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To make this discipline work, theoretical frameworks in the form of theories are used to explain and analyze social actions, structures and various social processes. These theories aid in organizing social research. It is imperative to realize the significance of these theories not only to develop a positive attitude towards life and society but also to modulate the situation so as to add meaning to it in a cognitive and overall holistic development (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed).
Sociological theories explaining stratification by gender and age are based on theoretical assumptions encompassing positivism, materialism, idealism, determinism, individualism and free will (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). They provide an attitude towards critical thinking that includes rationality, logic, objectivity and knowledge (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). It is an essential tool used by scholars to analyze the society and therefore these are interdisciplinary, drawing ideas from and contributing to various disciplines of human endeavor (Stark, 2007).
Gender responsibilities require proper behavior, attitudes and activities of both males and females in the society. The social theories defining stratification by gender signify women as an oppressed majority group and must be feminine, soft, emotional, sweet and submissive while boys or males must be masculine, aggressive in temperament, tough, daring and dominant (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). ...
Women perform the roles of being expressive and emotionally supportive while men take the role of being instrumental and practical (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed).
According to the conflict response of the sociological theory there is no parallel power relationship between men and women. Women are always considered as the weaker gender and men have a dominant position over women. This difference is due to suppression of women by men (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed).
According to the feminist perspective, in capitalist societies, women's subordination in injustice and exploitation is prevalent. This has gained pace with the rise in private property during industrialization (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). The dominance of men is also seen in the interaction theory which states that men are more likely to change topics of conversation or rather ignore topics chosen by women. The theory further states that if the idea is given by a women then it doesn't gain much appreciation rather women are always interrupted (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed).
The stratification by gender also brings focus on the ideology of sexism which states that one sex (male) is superior to other (female). It also encompass discrimination and male prejudice leading to sexual harassment. Sexual harassment also involves work benefits, favors, touching, lewd comments and thereby creating hostile environment (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed).
This stratification is prevalent all over the world and therefore women remain in second-class position in major part of the world especially in the developing countries and are exploited for labor (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). The gender stratification is also prevalent in developed nations like US but still is underrepresented in occupations defined as "men's jobs" which keep
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Thomas Jefferson was a humanitarian far in advance of his time, standing out among the great men of his age for his constant advocacy on behalf of prisoners-of-war and civilians caught in war zones. In 1779, in a celebrated letter to Patrick Henry, dealing with British prisoners-of-war captured at the Battle of Saratoga, Jefferson said, "It is for the benefit of mankind to mitigate the horrors of war as much as possible."
The amelioration of human suffering was a key element of the Age of Enlightenment in which Jefferson lived. The Founding Fathers tried to infuse America with Enlightenment values as they created it. The early 21st Century is, in many ways, a more brutal and less civilized time than was the 18th Century, and 21st Century Jeffersonians have a responsibility to do everything they can to alleviate suffering in our time, just as Jefferson tried to do in his.
One cause of great human suffering in our age is the deployment of massive numbers of antipersonnel landmines during conflicts in Africa, Asia, the Balkans, and Latin America during the 1980s. These devices are specifically designed to maim rather than kill, the sickening logic being that it requires an enemy to spend more resources caring for a badly-wounded soldier than to dispose of a dead body. Vast swaths of land remain infested with these minefields, usually long after the conflict for which they were deployed had ended.
Every week, hundreds of people are maimed and killed, many laid decades before for use in conflicts long since over. Almost all the people being killed by landmines today are innocent civilians with no connection to any combatant force. A very large proportion of those injured or killed are children.
Adding to the miserable human toll are numerous other costs. Landmine fields often prevent refugees from returning to their homes after the end of a conflict, hindering the economic redevelopment which might prevent a future war. Livestock are often killed by landmines, contributing to poverty and starvation. The long-term negative impacts of the deployment of antipersonnel landmines, both direct and indirect, boggles the imagination.
On December 3, 1997, 122 countries came together in Ottawa and signed a comprehensive treaty banning the production and deployment of antipersonnel landmines. Since then, many nations in Africa and Asia have made great progress in clearing their minefields, returning the land to productive use, and allowing people from war-torn regions to begin to rebuild their lives. The total number of countries that have signed the Ottawa Treaty now stands at 156. The movement to free the world from the scourge of antipersonnel landmines represents one of the most glorious episodes of the last few decades of human history.
But despite innumerable requests, the United States of America has refused to sign the treaty. Indeed, antipersonnel landmines are still being produced in American factories.
The fact that America has not joined the movement to ban antipersonnel landmines would have shocked and saddened Jefferson. He would have seen is as a failing of the American people and a black mark on the honor of the United States. Having an opportunity to alleviate the suffering of humanity, yet not taking it, is a failure of us to live up to the Enlightenment values on which the country was founded.
It is high time for the United States to join with the rest of the world, submit its name to the Ottawa Treaty, and join in the effort to rid the world of antipersonnel landmines. Rather than selling weapons to undemocratic regimes, our government should be dispatching teams of specialists to clear landmine fields.
Contact the White House and contact your Senators. Tell them that the United States should sign the Ottawa Treaty, and should do so immediately. Doing so is one more step in living up to Jefferson's vision for what our country can become.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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If you are interested to learn about Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats as well as finding out the causes, symptoms, and Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, you have come to the right place.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is common skin cancer in cats and dogs too. SCC is typically described as a tumor of skin cells and it occurs from squamous cells with tumors developing anywhere that these cells are present including the nail bed, ear tips (pinnae), nose, and corner of the eyes.
To learn more about this disease, ensure you read through to the end.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Cats: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
The skin is set up in a way that it has several layers. The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis which contains scale-like cells referred to as squamous epithelium.
It is the aggressive replication of abnormal cells originating from the squamous cells in the epidermis that leads to squamous cell carcinoma.
Usually, Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats appears as a single lesion in one location. However, multicentric squamous cell carcinoma occurs as many lesions in multiple locations on the body, including the mouth. Nonetheless, Multicentric Squamous cell carcinoma is rare in cats.
Furthermore, there are two predominant forms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats, they are the skin version and the oral version.
The skin form of SCC is caused by excessive amounts of sunshine, so the disease is prevalent over Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats.
The Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats is typically aggressive, as opposed to the skin form. 90% of felines suffering from Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats are dead within 12 months of been diagnosed.
The reason has been due to the delay in diagnosis because cats hide problems, and it is not easy for owners to look into their cat’s mouth.
Causes Of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Knowing the cause of feline squamous cell carcinoma will help in formulating definite treatment options for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats.
Like most cancer cases, there is no known cause for squamous cell carcinoma yet.
However, some believe that there are several contributing factors leading to the cause of the disease such as environmental factors especially exposure to ultraviolet rays or sunlight has been attributed to the development of SCC in cats.
Also, genetic or hereditary factors like exposure to papilloma-like viruses are believed to contribute to multicentric SCC leading to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats and other areas of the skin where squamous cells are present.
Symptoms otf Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Cats.
The essence of finding Signs of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats is to help you quickly detect whether the disease has occurred in your cat.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats can be terrifying but prompt action by observing your cat and quickly reporting Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats to your veterinarian will help to arrest the situation at an early stage thereby prolonging your cat’s life.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats usually present signs that can be seen in sparsely-haired and lightly pigmented areas of the skin, particularly the eyelids, the nasal planum, lips, and ears, as well as other areas of the body that have greater exposure to ultraviolet rays/sunlight.
Furthermore, Signs of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats involve multicentric SCCs to appear on pigmented areas on the skin which become ulcerated (open) and bleed.
These areas become painful and with scabby appearance sometimes. Also, they can expand across the skin.
More so, SCC typically appears on the facial area of the cat, however, other areas can be affected including the toes especially the tumor growing on the nail bed, which can cause swelling, pain, loss of the nail, and lameness. Cats are likely to lick or chew the area and cause self-trauma.
Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats that can be seen on the skin are usually single, small, and poorly delineated, with uneven, toughened borders.
Also, the nearby area may be slightly pink, and there may be hair loss as well. Growth on the skin is apt to be bleeding and ulcerated. The surface may be either concave or bulging.
Diagnosis Of Squamous Cell Carcinoma In cats.
Diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in cats is the immediate step when the Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats is detected to help formulate favorable treatment including Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats.
Since squamous cell carcinoma is a surface disease, a diagnostic approach that is required is a microscopic examination of the affected tissue.
Also, cytology can be used to diagnose the disease. It is a rapid, easy, noninvasive method that is commonly attempted as the first diagnostic technique, especially for cutaneous lesions.
However, the best method depends on the location of cancer and its gross appearance.
Biopsy through the use of Fine-needle aspiration to collect cancer cells is another diagnostic approach especially when histopathology may be required to obtain a definitive diagnosis if cytology is nondiagnostic or equivocal.
Also, surface imprints and scrapings are commonly used to collect samples from shallow or plaque-like lesions.
Treatment tof Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Cats.
Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of all forms including Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats is best treated when it is diagnosed early before it becomes malignant and spread to other body sites and organs.
There are different treatment options available that can be attempted to treat the disease in cats. They include:
#1. Surgical Removal.
Surgical is most of the time the primary is the primary treatment option for most cats with SCC. It is involved in the complete removal of the tumour however it depends on factors such as the size and location of the tumour.
The removal is an effective local treatment option for cats with SCC. Surgical removal often goes with chemotherapy and or radiation therapy.
#2. Radiation Therapy.
Radiation Therapy is a local treatment modality that is generally recommended as an effective treatment typically recommended for incompletely excised tumours or employed as a primary treatment for inoperable tumours.
It is considered the best treatment option for tumours of the nasal planum, nasal cavity, and oral cavity.
Generally, chemotherapy is not the best treatment option for squamous cell carcinoma because generally squamous cell carcinomas are not considered to be thermoresponsive.
However, chemotherapy may be recommended under varying circumstances such as inoperable tumours, anaplastic, or metastatic (spread) at the time of diagnosis.
Cryotherapy is another form of local control treatment of small, superficial tumours or incomplete excised tumours. It is affordable compared to surgical excision and it is readily available providing excellent cosmetic results.
Plesiotherapy is a topical application of a radiation source to a targeted lesion. Plesiotherapy treatment is limited to superficial or incompletely excised tumors, predominantly those that originate at the nasal planum or ocular region.
Prevention Of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Preventive measure to protect cats from developing this serious and aggressive cancer is sought after.
There is yet to be a defined preventive measure but there are cat three things you can do to help prevent your cat from developing the disease.
Always perform an oral exam on your pet. If you can’t do it yourself, ensure the veterinarian helps you out. This will help in early detection and treatment.
Also, take your cat for a yearly Wellness Exam. In addition, you can have your pet’s teeth cleaned, whether with anesthesia or without anesthesia with the use of non-anesthetic dental.
Importantly, it is best to limit the amount of time that your cat spends in the sun. This will help reduce the high chance of developing SCC since extreme exposure to sunlight and UV light is considered to be contributing factors for the disease to occur.
It is equally important to prevent your cat to rub, scratch, lick, chew or bite the affected area. This may cause trauma and further increase the risk of secondary infection.
Prognosis Of Cat With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma may appear not to be fatal, but it largely depends on the size and degree of the disease. The prognosis for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats is poor due to a lack of sustainable treatment options.
Treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy can give your cat a survival period of about 2-4 months with or at most 1 year.
Folloinwg oral cancer in cats, here are the common questions being asked with respective answer given to it.
How Long Can My Cat Live With Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Life expectancy is estimated to be between 1and 1/2 and 3 months on average, according to studies. When the tumor is located in an area that may be surgically removed, such as the cheek or the jaw, this is the case.
Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma Painful For Cats?
Yes, it is painful especially if it is found in some areas it will make it Painful and scabby, these places are prone to abrasion and infection.
One-and-a-half inches (4 cm) in diameter, they can spread across the skin. A cat’s facial skin cancer (SCC) is most common, although it can arise everywhere – even on the toes.
Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma Deadly In Cats?
If caught early, this disease is very curable, but if left untreated, it can be fatal. The importance of a fast diagnosis cannot be overstated.
Most likely, the veterinarian will thoroughly examine the animal’s face and softly stroke its nose and ears during a regular medical examination of your cat.
What Does Squamous Cell Cancer Look Like In Cats?
Although the appearance of SCC can vary, it is most commonly described as a red, swollen region of skin or a scab when it first develops.
Some cats may traumatize lesions when they are palpated. As a rule, tumors in cats tend to develop on the face and pinna of the ears, but they can occur anywhere on the body.
Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma Common In Cats?
Cats with feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) account for 70 to 80 percent of all oral tumors. A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) develops in the oral cavity from normal squamous epithelium.
What Kind Of Cats Are More Likely To Get Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
More cats with squamous cell carcinomas live at high altitudes or spend a lot of time in the sun. It is more common for light-colored or white kittens to get these tumors than other types of cats. This type of cancer is more common in cats over the age of ten.
When Is It Time To Euthanize A Cat With Oral Cancer?
When cats become too deformed to eat or breathe, they are put down. Still, there are possibilities and certain scenarios are more beneficial than others in this situation.
Tumors on the lower jaw may be removed by removing the tumor-containing portion of the jaw.
What Causes Tumors In Cats Mouths?
An oral tumor’s source is unknown, however there are a number of potential risk factors, including secondhand smoke as well as gum disease.
The occurrence of oral masses in cats who wear flea collars has been found to be increased in some circumstances.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats is a serious disease, but if diagnosed early enough, the outcome of treatment is favourable.
Howbeit, vigilance on the part of pet owners is the key to noticing any abnormalities warranting a physical and laboratory exam by your veterinarian.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Former US senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan is quoted as saying that if you want to build a great city, you should create a great university and wait 200 years. Saudi Arabia is taking a different approach.
The kingdom is in the process of building five ‘economic cities’ (ECs), designed as engines to steer Saudi Arabia away from oil dependency. The first of these, King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC), broke ground in 2006. The most recent, a gargantuan project called NEOM, was announced at the end of last year. Unlike typical cities that grow organically, these cities are purpose-built with an end goal in mind, and are developed through complex public/private partnerships.
The process of getting a business licence in the kingdom is notoriously complex, with red tape, bureaucracy and corruption paralysing entrepreneurship
Though the Saudi Government has put resources towards the development of the ECs, each city is mostly privately funded through its own consortium of companies, spearheaded by one ‘master developer’. KAEC, the flagship city, has received more funding than the other ECs, while NEOM is the only city that will be wholly owned by the Saudi Public Investment Fund. The difference between the ECs and normal cities is perhaps best demonstrated by the fact that KAEC will be run by a CEO instead of a mayor, and is the first ever publicly traded city.
The cities are meant to carve out regulatory, economic and cultural oases within the kingdom where the economy and, more importantly, the private sector would flourish. They are being built from nothing, with each centred on specific industrial clusters that will serve as growth engines. These are immensely ambitious projects that, in effect, look to force economic growth.
The cities’ progress, however, has not materialised as originally envisioned. Doubts remain over the government’s ability to hit its targets and the nature of the cities’ day-to-day operations once completed.
Running out of time
Saudi Arabia finds itself at a crucial moment in its history. Commercial quantities of oil were discovered five years after the kingdom’s founding and have been the source of its economic and political power ever since. It has become increasingly apparent, however, that this will not be the case forever.
There has been scepticism about the actual size of the oil reserves, and speculation about how much time is left before they run out. Some estimates say Saudi oil fields have as little as 70 years before running dry. This has injected a sense of urgency into the country’s need to find alternative economic drivers.
“This is the million-dollar question… Can these [cities] fund and build themselves into significance fast enough? Saudis are feeling a lot of pressure. They don’t have time,” Sarah Moser, director of the urban studies programme at McGill University, told World Finance. “Oil’s going to run out in my lifetime, and [Saudi Arabia] will be a net oil importer in my lifetime. They’re only building these cities because they’re terrified. They know under the surface that things have to change very fast.”
The black fountain of wealth that has single-handedly kept the kingdom somewhere in or around the upper quartile of the world’s GDPs has come at the expense of the rest of the economy. Historically, there has been no need to devote significant resources to developing the private sector when the government could enjoy the fruits of the world’s largest oil-exporting operation. There has been little incentive to bring women – half the nation’s brainpower – into the economy when political leaders could just as easily cater to conservative religious support while falling back on oil revenues.
In the final quarter of 2014, oil prices began to collapse due to a global production glut. The result for Saudi Arabia, which depends on oil income for around 70 percent of its budget, was the biggest deficit in the country’s history. This further highlighted the risk of depending on one commodity as an economic buttress, and was a driving force behind Vision 2030 – the government’s long-term plan to diversify the kingdom’s economy, announced by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman back in 2016.
Weak private sector
A major roadblock to the success of the ECs is low Saudi participation in the country’s private sector. Saudis have been reluctant to enter the private sector for a variety of reasons, including significantly lower pay and working standards compared with those of the public sector. This has resulted in a skills gap that will be difficult to close in the short to medium term, as only a minority of Saudi nationals have experience working in the kind of competitive ecosystem the ECs want to foster.
Estimates suggest that the kingdom’s population will grow by around 20 percent by 2030, but Saudi Arabia’s current economic model, in which the state provides the majority of jobs for Saudi nationals, is unsustainable in the face of that growth. Ultimately, the kingdom needs to develop a private sector that is vibrant and attractive enough to draw in Saudi labour.
That said, Saudi Arabia ranked 92nd on the World Bank’s 2018 Ease of Doing Business Index, a far cry from the fertile investment ground it aspires to be. The process of getting a business licence in the kingdom is notoriously complex, with red tape, bureaucracy and corruption paralysing entrepreneurship. Despite steps taken in recent years to improve business conditions, such as streamlining the business registration process, strengthening protection for minority investors and putting systems in place to better enforce contracts, the kingdom still falls short.
Delays and bottlenecks
There are numerous challenges in bringing the ECs to completion by their target dates. Global economic slowdowns could stem the flow of private investment, and dips in the price of oil can harm Saudi state investment funds’ ability to provide capital. This is what happened in 2014, when the drop in oil prices saw a 77 percent decrease in the value of construction contracts awarded in the kingdom compared with 2013. In the past, contractors have also found it difficult to source labour and materials, thereby reducing their operational capacity. These delays can in turn discourage investment due to unclear returns.
In addition, the original targets for the cities were overly optimistic and demand from businesses and residents was overestimated, according to industry experts. The types of residents the cities targeted – namely, affluent Saudi nationals – have been discouraged from moving to some of the ECs because of their geographic separation from other major urban areas. Additionally, the initial emphasis for some cities was on developing the residential areas, meaning it has taken a significant amount of time for industrial and commercial entities to set up shop.
In the case of KAEC, its plan to create one million jobs will be entirely dependent on the propensity of businesses to invest and operate in the city, but it has not seen the volume of investment required. “It seems that [businesses] are interested to some extent. A lot of companies have purchased land, but there’s this perpetual [chicken-and-egg] situation where, even if a company is interested, they often buy the land and sign a memo and then they’ll just wait,” explained Moser.
She gave the example of FedEx, which bought land in KAEC but has yet to set up business in the city, citing the lack of a critical mass of customers. This in turn has had a knock-on effect on other businesses that are hesitant to set up shop in KAEC in the absence of the service FedEx provides, creating a cycle of businesses waiting for each other to enter the fray.
“If you talk to the CEO of the new city and the management, I think they will tell you that everything is going fine and they are on track, but they’re not meeting the population targets and they’re not meeting the level of investment they had sought. They are behind
schedule,” said Moser.
Problems despite success
Once completed and fully operational, there may still be problems that set the ECs apart from regular cities. The fact that the owners of the cities may not necessarily live there and may have interests that diverge from those of the residents could be a major source of tension. The cities will also cater to middle and upper-class residents, leaving the potential for sharp economic stratification within the cities, let alone between the cities and the rest of the country.
There is unequivocal potential in these megaprojects to generate wealth in ways not possible in the wider kingdom
Moreover, the ECs differ from regular cities in that they are built with productive citizens in mind – residents who can actively contribute to the economy. “One has to wonder, if you become disabled or you retire, what happens if you’re not a productive citizen anymore. Will they kick you out? It’s really unclear what’s going to happen, and it’s going to take several decades to figure out,” said Moser.
Unlike most other countries, which derive the bulk of their government revenue from taxes, Saudi Arabia does not impose income taxes on its population and only extracts modest business taxes, opting instead to fill its coffers with oil-derived wealth. To break from oil in any significant way, the government will have to begin taxing its people directly – a move likely to cause backlash among its citizenry.
That being said, there is unequivocal potential in these megaprojects to generate wealth in ways not possible in the wider kingdom. What’s more, the ECs operate under a different legal system from the rest of Saudi Arabia, and many of the legal and social norms in the kingdom are not enforced within the borders of the cities. Within KAEC, for instance, there is no gender segregation and women are not forced to wear abaya, the long black robes that are a requirement in the rest of the country. Religious and Saudi police are not permitted to enter the city, which is instead patrolled exclusively by private security. As such, the cities have the potential to catalyse change throughout the country as people are given the chance to experience a different way of life.
It is difficult to imagine, however, how Saudi Arabia will justify not recreating the cities’ economic model in the rest of the country if they are successful. “I think that [building the cities] is a cynical move, in a way, by the Saudi elite, because it’s sort of an acknowledgment that their existing cities are in a state of paralysis and it will be difficult or impossible to change them,” said Moser.
The type of diversified and prosperous economy Saudi Arabia strives for may be fundamentally incompatible with the country’s political system. The cities are trying to create a culture and an environment that mimics that of western economic hubs, but the results – even if successful – are unlikely to be adopted across the kingdom, as the prerequisite concession of control would likely pose a threat too large to bear.
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Strong reasoning
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Finance & Business
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- Thucydides (c.460/455- 399/8 BC) was an Athenian General and wrote the contemporary History of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, which lasted from 431- 404 BC.
- Thucydides' History was never finished, and as such, ends mid-sentence in the winter of 411 BC.
- The Histories was originally divided into 13 separate books by later scholars, but is now, in its modern form, divided into 8 books.
Thucydides is quite often seen as the first historian to use 'modern' ideals, with regards to his methodologies and ideologies; the way that he uses eye witnesses sources and cross-examines them, the way that he uses speeches (a much debated issue) and how his work is a “possession for all time” (1.22), rather than a piece designed to please the public (one of Thucydides’ many possible jibs at Herodotus and the other prose chroniclers of the day).
However, Thucydides’ History was by no means the first history, which might be argued to have originated from Homer’s oral ‘history’ of the Hellenes’ heroic age, still, a clear distinction to make is that whilst Homer was inspired by the Muses, Thucydides was inspired by his “histories”, his inquiries (our word for history comes from the same Greek word which means an inquiry). But again, Thucydides was not the first person to write down their findings as a History, it was Thucydides’ near contemporary Herodotus who did that (on such a grand scale, that is there were other ‘proto-historians’ before him also). And whilst Herodotus was not inspired by the muses (despite some of his passages feeling like they might have been) he still involves the gods and superstitions as motives and reasons for events.
- There are two "Lives of Thucydides", both rather lacking, the better, more detailed, account is a combination of biography and literary criticism, and was written by a 6th C. AD grammarian called Marcellinus.
- From Marcellinus we know that Thucydides' father was called Olorus (a Thracian name), he was also perhaps related to Cimon, since Olorus was the name of Cimon’s grandfather too.
During Thucydides’ generalship, he was sent to Thrace to oppose the actions of the Spartan general Brasidas there. It was during this time that Thucydides failed to defend the city of Amphipolis, and as a result of this, was sent into exile by the Athenian people for twenty years. There is no real way to say for certain what happened to Thucydides after this, since he does not refer to his own actions per say after his failure at Amphipolis (which he recounts in the 3rd person). However, it is reasonable to assume that this exile present him with an excellent opportunity to gather accounts from both the Spartan and Athenian side of things. Thucydides may have returned to Athens, around 404, with the fall of the Athenian Democracy and the imposition of the Thirty Tyrants in Athens by the victorious Spartans, but again, this is not certain.
There are various elements of his History which are very worthy of note;
- Pericles' funeral oration (2.35-6),
- Description of the plague (2.47-54),
- The Mytilenian Debate (3.36-50), the Melian Dialogue (5.85-113),
- The Sicilian Expedition (6 & 7) and
- Introductory sections, which include his Archaeologia and Methodologies (1.1-23).
Allison, June W. Homeric Allusions at the Close of Thucydides’ Sicilian Narrative. The American Journal of Philology 118:(1997): 499- 516
Boardman, J., Jasper Griffin and Oswyn Murray, ed.s. The Oxford History of The Classical World. London: Oxford University Press, 1986
Cameron, H. D. Thucydides Book 1, a Students’ Grammatical Commentary. The University of Michigan Press, 2003
Fox, Robin Lane. Travelling Heroes, Greeks and their Myths in the Epic Age of Homer. London: Penguin, 2009
Frangoulidis, Stavros A. A Pattern from Homer’s “Odyssey” in the Sicilian Narrative of Thucydides. Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Calssica 44 (1993): 95- 102
Finley, John H. Jr. Euripides and Thucydides: Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 49 (1938): 23-68
Finley, John H. Jr. The Origins of Thucydides' Style : Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 50 (1939): 35-84
Fliess, J.P. 1959. Political Disorder and Constitutional Form: Thucydides' Critique of Contemporary Politics. The Journal of Politics, 21, 4, pp. 592-623
Grant , Michael. The Ancient Historians. Herefordshire: Michael Grant Publications, 1970
Greenwood, Emily. Thucydides and the Shaping of History. London: Duckworth, 2006
Hall, Jonathan M.. A History of the Archaic Greek World. London: Blackwell, 2009
Hornblower, Simon. Thucydides. London: Duckworth, 1994
Mackie, C.J. Homer and Thucydides: Corcyra and Sicily. The Classical Quarterly 46 (1996): 103-113.
Maitland, J. 1996. ‘Marcellinus’’ Life of Thucydides: Criticism and Criteria in the Biographical The Classical Quarterly, 46, 2 , pp. 538-558
Mara, G. Thucydides and political thought. In ed. Salkever. 2009. The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Political Thought. Cambridge University Press
Marincola, John. Thucydides 1. 22. 2.. Classical Philology 84 (1989): 216- 223
Marincola, John, ed. A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography. London: Blackwell, 2011
McGregor, M.F. 1956. The Politics of the Historian Thucydides. Phoenix, 10, 3, pp. 93-102
Montgomery, H. 1942. Thucydides and Geopolitics. The Classical Journal, 38, 2, pp. 93-96
Ober, J. 1998. Political dissent in democratic Athens, intellectual critics of popular rule. Princeton University Press
Percival, John. Thucydides and the Uses of History. Greece & Rome 18 (1971): 199-212
Rawlinson, George trans. Herodotus. , London: Everyman’s Library, 1997
Warner, Rex, trans. Thucydides, “History of the Peloponnesian War”. London: Penguin, 1987
Westlake, H.D. Thucydides on Pausanias and Themistocles- A Written Source? The Classical Quarterly 27 (1977): 95-110
Whitehead, David. Thucydides: Fact-Grubber or Philosopher. Greece & Rome 27 (1980): 158- 165
Wiedemann, Thomas. Thucydides The Peloponnesian War, Book I- Book II, CH. 65; A Companion with introduction and commentary. London Bristol: Classical Press, 1985
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Merkel cell carcinoma is highly aggressive and has a high rate of relapse while melanoma may completely be cured if identified at the initial stage.
Is Merkel Cell Carcinoma Worse Than Melanoma?
Based on statistical data of 5-year survival rate of both the skin cancers, Merkel cell carcinoma is more aggressive of the two and is more fatal as compared to melanoma. In the case of localized cancer, the 5-year survival rate of Merkel cell carcinoma is about 78% while that of melanoma is 98%4. The survival rate of Merkel cell carcinoma and melanoma, when cancer has spread to regional level is 51% and 64% respectively while in case of distant metastasis, the 5-year survival rate for Merkel cell carcinoma and melanoma is 17% and 23% respectively.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Merkel cell carcinoma is cancer initiated from Merkel cells. These cells are present in the skin and perform the function as mechanoreceptors. These cells are present near the nerve ending and can sense even a low level of touch. These cells are also known as neuroendocrine cells as they also contain hormones like substance in them. The purpose of these chemicals in these cells is unknown. Merkel cell carcinoma is a highly aggressive tumor and the cells double their number in the matter of one day to a few days. Merkel cell carcinoma has a rare occurrence; however, the cases have been increased in recent years. In most cases, the causative agent is polyomavirus. Other causes include a weak immune system and prolong exposure to solar radiations. Increased age and fair color increase the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma. Merkel cell carcinoma most commonly occurs in the area exposed to the sun such as face or neck, although cases with Merkel cell carcinoma in the unexposed part are also been reported.
Symptoms Of Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Following are some of the symptoms of Merkel cell carcinoma:
Patchy Skin: Merkel cell carcinoma may appear on the skin as a patch which is hard1.
Bumps: In some cases, the disease presents itself in the form of the bump which may be blue, red or flesh-colored.
No Pain: Patients in almost all the case do not feel any pain with the patches or bumps.
Fast Spreading: Merkel cell carcinoma has the potential for rapidly spreading to the nearby lymph tissues or a distant skin.
Melanoma is one of the most life-threatening skin cancers. The disease gets initiated from melanocytes. Melanocytes are the melanin secreting cells that provides color to the skin. This is generally the disease of the skin but may also involve eye, mouth or intestine. The condition occurs because of gene mutation in the skin cells leading to abnormal growth and division of cells. When diagnosed at an early stage, there are high chances of completely curing the disease2. As there is delayed in diagnosis and treatment, it is one of the most death-causing skin diseases. Moles and brown spots occur on the skin. Although most moles and spots are harmless, people with more than 100 moles on the skin are at increased risk of cancer.
Symptoms Of Melanoma
It is very hard to differentiate normal mole with moles of melanoma. This may be the reason for delayed diagnosis which causes high deaths in spite of being a completely treatable disease. Thus, to differentiate between a normal mole and melanoma mole, the following characteristic features are worth considering3:
Asymmetry: Malignant mole is asymmetrical, unlike normal mole which is symmetrical.
Border: Border of melanoma mole is irregular.
Color: Color of melanoma mole varies.
Diameter: Size of normal moles are less as compared to melanoma moles.
Evolving: while benign mole does not evolve while melanoma mole evolves and may change their size, or color.
A 5-year survival rate comparative analysis of both the conditions indicates that Merkel cell carcinoma is worse in terms of claiming lives as compared to melanoma.
- What is Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications, Prevention
- How Dangerous Is Merkel Cell Carcinoma & Is It Contagious?
- How Do You Stop Merkel Cell Carcinoma From Spreading?
- How Does Merkel Cell Carcinoma Affect The Body & What Triggers It?
- Is There A Surgery For Merkel Cell Carcinoma?
- Life Expectancy Of Someone With Merkel Cell Carcinoma
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Health
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. Any of various long-tailed rodents resembling mice but larger, especially one of the genus Rattus.
- n. Any of various animals similar to one of these long-tailed rodents.
- n. Slang A despicable person, especially one who betrays or informs upon associates.
- n. Slang A scab laborer.
- n. A pad of material, typically hair, worn as part of a woman's coiffure to puff out her own hair.
- intransitive v. To hunt for or catch rats, especially with the aid of dogs.
- intransitive v. Slang To betray one's associates by giving information: ratted on his best friend to the police.
- intransitive v. Slang To work as a scab laborer.
- transitive v. To puff out (the hair) with or as if with a pad of material.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A medium-sized rodent belonging to the genus Rattus.
- n. A term indiscriminately applied to numerous members of several rodent families (e.g. voles and mice) having bodies longer than about 12 cm, or 5 inches.
- n. A person who is known for betrayal; a scoundrel; a quisling.
- n. An informant or snitch.
- n. A person who routinely spends time at a particular location.
- n. Scab.
- n. North West London slang term for a vagina.
- n. A wad of shed hair used as part of a hairstyle.
- v. To betray someone and tell their secret to an authority or an enemy; to turn someone in, bewray.
- v. To kill rats.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. One of several species of small rodents of the genus Rattus (formerly included in Mus) and allied genera, of the family Muridae, distinguished from mice primarily by being larger. They infest houses, stores, and ships, especially the Norway rat, also called brown rat, (Rattus norvegicus formerly Mus decumanus), the black rat (Rattus rattus formerly Mus rattus), and the roof rat (formerly Mus Alexandrinus, now included in Rattus rattus). These were introduced into America from the Old World. The white rat used most commonly in laboratories is primarily a strain derived from Rattus rattus.
- n. A round and tapering mass of hair, or similar material, used by women to support the puffs and rolls of their natural hair.
- n. One who deserts his party or associates; hence, in the trades, one who works for lower wages than those prescribed by a trades union.
- intransitive v. In English politics, to desert one's party from interested motives; to forsake one's associates for one's own advantage; in the trades, to work for less wages, or on other conditions, than those established by a trades union.
- intransitive v. To catch or kill rats.
- intransitive v. To be an informer (against an associate); to inform (on an associate); to squeal; -- used commonly in the phrase to rat on.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A rodent of some of the larger species of the genus Mus, as M. rattus, the black rat, and M. decumanus, the gray, brown, or Norway rat: distinguished from mouse.
- n. Any rodent of the family Muridæ; a murine; in the plural, the Muridæ.
- n. Any rodent of the suborder Myomorpha.
- n. Some other rodent, or some insectivore, marsupial, or other animal like or likened to a rat.
- n. A person who is considered to act in some respect in a manner characteristic of rats: so called in opprobrium.
- n. A workman who accepts lower wages than those current at the time and place or required by an authorized scale, or one who takes a position vacated by a striker, or one who refuses to strike when others do.
- n. A clergyman: so called in contempt.
- n. Something suggesting the idea of a rat, as a curving roll of stuffed cloth or of crimped hair-work, with tapering ends, formerly (about 1860–70) and still occasionally used by women to puff out the hair, which was turned over it.
- n. Same as bandicoot, 2.
- To catch or kill rats; follow the business of a ratter or rat-catcher.
- To go over from one party or cause to another, especially from a party or cause that is losing or likely to lose, as rats run from a falling house; desert one's party or associates for advantage or gain; become a renegade.
- To work for less than current wages, to refuse to strike with fellow-workmen, or to take the place of one who has struck: often with indefinite it. See rat, n., 5 .
- To puff out (the hair) by means of a rat. See rat, n., 6.
- To displace or supplant union workers in: as. to rat an office or a shop.
- n. A rag; tatter.
- To tear.
- A term of objurgation, used in the imperative.
- A Middle English contracted form of redeth, the third person singular present indicative of read.
- n. plural An exclamation used to indicate incredulity or ironical disagreement with a statement; humbug.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- v. catch rats, especially with dogs
- v. take the place of work of someone on strike
- v. desert one's party or group of friends, for example, for one's personal advantage
- v. employ scabs or strike breakers in
- n. someone who works (or provides workers) during a strike
- n. any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
- v. give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
- v. give away information about somebody
- n. a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a woman's coiffure
- n. a person who is deemed to be despicable or contemptible
- n. one who reveals confidential information in return for money
Middle English, from Old English ræt.(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
From Middle English rat, rotte, from Old English ræt, from Proto-Germanic *rattaz, *ratō (compare West Frisian rôt, Dutch rat, dialectal German Ratz), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- (“to scrape”) (compare Welsh rhathu ("to grate, rasp"), Latin rōdō ("to gnaw"), rōstrum ("beak, prow"), Middle Persian randītan ("to scrape, smooth"), Sanskrit rádati ("he gnaws, cuts")). (Wiktionary)
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Moderate reasoning
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Literature
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Why the UK Government has frozen fuel duty – again
Taxing petrol and diesel is one of the most important policies governments can use to combat climate change. However, the Conservative Government in the UK recently announced that fuel duty rates will remain frozen for the ninth consecutive year.
Fuel duty has not increased since 2010. During this period the volume of traffic has grown, producing more air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The Institute for Fiscal Studies has calculated that the failure to raise fuel duty in line with plans originally set out by Chancellor Alistair Darling in 2009 now costs the Treasury around £9 billion a year. The UK’s Committee on Climate Change recently recommended that that the fuel duty freeze be ‘reconsidered’ if the country is to be on track to meet the fourth and fifth carbon budgets.
Given its myriad benefits, both current and future, why does the Government continue to freeze fuel duty? New research into the link between political competition and fossil fuel taxation offers insight into the Government’s decision-making. Spoiler alert: it is all about electoral incentives.
In times of high electoral competition, fossil fuel taxes do not rise
To better understand how politics drive fossil fuel taxation, we analysed petrol tax rates across 20 high-income democracies between 1978 and 2013. Petrol taxes are a very good way to examine the politics of fossil fuel taxation because they target a high-emitting sector and constitute a direct and highly visible price increase for voters that can be easily linked to government decision-making.
We find that governments tend to increase fuel tax rates when they enjoy a substantial electoral lead over their rivals. However, as this lead shrinks and political competition increases, governments tend not to increase rates. This negative relationship can be seen clearly in Figure 1. As electoral competitiveness increases along the horizontal axis, the predicted percentage change in the petrol tax rate from the previous year (the vertical axis) decreases. Moreover, the relationship is robust. It holds even after controlling for economic growth, inflation, governments’ fiscal health (debt and deficits), the international price of oil, government partisanship, the electoral cycle, urbanisation and a host of other potentially confounding factors. In times of high electoral competition, petrol taxes do not rise.
Figure 1. Changes in petrol taxes at different levels of electoral competition (source: author)
Note: Horizontal bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
The explanation for this result, we propose, has to do with political risk and democratic politics. When electoral competition is low, the governing party (or parties) enjoys a comfortable lead over rivals and a high probability of winning the next election. The opposite is the case when competition is high. Here it enjoys little to no lead and the outcome of the next election is highly uncertain.
The state of the electoral environment is crucial because it affects how governments gauge the political risk of potentially unpopular policies like fossil fuel taxes. Indeed, we assume that governments will tend to view directly increasing the price of a widely consumed good, such as fossil fuels, as generally unpopular with voters and therefore entailing some political risk.
When electoral competitiveness is low, governments can afford to lose marginal votes and still remain in power. This increases their willingness to tolerate such risk because it insulates them from any voter backlash that may result. Hence, it is in these moments that we observe them taking decisions to increase fossil fuel taxes. However, when their lead shrinks to a few percentage points and they are fighting neck and neck with the opposition, they have little incentive to tolerate more political risk. This is why they play it safe and leave tax rates where they are, or in some cases even lower them.
We focus exclusively on government decisions to directly tax fossil fuels consumed by voters. Whether the same political logic holds for other climate policy instruments is the subject of ongoing research – but we expect that it does.
The UK: political expediency over the environment?
The Conservatives are facing very stiff political competition at the moment. The party managed a razor-thin 1.4% vote margin over Labour in 2017’s General Election (the difference in the proportion of the two-party vote share between the parties – a statistic typically used to measure electoral competitiveness). This is the narrowest vote margin between the two parties since the 1970s. In political science, anything below a 5% margin is considered very competitive.
Opinion polls conducted over the last few weeks put the Conservatives anywhere from six percentage points ahead of Labour to two points behind. These numbers put the Government’s re-election prospects in serious danger. A very small shift in votes could spell defeat at the next contest.
In this high-risk electoral environment, our arguments predict that the Government will be very reticent to adopt policies they believe might upset a significant number of voters. In a country of diffuse petrol and diesel consumption, increasing fuel duty is precisely this type of policy. Indeed, transport is now the largest source of carbon pollution in the UK. Combined petrol and diesel consumption was 36.6 million tonnes in 2016, or around 752 litres per person.
Under these political conditions, freezing fuel duty is a low-risk electoral strategy and easy win. This is a crucial reason why the Government did it. It also explains why the Government is now actively publicising the monetary savings to voters, which it estimates at £1,000 for the average car driver and £2,500 for the average van driver since 2010.
Apart from the 2019 budget, the long-term relationship between electoral competitiveness and fuel duty holds remarkably well in the UK (see Figure 2). From the early 1990s, there is a U-shaped relationship between changes in fuel duty and the Government’s lead over the Opposition in opinion polls. Fuel duty increases are smallest when polls are close (around 0 on the horizontal axis). This is where electoral competition is fiercest, and as a consequence the political risk of increasing fuel duty is highest. Political risk is lowest when the Government enjoys a substantial lead over the opposition and when it is lagging far behind. Indeed, it has generally been at these moments that fuel duty increases are largest. We find the same relationship in our study.
The one outlier is 2001. That year the Labour government substantially cut fuel duty rates in response to rapidly rising oil prices and subsequent fuel price protests in late 2000.
Figure 2. UK fuel duty changes and electoral competition over time (source: author)
Note: Fuel duty data is from the Institute for Fiscal Studies. Opinion poll data is from PollBase.
Political leadership needed
Increasing costs for motorists is politically difficult because it involves political risk. The Conservative and Labour Parties have been in a virtual dead heat in the opinion polls since the last General Election in May 2017. In an effort to retain, and gain, as many voters as possible, the Government seems to be playing it safe and not increasing fuel duty.
While politically expedient, the strategy is myopic. Focusing solely on the short-term monetary costs of fuel duty ignores its significant benefits, now and in the future. Indeed, fuel duty should be thought of a policy investment that transforms short-term costs into much larger long-term benefits – importantly, climate change mitigation.
In addition, the annual announcement that fuel duty will not rise in line with the escalator policy creates further policy uncertainty that can have a negative impact on investors and companies that are developing more fuel-efficient and electric vehicles. It is hard to reconcile the annual freeze in fuel duty with the need to rapidly decarbonise the UK’s transport sector.
If governments around the world are serious about decarbonisation they must show more political leadership, which at times means taking political risks.
Jared J. Finnegan is a PhD candidate in the Department of Government and the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His working paper Changing prices in a changing climate: Electoral competitiveness and fossil fuel taxation is now published.
The views in this commentary are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Grantham Research Institute.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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3 Ways Fitness and Nutrition Can Positively Impact Your Anxiety and Stress Levels
Anxiety and stress can be a difficult combination to handle. They have the ability to take over all of your thoughts and interfere with your life. If not properly managed, you can become extremely unmotivated in many aspects of your day-to-day. However, learning to control your anxiety and stressdoes not have to be as difficult as it may appear to be.
When you take care of your physical health, you are contributing to the care of your mental health, as your body’s systems are interconnected. For instance, getting enough sleep will allow you to have proper energy levels, which will allow you to have the energy to exercise. Exercise releases endorphins, which makes you happy and improves your mood. An improved mood lessens the amount of times you feel frustrated and unmotivated, allowing you to get more done and lowering your stress and anxiety.
Fitness and proper nutrition should play a key role in your life. Let’s take a look at how incorporating each of these into your daily routine will improve anxiety and stress—aiding in the health of your body and mind.
1. Physical Fitness Increases Mindfulness
Having a consistent fitness routine works wonders for your mental and physical health. Exercising gives you something to focus on, encouraging you to set goals for yourself and accomplish them. By exercising, your body naturally releases endorphins, commonly called the “feel good” chemicals, which act as both a pain reliever and a mood booster. Studies show that regular exercise has proven to improve depression, anxiety and stress levels. Incorporating daily physical activity can start slow and increase over time.
Yoga is one of many suggested physical activities to engage in if you are someone who is new to exercise. Yoga combines low intensity body movements with focused breathing exercises. Focused breathing engages your respiratory system and sends the body into relaxation. Yoga has a similar effect on the body as meditating, which reduces the flow of incoming information and clears the mind.
You will also experience physical benefits by incorporating fitness into your lifestyle. Yoga will help you to move freely, which will aid in building long, lean muscle and increasing strength. Taking time to yourself and discovering a new hobby will also lower your stress and anxiety levels, as you will have an escape from the current stressors you are facing in your work and/or personal life. It is important to establish a proper fitness routine to give yourself some time to be mindful – increasing concentration and overall mental health.
2. Proper Nutrition for Awareness
Eating the right foods can increase energy levels and have you feeling less fatigued, increasing your motivation to do everyday activities. Not to mention, you will likely feel better just knowing that you are making nutrition a priority. While it’s usually much easier to just grab a burger and fries on your lunch break, there are ways to ensure you are getting proper nutrients and making them more easily accessible.
Meal planning can be especially helpful because it allows you to prep food in mass quantities to have for the week ahead. Taking the time to plan and prep ahead limits the stress of deciding where to eat for lunch each day, and also ensures that each meal is providing your body with the necessary nutrients. While the physical benefits of healthier eating are more commonly known, doctors want us to remember that there actually are psychological benefits that come from a healthy diet, as well. These benefits include a positive effect on your mood, an increase in your focus and a delay in aging on the body and the brain.
Fueling your body with a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, protein and healthy fats impacts the energy levels and limits the ‘crashing’ experience that comes from the consumption of unhealthy foods. A balanced diet keeps the mind healthy and engaged.
3. Consider Natural Supplements
Implementing natural supplements into your diet can also alleviate stress and anxiety. Psychological disorders including stress and anxiety can be related to the deficiency of certain chemicals in the brain, and daily consumption of natural supplements and vitamins can positively impact the levels to which someone experiences them. Here are some to consider:
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)–an amino acid and neurotransmitter that is crucial to serotonin production, which plays a significant role in mood regulation and relaxation.
- Valerian Root–commonly used as a sleep aid, this herb can also be helpful for reducing anxiety and stress in the body and mind.
- L-Theanine–another amino acid that is known to improve focus, reduce stress and promote relaxation. L-Theanine can only be found in a few foods and drinks, so purchasing a supplement to take daily would be the best option to including this in your diet daily.
- Cannabidiol (CBD)–a chemical compound found in cannabis plants that works to regulate physiological and cognitive functions related to appetite, anxiety, mood, pain-sensation and inflammation.
While all of the supplements and vitamins listed above are natural products, it is always best to consult with your doctor before beginning the use of any supplement to ensure it is right for you.
You’re On Your Way
Suffering from anxiety and/or stress does not have to take complete control of your life. If you’re serious about finding ways to manage them, first consider assessing your fitness and nutrition and making suggested changes that aid in reducing the symptoms. Engaging in daily exercise and maintaining a healthy diet have always been more commonly associated with the physical benefits; however, the psychological benefits that each of these have should not be overlooked. With anxiety and stress becoming increasingly more prevalent in society today, finding ways to naturally support a happy and healthy mind will be putting you one step closer to becoming a better version of yourself.
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One of our teammates had read an article online about Pressure ulcer disease. In this disease patients develop bedsores which are injuries to the skin and underlying tissue resulting from prolonged pressure on the skin. Bedsores most often develop on skin that covers bony areas of the body, such as the heels, ankles, hips, and tailbone. People most at risk of bedsores are those with a medical condition that limits their ability to change the positions or those who spend most of their time in a bed or chair. This is our team's attempt to use IoT devices and provide a solution to tackle this disease.
What it does
We are detecting the pitch roll yaw movements of the patient and keeping track of the position he was in for a certain amount of time. That suggests that the countdown timer has expired for that patient to rest in a particular position and now he/she must change the position in order to stay safe from bedsores.
How we built it
We used MPU6050 with RaspberryPi over WiFI and connected it to the IoT dashboard to send data through the cloud. We displayed it on to our personal website specifically designed for nurses. Nurses can track the patient movements & duration in that position. This will allow them to be more efficient in serving patients.
As per Google search, every year around 200,000 people die due to pressure ulcer and the solution promises to save the lives of 90% of the patients suffering from Pressure Ulcer. This practice can cure the patients within 2-3 years and they can start to lead a normal life. We used ultrasonic, gyroscope, accelerometer, etc sensors along with Fitbit watch data to detect the patient's movements
Challenges we ran into
• Deployment of FitBit libraries in Azure functions • HCSR04 Distance Sensor burnt due to wiring issue • Fitbit SDK usage tutorial was not well documented so had a tough time using its API • Dynamically creating the table in the HTML webpage from the patient reading data (JSON) file received from Cloud.
Accomplishments that we're proud of
We were able to develop a POC for this critical health issue. We were able to use IoT devices (sensors) to accomplish this project.
What we learned
How to create an Azure function How to trigger Azure function using an HTTP request? How to install Windows 10 IoT core in RaspberryPi ? How to AJAX to load the JSON data on the webpage in real-time without refreshing the page
What's next for Healthcare System for Pressure Ulcers Patients
Notification on the Mobile app (Android/iOS) to the Nurse's phone and patient's relatives/caretaker to change the patient's position.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Biomass plays a vital role especially in rural areas, as it constitutes the major energy source to majority of households in India, but this resource has been small in terms of scale, when compared to the other green energy sources in India.
Biomass energy is generated through organic matter and can be utilised for various applications, to produce heat and electricity, or used in combined heat and power (CHP) plants; in combination with fossil fuels (co-firing) to improve efficiency and reduce the build up of combustion residues; to replace petroleum as a source for transportation fuels. The sector is highly diverse in nature and classified on the basis of site of origin, as field and plantation biomass, industrial biomass, forest biomass, urban waste biomass, aquatic biomass.
In terms of number, around 32 per cent of the total primary energy used in the country is derived from biomass, while more than 70 per cent of the country´s population depends upon it for its energy needs. However, the pick up has been slow compared to other renewable power sources - especially solar and wind. However, with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) realising the potential of biomass in the Indian context and having initiated a number of programmes for promotion of efficient technologies for its use in various sectors of the economy, there is tremendous potential to ensure derivation of maximum benefits from this green source.
For efficient utilisation of biomass, bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills and biomass power generation have been taken up under the biomass power and cogeneration programme, implemented with the main objective of promoting technologies for optimum use of the country´s biomass resources for grid power generation.
Growth & Potential
In accordance with the fast growing population, the demand for energy and the discharge of waste are increasing day-by-day. To overcome the energy crisis, alternative energy sources are the only remedy. Generation of energy from waste is beneficial in many ways as it is most suitable for eco-friendly waste disposal and also for energy generation.
In any country, an extended scheme for implementation of decentralised waste treatment programmes is necessary. Biogas is one alternative as this technology enables one to produce bio-energy in households by treating wastes generated in the houses. This technology is also made applicable for treating wastes produced in public markets, slaughter houses, hotels, etc and for generating electricity without causing atmospheric pollution.
The availability of biomass in India is estimated at 500 million metric tonnes per year. Studies sponsored by MNRE estimate surplus biomass availability at 120-150 million metric tones p.a., covering agricultural and forestry residues, corresponding to a potential of about 18,000 MW. This apart, about 5,000 MW additional power could be generated through bagasse based cogeneration in the country´s 550 sugar mills, if these sugar mills were to adopt technically and economically optimal levels of cogeneration for extracting power from the bagasse produced by them.
Says Lt. Col Monish Ahuja, Managing Director, Bermaco Energy, ´Biomass power in the country has been growing at CAGR of about 19 per cent since 2006 (MNRE). Of the total biomass installed capacity of 4,000 MW, about 1,365 MW is power generated from various agri-residues while about 2,648 MW has been generated from bagasse-based cogeneration in the country. With revision of tariff in many states such as Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra etc., many developers are finding it attractive to go ahead with setting up of biomass-based power plants in various states.´
Concurs Dr A Saji Das, Managing Director, Biotech India, ´The main advantage is that no external power is required for the operation of these plant. The power generated can be utilised to meet the in-house requirements. Excess quantity can be utilised for any type of application, like the street lighting, providing lights to the markets etc. Also, with slight variations depending upon the percentage of methane content in biogas, it can be utilised as operation fuel in generators.´
Typically technologies for biomass energy are broadly classified on the basis of principles of thermo chemistry as combustion, gasification, pyrolysis and biochemistry as anaerobic digestion, fermentation and trans-esterification. Each technology has its uniqueness to produce a major calorific end product and a mixture of by-products.
The thermo chemical processes for conversion of biomass to useful products involve combustion, gasification or pyrolysis. The most commonly used route is combustion, the advantage being that it is similar to a thermal plant, except for the boiler. The cycle used is the conventional ranking cycle with biomass being burnt in high pressure boiler to generate steam and operating a turbine with generated steam. The net power cycle efficiencies that can be achieved are about 23-25 per cent. The exhaust of the steam turbine can either be fully condensed to produce power, or used partly or fully for another useful heating activity. The latter mode is called cogeneration. In India, cogeneration route finds application mainly in industries.
Das elaborates, ´There are two types of generators used for producing electricity from biogas. One is the duel fuel model, which is diesel gensets, and the other is a 100 per cent biogas model. In the latter system the biogas is connected to the generator through air mix. Once the biogas is passed through the generator, automatically consumption requirement of the diesel is reduced. Also, no other fuel is required either to even start the operation, and any type of petrol engine can also be modified to be used as a biogas one. As such imported models are very costly and high maintenance, Biotech has developed these indigenously.´
MNRE provides Central Financial Assistance (CFA) in the form of capital subsidy and financial incentives to biomass energy projects in India. CFA is allotted to the projects on the basis of installed capacity, energy generation mode and its application etc.
Financial support will be made available selectively through a transparent and competitive procedure. Besides CFA, fiscal incentives such as 80 per cent accelerated depreciation, concessional import duty, excise duty, tax holiday for 10 years etc., are available for biomass power projects. The benefit of concessional custom duty and excise duty exemption are available on equipments required for initial setting up of biomass projects based on certification by Ministry. In addition, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) have determined preferential tariffs and Renewable Purchase Standards (RPS). Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides loan for setting up biomass power and bagasse cogeneration projects.
´The segment is behind wind or solar in terms of attracting investors due to practical difficulties, as not many developers are taking interest in the biomass sector. But nevertheless, many big players such as Tata Power, Reliance Industries Ltd. etc., are planning to enter biomass sector as it has great potential as well as high socio-economic impact particularly on rural economy, Lt Col Ahuja feels.
He further states, ´Only few states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have a policy for allocation of government waste lands for captive energy plantation for operating biomass power plants. But, inspite of having these policy, no projects in these states have been able to develop energy plantation. There are lot of policy and bureaucratic hurdles such as identification of suitable wasteland, getting no objection certificate from local community (which is biggest hurdle) and long and tedious procedure for allocation of land which considerably delays the project.´
Even for projects where land is allocated, the development work can only be done by Gram Panchayat/joint forest management (JFM) committees with funding from MNREGA scheme. Unfortunately, Gram Panchayat/JFMs are unwilling to work for private developers. Additionally, banks and FIs do not provide debt for these projects as there is no precedence and they view it as highly risky business. Until and unless the Centre and states provide required policy and financial incentives for this sector, energy plantation cannot reach a significant quantum in India.
Some suggestions include that GoI provide incentives or policy modifications like interest rate sub-vention by 2-3 per cent to bring the cost of debt funding to about 10 per cent or less in order which will make projects feasible in the long term; higher subsidy in form of generation based incentive (GBI) which will incentivise the project on achieving high PLF and improve project returns significantly; debt restructuring of old projects, particularly those who have been declared as NPAs or are on verge on becoming one; and provide wastelands to biomass power plants to develop captive energy plantation so that projects can meet at-least 20-30 per cent of their fuel requirement from captive plantation itself.
Dr Das sums this up in one sentence, ´Lack of awareness about the possibilities of the scheme and delay in government approvals are what pose the challenges.´ One of the most critical bottlenecks for biomass plants (based on any technology) is the supply chain bottlenecks that could result in non-availability of feedstock. A related problem is the volatility, or more precisely increase, in the feedstock price. Both these could render the project unviable. There is other concerns and bottlenecks as well such as lack of adequate policy framework and effective financing mechanisms, lack of effective regulatory framework, lack of technical capacity, absence of effective information dissemination and limited successful commercial demonstration model experience.
Adds Lt Col Ahuja, ´Non-uniform norms for determination of tariff for procurement of power across states; highly bureaucratic and lengthy procedures to get benefits of incentives; due to default by many operating plants, banks/FIs are reluctant to provide debt financing to new projects; hoarding of raw material by farmers once they realise the price of resources; requirement of separate manpower and machinery to collect, process and transport biomass to the power plant are some other hurdles.´
With potential to generate an additional 20 GW of electricity from biomass residues, India has the potential to become world leader in power generation for biomass. Lack of biomass energy market has been the primary barrier to the penetration of modern biomass technologies. Growing experience with modern biomass technologies in India suggests that technology push policies need to be substituted or augmented by market pull policies. Increasing realisation among policy makers about positive externalities of biomass has now created conditions for biomass to make inroads into the energy market.
Modern biomass has potential to penetrate in four segments -
i) process heat applications in industries generating biomass waste,
ii) cooking energy in domestic and commercial sectors (through charcoal and briquettes),
iii) electricity generation, and
iv) transportation sector with liquid fuels. Economic reforms have opened the doors for competition in energy and electricity sectors in India. Future of biomass energy lies in its use with modern technologies.
An analysis under competitive dynamics in energy and electric power markets using the Indian-MARKAL model suggests that biomass energy has significant potential to penetrate the Indian energy market under strong global greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios in future. Future of biomass energy depends on providing reliable energy services at competitive cost. In India, this will happen only if biomass energy services can compete on a fair market. Policy priorities should be to orient biomass energy services towards market and to reform the market towards fair competition by internalizing the externalities of competing energy resources. Most economical option is utilisation of waste materials.
GoI´s policies in India during the next decade shall play decisive role in penetration of biomass energy. Global climate change policies shall also have significant influence on future of biomass. Myriad economic, social, technological and institutional barriers remain to be overcome. Future of biomass technologies depends on will and ability to overcome these barriers. A key issue before Indian policy makers is to develop a fair market for biomass energy services.
- JOCELYN FERNANDES
Biogas Tank at Canadian International School
The Canadian International School (CIS) have a biogas plant set-up on campus by students. It took the initiative of two grade 10 students in 2011 to research, purchase, install and start-up a biogas plant to find a way to re-use some of the food waste from the school cafeteria. Despite early impediments, it was a successful venture and for nearly two years, the biogas plant, produced enough fuel to supply the entire staff with tea and coffee on a daily basis. This was affectionately called ´Bio Tea´ and ´Bio Coffee´. The biogas generated was also used to boil potatoes and such vegetables on a regular basis.
In 2013, the school purchased a new plant with a water jacket design and for the past 18 months the new plant has been running successfully. As far as we know, CIS is the only school in South India with a biogas plant of this type, operating. Today the plant serves as a demonstration unit and students regularly visit the plant to learn the process of anaerobic bio-digestion.
It takes up to two-three kgs of food waste per day and generates gas for about one hour of cooking on a single burner, daily.
CIS has always considered it is it´s role to educate students about conserving the environment and to empower them to make a change for a better tomorrow. POWER TODAY spoke to Shweta Sastri, Executive Director - Canadian International School about the same.
What is the capacity and scale of the biomass plant on your premises? What was the reason for choosing biomass?
The biogas tank we have in our premises actually helps provide gas to the school´s cafeteria.
CIS has always been informed about its role to educate students about conserving the environment and to empower them to make a change for a better tomorrow. It took the initiative of two grade 10 students in 2011 to research, purchase, install and start-up a biogas plant to find a way to re-use some of the food waste from the school cafeteria. This biogas plant, produced enough fuel to supply the entire staff with tea and coffee on a daily basis. This was affectionately called ´Bio Tea´ and ´Bio Coffee´. The biogas generated was also used to boil potatoes and such vegetables on a regular basis.
Kindly elaborate on the process involved in installing and commissioning the plant. What were the major challenges?
One of the biggest challenges we faced was in the year 2013, the lid of the plant cracked and the unit set up by the students had to be discarded. The lesson was learnt and the school decided to purchase a new plant, using a different design, known as water jacket. For the past 18 months the new plant has been running successfully and provides gas to a single burner in our cafeteria.
What is the return on investment - monetary and otherwise - generated through this plant, i.e. benefits received v/s capital cost incurred?
We were not looking at commercialisation of the biogas plant, ever since its inception. Our approach towards it was just an extension to the initiative started by our students. We wanted to translate the textual learning to a working piece, which would be a testimony to our motive of conserving the environment and using renewable energy. Today the plant serves as a demonstration unit and students regularly visit the plant to learn the process of anaerobic bio-digestion.
It takes up to two-three kgs of food waste per day and generates gas for about one hour of cooking on a single burner, daily. We are proud of being a 100 per cent food waste recycling school. The school has also got students involved in starting an organic garden, in cooperation with Anadana Farms. We have started producing vegetables such as tomatoes and brinjals (aubergines) as our first crops. We use only ´organic´ methods and most of the garden work is done by our students.
What according to you is the potential of this field in India? What kind of evolution is needed to push this green sector forward?
Biogas is an eco-friendly approach towards the massive energy consumption the world is facing.
It´s an organic way to generate heat and electricity from the waste, which results in the production of biogas.
We need to create more awareness on the benefits of using renewable energy. Efforts from the government to promote the cause are appreciable. However, we need more investments and funds to support it. We still have a long way to go to increase its reach.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The center of the universe might be closer than you think—in fact, it might be right under your feet. A conservative Catholic crank, Robert Sungenis, is now resurrecting the long-discredited geocentric model in a bizarre movie called The Principle.
Geocentrism is the idea that the Earth is at the center of a sphere of stars and galaxies and that everything in the universe revolves around us every twenty-four hours. It’s a toddler's perspective, the kind of self-centered conclusion you might draw if you didn't know anything about how the world works. But even a smidgeon of exposure to science shows this naïve observation to be incorrect. Indeed, it’s been centuries since scientific and religious institutions accepted the falseness of the geocentric model.
But even hundreds of years after the career and trial of Galileo—and long after the gradual acceptance of heliocentrism even by the Catholic Church—Sungenis argues that Galileo was fundamentally wrong. He is also a holocaust denier, but I’ll leave a discussion about Sungenis' anti-Semitism for another day.
It boggles my mind that the anthropocentric narcissism of geocentrism exists anywhere but in books on the history of science. Astronomer Phil Plait roguishly echoes my thoughts in noting that
Of all the wrongiest wrongs that ever wronged wrongness, Geocentrism is way up on the list. The idea that the Earth is the center of the Universe makes creationism look positively scientific in comparison. It might be edged out by people who think the Earth is flat, but just barely.
On the other hand, garden-variety geocentrists might be much more common than you realize. At this moment a geocentrist might be changing your tire, or steaming your latte, or cleaning your teeth, or teaching your children. Polls shows that one in four Americans clearly falls into Robert Sungenis’ camp. On the 2012 edition of the National Science Foundation's "Factual Knowledge Quiz," only 74% of adults correctly answered this question: "Does the Earth go around the Sun, or does the Sun go around the Earth?" Now I wonder, are these sixty million Americans really geocentrists, or are they just profoundly ignorant of how the world is actually structured?
Sungenis proclaims on his website that his 90-minute documentary The Principle challenges the foundation of modernity. (A view that supposedly says that “neither are we on Earth special nor do we occupy a special place in the universe.”) This is revealing. Much as some creationists reject evolution because they reject the concept that humans are animals, Sungenis seems to think astronomy has taken away the “specialness” of our place in the universe. It’s the same kind of juvenile complaint an older child might make when a new baby sibling joins the family.
Sungenis also proudly tells us that the film is narrated by Kate Mulgrew, who played Captain Janeway on Star Trek: Voyager. (The idea that narration by an imaginary space ship captain on a fictional show lends scientific credibility to his movie makes about as much sense as does anything in geocentrism.) But last week Mulgrew vigorously denounced any implication that she endorses the film:
I understand there has been some controversy about my participation in a documentary called THE PRINCIPLE. Let me assure everyone that I completely agree with the eminent physicist Lawrence Krauss, who was himself misrepresented in the film, and who has written a succinct rebuttal in SLATE. I am not a geocentrist, nor am I in any way a proponent of geocentrism. More importantly, I do not subscribe to anything Robert Sungenis has written regarding science and history and, had I known of his involvement, would most certainly have avoided this documentary. I was a voice for hire, and a misinformed one, at that. I apologize for any confusion that my voice on this trailer may have caused. Kate Mulgrew
Lawrence Krauss, a cosmologist at Arizona State university who directs the “Origins” project, discovered that some public-domain video clips of himself had been co-opted for the film. He was less tactful in describing Sungenis’ geocentrism and holocaust denial: “It is tempting to say that both claims are obscene nonsense, but I believe that does a disservice to the word 'nonsense'.” Krauss’s approach to Sungenis' fraudulent film is consonant with NCSE's response to science denial for the past three decades:
It is, after all, impossible in the modern world to shield everyone from nonsense and stupidity. What we can do is provide the tools, through our educational system, for people to be able to tell sense from nonsense. These tools include the scientific method, skeptical questioning, empirical evidence, verifying sources, etc.
For most of us, the very premise of the movie The Principle is so incoherent that it isn’t even wrong; dealing with it is simply a waste of valuable time. Watching an interview with Sungenis and Bennett is like trying to make sense of a Stockhausen symphony in an amusement park while tripping out with Timothy Leary. After watching it I was tempted to respond as Alvie Singer did to Dwayne in Annie Hall: “Right. Well, I have to - I have to go now, Duane, because I, I'm due back on the planet Earth.”
For those with a taste for the bizarre world of reality denial, the captain of Geocentric Airlines has turned off the seatbelt sign; in fact, you may abandon your seatbelts altogether because the captain has discovered that we were never in motion at all. Here is the blurb from the website "Galileo was Wrong and the Church was Right."
Your world will be rocked, literally and figuratively...modern science has documented for us in bold fashion that the Earth is motionless in space and occupies the center of the universe (yet has done an equally remarkable job in keeping these important facts out of our educational system).
Sungenis' denial of astronomical truth will appeal to only a narrow segment of the most fundamentalist Protestant or Catholic population. And don’t be surprised if even Young Earthers quickly try to put as much real estate as possible between themselves and Robert Sungenis. One hopes that a geocentrist might one day wake up to the fact that if even YECs are giving you the cold shoulder, your world view must really be lost in space!
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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George B. Grinnell
Anthropologist, Historian, Naturalist, Writer
Lifetime: 1849 - 1938 Passed: ≈ 84 years ago
George Bird Grinnell was an American anthropologist, historian, naturalist, and writer. Grinnell was born in Brooklyn, New York, and graduated from Yale University with a B.A. in 1870 and a Ph.D. in 1880. Originally specializing in zoology, he became a prominent early conservationist and student of Native American life. Grinnell has been recognized for his influence on public opinion and work on legislation to preserve the American bison. Mount Grinnell in Glacier National Park in Montana is named after Grinnell.
Grinnell had extensive contact with the terrain, animals and Native Americans of the northern plains, starting with being part of the last great hunt of the Pawnee in 1872. He spent many years studying the natural history of the region. As a graduate student, he accompanied Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer’s 1874 Black Hills expedition as a naturalist. He declined a similar appointment to the ill-fated 1876 Little Big Horn expedition.
In 1875, Colonel William Ludlow, who had been part of Custer's gold exploration effort, invited Grinnell to serve as naturalist and mineralogist on an expedition to Montana and the newly established Yellowstone Park. Grinnell prepared an attachment to the expedition's report, in which he documented the poaching of buffalo, deer, elk and antelope for hides. "It is estimated that during the winter of 1874-1875, not less than 3,000 Buffalo and mule deer suffer even more severely than the elk, and the antelope nearly as much." His experience in Yellowstone led Grinnell to write the first of many magazine articles dealing with conservation, the protection of the buffalo, and the American West.
Grinnell made hunting trips to the St. Mary Lakes region of what is now Glacier National Park in 1885, 1887 and 1891 in the company of James Willard Schultz, the first professional guide in the region. During the 1885 visit, Grinnell and Schultz while traveling up the Swiftcurrent valley observed the glacier that now bears his name. Along with Schultz, Grinnell participated in the naming of many features in the Glacier region. He was later influential in establishing Glacier National Park in 1910. He was also a member of the Edward Henry Harriman expedition of 1899, a two-month survey of the Alaskan coast by an elite group of scientists and artists.
Grinnell was prominent in movements to preserve wildlife and conservation in the American West. Grinnell wrote articles to help spread the awareness of the conservation of buffalo. For many years, he published articles and lobbied for congressional support for the endangered American buffalo. In 1887, Grinnell was a founding member, with Theodore Roosevelt, of the Boone and Crockett Club, dedicated to the restoration of America's wildlands. Other founding members included General William Tecumseh Sherman and Gifford Pinchot. Grinnell and Roosevelt published the Club's first book in 1895. Grinnell also organized the first Audubon Society and was an organizer of the New York Zoological Society.
With the passage of the 1894 National Park Protective Act, the remaining 200 wild buffalo in Yellowstone National Park received a measure of protection. It was nearly too late for the species. Poaching continued to reduce the animal's population, which reached its lowest number of 23 in 1902. Grinnell's actions led to ongoing efforts by the Department of Interior to find additional animals in the wild and to manage herds to supplement the Yellowstone herd. This ultimately led to a genetically pure viable herd, and the survival of the species.
Grinnell was editor of Forest and Stream magazine from 1876 to 1911. He contributed many articles and essays to magazines and professional publications, including:
- "In Buffalo Days", in American Big-Game Hunting, edited by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell, New York, 1893.
- "The Bison," in Musk-Ox, Bison, Sheep and Goat, edited by Caspar Whitney, George Bird Grinnell, and Owen Wister, New York, 1904 American Sportsman's Library.
Grinnell died April 11, 1938 and is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.
Wikipedia More info about author
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Captured. This month, we continue our feast of interviews from the National Astronomy Meeting. We talk to Dr Patrick Sutton about gravitational wave detection with LIGO, Dr Antonio Chrysostomou and Dr Mark Thompson tell us about the sub-millimetre camera SCUBA-2, and Professor James Dunlop brings us up to speed on sub-millimetre galaxies and the instruments used to observe them. Megan rounds up the latest news and we find out what's in the June night sky from Ian Morison and John Field.
In the news this month:
Solar flares are energetic but short-lived eruptions in the atmosphere of the Sun. Most of the time they barely affect the Earth, but occasionally one heads in our direction and is strong enough to cause aurorae and affect satellites. Some stars have been observed to produce flares which are much more energetic but, up to now, very few so-called superflares have been detected on solar-type stars, making detailed studies impossible. Now, using the enormous amount of data collected by the Kepler satellite, a team of researchers led by Hiroyuki Maehara at Kyoto University has carried out a study of 365 superflares, on 148 solar-type stars, making meaningful statistical studies of the phenomenon possible for the first time.
The most energetic flare on record from our own Sun is known as the Carrington Event, which occurred in 1859 and left a detectable trace in polar ice cores on the Earth. But even this event was ten times weaker than the weakest superflares observed on other stars, some releasing 10,000,000 times as much energy as the Carrington Event. Polar ice cores show no evidence of stronger flares from the Sun over the last 2000 years, while the Kepler data show that, for the sample of stars in the survey, a superflare occurs on a solar-type star once every 350 years on average. The data also show that superflares occur less frequently on slower-rotating stars, and more often on cooler stars. Brightness variations in the stars which displayed superflares also suggest that they have much larger sunspots than our Sun. Since sunspots and starspots store magnetic energy, the superflares can be explained by large regions of starspot activity. Faster-rotating stars display more active magnetic fields and are generally younger than slower-rotating stars, and these results suggest that superflares occur more frequently on fast-rotating solar-type stars that are younger than the Sun. Superflares on stars similar in age to the Sun occur less frequently, but release similar amounts of energy.
Aside from sunspot activity, one other theory for the cause of stellar superflares is the magnetic interaction of the star with a so-called "hot Jupiter", a large gas giant in orbit very close to the star. However, these new results from the Kepler data suggest that such a mechanism is unlikely since, despite looking, not a single exoplanet has been found orbiting any of the 148 stars which displayed superflares. Kepler makes accurate measurements of stellar brightnesses, looking for the characteristic dimming caused by a planet passing between us and the star, but not every exoplanet will pass directly in front of its host star from our perspective. On average, if a planet exists in orbit around a particular star, the probability of a transit is about 10% (averaged over all possible orientations of the planet's orbit); so, if hot Jupiters were responsible for the flare activity seen in this survey, Kepler ought to have detected around 15 of them. Since none was found, it seems that superflares caused by planetary interactions are rare.
Over the last couple of years, images from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have shown many spectacular features of the Martian surface, including clear evidence of wind erosion, sand dune formation and seasonal avalanches. Now, in a paper published in Nature on the 17th of May, a team led by Nathan Bridges of The Johns Hopkins University has found evidence for the ongoing large-scale migration of sand dunes, not too different to dune migration seen on the Earth.
Mars has a much thinner atmosphere than the Earth, so high-speed winds (needed for the surface movement of material) are much less frequent and generally weaker than on our own planet. Sand dunes on the Earth are seen to migrate, with the entire volume of a dune being overturned as the wind blows the sand along. Although sand dunes have been known about on Mars since the days of the Viking spacecraft, it has long been debated whether they are currently active, or relics left over from a time when the atmosphere of Mars was thicker and the winds stronger. Now, images of a region known as Nili Patera, taken three years apart, have shown evidence that entire dunes, some as thick as 60 metres, are migrating across the surface of the planet at rates not much slower than those measured in some dune fields on the Earth. This result is surprising, since the wind speeds measured by landers on Mars rarely reach high enough to initiate the large-scale transport of sand. One solution is that local small-scale topography may be able to generate sufficiently large localised winds; another factor is the lower gravity of Mars, meaning that, once particles are lifted by the wind, they stay airborne more easily than on the Earth. Another surprising result is that the formation time scale for these dunes is much shorter than the time scales of climate fluctuations on the planet, implying that these dunes are not relics from a time when Mars had a thicker atmosphere, but that they could have formed under current climatic conditions.
