The DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states – West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland – entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers.The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, continued the DFB. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950.West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup.The Saarland, under French control between 1946 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. It sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the "Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR" (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup against Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, Germany lost 3–8. West Germany met the Hungarian "Mighty Magyars" again in the final. Hungary had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches. In an upset, West Germany won 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" ("Das Wunder von Bern").After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB made changes. Professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semi-final, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have fully crossed the line. Hurst then scored another goal giving England a 4–2 win.West Germany in the 1970 World Cup knocked England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, before they suffered a 4–3 extra-time loss in the semi-final against Italy. This match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called the "Game of the Century" in both Italy and Germany. West Germany claimed third by beating Uruguay 1–0. Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to victory at the European Championship at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.As hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final in Munich.Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. The East Germans won 1–0. The West Germans advanced to the final against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". The Dutch took the lead from a penalty. However, West Germany tied the match on a penalty by Paul Breitner, and won it with Gerd Müller's fine finish soon after.West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout 5–3. Since that loss, Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments.In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 3–2 to Austria. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany reached the final of the 1982 World Cup, though not without difficulties. They were upset 1–2 by Algeria in their first match, but advanced to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. In the semi-final against France, they tied the match 3–3 and won the penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.During this period, West Germany's Gerd Müller racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. (Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006; this was then further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals).After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semi-finals.At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina, played in the Italian capital of Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the first person to win the World Cup as both captain and coach.Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup, with the first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal. It took Germany 28 years to participate at the Olympics again in 2016, this time reaching the final and winning a silver medal. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany and West Germany were drawn together in UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 5. In November 1990, the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband integrated into the DFB, by which time the East German team had ceased operations, playing its last match on 12 September 1990. The unified German national team completed the European Championship qualifying group. The East German 1990–91 league continued, with a restructuring of German leagues in 1991–92. The first game with a unified German team was against Sweden on 10 October.After the 1990 World Cup, assistant Berti Vogts took over as the national team coach from the retiring Beckenbauer. In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to underdogs Denmark.In the 1994 World Cup, they were upset 1–2 in the quarterfinals by Bulgaria.Reunified Germany won its first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England in the semi-finals, and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final on a golden goal in extra time.However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were eliminated in the quarterfinals in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia, all goals being scored after defender Christian Wörns received a straight red card. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.In Euro 2000, the team went out in the first round, drawing with Romania, then suffering a 1–0 defeat to England and were routed 3–0 by Portugal (which fielded their backup players, having already advanced). Ribbeck resigned, and was replaced by Rudi Völler.Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers and not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team advanced through group play, and in the knockout stages they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea. Oliver Neuville scored two minutes from time against Paraguay and Michael Ballack scored both goals in the US and South Korea games, although he picked up a second yellow card against South Korea for a tactical foul and was suspended for the subsequent match. This set up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Germany lost 0–2 thanks to two Ronaldo goals. Nevertheless, German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament.Germany again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, drawing their first two matches and losing the third to the Czech Republic (who had fielded a second-string team). Völler resigned afterwards, and Jürgen Klinsmann was appointed head coach.Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. Klinsmann relieved goalkeeper Kahn of the captaincy and announced that Kahn and longtime backup Jens Lehmann would be competing for the position of starting goaltender, a decision that angered Kahn and Lehmann eventually won that contest. Expectations for the team were low, which was not helped by veteran defender Christian Wörns being dropped (after Wörns criticised Klinsmann for designating him only as a backup player on the squad), a choice roundly panned in Germany. Italy routed Germany 4–1 in a March exhibition game, and Klinsmann bore the brunt of the criticism as the team was ranked only 22nd in the world entering the 2006 FIFA World Cup.As World Cup hosts, Germany won all three group-stage matches to finish top of their group. The team defeated Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16.Germany faced Argentina in the quarter-finals. The match ended 1–1, and Germany won the penalty shootout 4–2.In the semi-final against Italy, the match was scoreless until near the end of extra time when Germany conceded two goals.In the third place match, Germany defeated Portugal 3–1.Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals.Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann resigned.At UEFA Euro 2008, Germany won two out of three matches in group play to advance to the knockout round.They defeated Portugal 3–2 in the quarterfinal,and won their semi-final against Turkey.Germany lost the final against Spain 0–1, finishing as the runners-up.At UEFA Euro 2000 in the Netherlands and Belgium, Germany's squad was still homogeneous. Apart from Brazilian striker Paulo Rink, there were only two players, Dariusz Wosz, born in Poland, and Mehmet Scholl, whose biological father came from Turkey, who had at least one foreign parent or were born abroad. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa - apart from striker Cacau, who also comes from Brazil and received German citizenship in 2009 - there were no less than ten players who were born abroad or had at least one foreign parent. Piotr Trochowski, Miroslav Klose and Lukas Podolski were born in Poland, Marko Marin was born in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the fathers of Jérôme Boateng and Dennis Aogo come from Africa (Ghana and Nigeria respectively), Sami Khedira's father is a Tunisian, Mario Gomez's father is from Spain and the parents of Serdar Tasci and Mesut Özil are originally from Turkey. In the 2010 World Cup, Germany won the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1. The game controversially had a valid goal by Frank Lampard disallowed.In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0, and Miroslav Klose tied German Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals.In the semi-final, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain. Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to take third place (their second third place after 2006).German Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player Award.In Euro 2012, Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark. Germany won all three group matches. Germany defeated Greece in the quarter-final and set a record of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Italy, 1–2.Germany finished first in their qualification group for the 2014 World Cup. The draw for the 2014 World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G, with Portugal, Ghana, and United States. They first faced Portugal in a match billed by some as the "team of all the talents against the team of The Talent (Cristiano Ronaldo)", routing the Portuguese 4–0 thanks to a hat-trick by Thomas Müller. In their match with Ghana, they led the game with Götze's second half goal, but then conceded two consecutive goals, then at the 71st minute Klose scored a goal to help Germany to draw 2–2 with Ghana. With that goal, Klose also nudged home his 15th World Cup goal to join former Brazil striker Ronaldo at the pinnacle of World Cup Finals scorers. They then went on to defeat the United States team 1–0, securing them a spot in the round of sixteen against Algeria.The round of sixteen knockout match against Algeria remained goalless after regulation time, resulting in extra time. In the 92nd minute, André Schürrle scored a goal from a Thomas Müller pass. Mesut Özil scored Germany's second goal in the 120th minute. Algeria managed to score one goal in injury time and the match ended 2–1. Germany secured a place in the quarter-final, where they would face France.In the quarter-final match against France, Mats Hummels scored in the 13th minute. Germany won the game 1–0 to advance to a record fourth consecutive semi-finals.The semi-final win (7–1) against Brazil was a major accomplishment. Germany scored four goals in just less than seven minutes and were 5–0 up against Brazil by the 30th minute with goals from Thomas Müller, Miroslav Klose, Sami Khedira and two from Toni Kroos. Klose's goal in the 23rd minute, his 16th World Cup goal, gave him sole possession of the record for most goals scored during World Cup Finals, dethroning former Brazil national Ronaldo.In the second half of the game, substitute André Schürrle scored twice for Germany to lead 7–0, the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany did, however, concede a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final as well as being the topic of the most tweets ever on Twitter about a certain subject when the previous social media record was smashed after Germany scored their fourth goal. Also, Germany's seven goals took their total tally in World Cup history to 223, surpassing Brazil's 221 goals to first place overall.The World Cup Final was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe.After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home, then suffered a 2–0 loss at Poland (the first in their history), a 1–1 draw against the Republic of Ireland, and a 4–0 win over Gibraltar. The year ended with an away 0–1 friendly win against Spain, the reigning European champions of 2008 and 2012.Troubles during qualifying for the 2016 European Championship continued, drawing at home, as well as losing away, to Ireland; the team also only narrowly defeated Scotland on two occasions, but handily won the return against Poland and both games against Gibraltar (who competed for the first time). Eventually, however, topping their group and qualifying for the tournament through a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 11 October 2015 (having won the first match against them).On 13 November 2015, the team was playing a friendly match against France in Paris when a series of terrorist attacks took place in the city, some in the direct vicinity of the Stade de France, where the game was held. For security reasons, the team needed to spend the night inside the stadium, accompanied by the French squad who stayed behind in an act of comradery. Four days later, on 17 November 2015, the German team was scheduled to face the Netherlands at Hanover's HDI-Arena, also in a friendly. After initial security reservations, the DFB decided to play the match on 15 November. However, after reports about a concrete threat to the stadium, the match was cancelled ninety minutes before kickoff.Germany began their preparations for Euro 2016 in March with friendlies against England and Italy. They gave up a 2–0 lead to England, and ended up losing 2–3. They bounced back in their match with Italy, however, winning by a score of 4–1. It was their first win against the Italians in 21 years.Germany began their campaign for a fourth European title with a 2–0 win against Ukraine on 12 June. Against Poland, Germany was held to a 0–0 draw but concluded Group C with a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland. In the Round of 16, Germany faced Slovakia and earned a comfortable 3–0 win. Germany then faced off against rivals Italy in the quarter-finals. Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany, before Leonardo Bonucci drew even after converting a penalty in the 78th minute. The score remained 1–1 after extra time and Germany beat Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout. It was the first time Germany had overcome Italy in a major tournament. In the semi-finals Germany played the host nation France. Germany's hopes of securing a fourth European championship were put on hold however as France ended Germany's run by eliminating them by a score of 0–2. It was France's first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.On 2 July 2017, Germany won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after a 1–0 win against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, it was their only FIFA Confederations Cup title.Despite winning all their qualifying matches and the Confederations Cup the previous year, Germany started their 2018 World Cup campaign with a defeat to Mexico. This was their first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 in their second game via an injury-time winner from Toni Kroos, but was subsequently eliminated following a 2–0 loss to South Korea, their first exit in the first round since 1938 and first ever in group stage since the format had been reintroduced in 1950.Following the World Cup, Germany's struggles continued into the UEFA Nations League. After a 0–0 draw at home against France, they lost 3–0 against the Netherlands and 1–2 in the rematch against France three days later; the latter result being their fourth loss in six competitive matches. These results meant that Germany could not advance to the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and faced the prospect of possible relegation to League B in the next Nations League.After the Netherlands' win against France, the relegation to League B was originally confirmed, but due to the overhaul of the format for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, Germany was spared from relegation to League B.In March 2021, the DFB announced that Löw would step down as Germany's manager after the team competes in UEFA Euro 2020. Later that month, Germany lost 1–2 at home to North Macedonia in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, their first World Cup qualification defeat since losing 5–1 to England in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers and only their third in history. On 25 May 2021, the DFB announced that former assistant manager Hansi Flick will replace Löw as head coach. Flick's first match will be against Liechtenstein in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers on 2 September 2021.The national team's home kit has always been a white shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The colours are derived from the 19th-century flag of the North German State of Prussia. Since 1988, many of the home kit's designs incorporate details patterned after the modern German flag. For the 2014 World Cup, the German team used white shorts rather than the traditional black due to FIFA's kit clashing rule for the tournament. The away shirt colour has changed several times. Historically, green shirt with white shorts is the most often used alternative colour combination, derived from the DFB colours – though it is often erroneously reported that the choice is in recognition of the fact that Ireland, whose home shirts are green, were the first nation to play Germany in a friendly game after World War II. However, the first team to play Germany after WWII, as stated above, was actually Switzerland. Other colours such as red, grey and black have also been used.A change from black to red came in 2005 on the request of Jürgen Klinsmann, but Germany played every game at the 2006 World Cup in its home white colours. In 2010, the away colours then changed back to a black shirt and white shorts, but at the tournament, the team dressed up in the black shorts from the home kit. The German team next resumed the use of a green shirt on its away kit, but then changed again to red-and-black striped shirts with white stripes and letters and black shorts.Adidas AG is the longstanding kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1954 and is contracted to continue until at least 2022. In the 70s, Germany wore Erima kits (a German brand, formerly a subsidiary of Adidas).Germany plays its home matches among various stadiums, in rotation, around the country. They have played home matches in 43 different cities so far, including venues that were German at the time of the match, such as Vienna, Austria, which staged three games between 1938 and 1942.National team matches have been held most often (46 times) in the stadiums of Berlin, which was the venue of Germany's first home match (in 1908 against England). Other common host cities include Hamburg (34 matches), Stuttgart (32), Hanover (28) and Dortmund. Another notable location is Munich, which has hosted numerous notable matches throughout the history of German football, including the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final, which West Germany won against the Netherlands.Germany's qualifying and friendly matches are televised by privately owned RTL; Nations League by public broadcasters ARD and ZDF. World Cup & European Championships matches featuring the German national team are among the most-watched events in the history of television in Germany.Recent results and scheduled matches according to the DFB, UEFA and FIFA websites.The following 26 players were selected for the UEFA Euro 2020."Caps and goals correct as of 29 June 2021, after the match against England."The following players have also been called up to the Germany squad within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.Germany has won the World Cup four times, behind only Brazil (five titles). It has finished as runners-up four times. In terms of semi-final appearances, Germany leads with 13, two more than Brazil's 11, which had participated in two more tournaments. From 1954 to 2014 (16 tournament editions), Germany always reached at least the stage of the last eight teams, before being eliminated in the group stage in 2018. Germany has also qualified for every one of the 19 World Cups for which it has entered – it did not enter the inaugural competition in Uruguay of 1930 for economic reasons, and could not qualify for or compete in the post-war 1950 World Cup as the DFB was reinstated as a FIFA member only two months after this tournament. Germany also has the distinction of having an Elo football rating of 2196 following their victory in the 2014 World Cup, which was higher than any previous champion.Germany has also won the European Championship three times (Spain and France are the only other multiple-time winners with three and two titles respectively), and finished as runners-up three times as well. The Germans have qualified for every European Championship tournament except for the first European Championship they entered in 1968. For that tournament, Germany was in the only group of three teams and thus only played four qualifying games. The deciding game was a scoreless draw in Albania which gave Yugoslavia the edge, having won in their neighbour country. The team finished out of top eight only in two occasions, the tournaments of 2000 and 2004. In the other ten editions Germany participated in they reached nine times at least the semi-finals, an unparalleled record in Europe.See also East Germany and Saarland for the results of these separate German teams, and Austria for the team that was merged into the German team from 1938 to 1945.FIFA World CupUEFA European ChampionshipFIFA Confederations CupSource:
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[
"Jupp Derwall",
"Rudi Völler",
"Berti Vogts",
"Erich Ribbeck",
"Hansi Flick",
"Joachim Löw",
"Franz Beckenbauer",
"Jürgen Klinsmann",
"Otto Nerz",
"Sepp Herberger"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Germany national association football team in 13-Oct-197313-October-1973?
