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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:3
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
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(f)Whether there was voluntary assumption of the risk (pleaded in the defence as a volenti defence at common law, and thereby the subject of challenge by the plaintiff, as the defence does not refer to s 5G Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW));
(g)The asserted effect of admissions by the defendant and s 69 Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW);
(h)Contributory negligence (ss 5R and 5S Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW)); and
(i)Quantum of damages.
The particulars of negligence pleaded
7The plaintiff alleges that the defendant is a horse expert and that as the horse riding companion of the plaintiff (paragraph 1, statement of claim), he owed her a duty of care. It is asserted that he breached that duty of care as follows:
(a)Failing to properly and/or adequately control his horse Wrangler.
(b)Allowing the plaintiff to ride her horse in the vicinity of Wrangler when it was not safe to do so.
(c)Allowing his horse Wrangler to be close to the horse Aletist when he knew that Aletist was in season.
(d)Allowing the plaintiff and her horse to ride together with Wrangler when he knew or should have known that Wrangler was "fresh" and had been fed grain recently so that Wrangler was "pepped up".
(e)Instructing the plaintiff "don't let him get past" after Wrangler had thrown him to the ground when it was not safe for the plaintiff to get near to Wrangler.
(f)Failing to direct the plaintiff to immediately leave the area after Wrangler started to become excited.
(g)Failing to direct the plaintiff to immediately leave the area after Wrangler had thrown the defendant to the ground.
(h)Failing to take reasonable care for the safety of the plaintiff.
(i)Approaching, or continuing to approach, Aletist, knowing that Wrangler had previously become excited/agitated in the presence of other horses and in particular mares.
8The plaintiff, who was taken by helicopter to Westmead Hospital and in the intensive care unit for a week, remained in hospital for three weeks, having suffered severe injuries to her left leg, left wrist and right shoulder. The nature and severity of those injuries are essentially not matters of contest, although the non-economic and future economic loss are disputed.
The procedural history of the claim
9On 1 June 2011, the hearing of these proceedings was vacated, with the costs of the adjournment reserved to the trial judge, by reason of the plaintiff's amendment to her claim to include particular (i),
namely the assertion that the defendant knew that the horse had a bad disposition and had previously become excited or agitated in the presence of other horses and in particular in the presence of mares.
10An application to amend the statement of claim during the trial, to plead that if the defendant did not know the mare Aletist was in season, he ought to have known of the potential danger, was withdrawn.
11I shall first set out the evidence of the plaintiff and defendant and their respective witnesses.
The plaintiff's evidence
12The plaintiff, who was born in June 1966 and is currently 45 years of age, completed a Bachelor of Applied Science at Hawkesbury Agriculture College and then completed training at the Police Academy at Goulburn.
She spent some time at Norwest Legal Services as well as completing general duties at police stations in the country. She has worked as an investigator at the NSW Ombudsman's Office, Railcorp and more recently for a government department.
13The plaintiff bought a 25 acre property at Ebenezer in 2005. She kept about a dozen horses she owned on this property. It was as a result of her horse riding activities that she met the defendant in 2008. She described this meeting as follows:
"When I had - I returned back to the academy I had taken some horses with me and one of the horses that I'd taken was a young horse that I had wanted to continue working with because I'd been having lessons from a local fellow prior to going down to Goulburn and I wanted to keep that up.
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:40
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
(1) For the purposes of this Division, an "obvious risk" to a person who suffers harm is a risk that, in the circumstances, would have been obvious to a reasonable person in the position of that person.
(2) Obvious risks include risks that are patent or a matter of common knowledge.
(3) A risk of something occurring can be an obvious risk even though it has a low probability of occurring.
(4) A risk can be an obvious risk even if the risk (or a condition or circumstance that gives rise to the risk) is not prominent, conspicuous or physically observable."
218Section 5G provides as follows:
"5G Injured persons presumed to be aware of obvious risks
(1) In determining liability for negligence, a person who suffers harm is presumed to have been aware of the risk of harm if it was an obvious risk, unless the person proves on the balance of probabilities that he or she was not aware of the risk.
(2) For the purposes of this section, a person is aware of a risk if the person is aware of the type or kind of risk, even if the person is not aware of the precise nature, extent or manner of occurrence of the risk."
219As noted in my discussion of the defence of volenti, neither of ss 5F and 5G are referred to in the defence.
In written submissions (at paragraph 203) and oral submissions, counsel for the plaintiff submits that as s 5G is not pleaded against the plaintiff, this means that this defence must fail, on the basis that the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) covers the field and the failure to plead s 5G is fatal. I have dealt with this issue in more detail below.
220The question of what amounts to "obvious risk" is explained in Thompson v Woolworths (Queensland) Pty Ltd (2005) 221 CLR 234 at [36]-[37] as follows:
"[36] The obviousness of a risk, and the remoteness of the likelihood that other people will fail to observe and avoid it, are often factors relevant to a judgment about what reasonableness requires as a response. In the case of some risks, reasonableness may require no response.
There are, for instance, no risk-free dwelling houses. The community's standards of reasonable behaviour do not require householders to eliminate all risks from their premises, or to place a notice at the front door warning entrants of all the dangers that await them if they fail to take care for their own safety.
This is not a case about warnings. Even so, it may be noted that a conclusion, in a given case, that a warning is either necessary or sufficient, itself involves an assumption that those to whom the warning is addressed will take notice of it and will exercise care.
The whole idea of warnings is that those who receive them will act carefully. There would be no purpose in issuing warnings unless it were reasonable to expect that people will modify their behaviour in response to warnings.
[37] The factual judgment involved in a decision about what is reasonably to be expected of a person who owes a duty of care to another involves an interplay of considerations. The weight to be given to any one of them is likely to vary according to circumstances.
If the obviousness of a risk, and the reasonableness of an expectation that other people will take care for their own safety, were conclusive against liability in every case, there would be little room for a doctrine of contributory negligence. On the other hand, if those considerations were irrelevant, community standards of reasonable behaviour would require radical alteration."
221The defendant also draws my attention to an early statement by the New South Wales Court of Appeal in Wyong Shire Council v Vairy; Mulligan v Coffs Harbour City Council (2004) Aust Torts Reports 81-754 at [161] as follows:
"[161] At this point it is appropriate to comment that, according to my research, none of the Australian cases attempt to define what is meant, at least generally, by an obvious risk. This is not to say that the authorities referred to above are inconsistent in approaching the question of whether a risk is, in fact, obvious in a given circumstance.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:5
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
This was because the plaintiff was accustomed to English riding (T 20). She said that the defendant agreed to do so and that when they went to the arena paddock "he would give me some instruction on [Freckles]" (T 20) in western riding.
The plaintiff decided to sell some horses and advertise these horses for sale in July 2009 (T 20). It was in relation to this sale transaction that she wanted to have western riding lessons.
She said that the defendant also gave her advice about appropriate saddles and equipment, and that she took "huge notice" (T 21) of what he told her. She said that when they went to the arena paddock the defendant would give her lessons, usually in the "round pen".
21The plaintiff said she was not an experienced horsewoman and knew little about stallions:
"Q. So Ms Watson, during the period leading up to the date of your injury I want to suggest to you that you were an experienced horse woman, quite capable of managing multiple horses including a stallion on your own?
A. I disagree entirely.
Q. So are you presenting yourself to the court and is it your suggestion that you are an inexperienced person incapable of managing horses?
A. To some extent that's true.
Q. To some extent?
A. The - the horses on my place that I felt comfortable about managing were Freckles [sic]. Like I said to you that stallion was an entirely different proposition and in fact when Allan moved in he'd offered to assist me with different horses on the place because he suggested that I had too many and I certainly agreed with him and the stallion was one of the horses that he handled on the property.
Q. But before Mr Meyer moved into the property you had that stallion for a period of what would appear to be in excess of 12 months?
A. And did nothing with him.
Q. Except attempt to breed with him and take him to the vets on your own?
A. And when the farrier came to trim those feet the farrier held him, not me, and the horse used to misbehave quite drastically for the farrier.
Q. Ms Watson, I'm suggesting to you that you are an experienced handler of horses with a great deal of knowledge in relation to horses. That you are an experienced rider. That you have the capabilities of managing horses including stallions?
A. I don't mean to be rude but I'm not sure what part of that you would like me to address." (T 88-89)
22The plaintiff agreed (T 90) that she was not so frightened of Wrangler that she told the defendant not to bring him onto the property. She agreed that she had control of the property and she had control of what occurred on it, including what horses came onto the property (T 90) and what paddock they were put in.
On occasions she had fed Wrangler but said that he had been "nippy with me" (T 91). The defendant subsequently told her to keep away from him and said that he had banned his former wife, Ms Fenner, from any contact with Wrangler (Ms Fenner did not give this evidence when called by the plaintiff).
23After the defendant moved into the property, the plaintiff went riding with him, to her arena paddock or to the back of the property, about every second weekend (T 91).
She said that they had never ridden through the arena paddock with a horse in it before, although there were mares in other paddocks on the property during this 10 month period, including the mare Aletist (T 91). She said that these horses never came into close proximity with Wrangler because the arena paddock, the place to which they rode, was not used for this purpose.
24For the first six months that the defendant lived on the property, he was working as a long distance driver for up to seven days a week. The long hours that he was away meant that he spent little time at the property, so in mid-2009 he obtained a job in a nearby stud (T 25). This stud was about 10-15 minutes drive away, but as mares generally foal at night, he had to live on the stud property.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:24
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
I have no information on that, if someone e [sic] left the gate open or if it was a flimsy little bit of electric tape or something like that and he just stepped over it, then that's to be expected. If he clambered through a decent sort of fence to get to the mares that exhibits a little bit more, well a lot more, than normal behaviour." (T 152-153)
127Mr Sanna went on to explain at T 153:
"Q. One night after accomplishing the evening feed routine one of the gates was neglected and left open. This allow two mares, one of which was known to be in season, to share a common fence with Wrangler that's what occurred?
A. So then he probably clambered through the fence. Did he get in with the mares or.
Q. Because of the fact that they were adjacent?
A. Yes.
Q. So that behaviour would be quite natural?
A. Well you'd expect him to get inside if he can get up against the mares for sure. There are some stallions who, as I say, are not especially interested but most stallions would behave in that way."
128The defendant blamed himself for this incident. He had not locked the gate, and he said this was why the horse had got out of the paddock:
"Q. There was an incident involving - when Wrangler got into a common fenced area whilst you were living at Tiyces Lane, is that correct?
A. That's correct.
Q. Could you describe to the Court what occurred on this occasion?
A. One night I forgot to close the gate after feeding, which allowed two mares to get to a common fence with Wrangler, and during the night I think he must have jumped the fence and was out with them the next morning when I went down to feed again.
Q. And when you say that he was with the mares, what was he doing?
A. He was grazing, so were the mares." (T 334)
129The defendant's cross-examination did not include a challenge to his admission that he had forgotten to close the gate:
"Q. You told the court that there was an incident in which Wrangler got in with two mares at Ticey's Lane and you told the court that when you went there he was grazing with the mares. Can I rather suggest to you that you and Kate Fenner were - you came upon the property and Wrangler was running up and down and you and Kate Fenner had to try and restrain him and retrieve him, do you agree with that?
A. No because I was the one that always did the feeding, I was the one that went down there and discovered that he was out and you don't restrain an animal. I put a halter on him, I did go up and tell Kate that he was out and asked her to assist me and we went down and haltered him and walked him back to his paddock.
Q. Wrangler was galloping along the fence line wasn't he?
A. He may have - yeah galloping, no I don't think he knew how to gallop but he was cantering.
Q. It would be wrong to give the impression that he was simply standing in the paddock grazing on some food with these mares, that would be wrong wouldn't it?
A. No we're comparing apples and oranges. When I first went down there he was quiet as and grazing. I went back and told Kate and asked her to come down with me because there was going to be an obvious need to get the mares as well for the typical after next morning shot.
Q. If he was just grazing you could have gone up to Wrangler, taken hold of him and put him back in his own paddock, couldn't you?
A. I did.
Q. You wouldn't have needed Kate Fenner to do that?
A. I just explained why I went and got Kate.
Q. All I'm putting to you is that you didn't need Kate if Wrangler was simply standing there grazing food?
A. Need no, probably not.
HER HONOUR
Q. Well one moment, am I right in thinking your evidence was that you put Wrangler back and you got her to give the morning after shots to the mares?
A. Yes your Honour.
HER HONOUR: Well that's what he said.
JONES
Q. Didn't you need the two of you to try and get Wrangler?
A. No." (T 379-380)
Conclusions concerning the paddock escape incident in 2007
|
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:16
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
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77Exhibit J, which is a letter from Graham Jones Lawyers dated 15 November 2010 to Mr Sanna, does not refer to the mare "winking".
Mr Sanna's report of 6 December 2010 (Exhibit H) refers to the two mares in the paddock "one of which at least was posturing towards him" (page 2). Is "posturing" the same as "winking", or is Mr Sanna referring to the plaintiff's evidence that Aletist was displaying her rear?
78Whether or not "posturing" is the same as "winking". Mr Sanna goes on to refer to both "posturing" and "winking" in his next report of 29 June 2011 (Exhibit H):
"3. On the assumption that the mare ALETIST was posturing towards the stallions as they approached the paddock, Mr Meyer should immediately have turned around to avoid, if it was not already too late, an increasingly dangerous situation.
Again, I repeat that not all mares in season engage in open posturing or 'winking' at oncoming horses. The stallion's sense of smell could very easily pick up on a mare in season."
79Mr Sanna's report was prepared following a letter of 21 June 2011 outlining "further information with regard to alleged previous behaviour by the stallion "WRANGLER" and a request for more detailed information on matters previously covered.
" This would suggest that it was not until the letter of 21 June 2011 that the issue of whether "winking" occurred was raised. When looking at the letter from Graham Jones Lawyers of 21 June 2011 at paragraph 3, this appears to be correct, in that the following is stated:
"3. We invite your comments regarding the conduct of the defendant on 5 October 2009 on the assumption that as he and the plaintiff were riding they continued to proceed even when they came towards a mare that was "winking" or on the assumption that they continued to proceed even when they came towards a mare (noting the time of year)."
80As to the final words in this letter, I note again that both parties have assured me that the plaintiff's claim is brought on actual knowledge, and not upon the fact that the defendant ought to have known that riding into the paddock at that time of year was dangerous.
The principal purpose of the letter of 21 June, which was written after the hearing date was vacated, was to ask him to comment about particular (i), which introduced new material about Wrangler's prior disposition.
The request for additional comments about "winking" (as opposed to merely posturing) suggests that this was not an issue put to Mr Sanna beforehand.
The additional particulars also assert that the plaintiff and defendant continued even after they saw Aletist winking, but in fact it was the evidence of both the plaintiff and defendant that they turned their horses around almost immediately when Wrangler began misbehaving.
The defendant said he never saw Aletist winking; he assumed from Wrangler's behaviour that one or both of the mares in the paddock must be in season and for this reason turned his horse around to go back.
81As noted at [75], Mr Lawson, the expert retained by the defendant, stated that it is often difficult to tell whether a mare was in season.
This is effectively what Mr Sanna is saying as well, in that whether or not a mare was in season was not always obvious to people as not all mares engage in "open posturing" or "winking"; the stallion's sense of smell could, however, very easily pick up on a mare in season.
The inference is that a mare being in season is something which might not be obvious to people, but would be obvious to stallions.
82Mr Sanna was cross-examined about his reference to winking;
he stressed that he did not know if the horse had been doing that, as he was not there, but he describes the process as being the emitting of fluid and the contracting of the vulva for most of the period of time that the horse was in season, which could be a few days to up to a week, although some horses in the spring season (September to March) are more or less continuously in season.
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:11
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
49During the time that the defendant and Ms Fenner lived together, three incidents occurred which are relied upon by the plaintiff as evidence of the horse Wrangler as having a bad disposition. These are described in more detail in the section below concerning the temperament of the horse Wrangler.
50After the defendant left the matrimonial home he had been sharing with Ms Fenner, he met the plaintiff, while he was working at Australian Stockyards. This was a steel fabricating company which, among other things, built horse floats. He was working there as a welder.
He was consulted because the plaintiff said she was "afraid" of a horse she had bought (T 338). They became romantically involved. The plaintiff invited him to come and live with her at the property in Ebenezer some months earlier to December 2007 but he said he would not do so until he had obtained employment.
He then went back to driving trucks, and in particular driving racehorse trucks for Prestige and its sister company Hawkesbury Racehorse Transport (T 339). He worked for them driving long-range trucks but was still home every night. However, as horseracing was a seven-day a week job, he was on call every day of the week, including many weekends.
The defendant found the very long hours driving trucks to be tiring and began looking for other employment. He worked for Prestige/Hawkesbury Racehorse Transport from January to June 2009. He found employment at Burke stud in June and worked for them until about October 2009. He lived at the stud but came home for about three weekends out of four.
51The defendant gave a very different description of the rides he had with the plaintiff. He said that he always rode Wrangler, and that the plaintiff would more often than not ride Freckles. He said that they both "loved to ride" (T 348) and that these were rides for pleasure. He said his level of horsemanship was different to the plaintiff's, and said:
"A. I believe Lorna has ridden for almost as many years as I have and certainly done eventing that I've never done and I think it takes a great deal more experience to go out and do eventing which is running and jumping through hazards and fences, I'm not up to that." (T 381)
52He said that he did not advise her on selection of horses, and that he did not provide input into selection of horses when she advertised some horses in a horse swap (T 381). He said that he had given her instructions in western riding but that he stopped giving her instructions on western riding because "all it did was lead to an argument" (T 382).