There are, of course, many questions left to be answered, not least whether the level of activity seen in the Nili Patera region is typical of dune regions on Mars, or whether it is unusually active. Further studies of other regions on Mars, utilising the same careful image comparison techniques used by this team, should help to answer some of these questions.
And finally: After many years, several meticulous site surveys and thousands of pages of detailed reports, Friday the 25th of May saw the long-awaited result of the site selection process for the world's largest radio telescope, the Square Kilometre Array. And, rather than having one single location, the telescope will now be split across two continents.
After an initial international call for bids to host the telescope, the options were eventually narrowed down to two sites: Southern Africa and a joint bid by Australia and New Zealand. In both cases, the core of the telescope (consisting of a large proportion of the total number of antennas) would be constructed in a remote location away from man-made interference such as radio, television and mobile phone signals, with other groups of antennas built at a number of locations spanning distances of several thousand kilometres.
The project will be the largest radio astronomy facility on the planet and will ultimately consist of three different types of antenna, each covering a different part of the radio band. The dual-site option, selected by the SKA's international board, involves building different types of antenna in the two different locations which, since the different technologies will operate independently, makes use of the existing infrastructure at the two candidate sites where precursor telescopes have already been under construction for a couple of years. The first phase of the project, SKA1, will see 180 dishes added to South Africa's MeerKAT precursor telescope, forming a telescope with a narrow field of view but high sensitivity, while 60 dishes will be added to ASKAP, the Australian precursor, forming an array with a wider field of view but lower sensitivity and designed to carry out fast surveys of the sky, as well as many thousands of dipole antennas distributed over the Australian site and forming an array working at low frequencies. By incorporating the existing precursor instruments, the completed SKA1 will have greater capabilities than originally planned. The decision was welcomed by both of the bidding countries, although some onlookers have raised concerns over cost increases that may be incurred by constructing a dual-site telescope. However, due to the existing infrastructure at both sites, and the need for separate cores for each of the components, operating across two sites will add no more than 10% to the projected cost of phase one according to John Womersley, chair of the SKA Board of Directors. For phase two of the construction, expected to be completed around 2024, all the dishes and the mid-frequency aperture arrays will be built in Southern Africa, while the low-frequency antennas for phases one and two will be built in Australia.
Interview with Dr Patrick Sutton
Dr Patrick Sutton, from Cardiff University, works on gravitational wave detection with LIGO. LIGO is part of a network of ground-based interferometers looking for the tiny ripples in space known as gravitational waves, which are believed to exist all around us. Its two sites each host L-shaped vacuum tubes of several kilometres in length, along which laser beams are split, reflected back and forth repeatedly and finally recombined to produce destructive interference at a detector.
Dr Sutton explains how gravitational waves can change the interference pattern and so be detected, even when they alter the length of an interferometer tube by only one thousandth of the diameter of a proton. He talks about the sorts of cosmic events which should produce detectable waves, the way in which detection techniques have already been tested and how various interferometers all over the world will corroborate each other's measurements. These measurements will be complementary to those of pulsar timing arrays and future space-based interferometers, as these projects will observe gravitational wave of different frequencies. Dr Sutton explains how they will, collectively, allow astronomers to probe deeper into dark and energetic events within the Universe.
Interview with Dr Antonio Chrysostomou and Dr Mark Thompson
Dr Antonio Chrysostomou, from the Joint Astronomy Centre in Hawaii, and Dr Mark Thompson, from the University of Hertfordshire in the UK, work with the SCUBA-2 instrument, which is mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. It is a bolometric camera, placed high up in the dry air of Mauna Kea in order to receive submillimetre electromagnetic wavelengths that are largely absorbed by water in the Earth's atmosphere.
Dr Chrysostomou describes the advanced receiver and refrigeration technologies used in SCUBA-2, giving wide-field images and sufficient sensitive to correct for variable atmospheric distortion. Dr Thompson explains what can be observed at these wavelengths, from molecular clouds made of very cold cosmic dust released by dying stars, which go on to form new stars, to debris discs, which go on to form planets. In particular, a neat quirk of nature means that SCUBA-2 can locate dusty galaxies both nearby and far away, because the redshift of the more distant galaxies brings their brighter emission into the submillimetre band. This allows astronomers to use the camera to investigate the roles of gas and dust in the formation of galaxies, stars and planets from the Milky Way back to the early Universe.
Interview with Prof. James Dunlop
Prof. James Dunlop, from the University of Edinburgh's Institute for Astronomy, talks to us about submillimetre galaxies and what information their study brings to our understanding of galaxy evolution. Using space telescopes such as Herschel, or larger ground-based instruments such as the brand-new SCUBA-2, we can observe these dust- and gas-filled monsters. As Prof. Dunlop explains, they are very active in star formation and are predecessors of the giant quiescent galaxies we observe in the local Universe.
The Night Sky
Ian Morison tells us what we can see in the northern hemisphere night sky during June 2012.
The constellation of Leo is setting in the west after sunset, with Mars below it. The brightest visible star is Arcturus, in the southern sky in Boötes. Corona Borealis is to its left. Continuing left, we reach Hercules, containing the Keystone asterism. Two thirds of the way up its right-hand side is the globular cluster M13, which is a fuzzy blob through binoculars but whose individual stars can be seen with a telescope. Rising in the east is the Summer Triangle of Vega in Lyra, Deneb in Cygnus and Altair in Aquila. Brocchi's Cluster, an asterism also know as the Coathanger, lies a third of the way from Altair to Vega. Ursa Major is overhead; within it, the second star in the handle of the Plough is a double named Mizar and Alcor. A telescope shows that Mizar is itself a double star. The right-hand stars of the Plough, Merak and Dubhe, point up towards Polaris, the North Star.
- Jupiter passed behind the Sun (superior conjunction) on the 13th of May and reappears this month in the pre-dawn sky. At the beginning of the month, it rises about 45 minutes before the Sun at magnitude -2; by month's end, it rises two hours before dawn. It is 34" in diameter and lies between the Hyades and Pleiades Clusters in Taurus. Saturn reached opposition (opposite the Sun in the sky) on the 15th of April. It is now in Virgo, about 5° about the first-magnitude star Spica and 20° above the horizon after sunset, towards the south. It's westward retrograde motion ends on the 26th of June, meaning that it does not move much relative to the stars during the month. Its magnitude drops from +0.5 to +0.7 as it moves away from us, while its angular size decreases from 18 to 17".
- Mercury can be seen for about an hour and a half after sunset in the latter half of the month, shining at magnitude 0. You may need binoculars to find it, but don't use them until the Sun has gone down.
- Mars drops in magnitude from +0.5 to +0.8 and in angular size from 8 to 6.6" over the month, and moves from Leo into Virgo on the 20th.
- Venus is at inferior conjunction (between the Earth and the Sun) on the 6th, but can just about be seen at the beginning of the month, 6° above the north-western horizon at sunset. By mid-June, it reappears half an hour before sunrise as a very thin crescent of magnitude -4.1, with just 2% of its disc illuminated.
- This month is a good one to observe noctilucent clouds, which are about 80 kilometres above the Earth's surface, sunlit from below the northern horizon. These bright, blue-white wisps are best seen after midnight, and may result from methane dissociating into water ice that crystallises around dust particles.
- Venus and Mercury are 12" apart on the 1st.
- Another supermoon occurs on the 3rd and 4th, when the Moon is full and close to perigee. Its area at this time is around 30% bigger than when it appears at its smallest.
- Mercury lies very close to a thin crescent Moon in the west just after sunset on the 21st. You may also see earthshine.
- Before dawn on the 29th, Venus will be in the Hyades Cluster and just below Jupiter, low in the west.
- A rare daytime highlight occurs on the 6th, when Venus passes directly across the face of the Sun for the last time this century. Only the last part of the transit will be visible in the northern hemisphere; in the UK this will be from sunrise at between 4:30 and 5am BST (British Summer Time, one hour ahead of Universal Time) to the end of the transit just before 6am. There has been a long fascination with transits of Venus, from prediction by Johannes Kepler, to the first recorded observation by Jeremiah Horrocks and William Crabtree in 1639, to timing measurements in 1761 and 1769 by the likes of Captain Cook, which allowed determination of the distance from the Earth to the Sun, as previously suggested by Edmond Halley. While you should never look directly at the Sun with the naked eye or unmodified magnifying equipment, you can use eclipse glasses or special telescope filters. Alternatively, you can follow Horrocks and Crabtree by projecting the transit using, for example, a pair of binoculars pointing into a shoebox.
John Field from the Carter Observatory in New Zealand speaks about the southern hemisphere night sky during June 2012.
The winter solstice occurs on the 20th of June, marked by the dawn rising of Matariki (the Pleiades) and the star Puanga (Rigel). These are important transitions in Te Maramataka, the Māori annual calendar. The south-eastern sky is dominated by Scorpius and Sagittarius, the former containing the red star Antares, representing the Scorpion's heart. Antares is the sixteenth-brightest star in the night sky and has a faint companion, which can just about be seen against Antares' glare using a small telescope. Scorpius is a fishing hook to Māori and some Polynesian cultures, with Rehua (Antares) as the eye of the Hook. Many star clusters and nebulae can be observed around Scorpius, as the Milky Way passes through it. The globular clusters M4 and NGC 6144 are near Antares, a number of double stars appear along the Scorpion's body, and the open clusters NGC 6231, M7 and M6 (the Butterfly Cluster) are near its stinger. Binoculars or a telescope will reveal the individual stars in these clusters. Sagittarius, a Centaur and an archer in Babylonian mythology, also plays host to many nebulae and star clusters. The Lagoon Nebula, M8, has a compact core of stars surrounded by nebulosity containing dark rifts and globules where stars are forming. The Trifid Nebula, M20, is nebulous, but a medium-sized telescope reveals dark lanes that cut it into three. The brightest stars in Sagittarius form an asterism called the Teapot, near the top of which is the globular cluster M22, one of the brightest in the night sky. Other nearby star clusters are M23, M24, M25 and M55. An irregular dwarf galaxy known as Barnard's Galaxy, or NGC 6822, also resides in Sagittarius. The constellation is in the direction of the Galactic centre, so the Milky Way is at its most prominent in this region of the sky. The Māori called it Te Ika Roa, the Long Fish.
- Mars and Saturn appear in the evening sky.
- Jupiter is in the pre-dawn sky, where Venus joins it by the end of the month.
- A partial lunar eclipse occurs on the night of the 4th to 5th of June, with a maximum of 37% of the Moon's visible surface falling entirely under the Earth's shadow. The entire event is visible throughout New Zealand and most of Australia, with its maximum at 11:03pm NZST (New Zealand Standard Time, 12 hours ahead of Universal Time).
- The transit of Venus occurs during the day on the 6th, with the planet crossing the Sun over a period of around six hours. The sky will hopefully be clear, but the event will be streamed by a number of websites for anyone who cannot see it directly.
Odds and Ends
Venus is set to transit the Sun on the 5th-6th of June. If you live in the UK, you'll have to get up at sunrise on the 6th to see the last two hours. If you want to take part in a global citizen science project and follow in the footsteps of Captain Cook, check out Jodcast listener Grahame Bowland's attempt to measure the distance from the Earth to the Sun. You can take part by tweeting the time you observe Venus entering and leaving the disc of the Sun, and where in the world you are. The results you send will be used to calculate the astronomical unit live on the site as the event goes on. There is also a free smartphone app for a similar project. Whatever you do, make sure you observe the transit safely.
NASA has released an amazing video of the Sun using enhanced images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory. It highlights structure on the surface of the Sun, caused by convection and the magnetic field.
NASA released the results of its investigation of the Vesta asteroid by the Dawn spacecraft. Among other highlights, the orbiter discovered that Vesta resembles a planetoid in consisting of core, mantle and crust, and that it is responsible for 6% of Earth's meteorites. In August, Dawn will set off on a two-and-a-half-year journey to the dwarf planet Ceres, which is the largest of the asteroids.
The Dragon capsule, launched from the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, became the first commercial vehicle to dock with the International Space Station (ISS) on the 25th of May. The unmanned craft was captured by a robotic arm under the control of astronauts on the ISS, completing a milestone in the new era of commercial space flight. SpaceX intends future incarnations of the capsule to carry human crews.
Note: On the 31st of May, after recording, Dragon successfully splashed down in the Pacific Ocean and was retrieved.
A team from the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge will be hosting an exhibit all about ALMA at the Royal Society's 2012 Summer Science Exhibition in London from the 3rd to the 8th of July. The exhibit will be manned in part by some of the Jodcast team, so please come and say hello! As well as ALMA, there are teams representing the Herschel Space Observatory and cosmic ray experiments in the field of astronomy. There are also 18 other exhibits, covering all aspects of science from how animals see things to robots playing football!
|Interview:||Dr Patrick Sutton and Mark Purver|
|Interview:||Dr Antonio Chrysostomou, Dr Mark Thompson and Mark Purver|
|Interview:||Prof. James Dunlop and Melanie Gendre|
|Night sky:||Ian Morison and John Field|
|Presenters:||Adam Avison, Leo Huckvale and Mark Purver|
|Editors:||Mark Purver, Adam Avison, Claire Bretherton and Melanie Gendre|
|Segment Voice:||Cormac Purcell|
|Website:||Mark Purver and Stuart Lowe|
|Cover art:||The SpaceX Dragon capsule, held securely by the International Space Station's robotic arm, Canadarm2. CREDIT: NASA/ESA|
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The recall of the ten boats of the Wegener and Hundius flotillas, the abort of U-26, and the diversion of the damaged U-30 to Iceland to land the wounded, left nine Type VIIs of the Salzwedel Flotilla to carry on the war against British shipping. Of these, five were low on fuel. Three Type VIIs of the reserve were newly arrived, but one of these, U-32, had been assigned to a minelaying mission* and carried only a few torpedoes.
Seven of the nine boats were deployed in abutting patrol zones due west of the English Channel, an area the British called the Western Approaches. The sea-lanes to and from the British Isles converged there and the area was dense with shipping of all kinds. To provide all these ships some protection, the Admiralty had deployed the old aircraft carrier Courageous* with a destroyer screen to mount ASW patrols.
Three Salzwedel boats in the Western Approaches had achieved successes against British shipping in the early days of the war. On September 7, Hans-Wilhelm von Dresky, age thirty-one, in U-33 had sunk a 4,000-ton freighter. That day and the next, Wilhelm Rollmann, age thirty-two, in U-34 had sunk a 5,500-ton freighter and wrecked a 5,500-ton tanker, Kennebec, put down by British warships. Otto Schuhart, age thirty, in U-29 got the biggest and most important ship, the 10,000-ton tanker Regent Tiger, sunk on September 8. Then a lull had set in, broken only by Schuhart’s sinking of an 800-ton seagoing tugboat on September 13.
The killing picked up again on September 14, the day Lemp and Glattes tangled with Ark Royal farther north. Günter Kuhnke, age twenty-seven, in U-28 patrolling into the mouth of St. George’s Channel, sank a 5,000-ton freighter. To the west, Schuhart in U-29 found and attacked another big tanker, the spanking-new British Influence, 8,500 tons.
During his attack on the British Influence, Schuhart had a bizarre and troubling experience, similar to that of Glattes when he shot at Ark Royal. Schuhart’s first two torpedoes, fitted with magnetic pistols, spontaneously “prematured,” or blew up before reaching the target, shaking the boat and forcing him to shoot again. Believing that something might be drastically wrong with the magnetic pistols, Schuhart later broke radio silence to report these “prematures.” When Dönitz, in turn, reported the malfunctions to the Torpedo Directorate, the experts there were also deeply puzzled. Pending further investigation, the experts recommended that the magnetic pistols be set back or down “two zones” to “reduce sensitivity,” an order Dönitz relayed to all boats. The reduced-sensitivity settings meant that to sink a ship of 3,000 tons or less, which had a weaker magnetic field, only contact (or impact) pistols were to be used, imposing on the skippers the need to ascertain target tonnage of medium-sized ships with a high degree of accuracy.
On September 15, U-31, commanded by Johannes Habekost, age thirty-two, a reserve boat which had just completed the hazardous voyage through the English Channel, picked up an outbound convoy. Per prior instructions, Habekost broke radio silence to report its course and speed to Dönitz. This was the first “clear” contact with a convoy by any U-boat in British waters and it caused tremendous excitement. Dönitz ordered all boats in the Western Approaches, including Schuhart in U-29 and Ernst-Günther Heinicke, age thirty-one, in the late-sailing VIIB U-53, to converge on the convoy. During the night Habekost in U-31 hauled around the convoy and gained position to shoot early on the morning of September 16. He thought he sank two big ships, but apparently he also experienced torpedo malfunctions. Only one ship, the 4,000-ton British freighter Aviemore, went down.
Both Heinicke in U-53 and Schuhart in U-29 responded to the contact. Hunting for the convoy on September 17, Heinicke ran across a 5,000-ton inbound British freighter, Kafiristan, and put her under with gunfire and torpedoes. While he was attempting to assist the panicky survivors, a flight of Swordfish biplanes from Courageous attacked U-53 with bombs and machine-gun fire, forcing Heinicke to crash dive—and to leave some gunners topside. They perished in the sea.
To the east of U-53, that same day, while he was running submerged, Schuhart in U-29 saw a Swordfish biplane. A Swordfish 300 miles west of England over open water meant that an aircraft carrier had to be close by. Schuhart remained submerged, keeping a sharp periscope watch. At about 1800, the watch sighted a puff of smoke on the horizon. It was the carrier Courageous! Schuhart adjusted his own course to improve his position and went to battle stations. During quick periscope observations, he saw aircraft circling the carrier but only two fleet destroyers. The other two destroyers of her screen had gone west to the scene of the Kafiristan sinking to hunt Heinicke’s U-53.
Try as he might, Schuhart could not close the range to Courageous. Later he wrote in his log: “At the time it looked like a hopeless operation. Because of the aircraft I could not surface and my underwater speed was less than 8 knots while the carrier could do 26. But we were told during our training to always stay close and that is exactly what I did, following him submerged….”
Schuhart hung on doggedly for an hour and a half. Then suddenly, at 1930, Courageous abruptly altered course, turning into the wind to take on aircraft. The turn brought her directly toward U-29. Schuhart gave orders to open the bow caps on three forward torpedo tubes. He had to shoot by guesswork because, as he wrote in his log, “the vast size of the target upset all normal calculations and in any case I was looking straight into the sun.”
At 1940, Schuhart fired a fan of three torpedoes at a range of 3,000 yards. While they were running, one of the destroyers, still unaware of U-29, passed by at 500 yards. To avoid detection, Schuhart took the boat deep. Going down, the crew heard and felt two hits. “The explosions were so heavy,” Schuhart wrote, “that I thought the boat had been damaged. There was jubilation among the crew, although we were all wondering what would happen to us next.” He leveled the boat at 180 feet—deeper by thirty feet than he had ever dived—then cautiously eased deeper.
Two torpedoes hit Courageous. As it happened, a Dutch passenger liner, Veendamn, was passing nearby. The passengers saw a huge white cloud engulf Courageous. At first they believed the cloud was a smoke screen, but seconds later they heard two tremendous explosions and saw flames shooting through the cloud, then pieces of steel and dismembered aircraft hurtling skyward. They watched in horror as Courageous rolled slowly to port and sank, fifteen minutes after the torpedoes struck. Of her 1,260-man crew, 519 perished. Veendamn and a British freighter, Collingworth, which responded to the distress call, rescued the survivors from the oily waters.
The two destroyers found U-29 on sonar and attacked with a vengeance. The U-boat reeled under the impact of the depth charges. During one attack, Schuhart remembered, he thought the conning tower would implode. But it held. The intermittent pounding went on for four hours—to 2340—until both destroyers had expended all depth charges. Easing away silently, U-29 surfaced and Schuhart radioed Dönitz: “Courageous destroyed. U-29 homebound.”
By the morning of September 18, the news of Schuhart’s victory had been broadcast worldwide. The Admiralty promptly withdrew the remaining three Home Fleet carriers from ASW missions. Although Hitler (as Raeder remembered) had not wished to humiliate the British by sinking a capital ship, no specific order had been issued to U-boats prohibiting attacks on such ships. In fact, the Kriegsmarine was ecstatic, as was Karl Dönitz. Schuhart’s feat was the crowning blow of the psychological impact Dönitz had hoped to achieve in the first U-boat offensive. “A wonderful success,” he noted gleefully in his headquarters diary. Raeder directed Dönitz to award Schuhart the Iron Cross First Class, and every member of the U-29 crew the Iron Cross Second Class.
Running low on fuel, food, and torpedoes, six of the nine Type VIIs of the Salzwedel Flotilla, including the U-30 setting out from Iceland, soon commenced the homeward voyage to Germany. The exodus left four boats to carry on the naval war in British waters: the newly arrived Type VII boats of the Salzwedel reserve, U-31, U-32, and U-35, plus Heinicke’s VIIB, U-53, which still had a good supply of fuel and torpedoes. After laying a minefield in Bristol Channel during the night of September 17, the U-32, commanded by Paul Büchel, age thirty-two, joined the other three boats for torpedo attacks. But, following the sinking of a 4,900-ton freighter on September 18, Büchel had a mechanical breakdown and U-32 was forced to abort the patrol, leaving only two VIIs of the Salzwedel Flotilla and U-53 in British waters.
Of the seven homebound Type VII Salzwedel boats, only one, U-27, commanded by Johannes Franz, age thirty-two, had not torpedoed and sunk a ship. It was not from want of trying. Deployed to an area near the mouth of North Channel, separating Scotland and Ireland, Franz had conducted a relentlessly aggressive patrol. He had stopped a total of eleven big freighters, fired torpedoes at two freighters, and sunk two trawlers, one by gunfire, one by demolition. On September 18, he saw the inbound Ark Royal, recalled from ASW missions, but she was too far off to attack. Like Glattes and Schuhart, Franz had experienced baffling—and scary—torpedo problems. On September 17, two of the torpedoes he fired at a British freighter had “prematured” after a run of merely 273 yards, badly shaking and damaging the boat. Like Schuhart, Franz had broken radio silence to report the mishap to Dönitz. His report had led to another modification in torpedo-firing procedure.
Homebound on the night of September 19, a few minutes before midnight U-27’s bridge watch sighted “six shapes” on the horizon and urgently summoned Franz to the bridge. Believing the ships to be cruisers, Franz could scarcely credit his luck. He ordered battle stations, night surface, and unhesitatingly maneuvered to attack. Setting three torpedoes with magnetic pistols to run at a depth of twelve to thirteen feet, Franz fired at the overlapping line of ships, hoping to sink at least three cruisers with this one salvo, thereby duplicating the legendary feat of Otto Weddigen in World War I.
In actuality, Franz had fired at a line of seven destroyers. Two of the three torpedoes exploded prematurely about thirty seconds after leaving the tube; the third missed. Alerted by the two explosions, the destroyer Fortune sighted U-27 and instantly turned toward her to attack. Shaken by the premature torpedo explosions and seeing the oncoming Fortune—now correctly identified as a destroyer—Franz crash-dived and went deep. Fortune flung out five depth charges “by eye,” but they were very wide of the mark. Settling down for a proper attack, Fortune gained sonar contact and moved in slowly for another run, dropping five more charges set for 100 and 150 feet. These exploded close to U-27, bending a propeller shaft and causing a serious leak in the packing gland of the shaft.
In the noise of exploding depth charges, Fortune lost sonar contact. All seven destroyers then reformed line abreast for a meticulous search. Meanwhile, Franz came to periscope depth for a look at his attackers. Seeing four destroyers, all close, sweeping the seas with searchlights, Franz went very deep—to 393 feet—and ordered silent running.
The destroyers pressed the hunt. At 0127, Forester got a sonar contact and attacked, dropping depth charges set for 100 and 150 feet. These shallow charges caused no damage and Forester lost contact in the noise. For a time Franz believed he might escape, but at 0212, Fortune regained sonar contact and mounted two consecutive, punishing attacks with depth charges set to explode between 100 and 250 feet. Some of these went off very close to U-27, causing severe flooding. Assessing the damage, Franz decided to surface, hoping to escape in the dark. At 0241, three hours and forty-eight minutes after launching her torpedo attack, U-27 came up in the vicinity of seven destroyers, some burning searchlights. Franz put on emergency speed and ran.
Fortune saw the surfaced U-boat first. She turned to ram and opened fire with her guns. In the face of this fire, Franz, two officers, the quartermaster, and sixteen others dived over the side of the fast-moving boat. They were later fished out by Faulkner. Seeing them jump and other men clustered on the deck, Fortune ceased firing after four rounds and swerved to avoid ramming, now planning to capture the men and boat intact. When U-27 finally halted her futile attempt to escape on the surface, Fortune sent over a salvage party. But by then U-27’s engineer had set scuttling procedures in motion and the boat was sinking. Fortune’s engineer courageously went inside the boat in an attempt to close the sea cocks and ballast-tank vents (and grab whatever papers he could find), but it was too late. The boat was flooding fast and full of chlorine gas. She sank stern first and vertically at 0350. Fortune rescued the remaining eighteen men of the U-27 crew. There were no casualties.
The remaining six Type VIIs of the Salzwedel Flotilla in the homebound procession escaped detection. Büchel in U-32 added a minor scalp to his belt by sinking an 875-ton Norwegian ship with demolitions, as did von Dresky in U-33, who sank a trawler with his gun. Rollmann in U-34 captured a 2,500-ton Estonian freighter in the North Sea and escorted it to Germany. The six boats reached Wilhelmshaven between September 26 and 30, five with barely more than cupsful of fuel left in the tanks.
Fritz-Julius Lemp in U-30 arrived from Iceland on September 27. The boat was in terrible condition. One diesel was out, the other barely turning over. Dönitz sent out a minesweeper to tow her in, but Lemp proudly refused help and U-30 limped into the Jade under her own power. Parading on deck with the begrimed, bearded crew was a live turkey, Alfonso, bought in Iceland to augment rations but adopted as a mascot.
Dönitz—indeed, the whole U-boat arm—knew, of course, that Lemp had sunk Athenia. Berlin was still denying that a U-boat had done it, so Lemp and the U-30 crew (as well as the whole U-boat force) had to be enjoined to keep the secret, and the U-30logbook was altered to hide any hint of the sinking. But one worry remained: The wounded crewman, Adolph Schmidt, who had been landed in Iceland, might reveal the truth. Lemp assured Dönitz that Schmidt was completely dependable.*
Legend has it that Lemp was in hot water for sinking Athenia and that the OKM threatened him with a court-martial, but this is unlikely. Although the Athenia sinking had been a mistake, it had done a great deal to sow terror, the psychological blow Dönitz and the Kriegsmarine had sought. Moreover, Lemp had conducted an outstanding patrol. He had sunk three ships (including Athenia) in a marginal patrol area and foul weather, “shot down” (the propaganda version) two aircraft from the Ark Royal, demonstrated commendable chivalry and humanity by rescuing the British pilots and taking them to Iceland for medical care, survived the worst depth charging of any of the Atlantic boats with “unshakable calm,” dived U-30 to an unprecedented depth of 472 feet, and brought his boat home in spite of severe battle damage and engine defects. To have court-martialed Lemp would have sent a wrong signal to the U-boat force (punishing brash aggressiveness) and run the risk of the proceedings leaking to the Allies, thereby exposing Berlin’s lies.
The scores of the first seven Salzwedel Flotilla Type VII boats, including the lost U-27, were otherwise disappointing. In about seventeen days of combat in the Atlantic—September 3 to September 20—they had sunk only fourteen ships and three trawlers by torpedo, gun, and demolition, and captured one prize. Discounting the trawlers, the statistical return was only two ships sunk per boat, or one ship per eight patrol days. Moreover, U-32’s minefield was not productive. It damaged two big freighters—and forced the British to close Bristol temporarily—but it produced no sinkings.
Even so, the skippers and crews returned to a hero’s welcome. Hitler and Raeder paid brief visits to Wilhelmshaven to hand out praise and medals. The man of the hour was Otto Schuhart in U-29, who had accounted for four of the fourteen sinkings, including Courageous and two important tankers. In tonnage sunk, his total was 41,905, a record for a single patrol that was to stand for a long time. The runner-up was Lemp in U-30, with three ships for 23,206 tons, but since Athenia could not even be mentioned, let alone credited, second place went to Wilhelm Rollmann in U-34, who had sunk two ships for 11,400 tons and had taken a 2,500-ton prize. Büchel in U-32 sank two ships and von Dresky in U-33 sank three, but their individual tonnage scores were only about half that of Rollmann. Kuhnke in U-28 sank one ship.
Three boats of the first wave were still in the Atlantic: the Salzwedel reserve U-31 and U-35, and the VIIB of the Wegener Flotilla, U-53. The last returned first. Having sunk two ships—a freighter and the 8,826-ton tanker Cheyenne—U-53 raised the total score of the six Wegener Flotilla boats to eight. The reserve U-31 sank two ships, and the reserve U-35 sank four ships. Including the three trawlers, these six kills raised the total sinkings of the nine Salzwedel boats deployed to the Atlantic to twenty-four, and the average of sinkings per boat per patrol from 2 to 2.6.
The aggregate confirmed kills by all twenty-one oceangoing boats of the first wave were thus as follows:
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Strong reasoning
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History
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The January 18, 1925, Zanesville Times Signal (Zanesville, Ohio) ran an article about a proposed 88 story skyscraper in New York. Titled “How We Will Live Tomorrow,” the article imagined how New Yorkers and other city-dwellers might eventually live in skyscrapers of the future. The article talks about the amazing height of the proposed structure, but also points out the various considerations one must make when living at a higher altitude.
The article mentions a 1,000 foot building, which even by today’s standards would be quite tall. The tallest building in New York City is currently the Empire State building at 1,250 feet. Until September 11, 2001, the North Tower of the World Trade Center stood as the tallest building in New York City at 1,368 feet tall. Interestingly, the year this article ran (in 1925) was the year that New York overtook London as the most populous city in the world.
The contemplated eighty-eight-story building, 1000 feet in height, which is to occupy an entire block on lower Broadway, may exceed in cubical contents the Pyramid of Cheops, hitherto the largest structure erected by human hands.
The Pyramid of Cheops was originally 481 feet high, and its base is a square measuring 756 feet on each side. The Woolworth Building is 792 feet in heigh, but covers a relatively small area of ground.
The proposed building, when it has been erected will offer to contemplation some rather remarkable phenomena. For instance, on the top floor an egg, to be properly boiled, will require two and a half seconds more time than would be needed at the street level.
That is because the air pressure will be less than at the street level by seventy pounds to the square foot, and water will boil at 209 degrees, instead of the ordinary 212. In a saucepan water cannot be heated beyond boiling point, and, being less hot at an altitude of 1000 feet, it will not cook an egg so quickly.
When one climbs a mountain one finds changes of climate corresponding to what would be found if one were to travel northward. Thus, according to the reckoning of the United States Weather Bureau, the climate on top of the contemplated eighty-eight-story building will correspond to that of the Southern Berkshires in Massachusetts.
The newspaper ran a series of illustrations to accompany the article that demonstrate the communal features of skyscraper living and new considerations (however ridiculous) of living at 1,000 feet. The skyscraper was imagined to feature billiard rooms, parlors for dancing and bowling alleys. One of the illustrations explains that “the housewife will be annoyed by no petty disputes with butcher and grocer over the accuracy of their accounts.” The latter is a reference to the fact that meals will no longer be prepared at home, but “bought at wholesale rates by a manger, or by a committee representing the families of the block, and the cooks and other servants employed to do the work tend to everything, relieving the housewives of all bother.”
The article looked to history for perspective on what wonders the next hundred years of skyscraper living may bring:
Compare the New York of today with what it was a century ago. May one not suppose that a century from now it will have undergone a transformation equally remarkable? Already the architects are planning, in a tentative way, buildings of sixty or seventy stories that are to occupy entire blocks, providing for all sorts of shops and other commercial enterprises, while affording space for the comfortable housing of thousands of families. Such a building will be in effect a whole town under one roof. The New York of today has great numbers of apartment houses. It has multitudes of family dwellings. The whole system must before long undergo a radical change. A block system of construction will replace it, achieving an economy of space which is an inexorable necessity. It is the only system under which the utmost possible utilization of ground area can be obtained.
Predictions of communal kitchens in the future were quite popular in utopian novels of the late 19th century, like Edward Bellamy’s 1888 tome “Looking Backward.” But this 1925 vision of tomorrow’s kitchen shifts focus to the kind of ordering out that we may be more familiar with today. The illustration contends that “all the housewife of tomorrow will have to do is select the kind of meal she wishes and order it, just as she now phones the butcher for a roast or fowl.”
Interestingly, the pneumatic tube still rears its head in this vision of urban living in the future. The Boston Globe article from 1900 that we looked at a few weeks ago included predictions of the pneumatic tube system Boston would employ by the year 2000. Delivery of everything from parcels to newspapers to food by pneumatic tube was a promise of the early 20th century that would nearly die during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
On a recent occasion the possibilities of the pneumatic tube for the transportation of eatables was satisfactorily demonstrated by the Philadelphia Post-office, which sent by this means a hot dinner of several courses a distance of two miles. For the community block a trolley arrangement might be preferred, with a covered chut and properly insulated receptacles, lined with felt, will keep foods at a piping temperature for a dozen hours.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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0–10 V - A common analog process control signal voltage range.
1000BASE-CX - Two pairs of 150-ohm shielded twisted pair cable for a maximum length of 25 meters.
1000BASE-LX/LH - A long wavelength for a “long haul” fiber optic cable for a maximum length of 10 kilometers.
1000BASE-SX - A short laser wavelength on multimode fiber optic cable for a maximum length of 550 meters.
1000BASE-T - A form of Gigabit Ethernet (1 gigabit is 1,000 megabits per second) on copper cables, using four pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted pair to achieve the gigabit data rate. 1000BASE-T can be used in data centers for server switching, for uplinks from desktop computer switches, or directly to the desktop for broadband applications. A big advantage of 1000BASE-T is that existing copper cabling can be used instead of having to rewire with optical fiber.
1000BASE-T - Four pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair cable for a maximum length of 100 meters. 1,000 Mbps over twisted pair.
1000BASE-ZX - An extended wavelength single-mode optical fiber for up to 100 kilometers.
100BASE-T - Also called “Fast Ethernet,” it is a 100 Mbps version of Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u standard). 100BASE-T transmits at 100 Mbps rather than 10 Mbps. Like regular Ethernet, Fast Ethernet is a shared media LAN. All nodes share the 100 Mbps bandwidth. 100BASE-T uses the same CSMA/CD access method as regular Ethernet with some modification. Three cabling variations are provided. 100BASE-TX uses two pairs of Category 5 UTP, 100BASE-T4 uses four pairs of Category 3 and 100BASE-FX uses multimode optical fibers and is primarily intended for backbone use.
10BASE2 - A network conforming to the IEE 802.3 local area network standard. Also known as thinnet, 10BASE2 networks are a continuous bus configuration and are capable of carrying information at rates up to 10 Mbps. Devices are connected to the coaxial cable withB NC T connectors over distances up to 606.80 feet (185 m).
10BASE5 - A network conforming to the IEEE 802.3 local area network standard. Also known as standard Ethernet, 10BASE5 networks are a continuous bus configuration and are capable of carrying information at rates up to 10 Mbps. Devices are connected to the coaxial cable with transceivers over distances up to 1,640 feet (500 m).
10BASE-F - Operates over fiber on a star topology with a physical central hub acting as the network distribution point. Each node or workstation on the network is connected to the hub. Emerging standard under the IEEE 802.3 committee will use synchronous signaling theme, similar to Chipcom. Will also accommodate several ports of FOIRL compatible signaling.
10BASE-T - The implementation of the IEEE 802.2 standard designed to operate over a star topology with a central hub acting as the network distribution point. Each node or workstation on the network is connected to the hub by a link segment of unshielded twisted-pair cabling. The 10BASE-T standard limits unshielded twisted-pair segments to 100 meters.
10BROAD36 - 10 million bits per second over broadband coaxial cable with node-to-node coverage of 3600 meters. The IEEE 802.3 specification for running Ethernet on broadband.
10GBASE-T - A standard by the IEEE 802 committee to provide 10 Gigabit/second connections over conventional unshielded twisted-pair cables. The committee currently working on the standard is IEEE 802.3an, a subgroup of IEEE 802.3.
110-type connecting block - The part of 110-type cross-connect that terminates twisted-pair wiring and can be used with either jumper wires or patch cords to establish circuit connections.
110-type wiring - The distribution system hardware developed for Dimension System 85 and other current AT&T information systems. Originally known as 88-type wiring, it was refined over a ten-year period so that customers could participate in circuit rearrangement. The number 110 is part of a Western Electric product code.
1BASE-5 - Starlan.
3270, 3270 information display system - A very popular IBM data entry and display system that consists of control units, display station, printers and other equipment.
4–20 mA - A common analog process control signal current range.
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Moderate reasoning
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Hardware
|
How many different triangles can you make on a circular pegboard that has nine pegs?
In how many ways can you fit two of these yellow triangles
together? Can you predict the number of ways two blue triangles can
be fitted together?
You have 4 red and 5 blue counters. How many ways can they be
placed on a 3 by 3 grid so that all the rows columns and diagonals
have an even number of red counters?
Hover your mouse over the counters to see which ones will be
removed. Click to remover them. The winner is the last one to
remove a counter. How you can make sure you win?
Cut four triangles from a square as shown in the picture. How many
different shapes can you make by fitting the four triangles back
A tetromino is made up of four squares joined edge to edge. Can
this tetromino, together with 15 copies of itself, be used to cover
an eight by eight chessboard?
How many DIFFERENT quadrilaterals can be made by joining the dots
on the 8-point circle?
How can you arrange the 5 cubes so that you need the smallest number of Brush Loads of paint to cover them? Try with other numbers of cubes as well.
What is the smallest cuboid that you can put in this box so that
you cannot fit another that's the same into it?
A magician took a suit of thirteen cards and held them in his hand
face down. Every card he revealed had the same value as the one he
had just finished spelling. How did this work?
How many different cuboids can you make when you use four CDs or
DVDs? How about using five, then six?
What is the greatest number of counters you can place on the grid below without four of them lying at the corners of a square?
Can you shunt the trucks so that the Cattle truck and the Sheep
truck change places and the Engine is back on the main line?
Take a rectangle of paper and fold it in half, and half again, to
make four smaller rectangles. How many different ways can you fold
How many different ways can you find of fitting five hexagons
together? How will you know you have found all the ways?
Can you work out how many cubes were used to make this open box? What size of open box could you make if you had 112 cubes?
This 100 square jigsaw is written in code. It starts with 1 and ends with 100. Can you build it up?
Here you see the front and back views of a dodecahedron. Each
vertex has been numbered so that the numbers around each pentagonal
face add up to 65. Can you find all the missing numbers?
Building up a simple Celtic knot. Try the interactivity or download
the cards or have a go on squared paper.
A dog is looking for a good place to bury his bone. Can you work
out where he started and ended in each case? What possible routes
could he have taken?
Swap the stars with the moons, using only knights' moves (as on a
chess board). What is the smallest number of moves possible?
What is the best way to shunt these carriages so that each train
can continue its journey?
10 space travellers are waiting to board their spaceships. There
are two rows of seats in the waiting room. Using the rules, where
are they all sitting? Can you find all the possible ways?
This task, written for the National Young Mathematicians' Award 2016, involves open-topped boxes made with interlocking cubes. Explore the number of units of paint that are needed to cover the boxes. . . .
Design an arrangement of display boards in the school hall which fits the requirements of different people.
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of this shape. How would you describe it?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of the chairs?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of Granma T?
Investigate the number of paths you can take from one vertex to
another in these 3D shapes. Is it possible to take an odd number
and an even number of paths to the same vertex?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of these people?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of Mai Ling?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of this brazier for roasting chestnuts?
How can you arrange these 10 matches in four piles so that when you
move one match from three of the piles into the fourth, you end up
with the same arrangement?
Can you see why 2 by 2 could be 5? Can you predict what 2 by 10
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of this telephone?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of Little Ming playing the board game?
Can you find ways of joining cubes together so that 28 faces are
How can the same pieces of the tangram make this bowl before and after it was chipped? Use the interactivity to try and work out what is going on!
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of Little Fung at the table?
In a square in which the houses are evenly spaced, numbers 3 and 10
are opposite each other. What is the smallest and what is the
largest possible number of houses in the square?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of Mai Ling and Chi Wing?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of the candle and sundial?
One face of a regular tetrahedron is painted blue and each of the
remaining faces are painted using one of the colours red, green or
yellow. How many different possibilities are there?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of the watering can and man in a boat?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of these convex shapes?
Exchange the positions of the two sets of counters in the least possible number of moves
A game for 2 players. Given a board of dots in a grid pattern, players take turns drawing a line by connecting 2 adjacent dots. Your goal is to complete more squares than your opponent.
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of this goat and giraffe?
What happens to the area of a square if you double the length of
the sides? Try the same thing with rectangles, diamonds and other
shapes. How do the four smaller ones fit into the larger one?
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Swiss Engineer Michele Angelo Besso was a close friend of Einstein’s. Upon his death, the father of relativity said, “Now Besso has departed from this strange world a little ahead of me. That means nothing. People like us … know that the distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.”
We often think of the afterlife as a spiritual or religious belief, when in a way, its pursuit is also somewhat familiar to science. Robert Lanza, M.D. takes things one step further. He thinks we start out with a wrong assumption, that we have it all backward. It isn’t the universe which is supreme, but life. In fact, life and in particular consciousness are essential to the makeup of the universe, he says. Through the theory of biocentrism, he believes he can prove that space and time do not exist, unless our consciousness says they do.
This is an all-encompassing theory which in Greek means “life center.”Though radical, if one day proven correct, it could have ramifications for the study of physics, biology, consciousness, the brain, and even AI. Consider a blade of grass. Your brain through your eyes tells you its green. But what if a neuroscientist could reconnoiter that part of the brain where the concept registers, and make it indicate red or yellow instead? Lanza reminds us that all reality is sensory information interpreted by our brain.
It’s our consciousness that puts our reality together. For instance, space-time in physics is different from how we experience these, separate concepts in real life. Science treats the space-time continuum as a solid principle. According to Lanza they are “simply tools of our mind.” Death too in his view “cannot exist in any real sense.”
Dr. Robert Lanza in his laboratory, 2009.
Notice how, for instance, when you are a child, days and weeks seem to drag on, while when you get older, they fly by. Time itself hasn’t changed, just our perception of it. Whether the universe actually works the way in which we perceive it isn’t readily known. One of the fundamental laws of Newtonian physics is that energy isn’t created or destroyed, it simply takes another form. The energy trapped in our brain must take another form then, even when a person dies. Meanwhile, our senses tell us that it’s their end. But where does this energy go? In a world with endless space and time, could death really exist? If not, is immortality a phenomenon which occurs within space-time or outside of it?
Dr. Lanza isn’t some newfangled guru. He’s a biotech Zion, and currently, the Chief Scientific Officer of the Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine. He’s studying stem cells and their application for treating disease. Previous to this, he did some research on embryonic stem cells and in cloning, both with animals and humans. Lanza is also an adjunct professor at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine in North Carolina.
In quantum physics, particles can be observed in several different states at the same time. This is called superposition. They in fact, exist in all possible states simultaneously. In terms of predicting what a particle will do, nothing is absolute. Each state has its own range of probability. In Lanza’s view, each corresponds with a different universe.
This coincides with the “many worlds” theory, also known as the multiverse. Each universe is thought to operate with its own physical laws. Anything that can occur does, with one possibility playing out in each realm. Our life, Lanza believes, at one stage or another, is occurring across many universes simultaneously. Yet, your life on one world wouldn’t influence your life in another.
What are the chances that death is a portal into another universe?
What has long plagued particle physicists is that observation affects reality. Consider the famous double-slit test. In this classic experiment, physicists observe a particle passing through two slits in a barrier. When the phenomenon is observed, it behaves like a particle, a little cannonball shooting directly through the slits. If it isn’t observed, it performs like a wave, gliding through both openings at once. This shows that energy and matter are made up of both particles and waves, and that one’s mere observation changes its form.
Such inconsistencies don’t prove the existence of the multiverse, however. Yet, through the scaffolding of biocentrism or this new “Theory of Everything,” the physics begins to take shape. Consciousness is an essential force in the universe, according to this theory, which shows why the properties of energy, matter, space, and time, depend on whether or not a conscious mind is observing them. Lanza uses other research to support his view.
A 2002 study of photons or light particles, showed that they communicated with one another. When one photon was guided to a certain place, it was picked up by a detector. Researchers used a scrambler to force it to remain a particle rather than a wave. After one was sent out and reached its destination, the second photon crossed the same space instantaneously. It was as if it knew where it was going, and the knowledge must have traveled back to it faster than the speed of light. Another supporting factor in an entirely different category, is the Goldilocks principle. This is the theory that the universe was made just right for supporting life.
Photons being smashed at the CERN large hadron collider.
Critics argue that unexplained phenomena in physics only occurs on the quantum level. They also point out that there is no direct evidence of the existence of other universes. Several physicists have told Forbes that Lanza’s writings look more like works of philosophy rather than science. The doctor himself states that he is healing a glaring rift, and applying innovative methods from biotech to physics. He also admits his theory lacks a mathematical basis. As such, Lanza’s working on the supporting mathematical structure. Papers are expected to follow in scientific journals.
Another competing theory accounts for inconsistencies in quantum physics by stating that the universe is an illusion. It could be for instance, a projection created by a highly advanced quantum computer. Though still entirely theoretical, biocentrism offers those of us who want to hold onto a comforting afterlife scenario, without giving up a devotion to science, an avenue to explore. In this vein, Lanza wrote, “Life is an adventure that transcends our ordinary linear way of thinking. When we die, we do so not in the random billiard-ball-matrix but in the inescapable-life-matrix. Life has a non-linear dimensionality; it’s like a perennial flower that returns to bloom in the multiverse.”
Watch the video discussion. URL:https://youtu.be/zI_F4nOKDSM
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
|
5 Things You Can Do to Improve Your Daily Mental Health
Mental health plays a huge role in your overall health and well-being. It affects everything, including how we think, feel and act, and helps determine how we make healthy choices and cope with stress.
Because it’s such a crucial component of your health, it’s important to focus on maintaining or improving your mental health. Here are five simple ways to do so every day:
- Express gratitude. Taking five minutes a day to write down the things that you are grateful for has been proven to lower stress levels and can help you change your mindset from negative to positive.
- Get exercise. You probably hear all the time how beneficial exercise is to your overall health, but it’s true. Exercising regularly can benefit your brain function, reduce anxiety and improve your self-image.
- Spend time outdoors. Getting outside, especially when it’s sunny, can greatly improve your mood, which in turn, benefits your mental health.
- Be kind. Helping others and being kind not only helps the receiver of the act, but can also help you. It doesn’t have to be anything crazy—holding the door or giving a compliment can go a long way.
- Get a good night’s sleep. Fatigued individuals typically experience drowsiness, mood changes, loss of energy and appetite, headaches, and a lack of motivation, concentration and alertness. Strive for seven to eight hours of sleep a night to improve your mental health.
Eye Health 101
Keeping your eyes healthy is a very important task. Fortunately, it’s also an easy thing to do. Here are five simple ways you can keep your eyes healthy:
- Get a regular exam. Complete eye exams consist of a series of tests designed to evaluate your vision and check for eye diseases.
- Wear protective eyewear. When you’re playing sports or doing a task that requires eyewear to be worn, heed the advice and wear glasses or goggles to prevent injury to your eyes.
- Don’t smoke. Smoking can contribute to a host of irreversible eye diseases, so quit or refrain from smoking to protect your eyes.
- Put your shades on. Wearing sunglasses protects your eyes from the sun’s harmful rays. Don’t forget to put them on when you’re outside!
- Give your eyes a break. Staring at a computer screen for too long can cause a painful strain on your eyes. Whenever possible, try giving yourself a short break from looking at the screen.
The Unexpected Ingredient in Your Oats
It’s not a superfood, and it’s not naturally occurring. It’s a pesticide. According to a report by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), almost three-quarters of the oat cereal, oatmeal, granola and oat bars contained traces of glyphosate.
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. It’s the main ingredient in hundreds of weed-killing pesticides.
Are oats safe to eat?
Federal officials report that the levels found in the oats is deemed to be “safe.” However, EWG claims that no level of exposure is safe, as glyphosate was classified as a probable carcinogen in 2015. To reduce your exposure, but still eat your oats, opt for organic oats.
Your Health and Wellness is our goal. Stay safe!
Monday, January 11, 2021
The Week on Wall Street Shrugging off COVID-19 infections and the disruption at the Capitol on January 6, stocks powered higher to kick off a new year of trading.The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 1.61%, while the Standard &...
Monday, January 4, 2021
The Week on Wall Street Stocks moved higher during a holiday-shortened week of trading, capping off a turbulent, but otherwise strong year for equity investors. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 1.35%, while the Standard &...
Monday, December 21, 2020
The Week on Wall Street Stocks climbed higher amid the COVID-19 vaccine rollout and an improving outlook for a fiscal stimulus bill.The Dow Jones Industrial Average, which has lagged all year, gained 0.44%. The Standard & Poor’s 500...
Monday, December 14, 2020
The Week on Wall Street Stocks retreated last week on rising COVID-19 infections and slow progress on an economic relief bill. The Dow Jones Industrial Average dipped 0.57%, while the Standard & Poor’s 500 dropped 0.96%. The Nasdaq...
Tuesday, December 8, 2020
The Week on Wall Street Stocks marched higher last week on an improving outlook for the passage of a fiscal stimulus package. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 1.03%, while the Standard & Poor’s 500 tacked on 1.67%. The Nasdaq...
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
|
Meet the Researcher - Professor John Loughlin
- Health & Social Care Research, Bones, Joints & Muscles
Professor John Loughlin, Professor of Musculoskeletal Research
What is your main area of research?
My group focuses on the genetic basis of diseases of the skeleton, and in particular the articulating joint disease osteoarthritis. This common disease is characterised by the loss of the thin cartilage layer that is at the ends of our bones. This cartilage allows our joints to rotate and to pivot smoothly. By identifying those genes that increase an individual’s risk of developing diseases such as osteoarthritis, we are able to uncover those biological processes in our body that are not performing optimally and we can then plan ways to lessen the negative effects, in order to benefit the patient.
How does your work fit within ageing research?
Osteoarthritis is a very painful disease that leads to loss of function of the affected joint. This severely impacts on the patient’s quality of life and can also have secondary effects on life span; the patient is less inclined to use the joint, their daily physical activity decreases and they are subsequently at increased risk of succumbing to cardiovascular disease.
One of the main risk factors for osteoarthritis is age. In the absence of any clear cause (such as, for example, a severe sports-related joint injury) very few young people will develop the disease. Instead, osteoarthritis becomes common as you enter your 50s and this risk continues to increase as we grow older, but we are not sure why. It may be that we lose the capacity to maintain and repair our cartilage as we age. Some of the results from the genetic studies do support this, in that several of the genes that are associated with osteoarthritis are responsible for making proteins required for correct cartilage formation.
Where are your main collaborations in Newcastle University and which groups do you feel would be valuable to make links with in the future?
My group is based in the Institute of Genetic Medicine at the International Centre for Life, where we have very close collaborations with a number of other scientists, including Dr Louise Reynard, Dr Mauro Santibanez-Koref, Professor Heather Cordell and Professor David Young. We also have very close links with scientists working in the Institute of Cellular Medicine, the School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, and the School of Computing Science, including Dr Catharien Hilkens, Professor Kenny Dalgarno and Dr Jaume Bacardit.
This highlights the multidisciplinary nature of our research. A lot of my group’s experiments involve studying patient tissues, and in this regard we are fortunate to have close and productive links with clinician-scientists who operate on osteoarthritis patients at the Newcastle upon Tyne hospitals, in particular Dr Kenny Rankin and Professor David Deehan. In the future I’m keen to develop closer links with the Institute of Health and Society to enhance our strategies for translating research, with the ultimate aim of improving the health of those with severe joint diseases.
What external partnerships/links do you have that contribute to your research?
I am a member of two national and three international consortia containing scientists, clinician-scientists and industry researchers working towards an improved understanding of the causes and treatments of osteoarthritis. These consortia are funded by UK charities, UK government agencies, the European Commission and by our industry partners. One of the consortia that I am particularly excited about is the MRC and Arthritis Research UK funded CIMA project (Centre for Integrated Musculoskeletal Ageing), involving researchers from Newcastle, Sheffield and Liverpool. In CIMA we investigate healthy as well as diseased joints; a novel approach that is yielding exciting discoveries. I am also the President of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI); an organisation of over 1400 members researching the causes and treatments of the disease using a range of methodologies. OARSI has its own scientific journal, an annual congress and a number of other academic and health related activities.
Originally published on 3rd April 2017 on the Newcastle University Institute for Ageing webpage.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Results from the homogenisation of instrumental western climate records indicate that detected inhomogeneities in mean temperature series occur at a frequency of roughly 15 to 20 years. It should be kept in mind that most measurements have not been specifically made for climatic purposes, but rather to meet the needs of weather forecasting, agriculture and hydrology (Williams et al., 2012). Moreover the typical size of the breaks is often of the same order as the climatic change signal during the 20th century (Auer et al., 2007; Menne et al., 2009; Brunetti et al., 2006; Caussinus and Mestre; 2004, Della-Marta et al., 2004). Inhomogeneities are thus a significant source of uncertainty for the estimation of secular trends and decadal-scale variability.
If all inhomogeneities would be purely random perturbations of the climate records, collectively their effect on the mean global climate signal would be negligible. However, certain changes are typical for certain periods and occurred in many stations, these are the most important causes discussed below as they can collectively lead to artificial biases in climate trends across large regions (Menne et al., 2010; Brunetti et al., 2006; Begert et al., 2005).
In this post I will introduce a number of typical causes for inhomogeneities and methods to remove them from the data.
Causes of inhomogeneitiesThe best known inhomogeneity is the urban heat island effect. The temperature in cities can be warmer than in the surrounding country side, especially at night. Thus as cities grow, one may expect that temperatures measured in cities become higher. On the other hand, with the advent of aviation, many meteorological offices and thus their stations have often been relocated from cities to nearby, typically cooler, airports (Trewin, 2010). It would be worth studying which of these two effects are strongest for urban stations. My European colleagues expect it is the cooling due to the relocation to airports.
Other non-climatic changes can be caused by changes in measurement methods. Meteorological instruments are typically installed in a screen to protect them from direct sun and wetting (Van der Meulen and Brandsma, 2008). In the 19th century it was common to use a metal screen in front of a window on a North facing wall. However, the building may warm the screen leading to higher temperature measurements. When this problem was realized the so-called Stevenson screen was introduced, typically installed in gardens, away from buildings; the two screens on the left in Figure 1 are Stevenson screens. This is still the most typical weather screen with its typical double-louvre door and walls for ventilation. In Figure 1 you see to the right a historical Montsouri screen. It is open to the North and to the bottom. This improves ventilation, but it was found that infra-red radiation from the ground can influence the measurement on sunny calm days. Therefore, they are no longer used. Nowadays automatic weather stations, which reduce labor costs, are becoming more common; they protect the thermometer by a number of white plastic cones (Begert et al., 2005). This necessitated changes from manually recorded liquid in glass thermometers to automated electrical resistance thermometers, which reduces the recorded temperature values (Menne et al., 2009).
Also other climate elements suffer from inhomogeneities. The precipitation amounts observed in the early instrumental period, roughly before 1900, are biased and are 10% lower than nowadays because the measurements were often made on a roof. At the time, instruments were installed on rooftops to ensure that the instrument is never shielded from the rain, but it was found later that due to the turbulent flow of the wind on roofs, some rain droplets and especially snow flakes did not fall into the opening. Consequently measurements are nowadays performed closer to the ground.
Other typical causes of inhomogeneities are a change in measurement location; many observations, especially of precipitation are performed by volunteers in their garden or at their work place. Changes in the surrounding can often not be avoided, e.g., changes in the vegetation, the sealing of surfaces, and warm and sheltering buildings in the vicinity. There are also changes in measurement procedures such as the way the daily mean temperature is computed (by means of the minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperature, or by averaging over 3 or 4 readings per day, or based on 10 minute data). Also changes in the observation times can lead to inhomogeneities. A recent review by Trewin (2010) focused on the causes of inhomogeneities.
The inhomogeneities are not always errors. This is seen most clear for stations affected by warming due to the urban heat island effect. From the perspective of global warming, such local effects are undesirable, but to study the influence of climate on health they are fine. Other inhomogeneities are due to compromises that have to be made been ventilation and protection against the sun and wetting in the design of a weather shelter. Trying to reduce one type of error (for a certain weather condition) in the design will often lead to the more errors from the other factors. Meteorological measurements are not made in the laboratory. Small errors are inevitable, meteorologically not relevant, but if such an error changes, it may well be an inhomogeneity.
HomogenisationTo reliably study the real development of the climate, non-climatic changes have to be removed. The date of the change is often documented (called meta data: data about data), but not always. Meta data is often only available in the local language. In the best case, there are parallel measurements with the original and the new set-up for several years (Aguilar et al., 2003). This is a WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) guideline, but unfortunately not very often performed, if only because the reason for stopping the original measurement is not known in advance, but probably more often to save money. By making parallel measurement with replicas of historical instruments, screens, etc. some of these inhomogeneities can still be studied today.
Because you are never sure that your meta data (station history) is complete, statistical homogenisation should always be applied as well. The most commonly used statistical principle to detect and remove the effects of artificial changes is relative homogenisation, which assumes that nearby stations are exposed to almost the same climate signal and that thus the differences between nearby stations can be utilized to detect inhomogeneities (Conrad and Pollack, 1950). By looking at the difference time series, the year to year variability of the climate is removed, as well as regional climatic trends. In such a difference time series, a clear and persistent jump of, for example 1°C, can easily be detected and can only be due to changes in the measurement conditions. (This relative method does not work when changes are applied to a whole network. Such extensive changes are less problematic, however, because are typically well documented and can be detected by studying multiple networks simultaneously.)
If there is a jump (break) in a difference time series, it is not yet clear which of the two stations it belongs to. Furthermore, time series typically have more than just one jump. These two features make statistical homogenisation a challenging and beautiful statistical problem. Homogenisation algorithms typically differ in how they try to solve these two fundamental problems.
In the past, it was customary to compute a composite reference time series computed from multiple nearby stations, compare this reference to the candidate series and assume that any jumps found are due to the candidate series (Alexandersson, 1986). The latter assumption works because by using multiple stations as reference, the influence of inhomogeneities on the reference are much reduced. However, modern algorithms, no longer assume that the reference is homogeneous and can achieve better results this way. There are two main ways to do so. You can compute multiple composite reference time series from subsets of surrounding stations and test these references for homogeneity as well (Szentimrey, 1999). Alternatively, you can only use pairs of stations and by comparing all pairs with each determine which station most likely is the one with the break (Caussinus and Mestre, 2004). If there is a break in 1950 in pair A&B and B&C, but not in A&C, the break is likely in station B; with more pairs such an inference can be made with more certainty.
If there are multiple breaks in a time series, the number of combinations easily becomes very large and it is becomes impossible to try them all. For example in case of five breaks (k=5) in 100 years of annual data (n=100), the number of combinations is about 1005=1010 or 10 billion. This problem is sometimes solved iteratively/hierarchically, by first searching for the largest jump and then repeating the search in both sub-sections until they are too small. This does not always produce good results. A direct way to solve the problem is by dynamical programming, which, to quote Wikipedia is neither dynamic, nor programming, but rather an optimization method. In dynamical programming the solution is not only solved for the entire time series, but also for all truncated time series. In this way, the number of computation is of the order of n2.
Sometimes there are no other stations in the same climate region. In this case, sometimes absolute homogenisation is applied and the inhomogeneities are detected in the time series of one station. If there is a clear and large break at a certain date, you may well be able to correct it, but smaller jumps and gradually occurring inhomogeneities (urban heat island or a growing vegetation) cannot be distinguished from real natural variability and climate change. Data homogenized this way does not have the quality you may expect and should be used with much care.
Inhomogeneities in climate dataBy homogenizing climate datasets, it was found that sometimes inhomogeneities can cause biased trends in raw data; that homogenisation is indispensable to obtain reliable regional or global trends. For example, for the Greater Alpine Region a bias in the temperature trend between 1870s and 1980s of half a degree was found, which was due to decreasing urbanization of the network and systematic changes in the time of observation (Böhm et al., 2001). The precipitation records of the early instrumental period are biased by -10% due to the systematic higher installation of the gauges at the time (Auer et al., 2005). Other possible bias sources are new types of weather shelters (Brunet et al., 2010; Brunetti et al., 2006), the change from liquid and glass thermometers to electrical resistance thermometers (Menne et al., 2009), as well as the tendency to replace observers by automatic weather stations (Begert et al., 2005), the urban heat island effect and the transfer of many urban stations to airports (Trewin, 2010).
In the project HOME these homogenisation algorithms were recently tested on artificial climate data with known inhomogeneities and it was found that relative homogenisation improves climate data and that the modern method that do not work with a homogeneous reference are most accurate.
More posts on homogenisation
- New article: Benchmarking homogenisation algorithms for monthly data
- Raw climate records contain changes due to non-climatic factors, such as relocations of stations or changes in instrumentation. This post introduces an article that tested how well such non-climatic factors can be removed.
- A short introduction to the time of observation bias and its correction
- The time of observation bias is an important cause of inhomogeneities in temperature data.
- HUME: Homogenisation, Uncertainty Measures and Extreme weather
- Proposal for future research in homogenisation of climate network data.
- Statistical homogenisation for dummies
- A primer on statistical homogenisation with many pictures.
- Investigation of methods for hydroclimatic data homogenisation
- An example of the daily misinformation spread by the blog Watts Up With That? In this case about homogenisation.
ReferencesAguilar E., Auer, I., Brunet, M., Peterson, T. C., and Wieringa, J.: Guidelines on climate metadata and homogenization. World Meteorological Organization, WMO-TD No. 1186, WCDMP No. 53, Geneva, Switzerland, 55 p., 2003.
Alexandersson, A.: A homogeneity test applied to precipitation data. J. Climatol., 6, 661-675, 1986.
Auer, I., R. Bohm, A. Jurkovic, W. Lipa, A. Orlik, R. Potzmann, W. Schoner, M. Ungersbock, C. Matulla, P. Jones, D. Efthymiadis, M. Brunetti, T. Nanni, K. Briffa, M. Maugeri, L. Mercalli, O. Mestre, et al. HISTALP - Historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region. Int. J. Climatol., 27, pp. 17-46. doi: 10.1002/joc.1377, 2007.
Auer I, Böhm, R., Jurkovic, A., Orlik, A., Potzmann, R., Schöner W., et al.: A new instrumental precipitation dataset for the Greater Alpine Region for the period 1800–2002. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 139–166, 2005.
Begert, M., Schlegel, T., and Kirchhofer, W.: Homogeneous temperature and precipitation series of Switzerland from 1864 to 2000. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 65–80, 2005.
Böhm R., Auer, I., Brunetti, M., Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., and Schöner, W.: Regional temperature variability in the European Alps 1760–1998 from homogenized instrumental time series. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 1779–1801, 2001.
Brunet, M., Asin, J., Sigró, J., Banón, M., García, F., Aguilar, E., Esteban Palenzuela, J., Peterson, T. C., and Jones, P.: The minimization of the screen bias from ancient Western Mediterranean air temperature records: an exploratory statistical analysis. Int. J. Climatol., doi: 10.1002/joc.2192, 2010.
Brunetti M., Maugeri, M., Monti, F., and Nanni, T.: Temperature and precipitation variability in Italy in the last two centuries from homogenized instrumental time series. International Journal of Climatology, 26, 345–381, 2006.
Caussinus, H. and Mestre, O.: Detection and correction of artificial shifts in climate series. Appl. Statist., 53, part 3, 405-425, 2004.
Conrad, V. and Pollak, C.: Methods in Climatology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 459 p., 1950.
Della-Marta, P. M., Collins, D., and Braganza, K.: Updating Australia’s high quality annual temperature dataset. Austr. Meteor. Mag., 53, 277-292, 2004.
Menne, M. J., Williams, C. N. jr., and Vose, R. S.: The U.S. historical climatology network monthly temperature data, version 2. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, no.7, 993-1007, doi: 10.1175/2008BAMS2613.1, 2009.
Menne, M. J., Williams, C. N. jr., and Palecki M. A.: On the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115, no. D11108, doi: 10.1029/, 2010.
Meulen, van der, J.P. and T. Brandsma. Thermometer screen intercomparison in De Bilt (The Netherlands), part I: Understanding the weather-dependent temperature differences. Int. J. Climatol., 28, pp. 371-387, 2008.
Szentimrey, T.: Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization (MASH). Proceedings of the second seminar for homogenization of surface climatological data, Budapest, Hungary; WMO, WCDMP-No. 41, 27-46, 1999.
Trewin, B.: Exposure, instrumentation, and observing practice effects on land temperature measurements. WIREs Clim. Change, 1, 490–506, doi: 10.1002/wcc.46, 2010.
Williams, C. N. jr., Menne, M. J., Thorne, P.W. Benchmarking the performance of pairwise homogenization of surface temperatures in the United States. In press Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2012.
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| 0.906122 | 3,590 | 3.40625 | 3 | 3.034745 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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A) Science is fun.
B) My daughter asked to do a "Science Peer-i-scent" aka "Science Experiment." Yes, that's right, she asked to learn. I'm sorry people, but all the mounds of dishes, laundry and toys can wait. If my Sesame requests to learn, I'm going to soak up the opportunity.
C) I secretly love having a toddler about so I can make messes and then blame her.
D) Science is fun. Duh.
Today's adventure includes a lesson in density. :) I
Here we go.
The cast of characters:
As you can see, I have six glasses out that appear to be filled with water.
Oh, but they are not all water.
(That was my evil scientist laugh - I felt it was appropriate here)
That's right. White Vinegar.
With the baking soda.
Boo-yah. Take that Sid the Science Kid. I'll take your density and raise you...um...some cool reaction thing.
(Note: Husband is the scientist. I studied liberal arts. Cut me some slack on the terminology.)
Step 1: Begin adding one ingredient to each glass.
Step 2: Take excessive photos of terrific, tiny toddler hands.
Step 3: Stir ingredients in and discuss why some float (pepper & parm) and why some dissolve (sugar & salt).
Step 4: Take photo of cute little scientist in her apron.
Step 5: Be sad when you realize your baking soda is old and does not react well with vinegar.
Step 6: Show toddler the fabulous lemonade and mix it together with enthusiasm.
Step 7: Be sad again and start gagging when you realize your baking soda is not expired - you only mixed it with water. How do you know this? You just drank vinegar-lemonade.
Step 8: Listen to your toddler laugh hysterically while you spit, gag and rapidly drink coffee to wash away the gross-ness that is vinegar-lemonade.
Step 9: Improvise and make cool vinegar-lemonade-baking soda explosion.
Step 10: Laugh at the cool bubbles with your toddler and admire the sweet mess you made together. :)
And, to appease Grammy :):
Guess who is starting to dig story time at our house!? Little Dude LOVES it when Sesame and I read. It makes me so happy. :)
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| 0.901036 | 513 | 2.546875 | 3 | 1.542957 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Up till now, the connection most people would make between nanomaterials and Alzheimer’s has always been as a potential treatment for the devastating disease. But now, instead of a nanomaterial treating the disease, researchers at the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden are taking the protein that causes the disease and making it a nanomaterial.
The protein is known as amyloid, which is a very dense biomaterial that some researchers have been experimenting with for over a decade by combining it with other materials to alter its characteristics. What the Swedish researchers discovered is that if you expose the amyloid protein to multi-photon irradiation you could change the characteristics of the materials that have been attached to amyloid.
The research, which was published in the journal Nature Photonics (“Multiphoton absorption in amyloid protein fibres”), could lead to optical techniques for detecting and studying amyloid structures with the aim of advancing the treatment of the brain diseases it causes.
Researchers at Chalmers and Wroclaw University of Technology in Poland revealed last month how laser techniques aimed at the amyloid protein could help find a cure for not only Alzheimer’s, but also other brain diseases caused by the amyloid, such as Parkinson’s and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (known as Mad Cow disease).
“Nobody has talked about using only light to treat these diseases until now,” says Piotr Hanczyc at Chalmers in a press release. “This is a totally new approach and we believe that this might become a breakthrough in the research of diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We have found a totally new way of discovering these structures using just laser light.”
But beyond a treatment for these brain diseases, the researchers believe that it could have even more far afield applications in photonics an optoelectronics. The researchers believe that the ability to change the characteristics of a material that have been merged with the amyloid just by using multi-photon irradiation opens up some sci-fi capabilities for the material.
One potential application is creating a metamaterial with the amyloid merged with another material. The metamaterial would alter how light is reflected off of it and make it invisible to us.
A less far-off photonic application for the material may be in the development of improved solar cells, according to Hanczyc. But even this seems a bit speculative since the multi-photon tests on the materials tied to amyloids haven’t even performed yet.
Photo: Mats Tiborn/Chalmers University of Technology
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Aerogels are exceptionally lightweight, composite materials containing more than 99 percent air. They can withstand high temperatures and are resistant to many chemicals. Most aerogels studied so far, however, are made from ceramic materials, such as silica, alumina and silicon carbide, and are thus very brittle.
Researchers recently made aerogels from graphene (a sheet of carbon just one atom thick). Here, the nanosheets of carbon stack up against each other, which makes the material incredibly strong. The nanosheets also divide the aerogel into nanosized cells through which air cannot pass. This means that the material has a thermal conductivity that is lower than that of air.
A team led by Xiangfeng Duan of the University of California, Los Angeles, has made a structurally similar aerogel from another 2D material, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) by using a porous graphene aerogel as a sacrificial template. The researchers grew their aerogel using modified hydrothermal reduction and non-contact freeze-drying techniques. They used borazine as the hBN precursor and then grew hBN layers on top of the graphene structure using chemical vapour deposition.
Since hBN resists oxidation better than graphene and has a higher thermal stability as well, they are easily able to remove the graphene using a thermal etching process to leave behind the pure hBN aerogel.
The resulting material has a density as low as 0.1 mg/cm3 thanks to its highly porous structure with atomically thin cell walls (made of highly crystalline hBN), is superelastic (it can be compressed to 5% of its original length without breaking and fully recovers), and has an ultralow thermal conductivity (of around 2.4 mW/m∙K in vacuum and 20 mW/m∙K in air). It can also withstand sharp temperature shocks in that it can be heated to 900°C and then rapidly cooled to -198°C at a rate of 275°C per second over several hundred cycles while hardly losing any of its strength.
Careful Microstructure Engineering
The material’s superior properties come from the fact that it has both a negative Poisson’s ratio (it contracts inwards when compressed) and a negative thermal expansion coefficient (it contracts when heated). Duan and colleagues were able to confer both these properties (which are the opposite to conventional materials) onto their aerogel by carefully engineering its microstructure through hierarchical structuring and produce a material with hyperbolic frameworks. These have saddle shapes with negative curvature.
“The sub-cell wall features in our aerogel also have a double-pane architecture that reduces wall thickness without compromising the mechanical strength of the material and facilitates out-of-plane vibration modes for the negative thermal expansion coefficient effect,” Duan tells Physics World. “Such walls also retard heat transfer by gas molecules to ensure very low thermal conductivity.”
According to the researchers, the new ceramic aerogels could be used as thermal insulation in applications that require extreme temperatures, such as spacecraft and automobile components. Since the material also has a high surface area of more than 1080 m2/g, a value that is higher than those reported for other ultra-light materials (around 800 m2/g for silica or carbon aerogels), it might also be used in applications that call for high surface-to-volume ratios, like gas catalysis and thermal energy storage.
The team, reporting its work in Science, says that it is now busy making ceramic aerogels with even better flexibility and robustness, higher working temperatures and lower thermal conductivity.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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A mutation in a protein called menin causes a hereditary cancer syndrome called MEN1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1). Individuals with MEN1 are at a substantially increased risk of developing neuroendocrine tumors, including cancer of the pancreatic islet cells that secrete insulin.
Yet knowing these connections and doing something to improve fighting the syndrome are two different things. Researchers still did not exactly understand how menin mutations lead to MEN1 syndrome, and more importantly, what molecular pathways might be dysregulated by menin mutations and thus can be targeted to improve therapy against this type of cancer. Now, researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania have found that pathway, which may lead to a new treatment for patients with MEN1 and sporadic endocrine tumors.
A research team led by Xianxin Hua, MD, PhD, associate professor of Cancer Biology at the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, report in Cancer Research that menin suppresses signaling in the much-studied Hedgehog pathway in endocrine organs. Menin mutations lead to increased Hedgehog signaling and cell proliferation. They found that inhibiting proteins in the Hedgehog network using drugs reduces growth of tumors in an animal model of human MEN1 syndrome.
Unlike many cancer-associated proteins, menin is neither an enzyme nor a signaling receptor. Instead, the team discovered that menin works by physically interacting with a second protein, PRMT5. The menin-PRMT5 complex binds to the promoter of the Gas1 gene, where PRMT5 (an enzyme that adds methyl groups to histone proteins) functions as an epigenetic inhibitor, tamping down gene transcription. The GAS1 protein promotes Hedgehog signaling, and thus by inhibiting Gas1 expression, menin and PRMT5 effectively dial down the pathway's tendency towards cell proliferation.