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October 13, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Helmut Schön"
]
}
|
L2_Q43310_P286_2
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Erich Ribbeck is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Otto Nerz is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1936.
Franz Beckenbauer is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1990.
Hansi Flick is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Aug, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Rudi Völler is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Helmut Schön is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1978.
Jürgen Klinsmann is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Joachim Löw is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 2006 to Jul, 2021.
Jupp Derwall is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984.
Sepp Herberger is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
Berti Vogts is the head coach of Germany national association football team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1998.
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Germany national football teamThe Germany national football team ( or Die Mannschaft) represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany (named West Germany from 1949 to 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976.Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with a record 2,205 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas. Joachim Löw, the current head coach since 2006 and with the team since 2004 will step down after the UEFA Euro 2020 in 2021.On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five unofficial international matches between German and English selection teams, which all ended as large defeats for the German teams. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB), the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3.Julius Hirsch was the first Jewish player to represent the Germany national football team, which he joined in 1911. Hirsch scored four goals for Germany against the Netherlands in 1912, becoming the first German to score four goals in a single match.Gottfried Fuchs scored a world record 10 goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm on 1 July, becoming the top scorer of the tournament; his international record was not surpassed until 2001 when Australia's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in a 31–0 defeat of American Samoa. He was Jewish, and the German Football Association erased all references to him from their records between 1933 and 1945. As of 2016, he was still the top German scorer for one match.The first match after World War I in 1920, the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions, and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well. Germany's first championship title was even won in Switzerland in 1954.At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the "Breslau Elf" (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).After Austria became part of Germany in the "Anschluss" of March 1938, that country's national team – one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this "united" German team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris, France. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just two occasions the team failed to progress the group stage (the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament).During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942. National team games were then suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players were gathered together under coach Herberger as "Rote Jäger" through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.After World War II, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950. The DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states – West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland – entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers.The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, continued the DFB. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950.West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup.The Saarland, under French control between 1946 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. It sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the "Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR" (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup against Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, Germany lost 3–8. West Germany met the Hungarian "Mighty Magyars" again in the final. Hungary had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches. In an upset, West Germany won 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" ("Das Wunder von Bern").After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB made changes. Professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semi-final, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have fully crossed the line. Hurst then scored another goal giving England a 4–2 win.West Germany in the 1970 World Cup knocked England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, before they suffered a 4–3 extra-time loss in the semi-final against Italy. This match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called the "Game of the Century" in both Italy and Germany. West Germany claimed third by beating Uruguay 1–0. Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to victory at the European Championship at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.As hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final in Munich.Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. The East Germans won 1–0. The West Germans advanced to the final against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". The Dutch took the lead from a penalty. However, West Germany tied the match on a penalty by Paul Breitner, and won it with Gerd Müller's fine finish soon after.West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout 5–3. Since that loss, Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments.In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 3–2 to Austria. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany reached the final of the 1982 World Cup, though not without difficulties. They were upset 1–2 by Algeria in their first match, but advanced to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. In the semi-final against France, they tied the match 3–3 and won the penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.During this period, West Germany's Gerd Müller racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. (Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006; this was then further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals).After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semi-finals.At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina, played in the Italian capital of Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the first person to win the World Cup as both captain and coach.Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup, with the first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal. It took Germany 28 years to participate at the Olympics again in 2016, this time reaching the final and winning a silver medal. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany and West Germany were drawn together in UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 5. In November 1990, the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband integrated into the DFB, by which time the East German team had ceased operations, playing its last match on 12 September 1990. The unified German national team completed the European Championship qualifying group. The East German 1990–91 league continued, with a restructuring of German leagues in 1991–92. The first game with a unified German team was against Sweden on 10 October.After the 1990 World Cup, assistant Berti Vogts took over as the national team coach from the retiring Beckenbauer. In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to underdogs Denmark.In the 1994 World Cup, they were upset 1–2 in the quarterfinals by Bulgaria.Reunified Germany won its first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England in the semi-finals, and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final on a golden goal in extra time.However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were eliminated in the quarterfinals in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia, all goals being scored after defender Christian Wörns received a straight red card. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.In Euro 2000, the team went out in the first round, drawing with Romania, then suffering a 1–0 defeat to England and were routed 3–0 by Portugal (which fielded their backup players, having already advanced). Ribbeck resigned, and was replaced by Rudi Völler.Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers and not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team advanced through group play, and in the knockout stages they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea. Oliver Neuville scored two minutes from time against Paraguay and Michael Ballack scored both goals in the US and South Korea games, although he picked up a second yellow card against South Korea for a tactical foul and was suspended for the subsequent match. This set up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Germany lost 0–2 thanks to two Ronaldo goals. Nevertheless, German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament.Germany again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, drawing their first two matches and losing the third to the Czech Republic (who had fielded a second-string team). Völler resigned afterwards, and Jürgen Klinsmann was appointed head coach.Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. Klinsmann relieved goalkeeper Kahn of the captaincy and announced that Kahn and longtime backup Jens Lehmann would be competing for the position of starting goaltender, a decision that angered Kahn and Lehmann eventually won that contest. Expectations for the team were low, which was not helped by veteran defender Christian Wörns being dropped (after Wörns criticised Klinsmann for designating him only as a backup player on the squad), a choice roundly panned in Germany. Italy routed Germany 4–1 in a March exhibition game, and Klinsmann bore the brunt of the criticism as the team was ranked only 22nd in the world entering the 2006 FIFA World Cup.As World Cup hosts, Germany won all three group-stage matches to finish top of their group. The team defeated Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16.Germany faced Argentina in the quarter-finals. The match ended 1–1, and Germany won the penalty shootout 4–2.In the semi-final against Italy, the match was scoreless until near the end of extra time when Germany conceded two goals.In the third place match, Germany defeated Portugal 3–1.Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals.Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann resigned.At UEFA Euro 2008, Germany won two out of three matches in group play to advance to the knockout round.They defeated Portugal 3–2 in the quarterfinal,and won their semi-final against Turkey.Germany lost the final against Spain 0–1, finishing as the runners-up.At UEFA Euro 2000 in the Netherlands and Belgium, Germany's squad was still homogeneous. Apart from Brazilian striker Paulo Rink, there were only two players, Dariusz Wosz, born in Poland, and Mehmet Scholl, whose biological father came from Turkey, who had at least one foreign parent or were born abroad. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa - apart from striker Cacau, who also comes from Brazil and received German citizenship in 2009 - there were no less than ten players who were born abroad or had at least one foreign parent. Piotr Trochowski, Miroslav Klose and Lukas Podolski were born in Poland, Marko Marin was born in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the fathers of Jérôme Boateng and Dennis Aogo come from Africa (Ghana and Nigeria respectively), Sami Khedira's father is a Tunisian, Mario Gomez's father is from Spain and the parents of Serdar Tasci and Mesut Özil are originally from Turkey. In the 2010 World Cup, Germany won the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1. The game controversially had a valid goal by Frank Lampard disallowed.In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0, and Miroslav Klose tied German Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals.In the semi-final, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain. Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to take third place (their second third place after 2006).German Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player Award.In Euro 2012, Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark. Germany won all three group matches. Germany defeated Greece in the quarter-final and set a record of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Italy, 1–2.Germany finished first in their qualification group for the 2014 World Cup. The draw for the 2014 World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G, with Portugal, Ghana, and United States. They first faced Portugal in a match billed by some as the "team of all the talents against the team of The Talent (Cristiano Ronaldo)", routing the Portuguese 4–0 thanks to a hat-trick by Thomas Müller. In their match with Ghana, they led the game with Götze's second half goal, but then conceded two consecutive goals, then at the 71st minute Klose scored a goal to help Germany to draw 2–2 with Ghana. With that goal, Klose also nudged home his 15th World Cup goal to join former Brazil striker Ronaldo at the pinnacle of World Cup Finals scorers. They then went on to defeat the United States team 1–0, securing them a spot in the round of sixteen against Algeria.The round of sixteen knockout match against Algeria remained goalless after regulation time, resulting in extra time. In the 92nd minute, André Schürrle scored a goal from a Thomas Müller pass. Mesut Özil scored Germany's second goal in the 120th minute. Algeria managed to score one goal in injury time and the match ended 2–1. Germany secured a place in the quarter-final, where they would face France.In the quarter-final match against France, Mats Hummels scored in the 13th minute. Germany won the game 1–0 to advance to a record fourth consecutive semi-finals.The semi-final win (7–1) against Brazil was a major accomplishment. Germany scored four goals in just less than seven minutes and were 5–0 up against Brazil by the 30th minute with goals from Thomas Müller, Miroslav Klose, Sami Khedira and two from Toni Kroos. Klose's goal in the 23rd minute, his 16th World Cup goal, gave him sole possession of the record for most goals scored during World Cup Finals, dethroning former Brazil national Ronaldo.In the second half of the game, substitute André Schürrle scored twice for Germany to lead 7–0, the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany did, however, concede a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final as well as being the topic of the most tweets ever on Twitter about a certain subject when the previous social media record was smashed after Germany scored their fourth goal. Also, Germany's seven goals took their total tally in World Cup history to 223, surpassing Brazil's 221 goals to first place overall.The World Cup Final was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe.After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home, then suffered a 2–0 loss at Poland (the first in their history), a 1–1 draw against the Republic of Ireland, and a 4–0 win over Gibraltar. The year ended with an away 0–1 friendly win against Spain, the reigning European champions of 2008 and 2012.Troubles during qualifying for the 2016 European Championship continued, drawing at home, as well as losing away, to Ireland; the team also only narrowly defeated Scotland on two occasions, but handily won the return against Poland and both games against Gibraltar (who competed for the first time). Eventually, however, topping their group and qualifying for the tournament through a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 11 October 2015 (having won the first match against them).On 13 November 2015, the team was playing a friendly match against France in Paris when a series of terrorist attacks took place in the city, some in the direct vicinity of the Stade de France, where the game was held. For security reasons, the team needed to spend the night inside the stadium, accompanied by the French squad who stayed behind in an act of comradery. Four days later, on 17 November 2015, the German team was scheduled to face the Netherlands at Hanover's HDI-Arena, also in a friendly. After initial security reservations, the DFB decided to play the match on 15 November. However, after reports about a concrete threat to the stadium, the match was cancelled ninety minutes before kickoff.Germany began their preparations for Euro 2016 in March with friendlies against England and Italy. They gave up a 2–0 lead to England, and ended up losing 2–3. They bounced back in their match with Italy, however, winning by a score of 4–1. It was their first win against the Italians in 21 years.Germany began their campaign for a fourth European title with a 2–0 win against Ukraine on 12 June. Against Poland, Germany was held to a 0–0 draw but concluded Group C with a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland. In the Round of 16, Germany faced Slovakia and earned a comfortable 3–0 win. Germany then faced off against rivals Italy in the quarter-finals. Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany, before Leonardo Bonucci drew even after converting a penalty in the 78th minute. The score remained 1–1 after extra time and Germany beat Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout. It was the first time Germany had overcome Italy in a major tournament. In the semi-finals Germany played the host nation France. Germany's hopes of securing a fourth European championship were put on hold however as France ended Germany's run by eliminating them by a score of 0–2. It was France's first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.On 2 July 2017, Germany won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after a 1–0 win against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, it was their only FIFA Confederations Cup title.Despite winning all their qualifying matches and the Confederations Cup the previous year, Germany started their 2018 World Cup campaign with a defeat to Mexico. This was their first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 in their second game via an injury-time winner from Toni Kroos, but was subsequently eliminated following a 2–0 loss to South Korea, their first exit in the first round since 1938 and first ever in group stage since the format had been reintroduced in 1950.Following the World Cup, Germany's struggles continued into the UEFA Nations League. After a 0–0 draw at home against France, they lost 3–0 against the Netherlands and 1–2 in the rematch against France three days later; the latter result being their fourth loss in six competitive matches. These results meant that Germany could not advance to the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and faced the prospect of possible relegation to League B in the next Nations League.After the Netherlands' win against France, the relegation to League B was originally confirmed, but due to the overhaul of the format for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, Germany was spared from relegation to League B.In March 2021, the DFB announced that Löw would step down as Germany's manager after the team competes in UEFA Euro 2020. Later that month, Germany lost 1–2 at home to North Macedonia in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, their first World Cup qualification defeat since losing 5–1 to England in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers and only their third in history. On 25 May 2021, the DFB announced that former assistant manager Hansi Flick will replace Löw as head coach. Flick's first match will be against Liechtenstein in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers on 2 September 2021.The national team's home kit has always been a white shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The colours are derived from the 19th-century flag of the North German State of Prussia. Since 1988, many of the home kit's designs incorporate details patterned after the modern German flag. For the 2014 World Cup, the German team used white shorts rather than the traditional black due to FIFA's kit clashing rule for the tournament. The away shirt colour has changed several times. Historically, green shirt with white shorts is the most often used alternative colour combination, derived from the DFB colours – though it is often erroneously reported that the choice is in recognition of the fact that Ireland, whose home shirts are green, were the first nation to play Germany in a friendly game after World War II. However, the first team to play Germany after WWII, as stated above, was actually Switzerland. Other colours such as red, grey and black have also been used.A change from black to red came in 2005 on the request of Jürgen Klinsmann, but Germany played every game at the 2006 World Cup in its home white colours. In 2010, the away colours then changed back to a black shirt and white shorts, but at the tournament, the team dressed up in the black shorts from the home kit. The German team next resumed the use of a green shirt on its away kit, but then changed again to red-and-black striped shirts with white stripes and letters and black shorts.Adidas AG is the longstanding kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1954 and is contracted to continue until at least 2022. In the 70s, Germany wore Erima kits (a German brand, formerly a subsidiary of Adidas).Germany plays its home matches among various stadiums, in rotation, around the country. They have played home matches in 43 different cities so far, including venues that were German at the time of the match, such as Vienna, Austria, which staged three games between 1938 and 1942.National team matches have been held most often (46 times) in the stadiums of Berlin, which was the venue of Germany's first home match (in 1908 against England). Other common host cities include Hamburg (34 matches), Stuttgart (32), Hanover (28) and Dortmund. Another notable location is Munich, which has hosted numerous notable matches throughout the history of German football, including the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final, which West Germany won against the Netherlands.Germany's qualifying and friendly matches are televised by privately owned RTL; Nations League by public broadcasters ARD and ZDF. World Cup & European Championships matches featuring the German national team are among the most-watched events in the history of television in Germany.Recent results and scheduled matches according to the DFB, UEFA and FIFA websites.The following 26 players were selected for the UEFA Euro 2020."Caps and goals correct as of 29 June 2021, after the match against England."The following players have also been called up to the Germany squad within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.Germany has won the World Cup four times, behind only Brazil (five titles). It has finished as runners-up four times. In terms of semi-final appearances, Germany leads with 13, two more than Brazil's 11, which had participated in two more tournaments. From 1954 to 2014 (16 tournament editions), Germany always reached at least the stage of the last eight teams, before being eliminated in the group stage in 2018. Germany has also qualified for every one of the 19 World Cups for which it has entered – it did not enter the inaugural competition in Uruguay of 1930 for economic reasons, and could not qualify for or compete in the post-war 1950 World Cup as the DFB was reinstated as a FIFA member only two months after this tournament. Germany also has the distinction of having an Elo football rating of 2196 following their victory in the 2014 World Cup, which was higher than any previous champion.Germany has also won the European Championship three times (Spain and France are the only other multiple-time winners with three and two titles respectively), and finished as runners-up three times as well. The Germans have qualified for every European Championship tournament except for the first European Championship they entered in 1968. For that tournament, Germany was in the only group of three teams and thus only played four qualifying games. The deciding game was a scoreless draw in Albania which gave Yugoslavia the edge, having won in their neighbour country. The team finished out of top eight only in two occasions, the tournaments of 2000 and 2004. In the other ten editions Germany participated in they reached nine times at least the semi-finals, an unparalleled record in Europe.See also East Germany and Saarland for the results of these separate German teams, and Austria for the team that was merged into the German team from 1938 to 1945.FIFA World CupUEFA European ChampionshipFIFA Confederations CupSource:
|
[
"Jupp Derwall",
"Rudi Völler",
"Berti Vogts",
"Erich Ribbeck",
"Hansi Flick",
"Joachim Löw",
"Franz Beckenbauer",
"Jürgen Klinsmann",
"Otto Nerz",
"Sepp Herberger"
] |
|
Which team did Yves Deroff play for in Jan, 1997?
|
January 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team",
"France national under-19 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q645570_P54_1
|
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Yves Deroff plays for Angers SCO from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Yves Deroff plays for RC Strasbourg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2007.
|
Yves DeroffYves Deroff (born 29 August 1978) is a retired French footballer who played as a right-back.Born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, Deroff played club football for FC Nantes, RC Strasbourg Alsace, En Avant de Guingamp and Angers SCO. He won Ligue 1 (2001) and won the Coupe de France twice with Nantes (1999 and 2000). He also won the Coupe de la Ligue with Strasbourg in 2005. Deroff suffered a double-broken leg as a result of a violent tackle by Patrick Blondeau in a league match against Olympique Marseille on 29 May 1999, preventing Deroff from playing for six months.Whilst at Guingamp, then in Ligue 2, Deroff played in the 2009 Coupe de France Final in which they beat Rennes.Deroff won the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship with France.
|
[
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp",
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp"
] |
|
Which team did Yves Deroff play for in 1997-01-01?
|
January 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team",
"France national under-19 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q645570_P54_1
|
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Yves Deroff plays for Angers SCO from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Yves Deroff plays for RC Strasbourg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2007.
|
Yves DeroffYves Deroff (born 29 August 1978) is a retired French footballer who played as a right-back.Born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, Deroff played club football for FC Nantes, RC Strasbourg Alsace, En Avant de Guingamp and Angers SCO. He won Ligue 1 (2001) and won the Coupe de France twice with Nantes (1999 and 2000). He also won the Coupe de la Ligue with Strasbourg in 2005. Deroff suffered a double-broken leg as a result of a violent tackle by Patrick Blondeau in a league match against Olympique Marseille on 29 May 1999, preventing Deroff from playing for six months.Whilst at Guingamp, then in Ligue 2, Deroff played in the 2009 Coupe de France Final in which they beat Rennes.Deroff won the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship with France.
|
[
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp",
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp"
] |
|
Which team did Yves Deroff play for in 01/01/1997?
|
January 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team",
"France national under-19 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q645570_P54_1
|
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Yves Deroff plays for Angers SCO from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Yves Deroff plays for RC Strasbourg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2007.
|
Yves DeroffYves Deroff (born 29 August 1978) is a retired French footballer who played as a right-back.Born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, Deroff played club football for FC Nantes, RC Strasbourg Alsace, En Avant de Guingamp and Angers SCO. He won Ligue 1 (2001) and won the Coupe de France twice with Nantes (1999 and 2000). He also won the Coupe de la Ligue with Strasbourg in 2005. Deroff suffered a double-broken leg as a result of a violent tackle by Patrick Blondeau in a league match against Olympique Marseille on 29 May 1999, preventing Deroff from playing for six months.Whilst at Guingamp, then in Ligue 2, Deroff played in the 2009 Coupe de France Final in which they beat Rennes.Deroff won the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship with France.
|
[
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp",
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp"
] |
|
Which team did Yves Deroff play for in Jan 01, 1997?
|
January 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team",
"France national under-19 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q645570_P54_1
|
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Yves Deroff plays for Angers SCO from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Yves Deroff plays for RC Strasbourg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2007.
|
Yves DeroffYves Deroff (born 29 August 1978) is a retired French footballer who played as a right-back.Born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, Deroff played club football for FC Nantes, RC Strasbourg Alsace, En Avant de Guingamp and Angers SCO. He won Ligue 1 (2001) and won the Coupe de France twice with Nantes (1999 and 2000). He also won the Coupe de la Ligue with Strasbourg in 2005. Deroff suffered a double-broken leg as a result of a violent tackle by Patrick Blondeau in a league match against Olympique Marseille on 29 May 1999, preventing Deroff from playing for six months.Whilst at Guingamp, then in Ligue 2, Deroff played in the 2009 Coupe de France Final in which they beat Rennes.Deroff won the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship with France.
|
[
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp",
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp"
] |
|
Which team did Yves Deroff play for in 01/01/1997?
|
January 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team",
"France national under-19 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q645570_P54_1
|
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Yves Deroff plays for Angers SCO from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Yves Deroff plays for RC Strasbourg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2007.
|
Yves DeroffYves Deroff (born 29 August 1978) is a retired French footballer who played as a right-back.Born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, Deroff played club football for FC Nantes, RC Strasbourg Alsace, En Avant de Guingamp and Angers SCO. He won Ligue 1 (2001) and won the Coupe de France twice with Nantes (1999 and 2000). He also won the Coupe de la Ligue with Strasbourg in 2005. Deroff suffered a double-broken leg as a result of a violent tackle by Patrick Blondeau in a league match against Olympique Marseille on 29 May 1999, preventing Deroff from playing for six months.Whilst at Guingamp, then in Ligue 2, Deroff played in the 2009 Coupe de France Final in which they beat Rennes.Deroff won the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship with France.
|
[
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp",
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp"
] |
|
Which team did Yves Deroff play for in 01-Jan-199701-January-1997?
|
January 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team",
"France national under-19 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q645570_P54_1
|
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Yves Deroff plays for Angers SCO from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Yves Deroff plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Yves Deroff plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Yves Deroff plays for RC Strasbourg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2007.
|
Yves DeroffYves Deroff (born 29 August 1978) is a retired French footballer who played as a right-back.Born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, Deroff played club football for FC Nantes, RC Strasbourg Alsace, En Avant de Guingamp and Angers SCO. He won Ligue 1 (2001) and won the Coupe de France twice with Nantes (1999 and 2000). He also won the Coupe de la Ligue with Strasbourg in 2005. Deroff suffered a double-broken leg as a result of a violent tackle by Patrick Blondeau in a league match against Olympique Marseille on 29 May 1999, preventing Deroff from playing for six months.Whilst at Guingamp, then in Ligue 2, Deroff played in the 2009 Coupe de France Final in which they beat Rennes.Deroff won the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship with France.
|
[
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp",
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Strasbourg",
"Angers SCO",
"En Avant de Guingamp"
] |
|
Which employer did Chris Ealham work for in May, 1998?
|
May 24, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Cardiff University"
]
}
|
L2_Q18762204_P108_0
|
Chris Ealham works for University of Lancaster from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Chris Ealham works for Saint Louis University Madrid Campus from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Ealham works for Cardiff University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2004.
|
Chris EalhamChris Ealham (born 1965) is a British historian and hispanist. He is specialised in the history of anarchism in Spain.Born in Kent (England) in 1965. He earned a PhD in 1995 from Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, reading a dissertation titled "Policing the Recession: Unemployment, Social Protest and Law-and-Order in Republican Barcelona, 1930-1936", supervised by Paul Preston.A former lecturer at Cardiff University and Lancaster University, Ealham, based in Madrid, works as lecturer at Saint Louis University Madrid Campus. A partaker in the often acrimonious debate on Spanish civil war historiography, Ealham argues populist historians have set in motion a pro-Franco revisionism in Civil War studies.
|
[
"Saint Louis University Madrid Campus",
"University of Lancaster"
] |
|
Which employer did Chris Ealham work for in 1998-05-24?
|
May 24, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Cardiff University"
]
}
|
L2_Q18762204_P108_0
|
Chris Ealham works for University of Lancaster from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Chris Ealham works for Saint Louis University Madrid Campus from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Ealham works for Cardiff University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2004.