53During the six-month period that he was working for the transport company, he would try to go for a ride with the plaintiff at least once a week. He described these rides as follows:
"Q. When you'd go for a ride whereabouts would you go riding on the property?
A. We might keep the ride to the arena, we might go to the arena and then make our way to the bush area that was you know towards the back of the property beyond the arena or we might do both of those and then ride out onto the road and then go down the road and there was a little track that Lorna knew, it kind of went to the back of her place, so wherever we wanted to go.
Q. And what horse would you ride on those ride?
A. I always rode Wrangler.
Q. And what horse would Lorna ride?
A. More often than not she would ride Freckles, if not all the time.
Q. And during that period of time did you experience any difficulties with Wrangler whilst riding with Lorna whilst you were riding Wrangler and she was riding Freckles?
A. No.
Q. And again I'm just asking during that first six months, during that period of time are you aware of where Aelitist was housed on the property Ebenezer?
A. There were quite a number of horses and they were rotated between paddocks from time to time at Lorna's discretion. I was made aware of what horses were where so that I could feed them the proper ration but none of that was within my control or - so I just delivered the feeds where Lorna told me the horses were." (T 343-344)
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:42
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
Glanville Williams in Joint Torts and Contributory Negligence at p 307 says that in almost every negligence action of modern times where the defence has been raised it has failed. Fleming in his work on Torts (3rd ed) at p 259, predicts that the defence will disappear eventually into the limbo of forgotten things."
227The plaintiff challenged first the entitlement to plead the defence at all, and then the entitlement to rely upon ss 5F and 5G.
The defendant submits that if the defence were to fail in the form it is pleaded, namely at common law, then it is with the assistance of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) that the defence of volenti must be construed, referring to McClellan CJ at CL's comments at [87] and [88] of Carey v Lake Macquarie City Council:
"[87] Division 4 of Pt 1A of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) - particularly ss 5F and 5G - was designed to address this issue.
The second reading speech to the Civil Liability Amendment (Personal Responsibility) Bill refers to the Ipp Report, which at p 129 indicates that the intention of Div 4 was "to encourage greater use by the courts of the defence of assumption of risk." It was noted in the Report that:
The more narrowly a risk is defined, the less likely it is that a person will have been aware of it. For instance, a person may be aware of the risk of suffering bodily injury as a result of engaging in a particular activity. But the person may not be aware of the risk of suffering bodily injury in a particular way.
[88] Accordingly, the Report recommended the enactment of the following provisions:
· A provision to the effect that for the purposes of the defence of assumption of risk, it would be presumed that the person against whom the defence is pleaded was actually aware of an obvious risk unless that person could prove, on the balance of probabilities, that he or she was not aware of the risk (para 8.30);
· A provision to the effect that for the purposes of the defence of assumption of risk, the test of whether a person was aware of a risk is whether he or she was aware of a risk of the type or kind of risk and not of its precise nature, extent or manner of occurrence (para 8.31)."
228The defendant submits (written submissions, paragraph 341) that if the defence fails at common law then ss 5F and 5G would overcome the difficulties of the common law defence.
229What are the consequences of the defendant's failure to refer to ss 5F to 5I, and in particular to fail to plead s 5G?
230In fact, ss 5H and 5I are pleaded (paragraphs 39 to 41 of the defence) as follows:
"39. The Defendant relies upon Part 1A, Division 4, Section 5H of the Civil Liability Act (2002):-
a) The Defendant relies upon the facts and particulars pleaded in paragraphs 13 to 33 above.
b) The Plaintiff riding in the manner so described was an "obvious risk" to the Plaintiff in that, in the circumstances, it would have been obvious to a reasonable person in the position of the Plaintiff that there was risk of "Wrangler" acting in the manner so described.
c) The Plaintiff riding in the manner so described was a risk that was patent or a matter of common knowledge.
d) In the circumstances as outlined in paragraphs 13 to 31 above the Plaintiff was aware of the risk of "Wrangler" acting in the manner so described, or in a manner which would give rise to a risk of the type or kind of risk which occurred.
e) Under the above circumstances, pursuant to Section 5H of the Civil Liability Act, the Defendant did not owe a duty of care to the Plaintiff to warn of the risk to the plaintiff.
40. The Defendant relies upon Part 1A, Division 4, Section 5I of the Civil Liability Act (2002):-
a) The Defendant relies upon the facts and particulars pleaded in paragraphs 13 to 33 above.
b) In the circumstances as outlined above the risk of "Wrangler" acting in the manner so described, or in a manner which would give rise to a risk of the type or kind of risk which occurred, was an "inherent risk" in that it was something occurring that could not have been avoided by the exercise of reasonable care and skill.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:6
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
He returned on some weekends. The plaintiff and defendant both gave evidence they would talk to each other on the telephone on a daily basis and that in addition, the defendant would come onto the plaintiff's property one to two times a day to put feed in the horse feed bins (T 25).
25There were about 12 horses located on the plaintiff's property in 2009, although two of the plaintiff's horses, Aletist and Butterfly, were agisted for some months on a neighbouring property.
The plaintiff was the sole person responsible for the placement of horses on her property. The defendant was not cross-examined about a statement he made (T 344) that she rotated horses between paddocks from time to time at her discretion.
26According to the plaintiff, when she was bringing back her two mares from agistment to her property, about a week before her accident, she observed one of the mares, Aletist, to be "winking", a term which describes fluid coming out of a mare's twitching vulva, indicating she is fertile and receptive to a male (T 25).
Evidence from the experts as well as from the lay witnesses was to the effect that mares are in season about once a month for a period of up to a week, and that they are particularly likely to be in season during spring.
Although the tradition of giving all horses birth dates in the same month is for convenience purposes, this reflects the fact that many horses are fertile in the September-October period.
The plaintiff's account of conversations with the defendant about Aletist being in season
27According to the plaintiff, when she spoke to the defendant on the telephone on the day she brought the horses home, their conversation was as follows:
"Q. What sort of contact did you have with Mr Meyer whilst he was at the stud?
A. We used to speak daily. Our practise had been of an afternoon or evening that we would chat to one another on the phone to see what had happened with each of us during the day. And he was also spending a lot of time at my place as well when he had time available from work.
And on the afternoon that I'd brought Aletist and Butterfly home, which was just getting towards dark, I'd called him that evening and part of our conversation, because I had told him that I'd brought--
Q. What did you say to him?
A. I said to him "I brought Aletist and Butterfly home today. Aletist is in season, just so you know. I've put them at the far paddock at the back of the property, the farthest away from Wrangler. Is that okay".
Q. Did he respond?
A. He did. And he said to me "That's fine". He also said "You shouldn't have done that because I was going to help you" and that was reference to me actually bringing the horses home.
Q. Besides speaking with him on the phone, what other contact did Mr Meyer have at that stage with you and your property and the horses on your property whilst he was in the position at Don Burke's stud farm?
A. He had a lot. As I said, we would talk on a daily basis. He was also spending a lot of time at my place.
He'd told me that at the stud he'd had a lunch break and also that he was, part of his duties was that he had to feed some of the stud's horses that were kept on a different property and that he would arrange to feed those horses either during his lunch break and then come past my place at that time,
or alternatively do it in the afternoon so he would leave the stud and go and feed those horses and then come back past my place.
" (T 25-26)
28Although the defendant came to the property for about half an hour early in the morning and again in the evening for the purpose of putting feed in the horses' feed bins (which would have included the horses Aletist and Butterfly, now that they had been relocated in the arena paddock), he did not see the plaintiff again until next Saturday (5 October, the date of the accident).
They continued to have daily conversations, but this topic was not mentioned again.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:51
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
This is part of the evidence which suggests that there were other paddocks in which these horses, one of which was in season, could have been placed, and that this should have been done by the plaintiff.
258The defendant, who was living away from the property during the week, and who was not the owner of the property or of the horses in question, had no say in which paddock the horses were placed.
While the precise date when the horses were returned to the property by the plaintiff is in doubt, it is not disputed that it occurred at a time when the defendant was not living on the property, and that he continued to remain away from the property until the day of the accident apart from the carrying out of the feeding.
As I have indicated elsewhere, I do not accept the submissions of the plaintiff that the defendant would have occasion to observe that Aletist was in heat while carrying out the feeding.
259Essentially the plaintiff's argument is that the defendant failed to warn her of the consequences of her actions in placing a mare in season in a paddock when which it was her practice to ride with the defendant.
260In Mackenzie v The Nominal Defendant (2005) 43 MVR 315, the Court of Appeal set aside a finding of contributory negligence of 100% and substituted a finding of 80% where a passenger responsible for putting an inexperienced friend without a driver's licence and with no prior experience on a motorcycle as a rider.
261The correct approach of the court to a finding for contributory negligence was explained by the High Court in Podrebersek v Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd (1985) 59 ALJR 492 at 494 per Gibb CJ, Mason, Wilson, Brennan and Deane JJ as follows:
"The making of an apportionment as between a plaintiff and a defendant of their respective shares in the responsibility for the damage involves a comparison both of culpability, ie of the degree of departure from the standard of care of the reasonable man (Pennington v Norris (1956) 96 CLR 10 at 16) and of the relative importance of the acts of the parties in causing the damage:
Stapley v Gypsum Mines Ltd [1953] AC 663 at 682;
Smith v McIntyre [1958] Tas SR 36 at 42-49 and Broadhurst v Millman [1976] VR 208 at 219, and cases there cited.
It is the whole conduct of each negligent party in relation to the circumstances of the accident which must be subjected to comparative examination.
The significance of the various elements involved in such an examination will vary from case to case; for example, the circumstances of some cases may be such that a comparison of the relative importance of the acts of the parties in causing the damage will be of little, if any, importance."
262Taking into account the significance of the various elements involved in an examination of the plaintiff's conduct, I am satisfied that even if the plaintiff did tell the defendant on the day she transferred the horses to the top paddock and reminded him of this prior to going on the ride,
her role in creating the risk was so significant that a percentage for contributory negligence comparable to Mackenzie v The Nominal Defendant, namely 80%, should be apportioned.
Her statement that one of two horses had been in season up to seven days prior to the proposed ride was only one of the factors which led to the accident. The plaintiff's significant role in creating the risk needs to be given full weight when considering issues of contributory negligence.
Quantum
263I also set out some short alternative findings in relation to the submissions on quantum of damages.
264It is not in dispute that the plaintiff suffered very serious injuries. The medical issues are substantially not in dispute. The plaintiff's damages schedule is as follows.
Plaintiff's damages schedule
265The plaintiff's damages schedule is as follows:
Plaintiff's Date of Birth:
21 June 1966 - Current Age 45 years
Medium Life Expectancy:
43 years - 5% multiplier = 938.2
Date of Injury:
5 October 2009
Non-Economic Loss - 38%
$197,
500.
00
Out of Pocket Expenses
$37,
606.
29
Future Out of Pocket Expenses:
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:17
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
83The evidence of the plaintiff about observing the horse Aletist "winking" on one occasion when she brought the horses home from the neighbour's property (T 24-25) and a second time when she and the defendant were approaching Aletist (T 40) are provided after pleadings and particulars were sought and expert opinions obtained.
It was not part of the plaintiff's claim when Mr Lawson provided his report, which may explain why he does not deal with it. Mr Wilson adds that in cross-examination the plaintiff volunteered other examples of Aletist "winking" on previous occasions (T 266) although it was not particularised. He asks the court to find that all this evidence is a recent addition.
84The plaintiff's observations of the horse Aletist "winking" was important information for Mr Sanna. Mr Sanna's initial reference to the mare Aletist as "posturing towards the stallion as they approached the paddock" suggest that on his instructions, Mr Sanna was not told about the plaintiff's observations of Aletist "winking" almost a week earlier.
However, I must exercise caution in this regard. It may be that the persons drafting the letter of instruction to Mr Sanna, and the statement of claim, did not appreciate the significance of this evidence.
85As noted above, the question of "winking" is linked to the other problem in the letter of instruction, namely the omission in this letter to the conversation the plaintiff said she had with the defendant about "winking" prior to the day of the accident. All those particulars say are as follows:
"The Plaintiff and Defendant started to saddle up at about 2.30pm on 5 October 2009. As the Defendant was on his horse and the Plaintiff was getting stirrups and girth organised she said to the Defendant words to the effect "Will Wrangles [sic] be okay with Aletist up there? She is in season don't forget." The Defendant replied with words to the effect "He should be fine.""
86The evidence of the plaintiff on this issue has, Mr Wilson submits, a fundamental inconsistency. Firstly, the plaintiff agreed in cross-examination that she had never taken notice of Aletist's cycles prior to this event, despite saying that Aletist had a tendency to wink while in season (T 185), although mares are in season about once a month for up to a week:
"Q. Did you take any specific notice over that period of two years about her behaviour in the period when she was seasonal, for example winking behaviour?
A. I would have noticed it but I don't know that I made any specific note to myself in relation to that.
Q. Are you able to say whether she showed any obvious visible signs of being in season?
A. Aw well, she would wink when she was in season.
Q. And did you notice for how long that occurred for?
A. I can't answer that at this point. I'm aware that the season lasts about a week give or take depending on - apparently horses are all different, but I don't have any - what am I trying to say, I hadn't made any particular observations in terms of her patterns of behaviour if you like in relation to when she was in season other than if she was I would see it.
Q. Would her season go only for two or three days where she was exhibiting signs of winking?
A. I'm not sure that my - well I may well have made observations along those lines, I don't recall them now. Yep, sorry, I'm not sure what else I can say.
Q. In relation to a mare being in season are you at the present moment aware of the seriousness in relation to keeping a mare away from a stallion during that period of time?
A. I certainly am today." (T 185)
87The plaintiff went on to say that this was the reason why she had put these horses in the paddock the furthest away from his stallion and up at the back of the property (T 186).
88However the plaintiff said elsewhere in her evidence that this was the first time she had ever put horses in the arena paddock. She was very firm about this evidence.
|
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:22
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
But given that he felt compelled to do the gate I though handing the stallion to her was probably not a smart thing to do. We are dealing with a totally different set of facts. If you're asking me was it a great piece of horsemanship no but it he didn't mount the horse then it didn't mount the horse I don't know.
HER HONOUR
Q. We are more interested in the horse than the skills of rider. The thing is that this is a horse that had just been broken who was on its first trip out, bulked [sic] a bit at a gate and was then prancing around. Now is this a horse that's dangerous, unruly?
A. No it's pretty much what you would expect from a young horse and especially a young stallion. If he didn't mount the horse and he was being held next to it by the reins by someone sitting on mare and he didn't try and mount it then he deserves a gold star." (T 152)
116Wrangler, at about 14 and 2 hands high, was not as tall as Ms Fenner's mare, which was 15 and 2 hands high. Ms Fenner was certain that Wrangler had to raise his front end in what she called "a rear or mounting motion" because he had landed downwards on her knee (T 296).
117Ms Fenner suffered no injury to her knee beyond a bruise. It did not require any treatment, or even a brief rest.
Another person called by the defendant, a Mr Campbell Boileau, who travelled with the defendant and Ms Fenner on what he called the "brumby chase" (T 414) not only knew nothing about this incident, but knew nothing about any bad behaviour by Wrangler throughout the trip. He commented at T 415:
"Q. What was your observations of Wrangler's behaviour during the course of the brumby chase or being on that property during the brumby chase?
A. When the horses were penned at night I didn't appear to have any trouble with Wrangler upsetting the other horses or - I mean he could have whinnied or squealed or rushed the fences if he'd wanted to get to the other horses but I didn't observe anything like that.
During the riding, the day when we crossed paths with Alan I didn't see any real problems. I was just - I was worried at the time because there are stallions in amongst the other brumbies so I was just mindful that may have attacked someone else's horses but we didn't have any problems anywhere like that."
118Mr Boileau said that the herd of 200 to 300 brumbies which they were chasing would have included mares in season (T 417) and that Wrangler appeared to behave appropriately during the times that Mr Boileau encountered the horse. He recalled one occasion when he saw Wrangler being excited, but when on to explain that this was the case for all the horses:
"JONES: I'm looking at the behaviour and the controllability of the horse on this muster.
WITNESS: I would say that the behaviour was that of a three-year-old horse but not a stallion. I noticed that he wasn't - he didn't attack other horses or do anything like that, but he was just simply an excited horse galloping amongst other horses, the same as all our horses were at the time." (T 419)
119Mr Boileau was aware of the events in which the plaintiff was injured and the defendant subsequently had Wrangler put down. He described a conversation with the defendant as follows:
"A. He said to me that he did it for the sake of Lorna coming back that she wouldn't have to see the horse. He said to me that Lorna had an accident, he said that the horse had taken her off the horse, carried it in its mouth and she was in hospital and that he'd had the horse put down so that when Lorna came back the horse wouldn't be there.
Q. And at any stage had he approached you about agisting the use perhaps on your property?
A. No he hadn't. I think he rang me two or three days after the accident to let me know that Lorna had had an accident and that she was in hospital and what had caused the accident.
...
Q. Did he, that is Mr Meyer, discuss with you the dangers that had been associated with that day in question, that is the day that Wrangler attacked Lorna Watson?