"This study uncovered a new layer of regulation of pro-proliferative genes by menin via the Hedgehog signaling pathway," Hua says. "These pro-replication genes are regulated through GAS1 and PRMT5."
Discovering the link between menin and Hedgehog was serendipitous, says Hua. Using microarray analysis, his team found that loss of menin results in increased expression of the Gas1 gene. Separately, other groups reported that GAS1 mediates Hedgehog signaling. That knowledge gave Hua's team the missing piece of information required to identify menin's normal cellular function. "We found menin linked to Hedgehog signaling by suppressing expression of GAS1, leading to the suppression of Hedgehog signaling in endocrine tissue."
Significantly, Hua's team found that menin mutant proteins associated with MEN1 cancer in patients were impaired in their ability to interact with PRMT5, and thus, in adding the methyl chemical group to the Gas1 promoter gene. What's more, treating a mouse model of human MEN1 syndrome with a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor called Erivedge (FDA-approved in 2012 for metastatic or locally advanced basal cell carcinoma) reduced proliferation of tumor cells and blood insulin levels. That, says Hua, suggests a potential new treatment for patients with MEN1 syndrome, and also likely for sporadic endocrine tumors, some 40 percent of which also contain menin mutations
"Because we show in this mouse tumor model that we can significantly suppress proliferation of tumor cells in pancreatic islets and that we can reduce the higher insulin levels with a drug, which was just clinically approved to be safe, that naturally raises the question of whether, in patients who have mutation in this gene or enhanced Hedgehog signaling, this drug can improve patient symptoms to reduce tumor progression or insulinemia," Hua asks.
First author and postdoctoral fellow in the Hua lab Buddha Gurung, PhD, adds "the possibilities of translating these findings into a viable therapeutic option is extremely exciting."
Co-authors include Zijie Feng, Daniel V. Iwamoto, and Austin Thiel of the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; Guanghui Jin of Xiamen University, Fujian, China; Chen-Min Fan of the Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD; and Jessica M.Y. Ng and Tom Curran of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
The research was supported by Caring for Carcinoid Foundation and the National Cancer Institute (R01-CA-113962, 548 R01-DK085121; R01 DK084963).
Cite This Page:
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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REVIEW QUESTIONS ON GEMARA AND RASHI
prepared by Rabbi Eliezer Chrysler
Kollel Iyun Hadaf, Jerusalem
Previous daf Menachos 31
(a) 'Ela Amar Rav Papa, a'Shidah'.
What does the Mishnah in Keilim say
about a hive of straw or of canes ... or a cupboard that holds forty Sa'ah
(b) According to Beis Shamai, these are all measured from the inside. What
do Beis Hillel say?
(c) Rebbi Yossi maintains that the thickness of the legs and of the rim are
counted in the forty Sa'ah.
What does he say, is not counted?
(d) Rebbi Shimon Shezuri qualifies Rebbi Yossi's ruling.
does he draw between legs that are a Tefach tall and legs that are less?
(a) 've'Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak Amar, a'Yayin'. In the Mishnah in
Taharos, Rebbi Meir considers olive-oil a Rishon le'Tum'ah.
do the Chachamim add to that?
(b) What problem do we have with Rebbi Shimon Shezuri, who says 'Af Yayin'?
(c) How do we therefore amend it?
(d) On what grounds does Rebbi Shimon Shezuri argue with the previous
(a) What did Rebbi Shimon Shezuri in a Beraisa, once ask Rebbi Tarfon with
regard to Tevel of D'mai that fell into Chulin? What was the problem?
(b) Why was there a problem? Seeing as min ha'Torah, the Tevel was Bateil,
why was it not a case of 'min ha'Petur al ha'Petur'?
(c) What did Rebbi Tarfon instruct him to do?
(d) Why did he instruct him to purchase crops from the market, and not from
(a) What did Rebbi Tarfon instruct Rebbi Shimon Shezuri to do, according to
the second Lashon?
(b) Why did he not rather instruct him to buy from the market?
(c) Why would that create a problem?
(a) Why in fact, would this present a problem, even if he purchased the
crops from a Nochri (as per Rebbi Tarfon's instructions)?
(b) So how do we amend the case? What sort of Tevel *was* Rebbi Shimon
Shezuri talking about?
(c) How will this now explain Rebbi Tarfon's instructions, according to ...
(d) Why did Rebbi Tarfon not instruct Rebbi Shimon Shezuri to separate
Ma'asros from the crops themselves, seeing as there was now a Chiyuv
- ... the first Lashon?
- ... the second Lashon?
(a) What did Rav Papa reply when Rav Yeimar bar Shalmaya asked him whether
Ravin bar Chinena ... Amar Rebbi Chanina incorporated this latter Beraisa of
'Nis'arev Li Tevel be'Chulin', when he ruled like Rebbi Shimon Shezuri,
wherever his name occurs?
Answers to questions
(b) What Kashya did Mar Zutra quoting Mar Zutra from Sura, ask Rav Ashi
concerning Rav Yeimar bar Shalmaya query?
(a) What distinction does Rav Ze'ira (or Rav Ze'iri) ... Amar Rav draw
between a tear that reaches a depth of two lines and one that reaches three?
(b) How does Rabah Zuti ... quoting Rava, qualify Rav's ruling? In which
case will the tear not invalidate the Seifer-Torah, even if it reaches a
depth of three lines?
(c) If 'Atikta' does not mean literally old, and 'Chadti', new, then what do
(d) What is now the reason for Rav's Chumra?
(a) And how does Rava qualify the concession to stitch a tear in a
Under which condition will that be forbidden?
(b) What does Rav Yehudah bar Aba mean when he asks ...
(c) What is the outcome of both She'eilos?
- ... 'Bein Daf le'Daf Mahu'?
- ... 'Bein Shitah le'Shitah Mahu'?
(a) What does Rebbi Ze'iri Amar Rav say about a Mezuzah that is written only
two words per line?
(b) They asked what the Din will be if it is written in a sequence of three,
two and one words per line.
What did Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak say about
(c) How do we reconcile this with the Beraisa which rules 'As'ah ke'Shirah O
Shirah Kamosah, Pesulah'?
(d) Rabah (or Rav Acha) bar bar Chanah Amar Rebbi Yochanan too, validates a
Mezuzah whose lines are written in the sequence of three, two and one.
What does he mean when he goes on to invalidate one that is written ...
- ... like a tent?
- ... like a tail?
(a) What does Rav Chisda say about "al ha'Aretz" (the final words of a
(b) Some say that they belong at the end of the line.
What do others say?
(c) Both opinions are based on the Pasuk in Tehilim "ki'Gevohah Shamayim al
What is the reason of those who say that "al ha'Aretz" must be
- ... at the end of the line?
- ... at the beginning?
(a) According to Rav Chelbo, how would Rav Huna roll a Mezuzah?
Answers to questions
(b) And what did he mean when he also testified that he wrote the first
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What is Abiu Fruit?
Abiu can be eaten fresh and sometimes it is added to salads. The jelly-like pulp can be added to jam, yogurt and sherbets by combining the fruit with coconut milk and pure cane sugar. The taste of the fruit can be enhanced when it is refrigerated. Adding lemon juice to the fruit enhances the flavor. As a precautionary measure, people are advised to oil their lips while consuming abiu fruit to keep the latex from sticking their lips.
Health Benefits of Abiu FruitAbiu fruit offers several health benefits owing to its rich vitamin and mineral content. Abiu is a good source of vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B3 (niacin), calcium, phosphorus and dietary fiber.
Abiu fruit is beneficial to improve vision due to its higher vitamin A content just like carrots and tomatoes. It also helps prevent several eye disorders. About 100 grams of abiu fruit provides 130 ug of Vitamin A.
Boosts Immune System
Abiu Fruit contains high amounts of vitamin C, which helps boost immunity and improve the defense mechanism against infections and diseases. One hundred grams of abiu fruit contains 122% of the daily recommended dietary allowance for Vitamin C.
Abiu fruit is a good source of vitamin B3 (Niacin), which supports skin health, central nervous system, and digestive system. NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) the two coenzymes, are derivatives of Vitamin B3 and are needed for the metabolism of glucose and fat. About 100 grams of abiu fruit contains about 34% of the daily recommended dietary allowance for Niacin.
Treats Respiratory Disorders
Brazilians use abiu fruit as a home remedy for respiratory diseases. The mucilaginous nature of the pulp helps relieve a cough, cold, bronchitis, and other pulmonary disorders.
Abiu fruit is used to provide relief from fever and diarrhea. The fruit has other uses in the folk medicine. The abiu fruit is also used as a de-worming agent, laxative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anemic. The sticky latex that appears on the skin of the unripe abiu fruit is used as a vermifuge, cleanser, and also applied on abscesses.
RecipeAbiu fruit can be eaten fresh, but, it can also be used in simple desserts such as pannacotta and cheesecake. The pulp of the abiu fruit can be added to milkshakes and sorbet as well.
- Abiu pulp 6
- Dates 1 cup
- Dried Figs 1 cup
- Water 2 cup
- Vanilla extract 2 teaspoon
- Baking powder 2 teaspoon
- All purpose flour 3 cups
- Sugar 1 cup
- Butter 100 grams
- Eggs 2
- Brown sugar 1 cup
- Corn syrup 2 tablespoons
- Unsalted butter 50 grams
- Heavy cream 2/3 cup
- In a pan add brown sugar, corn syrup and unsalted butter on a medium flame.
- Bring it to a boil and allow the butter to melt and the sugar to dissolve.
- Add the cream and cook for two to three minutes until the sauce is thick and sticky.
- Cream butter and sugar. Add eggs, vanilla extract, salt and baking powder.
- Boil dates and figs with 2 cups of water until soft.
- Add boiled dates, figs, abiu, and water to butter mixture alternating with flour.
- Cook the batter in a cake pan at 400 degrees for 16ĘC20 minutes.
- Allow it to cool, then cut into pieces and serve with toffee sauce.
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Basic reasoning
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Food & Dining
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This page is meant as advice for both adventurer players and those dealing with them (judges, local lords, etc).
What it Means to be a Commoner
Most of us modern-day people have no idea about the day-to-day reality of class differences in the middle ages. Fact is that common men and nobles were living in two different worlds. Here's a few ideas, taken from the real world, just to give you the idea:
- If a noble wounded or killed a commoner, he might be liable for damages to the commoner's lord, but never to the commoner.
- Commoners could be killed on the spot for the smallest crimes against their lord.
- Most nobles would've considered it insulting to the extreme to have to share a room with a commoner, up to and including dungeon cells.
- For a commoner, even talking to a noble without being asked a question first was often considered a major breach of etiquette.
You can categorize commoners into two general groups. First, the serfs. They are basically slaves. They're the vast majority of the population, and live just about their entire lives working on a farm, or in a mine. They are completely subject to the will and laws of their local lord (whom they are vassals of by birth). They're the ones that produce food, and they're the ones who starve to death when a region is without food.
Second, though, the freemen. They are still commoners, but have a bit more mobility. They don't owe allegiance to a specific lord, and so they have to earn their keep by travelling from place to place and doing specialized work. A blacksmith, a trader, or a freelance mercenary might be considered a freeman. And of course, an adventurer.
The Why and How of Adventuring
Adventurers are not nobles. Reasons for this could be:
- The adventurer's father or mother was a commoner
- The adventurer was born out of wedlock
- The adventurer's claim to being part of the noble family is hazy at best (I was adopted!)
As for why the adventurer does what he does, going from place to place, looking for trouble and usually finding it? Your character's motivations are your own, but here are some ideas:
- You feel some sort of religious obligation to smite "evil." Zealotry!
- You feel a sense of penance for your dirty past and want to make up for it.
- You want to become a powerful warrior, famed throughout the land. Fame!
- You want to just get rich. Greed!
- A family member or loved one was killed by monsters or undead. Vengeance!
- You want to become a Knight someday and this is the way you think it'll work. Ambition!
- You just have really bad luck. Everywhere you go, you wind up doing battle with beasts.
- You started out as a mercenary, but the pay wasn't good and they usually wind up dying for some stuffed-up noble's war
Dealing with Nobles as a Commoner
- Be respectful, at least on the surface. It could cost your head to be openly disrespectful of a noble.
- Try not to draw too much attention to yourself. Even if it is for heroic deeds, nobles might consider you competition.
- When you have to deal with them, always try to please and be useful. Nobles like useful servants.
Dealing with Nobles Indirectly
Some nobles will ask you to keep them updated on monster activity. Even so, it is unthinkable that your dirty pig farmer huddled in his tent in the woods would be writing personal correspondence to the great lords of the realm. Instead, you might get messages to a noble through roleplaying:
"I beg you!" cried the adventurer. "Please get word to His Grace the Duke! I've seen monsters everywhere in this region! They may rise up to attack the city at any moment!"
"Aye, sure," barked the gate guard, "and I wager you want me to tuck you into bed so the monsters don't get you. Now begone, scum, or I'll set the dogs on you!"
This can be sent as a roleplay to every noble in the region, simulating the word-of-mouth spreading of the story about the crazy adventurer who tried to get in to see the Duke. What nonsense! But now the nobles all have your report and you never once had to break character to talk to someone above your station.
Dealing with Commoners as a Noble
If you are a noble and have to deal with commoners, i.e. adventurers, here's a few guidelines:
- Avoid dealing with them if you can. They stink, they can't even talk in a properly elevated language, they stink, they are dirty and probably diseased, there's nothing you can gain from dealing with them anyways, and did I mention that they stink?
- Be short, to the point and blunt. First, they don't deserve any better and second, they wouldn't understand a sentence with more than seven words anyways.
- Never forget that you are a nobleman and they are commoners. You don't request, you order. They don't ask, they beg.
- Be quick and strict in dealing with any and all kinds of disrespect. Where one commoner is being disrespectful, there are always at least two others watching, and you absolutely don't want the word to spread that one can disrespect you, do you?
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Games
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How to Write an Annotated Bibliography - Template, Topics ... What you need to do is to find that quote and cite it properly. It is easy when you write a short essay with two or three sources. However, things get more challenging when you have to write a larger and more serious work with ten or more sources. Citing Primary Sources: Chicago | Teacher Resources - Library ... Many collections include specific items, such as timelines, family trees or scholarly essays, which are not primary source documents. Such content has been created to enhance understanding of the collection. This timeline of the Wright Brothers can be found in The Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers at the Library of Congress. Chicago Citation Format How to Cite in MLA: Ultimate Writer's Guide with Free Examples How to properly cite in MLA when it comes to using dictionaries? It is the final thing to discuss. A dictionary is a printed book or online open source (website/database), which contains detailed interpretations of words and phrases in particular language.
How to cite sources according to APA 6th ed. (rev103113) | 1 HOW TO CITE SOURCES ACCORDING TO APA 6th EDITION This handout is designed as a starting point to help you cite sources using the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. More examples can be found in the manual located in the
How to Write a Persuasive Essay and Use Several Sources ... In a persuasive essay in which you cite multiple sources, it's important to strike the right balance and use your sources to support your points without depending on them too much. PDF Citing Internet Sources - University of Missouri-St. Louis Citing Internet Sources Based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) The sources from which you borrow words or information when you write speeches or papers need to be properly acknowledged, regardless of the nature of the original source. The internet is 11. Citing Sources - Organizing Your Social Sciences Research ... Citing sources during college will help get you in the habit of acknowledging and properly citing the work of others. NOTE : In any academic writing, you are required to identify for your reader which ideas, facts, theories, concepts, etc., are yours and which are derived from the research and thoughts of others.
How do you quote dialogue in an essay? | eNotes
How to correctly cite sources in a research paper 2019. Essay ...
5 days ago ... ... your analysis of your topic in a research paper, it is essential to cite the sources and you must use the proper bibliographic format to do so.
How to Cite Sources in an Essay: Keeping Track of Works Cited ... The second step for keeping track of cited sources while writing an essay is to record parenthetical citations or footnotes during the note taking process. Parenthetical citations are shortened citations that appear within the text of an essay and that refer the reader to the full citation in the works cited page. How to Cite Quotations Properly in ... - Pay for Essay Writing When it comes to citing quotations directly or indirectly in the text of your essay or research paper, it is necessary to obey the rules and example of the chosen paper format: MLA; APA; Chicago / Turabian; Harvard (an example can be viewed here) Oxford; Vancouver; The way you cite also depends on the length of the quote you wish to insert. MLA Format Papers: Step-by-step Tips for Writing Research ... (For a resource to help you determine how to cite a specific source, see the MLA Bibliography Builder). To fully cite a source requires two stages. The first happens in the body of your paper (the "in-text citation") and the second happens on a separate page at the end of your paper (see "Works Cited List," below.)
When to Cite a Source in a Paper - thoughtco.com
Quote and Cite a Poem in an Essay Using MLA Format Navigating the MLA Handbook can be pretty overwhelming; there are so many rules that regulate the way we can quote and cite poetry in MLA format in our own writing. How do I cite an online book with no page numbers? - FAQ ... Here's how to cite a chapter/paragraph/section of an e-book without page numbers in your Works Cited List in MLA style. In MLA, you use the same format for citing a work within an anthology or collection in print-- just make sure to add the e-book source and URL.
APA (American Psychological Association) - Citation Guide (MLA and ... 18 Jun 2019 ... To see examples of citations for multiple source types, see the handout ... reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
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Education & Jobs
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Critiques can be a valuable asset in the writing world. They can also be incredibly unhelpful if done wrong. Though everyone’s analytical approach is personal, here are some general guidelines for writing a constructive (rather than destructive) critique.
1.) Relax and Read
The first step of critiquing is somewhat analogous to free-writing. Read the work or section all the way through to get a sense of the overarching structure, mood, and pacing. You can jot down a few notes if you’re absolutely compelled to do so, but this step is more about absorbing the work. Stopping every few lines to scribble your own thoughts detracts from the flow of the piece and interrupts this process.
2.) Line By Line
Now that you’ve read the piece, go back and complete a detailed line by line assessment. This doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll produce notes for every line of writing, but it does mean you’re closing a more detail-oriented eye on the work.
3.) Focused Passes
Ideally, you’ll comb through the work several times to ensure you haven’t missed anything. This becomes easier to do when each pass is assigned an express purpose. Rather than becoming a tedious re-reading of a work, each pass becomes transformed into a scavenger hunt for tense usage, punctuation, dialogue, or any other item you feel needs addressing.
4.) Don’t Fix
Remember your task is to critique the piece not rewrite it. Your suggestions should clearly state why you feel a word, phrase, or section does not work as well as it could. “Fixing” the problem instead of merely pointing it out both hampers the original writer’s creativity and insults their intelligence.
5.) Be Specific
This one is a pet peeve of mine. Saying “I liked it.” or “It was okay.” is an expression of an opinion not a critique of a work in progress. The difference is subtle, but important. Using abstract expressions to generalize the work as a whole (like “It didn’t pop for me.” or “The flow was good but then it fell flat.”) is maddening. You’re writing a critique to help the writer improve their work so don’t use the broad-stroke, spoiler-free language found in online book reviews. In these examples, a much more effective use of both your and the writer’s time would be to pinpoint dialogue that didn’t pop or highlight a scene where the flow was good.
6.) Don’t Troll
It’s crucial that comments are aimed at the work not the writer. State your notes succinctly and clearly without reverting to cruel or overly flattering language.
7.) Point Out the Good
Critiques aren’t all about pinpointing errors. They are also about celebrating good writing. Most writers are extremely critical of their own writing and sometimes have a hard time recognizing moments when their words shine. A thoughtful critique can serve as a reminder and fuel for the creative fire.
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Post may be re-shared for non-commercial purposes with credit to Ditrie Marie Bowie. If shared digitally, a link back to this blog is preferred.
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Moderate reasoning
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Literature
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This afternoon I listened to a talk given by evolutionary biologist and futurist, Dr Elisabet Sahtouris. The subject of the talk, given at the Schumacher College in England, was ‘How to live better on a hotter planet’. Not surprisingly, it outlined many of the challenges we’re facing and touched on strategies for living better on a planet which will be several degrees hotter by the end of the century. But it was also full of hope.
There is no doubt that we are indeed facing enormous challenges. A ‘hot age’, peak oil, economic collapse. But as other young, competitive and creative species have evolved and survived when faced with a global crisis/opportunity, so too can we.
I was fascinated to learn that our behavior closely mirrors that of the ancient bacteria which dominated the planet during the the first 4 billion years of life on earth. Like us, they were then young, highly competitive and creative. They are the only life form other than humans to have caused global hunger and pollution. And yet they survived by solving those problems through innovative technology. Those tiny little organisms harnessed solar energy, developed a motor system and created a global system of information exchange, a world wide web. They learned to cooperate and they formed colonies.
The nano world, which exists within us and without us, is an extraordinary one. Each one of us is made up of 100 trillion cells. You are the current residence of hundreds of trillions of bacteria, descendants of those ancient micro-organisms which billions of years ago faced many of the global challenges we face now. If they figured out how to survive and thrive, then surely we can too.
Contrary to the belief of some people, competition is not the only modus operandi in Nature. Yes, young species compete like crazy to spread their seed to become established. But what lasts is that which exists harmoniously within its community. Cooperation and collaboration are key strategies for species that survive over the long haul.
I grew up watching David Attenborough docos and the fact that those films may be as close as my goddaughter ever gets to big cats when she grows up, makes me sad in ways I cannot articulate. I clench my teeth when I learn that since 1950, 90% of the big fish stock have been depleted because of industrialized fishing. In these moments, my heart aches and my eyes are downcast. But these moments are increasingly few and far between. They’re being replaced by sparkling eyes and a light heart. Why?…
Because, like those clever little bacteria that used flagella to zip around the planet 4 billion years ago, we’re evolving. And we have a world wide web connecting super smart and very good people who want to collaborate and live together, in nature, in harmony.
So, if occasionally you find yourself overwhelmed by the magnitude of the crisis we’re facing, then let your heart be lightened by the fact that all over the world there are people remembering ancient ways of living and developing new technologies to help our species evolve. And that our world wide web is connecting millions of people, each one of them made up of 100 trillions cells of hope.
If you would like to learn more of what Dr Sahtouris has to to say on how to live better on a hotter planet, go to http://www.schumachercollege.org.uk/community/open-evening-with-elisabet-sahtouris
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Comparing ancient sumer and egypt
Ancient civilizations lesson plans and worksheets from thousands of here is a fantastic set of graphic organizers to accompany your study of civilizations such as ancient egypt, sumer, assyria, and students examine artifacts from ancient cultures they compare the differences and. Comparing egypt and sumer location/geography sumer between tigris and euphrates rivers plain area called mesopotamia unpredictable floods limited natural resources ancient egypt along great nile river called gift of the nile cataracts = rapids slideshow 2597294 by sivan. Egypt and mesopotamia were two of the world's earliest city-based civilizations, forming the foundation for middle eastern and western history. Mesopotamia,egypt,and united states compare and contrast report abuse transcript of mesopotamia,egypt,and united states compare and contrast civilizations mesopotamia,egypt,united states farming technology ancient egyptians don't seem very advanced compared to civilization in the.
Ancient history is the aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the early middle ages or the postclassical era. Download thesis statement on comparing ancient sumer and egypt in our database or order an original thesis paper that will be written by one of our staff writers and delivered according to the deadline. How to compare & contrast egyptian art to mesopotamian art ancient mesopotamia predates ancient egypt by approximately whereas the first ancient egyptian civilisations date from fairfield university shows pictures of sumerian temples on its site dedicated to ancient mesopotamian. Ancient sumer vs, ancient egypt in comparing ancient egypt and modern day americas comparing creation myths of ancient egypt and the christian bible creation in ancient egyptian religion can be much different than the creation account taken from the bible. Ancient egypt and mesopotamia both developed ancient egypt and mesopotamia comparison essay were the dominating influence in the development of their culturethe egyptian faith was based on a collection of ancient myths, nature worship sumerian lives were spent serving the gods in the.
What is the difference between mesopotamia and egypt - egypt was built on the sides of river nile this is very much evident from the ancient paintings in the egyptian art grain is often portrayed as the chief element of the society. Egyptian gods listed in alphabetical order egyptian and greek god comparisons edit history talk (2) share egyptian gods listed in alphabetical order egyptian god possible greek/roman equivalent(s) other in ancient rome. Comparison/contrast essay on egypt & mesopotamia - posted in high school writing workshop: my son is currently working on a comparison and contrast paper on ancient egypt and mesopotamia he has been working on the body, while using only a working thesis the basic idea is that while the two. I have to write an essay comparing and contrasting sumer and ancient egypt but i know like nothing about sumer let alone differences and similarites between the.
Comparing ancient sumer and egypt
The art found in ancient mesopotamia and egypt allow for a babylonian, and assyrian sumerian art and architecture was very adorned and intricate sumerians most abundant the comparison between ancient egypt and near eastern civilizations are evident in the way that both periods.
- Location/geography sumer between tigris and euphrates rivers plain area called mesopotamia unpredictable floods limited natural resources ancient egypt.
- Read comparison between mesopotamia and egypt free essay and over 88,000 other research documents comparison between mesopotamia and egypt ancient civilization thrived in the lands surrounding the mediterranean sea (where women's position seems to have deteriorated after sumer.
- The roles of women differed greatly among the ancient societies of egypt and mesopotamia, whose territories make up what is now iraq and parts of iran, turkey and syria for the most part.
Ancient egypt was the birthplace of one of the world's first civilization, which arose about 5,000 years ago it emerged in the northeastern. Compare and contrast ancient egyptian society to ancient sumerian society - dbq lesson historical content: the nile river valley and the valley of the tigris and euphrates are homes to two of the oldest civilizations the egyptians and. Differences between egypt and sumer civilizations introduction ancient civilizations arose all over the world they had different kind of cultures. Did women have many or little rights in ancient egypt, in comparison to other ancient cultures many name three accomplishments of the ancient egyptians what is the difference between the sumerian and egyptian view of the afterlife (essay question) sumerian- dark and feared.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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In Genesis 3 we have neither allegory, myth, legend, nor fable, but literal historical facts set forth, and emphasized by the use of certain Figures of speech (see Ap. 6).
All the confusion of thought and conflicting exegesis have arisen from taking literally what is expressed by Figures, or from taking figuratively what is literal. A Figure of speech is never used except for the purpose of calling attention to, emphasizing, and intensifying, the reality of the literal sense, and the truth of the historical facts; so that, while the words employed may not be so strictly true to the letter, they are all the more true to the truth conveyed by them, and to the historical events connected with them.
But for the figurative language of verses 14 and 15 no one would have thought of referring the third chapter of Genesis to a snake : no more than he does when reading the third chapter from the end of Revelation (ch. 20:2). Indeed, the explanation added there, that the "old serpent" is the Devil and Satan, would immediately lead one to connect the word "old" with the earlier and former mention of the serpent in Gen. 3 : and the fact that it was Satan himself who tempted "the second man", "the last Adam", would force conclusion that no other than the personal Satan could have been the tempter of "the first man, Adam".
The Hebrew word rendered "serpent" in Gen. 3:1 is Nachash (from the root Nachash, to shine), and means a shining one. Hence, in Chaldee it means brass or copper, because of its shining. Hence also, the word Nehushtan, a piece of brass, in 2Kings 18:4.
In the same way Saraph, in Isa. 6:2, 6, means a burning one, and, because the serpents mentioned in Num. 21 were burning, in the poison of their bite, they were called Saraphim, or Saraphs.
But with the LORD said unto Moses, "Make thee a fiery serpent" (Num. 21:8), He said, "Make thee a Saraph", and , in obeying this command, we read in v. 9, "Moses made a Nachash of brass". Nachash is thus used as being interchangeable with Saraph.
Now, if Saraph is used of a serpent because its bite was burning, and is also used of a celestial or spirit-being (a burning one), why should not Nachash be used of a serpent because its appearance was shining, and be also used of a celestial or spirit-being (a shining one)?
Indeed, a reference to the structure of Gen. 3 (on p. 7) will show that the Cherubim (which are similar celestial or spirit-beings) of the last verse (Gen. 3:24) require a similar spirit-being to correspond with them in the first verse (for the structure of the whole chapter is a great Introversion). The Nachash, or serpent, who beguiled Eve (2Cor. 11:3) is not spoken of as "an angel of light" in v. 14. Have we not, in this, a clear intimation that it was not a snake, but a glorious shining being, apparently as angel, to whom Eve paid such great deference, acknowledging him as one who seemed to possess superior knowledge, and who was evidently a being of a superior (not of an inferior) order? Moreover, in the description of Satan as "the king of Tyre" (*1) it is distinctly implied that the latter being was of a supernatural order when he is called "a cherub" (Ezek. 28:14, 16, read from vv. 11-19). His presence "in Eden, the garden of 'Elohim" (v. 13), is also clearly stated, as well as his being "perfect in beauty" (v. 12), his being "perfect in his ways from the day he was created till iniquity was found in him" (v. 15), and as being "lifted up because of his beauty" (v. 17).
These all compel the belief that Satan was the shining one (Nachash) in Gen. 3, and especially because the following words could be addressed to him :-- "Thing heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness : I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee" (v. 17).
Even supposing that these things were spoken to, and of, an exalted human being in later days (in Ezek. 28), still "the king of Tyre" is not compared to a being who was non-existent; and facts and circumstances which never happened are not introduced into the comparison.
There is more about "the king of Tyre" in Ezek. 28:11-19 than was literally true of "the prince of Tyre" (vv. 1-10). The words can be understood only of the mightiest and most exalted supernatural being that God ever created; and this for the purpose of showing how great would be his fall. The history must be true to make the prophecy of any weight.
Again, the word rendered "subtle" in Gen. 3:1 (see note) means wise, in a good sense as well as in a bad sense. In Ezek. 28:12 we have the good sense, "Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom"; and the bad sense in v. 17, "thou hast corrupted thy wisdom" (referring, of course, to his fall). So the word rendered "subtle" is rendered "prudent" in Prov. 1:4; 8:12; 12:23; 14:8; and in a bad sense in Job 15:5. 1Sam. 23:22. Ps. 83:3.
The word "beast" also, in Gen. 3:1, chay, denotes a living being, and it is as wrong to translate zoa "beasts" in Rev. 4, as it is to translate chay "beast" in Gen. 3. Both mean living creature. Satan is thus spoken of as being "more wise than any other living creature which Jehovah Elohim had made". Even if the word "beast" be retained, it does not say that either a serpent or Satan was a "beast", but only that he was "more wise" than any other living being.
We cannot conceive Eve as holding converse with a snake, but we can understand her being fascinated (*2) by one, apparently "an angel of light" (i.e. a glorious angel), possessing superior and supernatural knowledge.
When Satan is spoken of as a "serpent", it is the figure Hypocatastasis (see Ap. 6) or Implication; it no more means snake than it does when Dan is so called in Gen. 49:17; or an animal when Nero is called a "lion" (2Tim. 4:17), or when Herod is called a "fox" (Luke 13:32); or when Judah is called "a lion's whelp". It is the same figure when "doctrine" is called "leaven" (Matt. 16:6). It shows that something much more real and truer to truth is impressively; and is intended to be a figure of something much more real than the letter of the word.
Other Figures of speech are used in vv. 14, 15, but only for the same purpose of emphasizing the truth and the reality of what is said.
When it is said in v. 15, "thou shalt bruise His heel", it cannot mean His literal heal of flesh and blood, but suffering, more temporary in character. When it is said (v. 15), "He shall crush thy head", it means something more than a skull of bone, and brain, and hair. It means that all Satan's plans and plots, policy and purposes, will one day be finally crushed and ended, never more to mar or to hinder the purposes of God. This will be effected when Satan shall be bruised under our feet (Rom. 16:20). This again, will not be our literal feet, but something much more real.
The bruising of Christ's heel is the most eloquent and impressive way of foretelling the most solemn events; and to point out that the effort made by Satan to evade his doom, then threatened, would become the very means of insuring its accomplishment; for it was through the death of Christ that he who had the power of death would be destroyed; and all Satan's power and policy brought to an end, and all his works destroyed (Heb. 2:14. 1John 3:8. Rev. 20:1-3, 10). What literal words could portray these literal facts so wonderfully as these expressive Figures of speech?
It is the same with the other Figures used in v. 14, "On thy belly shalt thou go". This Figure means infinitely more than the literal belly of flesh and blood; just as the words "heel" and "head" do in v. 15. It paints for the eyes of our mind the picture of Satan's ultimate humiliation; for prostration was ever the most eloquent sign of subjection. When it is said "our belly cleaveth unto the ground" (Ps. 44:25), it denotes such a prolonged prostration and such a depth of submission as could never be conveyed or expressed in literal words.
So with the other prophecy, "Dust shalt thou eat". This is not true to the letter, or to fact, but it is all the more true to truth. It tells of constant, continuous disappointment, failure, and mortification; as when deceitful ways are spoken of as feeding on deceitful food, which is "sweet to a man, but afterward his mouth shall be filled with gravel" (Prov. 20:17). This does not mean literal "gravel", but something far more disagreeable. It means disappointment so great that it would gladly be exchanged for the literal "gravel". So when Christians are rebuked for "biting and devouring one another" (Gal. 3:14, 15), something more heart-breaking is meant than the literal words used in the Figure.
When "His enemies shall lick the dust" (Ps. 72:9) they will not do it on their knees with their literal tongues; but they will be so prostrated and so utterly defeated, that no words could literally depict their overthrow and subjugation.
If a serpent was afterward called a nachash, it was because it was more shining than any other creature; and if it became known as "wise", it was not because of its own innate positive knowledge, but of its wisdom in hiding away from all observation; and because of its association with one of the names of Satan (that old serpent) who "beguiled Eve" (2Cor. 11:3, 14).
It is wonderful how a snake could ever be supposed to speak without the organs of speech, or that Satan should be supposed able to accomplish so great a miracle (*3).
It only shows the power of tradition, which has, from the infancy of each one of us, put before our eyes and written on our minds the picture of a "snake" and an "apple" : the former being based on a wrong interpretation, and the latter being a pure invention, about which there is not one word said in Holy Scripture.
Never was Satan's wisdom so craftily used as when he secured universal acceptance of this traditional belief : for it has succeeded in fixing the attention of mankind on the letter and the means, and thus blinding the eyes to the solemn fact that the Fall of man had to do solely with the Word of God, and is centered in the sin of believing Satan's lie instead of Jehovah's truth.
The temptation of "the first man Adam" began with the question "Hath God said?" The temptation of "the second man, the Lord from heaven" began with the similar question "If thou be the Son of God", when the voice of the Father had scarcely died away, which said "This IS My beloved Son".
All turned on the truth of what Jehovah had said.
The Word of God being questioned, led Eve, in her reply, (1) to omit the word "freely" (3:2, cp. 2:16); then (2) to add the words "neither shalt thou touch it" (3:3, cp. 2:17); and finally (3) to alter a certainty into a contingency by changing "thou SHALT SURELY die" (2:17) into "LEST ye die" (3:3).
It is not without significance that the first Ministerial words of "the second Man" were "It is written", three times repeated; and that His last Ministerial words contained a similar threefold reference to the written Word of God (John 17:8, 14, 17).
The former temptation succeeded because the Word of God was three times misrepresented; the latter temptation was successfully defeated because the same Word was faithfully repeated.
The history of Gen. 3 is intended to teach us the fact that Satan's sphere of activities is in the religious sphere, and not the spheres of crime and immorality; that his battlefield is not the sins arising from human depravity, but the unbelief of the human heart. We are not to look for Satan's activities to-day in the newspaper press, or the police courts; but in the pulpit, and in professors' chairs. Whenever the Word of God is called in question, there we see the trail of "that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan". This is why anything against the true interests of the Word of God (as being such) finds a ready admission into the newspapers of the world, and is treated as "general literature". This is why anything in favor of its inspiration and Divine origin and its spiritual truth is rigidly excluded as being "controversial".
This is why Satan is quite content that the letter of Scripture should be accepted in Gen. 3, as he himself accepted the letter of Ps. 91:11. He himself could say "It is written" (Matt. 4:6) so long as the letter of what is "written" could be put instead of the truth that is conveyed by it; and so long as it is misquoted or misapplied.
This is his object in perpetuating the traditions of the "snake" and
the "apple", because it ministers to the acceptance of his lie, the hiding
of God's truth, the support of tradition, the jeers of the infidel, the
opposition of the critics, and the stumbling of the weak in faith.
(*2) It is remarkable that the verb nachash always means to enchant, fascinate, bewitch; or of one having and using occult knowledge. See Gen. 30:27; 44:5, 15. Lev. 19:26. Deut. 18:10. 1Kings 20:33. 2Kings 17:17; 21:6. 2Chron. 33:6. So also is the noun used in Num. 23:23; 24:1.
(*3) Greater than that wrought by God Himself, who opened the mouth of Balaam's ass.
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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What Are the Different Types of Spinal Cord Injuries?
Get Your Free Claim Review
According to information from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), there are two different types of spinal cord injuries:
- Tetraplegia is when the patient no longer has sensation, feeling, or movement in the upper body (including the head, neck, and shoulders), but might also lose mobility in their arms, chest, or legs.
- Paraplegia is when a patient no longer has sensation, feeling, or movement in the lower body, including their torso, pelvic area, legs, and feet.
From the same source, there are also two different degrees of spinal cord injuries:
- Complete spinal cord injuries mean the patient will retain little to no feeling, function, or muscle control.
- Incomplete spinal cord injuries mean the patient will lose feeling and movement at any point below the site of trauma.
If you or a family member sustained a spinal cord injury, your health care team will help you understand not only what are the different types of spinal cord injuries, but also the severity of your condition, prognosis, and treatment plan.
Depending on the details of your situation, another party’s negligence may be responsible for your present medical condition. If so, you may be able to recover the cost of your medical care through an insurance claim or personal injury lawsuit.
Lifelong Impacts of a Spinal Cord Injury
A spinal cord injury can lead to long-term medical expenses. The cause of your spinal cord injury can play an important role in your ability to collect financial compensation that covers the cost of medical treatments.
Per the NICHD, some causes of spinal cord trauma include:
- Vehicle, motorcycle, bicycle, and pedestrian collisions
- Workplace accidents
- Trip, slip, and fall accidents
- Errors caused by medical malpractice
This is not meant to list all of the possible circumstances that can lead to a spinal cord accident.
Diagnosing a Spinal Cord Injury
The severity of your spinal cord injury, prognosis for recovery, and the scope of your treatment plan will all depend on a thorough and comprehensive diagnosis by a medical professional.
Johns Hopkins Medicine reports that a spinal cord injury is diagnosed using the following tests and exams:
- Blood tests
- Computed tomography (CAT) scan
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A spinal cord injury might not be immediately clear. When you notice the signs and symptoms of a spinal cord injury, seek immediate medical attention. After you are diagnosed, you should hold onto all items and paperwork regarding your care, as this may prove useful later on if you choose to pursue litigation.
The Costs of Treating a Spinal Cord Injury
Treating a spinal cord injury will depend on the type, degree, and severity of your injury. The emergency treatment you receive for a spinal cord injury may include immobilization with an inflexible collar and backboard along with breathing assistance.
The NICHD reports that ongoing treatment each patient will receive for different types of spinal cord injuries might include:
- Steroid medication
- Physical therapy
- Occupational therapy
- Vocational therapy
- Assistive devices
- Adaptive devices
The treatment plan and prognosis your doctor recommends will vary according to the type and degree of your spinal cord injuries. Your medical team might also suggest diet and nutrition choices, exercises, and coping strategies that help patients live full and productive lives.
Possible Recoverable Damages After a Spinal Cord Injury
The treatments that follow a spinal cord injury can temporarily or permanently alter your life and your ability to care for yourself, make a living, or enjoy a physically active lifestyle.
Spinal cord injuries can also impact your finances. For this reason, you may opt to pursue financial recovery if another party is found to be responsible for your present condition.
If your case is successful, you may be able to recover the cost of:
- Current and future medical bills
- Current and future lost income
- “Pain and suffering” and inconvenience
If your spinal cord injuries were caused by a car accident, fall, or physical assault, the at-fault party could be financially responsible for your trauma. The Parrish Law Firm, PLLC can guide you through the process of filing a personal injury claim for compensation.
Call the Parrish Law Firm, PLLC Today for a Free Case Review
A spinal cord injury can leave you or a family member with lifelong consequences. It can rob you of the ability to control all or a part of your body while placing stringent limitations on your quality of life. This condition can also take a life-changing financial toll on you and your family.
If the injuries you sustained were the result of an accident caused by another party’s negligence, the Parrish Law Firm, PLLC can help you recover from the financial impact of the accident. Call our legal team today at (571) 229-1800 to learn more.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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- America’s largest state economy is California, which produced $2.75 trillion of economic output in 2017, more than the United Kingdom’s GDP last year of $2.62 trillion. Consider this: California has a labor force of 19.3 million compared to the labor force in the UK of 33.8 million (World Bank data here). Amazingly, it required a labor force 75% larger (and 14.5 million more people) in the UK to produce the same economic output last year as California! That’s a testament to the superior, world-class productivity of the American worker. Further, California as a separate country would have been the 5th largest economy in the world last year, ahead of the UK ($2.62 trillion), India ($2.61 trillion) and France ($2.58 trillion).
- America’s second largest state economy – Texas – produced nearly $1.7 trillion of economic output in 2017, which would have ranked the Lone Star State as the world’s 10th largest economy last year. GDP in Texas was slightly higher than Canada’s GDP last year of $1.65 trillion. However, to produce about the same amount of economic output as Texas required a labor force in Canada (20 million) that was nearly 50% larger than the labor force in the state of Texas (13.5 million). That is, it required a labor force of 6.5 million more workers in Canada to produce roughly the same output as Texas last year. Another example of the world-class productivity of the American workforce.
- Even with all of its oil wealth, Saudi Arabia’s GDP in 2017 at $683 billion was below the GDP of US states like Pennsylvania ($752 billion) and Illinois ($820 billion).
- America’s third largest state economy – New York with a GDP in 2017 of $1.55 trillion – produced slightly more economic output last year than South Korea ($1.54 trillion). As a separate country, New York would have ranked as the world’s 11th largest economy last year, ahead of No. 12 South Korea, No. 13 Russia ($1.53 trillion) and No. 14 Australia ($1.38 trillion). Amazingly, it required a labor force in South Korea of 27.9 million that was nearly three times larger than New York’s (9.7 million) to produce roughly the same amount of economic output last year! More evidence of the world-class productivity of American workers.
- Other comparisons: Florida ($967 billion) produced almost the same amount of GDP in 2017 as Indonesia ($1 trillion), even though Florida’s labor force of 10.1 million is less than 8% of the size of Indonesia’s workforce of 127.1 million. GDP in Illinois last year of $820 billion was just slightly higher than economic output in the Netherlands ($825 billion), even though the labor force in Illinois (6.5 million workers) is 28% smaller than the labor force in the Netherlands (9 million workers).
Source: Putting America’s enormous $19.4T economy into perspective by comparing US state GDPs to entire countries – AEI
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Strong reasoning
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Finance & Business
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20% of efforts produce 80% of the results. And the other 80% of efforts produce only 20% of results.
In other words, you have to spend only 20% of the total time to learn something new and the last 80% you spend to become an expert. To learn touch typing you spend only one week of your life to achieve the same speed which was before. It becomes easier to type and you are getting faster and faster every next day. In this post, I will tell you how to start and give you the basic tips and tricks to make your learning process easier. Challenge yourself to become more productive.
Why should you learn touch typing?
Remember your parents forced you to learn multiplication table. Now you don't even think about it and without any trouble can multiply numbers in your head. To teach you touch typing is no longer the responsibility of your parents. It is your task to make your life easier.
Usually, typing some code, your head is on the same wavelength with your hands. You have to type something there and delete something all the way down and ops… what were you thinking about? You lost the idea while you were looking at your keyboard. Of course, you can recall it or just forget, but how often do you feel this way? How much time does it take to type the regular code or text?
Your brain is a kind of computer processor which is idle waiting for text input using its slow components represented by your hands. Furthermore, as any developer you want your computer to work fast. So start from yourself, keep up your hands with your brain.
Touch typing is also about your health and comfort because it requires to maintain a proper sitting poster. Notably, it positively affects your neck by eliminating the constant looking down at your keyboard and up at your screen.
Before you start
Try typing test and remember your current speed which measures in wpm or
cpm. To calculate the velocity it is assumed that one word consists of five letters, so you can easily convert one to another. You will use this value to make conclusions about your development.
What you have to know
The main idea of touch typing is that every finger has its own area on the keyboard. In this way, your brain divides every word into different finger responsibilities to speed up your typing. The default location of your left hand is
asdf and the right is
jkl;. The most important thing is that even if you accidentally looked at the keyboard you should never type a letter with an inappropriate finger.
How to develop this skill?
Ok, you know the basics. Now it's time to make you feel comfortable. Firstly, you have to practice and I advise you to create a training plan. For instance, fifteen minutes in the morning, ten minutes in the afternoon and fifteen minutes in the evening for one or two weeks. Do not chase after speed, it will come by itself if you don't make mistakes. Where to train? TypeRacer or Klava(Klavagonki is an awesome russian analog).
Secondly, try also type whenever is possible (in Skype, Facebook, work emails, in your IDE), because it significantly decreases time to learn touch typing.
You feel comfortable, what is next?
Actually, this is the goal of this post. But there is no end of your development. You may dive deep in this complicated area and you will understand that you really spent almost 20% of your efforts to achieve this giant result (Pareto principle).
Your typing speed is in your hands
If you haven't tried a mechanical keyboard yet, now is the time. It is going to improve almost all your typing indicators except your code. Don't blame your keyboard. The description of the mechanical keyboard deserves a separate post, so here just take a look at Das Keyboard Ultimate 4, WASD Keyboard or Filco Ninja 2 and the legendary Happy Hacking Keyboard. No arguments needed.
Three years ago I decided to learn VIM. However, to gain inside into how it works I faced with trouble: I didn't know touch typing which is required skill in VIM. Yet, I started to learn touch typing. My average speed was
70cpm. Now I managed both VIM and touch typing in two languages. Currently, my average typing speed is
360cpm. I know how it simplified my life and I hope that this post has motivated you to challenge yourself and make your life easier.
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Moderate reasoning
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Software Dev.
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So you want to be a programmer, huh? Here are 27 ways to learn online Whether you are looking to switch careers and become a full-time programmer, want to try to build a website or app on the side, or are just looking to round out your skill set, learning to code has certainly been something a lot of people have started to do lately. And while being a programmer might not be for everyone, there is a lot to be said about gaining a better, more educated view of how all those pixels get moved around all those screens. Before we delve into our list of learning resources sites, we wanted to share some advice from Marissa Louie, a self-taught product designer for Ness Computing. A former startup founder, Louie told TNW that the hardest part of being self-taught – whether it’s design, programming, or any other discipline is, “gathering the courage. The most important barrier is just to overcome your fears” (she also said having the ability to follow instructions helps as well).
The top 50 apps for creative minds There’s an ongoing argument in the technology world about whether tablets and smartphones are more focused on consumption than creativity. As time has gone on, though, the number of apps helping us do more than passively read, watch and listen has grown. Many also fall into a longer heritage of technology that democratises activities like film-making, photography and music-making. Video and photography apps now contain editing features based on those used in professional software, but made accessible enough for anyone to use in a couple of taps, and music-making apps are reducing the barrier to making listenable sounds. In all cases, this isn’t about you suddenly becoming a professional just because an app is holding your hand – instead, it’s about opening up the experience of artistic creation to a wider audience. Creativity means different things to different people.
Creative Computing 7 units44 activitiesremixing encouraged download the guide> help learnerscreate new worldswith computing download the guide an introductorycomputing curriculumusing Scratch Creating cool games is fast, easy and free with new coding kits from Microsoft Imagine Looking forward to the holiday break? All that free time off from school presents the perfect opportunity to do something super fun – teach yourself to code! Check out the latest additions to our free and short (about 30 min) coding kits from Microsoft Imagine. Computational Thinking for Educators What: A free online course helping educators integrate computational thinking into their curriculum Who: Humanities, Math, Science, and Computing educators When: Now through December 20th The goal of this course is to help educators learn about computational thinking (CT), how it differs from computer science, and how it can be integrated into a variety of subject areas. As a course participant, you will increase your awareness of CT, explore examples of CT integrated into your subject areas, experiment with examples of CT-integrated activities for your subject areas, and create a plan to integrate CT into your own curricula. The course is divided into five units, each focusing on the following:
Become a Programmer, Motherfucker If you don't know how to code, then you can learn even if you think you can't. Thousands of people have learned programming from these fine books: Learn Python The Hard Way Learn Ruby The Hard Way Learn Code The Hard Way 2 for Android - Navigation and Quick Tips Are you enjoying MLO 2 for Android? We hope you do. And the MyLifeOrganized Team has something more to add! We've spent much time puzzling over navigation in MLO 2. It was not so easy to fit all the necessary commands into phone's small screen.
The Languages And Frameworks You Should Learn In 2016 Martin Angelov A lot happened in the software development world in 2015. There were new releases of popular programming languages, new versions of important frameworks and new tools. You will find a short list of the new releases that we think are the most important below, together with suggestions for the things we believe would be a great investment of your time to learn in 2016. The Trends
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Depts. of Physics, Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago
Colloidal Quantum Dots (QDs) offer a striking visual demonstration of Quantum Mechanics. Atomic structures and sizes of the QD nanocrystals can be clearly seen in electron micrographs. When illuminated by an ultraviolet light, the nanocrystal solutions glow in vibrant and distinct colors. It is impressive to see the direct correspondence between the colors, from red to blue, and the increasing sizes of the nanoparticles (Figure 1). This compelling demonstration of Quantum Mechanics is the result of many years of advances in synthetic colloidal chemistry, motivated by developing technological interest in QD materials. This article will highlight the convergence of physics, chemistry, and materials science that made this emerging class of materials possible.
Figure 1. Top panel: Schematic image (left) of a QD nanocrystal core surrounded by solubilizing ligands; TEM image (right) of a dried film of monodisperse QDs packed in a hexagonal array. A high-resolution picture of a single QD showing atomic planes is shown in the inset. Bottom Panel: Fluorescence display of colloidal solutions of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots.
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An electron confined in a potential energy box is the most elementary problem we tackle when first exposed to quantum mechanics. We learn that the electron kinetic energy increases as the box gets smaller. This is the result of the uncertainty relation DxDp ; ħ/2, one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Using a box length L = Dx and electron momentum p = mv, the minimum kinetic energy of the electron is no longer zero but a finite value E = ħ2/2mL2 (with Plank’s constant ħ and electron mass m). This expression is the basic principle behind the effect of size L on the color of semiconductor quantum dots. In addition, the defining property of a semiconductor is that there is an energy gap (band-gap) between a filled continuum of electron energy states (valence band) and an empty continuum of states (conduction band). A nanocrystal is a small semiconductor box and therefore the band-gap between the valence state and the empty state increases as the box gets smaller (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Schematic of the effect of the decreased size of the box on the increased energy gap of a semiconductor quantum dot, and the resultant luminescent color change from bulk materials (left) to small nanocrystals (right).
The above expression, which uses the free electron mass m, predicts very small effect of box size on the semiconductor band-gap at the nm scale. The problem is the use of the free electron mass. In crystalline solids, electrons behave as quantum mechanical waves, “sneaking though all the ions” as Felix Bloch put it, so that instead of the free electron mass m, they behave as if they had an “effective mass” m*.1 These effective masses were measured by cyclotron resonance starting in the mid-1940s. In some semiconductor materials, the effective masses can be quite small, a tenth or a hundredth of the free electron mass. For example, for CdSe, the effective mass is 0.13 the free electron mass. The smaller mass makes the semiconductor materials much more sensitive to the size of the box at the nm scale, and this has dramatic consequences, the most obvious being the increasing energy gap for smaller nanocrystals.
The particle in the box concept applied to semiconductors first surfaced in the 1960’s at IBM.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy allowed building thin layers of materials with atomic precision thickness, such as GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures. These one-dimensional electron boxes were called Quantum Wells. One purpose of that work was to “engineer” the lowest energy transitions of semiconductors by choosing the well size. Another consequence of the spatial confinement is to increase the probability of recombination of an electron in the conduction band and a missing electron (hole) in the valence band. This makes Quantum Wells excellent tunable diode lasers. Today, most semiconductor lasers used in optical communications and optical data storage systems (such as DVDs) are based on Quantum Well heterostructures
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Quantum Dots extend the idea of quantum confinement to three dimensions, and colloidal chemistry is a very natural way to make nanoscale semiconductor particles. The topic originated in the early 80’s, when papers in the Russian literature discussed the size-dependent absorption spectra of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals grown in molten transparent glasses or crystals.3,4 Fast-forward in time, and we have colorful luminescent solutions of QD colloids, covering the near UV to near IR, which can be purchased from a growing number of companies around the world.
This achievement arose from many synthetic advances over the past twenty years. At first, the chemistry community explored colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals synthesized by aqueous and ionic chemistry. Part of the motivation, following the first oil crisis, was the development of nanocrystals for solar energy conversion and photocatalysis. Besides using quantum confinement to optimally tune the absorption wavelength and redox potential of the nanocrystals, it was felt that the high surface area of the particles would improve collection efficiency or surface reaction yields.5,6,7 However, the aqueous colloidal synthesis made materials with poor size distribution and low fluorescence efficiency. While monodispersed colloidal growth was well known for amorphous sub-μm sulfur or silica particles, as in the earlier works of La Mer8 or Stauber,9 the growth of crystalline monodispersed nm-sized colloids turned out to be more difficult. Further improvements in material properties waited for the development of a better synthetic approach.
In 1993, new scientific breakthroughs radically shifted the synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals toward using high-temperature organic solvents. With pyrophoric metalorganic complexes that rapidly decompose, and long chain surface-passivating ligands, it became possible to achieve fast nucleation and slow growth of the nanocrystals, while maintaining a high enough temperature to anneal defects.10 This resulted in vastly improved crystalline nanoparticles with high monodispersity and strong confinement. These new materials, at first mostly CdSe, led to many advances in the characterization of the electronic properties of the colloidal Quantum Dots (Figure 3). Using this route, colloidal quantum dots of other materials, for example II-VI and III-V semiconductors, could also be synthesized.
Figure 3. Absorption spectra of four CdSe colloidal quantum dots with distinct diameters from 3.5 nm to 5 nm. The synthesis with cadmium acetate and selenium requires no glove box and produces quality nanocrystals without post-reaction processing. Bulk CdSe is gray and absorbs below 720nm. The structure in the spectra is due to optical transitions between discrete (quantized) energy states within the valence and conduction bands of the nanocrystals.
An important feature of the small nanocrystals is the great proportion of surface atoms. If the goal is to achieve a good and stable luminescence yield, the surface must be inert to the excited electrons. In other words, there can be no surface states to trap the electron. Materials with a simple CdSe core had poor photoluminescence and moderate photostability. In 1996, this drawback was solved by growing a shell of ZnS,11 a higher band gap semiconductor, around the CdSe core. The CdSe/ZnS core/shell Quantum Dots, and subsequent core/shell systems afforded strong and sturdy photoluminescence which further generated interest for these materials. Still, the use of pyrophoric metal organic precursors was a major inconvenience. In 2000, the introduction of stable ionic precursors, or “green” precursors,12 dramatically reduced the psychological barrier and some of the potential hazards of the synthesis of II-VI nanoparticles. This was achieved without losing any of the unique physical properties of materials prepared by earlier synthetic methods, as shown in Figure 3. This approach, since then demonstrated for many II-VI and IV-VI semiconductors, has led to an explosion in the number of groups synthesizing and investigating semiconductor nanocrystals. The new methods to synthesize the nanoscale colloids, coupled with visualization by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), are now facilitating serendipitous discoveries of materials with novel shapes. The last five years produced about 5 times more scientific publications on colloidal quantum dots than the previous twenty years combined. What has sustained the growth of research activity is the potential of these novel colloidal materials for improving
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To date, the most successful application is the use of colloidal Quantum Dots as biological tags, a strategy first demonstrated in 1998.13,14 It turns out that core/shell Quantum Dots can be made more photostable (long-lived) than existing molecular dyes. They also exhibit narrower luminescence, a broader and continuous absorption spectrum, and can be tuned to the near infrared with still high quantum efficiency. For all these excellent reasons, there is a considerable level of activity to modify the surface of the Quantum Dots, rendering them specific for imaging particular biological targets. A more traditional area of application of semiconductors is electro-optic devices, such as Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Photovoltaics (PV), and lasers. The colloidal nature of Quantum Dots opens up the route to cheap and large-scale processing of semiconductor thin films using spraying or printing methods. The challenge is to combine their good optical properties with equally good electronic properties. Great progress is being made. For example, a few years after the inception of Organic LEDs, it was suggested that Quantum Dots could also be used to make LEDs15 with similar potential benefits for large area and flat panel displays. Recently, LEDs with efficiencies of a few percent, sufficient for commercial interest, have been achieved.16
Another possible application of Quantum Dots, highlighted by recent energy concerns, is in solar energy conversion. This was one of the early motivations for these materials and is again actively researched by many groups. To print large area solar cells, semiconductor colloids are a valid starting point. It is also a possibility that the “Quantum Dot” nature of the material may be an advantage. Selecting particle sizes would allow optimal tuning of the absorption band gap to match the solar spectrum, and it is also believed that it might help to extract the energy from short wavelength photons.17
There are other promising applications presently pursued with lesser vigor such as using colloidal Quantum Dots to make semiconductor lasers. Quantum Dots have long been proposed as the best semiconductor materials for highly efficient lasers,18 and Molecular Bearm Epitaxy has been used to make electrically driven heterostructure Quantum Dot lasers for nearly a decade. However, the colloidal Quantum Dot packing density achieved so far in these devices is too low to provide a net advantage over existing Quantum Well lasers. With dried films of close-packed colloidal Quantum Dots (Figure 1), the packing density can be increased significantly showing great promise for improved lasers. At present, photopumped lasing has been demonstrated,19 and electrically pumped lasing is a challenge for the future. Another possible display application, with low current requirements, would use the color changes of redox-active Quantum Dots. Adding two electrons to a Quantum Dot fills the lowest unoccupied energy state in the conduction band, which changes the absorption of the dot, thereby changing its color.20 This flexibility of changing Quantum Dot colors, by engineering their redox potentials, makes this application possible.
Colloidal Quantum Dots have a particular niche as optical materials in the infrared. Indeed, in the visible and UV spectral range, organic dye molecules can have near 100% photoluminescence efficiency and Quantum Dots struggle to compete. However, in the near-infrared QDs win easily. This is because organic dye molecules have high frequency vibrations that couple strongly with electronic transitions. Thus the quantum yield of dye molecules falls below 1% at wavelengths around 1 μm and organic dyes provide no detectable photoluminescence beyond 2 μm. Inorganic Quantum Dots made from semiconductor materials with heavy atoms and infrared band gaps have very low vibrational frequencies and some, such as PbSe, can be excellent emitters in the near infrared. Quantum Dots can be strong emitters in the mid-infrared as well, and there has been progress in this direction in recent years.21 Potential applications could include earth to satellite communications through the atmosphere transparent bands with wavelengths of 3-5 μm and 8-10 μm.
There are many interesting chemical challenges to further applications of colloidal Quantum Dots. Besides size, shape, and surface control, semiconductor composition is an issue. For example, doping n- or p-type impurities in Quantum Dots is important for electronic applications. Adding magnetic impurities inside a small nanocrystal is a way to strongly enhance the magnetic response of the nanocrystals.22 Research is intense in this direction, with the goal being to make new magneto-optic and spintronic materials. It is clear that colloidal Quantum Dots have a bright future as specialty optical materials. They are one example of a general trend toward rational design of nanomaterials where known principles of physics are fused with modern chemical techniques to create nm-sized materials with properties optimized for targeted applications.
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- Charles Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edition, 2005, Wiley.
- Esaki, L., and Tsu, R., IBM J. Res. Develop., 1970, 14, 61; Chang, L.L., Esaki, L., Phys. Today, 1992, 45, 36.
- Ekimov, A.I., Onushchenko, A.A., JETP Lett., 1981, 34, 345.
- Efros, Al.L., Efros, A.L., Soviet Phys. Semiconductors-USSR, 1982, 16, 772.
- Brus, L.E., J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 79, 5566.
- Henglein, A., Chem. Rev., 1989, 89, 1861.
- Kamat, P.V., Chem. Rev., 1993, 93, 267.
- LaMer, V.K., Dinegar, R.H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, 4847.
- Stober, W., Fink, A., Bohn, E., J.Coll. Interf. Science, 1968, 26, 62.
- Murray, C.B., Norris, D.J., Bawendi, M.G., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 8706.
- Hines, M.A., Guyot-Sionnest, P., J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 468.
- Peng, Z.A., Peng, X.G., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 183.
- Bruchez, M., Moronne, M., Gin, P., Weiss, S., Alivisatos, A.P., Science, 1998, 281, 2013.
- Chan, W.C.W., Nie, S.M., Science, 1998, 281, 2016.
- Colvin, V.L., Schlamp, M.C., Alivisatos, A.P., Nature, 1994, 370, 354.
- Coe S., S., Woo, W.K., Bawendi, M., Bulovic, V., Nature, 2002, 420, 800.
- Nozik, A.J., Physica ELow. Dim. Sys. & Nano., 2002, 14, 115.
- Arakawa, Y., Sakaki, H., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1982, 40, 939.
- Klimov, V.I., Mikhailovsky, A.A., Xu, S., Malko, A., Hollingsworth, J.A., Leatherdale, C.A., Eisler, H.J., and Bawendi., M.G., Science, 2000, 290, 314.
- Shim, M., Guyot-Sionnest, P., Nature, 2000, 407, 981.
- Pietryga, J.M., Schaller, R.D., Werder, D., Stewart, M.H., Klimov, V.I., Hollingsworth, J.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 11752.
- Norris, D.J., Yao, N., Charnock, F.T., Kennedy, T.A., Nano. Lett., 2001, 1, 3.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Introduction to Direct Sales
Direct selling is one of the primary forms of doing business. This method of sale is adopted by both small businessmen as well as big enterprises. Small entrepreneurs use it because of the low margin on products or because of the lack of funds to establish a retail store.
On the other hand, there are many companies which use it along with other methods of selling to reach different segment of the population.
Another thing that makes direct selling unique and different from other forms of selling is that it takes place in a non-retail environment. The direct sales take place in a non-retail environment like home, public place, work, online, etc.
In direct selling, both parent company and seller generate high profits as compared to other forms of businesses because there are no middlemen. It is an essential method of selling and is a primary method of selling used by several companies. Therefore, if you are planning to associate with a company that uses a method for sales, then it would be good that you read this article.
It will help you to learn about the different types of direct selling and their advantages and disadvantages. This information will help you in taking a well-calculated decision.
Definition of Direct Sales
Direct selling is a method of selling where seller directly contacts the customers and sell products in non-retail environments such as by meeting them at their home or public places.
Types of Direct Sales
1. Party Plan sale
You might have got an invitation for party plan sales by a distributor or sales representative living in your neighborhood. If yes then let me tell you that you already know what is “Party Plan direct sales”.
This can take place in a group. Usually a distributor or sales representative invites his potential customers at his own house or someone else’s home. In party plan sales, you talk about your products in a group, give them a demonstration of your products, hand out material related to products, and take orders. It is a neat way of doing business and having fun altogether.
This method is quite successful as you sell many units of your products at one time.
2. Single-level sale
Single level direct sales are sales where you contact people individually. The examples of single-level direct sales are door-to-door selling, selling through catalogs, and selling through in-person presentations.
You approach each customer with a personalized direct sales approach.
3. Multi-level sale
In multi-level direct sales, sales representatives are hired by companies to sell their products, or sometimes multi-level direct sales are made through business partners.
Multi-level direct sales also take place on online platforms by selling through product catalogs or selling through social networking mediums.
1. More profit margin
The first and foremost advantage is a high-profit margin for both parent companies and sellers. Many entrepreneurs adopted this method to earn high profits.
Small entrepreneurs usually have limited funds when they start their business. Therefore, they save the cost of mediators and thus increase their profit margin.
2. No expense of store maintenance
It takes place in a non-retail environment. That means a seller is not required to set up a business store to sell his goods. A store is an expensive liability for a seller. He is required to rent or buy a place to set up his retail store, pay property taxes, keep the stock full, hire salespersons and people to maintain a store, and other small expenses.
All of these expenses are paid out of the profit made from selling. A seller can avoid all of these expenses by direct selling and can increase his profit margin. Moreover, when a seller sells in-store, he is required to buy goods from a manufacturer in huge quantities which puts his own money at risk.
His money will be lost if the sales of products are not as expected. Whereas, the seller can buy limited no of units and can sell more after selling the previous stock.
3. Personal contact with customers
The seller has direct contact with his customers. There are various benefits of having direct contact with customers. You can learn about the needs of customers and can create business opportunities and can provide services to them as per their requirements.
For example, your regular customers can place an order for the products that they need or can give your reference to their friends and family. In this way, you can expand business easily.
4. No advertising and marketing expenses
The purpose of advertising and marketing is to make people aware of the existence of the product and make people know about the qualities of products. Companies spend millions of dollars in the advertising and marketing of products.
The expense of advertising and marketing is part of the variable of cost of production. The expense of advertising and marketing is recovered from the profit earn by selling the products. As a result of which, the profit margin of the seller reduces.
In such cases, the seller meets customers individually and tells them about the products and hands them material containing information about the products. Therefore, the expense of advertising and marketing is eliminated, and the seller can save those millions of bucks.
5. Personalized approach for each customer
For example, you know that a particular customer is price sensitive and buy products only on discount or offers, then you will inform that customer first as soon as there is a discount on the products. In this way, you can convince them to buy products in bulk.
This is not possible in other modes of selling. In other selling methods, one selling technique is used to sell products to everyone.
6. Visible customers’ reaction
A seller meets his customers face to face to sell products to them. The benefit of meeting customers face to face is that you can see their reactions on their faces and modify your sales pitch based on their reactions. On the other hand, in retail stores or online shopping seller don’t see the reactions of customers and thus is unable to suggest a deal immediately persuading the customer.
7. Product demonstration
Another important benefit of another type of selling is that you can provide a demonstration of your products to your customers. You win the trust of your customers by giving them a demonstration as they can see what they can check what they are putting their money.
Product demonstration reduces the chances of complaints after the sales because people will buy your product only if they are satisfied with the demonstration of your product. In this way, you can protect the image of your company.
8. Feedback directly from customers
It means selling products to your customers. When you meet your customers in a non-retail environment, then you have an opportunity to have a conversation with them other than just selling. In this way, you can build a healthy relationship with them where they will feel comfortable to give you honest feedback about your products.
Getting honest feedback directly from customers is far better than getting feedback from mediators. You can use this information to improve the quality of your products and keep your customers satisfied.
9. Customers’ satisfaction
The last benefit is that you can keep your customers satisfied. Most customers get annoyed when they are not given proper attention in stores, and they have to spend hours looking for a product in the store.
Some customers have time constraints to go out for shopping. In this way, you can approach a new segment of the market.
Therefore, it is not wrong to say that customers’ satisfaction is an additional benefit.
Like every coin has two sides, it also has a few disadvantages despite several advantages mentioned above. Therefore, in this section, I am going to talk about the disadvantages of direct selling.
So that you can make up your mind whether you want to go for it or not.
1. Difficult to reach a wide audience
Like I mentioned before it means approaching each customer individually by going door to door or hosting in-house parties. Therefore, it is difficult for an individual to reach a wide audience.
You can cover people leaving in one town at most, and it would be challenging for you to entertain all the customers at the same time.
2. Affects personal life
It requires too much time from a seller. When you have invested your money, you want to make sure that you don’t lose your money. Therefore, you can’t take vacations like other people in the business.
You will even need to work on your weekends because it’s the only time people are free and can come to your business meetings or can sit with you and listen to you patiently when you go to their homes to sell your products.
Even though you will be making huge profits, but be ready to compromise your personal life.
Nowadays, when there are so many ways to buy goods, people have become a little skeptical about buying from an individual coming to their doors. There are very few people who still prefer to buy from online sellers. Therefore, you are getting into the direct selling business to be ready to face a lot of rejections. Moreover, there is a negative image of direct sellers in the market.
For example, people try to avoid meeting them even accidentally because they think they will be forced to buy their products. Therefore, there might be several incidences when you feel like giving up.
4. Risk of failure
Like all other businesses, there is a risk of falling too. Therefore, never put your whole fortune at risk. Take small steps and see whether your business works out or not and expand your business day by day.
How to ace Direct Sale?
Direct selling is not a business that everyone can do. You require a lot of patience and persistent hard to get successful. In this section, I will give you a few tips that will help you to ace.
1. Learn about your product and company
In direct selling, you either sell your product or service or the products of other companies. My tip here to you is, don’t start your business instantly. Give yourself time. Do your homework. Learn about your products. Learn about their shortcomings and strengths.
Learn about the history of the company whose products you are going to sell. All of the above information is important and will help you in making an effective sales pitch. Be ready to answer all the questions that your customers might ask you about your product.
It will give a wrong impression if you don’t have an answer to any of their concerns. Therefore, to avoid such situations, you should learn every little about your product and your company.
2. Set your sales goal
My second tip to you is to set your monthly goals. In direct selling, you will be your boss. There will be no-one to questions you or to push you to make more sales. The more sales you will make the more will be your profit.
But over-work is also not a healthy approach. The right path to get successful is to set your goal. Set your goal for the month and divide the work in the right proportion throughout the week. Having a pre-decided goal will motivate you and will fill you with guilty each time you will procrastinate your work.
Don’t decide your goal in your mind. Plan it properly and write it one paper and don’t fool yourself by setting unrealistic sales goals. Unrealistic or too high sales goals will only demotivate you when you fail to achieve them.
3. Plan your week and day
Once you have decided on your monthly goal or target, the next thing you need to do is to distribute that work properly throughout the month. Plan your week and decide how much of your goal you want to achieve in one week.
Be ready for unexpected events and be prepared to modify your plan accordingly. Plan your day. Plan in advance which areas you want to cover or the people you want to meet.
When you plan your work and distribute your work equally throughout the month, you will not feel stressed at the end o the month.
4. Make an appointment in advance
Don’t appear at people’s doors without giving them prior notice or without taking their permission. It is possible that they will not be at home or busy with something or have a birthday party for their child.
In any scenario, they will not be able to give time to you and listen about the products that you have to offer to them. Therefore, make sure that you take an appointment with people at least one day before you visit them.
5. Organize your customers’ details
Customers are the asset of your business. Therefore, it is essential to keep all the details like their contact numbers, email address, physical address, records of their history, product choice, and all other miscellaneous information.
Make a google sheet or excel sheet containing all this information, because if you lose that sheet, you will lose your customers.
6. Follow up
Many salespeople sell products and never bother to take follow up. But let me tell you it is a lousy business ethic. Even a well-establish business asks for feedback from their customers. Therefore, you should always take feedback from your customers after selling a product to them.
There will be two outcomes if you do this. First, you will get negative feedback that you can use to improve your product. Second, you can get a reorder if they like your product and you will be one step closer to getting a loyal customer. Therefore, Never forget to take a follow-up.
7. Increase your network
The success of direct selling depends mainly on your network. The more people you know more potential customers you have for your business. Therefore, socialize as much as possible. Keep your business cards handy and offer to people you meet.
Don’t forget to take their contact numbers so that you can invite them whenever you organize a business house party.
8. Don’t be pushy
One thing that people don’t like about sales-people is their pushy nature. Pitch your product subtly and know up to what extent you can push your customers to buy your product.
9. Brush your skills
Learn selling skills and keep brushing them from time to time. Attend those workshops and training sessions organized by your company. Read the books that help you with setting your sales pitch. It will help you.
10. Always keep a positive attitude
My last but not least direct selling tip for you is to keep a positive attitude.
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Moderate reasoning
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Finance & Business
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New Lisbon, New Jersey
In 1933, the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station and the State of New Jersey signed a cooperative agreement for an experimental forest, the Lebanon Experimental Forest, “for the purpose of conducting studies, experiments, and demonstrations in silvics and silviculture...to solve forest problems of the region typified by conditions in southern New Jersey. These may include experiments in obtaining natural reproduction of the forest after cutting, in thinning to stimulate growth, and in artificial reforestation; also, more fundamental studies of the factors which affect tree growth.” The Northeastern Research Station has maintained the lease agreement from New Jersey for the use of this 239-ha site for regional forest research.
In 1937, Dr. Silas Little was assigned to the Lebanon and worked there until 1979, most of that time as the research project leader. This experimental forest was renamed in his honor after his retirement. In 1985, following the departure of the last Forest Service employee, the Northeastern Research Station entered into a cooperative agreement with Rutgers University to use the buildings for the Pinelands Research Center (PRC). In the late 1980s, the site received recognition as a UNESCO Man and the Biosphere site. The PRC has a full-time director, a site manager, and a number of graduate students in residence. In 2002, the Northeastern Research Station reestablished active fire research at the Silas Little with a 5-year National Fire Plan grant for regional climate and fire danger modeling specific to the Pine Barrens. The existing fire danger rating system does not meet the needs of the wildfire managers in this part of the United States and this research will address this deficiency.