|
Chris EalhamChris Ealham (born 1965) is a British historian and hispanist. He is specialised in the history of anarchism in Spain.Born in Kent (England) in 1965. He earned a PhD in 1995 from Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, reading a dissertation titled "Policing the Recession: Unemployment, Social Protest and Law-and-Order in Republican Barcelona, 1930-1936", supervised by Paul Preston.A former lecturer at Cardiff University and Lancaster University, Ealham, based in Madrid, works as lecturer at Saint Louis University Madrid Campus. A partaker in the often acrimonious debate on Spanish civil war historiography, Ealham argues populist historians have set in motion a pro-Franco revisionism in Civil War studies.
|
[
"Saint Louis University Madrid Campus",
"University of Lancaster"
] |
|
Which employer did Chris Ealham work for in 24/05/1998?
|
May 24, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Cardiff University"
]
}
|
L2_Q18762204_P108_0
|
Chris Ealham works for University of Lancaster from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Chris Ealham works for Saint Louis University Madrid Campus from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Ealham works for Cardiff University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2004.
|
Chris EalhamChris Ealham (born 1965) is a British historian and hispanist. He is specialised in the history of anarchism in Spain.Born in Kent (England) in 1965. He earned a PhD in 1995 from Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, reading a dissertation titled "Policing the Recession: Unemployment, Social Protest and Law-and-Order in Republican Barcelona, 1930-1936", supervised by Paul Preston.A former lecturer at Cardiff University and Lancaster University, Ealham, based in Madrid, works as lecturer at Saint Louis University Madrid Campus. A partaker in the often acrimonious debate on Spanish civil war historiography, Ealham argues populist historians have set in motion a pro-Franco revisionism in Civil War studies.
|
[
"Saint Louis University Madrid Campus",
"University of Lancaster"
] |
|
Which employer did Chris Ealham work for in May 24, 1998?
|
May 24, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Cardiff University"
]
}
|
L2_Q18762204_P108_0
|
Chris Ealham works for University of Lancaster from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Chris Ealham works for Saint Louis University Madrid Campus from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Ealham works for Cardiff University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2004.
|
Chris EalhamChris Ealham (born 1965) is a British historian and hispanist. He is specialised in the history of anarchism in Spain.Born in Kent (England) in 1965. He earned a PhD in 1995 from Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, reading a dissertation titled "Policing the Recession: Unemployment, Social Protest and Law-and-Order in Republican Barcelona, 1930-1936", supervised by Paul Preston.A former lecturer at Cardiff University and Lancaster University, Ealham, based in Madrid, works as lecturer at Saint Louis University Madrid Campus. A partaker in the often acrimonious debate on Spanish civil war historiography, Ealham argues populist historians have set in motion a pro-Franco revisionism in Civil War studies.
|
[
"Saint Louis University Madrid Campus",
"University of Lancaster"
] |
|
Which employer did Chris Ealham work for in 05/24/1998?
|
May 24, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Cardiff University"
]
}
|
L2_Q18762204_P108_0
|
Chris Ealham works for University of Lancaster from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Chris Ealham works for Saint Louis University Madrid Campus from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Ealham works for Cardiff University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2004.
|
Chris EalhamChris Ealham (born 1965) is a British historian and hispanist. He is specialised in the history of anarchism in Spain.Born in Kent (England) in 1965. He earned a PhD in 1995 from Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, reading a dissertation titled "Policing the Recession: Unemployment, Social Protest and Law-and-Order in Republican Barcelona, 1930-1936", supervised by Paul Preston.A former lecturer at Cardiff University and Lancaster University, Ealham, based in Madrid, works as lecturer at Saint Louis University Madrid Campus. A partaker in the often acrimonious debate on Spanish civil war historiography, Ealham argues populist historians have set in motion a pro-Franco revisionism in Civil War studies.
|
[
"Saint Louis University Madrid Campus",
"University of Lancaster"
] |
|
Which employer did Chris Ealham work for in 24-May-199824-May-1998?
|
May 24, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Cardiff University"
]
}
|
L2_Q18762204_P108_0
|
Chris Ealham works for University of Lancaster from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Chris Ealham works for Saint Louis University Madrid Campus from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Ealham works for Cardiff University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2004.
|
Chris EalhamChris Ealham (born 1965) is a British historian and hispanist. He is specialised in the history of anarchism in Spain.Born in Kent (England) in 1965. He earned a PhD in 1995 from Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, reading a dissertation titled "Policing the Recession: Unemployment, Social Protest and Law-and-Order in Republican Barcelona, 1930-1936", supervised by Paul Preston.A former lecturer at Cardiff University and Lancaster University, Ealham, based in Madrid, works as lecturer at Saint Louis University Madrid Campus. A partaker in the often acrimonious debate on Spanish civil war historiography, Ealham argues populist historians have set in motion a pro-Franco revisionism in Civil War studies.
|
[
"Saint Louis University Madrid Campus",
"University of Lancaster"
] |
|
Which team did Jemma Rose play for in Jan, 2008?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"England women's national under-17 football team",
"Plymouth Argyle L.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6177214_P54_0
|
Jemma Rose plays for Birmingham City L.F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for Bristol City W.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-23 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for Plymouth Argyle L.F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Jemma Rose plays for Arsenal W.F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jemma RoseJemma Helen Rose (born 19 January 1992) is an English footballer who played for FA WSL club Arsenal as a central defender. She has represented England, making her debut at senior level in November 2015. Rose was named the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2011.Rose progressed through the Centre of Excellence at Plymouth Argyle. On turning 16 in January 2008 she was able to play for the senior Plymouth Argyle Ladies team in the South West Combination Women's Football League.At the end of that season Rose left to take up a two-year scholarship at the FA Player Development Centre at Loughborough University. During the first year of the course she was attached to Bristol Academy, then played with Birmingham City Ladies in 2009–10.After finishing her course at Loughborough, Rose decided to leave Birmingham City and enrol on a sports science and coaching degree at UCP Marjon. She rejoined Bristol Academy and commuted from home in Plymouth to play and train with the FA WSL club.In the 2011 FA WSL season, Rose's performances won the Young Player of the Year at the FA Women's Awards. She also collected the Goal of the Season award for a long range free kick scored in Bristol's 2–1 win at Doncaster Rovers Belles.Rose played for Bristol in the 2011–12 UEFA Women's Champions League. In the first leg of the tie against Energy Voronezh, played at Ashton Gate, she was sent off for handballing on the goal line. Pamela Conti scored the resultant penalty kick to equalise Jessica Fishlock's opening goal.On 12 December 2014, Rose signed for Arsenal. In 2016 Rose was party to a pub brawl at Pride in London, sparked by a rival footballer flirting with her then girlfriend.Rose captained England at Under–17 level. In November 2008 she was part of the England squad which achieved fourth place at the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in New Zealand. Rose appeared in one game, as a late substitute for Lucy Bronze in the third place play-off against Germany.After progressing through Under–19 level, Rose was called up to an Under–23 training camp in November 2011.In January 2012 Rose was named in the provisional 150 player long list for the Team GB squad at the 2012 Olympics. Due to good form, Rose was considered by club manager Mark Sampson and teammate Jess Fishlock to be in contention for a place in the final squad.In July 2013 Rose helped Great Britain to a gold medal in the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. Rose had been consistently overlooked by England and Great Britain Olympic coach Hope Powell, but when Sampson replaced Powell he named Rose in his first senior squad.Rose won her first senior cap in November 2015, as a late substitute in England's 1–0 UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying win over Bosnia and Herzegovina at Ashton Gate, Bristol in torrential rain.
|
[
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C.",
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jemma Rose play for in 2008-01-01?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"England women's national under-17 football team",
"Plymouth Argyle L.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6177214_P54_0
|
Jemma Rose plays for Birmingham City L.F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for Bristol City W.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-23 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for Plymouth Argyle L.F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Jemma Rose plays for Arsenal W.F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jemma RoseJemma Helen Rose (born 19 January 1992) is an English footballer who played for FA WSL club Arsenal as a central defender. She has represented England, making her debut at senior level in November 2015. Rose was named the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2011.Rose progressed through the Centre of Excellence at Plymouth Argyle. On turning 16 in January 2008 she was able to play for the senior Plymouth Argyle Ladies team in the South West Combination Women's Football League.At the end of that season Rose left to take up a two-year scholarship at the FA Player Development Centre at Loughborough University. During the first year of the course she was attached to Bristol Academy, then played with Birmingham City Ladies in 2009–10.After finishing her course at Loughborough, Rose decided to leave Birmingham City and enrol on a sports science and coaching degree at UCP Marjon. She rejoined Bristol Academy and commuted from home in Plymouth to play and train with the FA WSL club.In the 2011 FA WSL season, Rose's performances won the Young Player of the Year at the FA Women's Awards. She also collected the Goal of the Season award for a long range free kick scored in Bristol's 2–1 win at Doncaster Rovers Belles.Rose played for Bristol in the 2011–12 UEFA Women's Champions League. In the first leg of the tie against Energy Voronezh, played at Ashton Gate, she was sent off for handballing on the goal line. Pamela Conti scored the resultant penalty kick to equalise Jessica Fishlock's opening goal.On 12 December 2014, Rose signed for Arsenal. In 2016 Rose was party to a pub brawl at Pride in London, sparked by a rival footballer flirting with her then girlfriend.Rose captained England at Under–17 level. In November 2008 she was part of the England squad which achieved fourth place at the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in New Zealand. Rose appeared in one game, as a late substitute for Lucy Bronze in the third place play-off against Germany.After progressing through Under–19 level, Rose was called up to an Under–23 training camp in November 2011.In January 2012 Rose was named in the provisional 150 player long list for the Team GB squad at the 2012 Olympics. Due to good form, Rose was considered by club manager Mark Sampson and teammate Jess Fishlock to be in contention for a place in the final squad.In July 2013 Rose helped Great Britain to a gold medal in the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. Rose had been consistently overlooked by England and Great Britain Olympic coach Hope Powell, but when Sampson replaced Powell he named Rose in his first senior squad.Rose won her first senior cap in November 2015, as a late substitute in England's 1–0 UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying win over Bosnia and Herzegovina at Ashton Gate, Bristol in torrential rain.
|
[
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C.",
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jemma Rose play for in 01/01/2008?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"England women's national under-17 football team",
"Plymouth Argyle L.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6177214_P54_0
|
Jemma Rose plays for Birmingham City L.F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for Bristol City W.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-23 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for Plymouth Argyle L.F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Jemma Rose plays for Arsenal W.F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jemma RoseJemma Helen Rose (born 19 January 1992) is an English footballer who played for FA WSL club Arsenal as a central defender. She has represented England, making her debut at senior level in November 2015. Rose was named the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2011.Rose progressed through the Centre of Excellence at Plymouth Argyle. On turning 16 in January 2008 she was able to play for the senior Plymouth Argyle Ladies team in the South West Combination Women's Football League.At the end of that season Rose left to take up a two-year scholarship at the FA Player Development Centre at Loughborough University. During the first year of the course she was attached to Bristol Academy, then played with Birmingham City Ladies in 2009–10.After finishing her course at Loughborough, Rose decided to leave Birmingham City and enrol on a sports science and coaching degree at UCP Marjon. She rejoined Bristol Academy and commuted from home in Plymouth to play and train with the FA WSL club.In the 2011 FA WSL season, Rose's performances won the Young Player of the Year at the FA Women's Awards. She also collected the Goal of the Season award for a long range free kick scored in Bristol's 2–1 win at Doncaster Rovers Belles.Rose played for Bristol in the 2011–12 UEFA Women's Champions League. In the first leg of the tie against Energy Voronezh, played at Ashton Gate, she was sent off for handballing on the goal line. Pamela Conti scored the resultant penalty kick to equalise Jessica Fishlock's opening goal.On 12 December 2014, Rose signed for Arsenal. In 2016 Rose was party to a pub brawl at Pride in London, sparked by a rival footballer flirting with her then girlfriend.Rose captained England at Under–17 level. In November 2008 she was part of the England squad which achieved fourth place at the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in New Zealand. Rose appeared in one game, as a late substitute for Lucy Bronze in the third place play-off against Germany.After progressing through Under–19 level, Rose was called up to an Under–23 training camp in November 2011.In January 2012 Rose was named in the provisional 150 player long list for the Team GB squad at the 2012 Olympics. Due to good form, Rose was considered by club manager Mark Sampson and teammate Jess Fishlock to be in contention for a place in the final squad.In July 2013 Rose helped Great Britain to a gold medal in the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. Rose had been consistently overlooked by England and Great Britain Olympic coach Hope Powell, but when Sampson replaced Powell he named Rose in his first senior squad.Rose won her first senior cap in November 2015, as a late substitute in England's 1–0 UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying win over Bosnia and Herzegovina at Ashton Gate, Bristol in torrential rain.