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:43
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
c) Under the above circumstances, pursuant to Section 5I of the Civil Liability Act, the Defendant is not liable in negligence for the harm suffered by the Plaintiff as a result of the materialisation of an inherent risk.
41. The Defendant relies upon Part 1A, Division 4, Section 5I [sic] of the Civil Liability Act (2002):-
a) The Defendant relies upon the facts and particulars pleaded in paragraphs 13 to 33 above.
b) In the circumstances as outlined above the harm occasioned by the Plaintiff resulted from a recreational activity engaged in by the plaintiff.
c) In the circumstances as outlined above, the activity engaged in by the Plaintiff of horse riding was a recreational activity in that it was a sport, and / or in the alternative a pursuit or activity engaged in for enjoyment,
relaxation or leisure, and / or in the alternative an activity engaged in at a place where people ordinarily engage in sport, and / or in the alternative a pursuit or activity for enjoyment, relaxation or leisure.
d) In the circumstances as outlined above, the activity engaged in by the Plaintiff of horse riding was a "dangerous recreational activity" in that it was a recreational activity that involved a significant risk of physical harm.
e) The Plaintiff riding in the manner so described was an "obvious risk" to the Plaintiff in that, in the circumstances, it would have been obvious to a reasonable person in the position of the Plaintiff that there was risk of "Wrangler" acting in the manner so described.
f) The Plaintiff riding in the manner so described was a risk that was patent or a matter of common knowledge.
g) In the circumstances as outlined in paragraphs 13 to 31 above the Plaintiff was aware of the risk of "Wrangler" acting in the manner so described, or in a manner which would give rise to a risk of the type or kind of risk which occurred.
h) Under the above circumstances, pursuant to Section 5L of the Civil Liability Act, the Defendant is not liable in negligence for the harm suffered by the Plaintiff as a result of the materialisation of the obvious risk of a dangerous recreational activity engaged in by the Plaintiff."
231For the plaintiff's argument to succeed, one or both of the following arguments must succeed:
(a)No plea of volenti is possible because the common law defence has been "superseded" by ss 5F to 5I, which "cover the field". This was put to me in the course of oral submissions, but in further written submissions of the plaintiff (4 April 2012) the plaintiff appears to have retreated from this position.
However, any submission that the Act "covers the field", particularly in relation to the defence of volenti, is misconceived. As Judd J in Woodcroft-Brown v Timbercorp Securities Ltd (in liq) [2011] VSC 427 explains at [129], the tortious defence of volenti has been modified by the Civil Liability Act, not replaced.
The interaction between the Civil Liability Act and the common law is helpfully explained by Joachim Dietrich, "Papers from the Tort Law Academic Workshop: Teaching torts in the age of statutes and globalisation" (2010) 18 TLJ 141 as follows:
"Some parts of the Civil Liability Acts codify and change aspects of the common law of negligence. That is the case with the sections that state the general principles applicable to determining breach of duty (eg, Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) s 5B). In effect, these sections 'tinker' with the common law test for breach of duty.
They restate the threshold test of breach, as well as the calculus of negligence factors to be considered in determining whether, ultimately, there is a breach, in slightly different terms to those of the common law principle contained in Wyong Shire Council v Shirt...
Since the Civil Liability Acts displace the common law in some of its field of operation, but do not cover the field, one particular challenge may be to determine where precisely only the common law principles apply, where only the statutory provisions apply, and where both still potentially apply, as well as where other, specific legislation applies.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:9
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
38As the plaintiff was leading up to the hay shed, Wrangler appeared to be a bit calmer. The defendant got Wrangler to a gate area on the right hand side of the track when the horse changed direction and went to the left hand side of the fence. He threw his head down and threw the defendant, who went sailing over the horse's neck and on the horse's right hand side (T 44).
The defendant hit the ground near the trunk of a small tree; at this stage the plaintiff was about 10 or 15 metres back (T 45). The horse Wrangler spun around and began charging back towards the two mares Aletist and Butterfly. The plaintiff said that the defendant called out "Don't let him get past" (T 45).
39The plaintiff had already stopped Freckles from going forward. She was sitting on her horse beside the hay shed, facing towards the gateway where Freckles was. This was the gateway where Wrangler had deviated to the left.
Wrangler was charging back towards them as fast as he could. As the defendant had told the plaintiff not to let the horse go past, she squeezed Freckles with her heels and asked him to move forward and Freckles took one step forward with his right front foot.
She thought she could grab a rein, but it never reached that point, because Wrangler had started to charge in her general direction. He lined her up and, coming at her very fast, took her leg above the knee. He "latched onto her like a vice". He continued to charge towards Aletist and Butterfly, holding onto her leg, and she began screaming (T 48).
40The plaintiff had not changed her position in the saddle as she was dragged along. Wrangler did not break stride with Freckles, so they were galloping side by side (T 49), while Wrangler had the plaintiff's left knee in his mouth.
The plaintiff then came out of the saddle and she was up side down with her head close to the ground. She hit the track when the horse dropped her and she landed on her back.
41The plaintiff knew immediately that she was seriously injured. The defendant ran up to her and said "I'm going to put Wrangles [sic] down" (T 50) and went to the house to get assistance, as they did not have mobile phones. Wrangler charged back towards her and she had to crawl underneath the fence to avoid him (T 51-52).
42The plaintiff suffered serious injuries which are described in more detail in the section of this judgment in relation to quantum.
The defendant's evidence
43The defendant, who is currently 60 years of age, was born in the United States. He became interested in horses as a teenager and acquired his first horse in about 1972 or 1973. Since that time, he has owned about a dozen horses (T 323), a number comparable to that owned by the plaintiff.
At one stage he worked with the Sheriff's Department in the United States as an instructor and trainer, but this was part-time. He worked for a trucking business between 1971 and 1999.
44The defendant began working full time in the United States as a horse trainer for about three years after 1999. He completed the John Lyons horse training course in 2001 and it was during this six months at school that he met Ms Kate Fenner.
He went to live with her in the United Kingdom in 2002, where he lived until 2004. He married Ms Fenner in 2004 and worked with her as a horse trainer, covering both western and English horse training and horse riding disciplines.
He came to Australia in 2004 with Ms Fenner to live. They looked for a property and settled on a country property of about 100 acres in the area between Marulan and Goulburn. It had been divided into paddocks for horses as the previous owner has owned horses.
He lived there until Ms Fenner said she wanted in a divorce, in late 2007 or early 2008. During this period of time both he and Ms Fenner trained horses. They owned about three or four horses between them over this time.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:38
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
200Regardless of my findings as to whether or not the defendant knew that Aletist was in season, the defendant's conduct in saying either "don't let him get pass" or "hold him" was not negligent. If I have erred in this finding, there is a causation problem.
As Mr Sanna points out, the circumstances leading to the plaintiff's injuries were a random series of actions and furthermore the plaintiff had no time to act upon any negligent instructions by the defendant.
The horse was charging towards her and her own horse had only been able to take one step. The accident was going to happen regardless of what the plaintiff and defendant did. Accordingly, this particular has not been made out.
(f) Failing to direct the plaintiff to immediately leave the area after Wrangler started to become excited.
201These amount to particulars that the defendant failed to take reasonable care for the safety for the plaintiff by telling her to go somewhere safe as soon as Wrangler became excited.
202As is set out above, the evidence of Mr Sanna was that it was not unreasonable for the defendant to endeavour to control his horse and to commence riding back to the stables and to terminate the ride.
He did so in the company of the plaintiff and was effectively directing her to leave the area. The key difference seems to be the word "immediately", in that it appears to be submitted that he should have directed the plaintiff to gallop away while he remained behind to get control of his horse.
203The evidence of both the plaintiff and defendant was that the defendant was initially able to get Wrangler under control and start to lead him back to the stable. In addition, the evidence is that as soon as Wrangler began to misbehave, the defendant did in fact turn the horse around.
204The defendant's evidence was that he gave her the opportunity to continue riding without him, to allow him to return to the stable area with Wrangler, and that she declined. There is no evidence that there was sufficient time for the horses to travel in different directions in any event.
205The plaintiff has not made out evidence to support this particular.
(g) Failing to direct the plaintiff to immediately leave the area after Wrangler had thrown the defendant to the ground.
206Once the defendant had been thrown to the ground, it was a matter of seconds before the plaintiff was attacked by Wrangler. The plaintiff's horse took one step forward, on her evidence, and she was then attacked by Wrangler.
207For the reasons set out in relation to particular (f) above, the plaintiff has not made out evidence to support this particular. I also note reliance of the defendant in relation to s 5H of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) in relation to any duty to warn of obvious risk.
(h) Failing to take reasonable care for the safety of the plaintiff.
208The defendant refers me to the request for further and better particulars, where the plaintiff asserts that the failure to take reasonable care for the safety of the plaintiff is "not directing her to go to a safe area", the same as the particulars for paragraphs (f) and (g). The defendant submits that this does not take the plaintiff's case any further.
209There are a number of matters which could be relied to by the plaintiff which are not contained in the particulars.
These include the submission that the defendant was putting his horse's welfare ahead of the welfare of the plaintiff (plaintiff's written submissions, paragraph 133),
the circumstances in which he left the plaintiff lying on the ground in circumstances where she had to drag herself under a fence (written submissions, paragraph 135) and losing control of Wrangler (written submissions, paragraph 107-109).
210All of the evidence points to both the plaintiff and defendant endeavouring to get away from the paddock where Aletist was.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:48
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
240Whether the plaintiff told the defendant Aletist was in season or not, she was an experienced horsewoman; she was sufficiently aware of the specific dangers to raise them with the defendant. She was aware of the type or kind of risk, even if she was not aware of its precise nature, extent or manner of occurrence.
She knew that stallions were dangerous and that this particular stallion was "nippy". She had previously been thrown from a horse and suffered an injury. She knew that horses could be dangerous.
She knew that horses suffered injuries and attacked each other in relation to being in season, as she had owned a stallion who had been injured in the course of attempting to mate with a mare.
All of these matters make it clear that the plaintiff was well aware of the risks of horse riding and in particular of the risk of riding into a paddock containing a mare which she not only knew to be in season but which she had placed there herself without prior consultation with the defendant.
241I am satisfied, in relation to the statutory defence, that the elements necessary for the statutory defence to be made out have been established by the defendant.
Alleged admissions by the defendant
242Section 69 of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) provides:
"69 Effect of apology on liability
(1) An apology made by or on behalf of a person in connection with any matter alleged to have been caused by the person:
(a) does not constitute an express or implied admission of fault or liability by the person in connection with that matter, and
(b) is not relevant to the determination of fault or liability in connection with that matter.
(2) Evidence of an apology made by or on behalf of a person in connection with any matter alleged to have been caused by the person is not admissible in any civil proceedings as evidence of the fault or liability of the person in connection with that matter."
243Evidence was given by both the plaintiff and her mother as to admissions from the defendant to the effect that it was all his fault.
The defendant submits (written submissions, paragraphs 347-348) that the evidence given by the plaintiff's mother firstly does not constitute an expressed or implied admission of fault and secondly is inadmissible pursuant to s 69 and this evidence should be struck out. The statements made were as follows:
"Q. Did he have a discussion with you about something which had occurred?
A. Yes, he did.
Q. Doing the best you can and trying to put it in the first person - in other words, I said, he said - what can you tell us was said during that conversation?
A. Alan - he said, "Lorna's been injured, there's a compound fracture of her femur and the ambulance has come and helicopter is on its way".
Q. Did you respond at all to that?
A. I said, "Did she have a fall from her horse?" and he said, "No, it was my fault, my horse". I asked, "Has there been much blood?" and he said, "No, there's no bleeding". I asked that question twice because I was very concerned about bleeding out--
Q. This was after you heard about the compound fracture?
A. Yes.
Q. I asked, "Which hospital?" and he said, "Westmead" and I said, "I'll be leaving here in ten minutes and he replied that he had some things to do and he would get thee when he could." (T 314)
244All that the defendant was saying was that the plaintiff had not fallen from her horse but had fallen because it was "my fault, my horse". That is not an admission about liability, but a description of the accident. Accordingly, the evidence does not amount to an admission.
245A second matter which is relied upon as an admission (plaintiff's written submissions, paragraph 164) is that some time after the accident the stallion Wrangler was taken to the local abbatoir and shot. The plaintiff submits that this is significant, as,
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:28
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
(c)The Defendant rode Wrangler in the vicinity of other horses whilst on Ms Fenner's property without Wrangler causing any problems (T 304).This included riding on occasions when there were mares on the property in season (T 305), participating in horse shows where there were many other horses present and rides Ms Fenner took with the defendant where he was riding Wrangler.
140Mr James Chant agisted Wrangler on his property for two to three months. No precise dates were given for this, but it was during the period of time between the defendant's separation from Ms Fenner and his going to live at the plaintiff's home, so it would have been about a year before the accident.
He was able to observe Wrangler's behaviour almost every day, as the paddock was close to his workshop.
He said that Wrangler did not cause any problems, in that he was not a horse standing at the gate trying to get out. He said "he was no problem, he was never a concern" (T 478). On one occasion, when the farrier came, Mr Chant's daughter went into the paddock and caught Wrangler without difficulty (T 479).
141Mr Chant also observed Wrangler at a pony club event. Mr Chant was one of the persons in charge, and was very busy, but said that if the horse had been playing up, it would have immediately come to his attention (T 481).
142Mr Burgun, the manager of rural operations for the Sydney University, manages a number of properties for Sydney University running their livestock operations (T 447). He resides on a mixed grazing enterprise with merino sheep and beef cattle at Marulan, as well as other properties for the university. There is a horse unit at Camden and Mr Burgun uses stock horses on the property he works on.
He has seven horses, in addition his children are recreationally involved in a pony club. He described Wrangler participating in pony club rallies on three or four occasions and he described the horse as "reserved and under control" (T 468). The defendant took him to the pony club to show how horses were broken; this was a demonstration for children.
143Mr Burgun said he had been physically attacked a horse which bit him because he had some hay the horse wanted (T 468-469). Mr Chant gave similar evidence (at T 481), as did Mr Boileau. All three witnesses made it clear that horses can be dangerous. Wrangler, however, was a well-behaved horse.
Conclusion concerning Wrangler's disposition
144Mr Sanna commented:
"Q. If a stallion such as Wrangler was on a property for a period of ten months, would it be fair to say that observing Wrangler over that period of time if there was no observations of any unruly behaviour that you would consider that a horse such as Wrangler would be of good disposition?
A. I think it is fair to say that that's how you form an assessment of a horse, the longer time you spend with it the more likely you are to predict what he is likely to do.
Q.
If I was to suggest to you that Wrangler was on the property which you went - the plaintiff's property,
Ebenezer for a period of ten months and during that period of time that there were no difficulties with the handling of Wrangler whilst he was being ridden around by Mr Meyer on a regular basis where there were mares in paddocks - would you say that Wrangler would then be a horse of good disposition?
A. Certainly very relevant that sort of history, yeah." (T 135)
145The plaintiff had no prior experience of bad conduct or incidence involving Wrangler, although she was reluctant to concede this (T 90 and 94). The three incidents referred to by Ms Fenner, the defendant's former wife, are set out above. I have rejected these claims.
Mr Sanna, the plaintiff's expert, made appropriate concessions in cross-examination when additional factual material was provided to him. The three witnesses called by the defendant gave objective and convincing evidence about their personal observations of Wrangler.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:47
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
238If I have erred in my finding as to the conversations on the day in question, the plaintiff was however sufficiently aware of the risk, according to her evidence, for her to query whether it was safe to ride into a paddock which contained a mare in season.
She had a discussion of the briefest nature on the day of the accident. This was not a discussion of reliance; it was a casual remark that was made as they were heading out the stable door. The defendant was already on his horse and the plaintiff was in the process of finishing her saddling up.
Accordingly, I am satisfied that the plaintiff and defendant, if I accept the plaintiff's description of the conversation, had a discussion about risk, and mutually agreed that they should still go riding. This is insufficient to establish the defence at common law.
However, if the plaintiff and defendant had no such conversation, and they merely agreed to go for a horse ride, in circumstances where the plaintiff did not tell the defendant Aletist was in season, the plaintiff must be taken to have accepted the risk and the common law defence would succeed. This brings me to a consideration of the statutory defence.
239In relation to the statutory extension of the volenti defence, I note the statements by McClellan CJ at CL in Carey v Lake Macquarie City Council (2007) Aust Torts Reports 81-874 at [86]-[88] as follows:
"[86] Until the recent statutory amendments provided by the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) a defendant faced a difficult task to prove volenti. Although a plaintiff may be aware of a risk that they might be injured, unless the defendant could prove that they appreciated the risk that they might be injured in a particular manner or to a particular extent the defence would fail.
As Lord Halsbury LC said in Smith v Charles Baker & Sons [1891] AC 325 at 336, "a person who relies on the maxim must shew a consent to the particular thing done." Indeed, the defence has been so stringently applied that Campbell J noted in Tingle v J B Hinz & Sons [1970] Qd R 108 at 113 that:
Glanville Williams in Joint Torts and Contributory Negligence at p 307 says that in almost every negligence action of modern times where the defence has been raised it has failed. Fleming in his work on Torts (3rd ed) at p 259, predicts that the defence will disappear eventually into the limbo of forgotten things.
[87] Division 4 of Pt 1A of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) - particularly ss 5F and 5G - was designed to address this issue.