The climate on the Silas Little and surrounding Lebanon State Forest is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Elevations are so uniform in this area that they do not influence temperature and there is only slight variation from one site to another. The coldest month is February (-2 to 1°C) and the warmest is July (23 to 25 °C). The first killing frost occurs about October 18 and the last about April 22. The high summer maximum is 42 oC and the lowest winter minimum is -32 °C. Rainfall is relatively constant and equally distributed both as to season and location, but there is a marked dry season in the fall. Average rainfall in this area is 1,145 mm. Snowfall is slight and remains on the ground only a short time.
Soils in the region of the Silas Little are described as Englishtown formation, consisting of micaceous white and yellow quartz sand and glauconitic, and locally lignitic lens of clay and silt. Southern New Jersey is essentially an immense coastal plain, generally less than 30.5 m above sea level; average elevation is 18 m. Rivers in this area drain southeast to the Atlantic Ocean. The region’s soils are predominately sandy but vary considerably in texture, ranging from course sand to sandy loam, and also vary in drainage. The dry character of much of the soil adversely affects plant growth during even to moderate drought.
The Silas Little represents the Pine Barrens forest types that include poorly drained soils supporting pitch pine (14 percent), infertile sands supporting pitch pine and low-grade oaks (22 percent), swamp forests (12 percent), and slightly better quality soils supporting oaks and shortleaf and pitch pines (52 percent).
Research, Past and Present
In 2002, a 5- year National Fire Plan grant was awarded for a study entitled, “Regional climate and fire danger modeling specific to the Pine Barrens,” to carry out research to enhance the National Fire Danger Rating System in the Pine Barrens. This research will develop a more responsive fire danger rating system that is specific to the New Jersey Pine Barrens by focusing on the interaction between climate, fire, and vegetation. The research will employ prescribed burns and the use of portable and fixed flux towers to monitor vegetation, soil, and atmospheric conditions before and after prescribed burns over a range of conditions and vegetation types. The network of fire weather stations and portable towers should produce detailed fire weather and carbon, water, and energy flux measurements at local and landscape levels to determine the processes that are distinctive for the Pine Barrens.
Earlier research (started 1985 to 2002) has been carried out by the staff and graduate students at the Pinelands Research Station. Researchers are looking at the effects of fragmentation and human-induced changes in hydrology of the Pineland wetland ecosystem on the Atlantic whitecedar swamps. Studies on the effects of acid deposition on the New Jersey Pine Barrens include a monitoring station for the New Jersey Atmospheric Deposition Program. Other studies deal with stream chemistry, the effects and recovery from past fires in the Pine Barrens, inventory and population dynamics of wildlife species, and several other problems unique to these sandy sites along the Atlantic Coast.
Major Research Accomplishments and Effects on Management
In 1964, the Northeastern Research Station initiated a cooperative study with New Jersey and the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company (now MeadWestvaco) to start a tree improvement program involving pitch and loblolly pine. The goals were to produce a superior loblolly pine for southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, produce superior pitch pine for sections of the Northeast, and develop pitch × loblolly pine hybrids that would be winter-hardy north of the loblolly pine range and that would outgrow pitch pine. The first F1 hybrids were outplanted in 1971 and over the next 15 years, 65 plantings of F1 and F2 hybrids were established throughout Eastern United States and southeastern Canada. South Korea became interested in the hybrid in the late 1960s and through the early 1980s millions of hybrids were used to reforest denuded hills in that country. In the 1980s, France obtained hybrid seed and achieved spectacular growth rates. In this country, MeadWestvaco now produces and plants millions of hybrid pitch × loblolly every year and in 1993 International Paper Company began a program for its northern lands. This is one of the most successful research programs initiated by the Northeastern Research Station. Plots from genetics trials are maintained at the site.
Researchers have come to work at the Silas Little from the New Jersey Forest Fire Service, Pinelands Field Station, Rutgers University, New Jersey State Climatology and Eastern Modeling Consortium, University of Florida, University of Maryland, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Opportunities are nearly unrestricted in all aspects of fire weather, wildfire ecology, and carbon sequestration research. New research within the New Jersey Pine Barrens region is encouraged and facilitated by Forest Service and Pinelands Research Station scientists. Research at the Silas Little and the Rutgers Pineland Research Stations requires approval of the field station director and Forest Service program manager.
Office space, laboratory, quarters, storage, shop, weather stations, deposition monitoring, instrumented flux towers are located on the Silas Little administrative site in New Lisbon, New Jersey. The Rutgers Pinelands Research Station maintains offices and quarters in the main building, and lab trailers on the site. National Science Foundation grants have allowed Rutgers University to purchase several laboratory buildings. Several office trailers at the administrative site, as well as some greenhouse space, are used by the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Pest Control.
Lat. 39°54′58″ N, long. 74°35′55″ W
Silas Little Experimental Forest
USDA Forest Service
Northern Research Station
P.O. Box 251
New Lisbon, NJ 08064
Applegate, J.E., S. Little, P.E. Marucci. 1979. Plant and animal products of the Pine Barrens. Proc . Pine Barrens Ecosystem and Landscapes. New Jersey Academy Sci., Academic Press. New York.
Fenton, R.H. 1964. Production and distribution of sweetgum seed in 1962 by four New Jersey stands. Res. Note NE-18. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 6p.
Garrett, P.W. 1981. The Northeast pitch x loblolly hybrid program. In: Reserch Needs in Tree Breeding. Proc. 15th North American Quant. Forestry Genetics Group Workshop. Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. 71-79.
Garrett, P.W., I.F. Trew. 1986. Resistance of pitch x loblolly pine hybrids to fusiform rust (Cronartium quercum f. sp. fusiforme). Plant Disease 70(6): 564-565.
Kuser, J.E., D.R. Knezick, P.W. Garrett. 1979. Pitch x loblolly pine hybrids after 10 years in southern New Jersey. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. Vol 4(4): 207-209.
Little, S. 1945. Influence of fuel types on fire danger. Journal of Forestry 43: 744-749.
Little, S., E.B. Moore. 1945. Controlled burning in south Jersey's oak-pine stands. Journal of Forestry 43: 499-506.
Little, S., J.P. Allen, E.B. Moore. 1948. Controlled burning as a dual-purpose tool of forest management in New Jersey's pine region. Journal of Forestry 46: 810-819.
Little, S. 1950. Ecology and silviculture of white cedar and associated hardwoods in southern New Jersey. Yale University, School of Forestry Bulletin 56. 103 pp.
Little, S. 1959. Silvical characteristics of Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides). Sta. Pap. 118. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 16 p.
Little, S. 1978. Ecology and silviculture of Pine Barrens forests. Proc. 1st. Research Conf. New Jersey Pine Barrens. Atlantic City, NJ. May 22-23. 105-118.
Summary information presented here was originally published in:
Adams, Mary Beth; Loughry, Linda; Plaugher, Linda, comps. 2004. Experimental Forests and Ranges of the USDA Forest Service. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-321. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 178 p.
Information may have been updated since original publication.
Last Modified: 10/16/2014
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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In 2019, environmental reporter Kristina Marusic tested five different Pennsylvania families for 40 different chemicals associated with fracking and found that every person studied was carrying a massive chemical body burden.
Marusic wrote about the test results, and the families whose lives have been upended by their local fracking operations, in a four-part series for Environmental Health News.
During fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, a cocktail of toxic chemicals and water is injected into bedrock to create cracks through which oil and natural gas can be extracted. The chemicals that each company uses are proprietary information, not available to the communities where fracking occurs. But the water, air and people can be sampled to get a sense of which chemicals are present.
In addition to water and air testing, Marusic took urine samples from five families over the course of nine weeks during the summer of 2019. Each of the families had at least one child in the home. Marusic sent the samples to the University of Missouri for analysis and compared the chemical body burden for each of the families living near fracking, with the national average.
The results showed very high levels for many of the 40 chemicals and chemical breakdown products they tested for, including benzene, styrene and toluene. In some of the children tested, they found chemical levels more than 90 times higher than the national average, higher even than an adult smoker.
When the Bower-Bjornson family got the results of the study, they were “pretty shocked to see, in particular, that the kids had some of these really high levels of exposures,” Marusic said.
Lois and Dave Bower-Bjornson had moved from Pittsburgh to a home in Washington County, out in the countryside, in search of more space and a more peaceful lifestyle. “[They] saw this beautiful home listed that had a barn on the property and was kind of in the middle of the country, and they just fell in love with the idea of raising their kids somewhere so idyllic,” Marusic said.
Within a few years of moving there, the fracking boom started and wells started to move in. At first, they weren't overly concerned, Marusic said. But pretty quickly, their idyllic country lifestyle started to change drastically.
"The wells were close enough to their house that they could hear the drilling, they could smell the drilling, they could see flaring, like these huge flames licking into the air at night."
“All of a sudden, the small two-lane road that's right in front of their house was inundated with heavy truck traffic,” Marusic said. “There were dozens of huge trucks going by every day. The wells were close enough to their house that they could hear the drilling, they could smell the drilling, they could see flaring, like these huge flames licking into the air at night. One of their four children, Gunnar, started getting nosebleeds pretty regularly and they worried that it might be related to emissions from fracking.”
The Bower-Bjornsons became increasingly frustrated. Their beautiful country property was suddenly in the middle of a heavy industrial zone, which wasn't what they had signed up for, Marusic said. At this point, they lived within five miles of 25 active fracking wells.
When Marusic shared the test results with the family, Lois said, “Unless we move, there's no escaping this for us. We're completely surrounded by wells on all sides.”
“Even when the kids go to school or to a friend's house, unless they're leaving the state, they're still going to be near a fracking well,” Marusic said. “So, they just feel kind of inundated and overwhelmed by the industry.”
In addition to physical health problems, a number of studies have found that people who live close to a high volumes of fracking wells are more likely to experience depression, anxiety and trouble sleeping, Marusic adds.
“Some of the reasons they found are, like I described with the Bower-Bjornson [family], a sense of loss that the place that they lived has been transformed from somewhere rural and quiet and peaceful into a heavy industrial zone,” she said. “Other reasons are worry and stress over the environmental impacts and the potential health impacts of fracking, and a sense of distress … and alienation that happens.”
Another family Marusic tested described difficult experiences within their community and with other families who didn’t take their struggles seriously.
A toxicologist had found that one of this family’s children, Lexy, had been exposed to benzene. The doctor suggested that the course of treatment was to remove her from the source of exposure, which they believed was her school.
“So, it's a single grandmother raising Lexy and her brother and she was just like, ‘What am I supposed to do? Do I pull them out of school? Do we move?’ Her toxicologist at the time said [Lexy] likely had a particular sensitivity to benzene,” Marusic said.
Fellow classmates taunted Lexy, saying things like, “Are you just making this all up? Are you lying? My mom says you're lying about this to get attention. The rest of us would all be sick if this was really happening, so how come you're the only one sick?”
On a couple of occasions, her friends’ parents wouldn't stop to grill her about it: “Tell the truth,” they would say. “Are you making this up? Are you really sick?”
Eventually, the family moved because they felt so ostracized by the community.
“They had moved when we did our testing and, unfortunately, we still found evidence that Lexy was being exposed to benzene,” Marusic said. “So they were left feeling really frustrated. Lexy, in particular, reported a lot of mental health impacts as a result of this. She developed anxiety; she got depressed because she felt like there was nothing that they could do about this.”
Other families reported their frustration dealing with state agencies they had turned to for help. Brian Latkanich, for example, a single dad with a son named Ryan, invited a fracking company to drill a well on their property early on in the boom, around 2011.
“Soon after the well went in, Brian and Ryan both started experiencing a whole slew of health problems — things like nosebleeds, rashes, trouble breathing, eye irritation,” Marusic said. “They've both had some pretty severe stomach problems.”
Ryan was nine years old at the time Marusic did her testing. He had a level of hippuric acid — a biomarker for toluene — in his urine was more than 91 times as high as the US median. A couple of years after the wells had been drilled, Ryan came out of the bathtub one day with sores all over his body, Marusic said. That was the beginning of Brian's experience trying to work with state agencies in Pennsylvania.
The Latkanich’s have a private water well. After numerous tests, the State Department of Environmental Protection told Brian his water was too contaminated to drink, but that the department didn't believe the fracking company was to blame — or, at least, they couldn't prove definitively that it was to blame.
This meant that the fracking company wasn't required to provide the Latkanich’s with clean water. So Brian had to start buying bottled water to drink. But they still had to bathe in contaminated water, which, obviously was a concern, Marusic said.
Latkanich contacted the State Department of Health, who advised him that if they were concerned, they should shower elsewhere. The department recommended they go to the nearest YMCA, 30 minutes away, to shower.
“[Brian Latkanich] was expecting to get huge amounts of money from this. And instead, it turned out to be not a whole lot. He is disabled and on a fixed income, so he feels that he can't afford to move. He feels stuck there.”
On top of all of this, the royalties from allowing the fracking company to drill on their land were also much smaller than Brian had been led to believe, Marusic added. “He was expecting to get huge amounts of money from this. And instead, it turned out to be not a whole lot. He is disabled and on a fixed income, so he feels that he can't afford to move. He feels stuck there.”
And despite the fact that Brian’s well water was fine prior to the fracking well going in, and then suddenly becoming too toxic for the family to drink or bathe in after fracking began, the State Department of Environmental Protection determined that the fracking company was not responsible.
This happens a lot, said Marusic. A report in the newspaper "Public Herald" looked at all of the water complaints related to fracking in the state and found that more than 90% of the time, when the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection investigated, they ruled that a fracking company could not be held liable for water contamination.
Across Pennsylvania, thousands of families have had their water contaminated near the drilled fracking wells, so, many of them believe the wells have something to do with it. But the state DEP is telling them otherwise.
Fracking is relatively unregulated at the federal level, Marusic noted, and the state departments that oversee and regulate the industry are often underfunded.
“So, it might not necessarily be any kind of nefarious collusion with oil and gas, but it might just be a lack of resources,” Marusic suggested. “And that's something that I heard from a lot of these families — that they just felt that they weren't getting answers and they weren't getting help.”
"[W]hat I found in this investigation should serve as a wake-up call about the need to better understand whether fracking chemicals are getting into the air or water or bodies of people who are living near wells.”
“I hope that having these test results will empower [the families] to be able to better advocate for their health, for the health of their kids, and for the safety of their communities,” Marusic said. “I think the first next step is for someone to do similar research on a much larger scale. But I also think that what I found in this investigation should serve as a wake-up call about the need to better understand whether fracking chemicals are getting into the air or water or bodies of people who are living near wells.”
“I also think it's not partisan to say that we're opposed to children being poisoned,” Marusic added. “I think this testing that we did clearly shows the need for more careful oversight of this industry and for better systems in place to help serve these families, who just feel like they're being put in harm's way and no one is there to help them or look out for them.”
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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What follows is important and relevant for individuals, society, and the world. The water is deep at places but must be forded for us to get to solid ground. The world, I fear, is in a swamp of uncertainty, but the water is rising, every day the need for solid ground is more apparent but harder to reach. Wade through this with me, and perhaps we can find something solid to build upon. Something that will stand through the next wave, whatever that wave may be. As we set out, we will use Friedrich Nietzsche as our marker, though he is no North Star, he helps us map the mire.
First, we should know some about Nietzsche. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15th, 1844 and died on August 25th, 1900. Nietzsche lived a sickly life and died at the age of 55 of pneumonia. Nietzsche’s father was a Lutheran pastor. “Nietzsche’s uncle and grandfathers were also Lutheran ministers, and his paternal grandfather, Friedrich August Ludwig Nietzsche (1756–1826), was further distinguished as a Protestant scholar.” Nietzsche faced many difficulties from a young age. His father died when Nietzsche was only four years old and just six months after the death of his father his younger brother died.
Nietzsche must have been gifted intellectually from a young age. For example, he composed piano, choral, and orchestral music as a teenager. He also received a good education at a first-rate boarding school. As a teenager, he read “David Strauss’s controversial and demythologizing Life of Jesus Critically Examined” and it had a big impact on him. Early on Nietzsche considered himself devout, he was even called “little preacher” when he was young, but eventually, he would deny the faith, though at first not publically.
Second, it should be understood, that in my mind, Nietzsche’s ramblings are closer to rhetoric than to philosophy. Nietzsche often employees ad hominem arguments and attacks a person (e.g. the Apostle Paul) rather than their arguments. Nietzsche also seems fond of constructing straw man fallacies for his argumentative flame.
Third, Nietzsche wrote in a very unique and even enjoyable style. However, his lack of precision in writing is dangerous; people can construe his writings in many ways, and they have. There is much disagreement over Nietzsche and his work, which must to a large degree, must be because Nietzsche seems to have communicated often more like a poet, using words to paint, and not as much for precision. It is true that Nietzsche at times is very hard to discern and it is also true that his body of work is large and there is much disagreement upon what place Nietzsche’s unpublished work should play in Nietzschean scholarship. However, all that being the case, Nietzsche is still responsible for what he wrote and the way he wrote.
Yannick Imbert has said,
In the history of Western thought, Nietzsche most likely holds the distinction of being the most misunderstood and misrepresented philosopher. Understanding him represents a particular challenge for Christians, given Nietzsche’s radical criticism of anything related to Christianity. Let us consider more closely the philosophy of the so-called father of nihilism.
See e.g. D. Demelsoet, K. Hemelsoet, and D. Devreese, “The neurological illness of Friedrich Nietzsche,” 9-16 in Acta neurologica Belgica (April 2008).
Robert Wicks, “Friedrich Nietzsche” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Edward N. Zalta (Fall 2016 Edition)(https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/#Life1844 accessed on December 5th, 2016).
“From his early boyhood, Nietzsche was expected to follow the family tradition and become a minister himself. As late as 1864, when he studied classics and theology at Bonn University, he seems to have adhered to his family’s expectations (if no longer wholeheartedly). When one year later he finally dropped theology, he proved a family crisis” (Jörg Salaquarda, “Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian tradition,” 90-118 in The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997], 92).
E.g. Nietzsche says, “In Paul is incarnated the very opposite of the “bearer of glad tidings”; he represents the genius for hatred, the vision of hatred, the relentless logic of hatred. What, indeed, has not this dysangelist sacrificed to hatred!… The life, the example, the teaching, the death of Christ, the meaning and the law of the whole gospels—nothing was left of all this after that counterfeiter in hatred had reduced it to his uses. Surely not reality; surely not historical truth!… He simply struck out the yesterday and the day before yesterday of Christianity, and invented his own history of Christian beginnings… The figure of the Saviour, his teaching, his way of life, his death, the meaning of his death, even the consequences of his death—nothing remained untouched, nothing remained in even remote contact with reality. Paul simply shifted the centre of gravity of that whole life to a place behind this existence—in the lie of the “risen” Jesus… The figure of the Saviour, his teaching, his way of life, his death, the meaning of his death, even the consequences of his death—nothing remained untouched, nothing remained in even remote contact with reality. Paul simply shifted the centre of gravity of that whole life to a place behind this existence—in the lie of the “risen” Jesus… What he himself didn’t believe was swallowed readily enough by the idiots among whom he spread his teaching.—What he wanted was power…” (Nietzsche, The AntiChrist, par. 42).
So, Alvin Plantinga has said, Nietzsche “writes with a fine coruscating brilliance, his outrageous rhetoric is sometimes entertaining, and no doubt much the extravagance is meant as overstatement to make a point. Taken overall, however, the violence and exaggeration seem pathological; for a candidate for the sober truth, we shall certainly have to look elsewhere” (Alvin Plantinga, Warranted Christian Belief [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000], 136).
Class notes from Yannick Imbert’s lecture in “History of Philosophy and Christian Thought” on Oct. 12th, 2016.
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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Get access to everything we publish when you sign up for Outside+.
A recent study published in PLOS Medicine estimates that you could add more than a decade to your life expectancy by making simple changes to the typical Western diet, which is often laden with pre-packaged foods, refined grains, red and processed meats, fried foods, and tons of sugar.
The study pulled data from several other recent meta-analyses, each of which gather data from various studies, to summarize the effects that different food types may have on life expectancy. The overall list included fruits, vegetables, whole grains, refined grains, nuts, legumes, fish, eggs, milk/dairy, red and processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages.
Life expectancy changes for two different approaches were estimated based on the data: an optimal approach and a feasible approach. The optimal approach, as you may have guessed, would theoretically add the most time to a person’s lifespan.
Researchers found that key changes when it comes to hitting optimal amounts include incorporating more legumes, whole grains, and nuts into your diet, as well as eating less red and processed meat, according to the study. Adding more fruits, vegetables, and fish also had a positive impact, but the typical Western diet is closer to ideal amounts of these foods, so making the first changes could be more effective.
Making and maintaining the change to an optimized diet as a young adult, say 20 years old, is estimated to add up to nearly 11 years later in life for women. However, older adults can reap similar benefits if they make and sustain these changes, with life expectancy potentially increasing up to 8 years if changed start at 60 and 3.4 years for women in their 80s. Switching to the feasible approach could add up to 6.2 years for women who start in their 20s.
Here’s the full breakdown of the optimal and feasible approaches:
|Food Group||Optimal Diet Daily Amount||Feasible Diet Daily Amount|
|Whole Grains (fresh weight)||225 grams||137.5 grams|
|Vegetables||400 grams||325 grams|
|Fruits||400 grams||300 grams|
|Nuts||25 grams||12.5 grams|
|Legumes||200 grams||100 grams|
|Fish||200 grams||100 grams|
|Eggs||25 grams||37.5 grams|
|Milk/dairy||200 grams||250 grams|
|Refined grains||50 grams||100 grams|
|Red Meat||0 grams||50 grams|
|Processed Meat||0 grams||25 grams|
|White Meat||50 grams||62.5 grams|
|Sugar-sweetened Beverages||0 grams||250 grams|
|Added plant oils||25 grams||25 grams|
“Understanding the relative health potential of different food groups could enable people to make feasible and significant health gains,” study authors wrote.
The study authors took their findings and created a tool called the Food4HealthyLife calculator that you can use to plug in your nutrition choices to see the estimated benefits. Of course, the study only provides estimates based on available data, so take your own estimate with that in mind.
“Research until now have shown health benefits associated with separate food group or specific diet patterns but given limited information on the health impact of other diet changes,” study author Lars Fadnes said in a statement. “Our modeling methodology has bridged this gap.”
Here are some ways to incorporate these food groups into your day-to-day nutrition.
Types of legumes to add to your diet:
- Kidney beans
- Black beans
- Pinto beans
Recipe: Edamame Avocado Dip
Using a food processor or handheld blender, purée together:
- 1 cup shelled edamame (frozen)
- ¼ an avocado
- 1 teaspoon pimentos
- 1 clove garlic
- 2 teaspoons lemon juice
- 3 tablespoons water
- ⅛ teaspoon sea salt
Types of whole grains to add to your diet:
- Brown rice
Recipe: Buckwheat Chicken Salad
- 1 cup buckwheat groats
- 1 whole rotisserie cooked chicken breast, shredded (about 8 ounces)
- 1 red bell pepper, finely diced
- 1 cup broccoli florets, chopped
- ¼ cup chopped red onion
- ¼ cup fresh chopped dill
- juice of 1 lime
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- salt and pepper to taste
Cook buckwheat according to package directions; set aside in large bowl to cool slightly. While buckwheat cooks, combine chicken, red pepper, broccoli and all remaining ingredients in large bowl and mix until well-combined; stir in buckwheat. Cover and refrigerate until serving.
Types of nuts to include in your diet:
- Macadamia nuts
- Brazil nuts
Recipe: Cashew Tahini
- 1 (14-ounce) can drained and rinsed chickpeas
- ⅓ cup cashew butter,
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- juice of ½ lemon
- 2 minced garlic cloves
- 1 teaspoon smoked paprika
- ½ teaspoon cumin powder
- ¼ teaspoon salt
Add warm water by the tablespoon for a creamier texture.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Sometimes it is difficult for teachers to get students to be enthusiastic about their writing exercises. Kids usually associate ‘writing’ with homework and immediately think that it won’t be fun. However, Creative writing is an exercise of the imagination and can benefit the development of a child significantly. The trick is to get the kids engaged in the activities and for them to utilize their creativity to construct something ‘new’ from something ‘boring’.
Below we’ll be diving into a few writing exercises you can do with your kids right now that will set them on the path to becoming better and more creative writers.
Expanding the Vocabulary
One of the fundamental aspects of Stellar Creative Writing is having a robust vocabulary which can be used to turn trivial into something exciting. There’s a big difference between saying, “He tired after the gym” as opposed to saying, “Drenched in sweat, he could barely carry the weight of his body as he exited the gym…”
As you can see, by adding a few more descriptive words and by not just stating the state of being of the character, we created depth to the scene. We know the character is tired because he ‘could barely carry the weight of his body’ and the emphasis of sweat allows us to imagine he had a rigorous workout.
Thus, expanding vocabulary is important. You could let your kids go out and find a strange word they have never heard of before and make that the basis of their short story.
More than one way to skin the proverbial cat using adjectives and synonyms can significantly expand your vocabulary allowing you to write more descriptive and non-repetitive sentences. Walking could be ‘strolling’ or eating could be ‘devouring.’ These simple substitutions for commonly used words will allow your students to become more versatile in their writing. It’s important to keep the reader’s mind engaged at all times, and thus switching up your words allows them to feel that each page is a “fresh new window into the imagination.”
To help with adjectives and synonyms, you can let your kids write out a short story and then find as many adjectives and synonyms to replace the words in their story, essentially creating an alternate version of their original story. This allows them to create a connection between the ‘words they know’ and the ‘words they ought to know.’
Fiction from non-fiction
Another exercise that can greatly help develop their creativity is creating fictional stories out of non-fictional events. For this exercise, you’ll want your students to get a newspaper article. Their aim is to find a story that resonates with them.
It can be about anything!
Once they have singled out their article, their task will be to re-write the article in story form and to change the details of the event. They can be as creative as they want with this exercise. The point is to let them assimilate ‘how the world » Watch Full
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Joseph Hooker, at the head of the Army of the Potomac, was filled with confidence that he would not suffer the same fate as previous Union commanders facing Confederate General Robert E. Lee. While General Ambrose Burnside and General George McClellan earned their soldiers’ admiration with their leadership, they respectively fell at Fredericksburg and during the Peninsula Campaign and appeared to lack the incisive strategy to defeat Lee.
The Confederate army, after taking Fredericksburg, had constructed 25 miles of trenches along the Rappahannock River.[i] Hooker, knowing the futility of attacking the rebel entrenchments, devised a strategy to force Lee to move out from the fortifications and into the open.[ii] President Abraham Lincoln could have been heartened to know that, unlike McClellan, Hooker was prepared to confront Lee and to do so with assuredness as Hooker reportedly said, “My plans are perfect, and when I start to carry them out, may God have mercy on Bobby Lee; for I shall have none.”[iii]
By April 30, 1863, Hooker—known to his men as “Fighting Joe”—had put into place three pieces of his plan. Sensing the advantage he then possessed, he sent an order stating: “Our enemy must ingloriously fly or come out from behind his defenses and give us battle on our own ground, where certain destruction awaits him.”[iv] First, ten thousand Union cavalry had made their way to Lee’s flank and cut off the rebel supply lines.[v] Second, a move tantalizing for the rebel eyes peering out of the trenches: 40,000 Union infantry feigned an advance on Lee’s trenches but, unknown to the Confederates, with no intent to move on the fortifications.[vi] Then, as the final piece of Hooker’s plan, the pincer movement was completed when his 70,000 soldiers marched into the town of Chancellorsville, nine miles from Fredericksburg and near a dense forest known locally as the Wilderness.[vii] Hooker was relieved to learn from his Chief of Aeronauts Professor T.S.C. Lowe, floating in a yellow balloon near the Fredericksburg entrenchments, that the Confederates appeared to have no inkling of the Union movements.[viii]
Lee, not knowing the feeling of fear and having received intelligence of the Union operation, ordered 10,000 of his troops to remain in the trenches but the remainder to move on Chancellorsville.[ix] On May 1, a couple of miles outside Chancellorsville, shots rang out between the rebels and federals. With the aid of artillery, the Union men enjoyed the advantage in the opening stages, but Hooker made the same mistake that his predecessors had: he ordered a defensive retreat to Chancellorsville.[x] The mistake was compounded by the surrounding environs. The Wilderness, a veritable jungle so choked with brush that it “would tear the clothes from a man’s back within minutes of the time he left the road,” provided ample cover for the rebels to sneakily advance on the entrenched federals and consummate a slaughter for the ages.[xi] Union General Darius Couch recalled after the war that upon learning of Fighting Joe’s order: “I retired from his presence with the belief that my commanding general was a whipped man.”[xii] In truth, Hooker’s order came after rebel deserters (who may have been bogus) and aerial intelligence indicated that Lee was already on the move and commanded numbers equal or comparable to the federals.[xiii] Regardless of the circumstances, Hooker maintained an air of confidence telling his officers that the “rebel army is now the legitimate property of the Army of the Potomac” and: “The enemy is in my power, and God Almighty cannot deprive me of them.”[xiv]
That night, Lee sat with his top general and the hero at Bull Run, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, on “empty hardtack boxes and conferred by firelight” with profound calmness given they were preparing to take the offensive with half the soldiers of their opponents.[xv] Intelligence reports brought to them throughout the night revealed that Hooker’s right flank was open three miles west of Chancellorsville should Jackson find a path through the Wilderness’ “scrub oak and thorny undergrowth.”[xvi] That path was revealed when a local resident agreed to help the rebels, guiding them on a track used to haul charcoal.[xvii]
The next morning, May 2, Hooker kept his men in a defensive posture. He left the men stationed outside the trenches near Fredericksburg (with the exception of one corps that he took from them), and he did not make any moves toward Lee.[xviii] Meanwhile, in the forest, Jackson was moving 30,000 infantry and artillery, and Lee sat with 15,000 men; the latter being a force that Hooker could have easily overwhelmed as Lee was outnumbered five-to-one.[xix] Lee’s doubly risky bet to keep a band of rebels entrenched in Fredericksburg and a mere 15,000 directly in Hooker’s front would only pay off and be a tactical coup de grâce if Jackson made good on his assault of Hooker’s right flank.
Lee’s audacious gamble nearly fell through when one of Hooker’s divisions led by Daniel Sickles (the first person in American jurisprudence to successfully plea temporary insanity after killing his wife’s lover on a Washington street in 1859) attacked Jackson’s column.[xx] Sickles and other cavalry reported to Hooker that Jackson and his men were on the move, but Hooker failed to act. In fact, to compound his passivity, he had not established a secure position: closest to the seemingly impenetrable Wilderness, he kept what was a “stepchild corps” comprised of mostly immigrants and men untested in battle.[xxi] At around 5:15 PM, when the Union men of that “stepchild corps” were relaxing and cooking their dinners, they saw deer and rabbits fleeing the thicket in droves and began to holler and cheer, waving their caps at the startled creatures.[xxii] Then came the piercing rebel yell and a most unwelcome sight: Jackson and his rugged soldiers—with uniforms torn by the brush—charging from the west onto the south-facing Union line. [xxiii] Confusion abound, northern troops ran from the stampede as the Confederates made their advance in a rare instance of dusk fighting.[xxiv] The rebels rolled up the Union line for the next two miles until the federal troops formed a perpendicular line to stop the advance and rally the fleeing stragglers. Jackson rode from point to point “well pleased with the progress and results” of the fighting and telling his brigadiers and colonels to “push right ahead.”[xxv] As night came, the shelling and shots came to an end, but the Wilderness was burning from spent shells having sparked the dry leaves: “like a picture of hell,” it was aflame and roasting the fallen.[xxvi]
When the rebels bivouacked for the night, rumors echoed from a hard-to-swallow truth: during the Confederate assault, a group of rebels mistook the charging cavalry led by Jackson to be Union men and fired upon them.[xxvii] Jackson took two shots to his left arm, which had to amputated, and then he was dropped by pneumonia.[xxviii] Eight days afterward, Stonewall Jackson died.[xxix]
The following morning brought a Union counter-attack: Hooker ordered “Uncle” John Sedgwick to make a push toward Lee’s rear at Chancellorsville through Marye’s Heights in Fredericksburg (the precise spot of Burnside’s humiliation just months prior).[xxx] With several pushes on the rebel entrenchments, Sedgwick succeeded with a bayonet charge that sent rebels fleeing and a thousand prisoners into Union camps.[xxxi] Sedgwick’s victory—sizable as it was considering he had taken the ridge with only 1,500 casualties (Burnside was forced to back down after losing 6,300 men)—was short-lived in the broader battle.[xxxii] Fighting Joe had lost his nerve. Lee, utilizing J.E.B. Stuart in place of Jackson, had set up artillery in Hazel Grove, and the artillery sent a cannonball into Hooker’s headquarters knocking Hooker unconscious.[xxxiii] When he came to, rather than order an attack as several subordinates hoped, he ordered a retreat to a defensive line a mile or two northward.[xxxiv]
General Lee rode around the burning mansion in the middle of Chancellorsville to the shouts of the rebels as he had transformed certain defeat into glorious victory yet again. While Sedgwick’s advance through Fredericksburg posed a risk, that was quelled when the rebels repulsed Sedgwick on May 4 and caused him to retreat with his commander Hooker back across the Rappahannock River.[xxxv] Lee, although frustrated that his men did not pursue the federals and inflict more damage, had achieved what “future critics would call the most brilliant victory of his career.”[xxxvi]
Both the Union and Confederacy recognized it was an absolute victory by Lee. He had outmaneuvered his opponent with inferior numbers and achieved a total rout after a predictable surprise attack. The casualties were significant on both sides, however: 13,000 casualties for the Confederates (22% of the total force), and 17,000 for the Union (15% of all soldiers).[xxxvii] As impressive as Lee’s success was when Sedgwick and Hooker retreated back across the Rappahannock, the victory appeared increasingly Pyrrhic when Jackson succumbed to his injuries on May 10, 1863. His last days were spent fighting pneumonia, deliriously calling out orders as if still on the battlefield, and praying with his wife bedside, and his last words illustrated the calmness with which he went: “Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees.”[xxxviii] One of the great Confederate generals, whom Lee called his “right arm,” was lost.[xxxix] Nonetheless, Lee had instilled in the Confederates a confidence that the Union did not have the leadership or tenacity to prevail in the war. Jackson had buttressed that confidence with his mantra that the Confederacy “must make up in activity what it lacks in strength.”[xl]
In Washington, the blowback was swift. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, when learning of the Union defeat, remarked: “Lost—lost. All is lost!”[xli] The White House had an even more somber mood: Lincoln held a telegram in his hand with the news of the defeat, and his face, “usually sallow, was ashen in hue.”[xlii] Pacing the room with his “hands clasped behind his back,” he called out, “My God! My God! What will the country say? What will the country say?”[xliii]
[i] See James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 639.
[ii] See id.
[iii] T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York, 1952), 232; Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 262.
[iv] War of the Rebellion . . . Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Ser. I, Vol. 25, pt. 1, p. 171.
[v] See James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 639.
[vi] See id.
[viii] See Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 268.
[ix] See id. at 640.
[x] See id.
[xi] See Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 269.
[xii] Couch, “The Chancellorsville Campaign,” Battles and Leaders, III, 161.
[xiii] See Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 280.
[xiv] Id. at 281-82.
[xv] See James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 640.
[xvii] See id. at 640-41.
[xviii] See id. at 641.
[xix] Id.; see also Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 286.
[xx] James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 641.
[xxi] Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 290-91.
[xxii] See id. at 292.
[xxiii] See James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 642.
[xxiv] See id.
[xxv] Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 296-97.
[xxvi] Id. at 300.
[xxvii] See James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 642.
[xxx] See id. at 643-44.
[xxxi] See id. at 644.
[xxxii] Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 311.
[xxxiii] James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 644.
[xxxiv] See id.
[xxxv] See id.
[xxxvi] Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 314.
[xxxvii] See James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 645.
[xxxviii] See Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 319.
[xxxix] Id. at 311.
[xl] Id. at 272.
[xli] Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. II, 315.
[xlii] Id. at 316.
[xliii] James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 645 citing Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time (New York, 1896), 57-58; Diary of Gideon Welles, ed., Howard K. Beale, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), I, 293.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Climate science at-a-glance
- Stella was driven by classic Nor’easter conditions, aided by other regional weather patterns, and amplified by climate change. This combination is consistent with what science projects for a warming world over the short-term.
- Extreme winter snowfall is increasing in many colder regions as the warming atmosphere is holding more water vapor when saturated and dumping more snowfall where temperatures are still below freezing.
- The storm pulled moisture from the Gulf Stream where sea surface temperatures were record warm, increasing the risk of blizzard. Snowfall and sleet can increase where temperatures are still below freezing while rain can increase where temperatures rise above freezing. The profile of Stella matches the Goldilocks profiles of recent nor'easters in which a sharp contrast between cold continental air and a relatively warm ocean permitted the storms to tap moisture fed by high sea surface temperatures and convert it into exceptional snowfall.
- There have been twice as many extreme regional snowstorms in the US between 1961 and 2010 compared to 1900 to 1960.
- In New York City's Central Park, of top 10 all-time snowfall events since 1869, 6 have occurred since 2000.
- Coastal flooding driven by storms is now significantly worse due to storm surge riding on higher sea levels.
Warmer seas helped to fuel Winter Storm Stella's destructive power
Winter Storm Stella pulled heat and moisture from the Gulf Stream, where sea surface temperatures were record warm at more than 7.2°F (4°C) above the 1961 to 1990 average. Global warming raises sea surface temperatures.
The additional water vapor fed into the storm can increase snowfall where temperatures are still below freezing and increase rain and sleet where temperatures rise above freezing. The water vapor can also provide additional latent heat to power the storm. This can help fuel hurricane-force winds that have the potential to whip up dangerous storm surge.
Warmer, saturated air holds and dumps more snow giving rise to more extreme storms
Widespread 1- to 3-foot snow accumulations were observed in the Northeast, led by 42 inches in West Winfield, New York. An incredible snowfall rate of 7 inches in one hour was reported in Ilion, New York, Tuesday afternoon. Burlington, Vermont, reported 5 inches of snow in one hour Tuesday afternoon. Stella was the heaviest snowstorm on record in Binghamton, New York, surpassing Winter Storm Argos in November. As of 8 pm on the evening of March 14, 28.8 inches of snow had been measured at Binghamton Regional Airport.
Extreme precipitation is linked to the global warming of the atmosphere. A warmer atmosphere that is fully saturated holds and dumps more precipitation. Storms passing through a warmer atmosphere can pick up more moisture, resulting in extreme precipitation: such as blizzard when temperatures are below freezing, and sleet or heavy rain when they are not.
Temperatures in the Goldilocks range of between about 28°F and 32°F, accompanied by moisture, mean more snow. The profile of Stella matched the Goldilocks profiles of recent nor'easters in which a sharp contrast between cold continental air and a relatively warm ocean permitted the storms to tap moisture fed by high sea surface temperatures and convert it into exceptional snowfall.
The amplification of these physical mechanisms can be seen in the long-term trends. There were twice as many extreme regional snowstorms in the US between 1961 and 2010, compared to 1900 to 1960. In New York City, 6 of the top 10 snowfall events since 1869 for Central Park have occurred since 2000.
These events and trends are in-line with a consistent set of findings delivered by numerous leading science reports. The US National Climate Assessment reports that there has already been an increase in extreme precipitation in the Northeast, with precipitation rising by 71 percent between 1958 to 2012. Extremely heavy snowstorms have increased in number during the last century in northern and eastern parts of the United States.
Should global warming continue unabated, local temperatures in the US northeast would eventually warm to the point of converting extreme snow fall to extreme rainfall. However, that signal has not yet been detected and is not expected to emerge for perhaps another 20 years.
Climate change contribution to sea level rise can top coastal defenses
The storm had exceptionally strong winds, with one location on Cape Code recording a hurricane force wind gust of 79 mph. The strong winds helped raise coastal waters along much of the coast of Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, including Cape Cod and the islands.
In New Jersey, Stone Harbor (picture right) and Atlantic City reported flooding along city streets on March 14 as the tide rose in the hour leading up to high tide, and beaches eroded in North Wildwood. In Atlantic City, the tide level reached as high as 7.8 feet, just shy of the 7.84-foot high tide reported during Winter Storm Jonas in January 2016 and major flood stage, which is 8 feet.
Coastal flooding driven by storms is amplified by storm surge riding on higher sea levels. Due to climate change, the global ocean has already risen eight to ten inches over the last century as warmer ocean waters expand and ice sheets and glaciers melt. In addition, the intense winds that produce storm surge can gain strength from warmer than average sea surface temperatures. Warming seas and elevated sea levels are both driven by global warming.
In low-lying areas, a small increase in sea levels translates into much greater inundation as storm surge travels much further inland. In addition, even a small increase in surge can top coastal defenses, and disaster often strikes when thresholds are crossed. 24 percent of the property damage in New York City during Superstorm Sandy has been attributed to elevated sea levels that extended the reach of the storm's surge. While climate change may be responsible for only part of any particular climate event, that change may be largely responsible for most of the damage in that event, such as when flooding defenses are breached.
New, more intense extremes can overwhelm and collapse existing human systems and structures.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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I can still remember the first time I took high school students to Berkeley on a missions trip that put them in direct contact with prominent local atheists and atheist students groups on the campus of UC Berkeley. In one of our first lectures with an atheist presenter, the students were told that Jesus never lived and was nothing more than a re-creation of prior mythologies. The speaker used Mithras (the ancient Persian and Roman god) as his “case in point”. He listed a number of striking similarities between Mithras (whose worship began several centuries prior to the birth of Christ) and the person of Jesus. Luckily, I was familiar with the claim and the true nature of Mithras; I was able to help our students sort through the evidence. Movies like Zeitgeist have popularized the atheist objection that was offered by our atheist visitor in Berkeley, but if you take the following steps, you too can make sense of the evidence:
Take a Closer Look at the Mythology
Pre-Christian mythologies are far less similar to the story of Jesus Christ than critics claim. The gods of mythology were not born of a virgin as Jesus was born to Mary, they did not live a life that was similar to Jesus in detail, they did not hold the titles attributed to Jesus, and they were not resurrected in a manner that is remotely similar to the resurrection of Christ. Primitive mythologies simply fail to resemble the Biblical account of Jesus when they are examined closely.
Take a Closer Look at the Strategy
Critics typically “cherry pick” from the mythological attributes of a variety of pagan gods and exaggerate the supposed similarities to construct a profile that is even vaguely similar to Jesus. Skeptics search for singular similarities to the Christ of the Bible and then assemble these similarities from a variety of gods spanning the centuries and originating in geographically diverse regions. Given this strategy, nearly any person from history can be said to be a recreation of preceding characters, either fictitious or historical. There is no single prior mythology that is significantly similar to Jesus.
Take a Closer Look at the Expectations
Many alleged similarities are extremely general in nature and would be expected from anyone considering the existence of God. The primitive cultures that were interested in God’s nature reasoned that He would have the ability to perform miracles, teach humans and form disciples. These are universal expectations that fail to invalidate the historicity of Jesus. As Paul recognized on Mars Hill (Acts 17:22-31), men thought deeply about the nature of God prior to His arrival as Jesus. Sometimes they imagined the details correctly, sometimes they didn’t.
Take A Closer Look at the Influence
It is unreasonable to believe that Christian conspirators would create a story designed to convince Jewish believers that Jesus was God by inserting pagan mythological elements into the narrative. Judaism is a uniquely monotheistic religion, and the God of Judaism provides strict prohibitions against the worship of pagan gods. It is unreasonable to think that the New Testament authors would utilize pagan mythology in an attempt to influence adherents of Judaism.
The more you examine the nature of the gods who were worshiped before Jesus, the more you will notice their dissimilarities and the dishonesty of trying to compare them to the historical Jesus. Take the time to examine the evidence, you’ll be glad you did.
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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Microsoft Access is the simple way to create a database to store and manage data. It is extremely flexible. Microsoft access is a convenient way to enter the data and does not take much time. There is a wide range of simple and enterprise applications available on access database. At first the user may find it a little complex to operate. As the access will be used, it becomes easier for the user to explore the powerful features of Microsoft Access. Microsoft access has gained more importance with the release of Access 2016.
Basic Things about Microsoft Access
The more you use Access the better you can explore the new features of Microsoft Access that can make the job simpler. Once you start using the Microsoft access, you will realize how it has become one of the necessities in today’s time. Access is available in Microsoft Office suite. Microsoft access is one excellent tool that has a huge database. With this tool, you can organize the data as per your convenience. Microsoft access is a cost friendly option that saves ample of time in creating a database. There are some amazing features features of Microsoft Access that can transform a regular database into a user-friendly application.
The New features of Microsoft Access
There are many new features of Microsoft Access that have been added in access which makes it more user-friendly. With a regular access database, you can integrate the apps like mom & pop inventory tracker. The new features of Microsoft Access has the ability to create the database for web and publish the same. Other than this, image gallery, browser control and certain developer enhancements have also been added. If you take a look at access, there is a new feature called Ribbon interface. It gives better accessibility to menu options and commands.
Advantages of Microsoft Access
As said earlier, access is the best tool for database. Microsoft access can help you make the quick changes in the first place. The changes and additions can easily be added without hampering other data. Access 2016 is a perfect solution for small scale business. Microsoft access can improve your system without letting you empty your pockets or long time delays. Access has a VBA language which is used by developers and programmers the most. This means you can make the changes in already ready database simply with the help of the source files.
Uses of Microsoft Access:
Microsoft Access is one efficient platform for the individual or the small business who want to report and manage the data in a professional manner. If you use it with relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine, you get an efficient software-development tool for better management. People can create an effective database that too in an advanced manner as Microsoft Access does not have any complicated programming being used. With this relational database application tool, user can efficiently use the data whenever required at minimal effort.
You can make the right Use of Data
Features of Microsoft Access wizards and design options to create a table professionally. The data which are saved in MS-Access can also be exported easily in the spreadsheets. This makes the job of further analysis simpler. You can easily amalgamate Access with word and excel. Whatever data gets stored in Microsoft Access can be used in any MS-Office applications. Suppose you add a data of name and address of an individual in Microsoft Access which you an import and use in MS-word easily.
You don’t really have to depend on the person who created the data. Once it gets stored, you can easily edit and add the changes without any kind of hassle. Being an effective data base tool, it offers the user a friendly experience. Any work related to data such as data retrieval, data input, data edit can be effectively done with MS-Access. Options like Edit, File makes it convenient for the user to manage a good database.
Query is another great feature that gives user a customized view of the data. Access has the facility of the graphical query by example. It means any SQL statement can be written easily for creating the queries. You also have the right to insert, select, delete and update the data by defining the queries. There is also a facility to define the query for creating new tables from data in existing tables. Query is a request made by the user to understand the results of the data.
There are different uses of query. Generally it is used to derive the answer for simple issues, make calculation and combine the data with any other table. Some people also uses query to make the changes, add, or delete the data of the table. It assembles the data that you want to use before you move on too deigns the form or report.
Events are related to Visual Basic process or Macros. To define it in simpler terms it a change in the Access object state. To open a form, enter a new form, or close an existing form, the use of event is made while writing macros. The process of event is also known as triggers, flags, and indicators. Events generally flow one after another. Before you use it in your course of action ensure that you are clear with this concept very well.
There is a process of event which offers visual basic programming tutorials. The page states detailed information of the event process along with some programming examples. In events the use of syntax is commonly made during certain source code. When the object initiates an action, it comes in form of an event. The action is usually simple such as placing the mouse on the object without the need to click. This action may also consist of right click, left click and rolling the wheel.
Datasheet Totals Can be Easily Added
There is no hard and fast rule to add up the datasheet total. You can add the total number of rows to the fields present in the database. The summery that is received will first filter the list and shows the data that a user is expecting. On the Records ribbon you have to click at the total Item. This will give you a total row for the datasheet where you can put the summery type for every column.
This is another mind blowing feature that has been added in the Microsoft Access. It has a set definition of one or more actions that are required in access for defining an event. For example, if you select an item on the main form, you can also design a macro that would open a second form. You get an option to create another macro for validating the field content and make the necessary changes. Macros are also used for opening and executing the queries and viewing the reports.
With Anchoring forms can easily be resized
There are times when a user might want to resize a form which has been designed by another user during a run time. For better resizing and reposition, you can use the Anchoring feature. You simply have to position the anchor properly so that the size positioning can be controlled. Once the control is maintained, the distance between the anchor position and control also gets automatically set. The control can be positioned vertically as well so that its location remains the same from the edge of the form.
Anchoring is one cool feature which gives your form a professional look. It is easy to expand and fit it to the size of from horizontally and vertically with one click. The only fact is it does not support the font sizes that are adjusting. If you don’t prefer coding then this option is the best.
This is another popular features of Microsoft Access that has visual basic. It offers a better action flow and eradicates the errors which you may not easily remove with macros. This object has a custom process that is similar to the codes used for visual basic. Module has a standalone object which can be called from anywhere for your application. It is extremely easy to use. They are associated with a report as a response given on certain event
A module is the combination of data that includes stamen, declaration and process which are together stored as a unit. Macros and module perform almost same action but there are certain changes in the results. Both these features of Microsoft Access add a great functionality to the database. To write module VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) programming language is used.
There are two types of module: Standard modules and class module. Class module is the process in which the focus is made only on certain form. Standard module is a general process which is not restricted to a certain form. It is listed under Navigation Pane unlike class module.
Search Bar is a must try
User might have faced certain drawbacks with the database container elimination. The good news is Search Bar feature makes up for it. This feature is located on the navigation pane. The users were trained to search for an item in a grid or through the location from navigation pane directly. This was quite frustrating. The good news is, a new update in the access with regards to search bar has altogether a different approach. Simply enter the letter of the file name and you get the result. This feature was not present in older versions of access.
This features of Microsoft Access is available on a form that has a data. In control, you can design Visual Basic procedure or Macros. When the individual keys are pressed by the user, control responds to it while entering the data. Controls are used for entering, editing or displaying the data in the form. A text box is a perfect example of the control that displays the data on report. Other examples are check boxes, command button and combo boxes to name a few.
There are three categories of control namely calculated, bound, and unbound. With control you can see and work on the data that is present in the application of database. In bound control, a data is considered as a table field. Unbound control does not have any kind of data source. Calculated control has a data source with expression. This is considered as an important feature of Microsoft access which is commonly used.
Attachment and Multi-value Fields
These are the complex field types that are commonly used in Access 2007. With multivalued fields it becomes easy to support the instances or values that you want to store without the need of advanced database design. Such type of field is used for integrating with SharePoint service. Suppose there are many employees who are working for the same project. With such feature, you can store all their names in a single field. It makes the job of database developer to create and design the tables.
Attachment field is another great features of Microsoft Access in which you can add more than one pieces of data together and record it in the database. It becomes easy for you to store different files in a single field. Suppose you have a contacts database job. This feature gives you a privilege to attach more than one resume for the record purpose. It has a better efficiency to store data. With attachment field, you can pen the document and other files that don’t have images. This makes it easy for the user to search and edit the files.
With so many amazing features of Microsoft Access, there is no doubt on why Microsoft Access is one of the leading database systems. There are millions of users and developers who choose it as a convenient platform to create an effective data. For medium and small scale business this type of tool is a life saver. To make the right use of it, explore more features of Microsoft Access and know where to apply them for the better results. So far the users who have chosen it for making an effective database have given positive feedback about it.
Here are some articles that will help you to get more detail about Microsoft Access You Must Explore so just go through the link.
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Moderate reasoning
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Software
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Hydrogen is a universal fuel that will play a major role in our clean, sustainable energy future. Here are some ways hydrogen is already becoming a practical reality in our everyday lives...
Emergency Support Powered by Hydrogen
When you have an emergency, the reliability of your equipment is paramount. Typically, critical events that require mobile electricity, such as disaster relief, have not been the time or place to use new technologies. The wide availability of gasoline and the familiarity of gasoline generators have made them the industry standard for years. But now, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, public officials and private companies have realized that superior technologies exist-technologies that do not require grid power or rely on gasoline, can be quickly fueled, and are both are pollution-free and quiet so they can be used indoors. Generators powered by hydrogen can do what standard gasoline generators so - and can do it quietly, more reliably and with no pollution or fumes.
There are many of these hydrogen fueled generators in the market today, ranging considerably in size to fit the power needs of daily life - laptops, lighting, air conditioning and cooking, to larger industrial purposes. One such generator is now for sale to power the mid-size power needs customary to relief and military operations.
Each time you fill up with hydrogen, using a hydrogen cartridge, you get 400Watt-hours of electricity stored in, which is equivalent to about five laptop batteries. Each cartridge weighs only 1.5 pounds each. In fact, the entire system weighs less than 23 pounds, far less than bulky gas generators and the gasoline fuel. In any relief or outdoor event that has to relocate at a moment's notice, the light weight of the system makes it particularly attractive, and durability unique to hydrogen fueled generators is also a big plus. This particular system is called the KH4 and is made by Trulite Tech.
Fuel cell generators such as the KH4 also have none of the moving parts that gasoline generators do, which allows for decreased maintenance and increased reliability. They also do not diminish in power output over time as batteries do, which are as slow to recharge. Not surprising then, after the FCC's Katrina Act of 05, several backup power suppliers are now switching from gasoline generators or batteries to a hydrogen fuel cell generator to meet the new eight hour backup power mandate.
With each relief and military operations, the necessity for reliable, portable electricity grows. There opportunity for hydrogen fueled generators is growing to show the advantages hydrogen can deliver over gasoline generators and batteries.
hydrogen education foundation 1211 connecticut ave nw, suite 650, washington, dc 20036 · 202.223.5547 · [email protected]
Use of the U.S. Registered Trademark H2andYou is granted by Hydrogen Safety, LLC (www.hydrogensafety.com),
which is an engineering consultancy focused on safety and risk management considerations.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Angular Momentum Quantization: Physical Manifestations and Chemical Consequences
Michael Fowler, University of Virginia 7/7/07
The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
We’ve established that for the hydrogen atom, the angular momentum of the electron’s orbital motion has values , where l = 0, 1, 2, … , and the component of angular momentum in the z-direction is , where m takes integer values - l, - l + 1, … , +l. This means that if we measure the angle between the total angular momentum and the z-axis, there can only be 2l + 1 possible answers, the total angular momentum cannot point in an arbitrary direction relative to the z-axis, odd though this conclusion seems. This is sometimes called “space quantization”.
Is there any way we can actually see some effect of this directional quantization? The answer is yes—because the electron moving around its orbit is a tiny loop of electric current, and, therefore, an electromagnet. So, if we switch on a magnetic field in the direction of the z-axis, the energy of the atom will depend on the degree of alignment of its magnetic moment with the external applied magnetic field. The magnetic field from a small current loop is like that from a small bar magnet aligned along the axis of the loop.
The simplest way to see how the potential energy of the little magnet depends on which way it’s pointing relative to the field is to take a little bar with an N pole of strength +p at one end, an S pole of strength -p at the other end. Think of a compass needle, of length d, say. The magnetic moment is defined as pole strength multiplied by distance between the poles, μ = pd, and is considered to be a vector pointing along the axis of the magnet, from S to N. The potential energy of this little magnet in an external field H is -μ.H, lowest when the magnet is fully aligned with the field. It is easy to check this: counting as zero potential energy the magnet at right angles with the field, the work needed to point it at an angle θ is 2.p.(d/2).cosθ.
The magnetic moment of a current I going in a circle around an area A is just IA. The electron has charge e, and speed v, so goes around v/2πr times per second. In other words, if you stand at one point in the orbit, the total charge passing you per second is ev/2πr = I. Hence the magnetic moment, usually denoted μL = IA, is πr2.ev/2πr = rev/2. The angular momentum is L = mvr, so
μL = eL/2m.
Thus if the electron is in an l = 1 orbit, the current will generate a magnetic moment , which is 9.3 × 10-24 joules per tesla, or 5.8 × 10-5 eV per tesla. Note that this means in a one tesla field an atomic energy level will move ~10-4 eV, an easily detectable shift in spectral lines will result.
But there is a more direct way to see how the atoms are oriented, the Stern Gerlach apparatus (1922). In this experiment, a beam of atoms is sent into a nonuniform magnetic field. This means the north and south poles of a small bar magnet would feel different strength forces, so there would be a net force on a small magnet, and hence on an atom. Furthermore, the direction of this force would depend on the orientation of the dipole.
Suppose the nonuniform field is pointing upwards, and is stronger at the top. Then a small bar magnet oriented vertically with the north pole on top will be pushed upwards, because the north pole will be experiencing the stronger force. If the south pole is on top, the magnet will be pushed downwards. If the magnet is horizontal, there will be no net force (assuming magnetic field strength varies only negligibly in the horizontal direction).
Imagine, then, a stream of atoms with magnetic moments entering a region of magnetic field as described. Each atom will feel a vertical force depending on the orientation of its magnetic moment. If with no magnetic field present the stream of atoms formed a dot on a screen after passing through the apparatus, on switching on the field one would expect the dot to be stretched into a vertical line, if one assumed equal likelihood of all orientations of the magnetic moment. However, the quantum theory predicts that this is not the case—we have argued that for l = 1, say, there are only three allowed orientations of the magnet (atom) relative to the field. Therefore, we would predict that three dots (or, more realistically, blobs) would appear on the screen, not a continuous line.
In fact, when the experiment was carried out, there was a very surprising result. Perhaps the most dramatic form of the new result came later, in 1927, when ground state l = 0 hydrogen atoms were used (Phipps and Taylor, Phys Rev 29, 309). Such atoms have no orbital angular momentum, and therefore no orbital current, and were not expected to show magnetic effects. Yet on going through the Stern-Gerlach apparatus, the beam of hydrogen atoms split into two! This was difficult to interpret, because the least allowed angular momentum, l = 1, would give three blobs, and l = 0 would give only one. You might expect a mixture to give one strong blob and two weak ones, but two equal blobs didn’t seem possible, theoretically. Stern and Gerlach had themselves seen two blobs with silver atoms in 1922. We mention the hydrogen case first because it was by far the best understood atom (and still is!) so the need for new physics was clearest.
The solution to the problem was suggested by two graduate students, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck. They suggested that the electron itself had a spin. That is to say, the electron both orbited the proton and spun on its own axis, just as the earth orbits the sun once a year and also spins on its own axis once a day. If the electron spin is assumed to be , and we assume as before that the z-component can only change by whole units of , then there are only two allowed values of the z-component, . Of course, this is a hand waving argument—the reason the z-component only changed by integers was that the wave function had to fit a whole number of wavelengths on going around the z-axis. But our wave function for spin one-half , if it is of the same form as those for angular momentum, must have a term , and so is multiplied by -1 on rotating through 2π! (In fact, that the z-component can only change by whole units of follows from very general properties of angular momentum.)
Further difficulties arose when people tried to construct models of how a spinning electron would have its own magnetic moment. It’s not too difficult to see how this might occur—if the electron is a charged sphere, or has charge on its surface, then its rotation implies that this charge is going around in circles, little current loops, and so will give a magnetic field. The problem was, it was known that the electron was a very small object. It turned out that the equatorial speed of the electron would have to be greater than the speed of light for the magnetic moment to be of the observed strength.
These difficulties in understanding the electron spin and magnetic moment were far from trivial, and in fact were not resolved until around 1930, by Dirac, who gave a fully relativistic treatment of the problem, which, remarkably, predicted the magnetic moment correctly and at the same time treated the electron as a point particle. There is no simple picture presenting this in classical or semiclassical terms, but Dirac’s work is the basis of our modern understanding of particle physics. It is unfortunately beyond the scope of this course.
The bottom line, as far as we are concerned, is that assuming the electron has spin one-half and hence two possible spin orientations with respect to a given axis explains the observed Stern-Gerlach results, and also, more importantly, helps us construct the periodic table, as we shall see below.
Building the Periodic Table
The atomic number (usually denoted Z) of an element denotes its place in the periodic table, so H has Z = 1; He, Z = 2; Li = 3, Be = 4, B = 5, C = 6, N = 7, O = 8, F = 9, Ne = 10, and so on. This number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus, and also equal to the number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus, to preserve electrical neutrality.
To try to understand how the electrons orbit the nucleus, we need to make some simplifying assumptions. We are not going to be able to solve Schrödinger’s equation for even two electrons exactly, if we include their repulsion of each other. However, the presence of the other electrons is clearly important—their repulsion to some extent counteracts the attraction the nucleus has for a given electron. For an electron imagined to be in some outer orbit, the electrons in closer to the nucleus orbits lower the effective nuclear charge. Thinking now about the force felt by one electron, a simple approximation is to imagine all the other electrons as changing the electrical attraction the one electron feels from the nucleus to a shielded attraction, so that the further it is away from the nucleus, the weaker an attractive charge it sees.
We then make the naïve assumption that all the electrons see the same potential, this shielded Coulomb potential, so we have Z electrons all in the same potential well, but we assume they are independent particles, in the sense that they do not repel each other, except to the extent already taken into account by changing to a shielded potential. So the question is, what are the possible wave functions of Z independent electrons in this well? The crucial point is that although they do not interact with each other, they are identical, so the wave function must be antisymmetrized, as we discussed for the two particle case earlier. This means that the electrons must be in different bound states in the well—the Pauli exclusion principle. But what do the bound state wave functions look like in this potential? Since the shielded Coulomb potential is still spherically symmetric, all our arguments about the θ, φ behavior of the ordinary Coulomb potential apply equally to the shielded case, in particular the angular momentum has values , where l = 0, 1, 2, … , and the component of angular momentum in the z-direction is , where m takes integer values - l, - l + 1, … , +l. Furthermore, each electron has spin , and there are two allowed values of the spin z-component, . The radial wave functions R(r) are clearly somewhat different from those in the pure Coulomb case. The main difference is that states of different angular momentum which were degenerate in the Coulomb case are no longer the same energy in the shielded Coulomb case. If you examine wave functions corresponding to the same energy but different values of l, you will see that the higher the l-value, the smaller the wave function is near the nucleus. This means the higher l wave functions do not feel the powerful unshielded potential near the nucleus, and so are not as strongly bound as the lower l functions.
A standard notation is used by atomic physicists to describe these states. The different angular momenta are denoted by letters, s for l = 0, p for l = 1, d for l = 2, f for l = 3, g for l = 4 and then on alphabetically. The Principal Quantum Number n, such that for the hydrogen atom E = -1/n2 in Rydberg units, is given as a number, so the lowest hydrogen atom state is written 1s. The two n = 2 orbital states are 2s and 2p, then come 3s, 3p and 3d and so on. From the discussion immediately above, 2s and 2p have the same energy in the hydrogen atom, but for the shielded potential used to approximate for the presence of other electrons in bigger atoms 2s would be more tightly bound, and so at a lower energy, than 2p.
Filling an Atom with Electrons
Let us now consider taking a bare nucleus, charge Z, and adding Z electrons to it one by one. From the Pauli Exclusion Principle, each electron must be in a different state. But remember that having a different spin counts as different (you could tell them apart) so we can put two electrons, with opposite spins, into each orbital state. Thus He has two electrons in the 1s state. Li must have two electrons in 1s, and one electron in 2s. This suggests a picture of one electron outside of a “closed shell” of two 1s electrons. The next occurrence of a similar picture is Na, having Z = 11, which is chemically very similar to Li. This means that 10 electrons fill closed shells. We can understand this because 2 go into 1s, 2 go into 2s and 6 fill 2p. But notice by saying it takes 6 electrons to fill 3p, we are saying there are three distinct l = 1 orbitals. In other words, the chemical properties of the elements support and confirm the hypothesis of “space quantization”—that there are only three distinct l = 1 angular wave functions, those given by m = 1, 0 and -1.
Atoms interact chemically by sharing or partially transferring electrons. It’s easier to transfer an electron that is loosely bound, and easier to accept one if there’s a “hole” in a shell. Not surprisingly, atoms with filled shells only, like He and Ne, are chemically unreactive. The valency, roughly speaking, is the number of electrons available for transfer (so Li and Na have valency 1) or available sites for reception of electrons—fluorine has an outer shell with one vacancy, so a valency of 1. To some extent, valency can vary depending on the strength of attraction of other atoms in the chemical environment.
Filling a Box with Electrons
When many Li atoms are put together to form a solid, it is found that the loosely attached outer electrons leave their original atoms and wander freely throughout the metal. Their wave functions are well represented by standing plane waves in a box (let’s take a cube of metal, of side L). Each such plane wave state in the box can be represented by three numbers nx, ny and nz, representing the number of nodes of the standing wave in the x, y and z directions respectively. Extending slightly our analysis of an electron in a two-dimensional box, the energy of such a state will be . Thus if we imagine pouring electrons into an empty lattice of Li atoms each with one electron missing(not a physically realistic procedure!) two electrons (opposite spins) will go into each state, first (0, 0, 0) then (1, 0, 0) or equally (0, 1, 0) etc., and from the form of the energy we can see that in (nx, ny, nz) space, the electrons will fill up all the positive integer points within a sphere up to some maximum energy determined by how many electrons we put in. Notice that since the n’s are all positive integers, the filled space is only the one-eighth of the sphere’s volume corresponding to nx > 0, ny > 0 and nz > 0 for the sphere centered at the origin.
Physicists sometimes formulate this filling of electron states slightly differently, by imposing periodic boundary conditions on a piece of metal, like replacing a finite line by a ring. This is not easy to do in three dimensions, but is convenient to talk about. The advantage is that instead of standing waves, all the electrons have definite momenta. The allowed momenta form a grid in “momentum space” a lot like the allowed integers in the standing waves above. In fact it turns out that there are the same number of allowed momenta up to a certain energy as there are allowed standing wave states. The difference is that in momentum space, if momentum k is allowed, so is -k, and in the ground state momentum states are filled up to a spherical surface, called the “Fermi Surface”—an energy equipotential at the “Fermi energy”. Typical Fermi energies are of the order of electron volts. By spreading out through the metal in this way the electrons attain an overall lower energy state than if each stayed with its own atom. This is why the solid is stable. On applying heat to the electrons, even 1000K is only 0.1eV, so only those near the surface of the filled sphere are free to move, because of the exclusion principle, the others are locked in. This means the heat capacity of the electrons is much less than (3/2)kT per particle, as would be predicted classically. This was another long standing classical puzzle solved by the advent of quantum mechanics.
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| 0.938841 | 3,620 | 3.328125 | 3 | 2.916853 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Can someone confirm if this session ‘Likelihood of sample Mean’ has the right video ? I am not seeing Likelihood of Sample mean discussed in any of the sessions - or am i missing something ?
The video is correct, can you please check it once again?
Hi … Sorry my mistake…but I had the whole confusion because of the Final Question in the chapter…
IQ Population Mean = 82
IQ Population SD = 15 ( P Sd )
Samples = 100 (N )
So Sample SD = P Sd * sqrt(N)
Why are we doing P Sd / sqrt(N) ? Is this formula discussed in any chapter ?
I think I am missing some concept here. Could you please clarify the same ?
Hi @Ishvinder - Its still not clear to me as to why different approach is used for solving similar questions. I think I might be missing some basic concept
Let’s start with the example discussed in lectures . Throwing Dice and what is the the probability that Sum of the Dice throws is > 40 for 10 throws
Pop Mean = 3.5
Pop SD = 1.708
n = 10
Expected Value of Sample = 3.5 ( 35 * 10 )
Sample SD = 5.401 ( 1.708 * sqrt(10) )
So here Probability that the sum is > 40 is the area under the the Normal Distribution N(35, 5.401) where Probability > 40.
So z-score = (40.5 - 35) / (5.401 ) = 1.0183
Probability based on Z - score= P(x>40.5) = 1 - P(x<40.5) = 0.15426
From my point of view , this example is the same as the question regarding Budget going over 1,440,000.
But the solution given is different.
Please clarify if there is any difference in the Dice throw question and the Budget question which is resulting in different solution approach.
@Ishvinder - Any luck with the same ?
Are you getting to the same answer by using both these approaches?
@Ishvinder - Yes I am getting the same answer of .00275 ( Probability corresponding to Z-score = 2 ).
But its still unclear to me how this question is different from the IQ question.
When should we use the solution approach of the IQ question and when should we use the approach similar to the Dice Throw.
Yes, note that we can have multiple ways to solve q problem. The matter of fact that we get to same answer using qny of the methods rules out the possibility of being wrong at any point.
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| 0.916529 | 566 | 2.78125 | 3 | 2.504092 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Even as most Americans celebrate their heritage and identity as a “nation of immigrants,” there is deep ambivalence about future immigration. There is a strong base of support for continued immigration as a necessary ingredient for economic growth and as an essential element of a cosmopolitan society among many Americans. Almost 60 million people— more than one fifth of the total population of the United States—are immigrants or the children of immigrants. For most of this community, immigration policy is not an abstract ideology but a means of family reunification and an affirmation that they are part of the “American dream.”
On the other side, there is a substantial share, perhaps a majority, of Americans who are opposed to a continuation of large scale immigration. Many opponents of immigration are old stock Americans who have all but forgotten their immigrant ancestors. They often live in small towns or in suburban areas, and many have relatively little contact with immigrant families in their neighborhoods, churches, and friendship networks. Beyond the debate over the economic consequences of immigration, there is also an emotional dimension that shapes sentiments toward immigration. Many Americans, like people everywhere, are more comfortable with the familiar than with change. They fear that newcomers with different languages, religions, and cultures are reluctant to assimilate to American society and to learn English.
Although many of the perceptions and fears of old stock Americans about new immigrants are rooted in ignorance and prejudice, the fears of many Americans about the future are not entirely irrational. With globalization and massive industrial restructuring dominating many traditional sources of employment (both blue collar and white collar), many native born citizens are fearful about their (and their children’s) future. The news media often cite examples of industries that seek out low cost immigrant workers to replace native born workers. Some sectors, such as harvesting vegetables and fruits in agriculture, have very few native born Americans seeking jobs in them, but immigrants are also disproportionately employed in many other sectors, including meatpacking, construction, hospitals, and even in many areas of advanced study in research universities. These examples are fodder for unscrupulous political leaders who seek to exploit popular fears for their own ends.
While it is not possible to predict the role of immigration in America’s future, it is instructive to study the past. The current debates and hostility surrounding immigrants echo throughout American history. What is most surprising is that almost all popular fears about immigration and even the judgments of “experts” about the negative impact of immigrants have been proven false by history. Not only have almost all immigrants (or their descendants) assimilated over time, but they have broadened American society in many positive ways. In this review, I discuss the popular fears about immigrants by old stock Americans and the historical record of immigrant contributions to the evolution of the industrial economy, political reform, and even to the development of American culture.
A short overview of immigration
Immigration to North America began with Spanish settlers in the 16th century, and French and English settlers in the 17th century. In the century before the American revolution, there was a major wave of free and indentured labor from England and other parts of Europe as well as large scale importation of slaves from Africa and the Caribbean.
Although some level of immigration has been continuous throughout American history, there have been two epochal periods: the 1880 to 1924 Age of Mass Migration, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, and the Post 1965 Wave of Immigration, primarily from Latin America and Asia (Min 2002, Portes and Rumbaut 1996). Each of these eras added more than 25 million immigrants, and the current wave is far from finished. During some of the peak years of immigration in the early 1900s, about one million immigrants arrived annually, which was more than one percent of the total U.S. population at the time. In the early 21st century, there have been a few years with more than one million legal immigrants, but with a total U.S. population of almost 300 million, the relative impact is much less than it was in the early years of the 20th century.
The first impact of immigration is demographic. The 70 million immigrants who have arrived since the founding of the republic (formal records have only been kept since 1820) are responsible for the majority of the contemporary American population (Gibson 1992: 165). Most Americans have acquired a sense of historical continuity from America’s founding, but this is primarily the result of socialization and education, not descent. The one segment of the American population with the longest record of historical settlement is African Americans. Almost all African Americans are the descendants of 17th- or 18th-century arrivals (Edmonston and Passell 1994: 61).
Much of the historical debate over the consequences of immigration has focused on immigrant “origins”—where they came from. Early in the 20th century when immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe was at its peak, many old stock Americans sought to preserve the traditional image of the country as primarily composed of descendants from Northwest Europe, especially of English Protestant stock (Baltzell 1964). The immigration restrictions of the 1920s were calibrated to preserving the historic “national origins” of the American population (Higham 1988). The American population has, however, always been much more diverse than the “Anglo-centric” image of the 18th century. The first American census in 1790, shortly after the formation of the United States, counted nearly 4 million people, of whom at least 20% were of African descent (Gibson and Jung 2002). There are no official figures on the numbers of American Indians prior to the late 19th century, but they were the dominant population of the 18th century in most of the territories that eventually became the United States. Estimates of the non-English-origin population in 1790 range from 20 to 40 percent (Akenson 1984; McDonald and McDonald 1980; Purvis 1984).
Each new wave of immigration to the United States has met with some degree of hostility and popular fears that immigrants will harm American society or will not conform to the prevailing “American way of life.” In 1751, Benjamin Franklin complained about the “Palatine Boors” who were trying to Germanize the province of Pennsylvania and refused to learn English (Archdeacon 1983: 20). Throughout the 19th century, Irish and German Americans, especially Catholics, were not considered to be fully American in terms of culture or status by old stock Americans. In May 1844, there were three days of rioting in Kensington, an Irish suburb of Philadelphia, which culminated in the burning of two Catholic churches and other property (Archdeacon 1983: 81). This case was one incident of many during the 1840s and 1850s—the heyday of the “Know Nothing Movement”—when Catholic churches and convents were destroyed and priests were attacked by Protestant mobs (Daniels 1991: 267-268).