|
[
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C.",
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jemma Rose play for in Jan 01, 2008?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"England women's national under-17 football team",
"Plymouth Argyle L.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6177214_P54_0
|
Jemma Rose plays for Birmingham City L.F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for Bristol City W.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-23 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for Plymouth Argyle L.F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Jemma Rose plays for Arsenal W.F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jemma RoseJemma Helen Rose (born 19 January 1992) is an English footballer who played for FA WSL club Arsenal as a central defender. She has represented England, making her debut at senior level in November 2015. Rose was named the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2011.Rose progressed through the Centre of Excellence at Plymouth Argyle. On turning 16 in January 2008 she was able to play for the senior Plymouth Argyle Ladies team in the South West Combination Women's Football League.At the end of that season Rose left to take up a two-year scholarship at the FA Player Development Centre at Loughborough University. During the first year of the course she was attached to Bristol Academy, then played with Birmingham City Ladies in 2009–10.After finishing her course at Loughborough, Rose decided to leave Birmingham City and enrol on a sports science and coaching degree at UCP Marjon. She rejoined Bristol Academy and commuted from home in Plymouth to play and train with the FA WSL club.In the 2011 FA WSL season, Rose's performances won the Young Player of the Year at the FA Women's Awards. She also collected the Goal of the Season award for a long range free kick scored in Bristol's 2–1 win at Doncaster Rovers Belles.Rose played for Bristol in the 2011–12 UEFA Women's Champions League. In the first leg of the tie against Energy Voronezh, played at Ashton Gate, she was sent off for handballing on the goal line. Pamela Conti scored the resultant penalty kick to equalise Jessica Fishlock's opening goal.On 12 December 2014, Rose signed for Arsenal. In 2016 Rose was party to a pub brawl at Pride in London, sparked by a rival footballer flirting with her then girlfriend.Rose captained England at Under–17 level. In November 2008 she was part of the England squad which achieved fourth place at the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in New Zealand. Rose appeared in one game, as a late substitute for Lucy Bronze in the third place play-off against Germany.After progressing through Under–19 level, Rose was called up to an Under–23 training camp in November 2011.In January 2012 Rose was named in the provisional 150 player long list for the Team GB squad at the 2012 Olympics. Due to good form, Rose was considered by club manager Mark Sampson and teammate Jess Fishlock to be in contention for a place in the final squad.In July 2013 Rose helped Great Britain to a gold medal in the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. Rose had been consistently overlooked by England and Great Britain Olympic coach Hope Powell, but when Sampson replaced Powell he named Rose in his first senior squad.Rose won her first senior cap in November 2015, as a late substitute in England's 1–0 UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying win over Bosnia and Herzegovina at Ashton Gate, Bristol in torrential rain.
|
[
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C.",
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jemma Rose play for in 01/01/2008?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"England women's national under-17 football team",
"Plymouth Argyle L.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6177214_P54_0
|
Jemma Rose plays for Birmingham City L.F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for Bristol City W.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-23 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for Plymouth Argyle L.F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Jemma Rose plays for Arsenal W.F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jemma RoseJemma Helen Rose (born 19 January 1992) is an English footballer who played for FA WSL club Arsenal as a central defender. She has represented England, making her debut at senior level in November 2015. Rose was named the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2011.Rose progressed through the Centre of Excellence at Plymouth Argyle. On turning 16 in January 2008 she was able to play for the senior Plymouth Argyle Ladies team in the South West Combination Women's Football League.At the end of that season Rose left to take up a two-year scholarship at the FA Player Development Centre at Loughborough University. During the first year of the course she was attached to Bristol Academy, then played with Birmingham City Ladies in 2009–10.After finishing her course at Loughborough, Rose decided to leave Birmingham City and enrol on a sports science and coaching degree at UCP Marjon. She rejoined Bristol Academy and commuted from home in Plymouth to play and train with the FA WSL club.In the 2011 FA WSL season, Rose's performances won the Young Player of the Year at the FA Women's Awards. She also collected the Goal of the Season award for a long range free kick scored in Bristol's 2–1 win at Doncaster Rovers Belles.Rose played for Bristol in the 2011–12 UEFA Women's Champions League. In the first leg of the tie against Energy Voronezh, played at Ashton Gate, she was sent off for handballing on the goal line. Pamela Conti scored the resultant penalty kick to equalise Jessica Fishlock's opening goal.On 12 December 2014, Rose signed for Arsenal. In 2016 Rose was party to a pub brawl at Pride in London, sparked by a rival footballer flirting with her then girlfriend.Rose captained England at Under–17 level. In November 2008 she was part of the England squad which achieved fourth place at the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in New Zealand. Rose appeared in one game, as a late substitute for Lucy Bronze in the third place play-off against Germany.After progressing through Under–19 level, Rose was called up to an Under–23 training camp in November 2011.In January 2012 Rose was named in the provisional 150 player long list for the Team GB squad at the 2012 Olympics. Due to good form, Rose was considered by club manager Mark Sampson and teammate Jess Fishlock to be in contention for a place in the final squad.In July 2013 Rose helped Great Britain to a gold medal in the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. Rose had been consistently overlooked by England and Great Britain Olympic coach Hope Powell, but when Sampson replaced Powell he named Rose in his first senior squad.Rose won her first senior cap in November 2015, as a late substitute in England's 1–0 UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying win over Bosnia and Herzegovina at Ashton Gate, Bristol in torrential rain.
|
[
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C.",
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jemma Rose play for in 01-Jan-200801-January-2008?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"England women's national under-17 football team",
"Plymouth Argyle L.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6177214_P54_0
|
Jemma Rose plays for Birmingham City L.F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for Bristol City W.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-23 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Jemma Rose plays for Plymouth Argyle L.F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Jemma Rose plays for Arsenal W.F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Jemma Rose plays for England women's national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jemma RoseJemma Helen Rose (born 19 January 1992) is an English footballer who played for FA WSL club Arsenal as a central defender. She has represented England, making her debut at senior level in November 2015. Rose was named the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2011.Rose progressed through the Centre of Excellence at Plymouth Argyle. On turning 16 in January 2008 she was able to play for the senior Plymouth Argyle Ladies team in the South West Combination Women's Football League.At the end of that season Rose left to take up a two-year scholarship at the FA Player Development Centre at Loughborough University. During the first year of the course she was attached to Bristol Academy, then played with Birmingham City Ladies in 2009–10.After finishing her course at Loughborough, Rose decided to leave Birmingham City and enrol on a sports science and coaching degree at UCP Marjon. She rejoined Bristol Academy and commuted from home in Plymouth to play and train with the FA WSL club.In the 2011 FA WSL season, Rose's performances won the Young Player of the Year at the FA Women's Awards. She also collected the Goal of the Season award for a long range free kick scored in Bristol's 2–1 win at Doncaster Rovers Belles.Rose played for Bristol in the 2011–12 UEFA Women's Champions League. In the first leg of the tie against Energy Voronezh, played at Ashton Gate, she was sent off for handballing on the goal line. Pamela Conti scored the resultant penalty kick to equalise Jessica Fishlock's opening goal.On 12 December 2014, Rose signed for Arsenal. In 2016 Rose was party to a pub brawl at Pride in London, sparked by a rival footballer flirting with her then girlfriend.Rose captained England at Under–17 level. In November 2008 she was part of the England squad which achieved fourth place at the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in New Zealand. Rose appeared in one game, as a late substitute for Lucy Bronze in the third place play-off against Germany.After progressing through Under–19 level, Rose was called up to an Under–23 training camp in November 2011.In January 2012 Rose was named in the provisional 150 player long list for the Team GB squad at the 2012 Olympics. Due to good form, Rose was considered by club manager Mark Sampson and teammate Jess Fishlock to be in contention for a place in the final squad.In July 2013 Rose helped Great Britain to a gold medal in the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. Rose had been consistently overlooked by England and Great Britain Olympic coach Hope Powell, but when Sampson replaced Powell he named Rose in his first senior squad.Rose won her first senior cap in November 2015, as a late substitute in England's 1–0 UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying win over Bosnia and Herzegovina at Ashton Gate, Bristol in torrential rain.
|
[
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C.",
"England women's national football team",
"England women's national under-19 football team",
"England women's national under-23 football team",
"Arsenal W.F.C.",
"Bristol City W.F.C.",
"Birmingham City L.F.C."
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Íþróttabandalag Akraness in Oct, 2020?
|
October 31, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Joey Guðjónsson"
]
}
|
L2_Q291691_P286_1
|
Þórður Þórðarson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jul, 2009 to Jun, 2013.
Joey Guðjónsson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2022.
Jón Þór Hauksson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Íþróttabandalag AkranessÍþróttabandalag Akraness (), commonly known simply as ÍA, is an Icelandic sports club founded in 1946 and based in the town of Akranes, west Iceland. Among the main sports its members can practice are basketball, football, golf, horsemanship, gymnastics, volleyball, bowling, karate, badminton, swimming and powerlifting. The football team plays in yellow shirts and socks, and black shorts.ÍA's men's team played in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla from 1993 to 2000, making the playoffs in 1994, 1997 and 1998. Its women's team played one season in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna during the 1995–1996 season.
|
[
"Jón Þór Hauksson",
"Þórður Þórðarson"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Íþróttabandalag Akraness in 2020-10-31?
|
October 31, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Joey Guðjónsson"
]
}
|
L2_Q291691_P286_1
|
Þórður Þórðarson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jul, 2009 to Jun, 2013.
Joey Guðjónsson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2022.
Jón Þór Hauksson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Íþróttabandalag AkranessÍþróttabandalag Akraness (), commonly known simply as ÍA, is an Icelandic sports club founded in 1946 and based in the town of Akranes, west Iceland. Among the main sports its members can practice are basketball, football, golf, horsemanship, gymnastics, volleyball, bowling, karate, badminton, swimming and powerlifting. The football team plays in yellow shirts and socks, and black shorts.ÍA's men's team played in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla from 1993 to 2000, making the playoffs in 1994, 1997 and 1998. Its women's team played one season in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna during the 1995–1996 season.
|
[
"Jón Þór Hauksson",
"Þórður Þórðarson"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Íþróttabandalag Akraness in 31/10/2020?
|
October 31, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Joey Guðjónsson"
]
}
|
L2_Q291691_P286_1
|
Þórður Þórðarson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jul, 2009 to Jun, 2013.
Joey Guðjónsson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2022.
Jón Þór Hauksson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Íþróttabandalag AkranessÍþróttabandalag Akraness (), commonly known simply as ÍA, is an Icelandic sports club founded in 1946 and based in the town of Akranes, west Iceland. Among the main sports its members can practice are basketball, football, golf, horsemanship, gymnastics, volleyball, bowling, karate, badminton, swimming and powerlifting. The football team plays in yellow shirts and socks, and black shorts.ÍA's men's team played in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla from 1993 to 2000, making the playoffs in 1994, 1997 and 1998. Its women's team played one season in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna during the 1995–1996 season.
|
[
"Jón Þór Hauksson",
"Þórður Þórðarson"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Íþróttabandalag Akraness in Oct 31, 2020?
|
October 31, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Joey Guðjónsson"
]
}
|
L2_Q291691_P286_1
|
Þórður Þórðarson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jul, 2009 to Jun, 2013.
Joey Guðjónsson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2022.
Jón Þór Hauksson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Íþróttabandalag AkranessÍþróttabandalag Akraness (), commonly known simply as ÍA, is an Icelandic sports club founded in 1946 and based in the town of Akranes, west Iceland. Among the main sports its members can practice are basketball, football, golf, horsemanship, gymnastics, volleyball, bowling, karate, badminton, swimming and powerlifting. The football team plays in yellow shirts and socks, and black shorts.ÍA's men's team played in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla from 1993 to 2000, making the playoffs in 1994, 1997 and 1998. Its women's team played one season in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna during the 1995–1996 season.
|
[
"Jón Þór Hauksson",
"Þórður Þórðarson"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Íþróttabandalag Akraness in 10/31/2020?
|
October 31, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Joey Guðjónsson"
]
}
|
L2_Q291691_P286_1
|
Þórður Þórðarson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jul, 2009 to Jun, 2013.
Joey Guðjónsson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2022.
Jón Þór Hauksson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Íþróttabandalag AkranessÍþróttabandalag Akraness (), commonly known simply as ÍA, is an Icelandic sports club founded in 1946 and based in the town of Akranes, west Iceland. Among the main sports its members can practice are basketball, football, golf, horsemanship, gymnastics, volleyball, bowling, karate, badminton, swimming and powerlifting. The football team plays in yellow shirts and socks, and black shorts.ÍA's men's team played in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla from 1993 to 2000, making the playoffs in 1994, 1997 and 1998. Its women's team played one season in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna during the 1995–1996 season.
|
[
"Jón Þór Hauksson",
"Þórður Þórðarson"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Íþróttabandalag Akraness in 31-Oct-202031-October-2020?
|
October 31, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Joey Guðjónsson"
]
}
|
L2_Q291691_P286_1
|
Þórður Þórðarson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jul, 2009 to Jun, 2013.
Joey Guðjónsson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2022.