The second reading speech to the Civil Liability Amendment (Personal Responsibility) Bill refers to the Ipp Report, which at p 129 indicates that the intention of Div 4 was "to encourage greater use by the courts of the defence of assumption of risk." It was noted in the Report that:
The more narrowly a risk is defined, the less likely it is that a person will have been aware of it. For instance, a person may be aware of the risk of suffering bodily injury as a result of engaging in a particular activity. But the person may not be aware of the risk of suffering bodily injury in a particular way.
[88] Accordingly, the Report recommended the enactment of the following provisions:
A provision to the effect that for the purposes of the defence of assumption of risk, it would be presumed that the person against whom the defence is pleaded was actually aware of an obvious risk unless that person could prove, on the balance of probabilities, that he or she was not aware of the risk (para 8.30);
A provision to the effect that for the purposes of the defence of assumption of risk, the test of whether a person was aware of a risk is whether he or she was aware of a risk of the type or kind of risk and not of its precise nature, extent or manner of occurrence (para 8.31)."
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:44
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
Some parts of the Civil Liability Acts may merely provide a gloss or modification of common law principles that have ongoing application and relevance. Hence, s 5G of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) makes it easier to establish one element of the defence of voluntary assumption of risk, which continues to operate as a common law-based defence".
(b)The obligation of the defendant to plead s 5G has not been complied with and he should not be permitted to rely upon a statutory defence which has not been pleaded. In other words, the defendant can rely upon a volenti defence, but only at common law, and not upon the statutory provisions which modify it, because s 5G is not referred to in the defence.
This submission has been further developed by the plaintiff in the written submissions provided in accordance with orders made on 3 April 2012. Mr Jones draws my attention to the well known statement in Dare v Pulham (1982) 148 CLR 658 at [6]. That decision is, however, generally relied upon as supporting the entitlement to late amendment, rather than preventing it.
The obligations of parties to plead their case in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) was considered by Santow JA in CG Maloney Pty Ltd v Hutton-Potts [2006] NSWCA 136 at [101]-[102] said:
"[101] The statutory consequences in ss 5G and 5H, where an obvious risk is found, operate in aid of the general law in two respects:
(a) in assisting the common law defence of voluntary assumption of risk, by introducing a rebuttable presumption of awareness of the relevant risk ("volenti"), and
(b) in obviating any common law duty of care to warn of an obvious risk to the plaintiff (with limited exceptions not relevant here).
[102] Thus there can be no need to warn of a risk one is presumed to know (s 5G) nor any proactive duty to warn of an obvious risk (s 5H). But liability for negligence is not coterminous with situations calling for warning. A warning may be insufficient to discharge the duty of care or may even be irrelevant to its discharge, depending on the circumstances."
The plaintiff submits that the defendant cannot rely upon s 5G as he has not specifically pleaded this in his defence, and otherwise relies upon submissions already made in relation to the defence of volenti.
In other words, what the plaintiff submits is that by reason of not having pleaded s 5G specifically in the pleading, the defendant is entitled to rely upon the defence of volenti as pleaded, but is restricted to the common law defence, and is not entitled to take advantage of the liberalising of the volenti test set out in s 5G.
There is no doubt that the defendant has pleaded a defence of volenti, and the failure to specifically refer to s 5G is an oversight.
In Bellingen Shire Council v Colavon Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 34, a s 43A Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) defence was not pleaded at all at the trial, and was raised only on appeal. Beazley JA said at [23] that any statutory provision providing a complete, even if defeasible, defence to a claim, if not pleaded, would take a party by surprise, and that any such defence is required to be pleaded: r 14.
14(2)(a) Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) ("UCPR"). This is because the defence, if successful, would render the plaintiff's claim not maintainable (r 14.14(2)(b)). The s 43A defence therefore failed to comply with the pleading rules. However, Beazley JA went on to note at [24]:
"[24] A failure to comply with the rules of court, including the pleading rules, is not necessarily fatal to a party's right to rely upon the unpleaded matter. The court has power to dispense with its rules: see the Civil Procedure Act 2005, s 14.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:10
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
45The defendant and Ms Fenner returned to the United State for further training with John Lyons. While there he bought the horse Wrangler. Wrangler was about two years old at the time. The horse remained with the defendant when he returned from the United States to England and was then flown to Australia.
Wrangler then remained with the defendant and Ms Fenner in England for about 18 months. (The defendant's dates in relation to these events are somewhat inconsistent (see T 328-330), but nothing turns on this part of the chronology.)
46The defendant had had prior experience with stallions. His first horse in 1972 was a colt. He said it made little difference to him whether the horse he was riding was a stallion or not (T 326).
It was difficult for him to put a number on how many stallions he had managed, but he said that stallions were fewer in numbers than the rest of the horse population, because they were principally kept for breeding purposes rather than for riding.
47The defendant described Wrangler's behaviour in England and the circumstances in which he suffered an injury when thrown from Wrangler when the horse was injured by a nail in the saddle:
"Q. During the time that Wrangler was in England with you and Kate how did you find his behaviour as a horse?
A. Typical.
Q. And what do you mean by typical?
A. He was a young horse that had no education and that was the reason for buying him really, rather than having to change a behaviour you get to build it from scratch.
Q. In this building from scratch process in England did you have any problems with him?
A. I did. It wasn't his problem. While breaking him in Kate and I had a clinic to do on one weekend so I put him away on Friday night and had him looked after while we went and gave this instruction at this clinic and came back early the next week and started him again.
And when I went to saddle him he acted differently. I knew there was something but it didn't stop me and I mounted and he began to buck and carried on more vigorously with each buck after that and I wound up falling and he came down on my ankle and shattered it.
Q. Was that behaviour of Wrangler the same or any different to any other experiences you'd had with stallions during the course of your time with working with stallions?
A. I don't think it had anything to do with him being a stallion. This was all brought about by a nail that was making its way from the inside of the saddle, or the underside of the saddle towards the horse and my weight in the saddle was simply driving that nail into his back." (T 331)
48The defendant described Wrangler's behaviour in Australia as uneventful:
"Q. When you migrated with Kate to Australia did you bring Wrangler with you?
A. We did.
Q. Where did Wrangler come and reside or be housed at Tiyces Lane?
A. That's correct.
Q. Did he remain at the property at Tiyces Lane during the course of the time that you resided there?
A. Yes he did.
Q. During that period of time was there any - were there other horses on Tiyces Lane?
A. Absolutely.
Q. Did Wrangler have any involvement with those other horses?
A. Involvement in--
Q. Did he mix with them?
A. He wasn't housed with them. You never put a stallion along a common fence with any other horse. But he rode with Kate while Kate rode geldings and mares and everything else.
Q. And how did you find Wrangler's behaviour with other horses during that period of time?
A. A non event.
Q. What do you mean by a non event?
A. He was focussed on the instructions, and on me, and what we were trying to accomplish at the time.
Q. During that period of time how much involvement did you have with Wrangler, was it on a day to day basis during that period of time that you lived at Tiyces Lane?
A. It was every day..
Q. What were your observations about his behaviour during that period of time?
A. Can you re-phrase that, I'm not sure--
Q. Well did you form any opinion about his behaviour, or his demeanour, during that period of time?
A. He was a typical horse." (T 331-332)
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:54
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
She is able to perform that second job notwithstanding the fact that it involves standing for long periods of time. I agree with the submission of the defendant that an allowance of one year's income of $50,000.00 would be a more appropriate cushion.
276Accordingly, in the event that I have erred in finding for the defendant, the amount to be awarded would be $701,177.29.
If my findings concerning contributory negligence were accepted, this amount would be reduced to zero (if the plaintiff's failure to advise the defendant were accepted) or 80% (if the finding that the plaintiff did tell the defendant was held to be the correct finding of fact). The 80% figure would result in a reduction of $560,941.83 and result in a total of $140,235.46.
Costs
277I have made an order below for judgment in favour of the defendant. In anticipation that there may be issues in relation to costs, I have reserved the issue of costs with liberty to apply. This will include the costs of the vacated hearing of 1 June 2011.
Orders
278Accordingly, I make orders as follows:
(1)Judgment for the defendant.
(2)Costs reserved.
(3)Liberty to apply in relation to costs.
(4)Exhibits to be retained until further order.
******
DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision.
The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.
Decision last updated: 20 April 2012
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:0
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
District Court
New South Wales
Medium Neutral Citation: Watson v Meyer [2012] NSWDC 36
Hearing dates: 5, 6, 7 and 8 December 2011; 6 and 7 February 2012; 3 April 2012 (oral submissions); 10 April 2012 (written submissions)
Decision date: 16 April 2012
Jurisdiction: Civil
Before: Gibson DCJ
Decision: (1) Judgment for the defendant.
(2) Costs reserved.
(3) Liberty to apply in relation to costs.
(4) Exhibits to be retained until further order.
Catchwords:
TORT - negligence - Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW)
- plaintiff attacked by defendant's horse while both out riding on the plaintiff's property - duty of care - whether duty of care breached - whether particulars of negligence established - causation - defence of volenti non fit injuria pleaded at common law only - whether defendant could rely upon s 5G notwithstanding failure to plead reliance upon
the statutory glosses to the common law defence - whether the Civil Liability Act covers the field - whether the parties were engaged in a dangerous recreational activity and the plaintiff was injured as a result of the materialisation of an obvious risk - s 69 and the effect of alleged admissions by the defendant - contributory negligence (ss 5R and S)
- quantum
Legislation Cited: Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW), ss 5B, 5C 5D, 5F, 5G, 5H, 5I, 5L, 5R, 5S, 16 and 69
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), r 14.14
Cases Cited: Adams by her next friend O'Grady v State of New South Wales [2008] NSWSC 1257
Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak; Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Bou Najem (2009) 239 CLR 420
Angel v Hawkesbury City Council (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81-955
Bellingen Shire Council v Colavon Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 34
Canterbury Municipal Council v Taylor [2002] NSWCA 24
Carey v Lake Macquarie City Council [2007] NSWCA 4
CG Maloney Pty Ltd v Hutton-Potts [2006] NSWCA 136
Council of the City of Greater Taree v Wells [2010] NSWCA 147
Dare v Pulham (1982) 148 CLR 658
Doubleday v Kelly [2005] NSWCA 151
Insurance Commissioner v Joyce (1948) 77 CLR 39
Mackenzie v The Nominal Defendant (2005) 43 MVR 315
Osborne v London and North-Western Railway Company (1888) 21 QBD 220
Podrebersek v Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd (1985) 59 ALJR 492
Ranieri v Ranieri (1973) 7 SASR 418
Rootes v Shelton (1967) 116 CLR 383
Suncorp Insurance & Finance v Blakeney (1993) 18 MVR 361
Sydney South West Area Health Service v MD (2009) 260 ALR 702
Thompson v Woolworths (Queensland) Pty Ltd (2005) 221 CLR 234
Vertzayias v King [2011] NSWCA 215
Woodcroft-Brown v Timbercorp Securities Ltd (in liq) [2011] VSC 427
Wynbergen v Hoyts Corp Pty Ltd (1997) 149 ALR 25
Wyong Shire Council v Vairy; Mulligan v Coffs Harbour City Council (2004) Aust Torts Reports 81-754
Texts Cited: Flemming Law of Torts, 10th Edition 2011
Category: Principal judgment
Parties: Plaintiff: Lorna Watson
Defendant: Alan Meyer
Representation: Plaintiff: Graham Jones Lawyers
Defendant: Stacks Southern Lawyers
Plaintiff: Mr P S Jones
Defendant: Mr J Wilson
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:52
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
(a) General Practitioner (once every 5.5 months @ $69 per consultation - AMA Rates - T 75 line 21) (12 ÷ 5.5 x 69 ÷ 52 x 938.
2) $2,716.00
(b) Orthopaedic Surgeon (consultation once every 6 months @ $150 per consultation - AMA Rates ($150 ÷ 26 x 938.
2) $5,413.00
(c) Radiology (Allow)
$500.
00
(d) Arthroscopy (3 years - Dr Ryan 21.04.11 p1.5) ($2,500 x 0.
864)
$2,
160.
00
(e) Debridement (5 years - Dr Ryan 21.04.11 p1.7) ($5,000 x 0.
784)
$3,
920.
00
(f) Total Knee Replacement (12.5 years - Dr Ryan 21.04.11 p2.1) ($22,500 x 0.
544) $12,240.00
(g) Medication ($5 per week - T 72 line 49) ($5 x 938.
2)
$4,
691.
00
(h) Liniments & Heat Packs ($219 per annum - T 75 lines 30-45) ($219 ÷ 52 x 938.
2) $3,951.00
(i) Physiotherapy ($50 per fortnight - T 75 lines 27-50) ($50 x 0.5 x 938.
2) $23,455.00
(j) Hydrotherapy ($15 per 2 months - T 75 line 9) ($15 x 6 ÷ 52 x 938.
2) $1,
624.
00
$60,670.00
Griffiths v Kerkemeyer:
(a) Past:(i) 23.10.09-31.12.09Greater than 40 hours per week - Maximum rate - $940 per week (T 58 line 20 - T 63 line 20, T 315 line 10 - T 317 line 33, M Ellis 7.10.11 p2)(ii) 01.01.10-24.05.1020 hrs per week @ $24.75 per hr (M Ellis 7.10.11 p2)(iii) 29.
05.10-01.10.10 30 hrs per week @ $24.67 per hour (M Ellis 7.10.11 p2)(iv) 02.10.10-05.12.117 hrs per week @ $25.65 per hour (T 75 line 50, M Ellis 7.10.11 p2)* Dates as appearing on plaintiff's damages schedule $8,460.00$9,900.00$15,913.00$11,380.00
$45,653.00
(b) Future Paid Domestic Assistance:3.5 hrs per week @ $64 per hour (T 76 line 1, Dr Bodel 22.3.11 para 12, M Ellis 7.10.11 p3.6) (3.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:2
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
1The plaintiff brings proceedings for damages arising out of an injury she suffered on 5 October 2009, when she was attacked by the defendant's horse, "Wrangler", while riding with the defendant on her property in Sackville Road, Ebenezer.
2The circumstances of the plaintiff's injury were as follows. The plaintiff and defendant both have a long history of involvement with, and ownership of, horses, although the plaintiff portrays herself as somewhat naïve and reliant upon the advice of the defendant.
The plaintiff and defendant met the year before the accident, and had been living together on the plaintiff's property for approximately eight months, although for the last four months of their relationship the defendant lived on a property nearby because of his work duties.
He returned to the plaintiff's home on weekends, when they would go for rides on her property, in the "arena" paddock at the far end of the acreage. The plaintiff owned about a dozen horses, and the defendant's stallion, Wrangler, was also stabled at the plaintiff's property.
3For some months prior to the accident, the plaintiff had agisted two of her mares on a neighbouring property. About seven days before the accident, the plaintiff brought these two horses (named "Aletist" and "Butterfly") back from agistment, and put them in the paddock containing the arena where she and the defendant regularly rode.
As she was doing so, she noticed, according to her evidence, that one of the horses, Aletist, was in season and "winking" (releasing fluid which would signal her condition to stallions).
The defendant, who was living away from the premises during this week, was not a party to the bringing back of these horses, but the plaintiff contends that he would have seen these mares, as he returned to the property daily for the purpose of filling the food bins for the horses in their paddocks around the plaintiff's property.
4The accident occurred as follows. When the plaintiff and defendant, mounted on their respective horses, Freckles and Wrangler, reached the path leading to the arena paddock, Wrangler became excited at seeing the two mares, Aletist and Butterfly behind the fence in their paddock.
The defendant attempted to turn Wrangler to go back to the homestead. At first Wrangler obeyed, but then he reared up and the defendant was thrown to the ground.
The defendant got up and shouted instructions to the plaintiff (the circumstances of this conversation and the precise location of the parties are in dispute). The horse Wrangler immediately charged back towards Aletist, turned right, galloped to where the plaintiff was and bit her left leg above the knee.
The plaintiff came out of the saddle and was thrown to the ground. She was seriously injured. She had to drag herself to the fence to get out of the way of Wrangler while the defendant went to call the ambulance.
The issues in these proceedings
5In written submissions, and in oral submissions on 3 April 2012, the parties confirmed that the plaintiff's case is one of actual knowledge on the part of the defendant that the horse Aletist was in season, and not that the defendant ought to have known that it was dangerous to ride towards or into a paddock containing one or more mares which may have been in season.
6The issues for determination are as follows:
(a)Whether the defendant owed any duty of care to the plaintiff to warn her not to ride her horse "Freckles" towards or into the arena paddock on her own property because another horse owned by the plaintiff, "Aletist", was in season;
(b)Whether the duty of care owed by the defendant was breached;
(c)Whether the particulars of negligence pleaded have been made out;
(d)Section 5D Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and issues of causation;
(e)Whether, by reason of s 5L Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW), the defendant was not liable in negligence for the harm suffered by the plaintiff as a result of the materialisation of an obvious risk of a dangerous recreational activity engaged in by the plaintiff;
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:7
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
29On Saturday 5 October, the plaintiff and defendant first went to Kurrajong to meet the plaintiff's mother for breakfast (T 22). There was discussion about going for a ride later in the day. They returned to the plaintiff's home in Ebenezer, and at about 2.
00pm they both decided to saddle up the horses and travel to the arena paddock (T 22-23). It was their habit to ride their own horses, Wrangler and Freckles. According to the plaintiff, the following conversation occurred:
"Q. What was said?