The hostility of old line Americans to “foreigners” accelerated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as racial ideology and anti-Semitism also became part of American consciousness. The rising tide of nativism—the fear of foreigners—had deep roots in anti-Catholicism and a fear of foreign radicals. The new dominant element of this ideology in the late 19th century was the belief in the inherent superiority of the Anglo-Saxon “race” (Higham 1988: Chapter 1). These beliefs and the link to immigration restriction had widespread support among many well-educated elites. The Immigration Restriction League, founded by young Harvard-educated Boston Brahmins in 1894, advocated a literacy test to slow the tide of immigration (Bernard 1980: 492). It was thought that a literacy test would reduce immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, which was sending an “alarming number of illiterates, paupers, criminals, and madmen who endangered American character and citizenship” (Higham 1988: 103).
Cities, where most immigrants settled, were derided and feared as places filled with dangerous people and radical ideas (Hawley 1972: 521). These sentiments were often formulated by intellectuals, but they resonated with many white Americans who were reared in rather parochial and homogenous rural and small town environments. While some reformers, such as Jane Addams, went to work to alleviate the many problems of urban slums, others such as Henry Adams, the descendant of two American presidents and a noted man of letters, expressed virulent nativism and anti-Semitism (Baltzell 1964: 111).
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first step toward a closed society. From the 1880s to the 1920s, a diverse set of groups, ranging from the old line New England elites to the Progressive Movement in the Midwest and to the Ku Klux Klan led a campaign to halt immigration from undesirable immigrants from Europe (Higham 1988; Jones 1992: Chapter 9). In the early decades of the 20th century the nascent pseudo-science of Eugenics was used to support claims of the inferiority of the new immigrants relative to old stock Americans. Passing the national origins quotas in the early 1920s was intended to exclude everyone from Asia and Africa and to sharply lower the number of arrivals from Southern and Eastern Europe.
The period from 1924 to 1965, when a highly restrictive immigration policy was in place, was exceptional in American history. For those who were reared in this era, it might seem that the high levels of immigration experienced during the last three decades of the 20th century are unusual. However, high levels of immigration characterized most of the 18th and 19th centuries as well as the first two decades of the 20th.
The impact of the 1965 Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act, also known as the Hart-Cellar Act, was a surprise to policy makers and many experts. The primary intent of the 1965 Act was to repeal the national origin quotas enacted in the 1920s, which were considered discriminatory by the children and grandchildren of Southern and Eastern European immigrants. The advocates of reform in the 1960s were not pushing for a major new wave of immigration. Their expectation was that there would be a small increase of arrivals from Italy, Greece, and a few other European countries as families that were divided by the immigration restrictions of the 1920s were allowed to be reunited, but that no long-term increase would result (Reimers 1985: Chapter 3).
The new criteria for admission under the 1965 Act were family reunification and scarce occupational skills (Keely 1979). The new preference system allowed highly skilled professionals, primarily doctors, nurses, and engineers from Asian countries, to immigrate and eventually to sponsor their families. About the same time, and largely independently of the 1965 Immigration Act, immigration from Latin America began to rise. Legal and undocumented migration from Mexico surged after a temporary farm worker program known as the Bracero Program was shut down in 1964 (Massey, Durand, and Malone 2002). Migration from Cuba arose from the tumult of Fidel Castro’s Revolution, as first elites and then professional and middle class families fled persecution and the imposition of socialism in the 1960s and 1970s. Beginning in the 1970s, there were several waves of Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Hmong refugees following the collapse of American-supported regimes in Southeast Asia. In the 1980s, there were new refugees from Central American nations such as Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala (Lundquist and Massey 2005).
Each of these streams of immigration as well as refugee inflows has spawned secondary waves of immigration as family members followed. By 2000, there were over 30 million foreign-born persons in the United States, of whom almost one third arrived in the prior decade. Adding together immigrants and their children (the second generation), more than 60 million people—or one in five Americans—have recent roots from other countries (U.S. Bureau of the Census 2005). Although the current levels of immigration are not equal—in relative terms—to the Age of Mass Migration in the early 20th century, the absolute numbers of contemporary immigrants far exceed that of any prior time in American history or the experience of any other country.
American history cannot be separated from the history of immigration. As Handlin (1973: 3) puts it, “immigrants were American history.” During the middle decades of the 19th century, immigrants from Germany and Scandinavia played a major role in settling the frontier. Irish immigrants worked as laborers in cities and were the major source of labor in the construction of transportation networks, including canals, railroads, and roads. Some have estimated that the manpower advantage of the Union forces during the Civil War was largely due to immigrants who had settled in the northern states (Gallman 1977: 31).
Immigrants have also played an important role in the transition to an urban industrial economy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Immigrant workers have always been over-represented in skilled trades, mining, and as peddlers, merchants, and laborers in urban areas. Immigrants and their children were the majority of workers in the garment sweatshops of New York, the coal fields of Pennsylvania, and the stockyards of Chicago. The cities of America during the age of industrialization were primarily immigrant cities (Gibson and Jung 2006). The rapidly expanding industrial economy of the North and Midwest drew disproportionately on immigrant labor from 1880 to 1920 and then on African American workers from the South from 1920 to 1950. In 1900, about three quarters of the populations of many large cities were composed of immigrants and their children, including New York, Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, San Francisco, Buffalo, Milwaukee, and Detroit (Carpenter 1927: 27). Immigrants and their children remained the majority of the urban population, especially in the industrial cities of the Northeast and Midwest until the 1920s (Carpenter 1927: 27; Eldridge and Thomas 1964: 206-209).
Immigrants and their children have also played an important role in modern American politics, helping to form the Roosevelt coalition in the 1930s and again in the 1960s with the election of John F. Kennedy. The seeds of the 1932 Roosevelt coalition were established in 1928, when Al Smith, an Irish American (on his mother’s side) Catholic from New York City, attracted the immigrant urban vote to the Democratic Party. Although Herbert Hoover defeated Al Smith in 1928, a number of scholars have attributed the shift from the Republican dominance of the government in the 1920s to the New Deal coalition of the 1930s to the increasing share, turnout, and partisanship of the urban ethnic vote following several decades of mass immigration (Andersen 1979: 67-69; Baltzell 1964: 230; Clubb and Allen 1969; Degler 1964; Lubell 1952: 28).
Although the age of mass immigration had ended in the 1920s, the children of immigrants formed 20 percent of the potential electorate in 1960 (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1965: 8). The political leanings of the second generation can be inferred from research on the relationship between religion and political preferences. In the decades following the World War II era, white Protestants, especially middle class white Protestants outside the South, have been the base of the Republican Party, while Catholic and Jewish voters have been disproportionately Democratic (Hamilton 1972: chap. 5). The majority of early 20th-century Southern and Eastern European immigrants were Catholic or Jewish (Foner 2000: 11; Jones 1992: 192-95). The reform periods of the New Deal of the 1930s and the New Frontier (which lead to the Great Society programs of Lyndon Johnson) were made possible by the mass migration of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Immigrants and their descendants were also important in the development of popular American culture and in creating the positive image of immigration in the American mind. Immigrants and the second generation have played a remarkable role in the American creative arts, including writing, directing, producing, and acting in American films and plays for most of the first half of the 20th century (Buhle 2004; Gabler 1988; Most 2004; Phillips 1998; Winokur 1996). The majority of Hollywood film directors who have won two or more Academy Awards (Oscars) were either immigrants or the children of immigrants (Hirschman 2005: Table 4). Many of the most highly regarded composers and playwrights of Broadway were the children of immigrants, including George and Ira Gershwin, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, Jerome Kern, Harold Arlen, and Leonard Bernstein (Most 2004). These composers and lyricists who wrote much of the standard American songbook were largely second and third generation Jewish immigrants who were reared in ethnic enclaves, but their music has defined the quintessential American musical culture of the 20th century.
Although first and second generation immigrant artists have always been anxious to assimilate to American society and to adopt “Anglo-sounding” names (Baltzell 1964), they have also broadened American culture to make it more receptive and open to outsiders. The Hollywood theme that “anyone can make it in America” is an Americanized version of the rags to riches story—one that is appealing to people who are striving for upward mobility. Many Hollywood and Broadway productions have also given us poignant accounts of outsiders who struggle to be understood and accepted. Perhaps it is not so surprising that the Statue of Liberty has become the preeminent national symbol of the United States (Kasinitz 2004: 279).
Lessons from the 20th century
From our current vantage point, it is clear that popular beliefs and fears about immigrants in the early 20th century were completely mistaken. In the early 20th century, most elites and many social scientists thought that immigrants were overrunning American society. Based on the prevailing theories of the time (social Darwinism and Eugenics), immigrants were thought to be culturally and “racially” inferior to old stock Americans. The arguments used to restrict continued Southern and Eastern European immigration in the 20th century paralleled those made earlier to end Chinese and Japanese immigration (in 1882 and 1907, respectively). For three decades, the battle over immigration restriction was waged in the court of public opinion and in Congress. In 1910, the Dillingham Commission (a congressionally appointed commission named after Senator William P. Dillingham of Vermont) issued a 42-volume report, which assumed the racial inferiority of the new immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe relative to the old stock immigrants from Northwestern Europe (Bernard 1980: 492).
Social Darwinism and scientific racism were in full flower with many leading scholars warning against allowing further immigration of “beaten members of beaten breeds” (Jones 1992: 228-230). When the passage of a literacy test in 1917 did not have the intended impact of slowing immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 to limit the number of annual immigrants from each country to three percent of the foreign-born of that nationality in the 1910 census (Bernard 1980: 492-493). These provisions were not strong enough for some restrictionists, who passed another immigration law in 1924 that pushed the quotas back to two percent of each nationality counted in the 1890 census, a date before the bulk of the new immigrants had arrived.
Looking backward, we can see that the impacts of the Age of Mass Migration from 1880 to 1924 were almost entirely opposite to those anticipated by contemporary observers. Based on standard measures of socioeconomic achievement, residential location, and intermarriage, the children and grandchildren of the “new immigrants” of the early 20th century have almost completely assimilated into American society (Alba and Nee 2003). Even groups such as Italian Americans that were considered to be a “community in distress” as late as the 1930s have blended into the American mosaic. A closer examination reveals that the “new immigrants” have remade American society in their image. The Anglo-centric core of the early 20th century has been largely replaced with a more cosmopolitan America that places Catholicism and Judaism on a par with Protestant denominations, and the Statue of Liberty has become the national symbol of a nation of immigrants. Perhaps the most important legacy of the Age of Mass Migration is that the children of Eastern and Southern European immigrants helped to pave the way for the New Deal of the 1930s, the Great Society of the 1960s, and the 1965 Immigration Act that allowed a new wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America to arrive.
In his recent novel, The Plot Against America, Philip Roth poses the possibility that Charles Lindberg might have been elected president in 1940 and then established a cordial understanding with Nazi Germany. There was certainly a lot of virulent anti-Semitism in the United States at the time, and the hatred of Franklin Roosevelt by the WASP upper class could have led to elite support for a fascist alternative. However, as we look back to the 1930s, it appears that Jews and Catholics were “protected,” at least to some degree, by their alliance with many other segments of American society as part of the New Deal coalition. Ironically, the closure of the door to immigration after 1924 and the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to cities in the North and Midwest may have helped the children of Southern and Eastern European immigrants to climb up the socioeconomic ladder in the middle decades of the 20th century (Lieberson 1980). All of these groups remained in the Democratic Party well into the 1960s, and this unusually broad base discouraged political alliances based on race and nationality alone. The examples of the Dixiecrats of 1948, George Wallace in 1968, and the Southern Strategy of 1972 show that American politics are not immune to appeals to the “race card.” However, recent immigrants and their descendants, when allied with other reform groups, have played a major role in broadening democracy in American society.
Looking to the future
The demographic challenges of 21st century America are not unique. Immigration, like race, seems to be a continuing source of tension in many societies around the globe. Immigration, especially clandestine immigration, is higher in the United States than in most other industrial countries, but the underlying dynamics are common to almost all industrial societies (Hirschman 2001).
Recent legal immigration to the United States has fluctuated from 700,000 to 1,000,000 new permanent residents in recent years, but with an upward drift that is evident from a decadal perspective (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2006). Only about one half of legal immigrants are new arrivals to the country. The other half consists of adjustments of current residents who were able to obtain an immigrant visa because of a change in employment or family status. Many refugees are eventually able to obtain permanent resident immigrant visas. There is also a large but unknown number of undocumented (illegal) immigrants, perhaps upwards of 300,000 per year.
The major policy discussion in the United States (and elsewhere) is focused on immigration control. There is wide agreement that clandestine immigration should be stopped and legal immigration should be tightly controlled. There are arguments over the numbers and types of immigrants to be admitted, but the idea that sovereign states can and should control population movements across borders is virtually unchallenged. However, there is a considerable body of research which shows that the motivations for international migration are huge and that the rewards to migrants, employers, and societies (both sending and receiving) are enormous (Massey 1999). These forces suggest that public policies of immigration control are unlikely to be successful.
The mass media routinely report the extraordinary investments and ingenuity of Latin Americans, Chinese, and Africans who are seeking to migrate to North America and Europe. Many of these efforts lead to capture and humiliating treatment as criminals. In other instances, many migrants die when they are locked into shipping containers or attempt to traverse the deserts without sufficient water and other provisions. Yet they continue to come. The simple reason is that the economies of the South and North are increasingly integrated through flows of goods, capital, and labor. International migration is a functional component of modern societies, rich and poor, that resolves the uneven distribution of people and opportunities.
Most migrants come, not to settle, but to support their families at home (Massey et al. 2002). Indeed the remittances from international migrants to developing countries far exceed the funds going to poor countries from foreign aid, direct capital investment, and manufacturing exports (Massey et al. 1998). The gains of international migration to the economies of advanced countries are also substantial. Most industrial economies do not have sufficient domestic supplies of low cost labor. If this pattern were found in only one country or in only a few sectors, then it might be possible to consider a fairly narrow explanation in terms of political cultures or market rigidities. The demand for “cheaper immigrant labor,” however, spans many sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, construction, repair services, restaurants, and child care) in most industrial countries, including a number of rapidly growing developing countries.
The demand for immigrant labor is not restricted to unskilled manual labor. The United States and other industrial countries have encountered a shortage of scientific and engineering workers, particularly in the high tech sector. This demand has been met, in part, by allowing many talented foreign students in American universities to convert their student visas to immigrant status. In spite of political pressures to control immigration, almost all policy changes have broadened the scope of legal immigration to allow settlement by refugees, agricultural workers, “illegal” immigrants with long residencies in the country, peoples in countries that have too few American citizen relatives to sponsor them, and workers in high demand by U.S. employers.
Standard economic theory posits that domestic migration is a functional response to wage differentials between areas. Migration allows for workers to benefit from higher wages in growing areas and stimulates the economy to operate more efficiently by creating larger and more porous labor and consumer markets. Indeed the logic for lessening barriers to migration is similar to that of international free trade. Economic theory suggests that all countries benefit from the free flow of capital, goods, and technology across international borders. International migration is often excluded from discussions about expanding international trade (such as in the NAFTA debate), largely because of political considerations rather than economic theory.
My reading of current trends and history suggests that the major policy issue for international migration is not immigration control, but the creation of opportunities for the socioeconomic advancement and social integration of immigrants and their descendants. Immigrants will continue to come in large numbers for the foreseeable future. If the borders are closed, they are likely to find clandestine ways of entry—the economic incentives of both the sending and receiving societies are overwhelming. However, it is an open question whether the immigrants will be accepted as full members of the receiving society. American society, even with all of its failings, may offer a model of how immigrants and their children have prospered and also contributed to society. Even the idea of what it means to be an American has evolved as each immigrant wave has broadened the outlook of all Americans. An awareness of this history can help to inform the contemporary debate over the significance of current and future immigration in other societies.
Akenson, Donald H. 1984. “Why the Accepted Estimates of the American People, 1790, Are Unacceptable.” William and Mary Quarterly 41: 102-119.
Alba, Richard and Victor Nee. 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Andersen, Kristi. 1979. The Creation of a Democratic Majority. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Archdeacon, Thomas J. 1983. Becoming American: An Ethnic History. New York: The Free Press.
Baltzell, E. Digby. 1964. The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America. New York: Vintage Books.
Bernard, William S. 1980. “Immigration: History of U.S. Policy.” Pp. 486-495 in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, edited by Stephan Thernstrom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Buhle, Paul. 2004. From the Lower East Side to Hollywood. London: Verso.
Carpenter, Niles. 1927. Immigrants and Their Children. Census Monograph. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Clubb, Jerome M. and Howard W. Allen. 1969. “The Cities and the Election of 1928: Partisan Realignment?” The American Historical Review 74: 1205-1220.
Daniels, Roger. 1991. Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. New York: HarperPerennial.
Degler, Carl N. 1964. “American Political Parties and the Rise of the City: An Interpretation.” The Journal of American History 51: 41-59.
Edmonston, Barry and Jeffrey Passel, eds. 1994. Immigration and Ethnicity: The Integration of America’s Newest Arrivals. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
Eldridge, Hope T. and Dorothy Swaine Thomas. 1964. Population Redistribution and Economic Growth, United States, 1870–1950. Vol. III. Demographic Analyses and Interrelations. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Foner, Nancy. 2000. From Ellis Island to JFK: New York’s Two Great Waves of Immigration. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Gabler, Neal. 1988. An Empire of Their Own: How Jews Invented Hollywood. New York: Anchor Books.
Gallman, Robert E. 1977. “Human Capital in the First 80 Years of the Republic; How Much Did America Owe the Rest of the World?” The American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 67 (February): 27-31.
Gibson, Campbell. 1992. “The Contribution of Immigration to the Growth and Ethnic Diversity of the American Population.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 136: 157-175.
Gibson, Campbell and Kay Jung. 2002. “Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1790 to 1990, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States.” Population Division Working Paper No. 56. Washington, DC: Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Gibson, Campbell and Kay Jung. 2006. Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign Born Population of the United States: 1850 to 2000. Population Division Working Paper No. 81. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Hamilton, Richard F. 1972. Class and Politics in the United States. New York: John Wiley.
Handlin, Oscar. 1973 (orig. pub. 1951). The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations that Made the American People. Second edition. Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Hawley, Amos. 1972. “Population Density and the City.” Demography 9: 521-529.
Higham, John. 1988. (orig. pub. 1955). Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925. Second edition. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Hirschman, Charles. 2001. “Immigration, Pubic Policy.” In Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (eds.) International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Vol. 11: 7221-7226. Oxford: Elsevier.
Hirschman, Charles. 2005. “Immigration and the American Century” Demography 42 (November): 595-620.
Jones, Madwyn Allen. 1992 (orig. pub. 1960). American Immigration. Second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kasinitz, Philip. 2004. “Race, Assimilation, and ‘Second Generations,’ Past and Present.” Pp. 278-298 in Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States, edited by N. Foner and G. Fredrickson. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Keely, Charles. 1979. U.S. Immigration: A Policy Analysis. New York: The Population Council.
Lieberson, Stanley. 1980. A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants Since 1880. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lubell, Samuel. 1952. The Future of American Politics. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Lundquist, Jennifer H., and Douglas S. Massey. 2005. “The Contra War and Nicaraguan Migration to the United States.” Journal of Latin American Studies 37: 29-53.
Massey, Douglas S. 1999. “International Migration at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. The Role of the State.”Population and Development Review 25: 303-23.
Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arnago, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, and J. Edward Taylor. 1998. Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Massey, Douglas S, Jorge Durand, and Noland J. Malone. 2002. Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
McDonald, Forrest and Ellen Shapiro McDonald. 1980. “The Ethnic Origins of the American People, 1790.” William and Mary Quarterly 37: 179-199.
Min, Pyong Gap, ed. 2002. Mass Migration to the United States: Classical and Contemporary Periods. Walnut Creek, CA: Altmira Press.
Most, Andrea. 2004. Making Americans: Jews and the Broadway Musical. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Philips, Gene D. 1998. Exiles in Hollywood: Major European Film Directors in America. Bethlehem, PA: Leigh University Press.
Portes, Alejandro and Ruben Rumbaut. 1996. Immigrant America: A Portrait. Second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Purvis, Thomas L. 1984. “The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790.” William and Mary Quarterly41: 85-101.
Reimers, David M. 1985. Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America. New York: Columbia University Press.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1909. A Century of Population Growth, 1790–1900. Washington, DC. Government Printing Office.
—. 1965. U.S. Census of Population: 1960. Subject Reports. Nativity and Parentage. PC(2)-1A. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
—. 2005. The Foreign-Born Population of the United States Current Population Survey – March 2004. Detailed Tables (PPL-176). Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html on June 13,
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 2006 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics.
Winokur, Mark. 1996. American Laughter: Immigrants, Ethnicity, and 1930s Hollywood Film. New York: St. Martins Press.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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For most organisations, 10 Gigabit Ethernet is still embryonic and too expensive to consider. The lack of several key support elements, including network management tools and TCP off-loading algorithms, is another reason not to be an early adopter. Research suggests price erosion will result in a 50% decrease in prices by 2005, with key support hardware and software in place at that time.
Otherwise known as the IEEE 802.3ae specification, there are several different options for this architecture since it supports three unique light frequencies as well as two different types of fibre interfaces. Some interfaces have been developed for wide area networks while others are more appropriate for local area networks.
Despite the high cost, they can be cost-effective in certain Wan configurations. One example is where a company needs 10x1gbps Ethernet links to connect sites 10 miles apart. Given the cost of leased fibre optic cables, there could be a tenfold saving in line costs, which far exceeds the cost of the 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports.
While few desktop applications require gigabit bandwidth, Intel has embarked on a plan to bring down the price of 10/100/1,000 adapter cards so that they match the current cost of 10/100 cards.
Assuming it achieves this price point, most firms will start buying the new cards, since it gives them room to grow at no additional cost. As companies add new desktops with faster buses and begin turning on gigabit to the desktop, there will be a need to aggregate these data flows, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet is the most likely choice.
The argument for using 10 Gigabit Ethernet in the datacentre is that is reduces the number of switches and layers required. It also uses less rack space and consumes less power. A datacentre with hundreds of servers each generating 100mbps of traffic has dozens of 10/100/1,000 Ethernet switches in a matrix architecture. In such cases the introduction of two 10 Gigabit Ethernet switches in active/active mode to replace the gigabit switches offers a significant decrease in complexity.
10 Gigabit Ethernet technology offers the speed and distance (up to 40km) to make IP-based storage area networks realistic - both for network-attached storage appliances and for iSCSI implementations. Ten gigabit links also provide adequate separation between a primary datacentre and a remote site for business continuity support as part of a disaster recovery strategy.
Initially, 10 Gigabit Ethernet performance will not be as efficient as 1gbps Ethernet because there are some missing technology pieces. Engineers are working on TCP/IP off-load, which means implementing part of an IP stack as hardware instead of software. The result would be faster performance.
They also are working on new algorithms for 10gbps packet inspection, but these are unlikely to be widely deployed until at least 2004. Suppliers also have no plans to offer protocol analysers for 10 Gigabit Ethernet, given the amount of memory they would require - they recommend that users troubleshoot slower connections at the edge of a network.
Another missing ingredient in 10 Gigabit Ethernet is traffic-shaping tools and another issue for early adopters is the lack of support from security technologies such as firewalls and virtual private network appliances. Also, some switching suppliers admit that their current chassis-based cards will only connect to their backplanes at 8gbps.
I agree with the assessment by most switching suppliers that 10 Gigabit Ethernet will follow the same pattern of adoption as Gigabit Ethernet: prices will remain high until there is sufficient demand to bring economies of scale - and that is not likely to happen before 2005.
By that time, Gigabit Ethernet will be pervasive to the desktop and 10 Gigabit Ethernet will be required for backbones. The earliest adopters of this technology have been forced to make that decision since their extensive use of Gigabit Ethernet switches left them no real alternative for aggregating traffic on an enterprise-wide basis.
Some enterprises with 24x7 operations will become early adopters because they see 10 Gigabit Ethernet as a way of providing continuing back-up of real-time transactions, and they will justify the cost by pointing to the unacceptable cost associated with downtime.
However, most businesses would be best served by ignoring the supplier hype associated with 10 Gigabit Ethernet and waiting until 2005 before any widespread deployments.
Stan Schatt is an analyst at Forrester Research
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Strong reasoning
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The Deh Cho Route encompasses between 3000 and 5000 kilometres (1,837 – 3,375 miles). The Deh Cho derives its name from the Mackenzie River. Deh Cho means “big river”, which is how the First Nations people describe the river. The trail forms a route across the regions.
The Deh Cho Trail connects the Mackenzie, Liard, and the Alaska Highways. It does so by meandering through three separate regions – Northern Alberta, the Northwest Territories, and British Columbia. The trail covers both populated and less populated areas. The southernmost part of the loop in particular is desolate terrain, comprising of rivers, lakes, hills, prairies, and the occasional farm. Wildlife, natural landscapes, scenic views, adventurous activities, and several attractions are the main reasons that people follow this trail each year. The total distance that is covered by each traveller is dependent on the route that each one takes. While most of the trail is paved, there are parts that consist largely of gravel.
The starting point that is most commonly used, depending on where the traveller is starting their journey, is Alberta. This takes individuals on Highway 1 in the northwest direction. This route continues up to the junction that takes you to Enterprise. Due to the remoteness of the Northwest Territory, Enterprise is typically the most popular destination for stocking up on supplies or settling down for accommodation. In order to reach Enterprise, you will have to cross the Mackenzie River.
If you choose to go on, one of the first destinations that you will come across is the Saamba De Falls Territorial Park. In addition to being able to see the Saamba De Falls as you are driving along, there are other sights to be seen as well. For those who wish to take a hike, Coral Falls is another natural feature along the way.
The Next Stage
For those that are driving through, Fort Simpson is the next terminal. Once you reach a junction with Highway 7, you simply have to keep heading north until you get to Fort Simpson on Highway 1. Fort Simpson marks one of the major entrances to the UNESCO World Heritage site, Nahanni National Park Reserve. The site can be entered by foot, although it is more common to land by plane or helicopter. The Nahanni National Park Reserve is famous for both its ancient, rich history as well as its ties to the Klondike Gold Rush.
The Final Stretch
Fort Simpson offers three final options – you can either travel north to Wrigley, go back via the road you travelled on, or head south. If you choose to head south, you will be taking Highway 7. In doing so, you will be able to visit Nahanni Butte, which offers another entrance into Nahanni National Park Reserve. In order to approach this area, however, you will require a water taxi service. This is offered by the Nahanni Butte Band Office. The water taxi service is typically reserved for smaller vehicles.
Due to the looping nature of this trail, you can choose to turn east and head back to Alberta. If you want to continue on, you can take Highway 7 in the south. By taking the south route, you will soon chance upon Fort Liard. Proceeding in a southern direction will take you to British Columbia and the last stretch of the journey.
The way along the route has an abundance of hills, rivers, waterfalls, and National Parks. There is something for every enthusiastic traveller to see. Stopping along the way, there is a chance to take part in fishing, kayakers, and even sightings of the Northern Lights. The route that you choose to pursue, as well as your schedule, will determine what you experience.
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Basic reasoning
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Travel
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Some data sets can be modeled with a nonlinear regression models. The first part of the question asks us which scatterplot shows data that can be best modelled by logistic regression? Is it scatterplot A), B), C), or D)? The second part of the question asks us which formula models the relationship between 𝑥 and 𝑦 in such a data set? Is it option A) 𝑦 equals 𝑐 over one minus 𝑎𝑒 to the 𝑏𝑥? Option B) 𝑦 equals 𝑐 over one minus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥? Option C) 𝑦 equals 𝑐 over one plus 𝑎𝑒 to the 𝑏𝑥? Or option D) 𝑦 equals 𝑐 over one plus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥?
Let’s start with the first part of the question, which scatterplot shows data that can be best modelled by logistic regression? For logistic regression to be suitable for a particular data set, that data should fall in a very distinctive shape when plotted on a scatter plot. We can see this very distinctive shape in option D. This shape is sometimes called an S-shape because the data tends to fall on or near a curve which has a somewhat slanted S-shape.
The characteristics of a logistic curve, for which logistic regression is named, are as follows. A logistic curve has a shallow slope which increases before plattering out again. Option D is the only option which displays these characteristics.
We can draw a nice smooth curve through or near the data points for option B. But while this curve starts off shallow and gets steeper as we’d like it to for a regression curve, it’s never plattered out again. And we need the slope to become a shallower and the curve to platter out for logistic regression to be suitable. The data in option B, therefore, isn’t particularly suitable to be modelled by logistic regression.
For options A and C, it’s pretty hard to draw a nice smooth curve through or near the data points. But certainly, we don’t see a shallow slope becoming steeper before plattering out again. Option D is the only one that makes sense.
Now we move on to the second part of our question, which formula models the relationship between 𝑥 and 𝑦 in such a data set? All the options have the same form. The question is whether there’s a plus or a minus after the one in the denominator, and whether there is a minus sign before 𝑏𝑥 in the exponent.
Of course, if A and B are allowed to be negative, then all of these formulas are equivalent. We can get formula A from formula B by changing the value of B to its additive inverse, or opposite. We, therefore, assume that both A and B are positive. And that these options are showing us the form of the formula that we expect to see.
To decide which option is correct, it helps to look at the previous part of the question and to extend the curve we’ve drawn in both directions. We can see that as 𝑥 approaches negative ∞, we want 𝑦 to decrease, getting closer and closer to zero. 𝑦 tends to zero as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞. Looking at the other end of the curve, we see that as 𝑥 approaches positive ∞, we want 𝑦 to asymptotically approach sum finite value. So, 𝑦 tends to this finite value 𝑘 as 𝑥 approaches ∞.
We can use these facts to choose between our options. But first we need to clear some room, so we have space to work. Let’s try option A first. Does 𝑦 equals 𝑐 over one minus 𝑎𝑒 to the 𝑏𝑥 tend to zero as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞ as we would like? Well, for this fraction to tend to zero, as the numerator 𝑐 is unchanging, the denominator will have to tend to plus or minus ∞. And does it?
No, it doesn’t. And as 𝑥 tends negative ∞, 𝑒 to the 𝑏𝑥 tends to zero. This is because we said that 𝑏 is greater than zero. Similarly, 𝑎 times 𝑒 to the 𝑏𝑥 will tend to zero, as well negative 𝑎𝑒 to the 𝑏𝑥. And so, one minus 𝑎𝑒 to the 𝑏𝑥 will tend to one, not plus or minus ∞ as we require. We can, therefore, eliminate options A, as in this case, 𝑦 does not tend to zero as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞.
If we replace the minus sign in the denominator with a plus sign, we find that one plus 𝑎 to the 𝑏𝑥 also tends to one, as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞. And for this reason, we can also eliminate option C, 𝑦 equals 𝑐 over one plus 𝑎𝑒 to the 𝑏𝑥. As it doesn’t tend to zero as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞. Let’s move on to option B.
We ask if option B, 𝑦 equals 𝑐 over one minus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥, tend to zero as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞. And for this to happen, the denominator one minus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥 must tend to either plus or minus ∞ as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞. In this case, the answer is yes. As 𝑥 tends to negative ∞, negative 𝑏𝑥 tends to ∞. This is because 𝑏 is greater than zero. And so, each of the negative 𝑏𝑥 will tend to ∞, as will 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥, as 𝑎 is greater than zero.
However, negative 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥 will tend to negative ∞. And adding one to this doesn’t do much to change this. One minus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥 also tends to negative ∞ as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞. So, the denominator of our fraction tends to negative ∞ as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞. And so, our fraction itself tends to zero, as 𝑥 tends to negative ∞ as we wish.
But before we get too excited, let’s just stop and think. The denominator of this fraction for 𝑦 tends to negative ∞, so it’s negative. And as you imagined that the numerator of our fraction for 𝑦, which is 𝑐, is positive, much like A and B. The value of 𝑦, which is 𝑐 over something negative, will be negative. 𝑦 is negative and approaching zero from below. This isn’t what we see in our diagram. Something strange is going on and you might like to use graphing software to explore what. But it looks like option B is out of the running.
In option D, the minus sign of the one in the denominator becomes a plus sign. And we ask if one plus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥 tends to plus or minus ∞. Again, the answer is yes, but plus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥 tends to plus ∞. And one plus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥 does also. And so, one plus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥 is greater than zero. And it turns out that this is not true for suitably small 𝑥, it’s true for all 𝑋.
This means that 𝑦 is positive as we want and expect. So, we have no such problem with option D, which is good news because we’ve eliminated all the other options. Option D is, therefore, our answer. You might notice that we haven’t checked that 𝑦 tends to some constant value 𝑘 as 𝑥 tends to ∞. We don’t need to check this, as we already found our answer by a process of elimination.
But if you do check this, then you’ll find that 𝑘 is, in fact, the value 𝑐, the numerator of our fraction. This also justifies the previous assumption that 𝑐 should be positive like 𝑎 and 𝑏. We use this assumption to show that 𝑦 would be less than zero for suitably small 𝑥 in option B. This formula 𝑦 equals 𝑐 over one plus 𝑎𝑒 to the negative 𝑏𝑥 for logistic regression is well-worth remembering. As we’ve just seen it’s not particularly easy to work this formula out using logic alone.
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<urn:uuid:25555c1a-f2a4-4a91-8bea-e0858f4c46da>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://www.nagwa.com/en/videos/603190450763/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738609.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810042140-20200810072140-00277.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939568 | 2,126 | 3.25 | 3 | 2.751654 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Periodontist: Education and Career Information
The healthcare landscape is continuously changing, but is always in high demand for professionals who want to make a difference. Although many people put a high emphasis on medical care and prevention, taking care of your mouth deserves just as much attention. Considering a career as a periodontist provides the opportunity to work with patients in keeping their oral health at optimal levels. This is a lucrative career choice, and can reap huge financial rewards.
What does a periodontist do?
A periodontist is a specialized dentist that diagnoses and treats problems in the tissue surrounding your teeth. They specialize in managing and preventing gum disease and other conditions, which include issues affecting the gums and other structures in the oral cavity that support the teeth. They can treat malformations and treat injuries. Some other issues they handle are rotting teeth and bone loss. Since they are a dentist, they can perform all of the standard procedures associated with healthy oral hygiene. A periodontist is considered a specialist in their field, and can also perform dental implants, bone grafts and extractions when needed. This makes them a dental surgeon as well.
How much does a periodontist earn?
According to Healthcare Salaries, a periodontist can average anywhere from $103,000 to $230,000 per year. Periodontists working in the educational field make between $102,000 and $192,000 per year, and when working in dental prosthetic, they can make from $113,000 to $213,000 per year. Salaries also vary based on location, experience and level of education. In the dental profession, a periodontist is one of the highest paid salaries.
What types of skills are needed in this profession?
You need a variety of skills working as a periodontist. Some of those skills include:
Reading Comprehension: A periodontist must be able to read and comprehend patient records and other information, including research and new innovations in dentistry.
Critical Thinking: Since they are dealing with oral care and prevention, periodontists must think critically about ways to rectify problems and solutions that will prevent those issues from occurring again. There is a high level of critical thinking involved to ensure the patients are getting the right diagnosis and solution for treatment.
Decision-Making: When evaluating the condition of a patient, a periodontist must be able to make sound decisions based on the information received. When having to perform surgeries, the amount of anesthesia, time of day, and any other underlying factors must be taken into account when making decisions that will affect a number of areas.
Monitoring: Before, during and after any procedures, a periodontist must monitor the patient. They must be able to foresee any complications, and have a treatment plan in place.
Problem Solving: Being able to effectively solve any problems that arise is one of the most essential skills a periodontist must have. When dealing with medical or dental procedures, there are a number of things that can occur; being able to handle them with a level head is key.
Management of Resources: Being able to manage a variety of resources at one time takes skill and knowledge. A periodontist will be responsible for a number of resources that will benefit the practice and the client. Being able to keep things in order is a valued part of this profession.
Coordination: Coordinating procedures, visits and other things is one of the daily tasks of a periodontist. Being able to successfully coordinate with the client and other professionals in the office on issues that may be of concern is important.
Administrative: As technology continues to be an integral part of every profession, being able to handle administrative tasks is key, especially if working in a private practice. Knowing how to evaluate billing, work with insurance companies and all other administrative aspects of the office will ensure things are in order.
The last two years of dental school will be clinical internships under the supervision of a licensed dentist. Every dental school has their own set of requirements, which may require more clinical internship hours based on the specialty.
A career as a periodontist starts with the completion of a bachelor’s degree. Once this has been attained, following up with dental school to obtain a Doctor of Medicine (DMD), or a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) is the next step. In order to be considered as a candidate for dental school, students must pass the Dental Admissions Test (DAT). Prospective students must also have letters of recommendation and pass an interview before admittance. Some of the core coursework once admitted into the program includes:
•Introduction to medicine
After dental school is completed, students who wish to pursue a career in periodontics must enroll into a graduate program and obtain a Ph.D., which is three additional years of study. Once this has been completed, the individual must pass the National Board Examination, which consists of a written and practical exam. There may also be certain requirements needed for individual states in order to become licensed and practice as a periodontist. It is wise to become board certified through the Board of Periodontology as well to establish credibility and proficiency in the profession.
This is a lucrative career, but very challenging. There are educational requirements that must be met on a yearly basis to enhance your knowledge base and keep you familiar with new innovations in periodontology.
This career path can take up to eleven years educationally, but the rewards are great. Being able to take responsibility for a beautiful smile or great oral hygiene is well worth the effort. There will always be a need for periodontists, and entering the profession while it is still growing is a well-planned idea.
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<urn:uuid:f448dee7-fe61-4002-8314-9e06d8677ff7>
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CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://medicalandhealthcare.com/professions/dentistry/periodontist-education-and-career-information.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517966.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119042046-20210119072046-00224.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956419 | 1,174 | 3.046875 | 3 | 1.505732 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Why Are My Strawberries Rotting on the Vine?
Strawberries (Fragaria spp.), which grow as a perennial in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 10 and as annuals elsewhere, don't usually require much care to produce tasty, juicy fruit. However, the plants and the fruit are susceptible to damage from several sources, including neglect.
Too Long on the Vine
When the strawberries start to mature, pick the ripe ones every two to three days. The harvest season typically lasts about three weeks, but during that time, you must get the ripe fruit off the vine before it starts to rot so it doesn't encourage disease throughout the plants. Pick the berries by snapping them off at the stem instead of pinching the berries below their green leafy caps. Any pieces of berry left on the plant will rot quickly, and the rot can spread to other parts of the plant.
Several types of insects enjoy strawberries almost as much as you do, including slugs, tarnished plant bugs and strawberry weevils. Some of these bugs attack the leafy parts of the plant while others go for immature or mature berries, stunting their growth or damaging the integrity of the fruit. When the berries are damaged in any way, they're more likely to rot. If you see a large number of rotten berries when you try to harvest, look for signs of insect infestation such as slug slime trails, berries barely hanging on to their stems or misshapen or brown fruit.
Fungus Among Us
Several types of fungus invade strawberry plants, including the fruit. This is more likely when the soil stays too moist, which encourages fungal growth. Botrytis fruit rot, for example, often sits dormant on your berries until they are nearly mature, and it makes the fruit squishy and fuzzy on the outside. Also called gray mold, this is worse in fruit that touch the ground where the fungus has easy access. Leather rot also starts in strawberries that touch the ground, then spreads to other areas of the plant. It causes berries to turn brown or look bleached out and feel hard.
Correcting your harvesting timeline is the easiest way to prevent rot; spend a few minutes every other morning picking some strawberries, then put them in the refrigerator until you can clean and eat them. They'll stay fresh in the refrigerator for two to three days, typically. Buy plants certified as disease-free from reputable growers and don't plant strawberries near areas where you've had problems with fungus and insects recently. Although the plants are perennial and can come back for many years, rotate the location every three to four years to help prevent fungus and insects from finding your crop.
- Old Farmer's Almanac: Strawberries
- National Gardening Association: Care and Harvest of Strawberries
- University of Missouri Extension: Home Fruit Production -- Strawberry Cultivars and Their Culture
- North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service: Strawberries in the Home Garden
- University of Georgia: Home Garden Strawberries
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<urn:uuid:8ffdcd4c-d1fc-408a-80cf-1e73aa1982e0>
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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https://homeguides.sfgate.com/strawberries-rotting-vine-90178.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104375714.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704111005-20220704141005-00303.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955457 | 631 | 3.171875 | 3 | 1.91466 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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In business, the daily operations that allow a company to function optimally might feel like a carefully-managed ecosystem. Having several different departments—as well as a specific set of responsibilities for each position within a department—maintains the balance of that ecosystem, and makes it possible for businesses to meet their goals.
More than any other department, finance is an area that benefits from its key players carrying out essential duties. Without the accurate oversight of revenue, accounts payable, inventory, and billing, a business could go from burgeoning to bust.
A controller acts as one of these key players, routinely analyzing and monitoring a company’s financial standing. Without a controller, it doesn’t matter how foolproof a business’s strategies are; what matters most is having the capability to carry them out.
What Does a Controller Do?
The role of controller is considered to be one of the most important in a business, as their insights are invaluable to the CFO in meeting financial goals. Without a controller, the CFO’s role would become overwhelming, as they would be responsible for all of the little details of financial organization as well as developing an overarching financial strategy. Simply: the controller ensures accurate reporting as the CFO works toward a business’s continued financial growth.
On a daily basis, a controller’s duties include:
- Advising or assisting with the accounting process (i.e. accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, inventory, and compliance);
- Managing cash flow;
- Creating budgets;
- Assessing risk;
- Ensuring that financial systems are efficient and running smoothly.
The average corporate controller is 40+ years old, and holds at least a Bachelor’s degree in Finance or an MBA in accounting and finance. His or her average salary is $85,260—a substantial amount of money for any company, but in particular for a fledgling enterprise.
Accounting Software: A Controller’s Secret Weapon
No matter how good a controller is at his or her job, it will be extremely difficult to carry out daily financial operations without the proper means. For example, if an end-of-year strategy involves increasing sales by 20% in the following fiscal year, accurate forecasting and real-time data accessibility will be necessary to bring this goal to fruition.
A strong accounting software can help a controller set strategies, oversee the business’s financial details, and keep all relevant information consolidated and organized. Basically: a controller will perform the responsibilities of their role, and a suitable software will support him or her in executing those responsibilities.
A few characteristics of a best-in-class accounting software are:
- Seamless integration with related solutions, such as Salesforce and American Express;
- Cloud accessibility and flexibility to keep business organization agile;
- Deep accounting capabilities, such as payroll management, tax filings, and inventory tracking to make processes more efficient;
- Innovative features that turn data into insight by analyzing real-time business performance;
- Top-quality financial reporting;
- Optimal visibility and organization with centralized dashboards.
The role of a seasoned financial controller is critical for driving business success, and he or she can only perform as well as the technology they are given to work with. Reach out today to learn more about more about why accounting solutions are vital for smooth financial management.
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<urn:uuid:4fde2681-4c0f-4006-be12-21580c8574b7>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.trustedcfosolutions.com/tag/controller/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511000.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002132844-20231002162844-00184.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952533 | 694 | 2.546875 | 3 | 2.271842 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Finance & Business
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Toxic Cadmium in Kid's Jewelry Gets Lawmakers' AttentionJan 20, 2010 | Parker Waichman LLP
Two New York lawmakers are acting on reports that Chinese-made children’s jewelry is often made with cadmium. U.S. Senator Charles Schumer, a Democrat, wants the toxic metal defined as a banned hazardous substance. Meanwhile, New York State Senator James S. Alesi, R-Perinton, introduced a new bill last week in Albany to ban the use of cadmium in jewelry marketed to young children.
Chinese manufacturers likely switched to using cadmium in the jewelry because they are barred from using lead, the Associated Press said. But cadmium is every bit as dangerous. Cadmium is a known carcinogen, and can interfere with brain development in very young children. On the Centers for Disease Control’s priority list of 275 most hazardous substances in the environment, cadmium ranks No. 7. Kids can ingest the cadmium in jewelry by sucking or biting it.
Schumer announced his legislation to ban cadmium last week at a press conference in front of the Dollar N More store on Mt. Hope Avenue in Rochester. “There’s nothing more important than the safety of our children,” Schumer said. “This toxic metal poses a direct threat to their safety and well being. I will fight tooth and nail to ensure this proposal becomes law as quickly as possible.”
Schumer said he hopes to get the legislation on the Senate calendar next month.
Alesi’s bill was introduced and referred to the Senate Health Committee on Jan. 12. The legislation to ban cadmium is the latest in a series of measures that Alesi has introduced that focus on children’s health and safety. He has also introduced bills that would: ban lead in children’s jewelry; ban mercury in schools; ban dangerous cleaning products in schools; ban chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in pressure-treated lumber, once commonly used in wood playgrounds; and ban the use of bisphenol-A (BPA) in baby bottles and water bottles.
The Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) has also opened an investigation into cadmium in children's jewelry. Last week, CPSC head Inez Tenenbaum advised parents in a blog post to take Chinese made jewelry away from their kids.
Tenenbaum's warning, as well as the legislation put forth by Schumer and Alesi, came after the Associated Press reported that children’s jewelry from China was made with cadmium. According to the Associated Press, the most contaminated piece analyzed for its investigation contained a whopping 91 percent cadmium by weight. Other pieces of jewelry tested at 89 percent, 86 percent and 84 percent by weight. Overall, 12 percent of 103 pieces of jewelry contained at least 10 percent cadmium.
Unfortunately, the CPSC has no restrictions on using cadmium in children’s jewelry. The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 set the first explicit regulation of jewelry, but that only applies to painted toys. And despite periodic complaints about the toxin over the past couple of years, the CPSC has never issued a recall because of cadmium.
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<urn:uuid:209e2ca0-d1bc-4e4b-8f73-916d9cc3317c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
http://www.yourlawyer.com/articles/title/toxic-cadmium-in-kids-jewelry-gets-lawmakers-attention
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172017.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00090-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96212 | 671 | 2.53125 | 3 | 2.88562 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Health
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To ask the Minister for Health if the system for providing support services, educational, vocational or otherwise, can be urgently be assessed so that a permanent, more effective framework can be implemented which would provide certainty as well as a choice of options for persons with disabilities graduating from second level education..
Seán Kyne T.D.
The HSE, through its Occupational Guidance Service, works with schools, service providers, service users and families to identify the needs of young people with disabilities who are due to complete their second level education. The aim is to address the needs of individuals in the following ways, through:
- Health-funded rehabilitative or life-skills training;
- Health-funded day services;
- FÁS-funded vocational training, or;
- Extension to education placement for a specified time.
Vocational training which prepares people, including young people with disabilities, for employment in the open labour market is the responsibility of the Department of Education and Skills and FÁS. Rehabilitative training, which has no connection with the open labour market, is the responsibility of the Department of Health and the Health Service Executive (HSE). The purpose of rehabilitative training is to develop the individual’s life skills, social skills and basic work skills. Approximately 3,000 people with disabilities avail of rehabilitative training each year, some of whom then progress to vocational training, other training or employment. Some young people with disabilities, depending on their individual needs and abilities, require continuing supports from the HSE.
The HSE report New Directions: the report of the National Working Group for the Review of HSE-funded Adult Day Services , which was published in 2012, is guiding the reconfiguration and modernization of day services and will underpin the flexible and innovative approach required when addressing the future requirements of school leavers with disabilities who require continuing support. The New Directions report recommends the development of alternative models of day service based on the provision of individualised supports, rather than centre-based set programmes. The new model will enable young people with disabilities to lead self-directed lives through a range of personal supports.
A Working Group was established under the auspices of the National Consultative Forum to ensure the New Directions implementation plan is progressed through a collaborative approach. One of the work-packages currently being progressed by the Working Group is the development of draft standards for day services, in association with National Disability Authority. The draft standards will form part of a consultation process with service providers, service users and parents due to take place in September 2013. A revised Implementation Plan for New Directions will also form part of the consultation. Following the consultation process, the Interim Standards will be made available to service providers along with an audit tool. The Interim Standards are seen as essential in order to ensure a consistent and measurable approach to the reconfiguration and modernization of HSE-funded day services and supports.
The demand for services for young people with disabilities completing their education or life-skills training continues to grow. The HSE are currently finalising their figures for 2013 but expects that over 700 new places will be required. Service providers and the HSE are working closely together to identify how these needs can be met within available resources. This year, despite a 1.2% cut in the disability budget, an additional €4m has been ring-fenced in the HSE’s National Service Plan for new places. This funding is being allocated to each HSE Region based on its percentage of population. Both the voluntary sector and the HSE are committed to the best use of the available resources in a creative and flexible manner, so as to be as responsive as possible to the needs of this cohort.
I have asked to be kept informed of progress in finding appropriate training places and day services for this year’s school-leavers on an ongoing basis and I have recently met with the National Federation of Voluntary Bodies and the HSE on this issue. I have also asked the HSE to ensure that a plan is put in place immediately to communicate with families and give them some certainty as to the placements or supports which will be available to their children in September.
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<urn:uuid:7a3f7e21-6717-4934-8ffa-e2ea4ab0b1d5>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
http://seankyne.ie/pq-no-700-2nd-july-framework-for-services-for-young-adults-with-disabilities/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00365.warc.gz
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en
| 0.961745 | 855 | 2.71875 | 3 | 2.998054 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Selenium’s Python Module is built to perform automated testing with Python. Selenium Python bindings provides a simple API to write functional/acceptance tests using Selenium WebDriver. To open a webpage using Selenium Python, checkout – Navigating links using get method – Selenium Python. Just being able to go to places isn’t terribly useful. What we’d really like to do is to interact with the pages, or, more specifically, the HTML elements within a page. First of all, we need to find one. WebDriver offers a number of ways to find elements. For example, given an element defined as:
To find an element one needs to use one of the locating strategies, For example,
element = driver.find_element_by_id("passwd-id") element = driver.find_element_by_name("passwd") element = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='passwd-id']")
Also, to find multiple elements, we can use –
elements = driver.find_elements_by_name("passwd")
One can also look for a link by its text, but be careful! The text must be an exact match! One should also be careful when using XPATH in WebDriver. If there’s more than one element that matches the query, then only the first will be returned. If nothing can be found, a NoSuchElementException will be raised.
WebDriver has an “Object-based” API, we represent all types of elements using the same interface. This means that although one may see a lot of possible methods one could invoke when one hits IDE’s auto-complete key combination, not all of them will make sense or be valid. To check all methods, checkout Locator Strategies – Selenium Python
So after getting an element what next? One might want to enter text into a field, for example,
One can simulate pressing the arrow keys by using the “Keys” class:
element.send_keys(" and some", Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
Also note, it is possible to call send_keys on any element, which makes it possible to test keyboard shortcuts such as those used on Gmail.
One can easily clear the contents of a text field or textarea with the clear method:
Project Example –
Let’s try to search something automatically at geeksforgeeks
Attention geek! Strengthen your foundations with the Python Programming Foundation Course and learn the basics.
To begin with, your interview preparations Enhance your Data Structures concepts with the Python DS Course.
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<urn:uuid:fe18a04d-c012-4475-96fb-dd5697e58d79>
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CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/interacting-with-webpage-selenium-python/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351134.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225124124-20210225154124-00521.warc.gz
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en
| 0.775513 | 555 | 2.78125 | 3 | 1.702185 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Software Dev.
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In A.D. 781, a Christian monk named Jingjing composed an inscription of roughly 1,800 Chinese characters on a large stone tablet, called a stela, which would become one of the richest sources of information ever discovered about early Christianity in China.
According to the stela, unearthed in the early 1600s, Christianity came to China in A.D. 635, when a Nestorian monk named Aluoben entered the ancient capital of Chang’an -- now modern-day Xi’an -- in central China. His arrival must have been the source of some excitement because the e mperor sent his minister of state to greet the guest and bring him to the palace. Although we do not know where Aluoben came from or why he visited China, some scholars believe that he arrived from Persia and was part of an important foreign delegation. Whatever the case, the Tang emperor issued an imperial edict three years later allowing Aluoben to build a monastery in Chang’an and to settle there with a handful of missionaries.
By the time Aluoben’s story was commemorated in stone almost 150 years later, the Old and New Testaments had been translated into Chinese, and monasteries had been founded in several cities throughout China. But in 845, an imperial edict limited all foreign religion, including Christianity. The edict triggered a period of persecution, and, by the end of the Tang Dynasty in 907, Christianity had all but disappeared from China.
A significant presence did not reappear until the 13th century, when Mongols conquered China and founded the Yuan Dynasty. The Mongol court was open to Christian missionaries and even turned over the administration of parts of northern China to Christian tribesmen from Central Asia. From Rome, the pope also sent Franciscan missionaries in an effort to establish ties with Eastern Christians and to form an alliance with the Mongol empire. Italian merchants also founded some Catholic communities in major trading centers; among them were two brothers from Venice, Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, who brought along Niccolo’s son, Marco. China’s second period of Christian growth came to an end when its protectors, the Mongols, were expelled by the armies of the Ming Dynasty.
Toward the end of the Ming dynasty, a new wave of Jesuit missionaries came to China. They established schools and hospitals, and more or less openly proselytized. The most prominent among these new missionaries was the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who learned to speak and write Chinese and managed to become the first Westerner invited into the Forbidden City.
Christianity’s presence in China grew in the 19th and 20th centuries as the country was subject to greater influence by the Western powers. One of the bloodiest episodes in recent Chinese history involved a charismatic Christian convert named Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ and believed it was his mission to spread Christianity in China. By the mid-1800s, Hong Xiuquan had gathered a large band of followers and began an armed rebellion against Qing Dynasty rulers. The Taiping Rebellion lasted 15 years and cost an estimated 20 million lives, due to the warfare and the resulting starvation. The Chinese imperial army eventually put down the rebellion with the aid of Western military advisers.
After World War II, China turned to communism, and atheism was promoted as part of the Marxist ideology of the Chinese Community Party. Religious suppression was particularly severe during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). To regulate Chinese Catholics, the government created the Catholic Patriotic Association, expelled missionaries and forbade interference from the Vatican. For Chinese Protestants, the government created the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, which requires churches to be registered with the government and subjects them to state monitoring and restrictions involving personnel, preaching topics and congregational composition.
Many Christians -- both Protestant and Catholic -- refused to cooperate and formed unofficial, or underground, churches. Today, there are five major government-sanctioned religions: Daoism, Buddhism, Islam, Roman Catholicism and Protestant Christianity. However, since the 1980s, as Chinese citizens have gradually come to enjoy greater social and economic freedoms, religious practices of all types have experienced a revival. Today, there are an estimated 10 to 12 million Chinese Catholics and 25 to 30 million Chinese Protestants. Daniel Bays, one of the pre-eminent Western scholars of Chinese Christianity writes, “Today, on any given Sunday, there are almost certainly more Protestants in church in China than in all of Europe.” Many of these believers belong to “house churches,” which are unofficial, unregistered churches that remain vulnerable to punishment by the state.
-- Serene Fang
Sources: Handbook of Christianity in China (Brill, 2001); China Quarterly Essays -- 2003 Special Edition; The Search for Modern China by Jonathan Spence (W.W. Norton and Company, 1991) ; The New York Times; Britannica Online; Time magazine.
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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A swift and global conservation response is needed to prevent the world’s gorillas, lions, tigers, rhinos, and other iconic terrestrial megafauna from being lost forever, more than three dozen influential international scientists declared today in the journal BioScience.
Their analysis, Saving the World’s Terrestrial Megafauna, covers the precipitous loss of large animal populations around the globe, from the poorly known, such as the scimitar-horned oryx, to more familiar species including tigers, lions, gorillas and rhinoceroses, Panthera, one of the conservation institutions associated with the research, said in a news statement.
The report was written by 43 wildlife experts from six continents. The authors and their institutions are listed below; at least 16 of them are scientists who have received research grants from the National Geographic Society at some point in their careers.
Megafauna are defined as terrestrial large carnivores (more than 15 kilograms/33 pounds) and large herbivores (more than 100 kilograms/220 pounds).
Threatened is defined as species on the IUCN Red List in these three categories:
– Vulnerable (facing a high risk of extinction in the wild),
– Endangered (very high risk of extinction), or
– Critically Endangered (extremely high risk of extinction).
The three maps alongside may be enlarged by clicking on them. They were published with the BioScience report to show where in the world megafauna species are concentrated, where they are in decline, and where they are officially Threatened.
“The more I look at the trends facing the world’s largest terrestrial mammals, the more concerned I am we could lose these animals just as science is discovering how important they are to ecosystems and to the services they provide to people,” said William Ripple, lead author and distinguished professor of ecology in the College of Forestry at Oregon State University. “It’s time to really think about conserving them because declines in their numbers and habitats are happening quickly.”
Business as Usual = Massive Species Extinction
The report includes a 13-point declaration calling for acknowledgement that a “business as usual” mentality will result in massive species extinction; while a global commitment to conservation with support for developing nations is a moral obligation.
Declaration to Save the World’s Terrestrial Megafauna
We conservation scientists
- Acknowledge that most of the terrestrial megafauna species are threatened with extinction and have declining populations. Some megafauna species that are not globally threatened nonetheless face local extinctions or have Critically Endangered subspecies.
- Appreciate that “business as usual” will result in the loss of many of the Earth’s most iconic species.
- Understand that megafauna have ecological roles that directly and indirectly affect ecosystem processes and other species through- out the food web; failure to reverse megafaunal declines will disrupt species interactions, with negative consequences for ecosystem function; biological diversity; and the ecological, economic, and social services that these species provide.
- Realize that megafauna are epitomized as a symbol of the wilderness, exemplifying the public’s engagement in nature, and that this is a driving force behind efforts to maintain the ecosystem services they can provide.
- Recognize the importance of integrating and better aligning human development and biodiversity conservation needs through the engagement and support of local communities in developing countries.
- Propose that funding agencies and scientists increase conservation research efforts in developing countries, where most threatened megafauna occur. Specifically, there is a need to increase the amount of research directed at finding solutions for the conservation of megafauna, especially for lesser-known species.
- Request the help of individuals, governments, corporations, and nongovernmental organizations to stop practices that are harmful to these species and to actively engage in helping to reverse declines in megafauna.
- Strive for increased awareness among the global public of the current megafauna crisis using traditional media as well as social media and other networking approaches.
- Seek a new and comprehensive global commitment and framework for conserving megafauna. The international community should take necessary action to prevent mass extinction of the world’s megafauna and other species.
- Urge the development of new funding mechanisms to transfer the current benefits accrued through the existence values of mega- fauna into tangible payments to support research, conservation actions, and local people who bear the cost of living with wildlife in the places where highly valued megafauna must be preserved.
- Advocate for interdisciplinary scientific interchange between nations to improve the social and ecological understanding of the drivers of the decline of megafauna and to increase the capacity for megafauna science and conservation.
- Recommend the reintroduction and rehabilitation, following accepted IUCN guidelines, of degraded megafauna populations whenever possible, the ecological and economic importance of which is evidenced by a growing number of success stories, from Yellowstone’s wolves (Canis lupus) and the Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) in China to the various megafauna species of Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique.
- Affirm an abiding moral obligation to protect the Earth’s megafauna.
Interpretation and Reaction
“The rapid loss of biodiversity and megafauna in particular is an issue that is right up there with, and perhaps even more pressing than, climate change” — Panthera Scientist Peter Lindsey
“To underline how serious this is, the rapid loss of biodiversity and megafauna in particular is an issue that is right up there with, and perhaps even more pressing than, climate change,” said senior co-author and Panthera Lion Program Policy Initiative Coordinator Peter Lindsey.
“Human communities stand to lose key elements of their natural heritage if these large wildlife species are allowed to go extinct,” Lindsey continued. “The disappearance of such species could also significantly undermine the future potential for communities to benefit from eco-tourism operations. Urgent measures are needed to address poaching, and to allow for the co-existence of people and wildlife if megafauna is to persist in the long term.”
“Perhaps the biggest threat for many species is direct hunting driven by a demand for meat, pets, and body parts for traditional medicines and ornaments” — WCS Vice President of Species Conservation Elizabeth Bennett,
“Perhaps the biggest threat for many species is direct hunting driven by a demand for meat, pets, and body parts for traditional medicines and ornaments,” said Elizabeth Bennett, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Vice President of Species Conservation, and also a co-author on the study. “Only a massive commitment from the international community will stop this rampant destruction of so many animal populations.”
Approximately 59 percent of the world’s biggest mammalian carnivore species—including the tiger— and 60 percent of the largest herbivores are now listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species as threatened with extinction, WCS said in its statement about the report.
“All of these large species play critical roles in their ecosystems. Species at risk include elephants, that provide a suite of vital ecosystem services as ecological engineers, dispersing seeds and nutrients across vast areas,” WCS said.
“The loss of elephants in the forests of Central Africa is increasingly damaging the function of the region’s most important ecosystems” — WCS Conservation Scientist Fiona Maisels
“The loss of elephants in the forests of Central Africa is increasingly damaging the function of the region’s most important ecosystems,” said WCS Conservation Scientist Fiona Maisels, another of the study’s co-authors. “We’re only beginning to understand how vital these keystone species are to the health of rainforests and other species that inhabit them.”
Human–wildlife conflict is a serious concurrent threat for many species. “With simultaneous loss of wildlife habitat and expansion of human populations and agriculture, negative interactions between people and wildlife are bound to rise,” said WCS India Scientist Varun R. Goswami, also a co-author on the study. “For wide-ranging megafauna like elephants and tigers, we need landscape-scale conservation strategies, taking into account the increasing interface between wildlife and people.”
The Threat of Obscurity
Some megafauna face the threat of obscurity, WCS said. “The loss of elephants worldwide to poachers in pursuit of ivory is well-known and is the focus of extensive efforts to shut down this trade, but the study authors point out that many species are at risk from many similar threats but are so poorly known that effective conservation efforts to save them are difficult.”
Action Needed on Two Fronts
The scientists call for action on two fronts, Panthera said in its statement: conservation interventions expanded to scales that address animals’ extensive habitat needs, and policy shifts and increased financial commitment to alter the ways in which people interact with wildlife.
“Among the most serious threats to endangered animals are the expansion of livestock and agricultural developments, illegal hunting, deforestation and human population growth. Large wildlife species are extremely vulnerable to these threats because of their need for extensive spaces to live and low population densities, particularly for carnivores.”
“The protection of these big cats – the great white sharks of our terrestrial Earth – and other large mammals is paramount to the health and survival of thousands of animals and their ecosystems” — Panthera President Luke Hunter
Panthera President and Chief Conservation Officer and co-author Luke Hunter, said: “Among the world’s largest animals, apex predators like the tiger, lion and leopard are increasingly under assault. The protection of these big cats – the great white sharks of our terrestrial Earth – and other large mammals is paramount to the health and survival of thousands of animals and their ecosystems.
“Today, 59 percent of the world’s largest carnivores and 60 percent of the world’s largest herbivores are categorized as threatened with extinction on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. This situation is particularly dire in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, home to the greatest diversity of remaining large mammals.
“Yet the resources for effective implementation of conservation strategies are seldom available in regions with the greatest needs. The onus is on developed countries, which have long ago lost most of their large animals, to support conservation initiatives where the world’s most celebrated wildlife still remain.”
Download the report (PDF)
Authors: William J. Ripple of Oregon State University; Guillaume Chapron of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; José Vicente López-Bao of Oviedo University; Sarah M. Durant of the Zoological Society of London and the Wildlife Conservation Society; David W. Macdonald of the University of Oxford; Peter A. Lindsey of Panthera and the University of Pretoria; Elizabeth L. Bennett of the Wildlife Conservation Society; Robert L Beschta of Oregon State University; Jeremy T. Bruskotter of Ohio State University; Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz of the University of Nottingham; Richard T. Corlett of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chris T. Darimont of the University of Victoria; Amy J. Dickman of the University of Oxford; Rodolfo Dirzo of Stanford University; Holly T. Dublin of the Wildlife Conservation Society and the IUCN Species Survival Commission; James A Estes of the University of California; Kristoffer T. Everatt of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Mauro Galetti of the Universidade Estadual Paulista; Varun R. Goswami of the Wildlife Conservation Society; Matt W. Hayward of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Simon Hedges of the Wildlife Conservation Society; Michael Hoffman of the IUCN Species Survival Commission; Luke T.B. Hunter of Panthera; Graham I.H. Kerley of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Mike Letnic of University of New South Wales; Taal Levi of Oregon State University; Fiona Maisels of the Wildlife Conservation Society and Stirling University; John C. Morrison of the World Wildlife Fund; Michael Paul Nelson of Oregon State University; Thomas M. Newsome of Oregon State University; Luke Painter of Oregon State University; Robert M. Pringle of Princeton University; Christopher J. Sandom of University of Sussex; John Terborgh of Duke University; Adrian Treves of University of Wisconsin-Madison; Blaire Van Valkenburgh of University of California; John A. Vucetich of Michigan Technological University; Aaron J. Wirsing of University of Washington; Arian D. Wallach of University of Technology-Sydney; Christopher Wolf of Oregon State University; Rosie Woodroffe of the Zoological Society of London; Hillary Young of the University of California; and Li Zhang of Beijing Normal University.
David Braun is director of outreach with the digital and social media team illuminating the National Geographic Society’s explorer, science, and education programs.
He edits National Geographic Voices, hosting a global discussion on issues resonating with the Society’s mission and major initiatives. Contributors include grantees and Society partners, as well as universities, foundations, interest groups, and individuals dedicated to a sustainable world. More than 50,000 readers have participated in 10,000 conversations.
Braun also directs the Society side of the Fulbright-National Geographic Digital Storytelling Fellowship.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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DOES YOUR CHILD HAVE AN EAR INFECTION? HOW TO TELL.
Your child has a bothersome cold for a week. Her nasal
discharge turns a little green and her cough starts to keep
you all up at night. Then one night she is up every hour
extremely fussy with a fever. You take her into the doctor
in the morning almost certain she has another ear infection.
Ear infections are one of the most worrisome illnesses
for both parents and children to go through, especially if
they frequently recur. They also are the most common reason
for antibiotic prescriptions. Here's a guide to help you
understand why ear infections occur, how to best treat them,
and most importantly, how you can prevent them from
happening too often.
EIGHT MAIN SYMPTOMS OF AN EAR INFECTION
Your child may have 2 or more of these symptoms:
Cold symptoms – keep in mind that ear infections are
almost always preceded by a cold. Often a clear runny
nose will turn yellow or green before an ear infection
Fussiness during the day or night
Complaining of ear pain or hearing loss
Night-waking more frequently
Unwillingness to lie flat
Fever – usually low grade (101º - 102º); may not have a
Sudden increase in fussiness during a cold
Ear drainage – if you see blood or pus draining out of
the ear, then it is probably an infection with a
ruptured eardrum. DON'T WORRY! These almost always heal
just fine, and once the eardrum ruptures the pain
YOUR CHILD IS UNLIKELY TO HAVE AN EAR INFECTION IF:
1. No cold symptoms – if your child has some of
the above symptoms but does not have a cold, an ear
infection is less likely, unless your child has had an ear
infection in the past without a cold.
2. Pulling at the ears or batting the ears in
infants less than 1 year of age.
Infants less than one are unable to precisely localize their
ear pain. This means that they cannot tell that the pain is
coming from the ear or from structures near the ear. Infants
can pull on or bat at their ears for two other common
Teething – Baby thinks the pain from sore gums is coming
from the ears
Because they like playing with their ears – Infants are
fascinated with these strange appendages that are
sticking out of the side of their head. They love to
explore them, play with them, and especially to stick
their finger into that strange hole in the middle.
3. No complaints of ear pain in a child who is old
enough to tell you, usually by age two or three.
HOW CAN I TELL IF IT'S AN EAR INFECTION OR JUST
Are you tired of taking your fussy baby into the doctor
just to check her ears, only to be told its probably just
teething? TO help you decide, with teething:
Pain usually starts at four months of age and will come
and go until the two-year molars are in.
Tugging or digging at the ears with no cold symptoms or
Fussiness or night waking with no cold symptoms or fever
May have low fever less than 101
Teething does not cause a runny nose, only drool.
HOW DO EAR INFECTIONS OCCUR
Anatomy lesson. The ear is divided into three
parts: the outer ear canal, the middle ear space where
infections occur, and the inner ear where the nerves and
balance center are. A thin, membranous eardrum divides the
outer and middle ear. The middle ear space is also connected
to the back of the nose via the Eustachian tube.
Immature Eustachian tube. In infants and young
children this tube is much shorter and is angled. It is
therefore much easier for bacteria to migrate from the nose
and throat up into the middle ear space. As the child grows
this tube becomes more vertical, so germs have to travel "up
hill" to reach the middle ear. This is one-reason children
"outgrow" ear infections.
Colds. When your child has a cold, the nasal
passages get swollen and mucus collects in the back of the
nose. This environment is a breeding ground for the bacteria
that normally live in the nose and throat to begin to
overgrow. Mucus is also secreted within the middle ear space
just as it is in the sinuses.
Bacterial invasion. Germs migrate up through the
Eustachian tube and into the middle ear space where they
multiply within the mucus that is stuck there. Pus begins to
form and soon the middle ear space is filled with bacteria,
pus and thick mucus.
Ear pain. This pus causes the eardrum to bulge
causing pain. It is this red, bulging pus-colored eardrum
that the doctor can see by looking into the ear canal.
Diminished hearing. The discharge that collects in
the middle presses on the eardrum preventing it from
vibrating normally. This is what the doctor means by "fluid
in the middle ear." Also the fluid plugs the eustachian tube
and dampens the sound like the sensation in your ears during
ARE EAR INFECTIONS CONTAGIOUS?
No, the bacteria inside the ear causing the infection are
not contagious. The cold virus that can lead to an ear
infection is contagious. Oftentimes, if the ear infection
occurs a week after the cold begins, the child is no longer
HOW ARE EAR INFECTIONS TREATED?
Ear pain – Getting through the night:
Antibiotics – a seven-day course is the current
recommendation, unless your doctor feels a longer course is
indicated. The whole issue of antibiotics can be confusing
to parents. Here are some general guidelines to help you:
ibuprofen are effective pain relievers for ear
pain. You can safely use both medications together if
one alone is not enough. Click on each medication for
Warm compress – apply a warm washcloth to the
Warm olive oil, vegetable oil, or garlic oil –
put several drops of one of these into the ear. MAKE
SURE THE OIL ISN’T TOO HOT.
Anesthetic eardrops – if the above remedies
aren’t enough, these are available by prescription and
can numb the eardrum to minimize the pain for an hour or
WARNING – if you see any liquid or pus draining
out of the ear, DO NOT
PUT ANY OF THE ABOVE DROPS INTO
THE EAR. See below under ear drainage.
Ruptured eardrum – if this occurs, your doctor will
probably also prescribe an eardrop that is a mix of
antibiotic and hydrocortisone. This helps the ear canal
Amoxicillin – "the pink stuff" – this is the
standard first-line treatment used by most doctors, and
rightly so. It works well most of the time, is
inexpensive, tastes pretty good, and is easy on the
stomach and intestines.
Azithromycin, Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulinate
mix), double dose amoxicillin, cefuroxime – this are all
common second and third line choices.
A new combination of Augmentin plus extra amoxicillin
called Augmentin ES has been shown to be very
effective in treating resistant ear infections. Your
doctor may prescribe both.
Finish the prescribed course – even if you child
is feeling better after two or three days, it is best to
complete at least seven days of treatment to help ensure
the infection doesn't come back.
Avoid antibiotic resistance - But doctor,
amoxicillin doesn't work for my child, and it's so hard to
give it to her three times a day! Can I please have the once
a day for only five days stuff? Be careful about doing this.
Always taking a stronger, more convenient antibiotic can
make the bacteria that dwell in your child more resistant to
the stronger antibiotics, and can make future infections
more difficult to treat. Even if amoxicillin hasn't worked
once or twice in the past, chances are that this new
infection is a different bacteria that is sensitive to
amoxicillin, especially if more than two months have passed
since the last antibiotic. The good news is amoxicillin now
comes in a twice-a-day form, and treatment is usually only
seven days, not ten.
When to use a stronger antibiotic – it is usually
best to start out with the simple amoxicillin. Here are some
reasons to go with something stronger:
If the fever and fussiness are not improving after 48
– 72 hours of an antibiotic, your child may need a
If amoxicillin has not worked two or three times in the
past, then it's ok to start with a stronger antibiotic
for future infections.
If your child has taken amoxicillin in the past six
weeks, and then develops another ear infection, chances
are that this infection is resistant and needs a
If your child is allergic to amoxicillin
If the infection is still present after one course of
Important note – the antibiotics only take care of the
bacteria causing the ear infection. They don't treat the
virus that is causing the underlying cold symptoms. So
don't expect the runny nose and cough to improve for 3
to 14 days.
ARE ANTIBIOTICS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO TREAT EAR
No, they are not absolutely necessary, but they are very
helpful for several reasons:
Antibiotics will help your child feel better faster by
eliminating the bacteria, which in turn reduces the
fever and ear pain more quickly. Children generally feel
better after one or two days of antibiotics.
Allowing an ear infection to heal on its own usually
subjects a child to four to seven days of fever and ear
Antibiotics help prevent the very rare, but possible,
complications of an ear infection spreading into the
brain or bone surrounding the ear.
New research is suggesting that 80% of uncomplicated ear
infections will resolve within 4 to 7 days without
antibiotics. Parents who choose not to use antibiotics
can treat the pain and fever with Auralgan anesthetic
ear drops and ibuprofen or acetominophen.