Jón Þór Hauksson is the head coach of Íþróttabandalag Akraness from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Íþróttabandalag AkranessÍþróttabandalag Akraness (), commonly known simply as ÍA, is an Icelandic sports club founded in 1946 and based in the town of Akranes, west Iceland. Among the main sports its members can practice are basketball, football, golf, horsemanship, gymnastics, volleyball, bowling, karate, badminton, swimming and powerlifting. The football team plays in yellow shirts and socks, and black shorts.ÍA's men's team played in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla from 1993 to 2000, making the playoffs in 1994, 1997 and 1998. Its women's team played one season in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna during the 1995–1996 season.
|
[
"Jón Þór Hauksson",
"Þórður Þórðarson"
] |
|
Which team did Ronaldinho play for in Dec, 2010?
|
December 22, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Vicenza Calcio"
]
}
|
L2_Q4118453_P54_2
|
Ronaldinho plays for E.C. Vitória from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Ronaldinho plays for Santos F.C from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ronaldinho plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Portuguesa de Desportos from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for ABC Futebol Clube from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Ronaldinho plays for Guaratinguetá Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Chapecoense de Futebol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Atlética Ponte Preta from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Ronaldinho plays for Real Madrid Fc from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Figueirense Futebol Clube from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Udinese Calcio from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Alemão (footballer, born 1989)José Carlos Tofolo Júnior, commonly known as Alemão (born 2 March 1989), is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Jaraguá. He also holds Italian nationality.Alemão started his career at Santos, and signed a professional contract with club in 2005. He made his first team debut on 31 January 2008, starting in a 1–2 Campeonato Paulista loss against Grêmio Barueri, due to Kléber Pereira's injury. Alemão scored his first goal for "Peixe" four days later, in a 1–1 draw against Paulista FC.In July 2008 he was signed by Serie A club Udinese on a reported free transfer, with performance based fees. However, Alemão was not registered in Lega Calcio as the club did not had an extra non-EU signing quota (Udinese signed Ricardo Chará, Dušan Basta, Alexis Sánchez and Odion Ighalo that season but only the last 2 were officially registered in the League Office). Santos also submitted a new contract to Brazilian Football Confederation BID-E system to document a new contract which last until 2011 on 28 July. Alemão was only officially signed for Udinese in June 2009, and never appeared for Santos neither in 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A nor 2009 Campeonato Paulista, due to a dispute with the club's board.With Udinese, Alemão played for its Primavera under-20 team as an overage player. In July 2010 he was sold to Serie B club Vicenza in co-ownership deal, for €400,000. Alemão made his debut abroad on 20 August 2010, replacing Alain Baclet in the 66th minute of a 0–2 Serie B loss against Atalanta.On 31 January 2011, he was swapped with Marco Cellini of Varese. In June 2011 Udinese gave up the remain 50% registration rights for free.In January 2012 Alemão returned to Brazil, signing a temporary deal with Grêmio Catanduvense. He moved to Guaratinguetá until December in mid-2012. After scoring regularly he moved to neighbouring Ponte Preta.After only appearing sparingly in 2013 Série A, Alemão was loaned to fellow league team Vitória. He subsequently was loaned to Chapecoense and Portuguesa in the following year, he scored 8 goals in total in Serie league and State league.On 12 December 2014 Alemão signed for Liga MX side Cruz Azul. He got 3 goals and 4 assists during 14 games but Figueirense wants him to play in the club In 2015, he returned to Brazil again for Figueirense. He then signed by ABC Futebol Clube and Ribeirão Preto based Botafogo Futebol Clube.In 2016, he moved to Europe again for Dutch club FC Eindhoven.
|
[
"Real Madrid Fc",
"Associação Chapecoense de Futebol",
"Figueirense Futebol Clube",
"Guaratinguetá Futebol",
"Udinese Calcio",
"E.C. Vitória",
"ABC Futebol Clube",
"Associação Atlética Ponte Preta",
"Santos F.C",
"Associação Portuguesa de Desportos",
"Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol",
"Varese Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Ronaldinho play for in 2010-12-22?
|
December 22, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Vicenza Calcio"
]
}
|
L2_Q4118453_P54_2
|
Ronaldinho plays for E.C. Vitória from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Ronaldinho plays for Santos F.C from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ronaldinho plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Portuguesa de Desportos from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for ABC Futebol Clube from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Ronaldinho plays for Guaratinguetá Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Chapecoense de Futebol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Atlética Ponte Preta from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Ronaldinho plays for Real Madrid Fc from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Figueirense Futebol Clube from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Udinese Calcio from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Alemão (footballer, born 1989)José Carlos Tofolo Júnior, commonly known as Alemão (born 2 March 1989), is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Jaraguá. He also holds Italian nationality.Alemão started his career at Santos, and signed a professional contract with club in 2005. He made his first team debut on 31 January 2008, starting in a 1–2 Campeonato Paulista loss against Grêmio Barueri, due to Kléber Pereira's injury. Alemão scored his first goal for "Peixe" four days later, in a 1–1 draw against Paulista FC.In July 2008 he was signed by Serie A club Udinese on a reported free transfer, with performance based fees. However, Alemão was not registered in Lega Calcio as the club did not had an extra non-EU signing quota (Udinese signed Ricardo Chará, Dušan Basta, Alexis Sánchez and Odion Ighalo that season but only the last 2 were officially registered in the League Office). Santos also submitted a new contract to Brazilian Football Confederation BID-E system to document a new contract which last until 2011 on 28 July. Alemão was only officially signed for Udinese in June 2009, and never appeared for Santos neither in 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A nor 2009 Campeonato Paulista, due to a dispute with the club's board.With Udinese, Alemão played for its Primavera under-20 team as an overage player. In July 2010 he was sold to Serie B club Vicenza in co-ownership deal, for €400,000. Alemão made his debut abroad on 20 August 2010, replacing Alain Baclet in the 66th minute of a 0–2 Serie B loss against Atalanta.On 31 January 2011, he was swapped with Marco Cellini of Varese. In June 2011 Udinese gave up the remain 50% registration rights for free.In January 2012 Alemão returned to Brazil, signing a temporary deal with Grêmio Catanduvense. He moved to Guaratinguetá until December in mid-2012. After scoring regularly he moved to neighbouring Ponte Preta.After only appearing sparingly in 2013 Série A, Alemão was loaned to fellow league team Vitória. He subsequently was loaned to Chapecoense and Portuguesa in the following year, he scored 8 goals in total in Serie league and State league.On 12 December 2014 Alemão signed for Liga MX side Cruz Azul. He got 3 goals and 4 assists during 14 games but Figueirense wants him to play in the club In 2015, he returned to Brazil again for Figueirense. He then signed by ABC Futebol Clube and Ribeirão Preto based Botafogo Futebol Clube.In 2016, he moved to Europe again for Dutch club FC Eindhoven.
|
[
"Real Madrid Fc",
"Associação Chapecoense de Futebol",
"Figueirense Futebol Clube",
"Guaratinguetá Futebol",
"Udinese Calcio",
"E.C. Vitória",
"ABC Futebol Clube",
"Associação Atlética Ponte Preta",
"Santos F.C",
"Associação Portuguesa de Desportos",
"Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol",
"Varese Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Ronaldinho play for in 22/12/2010?
|
December 22, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Vicenza Calcio"
]
}
|
L2_Q4118453_P54_2
|
Ronaldinho plays for E.C. Vitória from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Ronaldinho plays for Santos F.C from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ronaldinho plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Portuguesa de Desportos from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for ABC Futebol Clube from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Ronaldinho plays for Guaratinguetá Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Chapecoense de Futebol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Atlética Ponte Preta from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Ronaldinho plays for Real Madrid Fc from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Figueirense Futebol Clube from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Udinese Calcio from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Alemão (footballer, born 1989)José Carlos Tofolo Júnior, commonly known as Alemão (born 2 March 1989), is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Jaraguá. He also holds Italian nationality.Alemão started his career at Santos, and signed a professional contract with club in 2005. He made his first team debut on 31 January 2008, starting in a 1–2 Campeonato Paulista loss against Grêmio Barueri, due to Kléber Pereira's injury. Alemão scored his first goal for "Peixe" four days later, in a 1–1 draw against Paulista FC.In July 2008 he was signed by Serie A club Udinese on a reported free transfer, with performance based fees. However, Alemão was not registered in Lega Calcio as the club did not had an extra non-EU signing quota (Udinese signed Ricardo Chará, Dušan Basta, Alexis Sánchez and Odion Ighalo that season but only the last 2 were officially registered in the League Office). Santos also submitted a new contract to Brazilian Football Confederation BID-E system to document a new contract which last until 2011 on 28 July. Alemão was only officially signed for Udinese in June 2009, and never appeared for Santos neither in 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A nor 2009 Campeonato Paulista, due to a dispute with the club's board.With Udinese, Alemão played for its Primavera under-20 team as an overage player. In July 2010 he was sold to Serie B club Vicenza in co-ownership deal, for €400,000. Alemão made his debut abroad on 20 August 2010, replacing Alain Baclet in the 66th minute of a 0–2 Serie B loss against Atalanta.On 31 January 2011, he was swapped with Marco Cellini of Varese. In June 2011 Udinese gave up the remain 50% registration rights for free.In January 2012 Alemão returned to Brazil, signing a temporary deal with Grêmio Catanduvense. He moved to Guaratinguetá until December in mid-2012. After scoring regularly he moved to neighbouring Ponte Preta.After only appearing sparingly in 2013 Série A, Alemão was loaned to fellow league team Vitória. He subsequently was loaned to Chapecoense and Portuguesa in the following year, he scored 8 goals in total in Serie league and State league.On 12 December 2014 Alemão signed for Liga MX side Cruz Azul. He got 3 goals and 4 assists during 14 games but Figueirense wants him to play in the club In 2015, he returned to Brazil again for Figueirense. He then signed by ABC Futebol Clube and Ribeirão Preto based Botafogo Futebol Clube.In 2016, he moved to Europe again for Dutch club FC Eindhoven.
|
[
"Real Madrid Fc",
"Associação Chapecoense de Futebol",
"Figueirense Futebol Clube",
"Guaratinguetá Futebol",
"Udinese Calcio",
"E.C. Vitória",
"ABC Futebol Clube",
"Associação Atlética Ponte Preta",
"Santos F.C",
"Associação Portuguesa de Desportos",
"Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol",
"Varese Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Ronaldinho play for in Dec 22, 2010?
|
December 22, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Vicenza Calcio"
]
}
|
L2_Q4118453_P54_2
|
Ronaldinho plays for E.C. Vitória from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Ronaldinho plays for Santos F.C from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ronaldinho plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Portuguesa de Desportos from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for ABC Futebol Clube from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Ronaldinho plays for Guaratinguetá Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Chapecoense de Futebol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Atlética Ponte Preta from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Ronaldinho plays for Real Madrid Fc from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Figueirense Futebol Clube from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Udinese Calcio from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Alemão (footballer, born 1989)José Carlos Tofolo Júnior, commonly known as Alemão (born 2 March 1989), is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Jaraguá. He also holds Italian nationality.Alemão started his career at Santos, and signed a professional contract with club in 2005. He made his first team debut on 31 January 2008, starting in a 1–2 Campeonato Paulista loss against Grêmio Barueri, due to Kléber Pereira's injury. Alemão scored his first goal for "Peixe" four days later, in a 1–1 draw against Paulista FC.In July 2008 he was signed by Serie A club Udinese on a reported free transfer, with performance based fees. However, Alemão was not registered in Lega Calcio as the club did not had an extra non-EU signing quota (Udinese signed Ricardo Chará, Dušan Basta, Alexis Sánchez and Odion Ighalo that season but only the last 2 were officially registered in the League Office). Santos also submitted a new contract to Brazilian Football Confederation BID-E system to document a new contract which last until 2011 on 28 July. Alemão was only officially signed for Udinese in June 2009, and never appeared for Santos neither in 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A nor 2009 Campeonato Paulista, due to a dispute with the club's board.With Udinese, Alemão played for its Primavera under-20 team as an overage player. In July 2010 he was sold to Serie B club Vicenza in co-ownership deal, for €400,000. Alemão made his debut abroad on 20 August 2010, replacing Alain Baclet in the 66th minute of a 0–2 Serie B loss against Atalanta.On 31 January 2011, he was swapped with Marco Cellini of Varese. In June 2011 Udinese gave up the remain 50% registration rights for free.In January 2012 Alemão returned to Brazil, signing a temporary deal with Grêmio Catanduvense. He moved to Guaratinguetá until December in mid-2012. After scoring regularly he moved to neighbouring Ponte Preta.After only appearing sparingly in 2013 Série A, Alemão was loaned to fellow league team Vitória. He subsequently was loaned to Chapecoense and Portuguesa in the following year, he scored 8 goals in total in Serie league and State league.On 12 December 2014 Alemão signed for Liga MX side Cruz Azul. He got 3 goals and 4 assists during 14 games but Figueirense wants him to play in the club In 2015, he returned to Brazil again for Figueirense. He then signed by ABC Futebol Clube and Ribeirão Preto based Botafogo Futebol Clube.In 2016, he moved to Europe again for Dutch club FC Eindhoven.