A. When I had finished getting Freckles ready, I'd led Freckles off the wash bay and I was standing just below - we were both standing just below where the water tank is and a little garden area.
Q. The water tank, is that the one shown on the right?
A. That's correct.
Q. Of Exhibit D1?
A. That's correct.
Q. What was said?
A. I said to Allan "Will Wrangles be okay with Aletist up there, she's in season don't forget".
Q. Did he respond to you?
A. Yes he did.
Q. What did he say?
A. He said "He should be fine".
Q. Did you have any further discussion with him?
A. There was. I said to him "The mares could always go into that spare paddock before we go up if you like".
Q. The spare paddock being what paddock?
A. It was the paddock that was adjacent to the area and on the first map it's on the left-hand side of Aletist's paddock.
Q. I think you have told us this but just in case you haven't, to go into the arena which is I think where you were destined that day, is that right--
A. That's correct.
Q. --you had to go through the paddock in which Aletist and Butterfly were located, is that right?
A. That's correct.
Q. After you said to Mr Meyer "Well you can always put the two mares in the spare paddock", did he respond to that?
A. He did. He said "No it'll be fine"." (T 26-27)
30The plaintiff was certain that she had informed the defendant twice of these events, although she said she was unaware of the dangers of taking a stallion into a paddock containing a mare in season (T 186 line 28-35) and although she had no regular practice of monitoring when the horses on her property were in season:
"Q. Did you have any monitoring of or make any observations about her, for example, past behaviour of winking and things like that?
A. Sorry--
Q. Did you take any specific notice over that period of two years about her behaviour in the period when she was seasonal, for example winking behaviour?
A. I would have noticed it but I don't know that I made any specific note to myself in relation to that.
Q. Are you able to say whether she showed any obvious visible signs of being in season?
A. Aw well, she would wink when she was in season.
Q. And did you notice for how long that occurred for?
A. I can't answer that at this point. I'm aware that the season lasts about a week give or take depending on - apparently horses are all different, but I don't have any - what am I trying to say, I hadn't made any particular observations in terms of her patterns of behaviour if you like in relation to when she was in season other than if she was I would see it.
Q. Would her season go only for two or three days where she was exhibiting signs of winking?
A. I'm not sure that my - well I may well have made observations along those lines, I don't recall them now. Yep, sorry, I'm not sure what else I can say.
Q. In relation to a mare being in season are you at the present moment aware of the seriousness in relation to keeping a mare away from a stallion during that period of time?
A. I certainly am today.
Q. What about back in 2009?
A. I was aware that mares who are in season were in season for a reason, if you like, that they were - had times when they were receptive to a stallion and that was the times when they were actually in their season.
Q. So were you aware of the need to keep, and this is again going back to the time of your injury in October 2009, were you aware of the need or the caution not to put a stallion near a mare who was in season?
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:27
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
Well I think that stallions aren't sort of thinking about mounting mares all of the time and if you have them in a situation where there aren't any other horses about, like this is, and it is in its home environment,
there's nothing unusual going on and the horse is just lazily walking around the arena, I don't think it is particularly unusual, I don't think it says particularly anything about the horses actions in other situations or if you put another horse there it would be quite a different animal.
So I don't think it is very-" (T 298)
Ms Fenner said in cross-examination that she would not have allowed her nephew to go near the horse if there is another horse around. However, she went on to say that she had never permitted her nephew to ride any of those other stallions.
(b)Ms Fenner permitting Wrangler to remain on her property with other horses in season.Ms Fenner agreed that she never remembered seeing Wrangler bolting while he was riding (T 305), that there were mares on her property which had been in season, and that she had never witnessed any problems the defendant had with Wrangler in relation to these horses:
"Q. There was times that Mr Meyer would have written on that property when there was mares in season, that is correct, isn't it?
A. Yeah, but he never rode through paddocks.
Q. No, I am not suggesting that I am just saying in the vicinity of them riding past them within 20 metres or whatever distance it would have been when you're riding along past a paddock where a horse is in it?
A. Mm.
Q. And there were never any incidents that you can recall or you witnessed whereby Mr Meyer had problems with Wrangler in that regard?
A. No, not when he was on the horse.
Q. The only incident that you have given evidence about was this incident whereby in 2007 Wrangler got out of his paddock and got into another paddock close to two mares?
A. Yep.
Q. That is normal behaviour sometimes for a horse, isn't it, to get in and be a little bit frisky, charging around with other horses when they are not used to those horses, that is normal behaviour, isn't it?
A. For a stallion, yes, because they're quite dangerous too. It is quite dangerous to be around.
Q. I appreciate that. Stallions are quite dangerous to be around, aren't they?
A. They can be, yes.
Q. You know that?
A. I do.
Q. You're a woman who has extensive experience in the horse industry?
A. Mm.
Q. You need to answer?
A. I do, I do I suppose, yes.
Q. It is common knowledge in the horse industry, isn't it, that stallions are dangerous?
A. It depends on what you're doing with the stallion. I mean if you have a loose stallion it is a dangerous thing. If you have a stallion a well trained stallion that's under control, it is not necessarily a dangerous thing. I mean I think it depends on the stallion, it depends on the stallion's level of training.
...
Q. Even if he is in an environment whereby there are other horses around in their paddocks and he is in his own paddock then just like he was at your property?
A. Yeah but he was a long way away from other horses in my property so I mean in this new property, I don't know, it would depend I mean if he is very close to another horse then he can smell the other horse he might get excited I couldn't tell you, I don't know. I don't know how close he is. I have no idea.
Q. If a horse is on - a stallion is on a property for ten months, doesn't cause any problems then you would have to, in your experience, have to imagine that the horse is reasonably comfortable and has acclimatised to the other horses around, wouldn't you?
A. You'd have to assume that nothing at all changed." (T 306-307)
Ms Fenner agreed that apart from the incidents she had described in court, she had no other incident upon which she could express any opinion that Wrangler was not comfortable or well-behaved around other horses (T 308).
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:26
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
That's why, in our sport, we have to have green discs on the horses, on stallions, so they're identified by other competitors. So they have a green disc on their bridle or on their saddle cloth to identify them because they're much more likely to kick or to be unruly.
When the horses are tied to the float they have to wear the green disc and the float has to have a green disc on it so people walking by aren't going to get too close because they're very likely to try and lash out and kick anything that comes by and then the fact that he's then ridden.
That means he's becoming a trained horse and he knows by and large sometimes that he's to behave himself. That's all I think sort of normal stallion stuff.
Q. So again the factual basis is now that you've been appeased of maybe an alternate set of facts in relation to those three events, does that change your opinion about the demeanour or character of Wrangler?
A. Yes it does although I wrote my first report without any reference to that information which came along fairly later so just, you know stallions are stallions and they need to be - they're never to be taken for granted. That's the bottom line.
Q. And that fact that stallions are never to be taken for granted is something which is well known in the horse industry isn't it?
A. Of course, yeah."(T 153-154)
134The defendant said in his evidence that this had been the first time he had driven to the show and he had parked his car in the worst possible place in that, having arrived early, he picked a spot which turned out to be on the main thoroughfare where there was a lot of noise and there were many passing horses.
He said that this was what distressed the horse, but that the horse's distress had not prevented him from entering the competitions he had been brought to enter, and from receiving a prize.
135The only issue of bad conduct about which the defendant was cross-examined was as follows:
"Q. At Wingerdeen [sic] Show was not only excited and calling he was also rearing wasn't he?
A. No he was tied to the trailer at the point I think you're bringing in the question, and being tied to a trailer it's impossible to rear." (T 380)
Conclusions concerning the Wingadene show incident in 2007
136This is conduct that was described by Mr Sanna as "normal" for stallions. On the day in question, Wrangler was still well-behaved enough to participate in events and to win a prize.
137There was other evidence about Wrangler's behaviour at pony club shows, where he was able to mix in a quiet fashion with children and to be taken through his paces by the defendant.
138The plaintiff's claims in relation to particular (i) concerning the Wingadene show incident have not been made out.
Other evidence about the disposition of Wrangler
139The defendant points to the following evidence which is inconsistent with evidence of a horse which is troublesome in nature, and/or known by its owner to be troublesome:
(a)Photographs of Ms Fenner's nephew George (a small boy, about 10 years old) riding Wrangler were hard to explain after the alleged "bad behaviour" she claimed Wrangler had shown (T 298 and T 303)Ms Fenner described the circumstances of this photograph as follows:
"Q. And what can you tell us about the circumstances of the photographs being taken?
A.
I think George had wanted to have a ride on a horse and Wrangler was there, I mean George has got his helmet on he is sitting on the horse, the stirrups haven't been adjusted or anything but Alan is very close by and he is leading him in most of them,
I then remember I asked him just to step aside so we could get a picture of George riding the horse, you know, all by himself, so Alan was just outside the frame of the photograph, but the horse is you know, in its own environment, there are not other horses about and no reason why it shouldn't be quite quiet which it was.
Q. Now what do you say about any suggestion that such a photograph is consistent with a docile Wrangler stallion?
A.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:19
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
In examination in chief, she portrayed herself as inexperienced and lacking in knowledge, and claimed to consult the defendant for lessons and advice, when she had been an experienced horsewoman since her early years; she had not only owned horses, but ridden in races, worked as a trail guide and worked at "Horselands".
Horses were her main interest in life. The other matters relied on by the defendant are not, however, of relevance to the plaintiff's credit.
97Did the plaintiff rely upon the defendant's superior horse expertise? The plaintiff's written submissions (at paragraph 50) assert that there is reliance by the plaintiff upon the defendant's horse expertise "such that she was prepared to obey and conform to the directions he gave her" and that she held his horse abilities in high regard (T 21 line 5).
The plaintiff's written submissions also claim that she sought out and obtained lessons and instructions from "persons such as the defendant", particularly with regard to western riding (paragraph 47) and that he advised her in relation to the selection of horses (T 20).
98The plaintiff did not give evidence of having lessons from anyone other than the defendant, and the details of these were extremely vague.
Nor was there evidence that he advised her on the selection of horses; it was the plaintiff's decision to enter into a sell and swap agreement in relation to her horses, and on her own evidence the most she did was to consult the defendant about western riding lessons in this regard.
Nor was there evidence of his being involved in the management of the property and animals on a day-to-day basis, apart from performing tasks at the plaintiff's request such as feeding the horses (written submissions, paragraph 51). The long hours the defendant was working, and the extent of his absences from the property, were not apparent until the defendant gave evidence.
99The plaintiff also submits that if the defendant was aware that the mares had been returned to the property at the height of the breeding season, then "it is likely he would have made that enquiry of the plaintiff" (written submissions, paragraph 83).
No transcript reference was given for this, and I cannot find a question which amounts to putting this proposition to the defendant in these terms. The defendant submits, and I accept, that submissions of this nature would fall outside the case as pleaded and particularised.
100The plaintiff made a concerted attack upon the credit of the defendant both in cross-examination and in written submissions. It was put to the defendant that he had exaggerated his prior history of horse training activities (T 356-360) and that he exaggerated his involvement in the training of champions (T 360).
In addition, it is claimed that the defendant acknowledged his wrongdoing by having the horse Wrangler shot. (This is dealt with in more detail in the section of this judgment at [242] - [249] below.)
101The plaintiff's written submissions also refer to the evidence of the defendant and Mr Boileau that when the defendant and Ms Fenner (the defendant's former wife) joined Mr Boileau on a brumby hunt, there would have been mares in season.
The defendant said in his evidence that he was not apprehensive about taking Wrangler into a situation where he could be confronted by a mare in season, which the plaintiff submits in evidence that the defendant was unconcerned about the danger.
102However, this answer needs to be seen in context. Not even Ms Fenner gave evidence to this effect that it was dangerous to take Wrangler on a brumby hunt where there could be mares in season. Nor did the experts give evidence to this effect. The brumby hunt was an exercise in locating and attempting to capture brumbies, by a number of riders.
It is the kind of activity to which I assume Mr Lawson is referring in his report where he says that the mere fact that a horse is a stallion does not mean that the horse should be "closeted away and never interact with other horses".
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:35
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
Q. When you say back, back towards what direction?
A. Back towards the two mares at the top of the track.
Q. Back towards Aletist and Butterfly?
A. That's right.
Q. Back towards that gate?
A. That's correct.
Q. The gate was still in position was it, it hadn't been moved?
A. Not to my knowledge, no.
Q. So it is charging back, Mr Meyer yells out to you, "Don't let him pass"?
A. Right and he did that as he was starting, I saw Alan start to get up after he hit the ground and while he was still getting up, he shouted that out to me and at the same time the horse was doing its thing and had spun around and was starting to go back up.
Q. So be coming back towards your direction?
A. That's correct.
Q. What happens next?
A. I had stopped on Freckles and I was standing on the hay shed side of that white tree.
...
Q. Now can I just stop you there and say, you have been told you told the Court previously that Mr Meyer had told you not to have anything to do with Wrangler?
A. That's correct.
Q. How confident did you feel being around Wrangler at this time when he had thrown off Mr Meyer, he had told you to not let him pass and the horse is coming back towards you, how confident did you feel?
A. I wasn't confident at all.
Q. Right?
A. I was very concerned at the antics of the horse leading up to that point in time and also the antics that had led to Alan who I - he was an experienced, or is an experienced horse person and he had just been thrown off the horse in that circumstance, so I was very worried.
...
Q. You told the Court you asked Freckles to move, did Freckles move?
A. He did.
Q. Where did he move?
A. He took one step forward with his right front foot.
Q. And which direction?
A. towards the gate area.
Q. Is that towards the centre of the track?
A. Yes it is.
Q. Now why did you take that manoeuvre, why did you do that manoeuvre?
A. Because Alan had told me to.
Q. If you hadn't had been given that manoeuvre, in other words if you hadn't been told not to let Wrangler pass would you have taken that manoeuvre with your horse?
A. Absolutely not." (T 45-47)
191The plaintiff described the next event as follows:
"Q. What happened?
A. After Wrangler had spun around he had then started charging and obviously he was coming in my general direction.
As he got a bit closer towards me he snaked his head around, sorry, I can still picture it as clear as day, he moved his head around to the horse's right hand side which meant that he was lining me up directly and he tilted his head a little bit and obviously he was close to me and I could see the look on his eye and the only way I can describe it is pure fury.
Q. Is this the look on Wrangler's eye?
A. That's right. And at that point I knew exactly what was going to happen and there was absolutely nothing I could do about it.
Q. What happened?
A. The horse then kept coming at the same speed and took hold of my leg, left leg above the knee.
Q. How did he take hold of it?
A. He bit it, opened his mouth and latched on like a vice, was how it felt it was the most excruciating pain I have ever felt. Kind of happened pretty fast at that point but his momentum to where he was going took me--
Q. It was towards Aletist--
A. And Butterfly, it took me and my horse in the same direction.
Q. Was he still holding onto your leg?
A. Yes he was.
Q. Left leg with his mouth?
A. Absolutely.
Q. Did you feel any pain at that stage?
A. It was the most excruciating pain I had ever felt, and I began screaming probably at the top of my lungs, I remember thinking, it was a very loud scream, but it just an instinctive response.
Q. Were you still in the saddle at this stage?
A. Yes I was and I still had my - I hadn't changed my position in the saddle." (T 48-49)
192It is clear from this description that the plaintiff's horse would have at best taken only a step in the path of Wrangler. The plaintiff in cross-examination said at T 228-229:
"Q. You didn't actually move Freckles at all did you, you only squeezed him?
|
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] | null |
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:12
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
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54Wrangler and another horse owned by the defendant also lived on the property. The defendant said that there were many times that he rode Wrangler in the arena paddock. On occasions, they rode in the arena while there were horses in the arena paddock, but they did not go into the arena paddock and ride at the back of the paddock, where these horses were kept. They rode in the arena (at T 345).
55The defendant's jobs while living on the property included feeding the horses. He described this as follows:
"Q. Can you give an indication to the court what feeding of the horses involved?
A.
Lorna would generally and certainly in the beginning, make up her rations for her horses,
in the buckets with their individual names on them so that I could deliver the proper ration to the proper horse and that was simply my job until I became more familiar with both her horses and her feeding regime and she would have that on a piece of paper for me, who got what and she entrusted me after some time to give them the proper feed.
Q. And during the time when you were feeding the horses, how did you physically do that, did you move the feed from the shed around to the different paddocks?
A. Yes by means of a wagon or trolley that Lorna had.
Q. And would you pull that physically just on foot or would you have that on a car or the back of the horse?
A. No I just dragged the thing.
Q. Sorry?
A. I would just drag it along behind me." (T 345)
56It was necessary for the plaintiff to remain on the Burke stud during the week because he had to assist with foaling (T 346-347). He would have one weekend off in four. As there were four staff members, they would share the weekends off between them.
He nevertheless had weekends free during the day, and would still go for weekend rides with the plaintiff. He also continued to be responsible for the feeding of her horses:
"A. I would generally feed in the morning and feed at night so that meant getting up, running over to Lorna's place, feed, run back, feed the sixty some horses there before starting the day to train and then in the evening I would do the same routine.
Q. And did it involve, the feeding regime that you performed at the, whilst you were working at the Burke Stud, was the same regime you just described a moment ago is that correct, in relation to the feeding of the horses at Ebenezer was it the same regime that you described a moment ago, how the mixing of the having to feed--?