MINIMIZING THE SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS
Side effects can include:
Fungal diaper rash
HOW EAR INFECTIONS RESOLVE
There are two components of ear infections that need to
Infection – the antibiotics usually take care of the
bacteria, which in turn resolves the fever and pain with
a few days.
Middle ear fluid – it takes much longer for this to
resolve, anywhere from a few days up to 3 months! The
fluid slowly drains out through the Eustachian tube down
into the nose. Taking repeated courses of antibiotics
does not speed up this process, since the fluid is
usually no longer infected with bacteria. Chronic nasal
congestion or allergies can block the Eustachian tube
and therefore prevent the ears from draining. Your
child's hearing may be muffled until the fluid drains
out. This is not permanent. See below on preventing ear
infections for tips on how to improve ear drainage.
Remember, since the runny nose and cough are usually
caused by a cold virus and not bacteria, it may be 3 –
14 days before these symptoms resolve.
FOLLOW UP WITH THE DOCTOR
Most doctors will have you follow up anywhere from one to
four weeks after an ear infection. There are several reasons
To make sure the infection is clearing up
To make sure the middle ear fluid is draining out. If
the fluid stays around continuously for more than three
months, your doctor needs to know.
To help determine if the next ear infection is a new one
or a continuation of an old infection. This helps
determine which antibiotic to use.Your doctor may
perform a tympanogram – a rubber
probe that painlessly fits into your baby's ear canal
and measures how the eardrum vibrates. This helps
determine if there is any fluid left.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Try to avoid over-treating with
unnecessary repeated courses of antibiotics. At your
follow-up visit with your doctor, there may still be fluid
in the middle ear. If the ear is not red or bulging, and
your child is acting fine, you may not need another course
of antibiotics. Doctors will vary in how aggressive they
like to treat ear fluid. You may be able to spare your child
from an unnecessary course of antibiotics.
CHRONIC EAR FLUID
As stated above, sometimes it can take several months for
the fluid to drain out of the middle ear space. During this
period the hearing can be muffled. This isn't dangerous and
does not cause permanent hearing loss. Thankfully, the fluid
often drains out within two or three weeks. There are
several situations, however, when you do need to worry about
this fluid in the ear:
Eustachian tube dysfunction – this is a condition where
the Eustachian tube can't do its job correctly and the
middle ear doesn't drain. Causes include chronic sinus
infections, nasal allergies and frequent colds.
Fluid that stays in the ear for more than three to four
months can become thick and gooey, a term called "glue
ear". This type of fluid often needs to be drained
surgically by an ear specialist.
If this long period of muffled hearing occurs during the
first two years of life when language development is
crucial, it can cause speech delay. This is usually only
temporary, however, but the longer it goes on, the
longer the speech and hearing can be delayed.
If your child has several ear infections over a three to
four month period, and the fluid never really has time
to drain in between infections, this can cause a
prolonged period of muffled hearing.Again, don't worry
if it takes one or two months for the fluid to drain out
of your child's ear. This is common. We would like to
stress, however, the importance of proper follow-up with
your doctor to make sure it eventually resolves.
NINE STEPS TO PREVENTING EAR INFECTIONS
If your child has had several ear infections already, or
you simple wish to lower her risk of getting them in the
first place, here are some ways to prevent or at least
lessen the frequency and severity of ear infections:
1. Breastfeeding. There is no doubt whatsoever in
the medical literature that prolonged breastfeeding lowers
your child's chances of getting ear infections.
2. Daycare setting. Continuous exposure to other
children increases the risk that your child will catch more
colds, and consequently more ear infections. Crowded daycare
settings are a set up for germ sharing. If possible, switch
your child to a small, home daycare setting. This will lower
3. Control allergies.
4. Feed baby upright. Lying down while
bottle-feeding can cause the milk to irritate the Eustachian
tube which can contribute to ear infections.
5. Keep the nose clear. When a runny nose and cold
start, do your best to keep the nose clear by using steam,
saline nose drops, and suctioning. See colds for more info
6. Cigarette smoke. There is strong evidence that
smoking irritates baby's nasal passage, which leads to
Eustachian tube dysfunction.
8. Eat more raw fruits and vegetables - these can
greatly boost your child's immune system and help fight off
MEDICAL PREVENTION FOR CHRONIC OR FREQUENT EAR
If your child is having frequent ear infections, more
aggressive prevention may be indicated. There are different
opinions as to the definition of chronic ear infections. How
many is too many?
More aggressive doctors may choose to begin medical
prevention if you child has more than three ear
infections in six months, or more than four in one year.
Less aggressive doctors may allow your child to have
more infections before recommending medical prevention.
We lean more in this direction.
Other factors such as hearing loss and speech delay may
warrant more aggressive treatment.
There are three forms of medical prevention:
Prophylactic antibiotics. This consists of a
once-a-day dose of amoxicillin or similar antibiotic.
There are two ways to do this:
Daily treatment for several months continuously,
such as through the winter season.
Start the daily treatment at the first sign of any
cold symptoms, and then continue the antibiotic for
7 – 10 days.
Advantage to taking prophylactic antibiotics is that
you avoid full dose courses of possibly stronger
Disadvantage is that your child gets and antibiotic
possibly more often and this could contribute to
OUR PREFERENCE is to start the daily amoxicillin at
the first sign of cold symptoms.
Immunization. There is a new vaccine called
Prevnar that came out in 2000. Four doses are given
during the first two years of life. For children 15
months and older, one dose is enough. This vaccine helps
prevent infections from a bacterium called pneumococcus.
This bug causes pneumonia, blood infections, meningitis
and ear infections. The main purpose of this vaccine is
to prevent the more serious infections. It also can
prevent ear infections in two ways:
Decreased number of ear infections – this effect is
minimal. Studies have shown that this shot only
decreases ear infections by 10 – 20%.
Decreased ear infections from resistant pneumococcus
– this is considered a much more valuable benefit
from the shot. The vaccine has been shown to
significantly decrease the number of ear infections
caused by pneumococcus that are resistant to
Ear tubes. These are tiny
tubes that an ENT specialist inserts into the eardrum
under general anesthesia. They usually stay in place for
6 months to over a year. There are several purposes
achieved by tubes:
To drain chronic ear fluid that may turn into "glue
To provide an outlet for middle ear fluid to drain
out as it begins to collect during a cold. This may
help prevent a full ear infection from occurring.
To preserve hearing and timely speech development by
avoiding long months of muffled hearing caused by
middle ear fluid.
To help prevent the rare complication of chronic
hearing loss caused by recurrent ear infections.
THE EAR TUBE CONTROVERSY
While ear tubes do have their place in treating recurrent
ear infections, there does exist some controversy over their
use. The advantages are listed above. Some common concerns
about tubes are:
Some doctors may be too quick to recommend ear tubes
before exhausting all other preventative measures or
before allowing enough time to allow the ears to clear
up without surgery.
As with any surgery, there are risks (though minimal) to
The tubes often leave a little scar covering
approximately one sixth of the eardrum. This scar is
often permanent. There does not seem to be any long-term
consequence of this scarring, but we're not completely
sure. Please note that recurrent ear infections with or
without eardrum rupture can also lead to scarring.
Please note that ear tubes don't always prevent ear
infections. Some children will still get as many
infections even with the tubes in, but the fluid drains
out right away.
OVERALL EAR TUBES DO HAVE A PROPER PLACE IN TREATING
RECURRENT EAR INFECTIONS WHEN USED APPROPRIATELY.
Many children benefit from ear tubes. Parents declare
their child is a new person. The ear infections are
gone. The hearing is improved. No more sleepless nights
with a crying child. No more endless courses of
General indication for tubes are chronic ear fluid for
more than four to six months; or more than three ear
infections in six months or more than five in one year.
You and your doctor should decide together when it is
the right time for ear tubes for your child.
|
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CC-MAIN-2018-39
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en
| 0.923859 | 4,420 | 2.8125 | 3 | 2.198515 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Health
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The Confederate government of Kentucky was a shadow government established for the Commonwealth of Kentucky by a self-constituted group of Southern sympathizers during the American Civil War. A shadow government is a "government-in-waiting" that remains in waiting with the intention of taking control of a Government in response to some event Four of the constituent states of the United States officially designate themselves Commonwealths: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The shadow government never replaced the elected government in Frankfort, which had strong Union sympathies. Frankfort is a city in the US commonwealth of Kentucky that serves as the state Capital and the County seat of Franklin County. During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three Neither did it gain the support of Kentucky's citizens; its jurisdiction extended only as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, the provisional government was recognized by the Confederate States of America, and Kentucky was admitted to the Confederacy on December 10, 1861. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kentucky was represented by the central star on the Confederate battle flag. The Confederate States of America used several Flags during its existence from 1861 to 1865
Bowling Green was designated the Confederate capital of Kentucky, but due to the military situation in the state, the provisional government was exiled and traveled with the Army of Tennessee for most of its existence. Bowling Green is the fourth-most populous City in the US state of Kentucky after Louisville, Lexington and Owensboro The Army of Tennessee was the principal Confederate army operating between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River during the For a short time in the autumn of 1862, the Confederate Army controlled Frankfort, the only time a Union capital was captured by Confederate forces. The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. During this occupation, General Braxton Bragg attempted to install the provisional government as the permanent authority in the Commonwealth. Braxton Bragg (March 22 1817 &ndash September 27 1876 was a career United States Army officer and then a General in the Confederate States Army, a However, Union General Don Carlos Buell ambushed the inauguration ceremony and drove the provisional government from the state for the final time. Don Carlos Buell (March 23 1818 &ndash November 19 1898 was a career United States Army officer who fought in the Seminole War, the Mexican-American War From that point forward, the government existed primarily on paper, and was dissolved at the end of the war.
The provisional government elected two governors. George W. Johnson was elected at the Russellville Convention and served until his death at the Battle of Shiloh. George Washington Johnson (May 27 1811 April 8 1862 was the first Confederate governor of Kentucky. Background and opposing forces After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew Richard Hawes was elected to replace Johnson, and served through the remainder of the war. Richard Hawes (February 6 1797 – May 25 1877 was a United States Representative from Kentucky and the second Confederate Governor of Kentucky.
Kentucky's citizens were split regarding the issues central to the Civil War. The state had strong economic ties with Ohio River cities such as Pittsburgh and Cincinnati while at the same time sharing many cultural, social, and economic links with the South. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. Unionist traditions were strong throughout the Commonwealth's history, and with economic ties to both the North and the South, Kentucky had little to gain and much to lose from a war between the states. Additionally, many slaveholders felt that the best protection for slavery was within the Union. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The presidential election of 1860 reflected Kentucky's mixed heritage when the state gave John Bell 45% of the popular vote, John C. Breckinridge 36%, Stephen Douglas 18%, and Abraham Lincoln less than 1%. The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. John Bell (also known as "The Great Apostate") ( February 15, 1797 &ndash September 10, 1869) was a U John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16 1821 &ndash May 17 1875 was a lawyer U Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Historian Allan Nevins interpreted the election results to mean that Kentuckians strongly opposed both secession and coercion against the secessionists. The Ordinance of Secession was the document drafted and ratified in 1860 and 1861 by the seceding states that officially declared their Secession from the The majority coalition of Bell and Douglas supporters was seen as a solid moderate Unionist position that opposed precipitate action by extremists on either side.
The majority of Kentucky's citizens felt it was their role to be a mediator between the North and South. On December 9, 1860, Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin sent a letter to the other slave state governors, suggesting that they come to an agreement with the North that would include strict enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act, a division of common territories at the 37th parallel, a guarantee of free use of the Mississippi River, and a Southern veto over slave legislation. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The Governor of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of the U Beriah Magoffin ( April 18, 1815 February 28, 1885) was the Governor of Kentucky from 1859 to 1862 The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. Magoffin proposed a conference of slave states, followed by a conference of all the states to secure these concessions. Because of the escalating pace of events, neither conference was ever held.
Governor Magoffin called a special session of the Kentucky General Assembly on December 27, 1860, asking the legislators to call a convention of Kentuckians to decide the Commonwealth's course in the sectional conflict. The Kentucky General Assembly, also called the Kentucky Legislature, is the state legislature of the U Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The Louisville Morning Courier on January 25, 1861 articulated the position that the secessionists faced in the legislature, "Too much time has already been wasted. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The historic moment once past, never returns. For us and for Kentucky, the time to act is NOW OR NEVER. " The Unionists, on the other hand, were unwilling to surrender the fate of the state to a convention that might "in a moment of excitement, adopt the extreme remedy of secession. " The Unionist position carried when many of the states rights legislators, opposing the idea of immediate secession, voted against the convention. The assembly did, however, send six delegates to a February 4 Peace Conference in Washington, D.C., and asked Congress to call a national convention to consider potential resolutions to the secession crisis, including the Crittenden Compromise, authored by Kentuckian John J. Crittenden. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons The Peace Conference of 1861 was a meeting of more than 100 of the leading politicians of the Antebellum United States held in Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Crittenden Compromise ( December 18, 1860) was an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J John Jordan Crittenden ( September 10, 1786 July 26, 1863) was an American statesman from Kentucky.
As a result of the firing on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln sent a telegram to Governor Magoffin requesting that the Commonwealth supply four regiments as its share of the overall request of 75,000 troops for the war. Fort Sumter, a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor South Carolina, was named after General Thomas Sumter Magoffin, a Southern sympathizer, replied "President Lincoln, Washington, D.C. I will send not a man nor a dollar for the wicked purpose of subduing my sister Southern states. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive B. Magoffin" Both houses of the General Assembly met on May 7 and passed declarations of neutrality in the war, a position officially declared by Governor Magoffin on May 20. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Kentucky Declaration of Neutrality was the resolution by the Kentucky Legislature declaring the Commonwealth of Kentucky officially neutral in the American Civil Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
In a special congressional election held June 20, Unionist candidates won nine of Kentucky's ten congressional seats. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Confederate sympathizers won only the Jackson Purchase region, which was economically linked to Tennessee by the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. The Jackson Purchase is a region in the state of Kentucky bounded by the Mississippi River The Cumberland River is an important waterway in the Southern United States. The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. Believing defeat at the polls was certain, many Southern Rightists had boycotted the election; of the 125,000 votes cast, Unionists captured close to 90,000. An election boycott is the Boycotting of an Election by a group of voters each of whom abstains from voting Southern sympathizers were dealt a further blow in the August 5 election for state legislators. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. This election resulted in veto-proof Unionist majorities of 76–24 in the House and 27–11 in the Senate. A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. The Kentucky House of Representatives is the lower house of the Kentucky General Assembly The Kentucky Senate is the Upper house of the Kentucky General Assembly. From that time forward, most of Magoffin's vetoes to protect southern interests were overridden in the General Assembly.
Historian Wilson Porter Shortridge made the following analysis of the election results:
|“||These elections demonstrated that a majority of the people of Kentucky were opposed to secession, but they could not be interpreted as an approval of the war policy of the Lincoln administration, as was quite generally done at the north at that time. Perhaps the best explanation at that time was that the people of Kentucky desired peace and thought that the election of the union candidates was the best way to get it. ||”|
With actual secession no longer considered to be a viable option, the pro-Confederate forces became the strongest supporters for neutrality, although Unionists simply dismissed this as a front for their true secessionist agenda. Unionists, on the other hand, struggled to find a way to move the large, moderate middle to a “definite and unqualified stand with the Washington government. ” The maneuvering between the two finally reached a decisive point on September 3 when Confederate forces were ordered from Tennessee to the Kentucky towns of Hickman and Columbus, and Union forces responded by occupying Paducah. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Hickman is a city in Fulton County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2560 at the 2000 census. Columbus is a city in Hickman County, Kentucky, United States. Paducah is the largest city in Kentucky 's Jackson Purchase Region and the County seat of McCracken County, Kentucky, United States
On September 11 the legislature passed a resolution instructing Magoffin to order the Confederate forces (but not the Union forces) to leave the state. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul The Governor vetoed the resolution, but the General Assembly overrode his veto, and Magoffin gave the order. The next week, the assembly officially requested the assistance of the Union and asked the governor to call out the state militia to join the Federal forces. Magoffin also vetoed this request, and again the assembly overrode the veto, and Magoffin acquiesced.
A pro-Confederate peace meeting, with Breckinridge as a speaker, was scheduled for September 21. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Unionists feared the meeting would lead to actual military resistance, and dispatched troops from Camp Dick Robinson to disband the meeting and arrest Breckinridge. Camp Dick Robinson was a large Union Army organizational and training center located near Lancaster in rural Garrard County Kentucky, during the American Breckinridge, as well as many other state leaders identified with the secessionists, fled the state. These leaders eventually served as the nucleus for a group that would create a shadow government for Kentucky. In his October 8 "Address to the People of Kentucky," Breckinridge declared, "The United States no longer exists. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union is dissolved. "
On October 29, 1861, 63 delegates representing 34 counties met at Russellville to discuss the formation of a Confederate government for the Commonwealth. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of the one hundred Russellville is a city in and the County seat of Logan County, Kentucky, United States. Despite recent defeats at the polls, this group believed that the Unionist government in Frankfort did not represent the will of the majority of Kentucky's citizens. Trigg County's Henry Burnett was elected chairman of the proceedings. Trigg County is a County located in the US state of Kentucky. Henry Cornelius Burnett ( October 5, 1825 &ndash October 1, 1866) represented the state of Kentucky in the Scott County farmer George W. Scott County is a County located in the US state of Kentucky. Johnson chaired the committee that authored the convention's final report, and introduced some of its key resolutions. The report called for a sovereignty convention to sever ties with the Federal government. Both Breckinridge and Johnson served on the Committee of Ten that made arrangements for the convention.
On November 18, 116 delegates from 68 counties met at the Clark House in Russellville. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Burnett was again elected presiding officer, and fearing for the safety of the delegates, initially proposed postponing the proceedings until January 8, 1862. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Johnson convinced the majority of the delegates to continue, working behind closed doors, but by the third day, the military situation was so tenuous that the entire convention had to be moved to a tower on the campus of Bethel Female College, a now-defunct institution in Russellville. Bethel College is a defunct college in Kentucky affiliated with the Baptist Church founded in 1854 and closed in 1964
|Governor||George W. Johnson|
|Lieutenant Governor||Horatio F. Simrall|
|Secretary of State||Robert McKee|
|Treasurer||Theodore Legrand Burnett|
The first item of business was the ratification of an ordinance of secession, which proceeded in short order. The Ordinance of Secession was the document drafted and ratified in 1860 and 1861 by the seceding states that officially declared their Secession from the Next, being unable to flesh out a complete constitution and system of laws, the delegates voted that "the Constitution and laws of Kentucky, not inconsistent with the acts of this Convention, and the establishment of this Government, and the laws which may be enacted by the Governor and Council, shall be the laws of this state. The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the document that governs the United States Commonwealth of Kentucky. " The provisional government proposed by the delegates consisted of a legislative council of ten members (one from each Kentucky congressional district), a governor, who had the power to appoint judicial and other officials, a treasurer and an auditor. The delegates designated Bowling Green (then under the control of Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston) as the Confederate State capital, but had the foresight to provide that the government could meet anywhere deemed appropriate by the council and governor. The convention adopted a new state seal, an arm wearing mail with a star, extended from a circle of twelve other stars. Mail (also maille, often given as chain mail or chain maille) is a type of Armour or jewellery that consists of small metal rings linked
The convention unanimously elected Johnson as governor. There is also some indication that Horatio F. Simrall was elected lieutenant governor, but soon fled to Mississippi to escape Federal authorities. Horatio F Simrall ( February 6, 1818 &ndash August 15, 1901) was chief justice of the Mississippi Supreme Court. A Lieutenant Governor is a high officer of state whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Robert McKee, who had served as secretary of both conventions, was appointed secretary of state. Theodore Legrand Burnett was elected treasurer, but resigned on December 17 to accept a position in the Confederate Congress. Theodore Legrand Burnett ( November 14, 1829 &ndash October 30, 1917) was an American soldier attorney and a prominent politician Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila The Congress of the Confederate States was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865 He was replaced by Warren County native John Quincy Burnham. Warren County is a County located in the US state of Kentucky, specifically the Pennyroyal Plateau and Western Coal Fields The position of auditor was first offered to former Congressman Richard Hawes, but Hawes declined in order to continue his military service under Humphrey Marshall. Richard Hawes (February 6 1797 – May 25 1877 was a United States Representative from Kentucky and the second Confederate Governor of Kentucky. Humphrey Marshall ( January 13, 1812 &ndash March 28, 1872) was a four-term Antebellum United States Congressman and a In his stead, the convention elected Josiah Pillsbury, also of Warren County. The legislative council elected Willis Benson Machen as its president. Willis Benson Machen ( April 10 1810 &ndash September 29 1893) was a Democratic U
On November 21, the day following the convention, Johnson wrote Confederate president Jefferson Davis to request Kentucky's admission to the Confederacy. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Burnett, William Preston, and William E. Simms were chosen as the state's commissioners to the Confederacy. William Preston ( October 16, 1816 &ndash September 21, 1887) was an American lawyer politician and ambassador William Emmett Simms ( January 2, 1822 &ndash June 25, 1898) was a U For reasons unexplained by the delegates, Dr. Luke P. Blackburn, a native Kentuckian living in Mississippi, was invited to accompany the commissioners to Richmond, Virginia. Luke Pryor Blackburn (June 16 1816 September 14 1887 was a doctor and Philanthropist who despite only meager previous political experience served as Governor of Kentucky Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Though Davis had some reservation about the circumvention of the elected General Assembly in forming the Confederate government, he concluded that Johnson's request had merit, and on November 25, recommended Kentucky for admission to the Confederacy. The Kentucky General Assembly, also called the Kentucky Legislature, is the state legislature of the U Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Kentucky was admitted to the Confederacy on December 10, 1861. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
On November 26, 1861, Governor Johnson issued an address to the citizens of the Commonwealth blaming abolitionists for the breakup of the United States. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies He asserted his belief that the Union and Confederacy were forces of equal strength, and that the only solution to the war was a free trade agreement between the two sovereign nations. He further announced his willingness to resign as provisional governor if the Kentucky General Assembly would agree to cooperate with Governor Magoffin. Magoffin himself denounced the Russellville Convention and the provisional government, stressing the need to abide by the will of the majority of the Commonwealth's citizens.
During the winter of 1861, Johnson tried to assert the legitimacy of the fledgling government but its jurisdiction extended only as far as the area controlled by the Confederate Army. George Washington Johnson (May 27 1811 April 8 1862 was the first Confederate governor of Kentucky. Johnson came short of raising the 46,000 troops requested by the Confederate Congress. Efforts to levy taxes and to compel citizens to turn over their guns to the government were similarly unsuccessful. On January 3, 1862, Johnson requested a sum of $3 million from the Confederate Congress to meet the provisional government's operating expenses. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The Congress instead approved a sum of $2 million, the expenditure of which required approval of Secretary of War Judah P. Benjamin and President Davis. Judah Philip Benjamin ( August 6, 1811 &ndash May 6, 1884) was an American politician and lawyer Much of the provisional government's operating capital was probably provided by Kentucky congressman Eli Metcalfe Bruce, who made a fortune from varied economic activities throughout the war. Eli Metcalfe Bruce ( February 22, 1828 &ndash December 15, 1866) was a Philanthropist and a Representative from Kentucky
The council met on December 14 to appoint representatives to the Confederacy's unicameral provisional congress. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber Those appointed would serve for only two months, as the provisional congress was replaced with a permanent bicameral legislature on February 17, 1862. In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Kentucky was entitled to two senators and 12 representatives in the permanent Confederate Congress. The usual day for general elections being passed, Governor Johnson and the legislative council set election day for Confederate Kentucky on January 22. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Voters were allowed to vote in whichever county they occupied on election day, and could cast a general ballot for all positions. In an election that saw military votes outnumber civilian ones, only four of the provisional legislators were elected to seats in the Confederate House of Representatives. One provisional legislator, Henry Burnett, was elected to the Confederate Senate.
The provisional government took other minor actions during the winter of 1861. An act was passed to rename Wayne County to Zollicoffer County in honor of Felix Zollicoffer, who died at the Battle of Mill Springs. Wayne County is a County located in the US state of Kentucky. Felix Kirk Zollicoffer ( May 19, 1812 &ndash January 19, 1862) was a newspaperman three-term United States Congressman from Background In 1861 the critical border state of Kentucky had declared neutrality in the fight to maintain the Union Local officials were appointed in areas controlled by Confederate forces, including many justices of the peace. A Justice of the Peace ( JP) is a Puisne Judicial officer appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace When the Confederate government eventually disbanded, the legality of marriages performed by these justices was questioned, but eventually upheld.
Following Ulysses S. Grant's victory at the Battle of Fort Henry, General Johnston withdrew from Bowling Green into Tennessee on February 7, 1862. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Background In early 1861 the critical border state of Kentucky had declared neutrality in the fight to maintain the Union Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday A week later, Governor Johnson and the provisional government followed. On March 12, the New Orleans Picayune reported that "the capital of Kentucky [is] now being located in a Sibley tent. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving The Times-Picayune is a daily Newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. "
Governor Johnson, despite his presumptive official position, his age (50), and a crippled arm, volunteered to serve under General John C. Breckinridge and Colonel Robert P. John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16 1821 &ndash May 17 1875 was a lawyer U Trabue at the Battle of Shiloh. Background and opposing forces After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew On April 7, Johnson was severely wounded in the thigh and abdomen, and lay on the battlefield until the following day. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Johnson was recognized by acquaintance and fellow Freemason, Alexander McDowell McCook, a Union general. Alexander McDowell McCook (April 22 1831 &ndash June 12 1903 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. Johnson died aboard the Union hospital ship Hannibal, and the provisional government of Kentucky was left leaderless.
Prior to abandoning Bowling Green, Governor Johnson requested that Richard Hawes come to the city and help with the administration of the government, but Hawes was delayed due to a bout with typhoid fever. Richard Hawes (February 6 1797 – May 25 1877 was a United States Representative from Kentucky and the second Confederate Governor of Kentucky. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium Following Johnson's death, the provisional government elected Hawes, who was still recovering from his illness, as governor. Following his recovery, Hawes joined the government in Corinth, Mississippi, and took the oath of office on May 31. Corinth is a city in Alcorn County, Mississippi, United States. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
During the summer of 1862, word began to spread through the Army of Tennessee that Generals Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith were planning an invasion of Kentucky. Edmund Kirby Smith (May 16 1824 – March 28 1893 was a career United States Army officer an educator and a general in the Confederate Army during The legislative council voted to endorse the invasion plan, and on August 27, Governor Hawes was dispatched to Richmond to favorably recommend it to President Davis. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Davis was non-committal, but Bragg and Smith proceeded, nonetheless.
On August 30, Smith commanded one of the most complete Confederate victories of the war against an inexperienced Union force at the Battle of Richmond. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Bragg also won a decisive victory at the September 13 Battle of Munfordville, but the delay there cost him the larger prize of Louisville, which Don Carlos Buell moved to occupy on September 25. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Having lost Louisville, Bragg spread his troops into defensive postures in the central Kentucky cities of Bardstown, Shelbyville and Danville and waited for something to happen, a move that historian Kenneth Noe called a "stupendously illogical decision. Bardstown is a city in Nelson County, Kentucky, United States. Shelbyville is a city in Shelby County Kentucky, United States Danville is a city in and the County seat of Boyle County, Kentucky, United States. "
Meanwhile, the leaders of Kentucky's Confederate government had remained in Chattanooga, Tennessee, awaiting Governor Hawes' return. They finally departed on September 18, and caught up with Bragg and Smith in Lexington, Kentucky on October 2. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Lexington (officially Lexington-Fayette Urban County is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 68th largest in the United States. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Bragg had been disappointed with the number of soldiers volunteering for Confederate service in Kentucky; wagon loads of weapons that had been shipped to the Commonwealth to arm the expected enlistees remained unissued. Desiring to enforce the Confederate Conscription Act to boost recruitment, Bragg decided to install the provisional government in the recently-captured state capital of Frankfort. Frankfort is a city in the US commonwealth of Kentucky that serves as the state Capital and the County seat of Franklin County. On October 4, 1862, Hawes was inaugurated as governor by the Confederate legislative council. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday In the celebratory atmosphere of the inauguration ceremony, however, the Confederate forces let their guard down, and were ambushed and forced to retreat by Buell's artillery.
Following the Battle of Perryville, the provisional government left Kentucky for the final time. Kentucky Campaign of 1862 Situated between the Southern states of Tennessee and Virginia and the Northern states of Illinois Displaced from their home state, members of the legislative council dispersed to places where they could make a living or be supported by relatives until Governor Hawes called them into session. Scant records show that on December 30, 1862, Hawes summoned the council, auditor, and treasurer to his location at Athens, Tennessee for a meeting on January 15, 1863. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Athens is a City in McMinn County, Tennessee, United States. It is the County seat of McMinn County and the principal city Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Hawes himself unsuccessfully lobbied President Davis to remove Hawes' former superior, Humphrey Marshall, from command. On March 4, Hawes told Davis by letter that "our cause is steadily on the increase" and assured him that another foray into the Commonwealth would produce better results than the first had. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
The government's financial woes also continued. Hawes was embarrassed to admit that neither he nor anyone else seemed to know what became of approximately $45,000 that had been sent from Columbus to Memphis, Tennessee during the Confederate occupation of Kentucky. Columbus is a city in Hickman County, Kentucky, United States. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. Another major blow was Davis' 1864 decision not to allow Hawes to spend $1 million that had been secretly appropriated in August of 1861 to help Kentucky maintain its neutrality. Davis reasoned that the money could not be spent for its intended purpose, since Kentucky had already been admitted to the Confederacy.
Late in the war, the provisional government existed mostly on paper. However, in the summer of 1864, Colonel R. A. Alston of the Ninth Tennessee Cavalry requested Governor Hawes' assistance in investigating crimes allegedly committed by Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan during his latest raid into Kentucky. John Hunt Morgan ( June 1, 1825 &ndash September 4, 1864) was a Confederate General and Cavalry officer in the Hawes never had to act on the request, however, as Morgan was suspended from command on August 10 and killed by Union troops on September 4, 1864. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year
There is no documentation detailing exactly when Kentucky's provisional government ceased operation. It is assumed to have dissolved upon the conclusion of the Civil War.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Students heading back to school for the new year might need to add a new element to their periodic table of elements in chemistry class.
Swedish scientists say they have fresh evidence that confirms the existence of a previously unknown chemical element.
Element #115 was discovered in 2003 (reported in February 2004) by scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California working with researchers from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia (JINR).
This element, considered to be radioactive and classified as a metal, is artificially produced by bombarding atoms of americium-243 — an isotope of the element Americium (Am) — with ions of a rare isotope calcium-48 using a device called a cyclotron.
Scientists say this element probably won’t have any practical purposes, unlike others such as iron (Fe), oxygen (O) or even uranium (U) since it is unstable and has a short half-life of about 220 milliseconds. An element’s half-life is the point in which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy to half its value.
Because of its unstable properties, scientists also say element #115 should not have any negative effects on human health or the environment.
Along with making observations of the new chemical element, the research team was also able to gain access to data that provides a deeper insight into the structure and properties of super-heavy atomic nuclei.
“This was a very successful experiment and is one of the most important in the field in recent years”, said Dirk Rudolph, professor nuclear physics at Lund University.
In creating the element, the researchers bombarded a thin film of americium with calcium ions which made it possible for them to measure photons in connection with the element’s alpha decay, which is a process that unstable atoms can use to become more stable.
Scientists have said element #115 alpha decays into element #113, dubbed ununtrium (Uut), which in turn decays into roentgenium (Rg) or element #111, which also doesn’t last too long either, with a half-life of about 26 seconds.
Ununpentium is a hybrid Greek and Latin word that loosely translates into one-one-five, the temporary name of element #115, which hasn’t been given an official name.
A committee of experts will first review the new findings so that they can decide whether to recommend further experiments before acknowledging the discovery of element #115.
The team’s findings were published in the “The Physical Review Letters.”
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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By Mary Anne Andrei
The North American mink (Mustela vison Schreber, 1777), also called minx, vison, water weasel, or least otter, was a staple of the North American fur trade, beginning with the first contacts in the middle seventeenth century, between European explorers and native Americans inhabiting the eastern shores of North America. Although the beaver played the most critical role in the fur trade, especially during the first contacts, it is important to consider the value of other fur-bearing animals in relation to the decline in beaver populations. Although the various species of fur-bearing animals could not replace the beaver pelt hat, which was all the rage in seventeenth-century Europe, they could continue to bolster the fur coat market. The European fur market was already familiar with mink, as there existed a European species (Mustela putorius), although much smaller than its North American relative. Mink was used for making coats and providing trimmings for various garments. Given its size and availability, the North American mink became valued over the European species.
Mink belong to the genus Mustela, the weasel-like animals. They have long, slender bodies, short legs, with five toes on each foot, bushy tails, short ears, and sharp carnivorous teeth. The size of a North American male mink is in general 24 inches long with a 7 inch tail. Males generally weigh about two pounds; females are smaller. The animals are uniformly umber-brown in color, darker and glossier on the back, with the color deepening to black on the tail. The chin is white and there may exist white spots on its throat, breast or belly. Their fur does not turn white during the winter season. The mink's range in North America extends from Florida along the east coast north to Hudson Bay across Canada to Alaska and south to the woodlands of Colorado and along the Gulf of Mexico. Its range has not decreased over time in spite of the tremendous number of animals taken at the height of the fur trade (Seton, 1929).
In the 1640s the two distinct worlds of Europe and north America encountered one another in the Great Lakes region and engaged in a system of trade that was at first mutually beneficial. The British Hudson's Bay Company played a prominent role in the fur trade from its inception in 1670 until the Oregon Treaty of 1846, when Great Britain relinquished its claims south of the forty-ninth parallel (Coleman, 1940). The Hudson's Bay Company successfully competed with the North West Company and various others during its existence. Over an 80-year period, from 1821 to 1905, the Company collected 3,503,660 mink skins. Other American companies collected a total of 7, 993, 719 mink skins from 1821 to 1891. The trade value of a mink skin in 1804, based on the records of François Victor Malhiot, a trader with the North West Company, was one mink skin for one half of a beaver skin (Gilman, 1982). According to a naturalist of the nineteenth century, Dr. John Richardson, from 1823-1827:
the fur of Vison is of little value, and at many remote parts, their skins are taken by the traders from the Indians merely to accommodate the latter, but afterward burnt, as they will not repay the expense for carriage. The fur, however, is very fine, although short, and is likely, in the revolutions of fashion, to become valuable again (Seton, 1929).
The value of mink skins did not increase until mink farms were established in the late nineteenth century both in North America and Europe. The American mink was introduced into Europe in 1926 for fur farming, and an escaped population is currently contributing to the severe decline in the European species' population (Massicot, 2000).
Coleman, R. V. "Fur Trade" and "Hudson's Bay Company" in Dictionary of American History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940, Volume III.
Gilman, Carolyn. Where Two Worlds Meet: the Great Lakes Fur Trade. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1982.
Mink web page ©1981 Missouri Conservation Commission: http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/mammals/mink/
Seton, Ernest Thompson. Lives of Game Animals. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1929, Volume II, Part II.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Beloved companions to princes and princesses for well over 2,000 years, Maltese know how to behave: They are gentle, loving, obedient and well-mannered creatures that love attention and affection and know how to return to favor. However, Maltese have a fearless energy that makes them slightly more of a handful than your typical, docile lapdog. They love to run around in the yard, play chase and hop around in mud puddles. But, when playtime is over, they are superb cuddlers.
- 4 - 6 pounds
- 8 - 10 inches
Ideal Human Companions
- Families with older children
- Kings and queens
Malteses on Dogster
9,147 dogs | see profile pages
- Long, silky coat
- Loyal and trusting
- Lively and active
What They Are Like to Live With
Maltese are perfect for city-dwellers. They are quiet, gentle, polite and happy with daily 20-30 minute walks. In fact, some Maltese even prefer small spaces (and small yards) to large ones. Great with children, especially older ones, Maltese are confident around other dogs without being overconfident—their fearlessness tends to make them self-assured rather than defensive.
Things You Should Know
Though a Maltese looks like a pet that needs pampering, they are actually quite sturdy and secure. Besides, too much pampering could make them irritable. Give them lots of love and attention and they will always respond in kind.
Maltese get along famously with children, but make sure children respect their space and play with them properly. Known for their good manners, Maltese demand a certain amount of respect and good treatment.
As you can tell by looking at them, Maltese need daily grooming. Their coat is silky and very soft, so brush with care. They do not shed too much, making them a good choice for allergy sufferers. Also remember to clean their eyes, ears and beards regularly.
Maltese can live as long as 18 years. Generally healthy, they can suffer from dental problems. Dog toys and biscuits that promote dental health can help keep their teeth strong and clean.
One of the world’s oldest breeds, Maltese have been beloved companions for nearly 3,000 years. Roman poets wrote about them and Greeks had special tombs built for them. For centuries they have pranced around palaces, frolicked in royal gardens and strolled through stately homes. Maltese made their American debut in Westminster’s first show in 1877. One year later the AKC registered the breed. To this day, they remain a popular show dog and pet.
The Look of a Maltese
Maltese are toy-sized dogs covered in long, silky white (or cream-colored) hair. They have medium-sized heads with rounded skulls, hanging ears, tapered muzzles and dark noses and eyes. Maltese carry their heads high on their long necks, and their plumed tails carry over their backs. This gives them a distinguished, aristocratic look. Since their hair hangs so low and their gait is so smooth, Maltese seem to float across the floor.
Talk About Malteses
Amazing therapy dog
I am a young person with special needs and mental health issues, and I have a Maltese as a therapy and companion dog. He is very loyal and caring and watches over me. He is the very best thing that ever happened for me.
~Mile C., owner of a Maltese
A very perceptive breed
I have a Maltese. I love this breed because they are adorable, small and so much like a human...no, wait, they are actually better than a human. They seem to know what you want and are thinking before you actually know yourself. They are very perceptive to your feelings.
I can say that he allows me to live with him. He greets me at the door with a wagging tail and can't wait to sit on my lap and lick my face. He only asks that I feed and walk him and at night he likes to cuddle on the couch and fall asleep in the crook of my knee. One thing to know is that they need to be groomed every 6 to 8 weeks if you want to have them keep that cute little Maltese style.
I would tell anyone to definitely get a Maltese. They are dedicated, smart, great with kids and they don't shed. I would positively get another Maltese - they are the best.
~Joanne L., owner of a Maltese
A Maltese is a must!
My little Maltese, Sweet Pea, is the most wonderful dog in the world. He is extremely intelligent, affectionate, loving and kind. I consider him perfect. HE is my owner and I love him with all of my heart. He has a dog stroller and he sleeps in a play pen, to keep him off the floor and away from drafts. In the evening, I pick him up and rock him while we watch TV. He is a big fan of Animal Planet and watches it with great intensity. Everyone who meets him just loves him. I would not have any other breed of dog. Love them and they will love you back 10 times more!
~K L., owner of a Maltese
A sweet therapy dog
I got a Maltese dog for my fourth birthday. We named him Tino, after Totino's pizza! I agree with the therapy dog thing -- he was a super therapy dog.
I am visually impaired and I was teased and kind of lonely while my Mom traveled for work. Tino was always there. He'd be waiting on the steps for me almost every day when I got home from school. My Mom says he'd be there a half-hour before I got home. He loved car rides. When my mom jingled the keys, he'd be right there! My mom was even closer to him than I was.
Unfortunately he passed away when I was 11. That was 28 years ago, but I still miss him and can't wait to see him again!
~Niki M., owner of a Maltese (former owner)
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Basic reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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Though pain is not associated with some of the major types of cancer, bone cancer can be an exception. Here is a brief overview of the symptoms of bone cancer in the leg.
The term cancer covers a group of diseases in which abnormal cells divide without cause and control, thereby invading and harming other tissues. There are different types of cancer, that are named according to the affected location. The condition may develop in bones too, and such cancers are collectively referred to as sarcomas. Cancer that begins in the bone, is known as primary bone cancer; as opposed to the cancer that spreads to the bone, but originates elsewhere. Typically, primary bone cancer is less common than cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body, which is referred to as secondary or metastatic bone cancer.
Primary bone cancer is classified into four main types. The most common type is multiple myeloma, a cancer that originates from the bone marrow and causes bone tumors. This cancer is mostly seen in elderly people, who are in the age group of 50 to 70. Osteosarcoma affects the osteoid tissue, the hard tough part of the bone; and is most commonly seen in the bones of the upper arm, hip, and knee. Chondrosarcoma originates from cartilaginous tissues, which line the bone tips and pad joints. It commonly affects the pelvis, upper leg, and shoulders. Ewing’s Sarcoma affects the bone as well as the nerve tissues surrounding it; typically in the legs, arms, ribs, and pelvis. Ewing’s sarcoma and osteosarcoma are most often seen in people in the age group of 5 to 25, while chondrosarcoma is seen in older patients.
The nature and severity of the symptoms may vary, according to the location and the size of the tumor. Legs are among those locations that are more prone to develop bone cancer.
Usually, bone cancer symptoms get noticed only when the disease has advanced considerably. Most of the affected people develop generalized symptoms that are often misdiagnosed. Symptoms like leg pain or joint pain in young children, are often attributed to their active lifestyle, and are brushed aside or dismissed.
Leg Pain: Pain is the most common symptom of bone cancer. The affected leg or joint develops pain that is often described as consistent and dull, like a persistent ache. It can also be like an intermittent, sharp, and jabbing pain. The pain may increase steadily, as the condition advances; but at the same time, may not show up at all for several weeks or months even when you have a malignant growth. The pain may worsen while walking, and the affected person may also limp. Leg pain due to bone cancer may worsen during nighttime. Apart from the pain, bone cancer may cause various other symptoms.
- In some cases, if the tumor grows to an appreciable size, the affected site may develop a lump-like growth. Rarely, the affected bone may weaken and break on its own.
- Sometimes, bone tumors may result in an increase in blood calcium level, giving rise to nausea and mental confusion.
- Unexplained, persistent swelling or inflammation of the leg, especially when there is no recent history of trauma, or other possible reason for the pain.
- Some people may develop fever, chills, fatigue, and night sweats.
- Unexplained and sudden weight loss is another symptom of bone cancer.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Typically, your doctor will ask for some imaging tests for diagnosing the condition. X-rays, CT Scan, and MRI scan may be required to be done. If these tests reveal a tumor, the next likely step is a biopsy to find out whether the tumor is benign or malignant. The doctor may also check the family history of the affected person. This is because, a family history of certain types of cancer puts a person at higher risk.
Bone cancer treatment involves different measures like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Surgery focuses on removing the tumor and parts of the normal bone from the surrounding area, so as to eliminate the risk of recurrence. After surgery, periodic tests are conducted to ensure that there are no cancerous cells left, and the bone is normal. In some cases, the whole bone is removed, and is replaced with a metallic implant. Amputation may be required, if the cancerous tumor is too large and the condition involves blood vessels and nerves. Chemotherapy uses medication to arrest the growth of cancer cells or to kill them. It can also be used prior to surgery, in order to reduce the size of the tumor. Radiation therapy uses high energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. Unfortunately, each of these three methods do come with side effects – surgery may not remove the tumor completely; chemotherapy uses harsh and strong medication that can affect normal body processes; and radiation can cause fatigue, loss of appetite, and affect surrounding tissues.
Although the symptoms of bone cancer in the leg are not always easy to identify, it’s important to pay attention to the warning signs. Primary bone cancer is rare and incidence of a bone tumor does not mean that it will be cancerous. So, it is highly important to consult your healthcare provider, as soon as you notice such symptoms, so as to rule out the possibility of medical conditions like bone cancer.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only, and should not be used as a replacement for expert medical advice. Visiting your physician is the safest way to diagnose and treat any health condition.
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en
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Not everyone knows that natural skin care products usually include deodorants as part of their skin care line. Also, not everyone is aware that the active ingredient in most store bought deodorants is aluminum. Natural deodorant should be aluminum free and still work to keep unwanted body odor away.
Why is Aluminum in Deodorant Unhealthy?
Aluminum is a chemical compound used in store-bought deodorants and antiperspirants to stop sweating. However, aluminum typically achieves this goal by clogging the pores, which can lead to ingrown hairs and rashes. Also, aluminum absorption in the body is not healthy because it has found to be a key factor in causing breast cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and brain disorders in toxicity studies!
However, there’s good news: natural skin care products that offer a deodorant won’t contain harmful ingredients like aluminum, but will fight body odor and perspiration the natural way. Natural skin care products, like natural deodorants , work with nature to prevent body odor, but don’t fully stop nature’s physiological response like most store bought deodorant with aluminum.
Why Do We Experience Perspiration and Body Odor?
Underarm perspiration is the body’s natural response designed to cool down the body and regulate salt levels. When pores are clogged with aluminum from chemical based deodorants, this process is often inhibited. Sweat itself is odorless, but when it’s excreted, bacteria will often form to break up the sweat. It’s actually the bacteria that causes body odor.
Body odor is also linked to diet, meaning that certain foods promote increased body odor, like meat, but also an unstable metabolism and hormones can lead to unwanted body odor.
Yogurt helps increase healthy bacteria in the body and can help naturally fight the occurrence of body odor-causing bacteria. Deodorants from natural skin care product lines are ideal for fighting these unwanted occurrences.
The Benefits of Natural Deodorants
Natural deodorants work to block bacterial growth without clogging pores and include organic ingredients like lemon oil, lavender oil, rosemary oil, arrowroot extract and coconut oil to fight body odor and perspiration the natural way.
Natural deodorants, unless you have a specific allergy to one of the natural ingredients, won’t cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. Also, natural deodorants soothe and moisturize the skin, instead of just drying it out to prevent perspiration.
BotanicGlow.com is a natural acne skin care company with natural skin care products, including natural deodorant options for both men and women. All of BotanicGlow.com products are free of chemicals, pesticides, herbicides and artificial fragrances.
If you take your health and skin care seriously or just weren’t aware of the main active ingredient in your favorite deodorant, consider switching to a natural deodorant that is part of a natural skin care line. Natural skin care products that are truly organic and natural, with no harsh ingredients, are important for your overall health.
Be Naturally Beautiful
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en
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Open Educational Resources for the study of the Ancient Near East list compiled by Dr. Tiffany Earley-Spadoni with the assistance of Rachel Williams at the University of Central Florida.
This OER compilation is provided under a Creative Commons license: Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA 4.0.
Description: The Harvard Museum of the ancient Near East has produced a sketchfab gallery of objects.
Description: Virtual tour of the Assyrian collection at the British Museum.
Description: Visitors can explore a model of the 1st millennium BCE city of Babylon.
Description: A diachronic study of visibility and ritual landscapes at the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Saqqara.
Description: This public project aims to tell the story of the world using objects in the musuem as narrative hooks.
Description: CDLI database of Mesopotamian seals and tablets.
Description: Mobile app (IOS and Android) that showcases 3D models of Armenia.
Description: Allows you to search the collection within an interactive GIS.
Description: A collection of virtual resources from the British Museum. Available on Google Arts and Culture app (iOS and Android).
Description: Includes the famed Ishtar Gates/processional way. Available on Google Arts and Culture app (iOS and Android).
Offers information about the fifty most important Mesopotamian gods and goddesses and provides starting points for further research.
Description: Essays and classroom activities available freely as a PDF with a Creative Commons license.
Description: Description and analysis of art in the ancient Near East by Met curators.
Description: This corpus of letters between the kings and their high officials, the largest known from antiquity, gives first-hand insight into the mechanisms of communication between the top levels of authority in an ancient empire.
The primary aim of the website is support for learning across different disciplines - including learners and teachers who may know nothing about, or even be interested in, Egypt.
Description: This course traces the continuum of socio-political and cultural developments in the Near East that led, over the course of three millennia, from stateless societies to the emergence of Assyria as the first empire in history.
Description: Educational pages on the apogee of the Neo-Assyrian empire in the 7th c. BCE.
A portal to all things related to the ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud (Kalhu/Calah), on Oracc and beyond. Explores how scientific and historical knowledge is made from archaeological objects.
Description: Accessible articles about the ancient Near East written by scholars and specialists in the field.
Combines essays and works of art in an interactive timeline.
Description: Virtual exhibits related to topics such as the Book of the Dead and Hieroglypics.
Description: Dedicated to the study of Iranian civilization in the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Indian Subcontinent.
Description: The peer-reviewed articles of the UEE are written by leading scholars in disciplines related to Egyptology.
Description: List of digital archives containing images related to the study and exploration of the ANE.
Description: Collections related to Egypt and the Ancient Near East.
Description: ANE and Egyptian materials, highlights include Egyptian sarcophagi, the Balawat Gates, palace bas-reliefs from Nineveh etc.
Description: An important collection of Egyptian objects.
Description: Specialized collection of Egyptian artifacts including the famed bust of Nefertiti and other artifacts from Amarna.
Description: Key collection of Egyptian artifacts, to be superceded by the Grand Egyptian Musuem. Currently reduced web presence.
Description: Important archaeological collections from Armenia.
Description: Collection related to the history of Israel.
Description: Large dedicated collection of Egyptian artifacts.
Description: ANE and Egyptian materials. Robust educational and public-facing materials available.
Description: Collection related to the history of Iraq.
Description: Collection of Jordanian antiquities.
Description: ANE collection includes Codex Hammurabi, Stele of the Vultures and Egyptian sarcophagi.
Description: Important ANE and Egyptian collections.
Description: Important collection and research related to the ANE.
Description: Important collection of ANE materials, including famed processional way and Ishtar Gate.
Description: ANE and Egyptian materials.
Description: Important collections of ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian objects.
Description: Collection includes artifacts and art objects from the Royal Tombs of Ur.
Description: A collection of texts and other educational resources related to the Achaemenid Persian Empire from the Bosphorus to the Indus river, from 550 to 330 B.C
Description: A growing collection of online resources for ANE educators.
The project features an influential blog on digital projects relevant to the ancient world and OER resource listings of open monographs and textbooks.
Description: A list with links to more than hundreds of OER related to Egyptology.
Description: More than 700 monographs freely available for download on topics such as archaeology, Assyriology, Demotic, Hittite etc.
Resources include Akkadian, Aramaic, Biblical Hebrew, Demotic etc.
Description: Many educational resources from open publications to recipes.
Description: A textbook covering topics such as marriage, vocations, adornment and violence.
Description: Audio interviews with scholars of the ancient Near East.
Description: Multiple relevant episodes, e.g. Gilgamesh, Perspepolis, Babylon, Archaeology and Imperialism etc.
Primary Sources/Text Translation Projects
Description: ADsD provides an online edition of the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries. The project is based on the editio princeps prepared by Abraham Sachs and Hermann Hunger, incorporating collations and corrections that were made after publication.
Description: AkkLove presents all early Akkadian literary texts related to love and sex known to date. The project is based on Wasserman, Akkadian Love Literature of the Third and Second Millennium BCE, Harrassowitz, 2016, where commentary to the texts and an introduction to the corpus are found.
Description: An important collection of more than 30,000 Old Babylonian texts. French site with English interface option.
Description: The project presents annotated and searchable editions of Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions written in Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian. The texts have been adapted, lemmatized, and translated into English.
Description: ARMEP, with its multi-project search engine, enables users to simultaneously search the translations, transliterations, and catalogues of multiple Oracc projects on which ancient records of Middle Eastern polities (especially those of the first millennium BC) are edited.
Description: ARRIM Digital Archive makes all nine issues of “The Annual Review of the Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia" (1983-1991) freely available in searchable PDF files.
Description: The Ashurbanipal Library Project documents the most important collection of texts from the ancient Near East. Future versions of the project will include text editions of the tablets from the library.
Description: The most important cuneiform source for the topography of Babylon, which lists and explains the sacred names of the city, its temples, and its other important topographical features and whose purpose was to glorify Babylon as Babylonia's pre-eminent religious center.
Description: A searchable electronic corpus of Neo-Sumerian administrative cuneiform tablets dated to the 21st century B.C.
Description: BLMS provides editions of bilingual narrative texts, hymns, proverbs, prayers, rituals, and incantations dating to the first millennium BCE.
Description: Editions and translations of a wide range of Mesopotamian scholarly writings, contributed by many different people and projects.
Description: An on-going project that provides a digital resource for these important Akkadian prayers and lays the foundation for a comprehensive critical edition.
Description: Provides fully searchable, annotated editions of text commentaries written by Assyrian and Babylonian scholars between the eighth and second centuries BCE. The texts commented on include literary, magical, divinatory, medical, legal, and lexical works.
Description: The foundational online cataloging and archiving project for the cuneiform corpus, directed by Bob Englund at UCLA. The Oracc presentation is based directly on public CDLI data which is updated nightly.
Description: Editions of Sumerian Kassite texts: Royal Inscriptions, Literary, and Lexical texts.
Description: CMAwRo presents online critical editions of Mesopotamian rituals and incantations against witchcraft.
Description: Data contributed to Oracc for reuse by others, normally under the CC BY-SA license.
Description: Cuneiform texts and onomastic data pertaining to Israelites, Judeans, and related population groups during the Neo-Assyrian, Neo- and Late Babylonian, and Achaemenid Periods (744-330 BCE).
Description: Editions and translations of lexical texts (word lists and sign lists) from all periods of cuneiform writing.
Description: Catalogue of around a thousand published cuneiform mathematical tablets, with several hundred transliterations and translations.
Description: The project presents fully annotated and searchable editions of numerous cuneiform sources from the Kingdom of Urartu, which are mainly written in the Urartian language.
Description: Provides listings of over 12,000 Sumerian words, phrases and names, occurring in almost 100,000 distinct forms a total of over 2.27 million times in the corpus of texts indexed for the Dictionary. The corpus covers, directly or indirectly, about 100,000 of the 134,000+ known Sumerian texts.
Description: ETANA is a multi-institutional collaborative project initiated in August 2000, as an electronic publishing project designed to enhance the study of the history and culture of the ancient Near East.
Description: Comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded on sources which come from ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and date to the late third and early second millennia BCE.
Description: An annotated, grammatically and morphologically analyzed, transliterated, trilingual (Sumerian-English-Hungarian), parallel corpus of all Sumerian royal inscriptions.
Description: The Open Access download of Andrew George's critical edition of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Description: This project provides editions and translations for cuneiform technological recipes. The texts include Assyrian and Babylonian tablets that provide instructions for producing glass that imitates precious stones and procedures for processing perfumed oils.
Description: Cuneiform texts, iconography and onomastic data from Hellenistic Babylonia, primarily from Uruk.
Description: HPM has been continuously expanded within the framework of the academy project “Hethitische Forschungen” as well as through the contributions of numerous Hittitologists worldwide, who have made their own projects accessibly through platform of HPM.
Description: Over 70,000 references to the Sumerian secondary literature which also indexes all of the transliterations of word writings in ePSD.
Description: This project illuminates how issues of law and gender were practiced in the ancient Near East, utilizing a digital corpus of legal and non-legal texts as its database.
Description: Edition of the corpus of 1st-millennium-BCE texts from Assyria and Babylonia with rituals and verbal ceremonies involving Marduk, Zarpanitu and Ištar of Babylon.
Description: The MTAAC project develops and applies new computerized methods to translate and analyze the contents of some 67,000 highly standardized administrative documents from southern Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) from the 21st century BC.
Description: Inscribed cuneiform artifacts catalogued by the CDLI number nearly 350,000 individual pieces.
Description: Edition of the Corpus of Old Babylonian Model Contracts by Gabriella Spada.
Description: A catalogue and corpus of Old Babylonian tabular accounts by Eleanor Robson at University College London.
Description: Provides a global registry of sign names, variants and readings for use by Oracc.
Description: OIMEA, with its multi-project search engine, enables users to simultaneously search the translations, transliterations, and catalogues of multiple Oracc projects on which official inscriptions are edited.
Description: Co-display of multiple digital papyrological resources in a scholarly web resource. Includes collections from Yale, Michigan, Berkeley, and other libraries; nearly 35,000 paypri in all, in Arabic, Coptic, Greek, Ancient Egyptian, and other languages.
Description: A collection of texts and objects discovered in Perspepolis.
Description: Provides a collection of additions and corrections to the printed fascicles of The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. A separate section is devoted to new information about Neo-Assyrian eponym officials.
Description: Provides a global registry of compositions rather than objects, supporting the creation of scores on Oracc.
Description: This project intends to present annotated editions of the entire corpus of Assyrian royal inscriptions, texts that were published in RIMA 1-3.
Description: This project intends to present annotated editions of the entire corpus of Babylonian royal inscriptions from the Second Dynasty of Isin to the Neo-Babylonian Dynasty (1157-539 BC).
Description: Rīm-Anum, king of Uruk (ca. 1741–1739 BC) revolted against Samsuiluna of Babylon, son of Hammurapi, and enjoyed a short-lived independence. The archive edited in this project derives from the house of prisoners (bīt asiri) that kept the prisoners of war.
Description: Presents fully searchable, annotated editions of the royal inscriptions of Neo-Assyrian kings Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC), Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Sennacherib (704-681 BC), Esarhaddon (680-669 BC), Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630-627 BC), and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626-612 BC).
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Healing with probiotics
What do probiotics do?
Did you know that there are 20 times more bacteria than cells in your body? In fact, at any one time, you have more bacteria in your body than the total number of people who have ever lived on the planet. So the next time you step on the bathroom scale, you need to remember that 1 pound of that weight is not you at all, but the billions of bugs that live in your gut. This may sound alarming, but many of these organisms are crucial to good health.
The word "Probiotic" simply means for life which explains why these nutrients are so important. But if you want the proper scientific definition of a Probiotic here it is:
A live microbial feed supplement, which beneficially affects the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance
New research is establishing how important the supplementation of probiotics can be for a variety of conditions. Probiotics enhance the immune system by favorably altering the gut micro-ecology and preventing unfriendly organisms from gaining a foothold in the body. They prevent the overgrowth of yeast and fungus and produce substances that can lower cholesterol.
Probiotics are widely recommended for the treatment of Candida - a fungal infection - because they establish large, healthy populations of friendly bacteria that compete with the Candida that is trying to take up residence in the intestine. Probiotics are also essential in the treatment and prevention of thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and athlete's foot. Good health depends fundamentally upon the more than 400 types of friendly, symbiotic bacteria that inhabit the digestive tract.
Why Do We Need Probiotics?
Two of the most damaging substances to the delicate intestinal flora balance are chlorine and sodium fluoride, present in most treated city water, and thus also present in most beverages which one gets at restaurants. The drinking of alcoholic beverages also contributes to the destruction of the intestinal flora. Medical antibiotics, birth control pills and many other allopathic drugs cause damage to the intestinal flora and to the tissue in the intestinal wall.
While it's true that non-beneficial bacteria are naturally occurring in the intestinal tract, problems begin when their growth goes unchecked and probiotics play an especially important role in keeping in check the pathogenic bacteria that cause disease.
A good probiotic supplement will contain millions and millions of live bacteria to bolster and replenish levels of the health promoting good bugs in your digestive tract. Once there, these probiotic reinforcements join forces with the existing friendly bacteria to help inhibit the growth of more harmful microbes.
Why are probiotics supplements necessary?
The answer is, that while it is true that certain foods - especially live yogurt, Japanese Miso, Tempeh and some cheeses have a probiotic action in the gut, you can never be sure what strain of bacteria you are eating or exactly how much is contained in these foods. And there is no way of knowing just how many of those replacement bacteria are going to survive and make it all the way through the acidic and bug-killing environment of the stomach to the colon.
There are other foods, such as bananas, garlic and onions, which can also help repopulate levels of the good bacteria in the intestine. But we do not yet know how many you need to eat for the best results and, you can only eat so much garlic in a day!
a good probiotics supplement
The single most important thing you need to remember, is that even if all probiotics products contain what they promise on the label (and it appears that, according to clinical tests, many do not), only those probiotics which have a special coating to protect them as they pass through the stomach and small intestine will really hit the spot.
This is because the stomach is a sterile and acidic environment and has been designed to kill off bugs - the good ones along with the bad. And if the good bugs cannot get to the large colon - that part of the intestine where they are most needed - then you will not get the full benefit.
One way around this problem is to make tablets that are “enteric-coated.” This means the tablets are coated with a special protective layer to ensure the microbes will survive en route through the stomach and will get to the lower part of the intestine. This is where levels of existing bacteria, good and bad, are at their highest.
So, if you plan to take a probiotic, buy smart and buy one that has been “enteric” coated.
The lowest price on the internet on high quality probiotics can be found here.
Yo! I'm homeless at 51. I
swear it's true. How about donating $10 to my
Hey Yo! I'm homeless at 51. I swear it's true. How about donating $10 to my
© 2009 Healing Daily
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Flame-resistant (FR) clothing can increase the chances of survival and decrease the need for medical treatment and the chances of subsequent infections. It can help preserve the quality of life of a worker exposed to an electric arc flash.
Wearing ordinary clothes, especially synthetic fabrics like nylon, in an arc flash may make injuries worse than if the skin was not covered at all. Denim jeans and jackets, cotton shirts, cotton/synthetic T-shirts, sweatshirts, fleeces or nylon jackets are fuel sources that ignite, burn and frequently melt onto the skin. The heavier the weight of the fabric, the more fuel there is to burn. The explosion may be over in less than a second, but non-FR clothing may keep burning. It takes just three seconds to sustain third-degree burns.
To help workers understand burn dangers more easily, the National Fire Protection Association assigns a 0-4 number to hazard/risk categories representing the danger level. The minimum hazard rating for arc flash puts the burn exposure at 4 cal/cm2, which is a NFPA 70-E “Category 1 Hazard” rating. Calories per centimeter squared is a number identifying the amount of energy that can be delivered to a point at a particular distance from an arc flash. Once this value is known, the ATPV rating of the PPE required for work at that distance from the potential flash hazard is also known. FR apparel must be worn for the “Category 1 Hazard” level.
When selecting an FR garment for electric arc hazards, look for labels that show the arc rating as required by the ASTM F1506 Standard for Flame Resistant Clothing. The standard has two basic requirements:
• A sample of fabric must self-extinguish with less than 2 seconds after flame and less than 6” char length according to ASTM Test Method D6413. This flammability test applies to an initial sample and after 25 washes/dry cleanings.
• The fabric must be tested for Arc Thermal Performance according to ASTM Test Method F1959. The results of the Arc Thermal Performance testing must be reported to the end user as an Arc Rating on a garment label.
• Different colors of the same fabric do not need to be tested separately.
A garment that meets ASTM F1506 complies with OSHA 1910.269, NESC and NFPA 70E. ASTM F1506 is a pass/fail standard with requirements for reporting information not considered for the pass/fail criteria. All garments that meet the requirements of ASTM F1506 must be labeled with a tracking code, a statement that the garment meets the requirements of ASTM F1506, the manufacturer’s name, size information, care instructions, fiber content and the arc rating.
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Lead Poisoning Strikes The UnbornJul 1, 2002 | HealthScoutNews
The sins of the father are borne by the sons, but the poisons of the mother are the children's burden, too.
A new study has found that women whose bones are laced with lead during pregnancy can transfer the toxin to their unborn babies with potentially serious consequences for the child's physical and mental development.
Babies exposed to lead in this way, and through maternal blood, have significantly lower scores on general measures of infant motor and mental ability.
The skeleton normally sequesters the heavy metal, keeping it out of circulation. However, during pregnancy women cannibalize their own bone to help build up the fetal skeleton, setting lead free in the process. Once unlocked, the poison enters the bloodstream and makes its way to the fetus across the umbilical cord.
Lead experts say the findings aren't surprising, and they underscore the importance of reducing exposure to the toxin in young girls.
"These bone stores of lead persist for a very long time," says Dr. Howard Hu, a Harvard University public health expert and a co-author of the study. Whereas a blood lead level reading offers a snapshot of recent exposure, a bone test reflects contact with the metal perhaps decades ago.
The findings also suggest that steps to prevent the release of lead during pregnancy may protect babies. Taking calcium supplements, which shore up the skeleton and slow bone breakdown, is one promising approach, Hu says.
He and his colleagues are now conducting a study to see if calcium therapy will work against this harmful transfer. "Our suspicion is that it will be a pretty low-tech approach to this problem in clinical practice," he adds.
A report on the study appears in the July issue of Pediatrics.
Lead is a potent heavy metal that can damage brain cells, causing learning and behavior problems and, at extreme doses, seizures, coma and even death.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers a blood lead level of 10 micrograms per deciliter to be the upper limit for children. That is usually applied to chronic exposure to the toxin, the kind that results from living amid lead paint dust.
The government estimates that 38 million houses and apartments have lead-based paint -- down from 64 million in 1990, but still posing a potential threat to millions of children. According to the CDC, nearly 900,000 children in this country between the ages of 1 and 5 have elevated blood lead levels.
David Jacobs, a lead hazard official at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development says children in low-income housing are more than twice as likely as those in middle- and upper middle-class homes to be exposed to excessive lead. "Low-income families tend to live in dilapidated housing" where lead paint and lead dust are rife, Jacobs says.
Jacobs says the latest study confirms that lead is a "long-term threat," and the "best treatment for lead poisoning is prevention of exposure" in the first place.
Hu's group compared the effects on early child development of elevated blood and bone lead levels in 197 Mexico City women and their children. People in Mexico have about double the lead exposure as those in the United States, he says.
Many factors influence infant growth and intelligence, from maternal and paternal educational attainment and IQ to the duration of breast-feeding and early childhood illness.
Even after considering these variables, higher lead levels in a woman's blood (taken from the umbilical cord) or in her bones (as measured by X-ray screening) was associated with worse scores on both physical and, to a greater degree, mental development tests.
Babies whose mothers were in the highest quarter of bone lead had mental development index (MDI) scores 6.5 points lower than those in the lowest 25 percent, Hu's group found. For every doubling in blood lead levels, a baby's mental index fell about three points -- consistent with earlier reports on the effect of the toxin.
"I think of this as coming to grips with the fact that many toxic exposures have long-term implications, even after we've addressed current exposures," Hu says.
Don Ryan, executive director of the Alliance to End Childhood Lead Poisoning, says the Boston study was yet another example of why taking lead out of the environment is so critical.
However, he adds, "if we're focusing on the pregnant mother here, we're missing the more important issue of preschool girls in the U.S. and elsewhere who are being exposed to lead today." Lead poisoning "is an environmental disease by origin and solution. The only real answer here is to aggressively control children's exposures to lead."
Jacobs adds that lead's effects aren't limited to females, and the poisonous metal can harm the reproductive organs of both boys and girls.
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Shlomo Hamelech teaches us that there is nothing new under the sun.
This phrase comes to mind when contemplating the ease of mass communication facilitated by social media. Centuries ago people similarly grappled with the advent of the printing press. On the one hand, the printing press led to the easy dissemination of books and pamphlets. This obviously was a great boon for the spread of both talmud Torah and general knowledge. However, this was threatening as well. Dissemination of ideas was no longer monopolized by the few who controlled the flow of information. Anyone with a printing press could get his ideas out to thousands. Copyists were no longer the gatekeepers of books, deciding what was worth sharing. Many printed works spread dubious ideas or challenged the authority of those in power. Some historians even cite the printing press as one of the causes of the Protestant Reformation, which ended the hegemony of the Catholic Church.
The world of social media represents a similar challenge, but on a far greater scale. While the printing press allowed anyone with financial means to spread his ideas, it was still limited to the upper echelons of society. Those who were not well financed or did not have sponsorship could not afford to print their works. There were still gatekeepers to the spread of ideas, even though the gates had been opened some. With the rise of social media, the gates have been breached. Anyone with a computer or smartphone and “followers” or “friends” on a social network can easily spread his ideas— both good and bad, worthwhile and vapid—to an audience of thousands. This is especially frightening for parents trying to navigate the digital world their children inhabit.
How accepting should we be of our children’s involvement with this new technology? This is a difficult question. In the secular world, a number of different approaches have developed. On one side of the spectrum there are experts who believe that we would be better off without it. One commonly cited proponent of this approach is Nicholas Carr, who argues in his book The Shallows that the Internet has encouraged superficial reading and thinking. When one can Google just about everything, who has the time to read deeply and contemplate anything? Similarly, many claim that social media platforms like Facebook rarely spawn deep conversations and often seem to dwell on inanities.
On the other side of the spectrum are those who point to the great potential of social media. The author of Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age, Clay Shirky is a leading advocate for this approach, describing what he calls a “cognitive surplus” where ordinary people are able to connect with others using social media to accomplish good on a scale that was only possible in the past for people in positions of power or of significant financial means. (Think of the way social media enable us to disseminate the names of sick people, for example, who need our prayers.)
For parents to determine their position vis-à-vis social media, they must first understand them. With that in mind, here is a brief overview of the most common social media tools used today.
Facebook—the social media platform of choice for most adolescents, with 80 percent of teens on Facebook according to a recent estimate from the Pew Research Center (“Teens, kindness and cruelty on social network sites,” http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Teens-and-social-media.aspx).
On Facebook one accumulates “friends” with whom he shares status updates containing text, links, pictures or videos. These appear on the user’s “wall” or timeline. One can limit status updates to select people and not all friends. An individual can post text, photos or links to his friend’s wall or timeline, with or without prior approval from his friend. One can also set up a Facebook group to communicate with people who are not necessarily his or her friend on Facebook, create an event and an organization, business or famous personality can set up a Facebook page to communicate with fans who “like” the page.
Twitter—the second most common social media platform, Twitter is much less popular than Facebook among teens but has doubled its teen users in the last three years to 16 percent of teens (“Teens, kindness and cruelty on social network sites”). Twitter users send public messages, called “tweets,” using 140 characters or fewer. Users can mark their accounts as private for only select people to see, but most tweets are public so that anyone can find them. On Twitter a person accumulates “followers” who subscribe to his tweets. Tweets can then be “re-tweeted” or shared by followers, so one never really knows where his tweets may end up.
One caveat is in order: the world of social media is constantly changing. Currently Facebook and Twitter are the two most popular social media platforms. However, many experts argue that these are already being supplemented and perhaps even supplanted by mobile tools designed for smartphones, such as the Instagram photo sharing app which was recently purchased by Facebook and currently has over 50 million users, many of them teenagers. This is one more reason why parents need to constantly stay informed, up-to-date and vigilant in their quest to help their children navigate this new digital world.
Rabbi Tzvi Pittinsky is the director of educational technology at The Frisch School in Paramus, New Jersey. He is also an online instructor for the Mofet Institute in Israel and has given technology workshops throughout North America, Israel and most recently South Africa.
Jewish Action asked educators representing yeshivot across the Orthodox spectrum to respond to the following questions regarding social media: Do you encourage students to be on Facebook and Twitter? What is your view of technology in general? Are social media different from other forms of new media? If you encourage the use of social media, do you offer students any guidelines? Are there any concerns you discuss with students related to their use of social media?
Rabbi Shmuel Yaakov Klein
In Pirkei Avos (2:1), Rebbi offers sage advice which, although seemingly obvious and the mantra of any businessman, bears reiteration: “Hevei mechasheiv hefseid mitzvah keneged secharah, When determining the merit of any act, calculate the gains versus the losses.” Many areas of life are cloaked in gray, beneath which both the risks and benefits are concealed. Therefore, to avoid harm’s way, one needs to make an honest assessment.
“Social media,” a relatively new expression, denotes a variety of methods used to connect people via the Internet. The attractions of social media include the sharing of images, ideas and opinions, open communication—even “networking”—and more among individuals who normally would not be linked. It contributes to what is referred to in educational philosophy as “cognitive perspective,” or a well-rounded worldview. What’s wrong with that?
Consider a telling comment from the Midrash (Bereishis Rabbah 65:1). Among their descriptions of Eisav, our sages write: “Eisav is likened unto the swine, which raises its hooves to say, ‘See that I am clean!’” Much of what seriously threatens our well being—symbolized by Eisav—is innately deceptive, says the Midrash. As part of the manner in which the Creator fashioned all of existence, the swine was crafted as a paradigm of something that appears measurably “kosher”—after all, it has split hooves—but is decidedly not.
Pondering potential perils, then, becomes reduced to the issue of whether or not we can see beyond externals. That acid test needs to be applied to many areas of life, including social media. The “cognitive perspective” that might be achieved is the proverbial “split hoof” that can sneakily promote broad acceptance and broad use. But user, beware! Assess whether something that looks kosher really is.
When embarking upon an honest deliberation, consider the aspects of social media that impact its users. Consider the enormous time wastage, for instance. Recent statistics indicate that fully 80 percent of online teens use social media,1 with 22 percent of North American adolescents accessing their favorite social media sites at least ten times daily.2 Teenagers have on average about 265 “friends”3 with whom they connect regularly. I wonder if an average youth needs that much social exposure and if he or she can handle it.
Are we ready to jeopardize our modesty, the hallmark of Am Yisrael?
Then consider who these social contacts are. Can a youngster vouch for the moral integrity of all his 265 claimed “friends?” How often we hear stories of depraved individuals—otherwise known as predators—infiltrating the lives of unassuming and innocent youngsters with disastrous results. Even if disaster of an open and obvious nature does not strike, parents would be foolish to assume that all “relationships” pursued through social networking are healthy.
Twitter, with over 465 million accounts worldwide and nearly a half million new accounts added daily,4 has almost 340 million uncontrolled messages, “tweets,” being sent each day.5 That’s an awful lot of “cognitive perspective” if you ask me.