|
[
"Real Madrid Fc",
"Associação Chapecoense de Futebol",
"Figueirense Futebol Clube",
"Guaratinguetá Futebol",
"Udinese Calcio",
"E.C. Vitória",
"ABC Futebol Clube",
"Associação Atlética Ponte Preta",
"Santos F.C",
"Associação Portuguesa de Desportos",
"Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol",
"Varese Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Ronaldinho play for in 12/22/2010?
|
December 22, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Vicenza Calcio"
]
}
|
L2_Q4118453_P54_2
|
Ronaldinho plays for E.C. Vitória from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Ronaldinho plays for Santos F.C from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ronaldinho plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Portuguesa de Desportos from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for ABC Futebol Clube from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Ronaldinho plays for Guaratinguetá Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Chapecoense de Futebol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Atlética Ponte Preta from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Ronaldinho plays for Real Madrid Fc from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Figueirense Futebol Clube from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Udinese Calcio from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Alemão (footballer, born 1989)José Carlos Tofolo Júnior, commonly known as Alemão (born 2 March 1989), is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Jaraguá. He also holds Italian nationality.Alemão started his career at Santos, and signed a professional contract with club in 2005. He made his first team debut on 31 January 2008, starting in a 1–2 Campeonato Paulista loss against Grêmio Barueri, due to Kléber Pereira's injury. Alemão scored his first goal for "Peixe" four days later, in a 1–1 draw against Paulista FC.In July 2008 he was signed by Serie A club Udinese on a reported free transfer, with performance based fees. However, Alemão was not registered in Lega Calcio as the club did not had an extra non-EU signing quota (Udinese signed Ricardo Chará, Dušan Basta, Alexis Sánchez and Odion Ighalo that season but only the last 2 were officially registered in the League Office). Santos also submitted a new contract to Brazilian Football Confederation BID-E system to document a new contract which last until 2011 on 28 July. Alemão was only officially signed for Udinese in June 2009, and never appeared for Santos neither in 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A nor 2009 Campeonato Paulista, due to a dispute with the club's board.With Udinese, Alemão played for its Primavera under-20 team as an overage player. In July 2010 he was sold to Serie B club Vicenza in co-ownership deal, for €400,000. Alemão made his debut abroad on 20 August 2010, replacing Alain Baclet in the 66th minute of a 0–2 Serie B loss against Atalanta.On 31 January 2011, he was swapped with Marco Cellini of Varese. In June 2011 Udinese gave up the remain 50% registration rights for free.In January 2012 Alemão returned to Brazil, signing a temporary deal with Grêmio Catanduvense. He moved to Guaratinguetá until December in mid-2012. After scoring regularly he moved to neighbouring Ponte Preta.After only appearing sparingly in 2013 Série A, Alemão was loaned to fellow league team Vitória. He subsequently was loaned to Chapecoense and Portuguesa in the following year, he scored 8 goals in total in Serie league and State league.On 12 December 2014 Alemão signed for Liga MX side Cruz Azul. He got 3 goals and 4 assists during 14 games but Figueirense wants him to play in the club In 2015, he returned to Brazil again for Figueirense. He then signed by ABC Futebol Clube and Ribeirão Preto based Botafogo Futebol Clube.In 2016, he moved to Europe again for Dutch club FC Eindhoven.
|
[
"Real Madrid Fc",
"Associação Chapecoense de Futebol",
"Figueirense Futebol Clube",
"Guaratinguetá Futebol",
"Udinese Calcio",
"E.C. Vitória",
"ABC Futebol Clube",
"Associação Atlética Ponte Preta",
"Santos F.C",
"Associação Portuguesa de Desportos",
"Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol",
"Varese Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Ronaldinho play for in 22-Dec-201022-December-2010?
|
December 22, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Vicenza Calcio"
]
}
|
L2_Q4118453_P54_2
|
Ronaldinho plays for E.C. Vitória from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Ronaldinho plays for Santos F.C from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ronaldinho plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Portuguesa de Desportos from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for ABC Futebol Clube from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Ronaldinho plays for Guaratinguetá Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Chapecoense de Futebol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Ronaldinho plays for Associação Atlética Ponte Preta from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Ronaldinho plays for Real Madrid Fc from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Figueirense Futebol Clube from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Ronaldinho plays for Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Ronaldinho plays for Udinese Calcio from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Alemão (footballer, born 1989)José Carlos Tofolo Júnior, commonly known as Alemão (born 2 March 1989), is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Jaraguá. He also holds Italian nationality.Alemão started his career at Santos, and signed a professional contract with club in 2005. He made his first team debut on 31 January 2008, starting in a 1–2 Campeonato Paulista loss against Grêmio Barueri, due to Kléber Pereira's injury. Alemão scored his first goal for "Peixe" four days later, in a 1–1 draw against Paulista FC.In July 2008 he was signed by Serie A club Udinese on a reported free transfer, with performance based fees. However, Alemão was not registered in Lega Calcio as the club did not had an extra non-EU signing quota (Udinese signed Ricardo Chará, Dušan Basta, Alexis Sánchez and Odion Ighalo that season but only the last 2 were officially registered in the League Office). Santos also submitted a new contract to Brazilian Football Confederation BID-E system to document a new contract which last until 2011 on 28 July. Alemão was only officially signed for Udinese in June 2009, and never appeared for Santos neither in 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A nor 2009 Campeonato Paulista, due to a dispute with the club's board.With Udinese, Alemão played for its Primavera under-20 team as an overage player. In July 2010 he was sold to Serie B club Vicenza in co-ownership deal, for €400,000. Alemão made his debut abroad on 20 August 2010, replacing Alain Baclet in the 66th minute of a 0–2 Serie B loss against Atalanta.On 31 January 2011, he was swapped with Marco Cellini of Varese. In June 2011 Udinese gave up the remain 50% registration rights for free.In January 2012 Alemão returned to Brazil, signing a temporary deal with Grêmio Catanduvense. He moved to Guaratinguetá until December in mid-2012. After scoring regularly he moved to neighbouring Ponte Preta.After only appearing sparingly in 2013 Série A, Alemão was loaned to fellow league team Vitória. He subsequently was loaned to Chapecoense and Portuguesa in the following year, he scored 8 goals in total in Serie league and State league.On 12 December 2014 Alemão signed for Liga MX side Cruz Azul. He got 3 goals and 4 assists during 14 games but Figueirense wants him to play in the club In 2015, he returned to Brazil again for Figueirense. He then signed by ABC Futebol Clube and Ribeirão Preto based Botafogo Futebol Clube.In 2016, he moved to Europe again for Dutch club FC Eindhoven.
|
[
"Real Madrid Fc",
"Associação Chapecoense de Futebol",
"Figueirense Futebol Clube",
"Guaratinguetá Futebol",
"Udinese Calcio",
"E.C. Vitória",
"ABC Futebol Clube",
"Associação Atlética Ponte Preta",
"Santos F.C",
"Associação Portuguesa de Desportos",
"Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol",
"Varese Calcio"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation in Mar, 1999?
|
March 06, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Ian McNaught-Davis"
]
}
|
L2_Q661178_P488_7
|
Albert Eggler is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1972.
Ian McNaught-Davis is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.
Edouard Wyss-Dunant is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1968.
Charles Egmond d’Arcis is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1964.
Jean Juge is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1976.
Pierre Bossus is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1984.
Carlo Sganzini is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1989.
Pietro Segantini is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995.
Frits Vrijlandt is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2020.
Alan Blackshaw is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Mike Mortimer is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
International Climbing and Mountaineering FederationThe International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation, commonly known by its French name Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA, lit. "International Union of Alpine Clubs") was founded in August 1932 in Chamonix, France when 20 mountaineering associations met for an alpine congress. Count Charles Egmond d’Arcis, from Switzerland, was chosen as the first president and it was decided by the founding members that the UIAA would be an international federation which would be in charge of the "study and solution of all problems regarding mountaineering". The UIAA Safety Label was created in 1960 and was internationally approved in 1965 and currently (2015) has a global presence on five continents with 86 member associations in 62 countries representing over 3 million people.The UIAA is today the international governing body of climbing and mountaineering and represents climbers and mountaineers around the world on a wide range of issues related to mountain safety, sustainability and competition sport.The International Climbers’ Meet, the goal of these meets is to foster good will and cultural understanding through our shared passion of climbing by hosting a diverse group of climbing abilities from a multitude of countries.The UIAA Safety Commission develops and maintains safety standards for climbing equipment. These standards are implemented worldwide by the manufacturers who also participate in annual Safety Commission meetings. The Commission works with nearly 60 manufacturers worldwide and has 1,861 products certified.Dynamic Rope UIAA fall count ratingThe test to determine the fall count uses a 5.1m rope and drops a weight (80 kg single rope / 55 kg double rope) so that it falls 4.8m before experiencing a reaction force from the rope. This means that the weight is falling below the fixed end and there is minimal rope to stretch and absorb the force. The fall count rating is the number of times the rope can undergo this test before breaking. For the dynamic rope to be UIAA certified it requires a fall count rating of 5 or more.This number does not indicate that the rope needs to be discarded after this many falls while climbing, since a fall would usually not have the climber fall beyond the belayer and there is usually more rope to stretch and absorb the fall. There has been no recorded accidents of a UIAA certified dynamic rope breaking without there being damage from a sharp edge or chemical.Mountain Medicine DiplomaTogether with the International Society of Mountain Medicine (ISMM) and the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR), the UIAA Medical Commission has established and developed a joint Diploma in Mountain Medicine that establishes minimal requirements for courses in mountain medicine in August 1997 (Interlaken, Switzerland). Many course organizers adopted these standards and the Diploma in Mountain Medicine (DiMM) has become a widely respected qualification.The Medical Commission was founded in 1981. Its history dates back to an earlier time when there were only a few doctors representing the largest mountaineering federations. The commission has grown to include 22 delegated doctors from 18 different mountaineering federations, as well as 16 corresponding members from all over the world. The UIAA Medical Commission has worked very closely with the Medical Commission of the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR). The current presidents of the UIAA Medical commission and the MedCom ICAR are always on the advisory board of the ISMM.The UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organised on different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating.Ice climbingThe UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organized in different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating.There are two ice climbing disciplines, Speed and Lead. In Speed, athletes race up an ice face for the best time. In Lead competitions the climbers' ability to master a difficult route in a given time is tested.Anti-Doping CommissionThe UIAA has adopted the World Anti-Doping Code (2014); this includes the mandatory articles of the Code and all relevant International Standards. The commission also oversees the anti-doping testing of athletes who participate in UIAA ice climbing competitions.Global Youth SummitThe Global Youth Summit is a series of UIAA youth events where young mountaineers from around the world come together to climb, promote peace and cooperation between countries and work on the protection of the environment. First implemented ten years ago, it consists of a series of expeditions and camps offered by UIAA member federations to other UIAA member federations and their members.All UIAA Global Youth Summit events are organised and undertaken in strict accordance with the relevant Federation's regulations and UIAA Youth Commission Handbook & UIAA Youth Commission criteria and recommendations governing such events. Once approved the National Federation or event organiser and their designated leaders have responsibility for the event. The UIAA Youth Commission and UIAA Office may on occasion appoint other responsible persons such as trainers, event organisers and partners.Source:Source:
|
[
"Pierre Bossus",
"Pietro Segantini",
"Charles Egmond d’Arcis",
"Jean Juge",
"Mike Mortimer",
"Albert Eggler",
"Alan Blackshaw",
"Edouard Wyss-Dunant",
"Carlo Sganzini",
"Frits Vrijlandt"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation in 1999-03-06?
|
March 06, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Ian McNaught-Davis"
]
}
|
L2_Q661178_P488_7
|
Albert Eggler is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1972.
Ian McNaught-Davis is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.
Edouard Wyss-Dunant is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1968.
Charles Egmond d’Arcis is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1964.
Jean Juge is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1976.
Pierre Bossus is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1984.
Carlo Sganzini is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1989.
Pietro Segantini is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995.
Frits Vrijlandt is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2020.