A. Yes, Lorna would try and make up a week at a time so there would be stacks of buckets that belonged to a particular horse and all I'd have to do is come along take the top one of each of the stacks, throw them in the trolley and down the lane I'd go.
Q. And the feeding that you undertook whilst you worked at the Burke Stud, when you undertook it at Ebenezer was that undertaken in daylight hours or in darkness?
A. That would depend, generally in the mornings it was dark, given the time of the year and the fact that I needed to be back at the stud to start work there at seven, seven-thirty in the morning so, and then I had to do Lorna's even earlier, I would get to feeding in the evening when I could.
Q. And would that generally be in the hours of darkness or in light?
A. It wasn't pitch dark by any stretch of the imagination but it wasn't full light either."(T 347)
57While the plaintiff said that she only went riding with the defendant about every second weekend, the defendant's evidence was that they would go riding at "every opportunity", and that while that depended on the plaintiff's work schedule "we both loved to ride and that's what we'd do" (T 348). This appears to be a more likely description of their activities together.
58The defendant's presence on the property for feeding would take about half an hour in the morning and half an hour at night, and in addition, he would be there on weekends all day and often overnight (T 348). He was asked whether the horses would always be at the feeding trough:
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:45
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
It has also been long accepted that a party may litigate an issue notwithstanding a failure to comply with a pleading rule. However, the entitlement of a party to do so is dependent upon a favourable exercise of the court's discretion if objection is taken by the opposing party. The exercise of the discretion is predicated upon fairness to the parties."
In Bellingen Shire Council v Colavon Pty Ltd, the total failure to plead or particularise the defence led to prejudice. In the present case, no prejudice is identified; the defence is pleaded, but has not been pleaded with reference to the provisions of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW).
Similarly, in Vertzayias v King [2011] NSWCA 215, an application to reopen the judgment to plead a defence failed; the Court of Appeal dismissed an appeal from the trial judge's refusal to reopen the proceedings.Both these decisions relate to defences raised after the trial was over.
In Sydney South West Area Health Service v MD (2009) 260 ALR 702, a defendant sought leave to amend its defence during the trial to include reference to s 5O Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW), which provides the standard of care for professionals.
The trial judge refused, holding that s 5O had to be specifically pleaded, by reason of r 14.14 UCPR. Hodgson JA (Allsop P and Sackville AJA concurring) held that s 5O of the defence provides a defence not available at common law with the onus of proof lying on the defendant such that r 14.
14 UCPR required that the material facts contemplated by s 5O should be pleaded and, although not mandatory, specific reference to s 5O is desirable (at [19]-[25], [50]-[51] and [58]).
The trial judge had erred in refusing the appellants leave to amend to specifically plead s 5O in circumstances where objection to the failure to plead was not raised until very near the end of the case which amounted to trial by ambush (at [26]-[31], [53]-[56] and [58]).
Allsop P at [51] considered that s 5O Civil Liability Act did not need to be pleaded, in that it was not just a matter of evidence, but a transfer of the onus of proof.
That is not the case here. Something more is involved, in that these are sections which assist the defendant to discharge its burden of proof.
I am satisfied that in pleading a defence of volenti, it is appropriate that a party should identify the facts and matters relied upon for a s 5G defence but that an application for leave to amend to plead s 5G, in circumstances where it reflects the way that the case was fought at trial, as well as being the basis of the submissions in relation to the volenti defence, would have to be granted.
Accordingly, I propose to allow the defendant to put his case on volenti in relation to the provisions of s 5G. In the event that I have erred, I have considered the defence both at common law and pursuant to ss 5F and 5G.
232I shall first consider whether the defence would have succeeded at common law.
233In Dr Bodel's report he notes that the plaintiff expressed concern to him about going on these horse rides, as she knew that Aletist was in season; she told him that "this may be a potentially hazardous undertaking". The plaintiff was aware that horse riding could be hazardous. She had suffered injuries in the past from falls from a horse, as had the defendant.
234Counsel for the plaintiff in written submissions puts to me that, at common law, the defendant can only succeed if there is a finding that the plaintiff freely and voluntarily, with full knowledge of the nature and extent of the risk, agreed to incur it (Ranieri v Ranieri (1973) 7 SASR 418;
Osborne v London and North-Western Railway Company (1888) 21 QBD 220; Insurance Commissioner v Joyce (1948) 77 CLR 39).
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:1
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
File Number(s): 2010/233997
Publication restriction: None
Judgment
Table of Contents
Introduction [1]-[4]
The issues in these proceedings [5]-[6]
The particulars of negligence pleaded [7]-[8]
The procedural history of the claim [9]-[11]
The plaintiff's evidence [12]-[26]
The plaintiff's account of conversations with the defendant about Aletist being in season [27]-[33]
The circumstances of the accident [34]-[42]
The defendant's evidence [43]-[62]
The defendant's denials of conversations with the plaintiff about Aletist being in season [63]-[70]
The circumstances leading to the accident [71]-[74]
Whether Aletist was "winking" [75]-[94]
Issues of credit [95]-[102]
Conclusions concerning the conversations alleged by the plaintiff [103]-[106]
Evidence in relation to the prior bad disposition of the horse Wrangler [107]-[112]
(i) The Braidwood incident in 2006 [113]-[120]
Conclusions concerning the Braidwood incident [121]-[124]
(ii) The paddock escape incident in 2007 [125]-[129]
Conclusions concerning the paddock escape incident in 2007 [130]
(iii) The Wingadene show incident in 2007 [131]-[135]
Conclusions concerning the Wingadene show incident in 2007 [136]-[138]
Other evidence about the disposition of Wrangler [139]-[143]
Conclusions concerning Wrangler's disposition [144]-[146]
The existence of a duty [147]-[154]
Breach of duty [155]-[160]
Particulars of negligence (a)-(i) [161]-[215]
Liability for harm from obvious risks of dangerous recreational activities [216]-[222]
Voluntary assumption of risk [223]-[241]
Alleged admissions by the defendant [242]-[249]
Conclusions concerning liability [250]-[251]
Contributory negligence [252]-[262]
Quantum [263]-[264]
Plaintiff's damages schedule [265]
Non-economic loss [266]
Past and future out-of-pocket expenses [267]-[270]
Past and future home care and domestic assistance [271]-[272]
Past and future economic loss [273]-[276]
Costs [277]
Orders [278]
Introduction
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:30
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
(b) the fact that a risk of harm could have been avoided by doing something in a different way does not of itself give rise to or affect liability for the way in which the thing was done, and
(c) the subsequent taking of action that would (had the action been taken earlier) have avoided a risk of harm does not of itself give rise to or affect liability in respect of the risk and does not of itself constitute an admission of liability in connection with the risk."
152Duty of care issues need to be seen in context. The plaintiff and defendant were indulging in a recreational sporting activity, namely horse riding. The defendant's duty of care is to exercise reasonable care riding his horse so as not to injure others. The principal question is whether or not he knew that he was riding into a paddock where the horse Aletist was in season.
There are also questions as to how the defendant responded to the danger, and whether his horse was known to him to have a bad disposition. It is for this reason that, in relation to consideration of issues of the defence, I have set out the provisions of ss 5F and 5G in relation to voluntary assumption of risk and s 5L in relation to obvious risk of a dangerous recreational activity.
153Concepts of duty of care owed by participants involved in recreation or sport have been the subject of analysis in a series of decisions. An early High Court decision, Rootes v Shelton (1967) 116 CLR 383, sets out (at 385) the parameters of the duty of care owed by participants in a sport:
"By engaging in a sport or pastime the participants may be held to have accepted risks which are inherent in that sport or pastime: the tribunal of fact can make its own assessment of what the accepted risks are: but this does not eliminate all duty of care of the one participant to the other.
Whether or not such a duty arises, and, if it does, its extent, must necessarily depend in each case upon its own circumstances.
In this connexion, the rules of the sport or game may constitute one of those circumstances: but, in my opinion, they are neither definitive of the existence nor of the extent of the duty; nor does their breach or non-observance necessarily constitute a breach of any duty found to exist."
154Kitto J went on to say at 389:
"It may be a moot point, as Dixon J regarded it in Insurance Commissioner v Joyce (1948) 77 CLR 39, at p 57, whether, in a negligence action, a plaintiff's voluntary acceptance of a risk should be considered as bearing upon the question whether the relation between the parties was such that the defendant owed him a duty of care,
or to the question whether the standard of care which the defendant was under a duty to maintain towards the plaintiff was higher than that which in fact his conduct reached.
But the issue on either view is whether the defendant's act or omission was a breach of a duty of care which he owed to the plaintiff; and accordingly in a case such as the present it must always be a question of fact, what exoneration from a duty of care otherwise incumbent upon the defendant was implied by the act of the plaintiff in joining in the activity.
Unless the activity partakes of the nature of a war or of something else in which all is notoriously fair, the conclusion to be reached must necessarily depend, according to the concepts of the common law, upon the reasonableness, in relation to the special circumstances, of the conduct which caused the plaintiff's injury.
That does not necessarily mean the compliance of that conduct with the rules, conventions or customs (if there are any) by which the correctness of conduct for the purpose of the carrying on of the activity as an organized affair is judged;
for the tribunal of fact may think that in the situation in which the plaintiff's injury was caused a participant might do what the defendant did and still not be acting unreasonably, even though he infringed the "rules of the game".
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:32
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
If after controlling the horse, the stallion, and being able to have the horse under control to be walking back towards the direction in which it came,
walking back probably a distance of maybe 100 to 150 metres and the horse was acting - in other words the stallion was acting quietly and you as the rider had that stallion under control and you were walking back and you were returning the stallion back to its stable or the area where it is enclosed, would you consider that to be the actions of a reasonable, prudent rider of the stallion?
A. If those circumstances were the case, yes, definitely.
Q. If you got to a point 150 metres away from the area where the mares were located and the stallion unexpectedly bucked you from the horse would that be something that you would have expected to have occurred under those situations?
A. It is certainly not impossible at all. I think the fact that the horse is wanting to go that way, you'd want him to go that way until you've got him secured there is always a chance that he is going to maybe spin around, rear up, buck or try and assert himself in some ways but there is - I wouldn't discount that there is a strong chance that that could happen.
Q. Having been bucked off the horse, the stallion, the behaviour of the stallion or the manner in which Wrangler behaved - in other words, went directly back to the mares in question was predictable, is that right?
A. Yes, I would - that's what you would expect him to do, yes.
Q. And if there was a moment when the stallion was standing stationary after you'd been bucked, would you try to restrain or grab onto the stallion?
A. If you can get to your feet quick enough assuming he'd bucked you off and you're on the ground. If you can jump up and grab him that would definitely be a smart thing to do yes."
165It was put to the defendant that he had lost control of the horse. While the defendant said that he had been thrown unexpectedly, the plaintiff submits it was not completely unexpected because of the horse's prior behaviour in trying to get to the other side of the fence with the mares (T 437).
166The defendant's response to this danger, namely to endeavour to walk the stallion back to the stable area was, as Mr Sanna pointed out at T 140, the action of a reasonably prudent rider of a stallion. The question of whether it was inadvisable for him to be riding this stallion in the vicinity of a mare in season is dealt with in other particulars set out below.
167Mr Lawson's report makes no comment on this particular. At T 150, he does however say that when riding a stallion, it is essential to be always looking for possible problems or conflicts that could arise. However, Mr Lawson does not identify any negligence by the defendant in response to the danger, such as an alternative course of conduct.
168It was put to Mr Sanna at T 156 that if Aletist was visible from about 100 metres back from the fence the defendant went through "a red light" by continuing to advance towards the fence when the horse was visible some 100 metres away. However, this was on the basis of the defendant knowing about Aletist being in season (T 155 lines 44-49).
If, as I have found, the defendant did not know that Aletist was in season, the mere fact that he saw a horse 100 metres away would mean nothing to him. It was not suggested in the evidence that from 100 metres it was possible to see a mare "winking".
The evidence of the defendant was that as soon as Wrangler became excited the defendant endeavoured to get him under control and to turn him around and lead him away.
169The plaintiff has not made out this particular of negligence.
(b) Allowing the plaintiff to ride her horse in the vicinity of Wrangler when it was not safe to do so.
170The particulars given by the plaintiff (Exhibit 3) state that the defendant allowed the plaintiff to ride her horse in the vicinity of Wrangler when it was not safe to do so in that there was a foreseeable risk Wrangler would get excited and out of control which in fact happened.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:49
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
"[i]f indeed the stallion had no propensity for misconduct, as suggested by the Defendant, it would be unlikely that he would cause the animal to be destroyed for what he claims was but an aberration, particularly given the total costs of the stallion, including transporting from the US to the UK and UK to Australia."
246The explanation given by the defendant for having the horse destroyed was as followed:
"I was in a relationship with Lorna and she couldn't bear to look at him. I made that decision and I stand by it." (T 443)
247He was asked why he had not simply arranged for the horse to be taken to another property and he said:
"Because he was my horse and I was emotionally distraught and this is what Lorna - this is what I felt Lorna would feel best by so it's what I did. At the time he was the national champion though he was the only one at the Show at this particular - he had huge potential. I did this for the reasons I've stated." (T 444)
248In written submissions, Mr Jones says that the "suggestion" that the stallion was destroyed for these reasons makes no sense, as it would have been a simple matter to relocate the stallion on another property in order to be away from the plaintiff.
249I do not accept this submission. The plaintiff had been very seriously injured and the defendant was distraught. They were in a de facto relationship at the time.
The destruction of Wrangler was, I find, for the reasons stated and not an admission by the defendant that the horse had a bad propensity, nor was it an admission by the defendant that he had given the advice which the plaintiff claims he gave her on the day of the accident prior to the plaintiff and defendant setting out on their ride.
Conclusions concerning liability
250I have found in favour of the defendant on the issue of liability.
251In the event that I have erred in my findings in favour of the defendant, I set out my findings in relation to contributory negligence.
Contributory negligence
252The particulars of contributory negligence set out in the defence are as follows:
(a)The defendant relies upon the facts and particulars pleaded in paragraphs 13 to 31 above.
(b)The plaintiff failed to inform the defendant that "Aletist" was in season.
(c)The plaintiff failed to avoid riding her horse "Freckles" in the company of "Wrangler" in the direction of, or near, or in the vicinity of, "Aletist" which was in season.
(d)The plaintiff failed to advise or warn the defendant not to ride "Wrangler" in the direction of, or near, or in the vicinity of, "Aletist".
(e)The plaintiff failed to prevent or stop or avoid the defendant riding his horse "Wrangler", which was a stallion and "fresh", in the direction of, or near, or in the vicinity of, the plaintiff's horse named "Aletist" which was in season.
(f)The plaintiff failed to take due care for her own safety.
253Sections 5R and 5S of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) provide as follows:
"5R Standard of contributory negligence
(1) The principles that are applicable in determining whether a person has been negligent also apply in determining whether the person who suffered harm has been contributorily negligent in failing to take precautions against the risk of that harm.
(2) For that purpose:
(a) the standard of care required of the person who suffered harm is that of a reasonable person in the position of that person, and
(b) the matter is to be determined on the basis of what that person knew or ought to have known at the time.
5S Contributory negligence can defeat claim
In determining the extent of a reduction in damages by reason of contributory negligence, a court may determine a reduction of 100% if the court thinks it just and equitable to do so, with the result that the claim for damages is defeated."
|
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:36
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
A. I squeezed Freckles and he took one step forward with his right front foot and that was it.
Q. Didn't move physically across the pathway in any way. Just put a foot forward. Is that it?
A. Well I must admit I wasn't looking to see if that step forward had actually meant his body had gone forward but he certainly only took one step forward with one foot.
Q. So you are not sure whether you actually moved forward at all are you?
A. No.
Q. You could have quite easily just remained stationary without actually physically moving your body?
A. Sorry can you please say that again?
Q. You could have quite easily just remained stationary yourself, in other words not, just yourself personally?
A. I think it would be unusual but perhaps it's possible. I can only tell you that he took that step forward and that I imagine there would have been some shoulder and body movement of the horse--
...
Q. So therefore you're in that position or Freckles was in that position as a result of and before Mr - sorry, I withdraw that. You were in that position across the pathway before Mr Meyer said anything to you weren't you?
OBJECTION.
Q. When Freckles was in the position across the pathway, that was before Mr Meyer called out wasn't it? You didn't manoeuvre--
A. Yes.
Q. Yes it was before that?
A. That's correct."
193Looking at the photographs which have been tendered and having regard to the evidence about the width of the pathway, it appears that it was possible for Wrangler to have passed the plaintiff whatever action she took.
It is also most likely that the plaintiff had so little time to move that if Wrangler had decided to attack her, there was little she could do. However, far apart the horses were, it was not a distance that would represent any difficulty to a stallion to cover in a matter of seconds.
194The manoeuvre which the plaintiff asserts was dangerous was not considered to be dangerous by the expert Mr Sanna, depending upon how quickly the horse could be controlled. He said at T 140-141, concerning the desirability of either the plaintiff or the defendant trying to grab the horse Wrangler:
"Q. Having been bucked off the horse, the stallion, the behaviour of the stallion or the manner in which Wrangler behaved - in other words, went directly back to the mares in question was predictable, is that right?
A. Yes, I would - that's what you would expect him to do, yes.
Q. And if there was a moment when the stallion was standing stationary after you'd been bucked, would you try to restrain or grab onto the stallion?