What about the images uploaded and available through social media? There are 250 million photographs posted every day through Facebook alone.6 In today’s permissive society, it is tantamount to self-inflicted blindness for parents to imagine that all of what is enticingly available through social media is suitable for young eyes—or older eyes for that matter. Are we ready to jeopardize our modesty, the hallmark of Am Yisrael?
There’s more. A recent survey conducted at Columbia University’s National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse revealed a link between teen use of social media and substance abuse. It was shown that teens who use social media sites are five times more likely to use tobacco, three times more likely to use alcohol and twice as likely to use marijuana than those who do not use social media. 7
If that’s not enough, consider another social ill that emerged from social media: cyberbullying. With the ability to hide behind the veil of anonymity, youngsters and adults alike post the most brazen, cruel and hurtful comments about others. The defamation, the insults and the pain that are disseminated in blogs have caused untold psychological emotional damage in targeted victims.
Indeed the issue of anonymity has opened the doors to a rash of attacks against that which is most sacred in our heritage: kavod haTorah, the reverence for Torah leaders that is a cornerstone of our credo. The destructiveness promoted by these cowardly and anonymous attacks threatens to produce a generation of severely jaded Jews for whom Torah leadership is a non-entity.
For me, as pressing as this calculation is, so is it a simple one. It ends with the clear conclusion: “yatza secharo b’hefseido,” the losses far outweigh any possible benefits.
1. Pew Internet, “Teens, kindness and cruelty on social network sites,” http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Teens-and-social-media.aspx (accessed June 26, 2012).
2. Gwenn Schurgin O’Keeffe, Kathleen Clarke Pearson and Council on Communications and Media, “The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families,” Pediatrics 127 (2011): 800, doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0054.
3. Ericsson Corporate Public & Media Relations, “Talking, Texting, Poking and Dating,” http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/howteenagersareusingtechnologyintheirsociallives.pdf (accessed June 26, 2012).
4. “48 Significant Social Media Facts, Figures and Statistics Plus 7 Infographics,” Business 2 Community, http://www.business2community.com/social-media/48-significant-social-media-facts-figures-and-statistics-plus-7-infographics-0167573.
5. Twitter Blog, posted on March 21, 2012, http://blog.twitter.com/2012/03/twitter-turns-six.html.
6. “48 Significant Social Media Facts.”
7. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse XVI: Teens and Parents, http://www.casacolumbia.org/templates/NewsRoom.aspx?articleid=648&zoneid=51 (accessed June 26, 2012).
Rabbi Shmuel Yaakov Klein is the director of publications and communications at Torah Umesorah.
Rabbi Dov Emerson
The speed at which our world is changing is truly unprecedented. I think back, not to my adolescence in the halcyon days of dial-up Internet and AOL, but to less than a decade ago—before iPhones, Twitter and Facebook even existed. Consider the fact that about 75 percent of Apple’s $108 billion revenue in 2011 came from products that were completely nonexistent just five years ago.1 The world is being re-shaped at a mind-boggling pace.
To this generation, popularly referred to as digital natives, “the smartphone, the Internet, and everything technological are not ‘tools’ at all; they simply are. Just as we don’t think about the existence of air, they don’t question the existence of technology and media. They expect technology to be there, and they expect it to do whatever they want it to do.” 2 This seismic shift presents a host of challenges and opportunities for educators and parents.
When a five-year-old can seamlessly navigate through an endless array of iPad apps, we may feel inadequately equipped to guide him. What exactly can we teach these little tech ninjas?
However, it is vital that we appreciate the fundamental difference between being tech-proficient (which our children most certainly are) and being tech-responsible, a skill that entails wisdom and maturity. It is in the latter that we, as role models, have much to contribute.
Without a strong relationship with our children and/or students, our guidance will have little, if any, impact. In order to nourish this relationship, we must become conscious and interested in the way our connected kids live their digital lives.
Social media are here to stay, and are where our youth are spending much of their time. Shunning Facebook as a waste of time will only serve to sabotage the relationship we wish to establish and enrich. Instead, try openly asking a child what he or she perceives to be the risks and rewards of social media. Our openness and interest will undoubtedly open the doorway to healthy communication.
Kids often gravely underestimate the toll that their digital conduct can take on their reputations. A simple review of the day’s news will demonstrate how difficult it is for adults to master the art of reputation management. Imagine how much more difficult it is for adolescents! We need to impress upon our children that “the digital decisions they make today will stay with them, and the rest of cyberspace, forever.”3 We need to impress upon our children that just as their reputations can suffer when they share a vulgar picture, it can be enhanced when they post a picture or comment that reflects their intelligence and interests. The point that has to be driven home is that social media are tools. They can be used for both positive and negative, and the user has the power to determine what type of impact they are going to create.
I have concerns [about my kids being on Facebook]. Who else is out there? Who are they connected with? We do unannounced checks of our kids’ accounts. We told [our children] we were going to be checking their accounts. Every once in a while we’ll ask them about something that was on their Facebook pages. They’re not happy about it.
We’re trying to balance technology with responsibility.
—Jerry Eizen, parent of a twelve- and fourteen-year-old in Southfield, Michigan.
We must think deeply about how we can integrate technology and social media into our students’ educational experiences. This is not just about having the latest whiz bang technology in the classroom or appearing hip and relevant in the eyes of our students. When we use technology in the classroom, it can be an incredibly important teaching experience because we are modeling proper usage for our students. When we engage our students on cyber-turf, we can subtly guide them away from put downs and snap judgments that are all too often the hallmark of unsupervised online interactions and shift their gears toward more reflective and thoughtful contributions.
Social media and online communication also give our students a new avenue through which to express themselves creatively. At DRS Yeshiva High School for Boys in Woodmere, New York, we ran three concurrent trips to Boston with mostly different itineraries for the ninth, tenth and eleventh grades. In the weeks leading up to the trip, we encouraged students to enter contests we designed by tweeting with the hashtag “#DRSBoston.” (A hashtag is a tag used to categorize tweets according to topics.) We marveled at how social media united students across all grades in ways that were previously inconceivable. Additionally, some of the quietest students became vocal participants on the Twitter feed. Imagine the boost in self-esteem for the otherwise shy student who can now be recognized for his or her contribution in the online arena.
Social media nurture a culture of sharing and collaboration. All too often, adults and children alike feel as though they have little to offer in a conversation. When we use social media and other online collaborative tools in the school environment, we can teach our students that they have valuable perspectives to share. We can work to instill in our students the notion that something may be “obvious to you,” but “amazing to others.”4 Even if the content is not inherently educational, our engagement and excitement at the creativity our students display with, say, a wonderful Instagram photo, encourage them to further explore their creativity and strengthen their voices.
Yes, these are challenging times when we constantly struggle to gain our footing before the next app is released. We must be vigilant in protecting our children from the illicit ills of the Internet. We must, by example, teach our children that there are times when it is OK, even necessary, to put the phone and laptop down. But, in what is perhaps a uniquely twenty-first-century twist on the Torah’s directive to “teach a child according to his way,”5 we must also embrace this iGeneration and take advantage of the many opportunities to teach our children through the very media they so adoringly absorb.
1. “Apple Price Target: $790 Per Share,” Seeking Alpha, http://seekingalpha.com/article/359881-apple-price-target-790-per-share.
2. “Teaching the iGeneration,” ASCD, http://www.ascd.org/publications/educationalleadership/feb11/vol68/num05/Teaching-the-iGeneration.aspx.
3. Diana Graber, “Your Digital Footprint,” Safe Keeping Blog, May 14, 2012, http://www.ikeepsafe.org/digital-citizenship-2/your-digital-footprint/.
4. Derek Sivers, “Obvious to you. Amazing to others,” Derek Sivers, November 21, 2010, http://sivers.org/obvious.
5. Proverbs 22:6
Rabbi Dov Emerson is an assistant principal at the DRS Yeshiva High School for Boys, part of the Hebrew Academy of Long Beach (HALB), in Woodmere, New York. He is one of the founders of #jedchat, a weekly Twitter chat for Jewish educators, and is the administrator of YU 2.0, an online community for Jewish educators interested in educational technology. Rabbi Emerson was recently honored as a member of the New York Jewish Week’s 2012 “36 Under 36” list.
To hear an interview with Rabbi Dov Emerson, visit http://www.ou.org/life/parenting/if-internet-here-stay-where-does-that-put-us-dov-emerson-stephen-savitsky/ .
Dr. Tzipora Meier
The students at The Stella K. Abraham High School for Girls on Long Island, New York, whip out their smartphones as soon as the lunch bell rings, and sometimes earlier when they are on their breaks. They are calling, texting, connecting to the Internet. They know that they are not permitted to use their phones during class, and before tests they must deposit their phones on the teacher’s desk. But everyone—teachers and students alike—is seconds away from outside communication.
Technology offers powerful tools, which we use with pride to help reach our students. Could we reach students without technology? Of course, but there is no doubt that technology adds sophistication and breadth to our lessons and speed and convenience to our communications. And since we feel we must educate our students “ba’asher hu sham,” where they are at, we feel we must understand the technology and social media to understand our students.
Some of our students use social media; a sizeable number do not. We do not promote it, but with our awareness comes the responsibility to help our students understand the power of these forms of communication. We surely understand the potentially negative impact that technology, and specifically social networking, can have on our children and we have taken steps to try to address this. A few years ago Head of School Mrs. Helen Spirn, along with Rabbi Yisroel Kaminetsky, menahel of DRS Yeshiva High School for Boys in Woodmere, New York, very wisely instituted an Internet safety awareness program for freshmen and their parents. The program features speakers including Philip Rosenthal, a known computer and Internet safety expert, and law enforcement officers who teach students to use the Internet and social media sites responsibly. At the same time, the program informs parents of their daughters’ online involvement and the dangers therein.
If used properly, and the child is being supervised, [social media] can be a good thing. I’m impressed with the way our son keeps up with his connections from NCSY; he has friends all over the country and in Israel.
—Jerry Eizen, parent of a twelve- and fourteen-year-old in Southfield, Michigan.
Before our students apply to seminaries in Israel as well as to colleges, Mrs. Spirn suggests that if they have a Facebook profile, they make sure it represents who they are in a positive light. Despite these precautions, a conversation of concern often takes place at faculty meetings. Do our students have shorter attention spans than they did ten years ago? Is it true that they no longer enjoy reading, that they need instant gratification? What happens to a student when she has “800 friends”? Are students thinking more about the next text they’ll send rather than the lesson in class? Is all this technology addictive?
There is a push and pull to technology. Our mesorah teaches us that Hashem spoke to Moshe panim el panim, face-to-face. The message here is that intimate contact is important. Chavruta learning, or collaborative learning, is a part of our yeshivah experience and although it can happen online, with people throughout the world, something is missing when limited to that medium. It is clear that we are just at the beginning of this technological revolution and more information, training and experience are necessary. We are committed to engage in this experiment, but as with all change, it is a struggle. We must use technology and enjoin our students to use technology to better their lives and to foster deep and critical thinking. “Ba’asher hu sham” is certainly true, but we must also be the guides to lead our students to higher moral, ethical and thinking lives.
Dr. Tzipora Meier is principal, grades 11-12, at The Stella K. Abraham High School for Girls on Long Island, New York, and a mentor in the Lookstein ELAI program.
Dr. David Pelcovitz
A couple of years ago, I gave a talk on Jewish ethics and the Internet at the Twitter headquarters in San Francisco. A reporter covering the event approached me just as the session ended and noted, in passing, that she had just posted her coverage a few seconds ago. To me, that instantaneousness encapsulates the true nature of social media.
One way in which technology has become harmful is the rise of what psychologists call the “online disinhibition effect.” In other words, it can breed insensitivity and callousness. I’ve seen this in my practice working with the Jewish community and with kids in particular.
When one is alone in a room and doesn’t see the other person to whom he is speaking, he loses perspective. It also becomes easier to come across as lacking empathy. It’s not uncommon for people who are really decent, caring individuals to act insensitive and even cruel online. For example, a couple of girls may be discussing online the way another girl looked at a party. What would have been an isolated catty remark heard by one or two people could, via social media, reach the girls in an entire grade and even beyond. A one-on-one critical remark about someone’s appearance could literally become a public event. That remark is no longer “just” lashon hara (gossip); it is halbanas pnei chaveiro berabbim (humiliating someone in public).
When comments are posted on a screen with no moderators, social exclusiveness, biting remarks and cutting attitudes can predominate. There’s also no reflection time. Online, you write something, hit the send button and it’s there forever.
Additionally, as a result of the social media explosion, our kids are missing out on social nuances.
A Pew Research Center study in 2010 showed that 75 percent of adolescents who have cell phones prefer texting to face-to-face interaction. That’s a sea change. And the value of face-to-face interaction should not be underestimated. Psychologists have noted that those engaged in face-to-face conversation have similar neurons lighting up in their brains. They are literally reflecting one another, since they are experiencing the same kind of emotions. In general, the lack of face-to-face interaction results in a lower level of empathy, something that has begun to characterize this generation.
It is important to teach our children how to use technology responsibly, which includes not sending e-mails or texts when one is angry. Kids often get into trouble because of comments they made which they later regret. The impersonal nature of electronic communication enables kids to write things they would never actually say in real life. A parent should train his child to always ask himself before sending an e-mail or text: Is this really what I want to say? Let me see if I still want to send the e-mail or text tomorrow.
Sometimes a principal or school psychologist will tell me that she had to suspend a student because of a comment. There have been students who have had their acceptances to seminaries or yeshivot withdrawn because of a post on Facebook—pictures showing them drinking beer at a party, or hanging out with members of the opposite sex in a way that doesn’t sit well with the school administrations or parent bodies. Oftentimes students who are planning on attending the same yeshivah or seminary in Israel will “friend” each other on Facebook months in advance of the school year. A parent might see her child’s friend’s Facebook page and say, “The school let that kid in? Look what she’s doing!” The parent might call the head of the seminary and threaten not to send her child if such kids are accepted into the school.
On the other hand, social media can be an excellent vehicle for making positive connections. My mother-in-law, who’s almost ninety, has ongoing Scrabble games on Facebook with her children and even her grandchildren and great-grandchildren who live all over the world. My brother-in-law gave her an iPad and she spends a lot of time connecting with her family in a way she wouldn’t be able to otherwise.
Social media can also foster a broad sense of community and support. It is very inspiring to see Jews around the world galvanize support for a fellow Jew going through a tough time by creating a Facebook group or Tehillim event for that person.
The best way to approach technology is to view it not as a threat, but as a challenge. I think we all believe in inoculation over isolation, but inoculation takes work. This idea is best illustrated by the parable of the frog and the beaker. If one takes a frog and places it into a beaker of boiling water, it will jump out and survive. If one takes the same frog and places it into a beaker of room-temperature water on a fire and slowly brings the water to boil, the frog will not realize it is in mortal danger and will eventually boil to death. Similarly, we need to be cognizant of the fact that social media and the Internet in general can pose significant harm if we do not take precautions. Inoculation means learning how to regulate the temperature, how to regulate our children’s online environment.
Cyberbullying is a significant issue. A “friend” of one of my kids accessed his Facebook account. He acted as if he were my child and made disparaging remarks about him. That was a lesson in not sharing passwords and not leaving Facebook without signing out.
Regardless of whether or not we like it, this is the way many young adults and kids communicate. I have a Modern Orthodox perspective. The sticking-your-head-in-the-sand approach is not one I chose to take with my kids. I’ve allowed them to embrace Facebook because it can have some value, as long as I can monitor it.
—Joseph Greenberg, parent of a twenty-one-, nineteen-, eighteen- and sixteen-year-old from Teaneck, New Jersey
It is also critical that parents be good role models in this area. If they are checking their cell phones and reviewing their texts when they’re with their kids, their kids notice it and feel the lack of attention. Many times par ents don’t even realize the message they are conveying. When they stop focusing on their children to respond to a new e-mail, what are they telling their children?
Parents and educators must also use social media in a way that respects boundaries. Teachers, for example, should not become their students’ friends. I have been involved in situations where boundaries were blurred in very unhealthy ways. While a teacher could certainly post homework online or create a site to answer questions or offer explanations on assignments, I would not encourage her to maintain a personal Facebook page that students could access. That’s letting kids into one’s personal life in a way that could undermine one’s authority. Yeshivot should provide guidelines for teachers in this area.
Young people or even adults who want to improve their work productivity might consider testing themselves to see whether they work better multi- or uni-tasking. Some might find that they thrive when working on a few things at once. But an honest self-assessment might reveal that one gets more work done efficiently—with more focus and less stress—when the cell phone and computer are turned off. From what I understand, companies such as Google now have technology-free periods during the day, a concession to the fact that people are more efficient when they are not distracted.
The Kaiser Family Foundation did a study in 2010 that showed that when parents set limits, children spend nearly three hours less with media overall than those with no rules. Rules and restrictions lead to more responsible use of the Internet in general.
Parents should speak to their kids about the need for rules, but do it in a way that makes sense to the child. If kids feel that rules are arbitrary, they will develop “parent deafness.”
A few years ago, Debbie Fox, a licensed clinical social worker and the director of Aleinu Marriage Services in Los Angeles, conducted a fascinating study on Internet usage by interviewing students in a Modern Orthodox high school. She asked the students what type of restrictions they anticipate having for their own children’s Internet usage. More than half the respondents said they planned on being stricter than their own parents.
When I speak to teenage audiences, I sometimes ask how many of them have clear rules restricting their Internet usage at home. Most of the kids do not raise their hands. Then, when I ask how many live in a home where their parents perceive there to be such rules, almost everyone in the room raises their hands. I think it is obvious that kids need more clarity from their parents regarding rules and guidelines for Internet usage.
But if the rules are too lenient or too strict, they won’t work. Also, it is very important that parents have good relationships with their kids. If rules are set but are not within the framework of a relationship, they will not work. I often sum it up this way: “Rules without a relationship equals rebellion.”
If a child gets into trouble on the Internet, such as getting pulled into pornography or getting bullied by others online, he has to know that when he tells his parents, they aren’t going to respond with anger or “I told you so.” Kids have to know that they can go to their parents with anything. There needs to be dialogue and collaboration between the generations. That’s probably the most important factor.
Special thanks to Binyamin Ehrenkranz for interviewing Dr. David Pelcovitz and preparing this article for publication. Dr. Pelcovitz holds the Gwendolyn and Joseph Straus Chair in Jewish Education at Yeshiva University’s Azrieli Graduate School of Jewish Education and Administration. He also teaches pastoral psychology courses at YU’s RIETS, and serves as special assistant to the president of Yeshiva University.
Since social networking is relatively new and most adults don’t understand it too well, they erroneously buy into the many “dangers” that are espoused by the media. Therefore, I would like to begin by first defining social media. Despite what most people may think, social media are not primarily about creating new friends or meeting new people. They are amazing tools to help friends and family keep in touch.
I am the director of a camp in Israel for teens from across the United States, Canada, Europe and Israel. I attended this camp as a child, and I remember how on the last day of camp, as we sat in the airport, we all felt incredibly happy and fulfilled—but we also felt a sense of loss. As we said our goodbyes to our new friends, we knew deep down that our friendships wouldn’t last and that we wouldn’t keep in touch for long. We convinced each other that we would, and so we diligently took one another’s phone numbers and addresses because in our hearts we really did want to stay in touch.
One click of the “like” button from a counselor can accomplish way more than any mussar shmuz!
The world was just too big back then, and as much as we tried to stay in touch, it just never worked out. We wrote letters, but that never lasted long. Sometimes we received phone calls from camp friends on erev Rosh Hashanah and maybe even a birthday card with a camp photo inside. If we were lucky, by mid-year we still remembered all of our bunkmates’ names.
Today that has all changed, thanks to the Internet and social media. My campers can stay in touch through e-mail, Facebook and Skype. The day after camp, photos get uploaded to Facebook. Friends are tagged and comments are posted. Memories are shared and relationships are strengthened. Anyone who says these friendships are not the same because they are maintained over the Internet and therefore not “real” has never engaged in such a relationship himself. The bonds these campers form and maintain online are very real.
More importantly, years ago there was no way of maintaining the emotional and spiritual high we all experienced after an intense summer in Eretz Yisrael. Everyone knows that a camp counselor can be one of the most influential figures in a child’s life, but in the past that relationship was limited to a few weeks each summer. Today, that doesn’t have to be the case. A counselor can stay in touch with his campers in a meaningful, consistent way. Just by looking at the statuses and photos of their campers, counselors can see how each one is progressing throughout the year. If he notices that a camper is having difficulties or may be heading in the wrong direction, he can get involved. Adults can have a huge influence on kids via social networking. One click of the “like” button from a counselor can accomplish way more than any mussar shmuz!
But the connection doesn’t stop online: social networking can facilitate interaction when teens travel to friends for Shabbat and get together for reunions throughout the year. What is most puzzling is that these tremendously positive interactions between friends were encouraged a generation ago but today are ridiculed by many educators and parents.
Of course teens need to be taught to use social media in moderation and with certain limitations. Our camp, for example, created a private Facebook group just for girls so that there is no concern about private photos getting out to the public. In my mind, discouraging social media is counter-productive. As one camper told me, “They’re not banning cell phones and Facebook, they’re banning my friends.” We may not see it that way, but that’s the way it comes across to teens. And as educators and parents, we must always be cognizant of how our messages come across to teens.
Dovid Teitelbaum is the director of Camp Sdei Chemed International.
Rabbi Mordechai Yaffe
I’ll be honest. The request to write an article about the effects of social media filled me with trepidation. If you’ll excuse the pun, anything “remotely” connected today with technology, the Internet and the plethora of electronic devices that capture our society’s collective imagination is the radioactive theme of our day, and the fallout has been pretty severe. The issues surrounding the advantages and disadvantages of our increased reliance on broadband impact so profoundly upon our frum community that addressing them is an area in which giants fear to tread. Perhaps the rest of us Lilliputians would be better advised to follow suit.
To put my perspective into perspective, however, a few particulars must be shared. First, I use the Internet regularly and I am something of an information junkie. In fact, I’ll admit that while sitting at the recent Internet Asifa, my curiosity got the best of me and I felt compelled to Google just how many seats there are in Citi Field and Arthur Ashe Stadium. But before you think I’ve turned to the dark side, I would like to point out that I personally heard the venerated Lakewood Mashgiach Rabbi Matisyahu Salomon say that the Internet is not the enemy—the yetzer hara is. Like any other innovation to which we have been introduced throughout our history, we need to find ways to adapt the Internet to our needs, to be used in manners consistent with our Torah lives, rather than diving in headfirst under the guise of progress and adaptation to modern times. That said, anybody waiting for this fad to pass is going to be waiting a long time. Whatever way we try to maintain some healthy boundaries, this technology will inexorably become part of almost everyone’s life. The question will ultimately be one of extent and degree of dependency.
Virtually all issues that arise through Internet use increase exponentially when it comes to social media. Certain aspects surrounding the use of social media distinguish them from other forms of communication and raise concerns beyond that which is relevant to general Internet use. There are long lists of pros and cons for their use, which anyone can research. I, however, would like to focus on a few issues specifically pertinent to Torah Jews. Personally, the potential effects of social media have been sufficient to keep me away from “booking my face” and associating my communications with the production of avian vocalizations (tweeting, for the obtuse).
Firstly, as I’m sure many of the contributors to this symposium have pointed out, the amount of squandered time spent on social media sites is staggering. While it may be very convenient to be able to be in contact with almost anyone all of the time, it behooves us to consider how much of this contact is truly important, or even relevant. After all, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey himself thought the title perfect because it reflected “a short burst of inconsequential information.” Is this something to which we should aspire?
The very nature of Internet-based instantaneous worldwide distribution of information gives almost anyone with two index fingers an authoritative viewpoint. It is considered fashionable to have one’s own blog, regardless of the drivel contained therein. It is reminiscent of the old joke that everyone is an expert in the areas of religion, education and politics since they were raised in some faith, they went to school and they have the ability to vote. No less a personage than Rabbi Yisroel Salanter is reputed to have stated, “Not everything one thinks should be said. Not everything one says should be written down. Not everything written down should be published.” Our instantaneous publication ability has all but made this point moot in our cyberworld. Suddenly, we can all be experts, we can all be publishers. While the world of academia produces its own share of refuse, at least peer review culls some of the ridiculous being mistaken for the sublime.
My concerns are the same as they would be with any other kind of social interaction; you want your children to be around people who would add value to their lives and not potentially be a negative influence.
Different kids need different kinds of supervision. Some should probably not be on Facebook unattended; others may need little supervision. You have to know your kids.
— Joseph Greenberg, parent of a twenty-one-, nineteen-, eighteen- and sixteen-year-old from Teaneck, New Jersey
This leads to an issue which is actually a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the anonymity that social media communication affords allows anyone to express his or her ideas about anything without repercussions. While in theory this seems like a virtuous proposal, the reality is that boundaries that exist in face-to-face communication come tumbling down and characters are assassinated without ever seeing it coming. There is clear evidence that this factor has also lured many fine people into entering inappropriate relationships. Certain things would never be said or written if people recognized one another. The anonymity of the Internet has often led to the blurring of propriety and, to be frank, decency. The results have been disastrous. I personally know of marriages that have imploded and families ripped apart because individuals have not recognized appropriate boundaries.
Finally, I personally am concerned that social media and even e-mail have greatly affected how we communicate and interact. How many real, live, uniquely human interactions have been abandoned in favor of connecting technologically? I have no doubt that there has been a significant decline in people’s ability to interact with one another in the real world. Everyone just seems so distracted. Who would have ever thought people could walk absentmindedly into mall fountains? Can it really be that Fort Lee, New Jersey actually had to enact a law against texting while walking to ensure successful navigation? Are we that far gone? Apparently. Perhaps the best last word on this issue can be expressed in the words of the most famous psychedelic advocate of the 60s Timothy Leary. During his final decade, he proclaimed that the “personal computer is the LSD of the 1990s”—“turn on, boot up, jack in” reworked his original mantra of “turn on, tune in, drop out” to suggest joining the cyberdelic counterculture. Cyberdelic indeed.
I am pretty certain that I was asked to write this article because I am an educator, fortunate to work with young men and oversee their development. Every concern I mentioned above applies to them. Every one also applies to adults. True, adolescents are notorious for making impulsive and just plain bad decisions. However, the examples we set make a huge difference. Once, when two totally exasperated parents were sitting in my office decrying their son’s inappropriate viewing habits, the father tipped his hand when he exclaimed in frustration, “What business does he have watching these things at his age?” I simply replied, “Do you follow a different Shulchan Aruch than he does?”
Chazal tell us “Al ta’amin b’atzmecha ad yom moscha, Don’t be certain about yourself until the day of your death.” Nobody has any assurances that he is immune and impervious to negative influences. We have a holy mission to raise a generation that will live their lives consistent with Torah values, and it behooves us to do the same for ourselves. I don’t have all the answers or know exactly where to draw the line. We are just beginning to see the effects, and it is clear that they have the potential to be devastating. We need to decide if it’s worth the risks.
Rabbi Mordechai Yaffe, Ph.D. is the menahel of Mesivta Ateres Yaakov, a mesivta high school and yeshivah gedolah, located in Lawrence, New York. Rabbi Yaffe holds a doctorate in clinical psychology and is licensed to practice in the State of New York.
To hear an interview with Rabbi Mordechai Yaffe, visit http://www.ou.org/life/parenting/twitter-creator-calls-short-burst-inconsequential-information-stephen-savitsky/.
How do technology and social media affect young people during their “year in Israel”? What are the challenges facing educators in Israel when kids are so wired up?
Rabbi Moshe Benovitz
Some twenty years ago, the most popular guy in the post-high school Israel yeshivah I attended was the fellow whose father faxed him box scores from the New York Times every other Tuesday. True, there was one fanatical football follower who would occasionally spend an hour or two listening to his brother’s live play-by-play over the old pay phone late on Sunday nights. But for most of us, Sunday’s game results would be partially reported sometime Monday afternoon. Important information and breaking news regarding life plans were transmitted by phone during weekly brief conversations, or more likely by handwritten letters (occasionally rerouted through Central American countries). Those much-anticipated sports section faxes? They were pored over as if they had been recently excavated from the Cairo Geniza. They gave any sports addict a much-needed fix, but also served as an exceptionally rare portal back to a world that seemed very, very far away.
Today’s Israel experience is not quite the same. This has had some drastic implications for the learning and growth experiences of students spending a post-high school year learning. The combination of a seven-second broadcast delay on network television and a Blackberry or iPhone in every hand half a globe away makes it no exaggeration to say that a home run in Pittsburgh can be cheered in Jerusalem before being watched in Manhattan.
Of course real-time sports results are not the extent of the new reality we are seeing. They are simply an indication of an ever-shrinking world where questions of connectivity and identity are being answered anew every day. On the simplest level, the new challenges relate to our students’ capacity to pay attention. Our modern-day yeshivah and seminary environments do not come close to providing a captive audience. Alternative sources of stimulation—intellectual or otherwise—are rarely more than an arm’s length away. Even during those precious moments (Shabbat?) where there is no direct competition from a tweet, ping or other vibration, teachers find that most students’ tech habits have seriously compromised their ability to focus, analyze and immerse themselves in traditional learning.
But arguably the more fundamental shift has taken place in a different aspect of student engagement. Never before has it been more relevant and pressing to address “How Will it Play in Peoria?” The world is no longer comprised of individual moments and areas. There are no classrooms that build an educational foundation one brick at a time. A Blackberry means that I am never completely here, there or anywhere. Our experiences are shared—vividly and often immediately. This means that our shiurim and discussions are being presented to a wider audience than it may seem, and are also being processed in a context very different from the traditional brick-and-mortar classroom. There is little question that the early phenomenon of the “Year in Israel” was at least partially due to the geographic removal of the student from his comfort zone and home turf. The year was short on stereotypes (both of and by the student) and long on innovation and newness. Today a student can spend a year in Israel without a significant adjustment to his social circle, entertainment choices or cultural framework.
A good teacher must be part pedagogue and part sociologist to better understand the reality of his disciples. However, a flawed educator is too much a sociologist—excelling at identifying trends and tendencies within his class but failing to develop strategies to adequately cope with these new developments. Even worse, sometimes we allow these observations and insights to serve as excuses for failing to educate properly. Let us not fall into that trap.
You have to have confidence in your children. At the same time, you can’t have your eyes closed. You have to have a relationship with them. Be in their lives; talk to them.
—Mother of a fourteen-year-old girl from California
Firstly, we need not cower from the threat of competing ideas or stimuli. Clearly the Torah world is being challenged to present our eternal teachings in a format and style that will appeal to a generation entrenched in a new reality. This is neither the first nor the last time such a challenge has been issued, and it is neither the first nor the last time that Torah will more than hold its own. We simply need educators who are up to the task of offering what no game, movie clip or instant message can deliver—the thrill and deep satisfaction of connecting to Torah on its most sublime level. Today there are fewer guarantees than ever. But the outlook is not hopelessly grim. Never before has it been more critical to have confidence in Chazal’s teaching, “I have created an evil inclination and I have created Torah as its antidote” (Kiddushin 30b).
Secondly, it is not sufficient to acknowledge the impact and power of these devices. We can and should embrace their potential and direct the momentum they generate toward Torah goals and ideals. For example, while sourcing and accountability are still significant flaws in Wikipedia and anonymous blog operations, modern students use their wireless worlds to augment skepticism and to reject dogma. While this sounds alarming, why must it be even the least bit negative? We can encourage our students to embrace information and vigorously pursue accuracy and veracity. Fact checking can become a learned skill, and technology can be harnessed in a way that makes it second nature. There are new opportunities for students to contribute to the discussion like never before. And there is a further advantage to this approach. “Please take out your iPhones” has a very different impact on a student than “If I see it, I take it away.” By finding opportunities to integrate technology into learning, students will automatically sense the beautiful blending of Torah and their cyber world. Instead of two spheres coexisting uneasily and warily orbiting one another, there is a valuable experience of synthesis between the two.
Finally, we must face this challenge with the unshakable resolve to inspire our students to dare to be different. What better opportunity could there be to discuss in real terms, with real implications, the unique Torah perspective on life? Our learning and mesorah offer invaluable definitions of the self and guides to proper study and communication. These perspectives surely advocate for a particular approach to new technology, and will at the very least indicate a need to limit some of the ubiquitousness of the World Wide Web. We should be proud to present that.
An ad for Apple products recently found its way into my inbox. Its tagline screamed, “Just What You Need to Do Just About Anything.” Well, not quite. Maybe it is what we need to do many things, but not at all helpful for more than a few others. And no one knows this better than this generation—the media and technology users. Our students need no studies to confirm their loneliness, nor charts or graphs to highlight their potential for far greater productivity. What they need is an alternative. And that is something that we have and should not hesitate to share.
Rabbi Moshe Benovitz is the longtime director of the NCSY Summer Kollel Program in Israel.
To hear an interview with Rabbi Moshe Benovitz, visit http://www.ou.org/life/parenting/technology-social-media-affecting-year-israel-stephen-savitsky/
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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10 Facts about Arizona
The state located in southwestern region of United States is explained in Facts about Arizona. Arizona is included in Mountain West states and western United States. This state is located in the 15th most populous state in US. Based on the area, it takes the sixth position of the largest states in US. Let’s find out more facts about Arizona by reading the following post below:
Facts about Arizona 1: the border
Arizona is bordered by Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah and New Mexico. It is included as one of Four Corners states. Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. It also becomes the largest city here.
Facts about Arizona 2: the statehood
Arizona got the title of the statehood in United States on 14 February 1912. It became the 48th state in United States.
Facts about Arizona 3: the history
Before Arizona becomes an independent state, it was a part of Alta California in New Spain. Then it was a part of Mexico before it is included in United States after the war between America and Mexico.
Facts about Arizona 4: climate
Can you tell me the climate in Arizona? The southern half of the Arizona has desert climate. It enables the inhabitants to feel the mild winter and hot summer season. The other areas in Arizona such as the deep canyons, San Francisco Mountains, and Colorado Plateau have the winter snowfalls and moderate summer.
Facts about Arizona 5: the ski resort
Even though Arizona is always associated with hot land, you can find several ski resorts here. You can go to Tucson, Alpine and Flagstaff. Get facts about Alabama here.
Facts about Arizona 6: the attractions
There are many attractions that you can find in Arizona. It is a home to several national parks, national forests, and national monuments. One of the famous parks is Grand Canyon national park. Have you visited the park?
Facts about Arizona 7: the Native American tribes
The Native American tribes live in Arizona. There is no need to wonder that the Indian Reservation occupies one-quarter of the Arizona’s area.
Facts about Arizona 8: Phoenix Art Museum
If you want to enjoy an educational place, you can go to Phoenix Art Museum. You can find out a lot of collections of visual art here. The art and fashion design reflecting the work of the western American, European, Asian, American, modern, Latin American and contemporary style.
Facts about Arizona 9: the movies
There are several movies shot in Arizona such as The Banger Sisters, Waiting to Exhale, The Scorpion King, Just One of the Guys, and Can’t Buy Me Love. Another US state is explained in Alaska facts.
Facts about Arizona 10: Psycho
Psycho was the classic movie by Alfred Hitchcock. Some of the scenes were shot in Phoenix.
Do you have any opinion on facts about Arizona?
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No reasoning
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History
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The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes a major depressive episode (MDE) as a 2- week period of depressed mood, loss of interest, or loss of pleasure and at least 4 other symptoms of functional change, such as changes in sleeping habits, eating habits, energy levels, concentration, or self-image.1 An MDE rarely is an isolated event; in the 2 years following the first MDE, the recurrence rate is 40%2 (sidebar).
The incidence of depression on the whole is far from rare. Approximately 5.4% to 8.9% of people in the United States?and nearly 121 million people worldwide?are affected by depression.1,3 The incidence in this country in 2006 is projected to be 9.5% (19 million adults).4 Depression is a leading cause of disability in the overall population and is worthy of attention by all health care providers.2
Causes and Risks
Although the true cause of depression has yet to be identified, many researchers believe that its sources lie in changes in the brain and the brain's chemistry. Medications targeting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine have been shown to improve depressive symptoms.5
Risk factors for depression include female gender (20%-25% for women vs 7%-12% for men), family history, unemployment, and chronic disease. Diagnosis, however, should be based on the clinical picture overall and not solely on the presence or absence of risk factors.2,6
Postpartum depression (PPD) occurs in ~10% to 20% of new mothers. The syndrome can occur anytime up to 1 year after childbirth and may be attributed to changes in hormones, situational changes, and life stresses. Early identification can help to manage PPD and prevent it from progressing.7
Depressed patients have a myriad of treatment options available to them. Antidepressant therapies include both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions.
Antidepressant medications have been around for decades. Newer medications often are promoted to offer faster improvement, fewer side effects, and safer toxicity profiles than older medications. Despite their differences, all antidepressants share the same ultimate goal: altering brain neurotransmitter levels to relieve the symptoms of depression (Table).
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), among the first antidepressants available, work to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine alone or the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.8 These medications have a narrow therapeutic efficacy and have been associated with cardiac toxicity. Doses 3 to 5 times greater than therapeutic doses have caused toxic levels, leading to prolongation of the QT interval and eventual arrhythmias. Side effects include anticholinergic and orthostatic effects, along with sedation, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction. Additionally, many TCAs exhibit interactions with other medications. As a result, they are used less frequently now as antidepressant therapy.2
Another older and less often prescribed class is the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). They irreversibly block monoamine oxidase, resulting in increased levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The blockade of MAO in the gastrointestinal tract, however, results in an inability to metabolize tyramine, which causes a hypertensive crisis after consumption of foods containing tyramine. Because of their multiple drug interactions, severe dietary restraints, and side effects, MAOIs no longer are first-line therapy.
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) exert their effect by blocking the presynaptic serotonin reuptake pump to increase serotonin activity. SSRIs have gained prescribing popularity due to their safer toxicity profile and fewer side effects than the TCAs or MAOIs. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening episode that occurs when brain serotonin levels are too high. Administering 2 or more serotonergic medications together may increase the risk. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include hyperthermia, sweating, tachycardia, agitation, and neuromuscular changes.2
Additional antidepressants include venlafaxine, bupropion, duloxetine, mirtazapine, and nefazodone. Like the SSRIs, these newer agents tend to be less toxic and better tolerated than the older agents.2,8
In some patients, a single antidepressant agent may not fully relieve symptoms. Although the addition of a second antidepressant may be helpful, augmentation with nontraditional antidepressant medications also may improve response rates. Augmentation therapies may include agents such as atypical antipsychotics, lamotrigine, or thyroid hormones.8
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) offers treatment for patients with severe major depressive disorder with psychotic features, psychomotor retardation, or medication resistance. Improvement usually occurs after 6 to 12 treatments, given as 2 to 3 treatments per week. Although ECT remission rates are ~60% to 80% in patients with severe major depression, relapse rates are >50%. Initiating antidepressant medication immediately after ECT can help prevent relapses.8
Psychotherapy can improve symptoms in patients with mild-to-moderate depression. Examples of psychotherapy include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and problem-solving therapies.8
Social stigmas may hinder patients' acceptance of a diagnosis of depression and their compliance with treatment. The pharmacist, however, can maximize therapy though patient education.
Depression is a widespread ailment that affects all types of people. The availability of various treatment options offers an appropriate remedy for each individual. With suitable treatment, the depressed patient can achieve the goal of resuming his or her previous level of functioning and quality of life.
Dr. Holmberg is a pharmacist with Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz.
For a list of references, send a stamped, self-addressed envelope to: References Department, Attn. A. Stahl, Pharmacy Times, 241 Forsgate Drive, Jamesburg, NJ 08831; or send an e-mail request to: [email protected].
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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In today’s world where every single person wants even the smallest of things as per his own specification may it be food, clothes, shelter, car, bikes, chocolates, cakes and what not. You just name it and search customised _________( your requirement) on google and there you go with hundreds of companies providing you with your required product. This is not just with the products but also with services we avail. You have private tuitions, personalised trainers and almost all the professionals providing services based on the requirements of their clients. These customised goods and services are nothing but jobs for these companies and every job is different form the next one turning up. So it is very obvious for such companies to decide the cost of each product / service so as to run the business efficiently and effectively.
This method of costing is used in Job Order Industries where the production is as per the requirements of the customer. As requirement differs from person to person we can say none of the jobs manufactured are alike. In Job Order industries, the production is not on continuous basis; rather it is only when order from customers is received and that too as per the specifications of the customers. The objective of this method of costing is to work out the cost of each job by preparing the Job Cost Sheet.
CIMA, London defines job costing as “the category of basic costing methods which is applicable where the work consists of separate contracts, jobs or batches, each of which is authorised by specific order or contract.” Job costing is that form of specific order costing under which each job is treated as a cost unit and costs are accumulated and ascertained separately for each job. A job maybe a product, unit, batch, sales order, project, contract, service, specific program, any other cost objective that is distinguishable clearly and unique in terms of materials and other services used.
The job costing method is also applicable to industries in which production is carried out in batches. Batch production basically is of the same character as the job order production, the difference being mainly one in the size of different orders.
The following are the features of Job costing:
1. It is a specific order costing.
2. A job is carried out or a product is made to meet specific requirements of the customer
3. Each job is treated as a cost unit.
4. All cost are accumulated and ascertained as per each job on the basis of which quotation of job may be given.
5. While computing costs, direct costs being traceable are charged directly whereas indirect costs are charged on some suitable basis.
6. Each job being different hence it is difficult to have standardisation of control and therefore more detailed supervision and control is necessary.
The system of job costing can be sub-divided into two categories viz. (a) Factory job costing and (b) Contract costing. Job costing is applicable to :
1. Engineering concern
2. Construction companies
4. Furniture making
5. Machine manufacturing industries
6. Repair shops
7. Automobile garages &
8. Such other factories where jobs or orders can be kept separately.
The job costing method may be regarded as the principal method of costing since the basic object and purpose of all costing is to:
1. Analysis and ascertainment of cost of each unit of production
2. Control and regulate cost
3. Determine the profitability
As production in a job order system is not a continuous process, careful planning and strict control is required to avoid wastage of materials, man-power, machinery and other resources. On receipt of an order, the production and planning department prepares a suitable design for the product or job. It also prepares a bill of materials and an operation schedule. A production order is issued giving instructions to the shops to proceed with the manufacture of the product. This production order (also known as work order or job order record) constitutes the authority of the work. The production order usually lays down the date of commencement of order, quantity of materials required, time allowed for the operations, sale price, customer’s name, shipping instructions, date of completion, etc. Sometimes the values of materials and labour are also indicated and then it serves the combined purpose of an order for manufacture as well as the cost sheet on which the cost of the order is compiled. The journal entries to record all the costs are same as those dealt in Non – integrated accounts. Every production order is assigned a number called the job number, job-order number, work order number. All these details can be seen in Job cost sheet.
The cost of an incomplete job, i.e., a job on which some manufacturing operation is still due is termed as work-in-progress. If a production order has not been only completed by the end of an accounting period, it is essential to value the closing stock of the work-in-progress . Unless this is correctly done, the profits for the period will be distorted. Determination of work-in-progress is frequently essential where periodic profit and loss account is required to be prepared for control purposes without reference to the closure of the accounting period.
1. To know a detailed analysis of cost of materials, labour and overheads charged to each job helping management to know the trend of cost.
2. To ascertain profit or loss made on each job.
3. Estimates of cost of similar work in future can be conveniently made helping in prompt furnishing in quotations for specific jobs.
4. The adoption of predetermined overhead rates in job costing necessitates the application of a system of budgetary control of overheads with all the advantages.
5. Spoilage and defective work can be easily identified with specific jobs or products so that responsibility may be fixed on departments or individuals.
6. Job costing is particularly suitable for cost plus and such other contracts where selling price is determined directly on the basis of costs.
Job costing suffers from certain limitations.
These are as follows.
1. It is said that it is too time consuming and requires detailed record keeping. This makes the method more expensive.
2. Record keeping for different jobs may prove complicated.
3. Inefficiencies of the organization may be charged to a job though it may not be responsible for the same.
In spite of the above limitations, it can be said that job costing is an extremely useful method for computation of the cost of a job. The limitation of time consuming can be removed by computerization and this can also reduce the complexity of the record keeping.
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| 0.954421 | 1,396 | 2.75 | 3 | 2.41143 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Finance & Business
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Surrounded by paper tape readers, paper tape punch and teleprinter, I am in control of an early electronic computer named Pegasus. The imposing array of switches, lights, knobs and display screens, gives me command of a powerful yet responsive machine. There is a lot of noise from the cooling air blowers, and occasionally the machine emits strange sounds from its loudspeaker indicating the progress of an application program. This is how the original operators of Pegasus would have felt in the 1950s.
Sometimes an operator would be the person who actually designed and wrote the program, taking hands-on control to ensure the program worked correctly.
Operators became wizards at manipulating the control switches to direct what the machine does, as well as monitoring the binary data shown on the cathode ray tube screens.
While the program was running, they rolled-up any punched-paper tapes to be kept, or glanced up at the clock to write the next log-book entry. There was a pervading feeling of warmth, comfort and order.
The Ferranti Pegasus computer was developed in the early 1950s by a team of former Elliott Brothers Ltd engineers using a technology pioneered in the Elliott/NRDC 401 computer.
The engineering of Pegasus is outstanding. It is assembled from hundreds of plug-in electronic modules about the size of a paper-back book which contain two or three valves (vacuum tubes – pre-dating the use of transistors or microprocessors).
Some of these modules are used as the internal memory of the computer but the main memory is based on magnetised spots on the surface of a rotating drum, similar to a modern day magnetic disc drive. Data input and output is via 5-track punched-paper tape. No typewriter keyboard or display screen!
Pegasus was the first “user friendly” computer, and about forty Pegasus systems were sold, between 1956 and 1962. Scores of programmers and users of the machine have commented on the ease of programming and operation.
A fundamental part of Pegasus was a simple operating system, a set of routines called Initial Orders which was stored permanently in a write-protected area of the drum.
Pressing the “Start” key caused the Initial Orders to be executed, and they gave the programmer facilities for inputting programs and data, for debugging, for assembling large program systems from sub-sections and libraries, and so on.
Pegasus and the Science Museum
The Science Museum Pegasus, serial number 25, has been re-located at least eight times in its life, including a period in Sweden. The museum acquired it from UCL London in 1983 and it was initially displayed in Manchester where it was occasionally maintained by a colleague and myself. After a couple of years the machine moved back to London.
When the Computer Conservation Society was formed in 1989, a group of expert volunteers re-commissioned and demonstrated Pegasus at the museum. It was put on prominent display in the Computing gallery in 2000, where for the first time in its long life, Pegasus was on view to the public. It is a tribute to the quality of the original engineering that Pegasus survived this repeated stripping down, moving, and re-assembling.
For nearly a decade Pegasus was demonstrated every fortnight, but in 2009 a fault with the machine required it to be shut down and Health and Safety considerations subsequently stopped further operation. This historic, 60-year old computer continues to be an important artefact in the Science Museum’s Computing and Data Processing collections.
Chris Burton is a volunteer at the Museum who helps maintain and run Pegasus, one of the oldest computers in the world. Chris is a member of the Computer Conservation Society.
For more information on Pegasus, read “The Pegasus Story” by Simon Lavington published by the Science Museum. In 2015, the Computing gallery will close, reopening in late 2016 as the new Mathematics gallery. You can discover more about the history of information and communication technologies in the Information Age gallery, opened in October 2014.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Eggs are associated with Easter because of their symbolism of new life. The celebration of Easter predates Christian times and some of its symbols (for example, the Easter bunny) come from the Pagan Spring Equinox festival (a celebration of Spring and new life). The Anglo-Saxon goddess of fertility and springtime is called Eostre. Here are some fun activities to tie Easter into your Montessori Science and Culture curriculum studies.
Easter and Springtime: Integrating Science and Cultural Activities in the Montessori ClassroomEaster is also the commemoration of Jesus’ death and his rising from the dead (the resurrection). It is a very important festival in the Christian faith. The celebration comes at the end of Lent and the week that leads up to Easter is called Holy Week. The first day of Holy Week is called Palm Sunday. It is called so because when Jesus arrived in Jerusalem, people threw palm branches on the road before him. Today, churches will often give out crosses made from palm leaves.
Thursday of Holy Week is called Maundy Thursday. On this day, Christians remember the Passover meal Jesus had with his disciples. This is now known as the Last Supper and is often re-enacted.
On Good Friday, churches may hold long services to reflect on the crucifixion of Jesus. Some people eat hot cross buns on this day as a reminder of the cross on which Jesus died. Easter Sunday celebrates the resurrection of Jesus.
- Drain or blow the yolk from the inside of eggs and use different art techniques to decorate the outside shell.
- Incubate eggs (chicken, guinea fowl, duck, etc.) for a hands-on study of life cycles. When eggs have hatched, take a field trip to a local farm to find a home for the birds.
- Take nature walks to see the changes that spring is making around your campus on a daily basis. Students can record observations in a journal with words and sketches.
- Discuss the differences between Jewish Passover and Christian Passover.
- Weave palms into baskets, mats and crosses.
- Research Easter celebrations around the world. Why are Easter parades and Easter bonnets so popular?
- Bake hot cross buns and/or simnel cake. Research the history of these baked items.
- J Is for Jesus: An Easter Alphabet And Activity Book, by Debbie Trafton O'Neal and Jan Bryan-Hunt
- The Story of Easter, by Aileen Fisher and Stefano Vitale
- The Very First Easter, by Paul L. Maier
- The Legend of the Easter Egg, by Lori Walburg VandenBosch and James Bernardin
- The Story of the Cross: The Stations of the Cross for Children, by Mary Joslin and Gail Newey
- Lilies, Rabbits, and Painted Eggs: The Story of the Easter Symbols, by Edna Barth and Ursula Arndt
NAMC curriculum manuals, including the NAMC 3-6 Culture and Science manual, as well as the 6-9 and 9-12 Cultural Geography, Botany and Zoology manuals.
© North American Montessori Center - originally posted in its entirety at Montessori Teacher Training on Tuesday, April 7, 2009.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Pythagorean Theorem and non-Right Triangles
Date: 03/09/2002 at 13:16:54 From: Katy Palmen Subject: Pythagorean Theorem Why doesn't the Pythagorean Theorem work for triangles other than right triangles? I can provide counter examples to show that it doesn't work for specific triangles, such as equilateral or obtuse, but I can't figure out a general explanation or proof. Thank you for your assistance!
Date: 03/09/2002 at 22:34:40 From: Doctor Jeremiah Subject: Re: Pythagorean Theorem Hi Katy, The Pythagorean formula is a special case of a more general equation. The full equation is the Cosine Law: C^2 = A^2 + B^2 - 2AB cos(c) You will notice that this equation only degenerates into the Pythagorean formula when cos(c) is equal to zero. And that can only happen when angle c is 90 degrees. That extra term is the secret to why it only works for 90-degree angles. It all goes back to the geometrical representation of the Pythagorean theorem, which you can find in the Dr. Math FAQ: http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.pythagorean.html If the angle is not 90 degrees, you end up with something where the two squares don't add up to the third: For example, 3 squared plus 4 squared equals 5 squared, and the sides of the triangle are 3, 4, and 5 when the angle is 90 degrees, but if you make the angle 77.36 degrees then the side lengths become 4, 4, and 5. And 4 squared plus 4 squared does not equal 5 squared. You can cut out some squares of paper of different sizes: 3x3, 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, and see which ones work for right-angled triangles. However these numbers are right and the cosine law can figure out the long side: C^2 = A^2 + B^2 - 2AB cos(c) C^2 = 4^2 + 4^2 - 2(4)(4) cos(77.36) C^2 = 16 + 16 - 32 cos(77.36) C^2 = 32 - 32 cos(77.36) C^2 = 32 - 7 C^2 = 25 C = 5 So we can use the cosine law to figure out what the angle is: C^2 = A^2 + B^2 - 2AB cos(c) 5^2 = 3^2 + 4^2 - 2(3)(4) cos(c) 25 = 9 + 16 - 24 cos(c) 25 - 9 - 16 = -24 cos(c) 0 = -24 cos(c) 0 = cos(c) arccos(0) = c 90 = c Here is an entry from the archives that gives more examples: Basics of Trigonometry http://mathforum.org/dr.math/problems/coley.12.12.01.html - Doctor Jeremiah, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2015 The Math Forum
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en
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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"War is peace: Freedom is slavery: Ignorance is strength!" --Motto of Big Brother, putative ruler of Oceania, in George Orwell's 1984.
As for myself, I learned many years ago that "knowledge is power." And where does knowledge come from? From information, of course. So information is power. How, then, can ignorance be strength? Easy. Somebody else's ignorance can be your strength. For a government, this is doubly true. We have all seen how difficult it is for governments to operate in an atmosphere of citizens' awareness. Some governments have historically attempted to maintain their citizens in as complete an isolation as possible, even from each other; some governments merely try to keep their citizens ignorant of affairs outside their own countries.
A good example of the first is Zamenhof's own homeland, Tsarist Russia. It is difficult for Americans, living as we do in a relatively homogeneous society, to realize what a mish-mash of peoples, languages, religions and customs the Russian Empire was and the Soviet Union is. To maintain its hold over these disparate groups, the Tsarist government carried out a policy of divide et impera ("divide and rule," roughly translated). Zamenhof's home town of Bialystok was a test tube example of this policy.
Zamenhof was well aware of the fact that many governments prefer to operate in an atmosphere of ignorance; this may have been why he, in his lifetime of work for Esperanto, had little to do with governments. Only in his last years did he attempt to do anything to influence them in any way, in his "Letter to the Diplomats"; and even then, his contacts had nothing to do with Esperanto per se. Effectively, Esperanto was intended more as an end-run around governments than anything else; it was a way for people, individuals such as you or I, to communicate with our opposite numbers on the other side of the line drawn on a map.
I've already discussed one response on the part of governments: persecution (Stalin, Hitler, China during the Cultural Revolution, Salazar, etc.).(1) But some governments, in some places, at some times, have had a different reaction to Esperanto; they have decided to make use of it for their own purposes. In this chapter I'd like to talk a bit about that particular side of the story of Esperanto. In addition, I intend to do some editorializing, if only to fill up space; so please bear with me for the next dozen pages, if you will.
Several years ago, while burrowing around in the ELNA archives, I ran across a rather interesting sheaf of yellowed papers. What they were, it turned out, were single-sheet newspaper-size and -format daily bulletins, issued during the First World War by the German High Command. They were in Esperanto.
I don't know that much about the background in which these were produced; but I do know that during World War I the German government had no ideological qualms about Esperanto, unlike its World War II counterpart.(2) In fact, foreign Esperantists were represented at Zamenhof's funeral in Warsaw in 1917 by one of the occupying German officials, a Major Neubarth. Esperanto continued to function in Germany, as it did in Russia and the West, and here -- for a few months or years -- that government, portrayed by its contemporaries as a horde of barbaric Huns, was willing to make use, if only for its own purposes, of one of the latest social developments.
My own awareness of such use of Esperanto began, of course, when I became an Esperantist. For all intents and purposes, that was in 1959. The situation of Esperanto by the late 1950's was one of stagnation, largely due to the perception that the future of the world was being decided unilaterally by an English-speaking Western Europe and North America. A careful observer, however, could have detected the beginnings of a turnaround. The Soviet Union had demonstrated, with Sputnik and its successors, that the West had no monopoly on technology.(3) China had already slipped out of the Western camp, and Southeast Asia was on the way out. Castro was about to come down out of the Sierra Maestra, just a hop, skip and a jump away from Washington. And the relict overseas empires of Britain, Belgium, France and Portugal were on the verge of being lost.
One of the reasons for celebrating Zamenhof's centennial,(4) it seems to me looking back on it, was to try to get the Esperanto movement moving again. The World Esperanto Congress for that year was to be held in Warsaw, Poland, the city in which Zamenhof created Esperanto -- the first time it would go East of the so-called Iron Curtain since before that Curtain had come crashing down in the late 1940's. The Congress would also be the largest since the Second World War; 3300 Esperantists, many of them Eastern Europeans who had been isolated from the worldwide Esperanto movement since the beginning of the Great Silence, would be in attendance. The Congress had at its disposal one of Warsaw's biggest buildings, the phallicly monolithic Palace of Science and Culture, sometimes called the Cathedral of St. Josef after the Soviet ruler who had it built.
By a curious coincidence, then-vice-President of the United States Richard M. Nixon happened to be on a tour of the Soviet Union and Poland at the time the Congress was held. Some older readers may remember that trip; it resulted in the famous "Kitchen Debate" with then-Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev. Here is an anecdote about his visit to Warsaw which I have heard from people who were at the Congress. It may be apocryphal and it may not; given the sequel, I leave it for you to decide.
Nixon was being driven around Warsaw when he happened to pass the Palace of Science and Culture. His passage occured just after the closing of one of the major events of the Congress, and he was able to see several thousand people, most of them wearing tiny green star emblems on their lapels, thronging out of the building.
"Say," he said to the driver, "who are those several thousand people, most of them wearing tiny green star emblems on their lapels, who are thronging out of that (yech!) building?"
"Oh," said the driver nonchalantly, "those are the Esperantists. They are holding their World Congress here in Warsaw. They hold one every year."
"(Expletive deleted)!" said Nixon to himself. "The Communists are taking over Esperanto! We must do something about this!" And, upon returning to the Land of the Free, he initiated a series of Esperanto broadcasts from the Voice of America.
Whether Nixon was responsible or not, it was at this time that Voice of America began transmitting in Esperanto. In 1960 VOA transmitted twelve 30-minute programs in three series, and a fourth series was transmitted in early 1961. "In order to reach audiences in different parts of the world, each program was broadcast at different hours to several target areas. The October-November series, for instance, which was devoted to the American elections, went over a network of six shortwave stations." Target areas included Latin America, Europe and the Near East, Japan and Korea, and Southeast Asia -- very much the same set of areas today targetted by Radio Beijing in its Esperanto broadcasts. The first three series of broadcasts generated some 1230 responses from 72 countries, including those behind the Iron Curtain.(5) After the conclusion of the four series, Esperanto broadcasts continued for some time, but only on a sporadic basis, though VOA continued to report on significant Esperanto events such as international, national or regional Esperanto Congresses for some years.(6) But to my knowledge, the United States government has not attempted to make any use of Esperanto, effective or otherwise, for informational purposes during the past decade or two. About which, more later.
If America was not about to make use of Esperanto to present its case, others were -- others not particularly to our liking. Esperanto had already made its way into China early in the century, and Chinese Esperantists were to be found in fair numbers among the younger intellectuals of the twenties and thirties -- the same class from which Mao Tse-tung and Zhou En-lai emerged. Their sympathies were generally with the more "progressive" -- i.e., Communist -- forces. Chiang Kai-shek seems generally to have been more cautious with respect to resisting the Japanese incursions of the early and middle thirties -- what some call the true beginning of World War II -- than his Communist counterparts. Furthermore, the Japanese themselves often excused their continued intervention in China as being "anti-Communist" in purpose -- thus legitimizing the Communists in the eyes of patriotic Chinese young people, including young Chinese Esperantists.(7)
After the War and the Takeover / Liberation, few Esperantists crossed to Taiwan with the Kuomintang forces, and Esperanto has been little known, or perhaps discouraged, in that country to this day -- a Taiwanese Esperanto Association was finally founded only in 1990. Although during the "Reconstruction" period Esperanto was not given a high priority as something to be inculcated among the youth of China, it certainly had a role to play. That role was in external "information."(8)
In May, 1950, the magazine El Popola Ĉinio was founded. With one two-year hiatus in the mid-fifties, the magazine was to continue appearing regularly to the present. By and large, it was not like Esperanto magazines from European organizations; its purpose was not to laud the successes, and downplay the failures, of the Esperanto movement, but to laud the successes, and downplay the failures, of the Chinese government. In this, it was similar to China Reconstructs and a host of other magazines published by the Chinese in English, French, and a dozen other languages.(9) By the time I encountered it in the early sixties, it was a relatively thick monthly magazine with a colored cover and (if I remember correctly) several internal sections of color photos and art. It was, and remains today, a professional publication with a relatively large staff; its international distribution is handled by Guozi Shudian, China's central distributor for foreign language materials overseas, which has its own internal Esperanto section. El Popola Ĉinio exists for external distribution; it is largely available inside China only in those locations patronized by foreigners. Conversely, foreign Esperantists seldom get a chance to peruse the thirty to fifty Esperanto magazines published privately inside China -- not even the national Esperanto organ La Mondo.(10)
China also produced a few Esperanto books of its own in the fifties, although -- by present standards -- not many. Old-time Esperantists were pressed into service to convert these from Chinese into Esperanto, and generally they had to do with the people's successful war against the oppressors.
I have already described my first encounter with Chinese political pamphlets in Esperanto.(11) It is generally believed in America today that the Chinese chose to close themselves off from the world after 1949. Nothing, it seems to me from my experiences, could be further from the truth; the Chinese went to great lengths to present their case and their philosophy to the outside, and were prevented from doing so only by outside forces. This is why, in the very depths of the Cultural Revolution, China's most nationalistic convulsion since the Communist accession, the same Chinese government that had been in power since 1949 jumped at the chance offered by Nixon and Kissinger to "open up to the outside." Zhou En-lai was not reversing a longtime Chinese policy; it was Nixon and Kissinger who were reversing a longtime American policy.(12)
It seems to me that the Chinese were discovering in Esperanto a tool that allowed them to "bypass" the artifical walls that had been constructed around them during the period 1949-1953, and these pamphlets were a manifestation of this discovery. Similar pamphlets were available in English, French, German, and perhaps other languages as well; but the Chinese, I think, had discovered something about Esperanto that other governments, including our own, might do well to heed. Let me explain.
We had moved to Sacramento, as I have said, in 1960, and one of the first things I did there was hunt up bookstores. I was surprised at the lack of books I found in Sacramento, the capitol city of California; compared to my former home in Oregon, the place seemed to be a literary desert. (I hasten to add that this is no longer true, and was no longer true as early as the early 1970's.) I could only find two bookstores in the entire city. One of these, down on "J" Street, near the telephone building, was the Capitol Bookstore, where I often went to buy used science-fiction books. Capitol Bookstore was run by what appeared to be one of the local Communists and iconoclasts, and there I ran across English copies of the same pamphlets that I was receiving at home in Esperanto.
Who bought those English-language pamphlets? The answer should be clear. Not the man on the street -- he couldn't have cared less about what the Chinese thought of John F. Kennedy or the causes of the Sino-Indian border war. Those pamphlets were for people who bought them to reinforce a conviction they had already reached -- that Communism was good, Communist China was the country of the future, American foreign policy was evil. I suspect the same to be true of those pamphlets in French and German. People read them only to reinforce conclusions that they had already reached. In effect, through those English-language pamphlets Communist China was preaching to the converted.
What about the Esperanto pamphlets that I received through the mail? Here there was a difference. English-speakers, French-speakers, German-speakers tend to take their language for granted until it is threatened;(13) Esperanto-speakers have a continual and abiding interest in the language. Not only would they read those pamphlets just because they were written in Esperanto; they were sure to feel at least a small amount of sympathy for a system that was showing itself willing to use Esperanto to present its case. In other words, through Esperanto China was preaching not to the converted but to the susceptible. It was a wise move on their part, and their continuing interest in Esperanto over the years indicates to me that it has paid dividends.
Chien Ming-chi has pointed out to me that many people in relatively high places in the Chinese government and the Chinese intelligentsia were themselves Esperantists or supporters of Esperanto, but I do not believe that this explains that government's willingness to allocate scarce resources to the production of materials in Esperanto. Had people such as Hu Yuzi had the clout to force the use of Esperanto in spite of a lack of results, they could also have encouraged the growth of an internal Esperanto movement -- something which did not happen until the late seventies, when such a movement began to develop at the grass-roots level.
China continued to use Esperanto for informational purposes even at the nadir of the Cultural Revolution. In the middle 1960's she started broadcasting from Radio Beijing in Esperanto, and today a staff of eight handles four Esperanto broadcasts a day from China to four different parts of the world.
I should mention that El Popola Ĉinio has over the years changed its appearance mightily and become much more effective as an instrument of information. In the good old days the magazine's color sections showed millions of identically dressed girls releasing balloons in the Tien An'men to welcome the arrival of some dour, uniformed Eastern European leader; the text was full of references to the "American running dogs" and "lackeys." Later, members of the "Soviet revisionist renegade clique" were added to the list of foreign bandits deserving of criticism. Today the magazine devotes itself to more positive information about China, and political allusions are usually hidden deep in articles about the (very early) history of China. This remains true even after the 1989 events in the Tian An'men.
I might also mention that both El Popola Ĉinio and Radio Beijing have increased their legitimacy among Esperantists by devoting much space and time, respectively, to the Esperanto movement itself -- not just in China, but throughout the world. This legitimacy is probably accidental rather than intentional; the people in charge of the content of both the magazine and the radio broadcasts have strong ties, professional and personal, to the Esperanto movement, and we may suppose that this partial concentration on the Esperanto movement developed from their initiative rather than that of the government. The pseudonymous Seimin (Xie Yuming), who is head of the Esperanto section at Radio Beijing, is also a member of the Academy of Esperanto, as is the equally pseudonymous Laŭlum (Li Shijun), who produces much of the literary material for El Popola Ĉinio. Interestingly, both Radio Beijing and Radio Warsaw regularly send reporters around the world (if necessary) to the annual World Esperanto Congress; which is why my friend Ming-chi's former classmate Xue Meixian was present in 1984 at both the Pacific Esperanto Congress in Portland and the World Esperanto Congress in Vancouver.(14)
China has not been the only Asian country to find Esperanto useful as a means of presenting its case. As you will remember, in 1954, following the collapse of French capability to fight its Southeast Asian war, an international conference outflanked the victorious Viet Minh by dividing French Indochina into three separate nations, one of which -- Vietnam -- was further divided along the 18th parallel. This latter division was originally intended for purposes of "regrouping" and was to be ended by free nationwide elections after 18 months; but for reasons I won't go into here the division was maintained and eventually led to the Vietnam War of bitter memory.
South Vietnam had access to the entire Western world through America's informational apparatus -- not only governmental, but also our private news services. North Vietnam's only real outlets were through China and the Soviet Union, and news services such as Xinhua and TASS seem to lose much of their effect at the borders of those two countries. So North Vietnam at some point decided to add Esperanto to its arsenal of informational weapons. The result was a series of books in Esperanto of all types -- geographical descriptions, histories, novels, collections of short stories, and, of course, polemics. There was also a North Vietnamese Esperanto magazine, Vjetnamio Antaŭenmarŝas.
This flood of information from North Vietnam was enough to sway the sympathies of many speakers of Esperanto, especially since South Vietnamese information, which -- filtered through the American informational apparatus -- was mostly American information and was mostly in English, seemed to consist mainly of reports on how much better we were at killing people than they were. As I may have suggested earlier, this is an argument that does not especially appeal to Esperanto-speakers, especially when they are aware that, in the long-range scheme of things, they might themselves be on the list of those to be killed.
Vietnam differed from China in that the use of Esperanto for political information trailed off after the end of the war; the Vietnamese government had used it for a particular purpose, during a particular period, and saw no need to follow through. There are today many Esperantists in Vietnam, but the government makes little use of the language. It is worth noting, however, that over the past dozen years the official Vietnamese press has published a few books in Esperanto, and in 1990 they began publishing a quarterly Esperanto version of the color magazine Vjetnamio.
Unlike China or Vietnam, the Soviet Union has in the past made little use of Esperanto. That situation, however, seems to be changing in this decade. Early in the 1980's the government started to include an occasional Esperanto section in the English-language Moscow News for distribution to foreigners. Not much later Novosti Press began publishing political pamphlets, usually reprints of speeches by the current General Secretary of the Communist Party, in Esperanto. Under Gorbachev the tempo has increased slightly, as has the size of the pamphlets; his Report to the 27th Party Congress in Esperanto translation is well over a hundred pages long. The Soviet Union also recently published a large, colored pamphlet, Kio Estas USSR? ("What Is the USSR?"), which more closely resembles an oversized tourist prospectus than a piece of political information, and a similar piece of anti-nuclear material.
More recently, the national foreign-language publishing house Progress has begun publishing material in Esperanto for distribution abroad as well as to Esperantists in the USSR. There is not yet, however, a national Esperanto magazine equivalent to El Popola Ĉinio, Vjetnamio, or Hungara Vivo (see below). Soviet Esperanto magazines, representing a wide range of different interests, also seem to represent a wide range of different viewpoints; Sovetia Esperantisto ("Soviet Esperantist"), published in Baku, to some degree represents the forces of Azeri nationalism, and similarly with Informoj de la Estonia Esperanto-Asocio ("Information from the Estonian Esperanto Association"). An interesting counterweight to the professionally-composed and printed Azerbaidjani monthly, incidentally, is an occasional broadside printed and distributed worldwide by a shadowy Armenian Esperanto Association in Erevan.
In 1989 the Soviet government produced one trial issue of an Esperanto version of Moscow News. Plans to produce it monthly, however, apparently foundered on the reef of the ongoing paper shortage -- which since 1989 has only gotten worse.(15)
One interesting magazine which barely touched the fringe of the Esperanto movement was the multilingual monthly Soviet Uzbekistan (as of 1991 Uzbekiston Contact), published in Tashkent in the Republic of Uzbekistan. This magazine, which appears (or appeared) in some dozen languages, including (speaking charitably) very indifferent English, began a bimonthly Esperanto column at the instigation of Mr. Yevgeni Perevertajlo in the mid-80s. The results have been striking. By the end of the eighties, some ten to twenty percent of the names that appear in the magazine's regular "Interlocutor" column belong to Esperanto-speakers; contrast this with the (semi-official) proportion of Esperantists to non-Esperantists in the world, at last count four one hundredths of one percent.(16) In late 1990 and early 1991, two issues carried long interviews with foreign visitors to Uzbekistan: both were Esperantists. Such figures should be of interest to those considering the use of Esperanto for informational purposes.
One other Eastern European country that deserves mention for its use of Esperanto over the years is Hungary. The Hungarian Esperanto Association developed and nourished very good relations with the pre-1990 Hungarian government. One of the results of this was Hungara Vivo, a magazine in some ways similar to El Popola Ĉinio; a bimonthly, it contained articles about Hungary, Hungarian literature, jokes, puzzles, and, of course, a correspondence column. Like EPĒ, HV was read all over the world by Esperantists; its major purpose was not to promote Esperanto, but to promote an understanding of Hungary abroad, through the use of Esperanto. It was, unfortunately, a product strictly of the Hungarian Esperanto Association, and with the onset of privatization and the loss of government subsidies it met its untimely end. The last issue that I have seen was double number 1990/5-6. There is now some hope that when Hungary overcomes its current economic problems some subsidies will be restored, and perhaps at that time Hungara Vivo will return to life; failing that, one of the new privatized Esperanto organizations in the country may eventually decide to revive the magazine.
The success of Hungara Vivo, El Popola Ĉinio and Radio Beijing may be explained, I believe, by the fact that they have been administered by Esperantists, not by non-Esperantist bureaucrats. The Esperanto movement is an important, although quantitatively minor, part of the magazine, just as in the case of EPĈ. This was not true in Vietnam or the USSR in the past; although in both cases material was translated or provided by Esperantists, decisions on content appeared to be made by non-Esperantist governmental appointees. This could explain why official use of Esperanto in Vietnam trailed off after the war. A growing involvement on the part of committed Esperantists in the "informational" field in both countries indicates a brighter future for attempts to use the language for this purpose -- other factors (chiefly economic) being equal, of course. Incidentally, the staff of the Esperanto section at Radio Warsaw, too, is made up of enthusiastic Esperantists who devote much of their time, energy and material to the Esperanto movement -- which may also go far to explain the success of this well-known series of broadcasts.
In the West, most ventures into the field of using Esperanto for informational purposes have been restricted to tourism, and lack any kind of philosophical or informational content. In this field, the United States has been particularly remiss; so far as I can tell, except for that one minor foray by the Voice of America we have never attempted to use Esperanto to promote our point of view, either in general or about any particular question.(17)
I would like to reiterate here a point I made above with respect to the Chinese (and, by extension, the Vietnamese) experience. When you publish a magazine -- let us call it U.S.A. -- in English, or in the language of a country you want to penetrate with information about the United States, the people who buy and/or read that magazine are going to be people with an interest in the United States; and, generally, they will be people who already have some sympathy for the American viewpoint. To a great degree, you will be preaching to the converted.
On the other hand, your magazine Usono,(18) printed in Esperanto, will be snatched up by people who are interested not so much in the United States as in the language itself. That they learn something about America, about life here, about our political philosophy, about our hopes and dreams, about the fact that there is more to us than money and silicon and napalm -- this may well be a side effect, but it will be an effect. In learning that the Constitution of the United States is exactly 100 years older than Esperanto, they'll also learn something about that Constitution, about the purposes of its framers, about the ways in which it's been implemented and how it's affected their own world. In learning that the first major organization to show interest in Esperanto was an American one, they'll also learn something about that organization and its founder, Benjamin Franklin. In reading about the activities of the Esperanto Society of New England, they can also find out something about life in that part of the United States. And so on.(19)
I do not consider this likely is to happen. Past experience suggests that it is not at all likely. In 1987, the year Esperanto celebrated its hundredth birthday, when at least nine nations issued postage stamps to commemorate the occurrence, the Board of Governors of the U.S. Postal Service refused to follow suit; their agenda was already occupied by Sinclair Lewis and the deer mouse.(20) I have already speculated upon the reasons for this disinterest in Esperanto.(21)
I would, however, like to see the United States take at least a tentative step toward the use of Esperanto in promoting its own viewpoint in the world at large. We could start with a relatively modest effort: a 32 or 40 page quarterly magazine with perhaps four pages of color pictures, and a once or twice weekly broadcast from VOA to selected parts of the world. The magazine could be distributed through the normal Esperanto-movement outlets that handle such as El Popola Ĉinio; the broadcast would not need special handling. After a year or so the government could decide, based on international response, whether to continue the operation, enlarge it, or cancel it.