Alan Blackshaw is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Mike Mortimer is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
International Climbing and Mountaineering FederationThe International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation, commonly known by its French name Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA, lit. "International Union of Alpine Clubs") was founded in August 1932 in Chamonix, France when 20 mountaineering associations met for an alpine congress. Count Charles Egmond d’Arcis, from Switzerland, was chosen as the first president and it was decided by the founding members that the UIAA would be an international federation which would be in charge of the "study and solution of all problems regarding mountaineering". The UIAA Safety Label was created in 1960 and was internationally approved in 1965 and currently (2015) has a global presence on five continents with 86 member associations in 62 countries representing over 3 million people.The UIAA is today the international governing body of climbing and mountaineering and represents climbers and mountaineers around the world on a wide range of issues related to mountain safety, sustainability and competition sport.The International Climbers’ Meet, the goal of these meets is to foster good will and cultural understanding through our shared passion of climbing by hosting a diverse group of climbing abilities from a multitude of countries.The UIAA Safety Commission develops and maintains safety standards for climbing equipment. These standards are implemented worldwide by the manufacturers who also participate in annual Safety Commission meetings. The Commission works with nearly 60 manufacturers worldwide and has 1,861 products certified.Dynamic Rope UIAA fall count ratingThe test to determine the fall count uses a 5.1m rope and drops a weight (80 kg single rope / 55 kg double rope) so that it falls 4.8m before experiencing a reaction force from the rope. This means that the weight is falling below the fixed end and there is minimal rope to stretch and absorb the force. The fall count rating is the number of times the rope can undergo this test before breaking. For the dynamic rope to be UIAA certified it requires a fall count rating of 5 or more.This number does not indicate that the rope needs to be discarded after this many falls while climbing, since a fall would usually not have the climber fall beyond the belayer and there is usually more rope to stretch and absorb the fall. There has been no recorded accidents of a UIAA certified dynamic rope breaking without there being damage from a sharp edge or chemical.Mountain Medicine DiplomaTogether with the International Society of Mountain Medicine (ISMM) and the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR), the UIAA Medical Commission has established and developed a joint Diploma in Mountain Medicine that establishes minimal requirements for courses in mountain medicine in August 1997 (Interlaken, Switzerland). Many course organizers adopted these standards and the Diploma in Mountain Medicine (DiMM) has become a widely respected qualification.The Medical Commission was founded in 1981. Its history dates back to an earlier time when there were only a few doctors representing the largest mountaineering federations. The commission has grown to include 22 delegated doctors from 18 different mountaineering federations, as well as 16 corresponding members from all over the world. The UIAA Medical Commission has worked very closely with the Medical Commission of the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR). The current presidents of the UIAA Medical commission and the MedCom ICAR are always on the advisory board of the ISMM.The UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organised on different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating.Ice climbingThe UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organized in different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating.There are two ice climbing disciplines, Speed and Lead. In Speed, athletes race up an ice face for the best time. In Lead competitions the climbers' ability to master a difficult route in a given time is tested.Anti-Doping CommissionThe UIAA has adopted the World Anti-Doping Code (2014); this includes the mandatory articles of the Code and all relevant International Standards. The commission also oversees the anti-doping testing of athletes who participate in UIAA ice climbing competitions.Global Youth SummitThe Global Youth Summit is a series of UIAA youth events where young mountaineers from around the world come together to climb, promote peace and cooperation between countries and work on the protection of the environment. First implemented ten years ago, it consists of a series of expeditions and camps offered by UIAA member federations to other UIAA member federations and their members.All UIAA Global Youth Summit events are organised and undertaken in strict accordance with the relevant Federation's regulations and UIAA Youth Commission Handbook & UIAA Youth Commission criteria and recommendations governing such events. Once approved the National Federation or event organiser and their designated leaders have responsibility for the event. The UIAA Youth Commission and UIAA Office may on occasion appoint other responsible persons such as trainers, event organisers and partners.Source:Source:
|
[
"Pierre Bossus",
"Pietro Segantini",
"Charles Egmond d’Arcis",
"Jean Juge",
"Mike Mortimer",
"Albert Eggler",
"Alan Blackshaw",
"Edouard Wyss-Dunant",
"Carlo Sganzini",
"Frits Vrijlandt"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation in 06/03/1999?
|
March 06, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Ian McNaught-Davis"
]
}
|
L2_Q661178_P488_7
|
Albert Eggler is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1972.
Ian McNaught-Davis is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.
Edouard Wyss-Dunant is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1968.
Charles Egmond d’Arcis is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1964.
Jean Juge is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1976.
Pierre Bossus is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1984.
Carlo Sganzini is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1989.
Pietro Segantini is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995.
Frits Vrijlandt is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2020.
Alan Blackshaw is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Mike Mortimer is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
International Climbing and Mountaineering FederationThe International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation, commonly known by its French name Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA, lit. "International Union of Alpine Clubs") was founded in August 1932 in Chamonix, France when 20 mountaineering associations met for an alpine congress. Count Charles Egmond d’Arcis, from Switzerland, was chosen as the first president and it was decided by the founding members that the UIAA would be an international federation which would be in charge of the "study and solution of all problems regarding mountaineering". The UIAA Safety Label was created in 1960 and was internationally approved in 1965 and currently (2015) has a global presence on five continents with 86 member associations in 62 countries representing over 3 million people.The UIAA is today the international governing body of climbing and mountaineering and represents climbers and mountaineers around the world on a wide range of issues related to mountain safety, sustainability and competition sport.The International Climbers’ Meet, the goal of these meets is to foster good will and cultural understanding through our shared passion of climbing by hosting a diverse group of climbing abilities from a multitude of countries.The UIAA Safety Commission develops and maintains safety standards for climbing equipment. These standards are implemented worldwide by the manufacturers who also participate in annual Safety Commission meetings. The Commission works with nearly 60 manufacturers worldwide and has 1,861 products certified.Dynamic Rope UIAA fall count ratingThe test to determine the fall count uses a 5.1m rope and drops a weight (80 kg single rope / 55 kg double rope) so that it falls 4.8m before experiencing a reaction force from the rope. This means that the weight is falling below the fixed end and there is minimal rope to stretch and absorb the force. The fall count rating is the number of times the rope can undergo this test before breaking. For the dynamic rope to be UIAA certified it requires a fall count rating of 5 or more.This number does not indicate that the rope needs to be discarded after this many falls while climbing, since a fall would usually not have the climber fall beyond the belayer and there is usually more rope to stretch and absorb the fall. There has been no recorded accidents of a UIAA certified dynamic rope breaking without there being damage from a sharp edge or chemical.Mountain Medicine DiplomaTogether with the International Society of Mountain Medicine (ISMM) and the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR), the UIAA Medical Commission has established and developed a joint Diploma in Mountain Medicine that establishes minimal requirements for courses in mountain medicine in August 1997 (Interlaken, Switzerland). Many course organizers adopted these standards and the Diploma in Mountain Medicine (DiMM) has become a widely respected qualification.The Medical Commission was founded in 1981. Its history dates back to an earlier time when there were only a few doctors representing the largest mountaineering federations. The commission has grown to include 22 delegated doctors from 18 different mountaineering federations, as well as 16 corresponding members from all over the world. The UIAA Medical Commission has worked very closely with the Medical Commission of the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR). The current presidents of the UIAA Medical commission and the MedCom ICAR are always on the advisory board of the ISMM.The UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organised on different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating.Ice climbingThe UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organized in different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating.There are two ice climbing disciplines, Speed and Lead. In Speed, athletes race up an ice face for the best time. In Lead competitions the climbers' ability to master a difficult route in a given time is tested.Anti-Doping CommissionThe UIAA has adopted the World Anti-Doping Code (2014); this includes the mandatory articles of the Code and all relevant International Standards. The commission also oversees the anti-doping testing of athletes who participate in UIAA ice climbing competitions.Global Youth SummitThe Global Youth Summit is a series of UIAA youth events where young mountaineers from around the world come together to climb, promote peace and cooperation between countries and work on the protection of the environment. First implemented ten years ago, it consists of a series of expeditions and camps offered by UIAA member federations to other UIAA member federations and their members.All UIAA Global Youth Summit events are organised and undertaken in strict accordance with the relevant Federation's regulations and UIAA Youth Commission Handbook & UIAA Youth Commission criteria and recommendations governing such events. Once approved the National Federation or event organiser and their designated leaders have responsibility for the event. The UIAA Youth Commission and UIAA Office may on occasion appoint other responsible persons such as trainers, event organisers and partners.Source:Source:
|
[
"Pierre Bossus",
"Pietro Segantini",
"Charles Egmond d’Arcis",
"Jean Juge",
"Mike Mortimer",
"Albert Eggler",
"Alan Blackshaw",
"Edouard Wyss-Dunant",
"Carlo Sganzini",
"Frits Vrijlandt"
] |
|
Who was the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation in Mar 06, 1999?
|
March 06, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Ian McNaught-Davis"
]
}
|
L2_Q661178_P488_7
|
Albert Eggler is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1972.
Ian McNaught-Davis is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004.
Edouard Wyss-Dunant is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1968.
Charles Egmond d’Arcis is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1964.
Jean Juge is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1976.
Pierre Bossus is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1984.
Carlo Sganzini is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1989.
Pietro Segantini is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995.
Frits Vrijlandt is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2020.
Alan Blackshaw is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Mike Mortimer is the chair of International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
International Climbing and Mountaineering FederationThe International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation, commonly known by its French name Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA, lit. "International Union of Alpine Clubs") was founded in August 1932 in Chamonix, France when 20 mountaineering associations met for an alpine congress. Count Charles Egmond d’Arcis, from Switzerland, was chosen as the first president and it was decided by the founding members that the UIAA would be an international federation which would be in charge of the "study and solution of all problems regarding mountaineering". The UIAA Safety Label was created in 1960 and was internationally approved in 1965 and currently (2015) has a global presence on five continents with 86 member associations in 62 countries representing over 3 million people.The UIAA is today the international governing body of climbing and mountaineering and represents climbers and mountaineers around the world on a wide range of issues related to mountain safety, sustainability and competition sport.The International Climbers’ Meet, the goal of these meets is to foster good will and cultural understanding through our shared passion of climbing by hosting a diverse group of climbing abilities from a multitude of countries.The UIAA Safety Commission develops and maintains safety standards for climbing equipment. These standards are implemented worldwide by the manufacturers who also participate in annual Safety Commission meetings. The Commission works with nearly 60 manufacturers worldwide and has 1,861 products certified.Dynamic Rope UIAA fall count ratingThe test to determine the fall count uses a 5.1m rope and drops a weight (80 kg single rope / 55 kg double rope) so that it falls 4.8m before experiencing a reaction force from the rope. This means that the weight is falling below the fixed end and there is minimal rope to stretch and absorb the force. The fall count rating is the number of times the rope can undergo this test before breaking. For the dynamic rope to be UIAA certified it requires a fall count rating of 5 or more.This number does not indicate that the rope needs to be discarded after this many falls while climbing, since a fall would usually not have the climber fall beyond the belayer and there is usually more rope to stretch and absorb the fall. There has been no recorded accidents of a UIAA certified dynamic rope breaking without there being damage from a sharp edge or chemical.Mountain Medicine DiplomaTogether with the International Society of Mountain Medicine (ISMM) and the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR), the UIAA Medical Commission has established and developed a joint Diploma in Mountain Medicine that establishes minimal requirements for courses in mountain medicine in August 1997 (Interlaken, Switzerland). Many course organizers adopted these standards and the Diploma in Mountain Medicine (DiMM) has become a widely respected qualification.The Medical Commission was founded in 1981. Its history dates back to an earlier time when there were only a few doctors representing the largest mountaineering federations. The commission has grown to include 22 delegated doctors from 18 different mountaineering federations, as well as 16 corresponding members from all over the world. The UIAA Medical Commission has worked very closely with the Medical Commission of the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR). The current presidents of the UIAA Medical commission and the MedCom ICAR are always on the advisory board of the ISMM.The UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organised on different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating.Ice climbingThe UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organized in different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating.There are two ice climbing disciplines, Speed and Lead. In Speed, athletes race up an ice face for the best time. In Lead competitions the climbers' ability to master a difficult route in a given time is tested.Anti-Doping CommissionThe UIAA has adopted the World Anti-Doping Code (2014); this includes the mandatory articles of the Code and all relevant International Standards. The commission also oversees the anti-doping testing of athletes who participate in UIAA ice climbing competitions.Global Youth SummitThe Global Youth Summit is a series of UIAA youth events where young mountaineers from around the world come together to climb, promote peace and cooperation between countries and work on the protection of the environment. First implemented ten years ago, it consists of a series of expeditions and camps offered by UIAA member federations to other UIAA member federations and their members.All UIAA Global Youth Summit events are organised and undertaken in strict accordance with the relevant Federation's regulations and UIAA Youth Commission Handbook & UIAA Youth Commission criteria and recommendations governing such events. Once approved the National Federation or event organiser and their designated leaders have responsibility for the event. The UIAA Youth Commission and UIAA Office may on occasion appoint other responsible persons such as trainers, event organisers and partners.Source:Source:
|
[
"Pierre Bossus",
"Pietro Segantini",
"Charles Egmond d’Arcis",
"Jean Juge",
"Mike Mortimer",
"Albert Eggler",
"Alan Blackshaw",
"Edouard Wyss-Dunant",
"Carlo Sganzini",
"Frits Vrijlandt"
] |
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