A. If you can get to your feet quick enough assuming he'd bucked you off and you're on the ground. If you can jump up and grab him that would definitely be a smart thing to do yes.
Q. And if there was another person, experienced rider with 31 years experience, riding with you, would you expect that that person may assist in some way in holding the stallion?
A. I think if you're on another horse that's probably a slightly different proposition because there is a chance that the, it depends on how those two horses interact, that there is a chance that the stallion would behave aggressively towards another horse.
Most horses, if they face up to a - most stallions if they face up to another horse and they're physically very close and they can sniff at them, they're very likely to scream and paw and maybe strike or rear at the other horse, so it would be a considerably more dangerous procedure to try and do it off another horse.
Q. If the other horse was, which is Freckles in this situation, a gelding which had been riding and familiar with riding with Wrangler basis probably once every fortnight over the period of ten months prior, would you consider that an experience rider, someone with 31 years experience and with experience of riding Freckles, would be appropriate to maybe try to hold onto--
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:29
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
Questions were put to them by Mr Jones in cross-examination about the defendant's conduct on the day of the accident, and about incidents which these witnesses had not observed, but as these were lay witnesses, I propose to treat this evidence with caution.
The evidence of their personal observations of Wrangler is, however, in a different category as it is direct observation rather than surmise or opinion.
146All of the evidence points to Wrangler being, for a stallion, a well-behaved horse with no prior history of misbehaviour.
There is no prior history of his attacking anyone due to excitement because there was a mare in season; he had behaved well in the presence of the plaintiff and the horses she rode on other occasions;
he had behaved well in the presence of objective observers who were themselves quite skilled horsemen, such as Mr Burgun, Mr Boileau and Mr Chant; he had behaved well in the presence of children; he appears from all accounts to have been a well trained horse in that the defendant is a skilled horse trainer.
These findings of fact are relevant to a number of the particulars, but principally to particular (i).
The existence of a duty
147The first question is whether or not there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff in relation to the case as pleaded. The plaintiff in written submissions (paragraph 33) draws my attention to the statement in Flemming Law of Torts, 10th Edition 2011 at [17.100] that:
"The ordinary duty of care requires that an animal, like anything else under one's control, does not become the source of harm to others. It matters nothing whether the Defendant causes a collision by negligently driving his car or galloping a horse."
148The defendant in written submissions draws my attention to the statement of Beazley JA in Council of the City of Greater Taree v Wells [2010] NSWCA 147 at [34]-[35]:
"[34] Notwithstanding a tendency for judges to cling to Mason J's formulation in Wyong v Shirt, claims for personal injury damages are now governed by the Civil Liability Act, subject to the exclusionary provisions of Pt 1 and, perhaps, cases which involve positive acts of negligence, to which I refer later.
[35] In Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak; Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Bou Najem [2009] HCA 48 the High Court, at [11], warned that if attention was not directed to the Civil Liability Act first, there was a serious risk that "inquiries about duty, breach and causation would miscarry"."
149The defendant also refers to Doubleday v Kelly [2005] NSWCA 151 at [15]-[16], where the Court of Appeal stressed the importance of the response of a reasonable person in the position of the defendant as to the foreseeability of risk of injury.
150The law of negligence is governed by the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). It is necessary, when considering actions for negligence, to start by setting out the relevant statutory provisions.
151The Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) in Division 2 (headed "Duty of care") sets out general and other principles at ss 5B and 5C as follows:
"5B General principles
(1) A person is not negligent in failing to take precautions against a risk of harm unless:
(a) the risk was foreseeable (that is, it is a risk of which the person knew or ought to have known), and
(b) the risk was not insignificant, and
(c) in the circumstances, a reasonable person in the person's position would have taken those precautions.
(2) In determining whether a reasonable person would have taken precautions against a risk of harm, the court is to consider the following (amongst other relevant things):
(a) the probability that the harm would occur if care were not taken,
(b) the likely seriousness of the harm,
(c) the burden of taking precautions to avoid the risk of harm,
(d) the social utility of the activity that creates the risk of harm.
5C Other principles
In proceedings relating to liability for negligence:
(a) the burden of taking precautions to avoid a risk of harm includes the burden of taking precautions to avoid similar risks of harm for which the person may be responsible, and
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:13
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
"Q. And in relation to when the horses would be fed, was it always the practice that the horses would be there at the feeding trough when you fed them?
A. No, no it wasn't those horses had a little more to choose from in that back country and they, as often as not weren't there when you'd dump the feed in." (T 348)
59He said (at T 390) that, at best, horses would come to the troughs at feeding time about 50% of the time, but that you could not see if a mare was "winking" unless you saw the horse from behind (T 391).
60He was asked in particular about his observation of the horse Aletist and the other horses in the arena paddock in the week before the accident:
"Q. I just want to clarify the question, when I said the horses, I was referring to Aletist and the other horse in the arena paddock which is what, you answered that question didn't you?
A. Yes I did.
Q. Do you know what other horse was there with Aelitist [sic]?
A. No I know there was another horse, I don't remember that horse's name.
Q. And did you observe Aelitist during that period of time of the week when she was in the paddock the arena paddock?
A. Did I observe her.
Q. Yes?
A. Not particularly.
Q. Did you observe any characteristics such as what has been described as winking during that period of time which would indicate to you that she was in season?
A. No I did not.
Q. The plaintiff has given evidence in relation to a conversation that took place on the telephone relating to - whereby the plaintiff said that she told you that Aelitist was in season, this was on the telephone during the week, did any such conversation take place?
A. Absolutely not." (T 348-349)
61The defendant agreed that they would have telephone conversations on a daily basis, sometimes several times a day, and that they would discuss matters such as horses. He said the plaintiff described such matters as changes to feeding regimes or water troughs, whether the garden needed to be watered and the like.
It was not necessary for the defendant to open the gate for deliveries because those persons had a key (T 349), that there were occasions when he had to let persons in to the property.
62He said that Wrangler was a typical stallion and stallions "typically are nippy" (T 350). He agreed it was very likely that he had told the plaintiff words to this effect (T 350).
The defendant's denials of conversations with the plaintiff about Aletist being in season
63The plaintiff alleges that she spoke to the defendant by telephone at the stud on the day that she brought the horses home from agistment. During this conversation the plaintiff says she told the defendant that Aletist was in season. The plaintiff says she had a second conversation with the defendant to this effect on the day of the accident.
64The defendant said, in examination-in-chief:
"Q. The plaintiff has given evidence in relation to a conversation that took place on the telephone relating to - whereby the plaintiff said that she told you that Aelitist was in season, this was on the telephone during the week, did any such conversation take place?
A. Absolutely not.
Q. Was there any conversation of a telephone nature that took place during the time that you worked at all during, sorry I withdraw that question. Did you communicate with the plaintiff when you stayed overnight at the Burke Stud?
A. Yes daily, several times a day.
Q. And would you talk to the plaintiff about matters involving the horses?
A. Certainly.
Q. And would you talk to - and sorry what sort of things would you talk to the plaintiff about as far as the horses on Ebenezer was concerned?
A. Well if Lorna felt on horse needed more hay or less hay or had changed the feeding regime or water troughs had to be filled, garden needed to be watered it would be mentioned." (T 349)
65The defendant denied that anything was said by the plaintiff about Aletist being in season on the day of the accident:
"Q. And was there anything said by the plaintiff about Aelitist being in season?
A. No.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:18
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
Yet Aletist was a horse which, according to her, winked regularly when in season, and would have been doing so while not only the plaintiff's stallion was on the property, but also while another stallion owned by the plaintiff had been on the property.
89The plaintiff gave evidence about horses being kept in various paddocks at various times, but there was no system for keeping mares in season apart from stallions. She said at T 187 that this was because she was not aware of there being any danger:
"Q. You must have been aware of the dangers associated with putting a stallion in the vicinity of a mare in season, you must have been aware of that danger?
A. Well I certainly am now.
...
Q. You must have been aware of that danger?
A. No, I was not aware." (T 186-187)
90She repeated at T 189:
"Q. You realised at that time the potential danger of that situation?
A. Like I said I was aware that his horse was a stallion and the circumstances of where we were going. I was not aware, although I am now, of the dangers that were awaiting."
91The defendant in written submissions calls attention to the inconsistency between the plaintiff making a point of telling the defendant, and then reminding him a second time, about something she did not consider to be important. The defendant's evidence was that if he had known, he would never have taken his horse into the vicinity.
92In written submissions, Mr Jones refers to the cross-examination at T 186 line 6-14 as follows:
"Q. So were you aware of the need to keep, and this is again going back to the time of your injury in October 2009, were you aware of the need or the caution not to put a stallion near a mare who was in season?
A. Yes.
Q. You were aware of that?
A. Well, and that's why I had advised Allan where I had put the horses and noted to him that they were the farthest away from his stallion and up the back of the property."
93However the plaintiff went on to say that she was not aware of the dangers of taking a stallion into a paddock where there was a mare in season as at 5 October 2009 (T 186 lines 25-28):
"Q. Well as at 5 October 2009 when you were injured, were you aware of the dangers associated with taking a stallion into a paddock where there was a mare which was in season?
A. No."
94Viewed in its totality, I am satisfied that, whether she observed Aletist "winking" or not, the plaintiff did not realise the danger of riding a stallion into a paddock where there was a mare in season.
This is a relevant matter to take into account when considering whether the plaintiff told the defendant about Aletist's condition, and sought confirmation about any danger on the day of the accident. These inconsistencies cast real doubt upon whether the plaintiff did in fact observe Aletist winking, or appreciate its significance if she did.
Issues of credit
95In relation to this issue, the defendant has made submissions about the plaintiff's credit, which I summarise as follows:
(a)The plaintiff attempted to downplay her experience with horses, to minimise her experience and to maximise her asserted reliance upon the defendant, whom she portrayed as giving her lessons;
(b)The plaintiff's specific answers in relation to questions such as whether Wrangler and Freckles had been ridden through paddocks with mares before (T 91), as opposed to very general answers when asked whether Wrangler had misbehaved or acted badly during the time he was on the property prior to her accident (T 90).
The plaintiff did not answer the question and when it was asked again (T 94) it is asserted she was evasive.
(c)The plaintiff and defendant were in a relationship which has now come to an end; and
(d)The conduct of the plaintiff, including speaking to a witness during the adjournment.
96While great caution needs to be exercised when making findings of credit about witnesses, the way that the plaintiff minimised her prior experience with horses is relevant to this issue.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:15
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
72The description given by the defendant of the circumstances leading to the accident vary, in that the defendant said he saw the horses Aletist and Butterfly facing them, and that Aletist did not have her back turned. He then described what happened as being as follows:
"A.
Wrangler took me toward those two horses like a locomotive, I tried pulling him up, I tried turning him, I tried doing everything that I think one could attempt with absolutely no result, I didn't know that we were going to stop at the fence,
I was thankful that we did, at that point all I could think about was getting him away from those two horses, one of which or both must have been in season for him to be acting the way he was acting.
" (T 352)
73He came to the conclusion that one or other of the horses was in season because of Wrangler's behaviour. He did his best to get Wrangler under control. He told the plaintiff he was abandoning the ride and that she could go on, but that he would have to return with this horse.
Wrangler continued to act up, although as they got further away the horse became more relaxed. He did not have any idea where the plaintiff was while he was endeavouring to control Wrangler. Once Wrangler had appeared to become calmer, he said "okay Lorna, what do you want to do today" (T 354) and that what subsequently happened was as follows:
"A. I was relaxed, I was comfortable in the saddle and without warning I got chucked to the floor, in picking myself up, Wrangler seemed to momentarily stand still, I asked Lorna to do something, stop him, block him, hold him, whatever, I don't remember those exact words, while I was getting up, which was a split second, as I wasn't injured, Wrangler spun and went racing back toward those two horses.
Freckles was running with him in that direction and he reached over and I could tell by the screaming he had a hold of Lorna's leg with his mouth and then somehow dragged her from her saddle and carried her some distance and both horses were beating her up with their hooves and their legs and she was screaming wildly." (T 354)
74The defendant saw the plaintiff lying on the ground injured in the pathway with the horses still loose. He was reluctant to move her because her leg was obviously fractured and he did not want to cause more injury.
His first priority was to get help on the way and he returned to the house as neither of the plaintiff nor the defendant had mobile phones. Because the ambulance arrived, he gathered the horses because the plaintiff was screaming and he observed she had dragged herself under the fence so she did not get trampled again.
Whether Aletist was "winking"
75The defendant was away from the plaintiff's property during the week when Aletist was put in the top paddock. How could he have known that Aletist was in season? The plaintiff said he knew because she told him. It would otherwise have been up to him to notice this.
Mr Lawson, the expert retained by the defendant, states at paragraph 12 of his report (Exhibit 2), that unless the mare is very hormonal, it is easy to miss she is in season unless she is teased.
However, the plaintiff's case is that it was particularly obvious that the mare Aletist was in season, because Aletist was "winking", namely displaying a stream of liquid from her twitching vulva, which was an indication that she was in season.
76Did the plaintiff in fact observe Aletist winking, or is this, as the defendant submits, a later invention? Mr Wilson states (written submissions, at paragraph 42) that the statement of claim does not describe prior observation of "winking", or the first conversation about it, despite going into considerable detail on a number of other issues and having the opportunity to amend on 1 June 2011.
In addition, Mr Wilson submits that I should take into account the failure to refer to the mare Aletist "winking" in answers to further and better particulars provided by the plaintiff, to the instructions to the expert, and to the reports of Mr Sanna.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:21
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
Then on a third occasion, also in the presence of other horses, Wrangler had been taken to a show and it had been secured to the horse trailer and then, in the presence of the other horses, had spent its time rearing and what's called screaming. So that it was known that this horse, Wrangler, had difficulties in the presence of other horses particularly mares." (T 3)
109The plaintiff's own evidence does not touch upon any of these events, which occurred prior to her association with the defendant. As counsel for the defendant points out in his submissions (paragraph 137), the plaintiff is limited to the pleading.
There are no particulars indicating that the horse Wrangler is alleged to have misbehaved in the presence of the plaintiff prior to the events on the day in question.
110The principal witness to these events, on the part of the plaintiff, was the defendant's former wife, Ms Kate Fenner (T 284ff). The defendant called three witnesses: Mr Boileau, Mr Burgun and Mr Chant.
111Mr Sanna, the plaintiff's expert witness, provided reports dated 6 December 2010, 9 May 2011 and 29 June 2011. These were short reports and the subject of some qualifications in the witness box. His evidence on relevant issues is referred to in relation to the particulars of negligence set out in this judgment.
112Mr Robert A Lawson, the defendant's expert witness, provided a four-page report which is Exhibit 2. He was not cross-examined. The contents of that report are also referred to where appropriate in relation to the particulars of negligence set out in this judgment.
(i) The Braidwood incident in 2006
113This was particularised as follows:
"In about 2006 in Braidwood the defendant was riding Wrangler and another person was riding a mare. As the horses were attempting to go through a gate Wrangler tried to mount the mare whilst it was being ridden."
114Ms Fenner's evidence of these events is that in 2006 she and the defendant were at a property near Braidwood to take part in the rounding up of some wild brumbies.
Ms Fenner was riding a horse she had bought in Australia as a three year old, which had just been broken in, so the horse had been under saddle for a very short time. The defendant was riding Wrangler. She described what happened as follows:
"A.
We came to a gate and Alan was, in an attempt to open the gate and the horses obviously got too close to each other and Wrangler tried to mount my mare and as he did that he came down and one of his front feet landed quite heavily on my knee and that was quite painful so I moved my horse away and we eventually got through the gate,
I can't really recall how, but I just made sure I kept a good distance away from him after that.
Q. How long have you been riding horses for?
A. All my life.
Q. And how did you regard in terms of horse play, the attempt by Wrangler to mount your mare?
A. Well it just told me that he wasn't under proper control. It is extremely dangerous if a horse rears up you know he could have, he hit my knee which was probably quite lucky, he could have hit my back, he could have hit my head, it is a very dangerous situation." (T 294-295)
115In cross-examination, Ms Fenner discounted the inexperience of Wrangler, who was on his first trip of this kind, and the new surroundings in which he found himself (T 295) and said that the horses "got too close to one another" (T 295 line 47).
The question was whether Wrangler attempted to mount the horse or was merely prancing around. If it was the latter, such conduct was, in the opinion of the plaintiff's expert Mr Sanna, completely unexceptional:
"A. Well my take on that is that there is a sort of, there's a bunch of things in there that I don't think were appropriate handing the reins of stallion to someone sitting on a mare was pretty inappropriate. It seems to me, maybe Mr Meyers was being a gentleman and doing the gate, I would have kicked the wife off and got her to do the gate if I was on a young excitable stallion.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:31
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
Non-compliance with such rules, conventions or customs (where they exist) is necessarily one consideration to be attended to upon the question of reasonableness; but it is only one, and it may be of much or little or even no weight in the circumstances."
Breach of duty
155I have set out above the relevant extracts from ss 5B and 5C of the Act, and, at the risk of repeating myself, note once again that this is a case which has been fought on the issue of the defendant's actual knowledge, and not a claim of constructive knowledge on the part of the defendant.
156The particulars of breach of duty essentially relate to the circumstances in which the defendant allayed the plaintiff's fears or concerns about riding into the arena paddock in circumstances where both of them knew that the horse Aletist was in season.