Based on the Chinese, Hungarian and Polish experiences, I suspect that enlargement would be the most likely result. But we will never know if we don't try, will we.
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Handle accordingly. Temperatures are cooler. People struck by lightning carry no electrical charge and can be handled safely.
If you take precautions, it is likely that getting hurt during the monsoon in the state of Arizona are slim to none . Each year, two to three people perish in flash floods, and up to two people by lightning strike. Listen for thunder. If driving, do not cross washes with water in them - the flow can be deceptively swift and deep. Avoid taking a bath or shower
4. If any of this is detected, head for shelter, either in a building, a car, or, if you are stuck outside, a small tree. It's easy to see as the sky will darken, wind will increase, and lightening will strike.
Thunderstorms can produce a lot of rain in a short time. This cool air meets hot air in Arizona
3. to 6 p.
. Find shelter. The monsoon is official once the dew point hits 55 Fahrenheit or higher for three consecutive days
4. Thunderclouds are gargantuan and show off the scale of the Canyon. The chance of thunderstorms increases substantially if there's a nearby mountain range. Lightning provides a thrilling, natural "fireworks" show.
Lightening is a common byproduct of the monsoon and has been know to strike people (the number is minuscule).
A monsoon is identified as "seasonal winds," and this is how those winds affect the Grand Canyon
1.m. This stops glass from broken windows from coming inside. If you are hiking in the Canyon, seek high ground.Visiting the Grand Canyon's South Rim this Summer? Then you need to be aware of a weather cycle called the monsoon, which lasts from July to September and is characterized by lightening, flash flooding, and thunderstorms. If you car stalls in rapidly rising waters, abandon the vehicle and climb to higher ground. 2. The Rim after a brisk rain shower freshly glistens and steams under the sun. Here are some first-aid facts if a person is hit:
The monsoon is one of the most dramatic times to visit Grand Canyon South Rim.
4. As they say, if you hear thunder, there's lightening. Keep car windows closed and avoid convertibles
2. Here are a couple more tips:
1. Don't use your cell phone
Monsoon weather at the Grand Canyon usually occurs from 11 a. Pictures taken with you digital camera will result in some amazing shots. The unstable atmosphere culminates in rain, thunderstorms, and lightening
5. The result: Flash floods. Get help fast
3. Exothermic Welding powder The injured person has received an electrical shock and may be burned. Pull down window blinds or shades.m. Cool air from the Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean, and the Gulf of California, flow north 2. If need be, perform CPR until help comes. This incredible ambiance is unique to the monsoon, making the Monsoon months favored by discerning visitors
Moreover, when compared to a T1 line which can take months to install, the install time of an EoC circuit can be as quick as two weeks.
Arguably the biggest driving force behind customers opting for EoC services is the price. Servicing all facets of the industry - from SMBs to Global 500 companies - Ethernet Shopper&Air Terminal rod39;s strong industry relationships and expertise allow our team to offer you unbiased, carrier neutral advice on services from the finest providers of Local, Long Distance, Toll Free, International, High Speed Internet and Data." For example, more than 75% of all US businesses need more bandwidth than a single T1 can provide; if one of those businesses were to select two bonded T1 lines (3Mb), they would likely pay upwards of $800, however with EoC they could get as much as 5Mb for around $600. businesses in 2011 exceeded the total bandwidth for legacy circuits. (roughly 2 miles) from the provider& Lightning Rod 39;s Central Office (CO). This is because the capacity/signal-to-noise ratio is distance sensitive, and decreases past that point.
Ethernet Shopper is a direct provider of enhanced conferencing services and IP Transit via our network of Tier One providers, as well as a premier master agency for business telecommunications # services.
Since first presented into the market, the adoption of EoC services has soared.S.
This rise in the popularity of EoC services comes with good reason; EoC services provide more bandwidth for your dollar, are much simpler to deploy and provision than legacy services, and offer easier management via greater visibility into the network.
Image Source: scottchan / FreeDigitalPhotos.net
For more information please visit: Ethernet over Copper Services, Ethernet Services. According to the research firm Vertical Systems Group, the amount of Ethernet bandwidth that was purchased by U. According to Roopashree Honnachari, senior industry analyst for Frost & Sullivan, "the price per mbps is no longer increasing linearly.
That being said, as with all good things # there is a slight catch; in order to take full advantage of EoC services, a business must be within 10,000 to 12,000 ft.
EoC is a reliable, cost-efficient alternative to traditional T1 and DS3 lines, and can be easily scaled to match your business's current and future bandwidth needs. If you would like to learn more about EoC or any additional communications services that are available in your area, contact one of our professional account managers today
If it is dark, set the emptying funnel and drain the fluid and set out it according to local laws. Upon exclusion, clean the measuring rod and insert it into the transmission sump so that you can get an outlook of the level of the fluid, make certain that the fluid is not at near to the ground and does not cross the high mark as well. This provides you with a specific outlook of the color of the transmission fluid. If at all you note any leakage of the transmission fluid, make sure that you get a prior arrangement with your mechanic so that you can have it preset. The transmission chiefly is drawn in, in the power that the engine, take delivery of, and this in turn converts to the power of the wheels of the vehicle rolling.e.
A+ transmission Specialist shop experts in diagnosing problems or fault occurs in auto transmission system and it also China Lightning Protection Manufacturers assists in repairing this transmission system - Transmission Repair Houston. This can be pulled off by letting the vehicle at Copper Bonded Manufacturers rest while the engine is in succession.
Initially, it is good to be aware of the details of your car particularly of the vehicle's transmission model. The standard color of the fluid should be a clear-red. Go off the hood of the vehicle so that you can get way in, to the engine of the vehicle. Here in this article you will be able to find in some details about car transmission and maintenance tips that will help in the longevity of the car. You ought to look for a measuring rod that has the word transmission designated on it. You are then required to look below the engine i.
Turn off the engine of the vehicle once you are sure that the vehicle's transmission fluid is at the required mark. If at all, you fail to get it with that then you can visit the website where you will get lots of details of your car and its mechanisms.
Conjointly, it is imperative to ensure on the color of the transmission fluid. If any of these is experienced then increase or reduce the fluid.
One of the most important features that you need to check on periodically is the transmission of your vehicle because it is crucial to the health of your vehicle. This is made by pulling the measuring rod and placing it on a white paper towel. Whether you are driving a new or an old vehicle, taking care of the car transmission is essential to the long life of the car.
With these in hand, it is subsequently mandatory that you start your vehicle and let the engine warm. You can collect such information in the owner's manual which will be supplied with a new vehicle. On the other hand, you can also drive the vehicle for a short distance so that you can have the engine warm. the ground at the transmission fluid sump where you ought to observe for signs of any leakages. On the other hand, you can also check it out with your car mechanic who will help you stating it in clear terms. The tips below will help you in achieving this objective
The slats, crafted from wood, appear in quite a few unique sizes and therefore are out there with headers to include context towards the display. By merely setting up excellent shop materials through the store, product sales are positive to increase. economic system styles: There are quite a few unique economic system displays with the reseller shop on the budget. reseller Bins: When merchandising meal stuffs or on selling merchandise, occasionally a bin will be the wonderful solution. Yet, there are numerous effortless measures that proprietors can consider to ensure their wares are introduced during the very best feasible light.
3. There are quite a few unique facets included with obtaining a company away the ground.
5. Unkempt or unattractive displays merely do not obtain the interest that sorted out showcases do.
2. inside a supermarket or restaurant, the wooden fixtures aid people recall a effortless nation sector or refreshing farmland produce. Some bins appear with headers for listing additional particulars concerning the sale. However, no element is extra very important than efficiently marketing merchandise inside the reseller store.
7. the majority of these designs function corrugated cardboard exteriors. Depending for the merchandise, proprietors can locate the really best suggests of showcasing their wares with show cabinets. Wooden Fixtures: Wooden displays can say a complete lot about a reseller store.
9. good quality reseller table producers craft these showcases away from wooden and market them inside a wide range of colors. There are quite a few unique finishes and colours online, so select the 1 that very best games the decor belonging to the establishment. money wraps with goblet shelving spark final moment purchases. The pursuing may be a place by place explanation belonging to the most famous reseller displays at present in stores, how to make use of them, and what to start looking for when buying one. A 3 tiered, two tiered, or solitary shelf pedestal can accommodate neatly folded clothes, models, shoes, and a great deal more. These designs variety from single, big bins to several baskets. show Cabinets: These displays really are a should for just about any sort of reseller shop with substantial finish items.
10. Wooden fixtures make merchandise appear rustic and stylish at precisely the same time. Slat Walls: big slat wall shop fixtures are an effortless method to affix apparel, merchandise, and details towards the wall or kiosk. These models connect to people that the bargain offer is waiting for them.
1. reseller Tables: occasionally a effortless table is all that is needed to garner added awareness in products. Smaller, plastic material situations are far better for stores with much Lightning Protection Manufacturers less space.
6. Rectangular and oval shaped designs are available. no subject whether on the counter, the floor, or inside a window, these existence dimension displays give people a perception of how the merchandise ought to be worn. This suggests presenting programs and selling merchandise inside a method that is attractive to passersby and people that take place to be previously browsing during the store. These slats ought to be in a location to accommodate hooks, shelves, brackets, baskets, as properly as other facilitates for merchandise. Signage: quite a few window and wall hanging displays appear with indications additionally to brochure racks and shelving. location a card on the best belonging to the show being a header with the merchandise or company. Mannequins: Most clothes and division shops use mannequins inside their establishment. When getting these displays, ensure the fact that cardboard is not as well flimsy. quite a few appear with acrylic add-ons for securing the merchandise, for example racks, hooks, and more. Depending for the dimension belonging to the establishment, wall mounting or corner curio cabinets are excellent options. Attract passersby and window buyers using the most recent inclusion for your establishment with unique hint options. generally utilized for flooring displays, wooden fixtures consist of bins or shelving inside a wide range of styles. adhere to these measures and timepiece product sales accomplish all time highs!<footer> rotating display stand.
8. These economic system lines consist of multi-tiered racks, bins, and ballot boxes. There are quite a few unique sorts of cabinets readily available. From treat credit cards to periodicals these steel or acrylic stands revolve to showcase a wide range of merchandise on 1 stand. Grid Walls: comparable to slat wall fixtures are grid walls. merchants can showcase an advertisement for any collection of merchandise and showcase the corresponding merchandise below. They are also a excellent method to market several lines of clothes and add-ons on 1 display. These displays affix China ground rod Suppliers to some wall or can stand alone being a kiosk. Optical displays supply a suggests of showcasing sunglasses as properly as other vision wear. Grid walls serve quite a few belonging to the similar purposes as slat walls, only with polished steel exteriors. Some belonging to the most elaborate and interesting models are wooden vendor carts. These carts appear with wheels for effortless transport from 1 location to another. ensure the bin is built away from sturdy substance due to the fact bargain bins attract lots of attention.
Opening a reseller shop could be an arduous undertaking. Rotating displays are excellent for counter in inclusion to flooring showcases. No subject how stylish and chic the merchandise is, if showcased inappropriately it shall be really challenging to sell. Depending for the quantity and dimension belonging to the selling merchandise, merchants may well want unique sized units. whilst there are quite a few unique sorts of mannequins, they really should appear using a sturdy bottom along with a calf rod for securing the display. Hopefully this record offered some fascinating recommendations for developing an affective display. No subject what kind of show cupboard is used, the exterior ought to be built away from both wooden or metal. Don't allow monetary restrictions avoid your establishment from showcasing merchandise!
No subject what merchandise are for sale, there may be a show wonderful with the occasion. select 4 sided and 3 sided displays centered for the quantity of merchandise. Antique stores, diamond jewelry stores, fine art dealers, and clothes shops all use show cabinets inside their establishments.
These measures include using show solutions, for example money wraps, mannequins, slat walls, as properly as other stylish reseller supplies. Rotating Displays: Rotating displays can maintain almost any kind of merchandise. It is very important to fully grasp the fact that way shop proprietors organize their merchandise sets a tone with the general decor belonging to the establishment
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| 0.93367 | 3,141 | 2.671875 | 3 | 1.91481 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Finance & Business
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Autumn is the time to gather mushrooms for dinner.
When people hear the word "mushroom", they call to mind a very small part of a fungus. Toadstools (or mushrooms) are the reproductive fruiting body that contains spores -- the fungi's equivalent of seeds. The fruiting body, whose job is to develop and release spores, develops quickly and lasts only a few days or weeks. Toadstools mostly pop up above the surface of soil, on rotting wood or on some other other dead item that the fungus relies upon as a food source.
But fungi are much larger organisms than the short-lived "toadstool" that we typically see. Most of the fungus is concealed from view underground. The concealed portion of fungi consists of white mycelia and black rhizomorphs that live on and dead or dying wood and tree roots. I still recall my surprise and wonder upon learning that the largest organism on Earth is not the blue whale, as I had presumed, but actually is a colony of fungi residing underground in the Malheur National Forest, located in eastern Oregon state. Molecular studies revealed that this one individual fungus is huge; estimated occupy 2,200 acres (8.9 km2) and is probably more than 2,400 years old.
But different fungi species can be found nearly everywhere in the world. For example, did you know there are more than 14,500 species of mushrooms in the UK alone? And plenty of these fungi live in London and other towns and cities, as we learn in a video from mycologist Mark Spencer, who is an expert on fungi at London's Natural History Museum.
In this delightful video, we accompany Dr Spencer as he creeps through London's underbrush to share glimpses of "micro-forests of fungi" with us, and explains their vital ecological contributions -- even though they are found in a large city.
Although the cool and damp autumn is the best time to seek out fungi, some species produce fruiting bodies at other times of the year, too. Wildlife and birds eat fungi and especially their fruiting bodies. Red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris, are particularly found of mushrooms, which they also gather and store in their winter larders.
If you are planning to eat mushrooms (my favourite preparation is to sauté a wide variety of mushroom species in fresh herbs and white wine sauce), it is important to know that some fungi -- even those living in urban areas -- are extremely poisonous.
As Dr Spencer cautions us: "If you are thinking about eating fungi, you need to be absolutely sure they are safe."
"Make sure you get expert advice, and join a local group of forayers to build up your experience."
You can learn more about fungi from these groups: the British Mycological Society and the Association of British Fungal Groups (plus, they both share stunning photographs of fruiting bodies on their websites.)
Visit the Natural History Museum's UK biodiversity portal.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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An ageing world population is expected to shape the economic future of the globe. According to UN calculations, the total world population will increase by 40% and the median age will increase by 7.8 years by 2050. Compared to a few decades ago, these rates represent a significant deceleration in population growth and a sizeable acceleration in ageing.
What do these changes imply for different economies around the world? A popular debate about this topic is heating up, as shown by a recent special briefing and front-page coverage in The Economist (2014). The argument involves two opposing views. On one hand, ageing could hinder economic growth as the old save less, which translates into higher interest rates, lower investments, and lower labour productivity. On the other hand, ageing could actually increase growth if people adapt by saving more and working longer.1
A frequently overlooked element in these discussions is that there are different types of ageing. Whether ageing is mainly driven by an increase in longevity or a decrease in fertility is important in assessing the outcomes.2 This is mainly because these two factors change incentives to save or work in different ways. These differences could be more pronounced depending on the type of social security system of a given economy as we show in Dedry et al. (2014).
To put this in to perspective, it is useful to consider the implications of demographic transition by first leaving out the changes in incentives, and associated behavioural adjustments, and focusing on accounting effects only.
An accounting approach
A simplistic way of demonstrating the economic impact of ageing is to use a counterfactual analysis in which historical GDP growth rates are decomposed into three components: labour productivity growth, population growth, and growth in the labour force participation rate. Next, the last two components are replaced with projections of future demographic changes (Bloom et al. 2011). A comparison between the ‘counterfactual’ GDP series and the actual one shows how a reduction in population and labour-force participation would have affected the GDP growth without a change in productivity.
Figure 1 shows that average GDP growth rate would have fallen by about 1.2 percentage points annually if demographic changes between 2010 and 2050 had already occurred between 1970 and 2010. This would translate into a near 40% decrease in GDP over 40 years. This reduction reflects both the slowdown in population growth and the increase in old-age dependency ratios. In comparison, the GDP per capita growth rates control for the change in the size of population. As a result, the growth rates would be reduced by only 0.4 percentage points annually.
The results, however, differ across countries. Whereas all high-income countries (HICs) except Estonia would have experienced a reduction in growth rates, many low-income countries (LICs) and some middle-income countries (MICs) would have benefitted from the prospective dynamics of their demographics.
Figure 1. What would demographic dynamics from 2010-2050 imply for growth rates in 1970-2010?
GDP per capita
Source: Onder and Pestieau (2014).
Taking incentives into consideration
In practice, the impact of ageing on the economy goes beyond the accounting effects. Individuals can change their behaviour to cope with the new economic reality, which can influence the economic impact of ageing significantly.
The first important behavioural adjustment can occur via savings. When people live longer, or when their incomes change due to demographic transition, they have different incentives to save. Changes in savings would, in turn, affect productivity of labour by changing the capital available per worker.
The second important behavioural adjustment can occur in labour force participation decisions. A longer life span could induce individuals to extend their active work life if retirement is not mandatory. Thus, the size of the labour force may not shrink as much as the demographic simulations show.
By holding the age of retirement and labour productivity growth constant, the counterfactual exercise above shuts down these behavioural channels. Therefore, ageing and the slowdown in population growth always bring about negative consequences in the accounting exercise. This leads to an interesting question – could behavioural adjustments overcome the negative accounting effects?
Types of ageing and social security systems matter
In Dedry et al. (2014), we show that behavioural adjustments may change under different types of ageing and social-security systems. To see this, it is useful to begin with a benchmark case – the well-known standard Diamond model.
When there is no social security and work after retirement, both increasing longevity and decreasing fertility rates increase the accumulation of capital.
When fertility decreases, capital per worker increases because savings do not change, but the number of workers decreases. When longevity increases, however, the increase in per-worker capital is driven by an increase in per-person savings. This adjustment is a result of consumption-smoothing motives, i.e. individuals need more saving to support themselves if they live longer.
Next, we consider work in old age under different social-security systems.
- Defined contributions
Under the defined contribution system contributions are fixed; thus, a decrease in fertility leads to a reduction in benefits. Changes in longevity, on the other hand, do not lead to any adjustments.
When fertility decreases, two things happen. First, the number of pension contributors decreases. This translates into a decrease in pension benefits. As a response, individuals save more to smooth their consumption. Second, the number of workers decreases. Therefore, as the number of workers shrinks and savings increase at the same time, the impact of a decrease in fertility rate on capital accumulation is clearly positive.
In contrast, an increase in longevity has no clear effects on capital per worker. A longer life span induces higher savings via the consumption-smoothing channel as in the previous case. However, as life span increases, individuals would also choose to work longer if retirement age were not regulated. This second adjustment could weaken or even reverse the increase in savings. Therefore, the net effect of an increase in longevity on capital per worker is ambiguous in this case.
Table 1. The impact of ageing on capital per worker under different unfunded pension systems
Source: Dedry et al. (2014).
- Defined benefits
As opposed to defined contributions, when the fertility rate changes, it is the pension contributions that adjust to satisfy the pension system balance in this case. Changes in longevity, however, do not create imbalances as in the previous case, as the benefits are paid as a lump sum – an assumption that changes under defined annuities.
When the fertility rate decreases, the first period income decreases along with increasing contribution rates. This reduces the first period income. As a result, individual savings decrease to smooth consumption. At the same time, the number of workers decreases with the reduction in the fertility rate. Overall, the net effect on capital per worker is ambiguous, because lower savings have a negative impact and fewer workers have a positive impact on capital per worker.
In the case of an increase in longevity, the outcomes are identical between defined contribution and defined benefit systems. This is mainly because the change in longevity has no effect on pension balances as the pension lump sum payment is invariant to the length of the second period. Thus, there is no adjustment via the pension contributions or benefits channels.
- Defined annuities
When the pension system is characterised by defined annuities, both increasing longevity and decreasing fertility increase the contribution ratios.
The impact of a decrease in the fertility rate on capital accumulation with defined annuities is identical with the defined benefit case. The net effect is ambiguous, and it is determined by two opposing forces: a reduction in the number of workers, which increases per-worker capital, and a reduction in per-person savings, which decreases it.
The effects of an increase in longevity are complex in the case of defined annuities. In contrast to other social security systems, an increase in life span increases the second period income in this case. With mandatory retirement, this is solely because each individual receives the annuity for a longer period.3 When individuals can choose the retirement age optimally, however, a longer work life contributes to the second period income via wage earnings as well. The increase in old age income, in turn, reduces the young generation’s incentives to save. However, savings may still increase if the annuities are small compared to first period income as a result of the need to finance a longer life span. As a result, the net effect on savings is ambiguous. Thus, the net effect on capital per worker is indeterminate as well.
The discussion above highlights the importance of considering pension system characteristics and types of ageing in assessing the economic effects of ageing. In many cases, adjustments in savings and labour force participation can potentially counter the pessimistic accounting results to a certain extent.
Finally, it is important to note that these results are concerned with long-term effects. When ageing is driven by decreasing fertility rates and the pension system has defined contribution characteristics, adjustments in savings and working life have the strongest positive effect on capital accumulation. However, dynamic simulations show that, in the short-term, a transitory decrease in utility is likely in this case.
Authors’ note: The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank.
Bloom, D E, D Canning, and J Sevilla (2001), “Economic Growth and the Demographic Transition”, NBER Working Paper 8685.
Bloom, D E, D Canning, and G Fink (2011), “Implications of Population Aging for Economic Growth”, PGDA Working Paper 64, Harvard University.
Dedry, A, H Onder, and P Pestieau (2014), “Aging, Social Security Design, and Capital Accumulation”, CORE Discussion Papers (forthcoming), Université Catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics.
Onder, H and P Pestieau (2014), “Is Aging Bad For the Economy? Maybe”, World Bank Economic Premise Series, 144.
The Economist (2014), “Global Ageing: A Billion Shades of Grey”, 24 April.
1 Bloom et al. (2001) provide a discussion of different approaches to the link between economic growth and demographic change.
2 The magnitude of ageing and its main drivers exhibit significant variations across different countries. Onder and Pestieau (2014) show that high-income countries (HICs) have already experienced a ‘big jump’ in the median age, whereas the middle- (MICs) and low-income countries (LICs) are expected to have such jumps within the next 40 years. Moreover, these will happen in different ways, which can be traced back to differences in fertility and longevity trends. First, compared to the last 40 years, the reduction in fertility rate will not be as dramatic in MICs, whereas it will keep decreasing significantly in LICs. Second, the increase in life expectancy at birth will slow down in both groups. However, the increase in life expectancy at the age of 60, a measure of longevity, will slow down in MICs and accelerate in LICs.
3 The analysis assumes underinvestment, i.e. the equilibrium is on the good side of the ‘golden rule’ – thus, more savings are good. Interestingly, in all cases, mandatory retirement produces more desirable outcomes than optimal retirement despite the distortions it imposes on the economy. This is mainly because forced retirement induces workers to save more than they would do under a freely chosen retirement age.
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Strong reasoning
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Finance & Business
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In computer science, software is the code which transforms the state of computer hardware logically. It normally displays programs with user-friendly interfaces. A software system needs a hardware device to execute its functions. Video games require a video game console, while word-processing software requires a hard drive and a computer processor. However, the difference between hardware and the software isn’t very significant. Rather, the differences between them are based on the way they are used.
In computers, hardware refers to physical components, such as chips, motherboards, and hard drives. Software is the software that interacts with a computer, enabling it to perform a specific task. Both hardware and software require system programs to work properly, and a computer needs both to perform its tasks. To understand the difference between the two, it is helpful to examine how a computer’s hardware works. The main difference between hardware and its software is in how they are distributed.
Hardware companies have been in the business longer than those in the software sector, but they still do not dominate it by any means. The biggest names in hardware are IBM, Cisco, HP, Dell, and Intel. Because the hardware market is more commoditized, there are few leading players in the market. This means that the companies with the most innovative technologies can dominate the market. A company with the most innovative software can make money without having to compete with the best in the business.
While hardware users tend to stick with their devices until they are worn out, and then replace them with new ones, software users tend to upgrade their software and try out new software solutions from other software companies. A computer’s software changes more frequently than its hardware, which makes it more flexible than ever. It’s more cost-effective and easier to change. A computer can be upgraded without requiring extensive skills or expensive financing. It’s also more convenient for a software user to make an update.
The hardware in a computer is comprised of hardware and software. The former is the part that runs the software, while the latter is the part that serves as the delivery system for the software. Both types of computer will require different forms of work. Often, software is written for a specific purpose, and hardware is manufactured by the company. When both are developed, the results will differ significantly. Similarly, the two types of software are created to achieve the same purpose.
Hardware is the software that runs the computer. Its software will determine how the computer functions. A software program, on the other hand, will be installed on the hard drive. It will be installed on the hard drive and allow the hardware to function. The software will be able to control all aspects of the computer. In contrast, a hardware application must be compatible with hardware. There is a fundamental difference between the two types of software and the two kinds of hardware.
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Moderate reasoning
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Hardware
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Alfred, Lord Tennyson spent most of his career as a poet in the realm of Arthurian legend. It was not by any means his only subject, but it was one to which he returned again and again. His definitive treatment of the rise and fall of Camelot, the book-length cycle, Idylls of the King, was written over a quarter of a century between 1859 and 1885. But much earlier, at the outset of his career, Tennyson identified the unrealized potential in this iconic British mythology, writing that, “most of the big things except ‘King Arthur’ had been done.”
Previous generations of Romantic poets had consciously rejected the subject. “As to Arthur…What have we to do with him,” asked Coleridge. Lord Byron was likewise disinterested. “By the by,” he wrote, “I fear that Sir Tristem and Sir Lancelot were no better than they should be…So much for chivalry. Burke need not have regretted that its days are over.” Yet Tennyson dared to assert the relevancy of the Arthurian tradition to the modern world, and in so doing, achieved not only a masterpiece, but a renewal of the Victorian imagination.
Tennyson first read Sir Thomas Malory’s fifteenth-century prose epic, Le Morte d’Arthur, in his youth. “The vision of Arthur as I have drawn him,” he later told his son, “came upon me when, little more than a boy, I first lighted upon Malory.” Tennyson understood the character as “a man who spent himself in the cause of honour, duty and self-sacrifice, who felt and aspired with his nobler knights, though with a stronger and clearer conscience than any of them.”
It was not immediately clear to Tennyson how to approach the subject. In the 1830s he wrote four different poems that dealt with Arthur and Camelot in various ways. He also experimented with treatments and arrangements of the material in four outlines written during the same period.
The outlines were composed in the early 1830s, probably around 1833. The first describes the landscape of Camelot in prose, focusing on the mountain where Arthur’s hall was built: “The Mount was the most beautiful in the world…but all underneath it was hollow, and the mountain trembled…and there ran a prophecy that the mountain and the city on some wild morning would topple into the abyss and be no more.” The second outline records the symbolism that the young Tennyson attributed to various characters: the two Guineveres represent primitive Christianity versus Roman Catholicism; Mordred, the skeptical understanding; Merlin, science; the Round Table, liberal institutions; Excalibar, war. Another outline arranges the cast of characters based on their relationships to one another. The last is a proposed sequence for a five-act narrative connecting the legends. While none of these early sketches exactly predicted the form that Tennyson’s mature work would take, they give a sense of the systematic approach he used to arrive at it.
The most famous of the poems from this period was The Lady of Shalott. It was based on a medieval Italian novelette from the thirteenth century collection, Cento Novelle Antiche. Tennyson was, at the time, unfamiliar with Malory’s version of the tale and later said, “I doubt whether I should ever have put it in that shape if I had been then aware of the Maid of Astolat in Mori Arthur.” The subtext in Tennyson’s rendering is the movement of the artist from isolation and imitation of the world into experience of the world—in Tennyson’s words, “out of the region of shadows into that of realities.” To develop this theme, Tennyson modified the story substantially. Several important elements, like the Lady’s mirror, are his invention, not present in the original source.
The other three poems were Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere, Sir Galahad, and the Morte d’Arthur. In all of them Tennyson pays close attention to imagery, often expanding upon depictions in Malory’s narrative for heightened emphasis. For example, he turns Malory’s fairly straightforward image of Excalibur as a sword decorated with precious stones into a sword that “twinkled with diamond studs, / Myriads of topaz-lights, and jacinth-work / Of subtlest jewellery.” But he also drew out and expanded the interior life of the characters. The dramatic last words that Tennyson gives to Arthur, while of his own invention, add to Malory rather than contradicting him. The emphasis of Arthur’s speech in the Morte d’Arthur is on prayer; Arthur says, “More things are wrought by prayer / Than this world dreams of.” The entire speech reflects Tennyson’s skill at weaving his own moral vision into a poem that remains relatively faithful to the source material.
By the 1840s Tennyson had found in King Arthur a figure who could represent idealism and faith for Victorian society. His early experimentations would bear fruit in the Idylls of the King. In that work Tennyson navigated the knife’s edge between the heroic and tragic, achieving something sublime. In the end Arthur slays the traitor Mordred in battle but is left “all but slain himself,” his kingdom fallen. As in Malory, he is last seen taken by boat toward the mythical island of Avalon, “Somewhere far off, pass[ing] on and on, and go[ing] / From less to less and vanish[ing] into light.” To cite Tennyson’s own early symbolism: faith and virtue overcome materialism and doubt, but not without a cost. And indeed, the Victorian faith—Tennyson’s own faith—was even then retreating into mystery and mysticism. But this was not a final retreat. Arthur is an inherently Christlike figure, destined to “come again / To rule once more.” The Idylls end with another beginning: “And the new sun rose bringing the new year.”
Writing about the Victorian period at the turn of the millennium, philosopher John Michell recalled,
In my childhood some sixty years ago the code of behaviour one was supposed to live by was properly called Victorian. One source of that code was the Bible, and another was the romance of King Arthur. Putting them together, the Victorians conceived an ideal type of modern human being, the fair, kind, and honourable Christian gentleman.
Tennyson is in part to thank for that wonderful ideal.
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Strong reasoning
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Literature
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The rise of the multi-billion dollar ancestry testing industry points to one immutable truth about us as human beings: we want to know where we come from and who our ancestors were. John H. Relethford and Deborah A. Bolnick explore this topic and many more in this second edition of Reflections of Our Past.
Where did modern humans come from and how important are the biological differences among us? Are we descended from Neandertals? How should we understand the connections between genetic ancestry, race, and identity? Were Native Americans the first to inhabit the Americas? Can we see evidence of the Viking invasions of Ireland a millennium ago even in the Irish of today? Through engaging examination of issues such as these, and using non-technical language, Reflections of Our Past shows how anthropologists use genetic information to suggest answers to fundamental questions about human history. By looking at genetic variation in the world today and in the past, we can reconstruct the recent and remote events and processes that have created the variation we see, providing a fascinating reflection of our genetic past.
Table of Contents
1. The History in Our Genes
2. The Naked Ape
3. Out of Africa: Our Genetic Legacy
4. The Fate of the Neandertals (and Other Archaeic Humans)
5. The First Inhabitants of the Americas
6. Genetics and the Spead of Agriculture in Europe
7. Voyagers of the Pacific
8. Three Tales from Ireland
9. Admixture and History
10. Ancestory, Identity, and Race
John H. Relethford is Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of Anthropology, SUNY College at Oneonta. He has published extensively on human population genetics, biological variation, and the origin of modern humans. Dr. Relethford has served as President of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, and as Chair of Section H (Anthropology) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Deborah A. Bolnick is Associate Professor of Anthropology, currently at the University of Texas at Austin but moving to the University of Connecticut in Fall 2018. She has served as President, Past-President, and Vice President of the American Association of Anthropological Genetics,and is a co-organizer of the Summer internship for INdigenous peoples in Genomics (SING) program. Her research and teaching interests lie at the intersection of anthropology and genetics.
"Reflections of Our Past is an engaging and accessible work about the genetic history of humankind expressed without the confusing jargon so often found in the literature in this field." —Gerrell Drawhorn, CSU-Sacramento
"For anyone curious about the science behind the DNA ancestry tests whose commercials inundate our TVs, this book is a must read." —Justin Garcia, Millersville University of Pennsylvania
"[A] readable, relevant, accurate book by two top-notch, trustworthy researchers on an important and often misunderstood topic." —Sheela Athreya, Texas A&M
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Clay County, Indiana. U.S. Census TIGER/Line map
Clay County, Indiana
, south of the west-central part of the state, with a population of 30,000 in the mid-1950s (26,000 in 2000), was formed by statute in 1825. In the early days it was a coal-mining center, but when coal began to fail, ten clay plants were in operation. With Owen County
(population 13,000) on the east, the location of McCormicks Creek State Park, it became the home of a small struggling ultraconservative Mennonite settlement about 1860, made up chiefly of settlers who had come originally from Rockingham County
, to Fairfield County
, then to Logan County
, Ohio, where a small Mennonite settlement died out about 1869. Deacon George Funk, son of Bishop Daniel Funk of the extinct Mennonite church in Logan County, was one of the last ordained men in the congregation. Descendants of the Mennonites who remained in the community united with other denominations. One became a Methodist minister. Matthias Cooprider, grandfather of Dr. Florence Cooprider Friesen
, moved from Clay City in southern Clay County to Marion County
in 1876 and married as his third wife, the widow of Henry Brunk, father of George R. Brunk
|| John S Umble
| Date Published
Cite This Article
Umble, John S. "Clay County (Indiana, USA)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1953. Web. 2 May 2016. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Clay_County_(Indiana,_USA)&oldid=94183.
Umble, John S. (1953). Clay County (Indiana, USA). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2 May 2016, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Clay_County_(Indiana,_USA)&oldid=94183.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, and Waterloo, Ontario, from Mennonite Encyclopedia
, Vol. 1, p. 620. All rights reserved. For information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the Herald Press
©1996-2016 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
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| 0.892349 | 502 | 2.703125 | 3 | 1.863234 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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History
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For anyone who has dived into a multiplayer game recently, the rampant harassment plaguing countless big-name titles is an issue that needs no introduction.
Behind the cutesy aesthetic and surface-level family-friendly veneer of games like Fortnite and League of Legends hides an inconvenient truth. Bullying and entrenched harassment, or toxicity as publishers like to call it to downplay its significance, could put an end to multiplayer games.
A new study co-authored by gaming insight firm Newzoo and the Anti-Defamation League attests to just how prevalent these issues can be for players.
The pool gathered the thoughts of 1,045 U.S.-based respondents aged 18 to 45 from a range of ethnicities, sexual orientations, and persuasions on their experience of the online multiplayer space, specifically social interactions.
Harassment in Online Multiplayer Gaming Is Commonplace
The results are staggering – 74 percent of gamers have been privy to harassment in some shape or form.
The nature of the harassment attests to the gusto with which perpetrators target gamers. Fifty-three percent of the respondents confirmed they were hounded and abused based on their gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.
More alarmingly, 65 percent of online gamers have encountered severe harassment, including stalking, physical threats, and sustained harassment.
Unsurprisingly, PUBG, Overwatch, Counter Strike: Global Offensive, Dota 2, and League of Legends are among the most affected multiplayer games. The liberal use of abusive quips like ‘KYS’ (kill yourself) as a retort to a lower-skilled player is all too familiar to regular players of these titles. Sadly, targeted abusive campaigns tend to creep into unsavory territory. If that isn’t the case, hate speech and extremist views crop up uncomfortably often.
Similar to traditional bullying, the repercussions can be disastrous for the targeted individual, and as a result, these can bleed over into real-life with at times harrowing consequences.
Insufficient Action on the Part of Game Publishers
Although publishers have implemented systems to report offending players, the prevalence of the issue remains a daily occurrence for many. Moreover, 62 percent of players feel that gaming companies have insufficient safeguards to protect the multiplayer experience.
The study illustrates that the existing measures proffered up by game publishers to protect players are inadequate and are contributing to the problem rather than providing an impactful solution. Playful banter will always be a part of any competitive endeavor, but the idea of humiliation forms part of the DNA of many of these games, which emboldens bullies.
Fortunately, 88 percent of players feel that online games can provide positive social interactions. But such a rooted culture of harassment does put into question the sustainability of the current model.
If left to fester, there’s the potential for these communities to become cesspools for harassment, a no man’s land of bullies where the genuine risk of weathering abuse outweighs the enjoyment of playing the game.
Popular titles hemorrhaging players due to insufficient steps to counter the spread of increasingly offensive interactions is a tangible long-term risk and could tarnish the appeal of multiplayer gaming.
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Strong reasoning
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Games
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The abacus is a calculating and numerical recording tool that was once widely used in East Asia. In China, in outlying towns or more backward areas, you might see one lying around or actually used if you go into a shop. You might find older people using them. Up until calculators and teller machines became so cheap in China, they were widely used. Shop keepers used them to tally figures. I remember when I first saw them, I was kind of dumbfounded. I couldn’t figure out how they were used and felt kind of stupid because people were obviously calculating faster than I could. It wasn’t only the Chinese who used abacuses. Similar abacuses were used since ancient times in the Western world and India also. In fact, it isn’t clear where it was invented. The Chinese abacus has a long history, and using one is actually simple though it takes practice to use it proficiently.
The abacus is called “suanpan” (算盤, calculating pan) in China. It was mentioned in a 2nd century BC Chinese document, and versions may have been used for thousands of years prior. The Chinese kind has beads strung on wires or thin wood rods. There is a divider that separates the left and right strings of beads. The Chinese kind has two beads on the rods on one side and 5 beads on the rods on the other side of the divider. Chinese abacuses are designed to allow for hexadecimal computation. The Roman and Japanese versions are designed for base 10 computations. Chinese can also use their abacuses for decimal computations. These suanpans can be used for doing division, multiplication and for taking square roots and cube roots as well if the user knows the techniques.
If you ever come into contact with an abacus, what do you do? You might want to learn how to use it. People say that they are simple to use. The two strung beads each represent five and the five strung beads each represent one. Each rod has a decimal value: the first, ones; the second, tens; the third, hundreds; and etc. They do not actually have to start from ones. If you are the US Treasury, you might want to start from millions and just round for smaller figures.
First, move all the beads away from the central division. If a bead is positioned next to the central division or towards it, it means it is activated and has a value. If it is resting on either side away from it, it isn’t activated. If you want to record a number, say, the number 7, simply move one of the two beads on the ones string over to touch the divider, and then move two of the ones on the ones string over to touch the divider. Voila! You have suddenly recorded the number 7! Now you can do other things, and the number 7 will still be there in case you forget the number.
To use the Chinese abacus to add a number to 7, say the number 5, is easy as well. You do some mental calculation. Mentally calculate that 7 + 5 equals 12. With this realization, we realize that 7 + 5 is obviously bigger than 10 so the number can’t be recorded on the ones string only. So you realize a bead on the second string should be activated to record the sum of the addition. So to record the number 12, you must first move the “5” bead on the units string back away from the divider. But leave the two unit beads where they are because they mean 2. Then move one of the two beads on the tens string next to the divider. Voila! With a little mental calculation, you have used the abacus to record the number 12!
As you can see, using an abacus is easy. It just takes mental calculation and your fingers to record the result. As for me, I’d rather use an electronic calculator.
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| 0.951514 | 832 | 3.65625 | 4 | 2.061065 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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A typical single-family home in the US takes an average of six and a half months to build, according to the Census Bureau’s latest survey. Now an Austin-based startup called Icon can erect a house nearly 200 times faster—in a day.
The Vulcan, a house-building 3-D printer
12.5 x 22.5 x 35 feet
- TOP SPEED:
5 inches per second
To be fair, the company is building houses that max out at 800 square feet, but that’s not the limit. The hyperspeed fabrication is the work of a megasize 3-D printer—picture a MakerBot on steroids—named the Vulcan. Engineers run digital blueprints for the home through so-called slicer software, which translates the design into the programming language G-code. That code determines where the printer moves along its track, extruding 3⁄4-inch-thick layers of concrete like icing on a cake. The base material—a finely calibrated mix of cement, sand, plasticizers, and other aggregates—gets poured into a hopper at the top of the printer and flows onto the rising walls below.
The resulting abodes, which will cost $4,000 to build, are the latest addition in the ubiquitous tiny-house movement. (Icon’s ultimate goal is to alleviate the housing crisis; the company is exploring partnerships with FEMA and Fannie Mae.) In 2019, Icon intends to ship the Vulcan to El Salvador, where it’s slated to print 100 homes for disadvantaged families. But the startup’s next excursion may be even farther afield: Icon is participating in a NASA competition to develop printable space habitats using “indigenous materials,” the planetary soil available onsite. Once again, the Vulcan may boldly go where no human has gone before.
1. Mortar Mix
The base material is finely tuned to prevent sagging. In the future, Icon also plans to print materials such as insulating foams and plastic.
2. Energy Efficiency
The Vulcan runs on six electric motors that require only 240 volts of power—roughly the same as a clothes dryer—so it won’t overwhelm fragile power grids in developing countries or disaster zones.
3. Flexible Design
Slicer software is used to interpret digital blueprints that plot points in three-dimensional space. Code can be written for any type and size of building.
The lightweight aluminum frame disassembles quickly for easy transport. It's stabilized by triangular trusses, allowing the printer to emit concrete with 1/4 inch of the points laid out in the plans.
5. Moveable Tracks
The printer rolls back and forth along 10-inch-wide tracks, which are repositioned as the home rises. There's no limit to how long the wall can be.
This article appears in the July issue. Subscribe now.
More Great WIRED Stories
- We have no idea how bad the US tick problem is
- The Pentagon's dream team of tech-savvy soldiers
- PHOTO ESSAY: The annual super-celebration in Superman's real-world home
- It’s time you learned about quantum computing
- Boeing’s proposed hypersonic plane is really really fast
- Get even more of our inside scoops with our weekly Backchannel newsletter
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en
| 0.905212 | 699 | 2.75 | 3 | 2.349736 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The mill is filled with the grinding beads as well as the product, then the mill is rotated until a speed sufficiently high so that the beads can tumble freely. It should be noted that, in some appliions, a stirrer is present to agitate the beads, and the drum is therefore not rotating.
The vertical roller mill (VRM) is a type of grinding machine for raw material processing and cement grinding in the cement manufacturing recent years, the VRM cement mill has been equipped in more and more cement plants around the world because of its features like high energy efficiency, low pollutant generation, small floor area, etc.
· Autogenous grinding is favored when the ore is quite competent and a fine grind is required. Semiautogenous grinding is applied when fine crushing could cause severe problems or when ore is variable in hardness or competency. Figure 2 shows a typical conventional crushinggrinding circuit with three stages of crushing followed by ball mills or ...
· Milling is the machining process in which the removal of metal takes place due to the cutting action of a rotating milling a milling machine, the cutter is rotating due to workpiece is fed against machine can hold more than one tool at a time. The cutter rotates at high speed, and because of the many cutting edges, it removes metal at a very fast rate.
Machining Operations. Boring is an operation to enlarge and finish holes accurately. This may be done on a lathe or a milling machine. Boring is a machine operation in which the work is in contact with a single point tool. A work piece may be held in a 3, 4, or 6 jaw chuck and collets. Broaching is an operation that completes the cutting in one ...
Unit operation in which the average size of solid pieces of food is reduced by the . appliion of ... • There is less chances of damage of hammer in swinging hammer mill • Can grind tough fibrous solids, steel chips, food grains, hard rock etc. • Assumed to reduce size by impact of hammers .
The actual dispersion system in a bead mill consists of a milling chamber and an agitator; the milling chamber is filled with the grinding beads (material glass, zircon oxide, steel) and the product to be dispersed. In the milling vessel, the grinding medium is kept moving by the agitator, which itself is driven by a motor.
Roller mill. With a roller mill, a product is compressed and reduced between two counterrotating rotating rollers. A major advantage of this process is that the proportion of fine particles (powders or dust) remains minimal compared to other grinding principles and that a .
A mill is a device that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. Such comminution is an important unit operation in many are many different types of mills and many types of materials processed in them. Historically mills were powered by hand or by animals (, via a hand crank), working animal (, horse mill), wind or water ().
of the mill retain coarse material for further grinding, while allowing properly sized materials to pass as finished product. Mill Evacuation: Hard, heavy materials such as . glass, stone, coarse wood. or . metals. can exit the mill via gravity. Lighter materials such as . finely ground wood, paper. and other . .
· Milling and grinding are two common machining processes performed in the manufacturing industry. ... During operation, though, the milling machine will press a rotating cutting tool against the stationary workpiece. As the cutting tool moves across the workpiece, it scraps off material, ...
Cement Plant Operations . of 2004 and is producing one ordinary Portland cement and two basic Portland . and ball mill grinding operation. mills operation in thermal plant – Crusher South Africa. Basic Operation : A thermal power plant basically works on .
milling head and milling machine spindle are properly adjusted vertically for operation. The plain vertical machines are characterized by a spindle loed vertically, parallel to the column face, and mounted in a sliding head that can be fed up and down by hand or
UPZ mills can be equipped as a pin mill without sieve with one rotating and one stationary pin disc. Or as a beater mill with beater disc, swing or plate beater unit for operation with grinding tracks or sieves. The overall result is a host of practiceoriented and perfectly coordinated equipment combinations.
Hammer Mill. SaintyCo hammer mills are high precision machines for grinding solid and hard granules. Our hammer mills guarantee uniform grinding, noiseless operation and less heat buildup in all pharmaceutical processes. Whether you need standard or customized hammer mills, SaintyCo offers many series for specialized shredding appliions.
· Operation and maintenance of grinding ball mills Date： Source：zk corp Views: The working conditions of the grinder are rather poor, and incorrect operation or operational errors often result in an accident.
The roller mill supply settings must be done in good way to obtain the maximum efficiency in the roller mills. Because if the product to rolls comes in the form of curtain and continuously among the roller mill rolls, grinding and milling process will be stabil; thereby the product coming to the sieves will be continuous and homogeneous.
· The grinding circuit operator must ensure that the ball mill runs properly loaded and gives the correct ore grind. A major practical indiion of mill loading is the sound made by the mill. A properly loaded mill will have a deep rhythmic roar, while an under loaded mill will have a metallic rattling type noise and an overloaded mill will be quite silent.
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en
| 0.933108 | 1,169 | 3.25 | 3 | 2.311909 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Industrial
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You are working with a violin. It has four strings tuned in perfect fifths. Intonation on a violin, which has no frets, is something that you produce with your fingers, not with an electronic measuring device like your tuner. You can produce any kind of intonation or temperament on a violin that you can train your ears and fingers to recognize. You are not limited to twelve exact pitches in an octave. You can slur up or down by any amount, to produce vibrato, or any kind of microtonality.
Various different systems of intonation or temperament, like those found on your electronic tuner, chiefly apply to tuning keyboard instruments like the piano or harpsichord.
Electronic tuners that provide various schemes of intonation are used for "early music", "historically-informed performance" and the like, to tune replicas of "historical" instruments to play music that was composed in the years before the modern system of 12-tone equal temperament came into popularity. Basically that's anything before the beginning of the 20th century, but it applies particularly to any music written before the beginning of the 19th century.
Bach, Handel and Vivaldi did not use modern 12-tone equal temperament like on the modern piano. Today, many people play music written by these composers on modern instruments in 12-tone equal temperament. However, there are some musicians who practice "early music" and "historically-informed performance", and they perform these pieces by these composers using the earlier tuning systems that these composers actually used when they composed the music.
I work for a Baroque chamber orchestra that plays replicas of instruments from circa 1640 to 1790, and they tune to A=415, a half-step lower than the modern system of A=440. They tune their harpsichord and organ to a fractional-comma mean-tone temperament system that only works well in certain keys, and all the other instruments (such as the Baroque violin, viola, cello, viola da gamba, and bass violone) play in tune with the harpsichord or organ. An electronic tuner with alternate historical temperaments is something that this group might conceivably use, although our harpsichordist is so experienced that he can tune his harpsichord to any of the commonly-used historical temperaments entirely by ear, without using any electronics. He starts with a single pitch from one tuning fork and listens carefully and counts the beats of slightly out-of-phase intervals as he tunes the harpsichord.
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en
| 0.95424 | 540 | 3.484375 | 3 | 2.666278 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Entertainment
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|John William Boone aka "Blind Boone"|
John William Boone, popularly known as Blind Boone, is arguably Boone Countys' most famous musician. He was one of Missouris' three famous Ragtime composers and piano players along side with Scott Joplin (from Sedalia) and James Scott (of Kansas City)
Born free 17 May 1864 in Miami Missouri (located in Saline County) near the Seventh Militia Federal Army Camp, his mother Rachel Boone had high hopes for her son John William Boone. His mother was a "contraband", a slave who was freed during the war, and was serving as a cook for the army. Rachel claimed to be a descendant of Daniel Boone and so took his surname as her own. It is believed Boones father was a white regimental bugler. When the war ended, she and her son moved to Warrensburg Missouri where she cleaned houses for a living. At the tender age of six months, he contracted "brain fever", quite likely a form of meningitis, and to reduce the swelling in the skull and save his life, the doctors removed his eyes.
Never the less, Blind Boone refused to give up and became attracted to music. Starting at a young age, Boone played mouth instruments, a tin whistle and later a mouth organ much to the delight of the neighborhood and was often "invited" to perform for local families. He learned to imitate any sounds he heard, be it musical notes of a tune, or birds in the trees. The prominent families and city fathers became enamored with Boone and wanting him to have a future, had him enrolled at the age of 9 in the St. Louis School for the Blind. He was sent there alone to become educated and learn a trade.
While there, Boone was introduced to a magnificent musical instrument, the piano. Fellow student Enoch Donley encouraged Boone and introduced him to the basic concepts in playing the piano. He would spend as many hours as possible playing this beautiful instrument. He became so fascinated with playing the piano, that his studies lagged and he neglected his duties. The tedium of making brooms could not hold a candle to the magic of the piano. He reportedly would sneak away to visit the bordellos of St. Louis to hear the popular music of the day, Ragtime. This disregard for his "trade" studies ultimately lead to him being dismissed from the school in 1876. Boone, on his own at the age of 12, moved around St. Louis earning what he could by playing his mouth organ and whatever other instruments were at hand. When a local orchestra conductor (some accounts say he was a train conductor), A. J. Kerry, encountered him he took pity on the sad state of this young boy and arranged for a train trip home to his mother in Warrensburg. When Boone arrived home he found his mother married to Harrison Hendrix.
Boone was not content to sit and do nothing and soon organized his own "band". The young boys were using just a mouth organ, triangle, and tambourine to perform their productions. They traveled around central Missouri performing wherever they could. These instruments were not satisfactory to display the talents of Boone and the troop soon fell on hard times. Boone was "found" by Mark Cromwell, a manager of less than honorable reputation. While Cromwell got Boone work, he did not always pay the bills. Many times Boone was forced to walk from town to town for his performances. It is even reported that Cromwell even used Boone as a "stake" when gambling at cards. Boone was finally rescued from Cromwell by his stepfather and ministers from Fayette and Glascow.
In the Christmas season of 1879, Boone was invited to perform in a festival at the Second Baptist Church in Columbia, sponsored by successful builder and contractor John Lange Jr. Lange was so impressed by Boone, that Boone was invited back to Columbia in January 1880. Around the age of 16 Boone had found a new manager in John Lange. Lange took proper care of Boone and negotiated an agreement with Boones mother that as partial compensation for being Boones manager, he would see to it that Boone would get a formal musical education. Boone was enrolled in Christian College in Columbia and began a classical music education under Anna Heuerman. In 1880 Boone also had the opportunity to meet an accomplished pianist, Tom "Blind Tom" Bethune who encouraged Boone to continue on a career of music.
The newly formed J. W. Boone Music Company adopted the motto "Merit, not sympathy, wins". Boone began composing his own works and played them in addition to the wide range he memorized. His range of work was dramatic and he cover the breadth of spiritual works, popular music, such as Ragtime, to classical. His memory was astounding and demonstrated that he had the entire Franz Liszt piano repertoire memorized. Boone liked to challenge musicians to play a piece of music, which Boone would immediately replay exactly as just played, including any errors the original musician had made. Lange offered $1000 to anyone who could play something Boone could not replay exactly, and he reportedly never had to pay the wager. Not only did Boone have a memory for music, but he could remember the voice or handshake of virtually everyone he met throughout his 47 year concert career.
Bear in mind that the life of a musician has never been an easy life. In this day, a horse and wagon was used to haul the piano and other equipment from town to town. Boones troupe, including singers, traveled all over the midwest. In 1885 his performances typically earned $150 to $200 a night, sometimes as much as $600. One of the singers, Melissa Fuell, wrote a chronicle of the travels of the J. W. Boone Music Company during her years with the group.
Boone played a wide range of music including Plantation melodies, spiritual songs, Ragtime and Classical. One of Boones novel talents was his ability to imitate other sounds with the piano, be it birds, train engines, whistles, horse and buggy, calliope, banjo, fiddle, music box, guitar, fife and drum, any sounds of the day. One of his trademark pieces was a piece he wrote to commemorate the great tornado that struck Marshfield Missouri on 18 April 1880. That tornado is listed as the 15th deadliest tornado of all (recorded) time. Only one tornado on the list of 20 deadliest occurred before the Marshfield tornado, so it had quite an impact on the citizens at the time. By some accounts, the Marshfield Tornado (the tune) was so difficult that it could not be reproduced on the automatic piano rolls because it had too many notes and was too difficult.
Partially because he asked so much out of his piano and also because he was a big man (nearly 250 pounds on a 5 foot frame), Boone was hard on his equipment and could easily ruin a piano during a single piece of music. The Chickering Piano Co. made several pianos especially for him. By 1915 he had worn out 16 pianos. The last piano made for him in 1891 was a 9-foot concert grand made of solid oak.
Boone married Langes youngest sister, Eugenia Lange, in 1889. They had no children together. Boone was one of the first black artists to author mechanical piano rolls by his agreement with QRS Piano Roll Company in 1912. From his youth Boone was always involved in the church. He have generously to black churches and schools and is reported to put more roofs on churches in central Missouri then anyone else.
Lange successfully managed Boones career to international notoriety. Boone was instrumental in getting the audience to accept American Negro music played on the concert stage. By 1916 the group was touring the whole US, Canada, Mexico and reportedly the United Kingdom (although there are no supporting documents for the UK). Some reports say Boone gave 8,600 concerts during the years of 1880-1915, where some estimates are as high as 26,000. His annual income was a much as $17,000, quite a sum for the period.
When Lange died in 1916 (or 1919?), Boone took his death hard and his career slumped and his creative juices seem to wain. In the 1920's tours declined, partially because of Langes death, but also because of the increasing popularity of talking movies and radio. Wayne B. Allen took over management of Boones career after Lange died, and published much of his works.
Boones last concert was 31 May 1927. Boone passed away of a heart attack on 4 October 1927 with an estate of only $132.65 and was buried in an unmarked grave in the Columbia Cemetery. His wife, Eugenia, passed away shortly after on 16 March 1931. His last words are reported to be "Blindness has not affected my disposition. Many times I regard it as a blessing, for had I not been blind, I would not have given the inspiration to the world that I have. I have shown that no matter how a person is afflicted, there is something that he can do that is worthwhile."
After his death his piano was moved to the Frederick Douglass school in Columbia. Local legend had it that the ghost of Boone would play his favorite Chickering piano in the Douglass school at twilight. The Joplin Piano Co restored the Chickering for the Blind Boone Memorial Concert in 1961. A memorial benefit in 1971 raised the funds to install a gravestone for him and his wife Eugenia.
Blind Boone is still in everyones mind today. In 1961 the Blind Boone Memorial Foundation was formed. Downtown Columbia has the J. W. "Blind" Boone Community Center, established in 1963, and the Blind Boone Highsteppers are well known for their fantastic performances. His home at 10 North Fourth Street in Columbia, has been used by the Stuart Parker Memorial Funeral home and the Warren Funeral home over the years. In 1999 the City of Columbia and the John William Boone Heritage Foundation have agreed to the purchase the property to use as a cultural heritage museum. The home is now on the national register of historic places. By 1999 the Boone County Historical Society had acquired the Maplewood home and established the Blind Boone Room, housing the 1891 Chickering piano as its centerpiece. Blind Boone never let his lack of eyesight limit is vision of how music can engage and delight everyone from the youngest to the oldest and he remains an inspiration to everyone.
Return to main Boone County USGenWeb page
This page is © Copyrighted 1996-2003 by BoCoMo a portion of The USGenWeb Project.
Last updated 28 July 2001
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The Truth about Vitamin D and Cancer - the whole story
Patrick Holford, Institute for Optimum Nutrition (ION)
Two studies, presented in April 2006, at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research confirm vitamin D’s cancer protective role. In the first, high levels of vitamin D translated to a 50 percent lower risk of breast cancer. Even modestly higher levels resulted in 10 percent less risk, which would translate to 5,000 fewer cases a year if it were true for all British women.
The second study found that women who spent time outdoors or got a lot of vitamin D from their diets or supplements, or spent a lot of time outdoors, especially as teenagers, were a third as likely to develop breast cancer than women with less of the nutrient. “Exposure to vitamin D at the time breasts are developing, particularly around adolescence, might be important,” said lead researcher Julia Knight of Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto.
These results support the recent review of evidence by Dr Cedric Garland and colleagues from the University of California who analysed the results of 63 studies on vitamin D and its association with cancers of the colon, breast, prostate and ovary. Twenty out of 30 studies published in the American Journal of Public Health alone found a statistically significant benefit of vitamin D for reducing risk of colon cancer or pre-cancerous colon polyps, breast cancer, prostate cancer risk and ovarian cancer.
What these studies show is that an intake of 25mcg – that’s five times the RDA – confers the best protection against these cancers. These cancers account for the majority of cancer deaths. Yet studies indicate that vitamin D could cut risk by up to 50%. That means that the simple action of upping vitamin D intake could literally save hundreds of thousands of lives at a cost of little more than 5p a day.
Vitamin D’s anti-cancer power is due to its ability to block the growth of new blood vessels that allow tumours to grow, a process known as angiogenesis. It also helps healthy cells stick together by “enhancing intercellular communication through gap junctions, thereby strengthening the inhibition of cancer cell growth that results from tight physical contact with adjacent cells within a tissue," according to Garland.
The RDA for vitamin D, which is based largely on what you need for healthy bones, it is woefully inadequate for cancer prevention. In fact, the chances are that even if you’re taking supplements with higher-than-RDA-levels, you’re probably still not getting nearly enough. There is also the assumption that you can make enough vitamin D if you have enough sun exposure. What this study shows is that vitamin D deficiency exists even in sunny Southern California – and may be made worse by too much sunscreen, hats and protective clothing.
So what does this mean to you in terms of diet and supplements? The average dietary intake is 4mcg, but this is based largely on a fish-free diet since most people eat very little. So what should you do?
EAT FISH: The best dietary way to up your Vitamin D in take is to eat fish. A 100g (3.5oz) serving of salmon or mackerel provides around 9mcg, and a 100g can of sardines provides 7.5mcg. I always recommend eating oily fish such as these three times a week.
EAT EGGS: An egg provides about 1mcg – slightly more if it’s an omega-3-rich egg such as Columbus or Intelligent Eating eggs, and slightly less if it isn’t. I always recommend eating six eggs a week. Milk is also a good source of vitamin D (a glass of milk provides 2.5mcg) but I don’t recommend it because increased milk consumption is associated with increased risk of these cancers.
If you follow my recommendations you’ll probably achieve close to 6.4mcg a day.
Miriam Nelson, professor of nutrition at Tufts University and author of Strong Women, Strong Bones, recommends exposing your skin (arms and legs, not face) without sunscreen to the sun for about 10 to 15 minutes a day, which provides the equivalent to about 5mcg of vitamin D.
So food plus sun can provide around 11.4mcg a day. With the ideal intake being 25mcg, that leaves a shortfall of 13.6mcg a day. The better, high-potency multivitamins provide 5mcg. So the chances are that if you’re taking a multi, have a good diet and spend time outside, your total intake is around 17.5mcg. That leaves a shortfall of around 7.5mcg – or 12.5mcg if you don’t get the sun exposure. This amount is worth supplementing.
If you are taking a bone-friendly formula, this might well provide the extra 7.5mcg. Otherwise it’s worth adding a vitamin D supplement. You can buy supplements of vitamin D in health food stores that provide 25mcg. Since vitamin D is stored in the body (rather than being excreted daily, like water-soluble vitamins), taking two 25mcg tablets a week would make up the shortfall. There are no safety concerns with vitamin D – even at levels ten times higher than this.
I’m sure this research will have the effect of increasing the amounts put in supplements from the current 5mcg to 12.5mcg and certainly doubly emphasizes the need to eat fish.
© Copyright 2008 100% Health Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Taken from http://www.patrickholford.com by permission of the author.
Patrick Holford is a pioneer in new approaches to health and nutrition, specialising in the field of mental health. He is widely regarded as Britain’s best-selling author and leading spokesman on nutrition and mental health issues, hence being frequently quoted in national newspapers from the Daily Mail to the Guardian. Patrick is also popular on radio shows and national television as a presenter, interviewer and guest.
In 1984 Patrick founded the Institute for Optimum Nutrition (ION) a charitable and independent educational trust for the furtherance of education and research in nutrition, now the largest training school in the UK offering a degree-accredited training in nutritional therapy and widely respected as a leading edge organisation by professionals and media alike.
"Food is Better Medicine than Drugs is packed with useful and original information for patients with various long term diseases or those who are simply seeking to live a healthier life. It is extremely practical, a crusade against ignorance, and enables patients to remove their straightjackets and take a new approach to improving health."
"There have been many dramatic changes in our views about healthcare and Patrick Holford has been right at the forefront. The road to bad medicine and bad health is built on the foundation of dogma. It is refreshing to have this dogma subjected to fresh examination."
"Invaluable. One of the top ten self-help books of all time."
"Health guru Patrick Holford addresses the true causes of illness – diet. Holford may be regarded as being outside the mainstream, but increasingly his approach is being fostered in conventional medicine."
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Restoration of Stained Glass Window
The restoration of this historic window is a tribute to a pioneer Japanese pastor who struggled to bring Christianity to the San Gabriel Valley. The Rev. Jutaro Yukoi was an ordained Baptist minister who arrived in EI Monte in 1930. He went to Seattle first to marry Minnie Sage; a Caucasian missionary, as interracial marriages were banned in California.
The couple faced racial discrimination and had difficulty in fmding housing. They finally found a duplex in the city of El Monte and began a preschool to teach the children about the Christian faith. I am one of the first nursery school students.
With limited funds, Rev. Yokoi purchased a bus so he could gather the children and started a Sunday School on Sunday afternoon at the Methodist Church. His ministry began during the depression years and the Japanese farmers were reluctant to send their children to Sunday School. Christianity was not familiar to them and many farmers were not willing to have Rev. Yokoi pick up their children who were their main source of labor on the farms.
Rev. Yokoi needed a larger home for the Sunday School students so his wife purchased a house suitable for Sunday School and Church. There was strong protest from the neighbors. The Alien Land Law in California prevented Rev. Yokoi from purchasing the property.
For four years he served as a Baptist pastor, but in 1934 he was asked to resign by the Baptists because they did not recognize his marriage. Fortunately the Methodist recognized him as a pastor and he continued in his plan to serve God and others.
Rev. Yokoi was truly dedicated in helping the youth He sponsored a Boy Scout Troop, formed a MYF group and provided transportation to the meetings and conferences. He also started a softball team so that the youths could participate in the local Church league.
Rev. Yokoi served not only as a pastor but as a “social worker” assisting the Japanese families. He visited the farms and listened to their problems. If an interpreter was needed, he would translate letters, school notices, etc. He referred families with medical problems to see the doctor or dentists and often accompanied them, and provided the needed transportation. His visits were not always welcome by the busy farmers. He was never too busy to help people in need.
At the end of World War II, he returned to EI Monte to help the returning residents from the Internment Camps. The church served as a hostel as there was a housing shortage. Church and Sunday School continued with new residents in the San Gabriel Valley. With the lifting of the Naturalization ban, Rev. Yokoi became a United States citizen and began teaching others to obtain their citizenship.
Following his retirement he continued to hold Japanese language services. His monthly visits to a church in Mesa, Arizona was very much appreciated by the Okuda Memorial Methodist Church. In gratitude, the Church members purchased a crypt for Rev. Yokoi at his passing and his final resting place is in Phoenix, Arizona.
Rev. Yokoi was truly a dedicated pastor. The stained glass window is the only tangible fixture that remains from the old church. It is an important part of Sage’s history and serves as a memorial and tribute to a pastor who never gave up. His faith and trust in God touched many lives.
Sage Church has moved three times from EI Monte. In 1995 the Granada Park United Methodist Church invited and welcomed Sage Church to share their facilities and in 1998 the two churches merged to become the Sage Granada Park Untied Methodist Church. We are a unified, inclusive, multicultural church reflecting the rich heritage we represent united in Christ, with a commitment to God’s love through Jesus Christ. Our church is proud and happy that this historic Stained Glass Window will have a permanent home to be shared with four congregations.
– Sadako Mayeda
STAINED GLASS WINDOW
The Stained Glass Window of Jesus holding a lamb was a precious gift to our church on Meeker Ave. in E1 Monte, California from the First UMC of El Monte. Tomi Nagai of El Monte received this stained glass window for our church when our chapel ,vas added and dedicated on April 6, 1957. Our church was then named San Gabriel Valley Japanese Methodist Church. In 1961 it was renamed Sage Memorial Methodist Church in honor of Rev. Jutaro Yokoi’s first wife, Sophia Minnie Sage Yokoi.
This stained glass window was framed atop the altar & shined brightly into our church sanctuary from 1957 until 1974 when our church property was sold, and our church moved to share facilities with the First UMC of EI Monte. The stained glass window was removed and kept in storage at Tak & Jean Ogino’s home in Temple City until their passing and returned recently to our church office.
I want to see this stained glass window restored & placed at Sage Granada Park UMC as it came to us with a lot of history from First UMC of El Monte. In 1931, Rev. Jutaro & Minnie Sage Yokoi began a Sunday School for the children of the Japanese community. The First UMC Church of El Monte offered their church facilities & Caucasian Sunday School teachers for our Sunday School. At one Easter Service 90 Japanese American children attended with Rev. Yokoi’s leadership. Rev. Yokoi chose the city of El Monte to begin his ministry as it was the hub of the Japanese community at that time.
It was a ministry on wheels as Rev. Yokoi drove a bus, station wagon, or his sedan to pick up the children for Sunday School from the eastside & westside of the San Gabriel Valley. His ministry spanned 40 years in this area. Many of us are Christians today because of his ministry.
In May of 1998, we became a multicultural church known as Sage Granada Park UMC in Alhambra, California. We look forward to having this memorable gift of Jesus and the lamb stained glass window restored and placed in the Wittrig Room at Sage Granada Park UMC so we can all see it shining again !
– Sets Tani
HISTORY AND RESTORATION
Rev. Jutaro Yokoi founded the Sage Methodist Church in the 1930’s. During those depression years, he arrived in EI Monte, California with his wife Sophia Minnie Sage, a Caucasian missionary from San Diego. Because California law did not allow inter-racial marriages, they had to be married in Seattle, Washington.
The Yokoi’s had a difficulty finding a home due to housing and racial discrimination. But after much strife, they found a home in EI Monte and as a Baptist minister, Rev. Yokoi began to visit Japanese families in the San Gabriel Valley. In 1934, the Baptist Church asked for Rev. Yokoi’s resignation, as they did not recognize his marriage. Fortunately, the recently formed Japanese Methodist Conference welcomed and accepted Rev. Yokoi.
In 1935, Mrs. Yokoi received an inheritance from the sale of her parents’ property in Illinois and purchased the Meeker Avenue property in El Monte. Despite protests by the neighbors, the church was built and dedicated in 1937 with the installed stained glass i, window donated by the E1 Monte Methodist Church.
After the passing of Mrs. Yokoi in January 1941 and the ensuing events of World War II, Rev. Yokoi was incarcerated at the Heart Mountain Relocation Camp in Wyoming but continued his ministry. After the war, and his return to EI Monte, the Sunday school grew, membership increased and a new chapel was added to the original building. In 1961, the church was renamed Sage Memorial Methodist Church in honor and memory of Sophia Minnie Sage Yokoi.
With changing property usage, the Meeker A venue church was sold and Sage began its travels throughout the San Gabriel Valley to find a new home. From EI Monte First UMC, Sage moved to Monterey Park UMC and then in 1995 found a permanent home at the Granada Park UMC in Alhambra and by May 1998 the two congregations merged to become Sage Granada Park UMC.
When the Meeker Avenue church was sold, the stained glass window was removed by David Nakamura and Henry Mayeda and stored at the home of Tak Ogino. In 2001, with the passing of the widow Jean Ogino, the stained glass window was rediscovered, moved and stored in the Pastor’s office.
On January 17,2002, Susan Wallis of the Wallis Stained Glass Restoration Company, who have operated in the San Gabriel Valley since 1930, and who installed the stained glass windows presently in the church, inspected the window for restoration.
The History and Archive Team, headed by Sada Mayeda met with Ms. Wallis and agreed that it could be fully restored, which requires complete disassembly and reassembly, and placed in a shadow box in the Wittrig Room.
As a goal, restoration by the first week in May 2002 would allow its consecration during United Methodist Week. The cost or restoration is $ 4,180.00
– Roy Iketani
* Above information is provided by a few of our church members
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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Beaufort Wind Scale
Beaufort scale, also known as Beaufort wind force scale, was discovered in 1805 by Commander (later Admiral and Knight Commander of the Bath) Francis Beaufort of the British navy for classifying and observing the wind force at sea. The Beaufort scale is used to measure and detail the consequences of different wind speeds on objects on land or at sea.
The Beaufort numbers in the Beaufort scale are arranged from 0 to 12 to represent the wind strength from calm (force 0) to the hurricane ( force 12). The Beaufort scale was further extended in 1946 when forces 13 to 17 were added. The force 13 to 17 are applied only to special cases such as tropical cyclones. The extended scale is only used in Taiwan and Mainland China, which are often affected by typhoons.
What is Beaufort Scale?
The Beaufort scale is used to measure the speed of the wind. It is based on observations rather than actual measurements. It is widely used to measure wind speed today. There are 12 levels, including 0 for “ no wind” in the wind force scale introduced by Beaufort. The level in the Beaufort scale was further extended from 13 to 17 in 1946. All of them were labeled as hurricanes. The further ranges of scale were only used in special cases by China and Taiwan still because they often have typhoons.
Beaufort Scale Definition
Beaufort scale, a wind force scale ranging from 0 ( calm ) to 12 ( hurricane) is an empirical measure for describing the wind speed based on the observed sea conditions.
Wind Scale Beaufort
The wind scale by Beaufort is neither exact nor objective, rather it was based on the visual and subjective observation of a ship and of the sea. The corresponding wind speeds are identified later, but the values in different units were never made equal.
The Beaufort wind force scale is widely used in countries like Hong Kong, Netherlands, Greece, China, Taiwan, Germany, Malta, and Macau, although with some differences between them. Taiwan uses the wind scale with the extension to 17. On 15 May 2006, China started using this extended version of scale without prior notice, and the extended version of the scale was instantly put to use for Typhoon Chanchu. However, Hong Kong and Macau use force 12 as the maximum.
The Beaufort Wind Force Scale Table
Did You Know?
The Beaufort scale is most widely used to measure wind speed today.
The Beaufort scale is named for Sir Francis Beaufort of the British Royal Navy.
The Douglas Sea Scale and the Douglas Wind Scale are similar to the Beaufort scale, but they separate the sea from the wind.
The Beaufort scale was first officially used by HMS Beagle.
The Beaufort scale is a method of measuring wind speed based on the general condition of the surface of a large body of water in terms of wind waves and swell.
The official name of the Beaufort scale is “ Beaufort Wind Force Scale”.
FAQs on Beaufort Scale
1. What is the Beaufort Scale?
Ans: Beaufort Scale is an internationally recognized wind strength scale used by sailors for estimating the wind strength without the use of instruments, based on the effects wind has on the physical environment.
2. Who discovered the Beaufort Wind Scale?
Ans: Beaufort Wind Scale is the first scale developed in 1805 by Francis Beaufort, an officer of the Royal Navy for sailors to estimate the wind speeds through different visual observations. The scale was first officially used by HMS Beagle. Initially, there were 12 levels on the scale, including 0 for “ no wind”. From 1946 to 1970, there were also Beaufort levels 13 -17. All of them were marked as hurricanes.
3. How is Wind Speed Measured Using the Beaufort Wind Scale?
Ans: The wind speed on the Beaufort wind scale is based on the empirical relationships; v = 0.836 B3/2 m/s. Here, B is the Beaufort scale number and v is the equivalent wind speed at 10 m above the sea surface. For example, B = 9.5 is related to 24.5 m/s which is equivalent to the lower limit of "10 Beaufort". The highest wind hurricane would be 23 in the Beaufort wind scale using this formula.
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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