This is not a case where it is asserted that it was negligent for the defendant to ride his stallion into the arena paddock regardless of whether or not the mares in the paddock were in season; the case has been fought on the basis of the pleadings, namely that the defendant had actual knowledge of this fact.
157As Mr Lawson points out at paragraph 12 of his report, mares do not always demonstrate that they are in season unless there is a male horse around. Unless the mare is a very hormonal mare, it is easy to miss she is in season unless she is teased.
In the present case, it is asserted that it was visually evident that Aletist was in season because she was "winking", namely releasing fluid from her vulva, which would have been visible to anyone experienced with horses.
158The other particulars of negligence relate to the circumstances in which the defendant directed the plaintiff, once he had been thrown from Wrangler to the ground, to try to grab Wrangler's rein otherwise to stop him from getting into the field where the mares were.
159The third general area of breach of duty is the material set out in particular (i), namely prior knowledge of the horse Wrangler becoming excited in the presence of other horses and in particular mares.
160In addition, if breach of duty is established, the issue of causation may arise (s 5D(1)(a)): Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak; Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Bou Najem (2009) 239 CLR 420 at [54]-[55]. The breach of duty must be established to have caused the injury.
Particulars of negligence
161I now set out the evidence in relation to each of the particulars of negligence pleaded by the plaintiff
(a) Failing to properly and/or adequately control his horse Wrangler.
162The defendant's written submissions point out that the answers to particulars in relation to this claim assert that the defendant did not have proper control of Wrangler because "Wrangler threw the defendant off him and charged at the plaintiff" and "the defendant should not have been riding Wrangler in the vicinity of Aletist".
This is essentially a restatement of the claim in other particulars of negligence, discussed in more detail below, to the effect that the defendant failed to have proper control over his horse. I note my findings that the plaintiff did not tell the defendant the horse Aletist was in season.
163However, independently of whether or not the defendant should have been riding Wrangler near a horse which was in season, there is a question of how a person riding a stallion should manage that horse when it comes into contact with another horse in season.
164Mr Sanna's evidence at T 139-140 was as follows:
"Q. If you were riding a horse and saw mares at that gate or barrier, you would attempt to turn the horse around, is that ride?
A. The stallion for sure.
Q. If the stallion attempting to cantor swiftly towards that barrier where the mares are you would attempt to turn the horse around?
A. Definitely.
Q. If I suggest to you that's what Mr Meyer did - in other words, he attempted to turn Wrangler around then your opinion would be that that was the actions of a reasonably prudent rider of a stallion?
A. Definitely.
Q.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b:41
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975b
|
However, I see no reason not to adopt the definition found in the commentary to §343A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965) (Rest 2d Torts §343A). This definition is consistent with the Australian authorities discussed above which have emphasised the importance of an individual taking care for his or her own safety. In the commentary, "obvious" is defined as follows:
'Obvious' means that both the condition and the risk are apparent to and would be recognized by a reasonable man, in the position of the [plaintiff], exercising ordinary perception, intelligence, and judgment."
222In Carey v Lake Macquarie City Council [2007] NSWCA 4 McClellan CJ at CL explained the interaction of ss 5F and 5G in relation to the meaning of obvious risk and the circumstances in which a person was presumed to be aware as follows:
"[90] The effect of these provisions is that a plaintiff is rebuttably presumed to be aware of a risk where the risk would have been obvious to a reasonable person in the position of the plaintiff.
A plaintiff cannot rebut the presumption by claiming that even though he or she was aware of the general risk of harm, he or she was not aware of all its possible manifestations, including the one that eventuated."
Voluntary assumption of risk
223At paragraph 38 of the defence, a defence of volenti non fit injuria is pleaded in terms of a defence at common law only:
"The defendant relies upon the defence of volenti non fit injuria for the reasons outlined at paragraphs 13 to 33 above, as a total defence to the plaintiff's claim."
224The interaction between the common law defence of voluntary assumption of risk and ss 5F and 5G was explained by McClellan CJ at CL in Carey v Lake Macquarie City Council were cited with approval in Angel v Hawkesbury City Council (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81-955 at [83] as follows:
"[83] A finding that a risk of harm is an "obvious risk" within the meaning of s 5F(1) so that pursuant to s 5G(1) the person who suffers harm is presumed to be aware of that risk, does not, as the Council would have it, automatically lead to a finding of no breach of duty. Sections 5F and 5G are contained in Div 4 of Pt 1A of the CL Act entitled "Assumption of risk".
The purpose of that Division is, at least in part, to make it easier for a defendant to establish the common law defence of voluntary assumption of risk or volenti: C G Maloney Pty Ltd v Hutton-Potts [2006] NSWCA 136 at [101] per Santow JA; Carey at [34].
Except with respect to an "obvious risk" which obviates any common law duty to warn (see s 5H), the provisions of ss 5F and 5G and, in particular, the statutory definition of an "obvious risk", have no relevance to the question of breach of duty."
225The same issues relevant to "obvious risk" relating to a dangerous recreational activity for the purpose of s 5L also apply to the defences at common law of voluntary assumption of risk, as glossed by ss 5F and 5G.
226Further assistance in the relationship between the common law defence, which was always a difficult defence to prove, and the provisions of ss 5F and 5G, has been provided by McClellan CJ at CL in Carey v Lake Macquarie City Council at [86]:
"[86] Until the recent statutory amendments provided by the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) a defendant faced a difficult task to prove volenti. Although a plaintiff may be aware of a risk that they might be injured, unless the defendant could prove that they appreciated the risk that they might be injured in a particular manner or to a particular extent the defence would fail.
As Lord Halsbury LC said in Smith v Charles Baker & Sons [1891] AC 325 at 336, "a person who relies on the maxim must shew a consent to the particular thing done." Indeed, the defence has been so stringently applied that Campbell J noted in Tingle v J B Hinz & Sons [1970] Qd R 108 at 113 that:
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:2
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
9At the point where Rignold Street came to the fork, a lower road proceeded on the northern side further down into the valley where three other properties were situated. The left hand fork went in a slightly south westerly direction up a small incline to the front of the property at 8 Rignold Street. It was in that precise position that the concrete pump was located on the road outside the property.
There was reasonably dense foliage on either side of the roadway, as the photographs demonstrate. They also show that the width of the road was not very much greater than the width of the appellant's truck, particularly taking into account the side vision mirrors that extended beyond the body of the truck.
10As will be seen, the building work had been under way for many months by 20 March 2001. By that date, many trucks, some carrying concrete, had safely traversed Rignold Street to the site. Indeed, on the morning of the accident, a previous delivery of CSR concrete to the site had been uneventfully completed.
The accident
11The accident that gave rise to the proceedings occurred on the morning of 20 March 2001. The appellant had been directed by CSR to deliver 5 cubic metres of concrete to the site. As I have said, this was CSR's second delivery of concrete to the site that morning.
The appellant had never been to the site prior to his delivery. CSR had the responsibility of loading his vehicle back at the depot. There was no doubt that the amount of concrete loaded onto his truck was that which had been agreed in pre-contractual negotiations between CSR and the Respondent.
12The appellant initially had difficulty locating Rignold Street and radioed the allocator at CSR's Brookvale depot for assistance. He was directed to speak with the CSR driver who had already made a delivery to the site earlier that morning. The CSR driver advised the appellant to "stick to the upper side of the street".
Once on Rignold Street, the appellant did not speak to anybody at the site, nor did he speak to any representative of the respondent or of Pump Force. Before entering Rignold Street, the appellant climbed out of his truck, walked down the street and observed its condition and surrounding topography.
It is clear, as the trial judge later accepted, that, based on this assessment, the appellant formed the view that, although there were difficulties, he was capable of successfully reversing down the road. The appellant thereupon reversed his truck down the access road. His father, who had until that point been a passenger in the vehicle, stepped out and assisted him in the navigation process.
However, in the course of reversing, the appellant lost control of the vehicle. It toppled over onto its left side and fell at least partly into the adjacent gully. The accident occurred on a public road some distance removed from the building site. As a result of the accident, the appellant suffered physical and psychiatric injuries.
Relevant procedural history
13This litigation has had an unfortunate history. The original Statement of Claim was filed in the District Court on 2 March 2004. CSR was named as the first defendant and Watpow as the second defendant.
Eventually a number of cross claims were filed adding new parties that included Edensor as well as the motor vehicle and workers compensation insurers of Edensor. The first hearing in the District Court commenced on 26 September 2006. On the second day of the hearing, the appellant terminated the instruction of his solicitors and counsel. The hearing was vacated.
14The appellant obtained new solicitors and the matter was transferred to the Supreme Court. There was extensive case management before the matter was listed before the primary judge for hearing on 24 May 2010.
There were six days of hearing before CSR and Watpow agreed to have their cross claims against Edensor dismissed. This resulted in an agreement with the two insurers for those cross claims to be dismissed also.
|
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] |
What was the location of the accident that gave rise to the proceedings in Miljus v Watpow Constructions Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 96?
|
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] |
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:28
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
When invited by his Counsel to say what he would do about domestic or other assistance if he recovered a verdict, he said he did not know. The plaintiff is not entitled to recover under this head."
171As these were contingent damages assessed by his Honour, he then made the orders he had foreshadowed earlier, namely, a verdict for the defendant and an order that the appellant pay the respondent's costs.
Resolution of the damages issues
172The parties were at odds with one another over several issues in relation to the assessment of damages. The appellant's case was that his physical injuries and disabilities had really prevented him from working at all for some nine years.
This position was compounded (especially in relation to the prospect of driving heavy vehicles) by his psychiatric condition. However, the appellant's case was that for the future he would probably be able to work, although it would be a gradual process.
173By contrast, the respondent argued that the appellant's physical injuries were not as disabling as he claimed. For example, there was video evidence to show that the appellant did not appear to be significantly restricted in his movements. However, it was accepted that the combination of physical injuries and psychiatric injuries did mean that damages had to be assessed for past economic loss.
As to the future, the respondent argued that at best a slight buffer should be provided for the period following trial to allow the appellant the opportunity to undertake work. In the end, as can be seen, the primary judge found that the plaintiff would have been able to undertake a limited amount of work from about July 2006.
He accepted the joint psychiatric evidence which suggested that it might take the appellant some twelve months to return to full time work once he had secured a position suitable for a person with his disabilities and background.
174The first principal issue then was the method of calculation of the past economic loss claim. The appellant's first contention was that these figures could be ascertained by having regard to projected earnings under the CSR Readymix Agreement with Edensor.
The primary judge rejected this on the basis that he had the advantage of Edensor's tax returns and those of the plaintiff. In my opinion, his Honour made no error in relation to this aspect of his decision.
175I agree with the respondent's submissions that a number of the arguments advanced in this appeal on the appellant's behalf in relation to the assessment of the past lost earnings claim are purely speculative.
For example, Mr Gross argued that a contract driver such as the appellant would not have been content on a long term basis with earnings which were less than the amount an employed CSR truck driver could earn.
He suggested that, in those circumstances, the appellant may well have switched over to being an employed truck driver earning the rates of pay under the CSR Readymix agreement which the primary judge held were irrelevant to the present aspect of the assessment. All these were, it must be said, matters of pure speculation. The appellant himself gave no evidence which would permit such a finding.
176Mr Gross also argued that the primary judge did not consider the "add backs" referred to in the evidence of Mr Tomco, the appellant's accountant.
This was evidence that suggested that items such as depreciation and rent which were deducted from Edensor's income to provide an ultimate assessable income ought be added back to the plaintiff's earnings, so that those earnings would be increased by approximately $300 per week gross.
Neither of these arguments has any substance. It is true that Mr Tomco pointed out that the $13,000 depreciation figure for capital items (such as the truck) in the 2000 year might be regarded as an 'add back', he conceded that the depreciation only gave rise to a paper reserve.
|
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] |
What method of calculation of past economic loss claim did the primary judge reject in Miljus v Watpow Constructions Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 96?
|
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:31
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
I do not think there is any justification for these complaints and, as can be seen from a fair reading of the whole of his Honour's decision, the observations he made played no part in the ultimate assessment of the appellant's disabilities.
188Secondly, there was a reference to the fact that the appellant had made no mention to two of the doctors he saw of the fact that he'd had a second accident on 28 June 2004. Once again, there is no justification in this complaint.
The matter was referred to by the primary judge, but it played no part in his ultimate assessment. The matter was dealt with very fairly by his Honour and entailed no criticism of the appellant.
189The various grounds of appeal relating to this aspect of the appellant's complaint must be rejected.
190The third and final matter is the domestic assistance claim. It only needs to be said that his Honour dealt with this issue briefly and adequately. There was no evidence given by the appellant that he would engage paid domestic assistance if his parents were to suffer problems of health or pass away at an early age.
Indeed, there was no evidence as to the age and health limitation suffered by his parents, if any. In my opinion, the appellant has not shown error in relation to the this ground of appeal.
Notice of Contention
191The final matter that arises relates to those aspects of the respondent's Notice of Contention concerned with damages issues. There were two. They were that:
a) the assessment for non-economic loss was excessive; and
b) the primary judge erred in failing to make any discount for contributory negligence.
192As to the first, I am perfectly satisfied that the primary judge's assessment for non-economic loss was not infected by error. His Honour carefully examined the competing submissions and gave adequate reasons for the conclusions he reached. The respondent has failed to make good this aspect of his Notice of Contention.
193In relation to contributory negligence, the respondent asks that a moderate degree of contributory negligence be found. The primary judge gave careful consideration to this aspect of the case in his judgment (at [123]-[126]).
194In the ultimate, there was no suggestion that the accident happened because of a failure of the braking system of the vehicle. There was no suggestion that the vehicle was not properly maintained. The truck had been regularly serviced and its brakes had been checked the week before the accident. At the end of his discussion on the point, his Honour said Red 231 F-H:
"I have already accepted the plaintiff's version of the circumstances of the accident. There was nothing in that account that suggested any lack of care on the part of the plaintiff. In fact the evidence is to the contrary.
The plaintiff walked down the roadway first to see the route he had to follow. He took the advice of the previous driver to reverse down in an endeavour to keep his vehicle to the southern or upper side of the road.
He had the assistance of his father to try and guide him down the road. He drove at a very slow speed and was careful to ensure his brake pressure did not below that which was safe. In all the circumstances, it is difficult to see what else he could or should have done. In my view, the plaintiff was not guilty of any contributory negligence."
195There is nothing in the respondent's written submissions on this point that warrants a finding that his Honour fell into error on this point. I would find that this aspect of the Notice of Contention has not been established.
196I consider that the appeal should be dismissed and the Notice of Contention filed by the respondent upheld on the one ground only, namely, that relating to breach.
197I propose the following orders:
(1) Appeal dismissed.
(2) The appellant to pay the respondent's costs of this appeal.
**********
Amendments
24 April 2012 - Correct date is 20/04/2012
Amended paragraphs: Decision date field
DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision.
The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.
Decision last updated: 26 April 2012
|
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] |
What did the Court decide in relation to the respondent's Notice of Contention concerning damages issues in Miljus v Watpow Constructions Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 96?
|
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] |
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:4
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
The appellant's essential allegation as to what should have been done on the part of a reasonable builder/head contractor, in the position of the respondent, was this: Watpow should have located the concrete pump, or a second concrete pump as was done after the accident, at a point on the roadway closer to Boronia Lane to obviate the need for trucks to be driven down the roadway.
It was also suggested, less forcefully (in the light of the fact that this was really a matter for CSR), that smaller trucks might have been employed for the delivery of the concrete.
20His Honour also noted that the appellant, in maintaining his argument about duty of care, had drawn attention to the Code of Practice for pumping concrete. The plaintiff accepted that the Code did not advise or dictate the extent or scope of any duty.
However, the plaintiff maintained before the primary judge, as he did on this appeal, that the code "enlightened" as to what might be regarded as good industrial practice in a situation where concrete delivery trucks had to get access to a building site. It also threw light, the appellant maintained, on the expectation as to what a reasonably competent and careful builder would do: Red 216 P-T.
21The primary judge found that while a failure on the part of a builder or contractor to have regard to regulation 73(2) or clause 2 of the Code of Practice might, in an appropriate case, be some evidence of a breach of a common law duty, he did not consider that either provided a basis for imposing a new duty on the builder in relation to safe access beyond any duty that the law already imposed:
Red 216 U-V.
22Next, his Honour had regard to a number of decisions relied upon by the appellant. These were claimed to support the extension of the respondent's duty as an occupier to provide a safe means of access to land outside the premises over which a defendant had care and control.
The appellant placed particular reliance on ACI Metal Stamping & Spinning Pty Ltd v Boczulik (1964) 110 CLR 372, Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd v Luna (1969) 123 CLR 305, Ballina Shire Council v Daley [1991] NSWCA 18, and Portelli v Tabriska Pty Ltd [2009] NSWCA 17.
23In the ultimate, his Honour found, after consideration, that none of these cases provided any real assistance to the appellant. His Honour was more relevantly focused upon the circumstances which might throw light on a relationship, if any, between the appellant and the respondent.
In that regard, his Honour noted that the appellant was an employee of Edensor, albeit that it was his own company. In turn, Edensor was an independent contractor to CSR.
The concrete supply company had engaged Edensor as a sub-contractor to deliver its concrete to various sites around Sydney. By contrast, CSR and the respondent had a precise contractual arrangement for the delivery of concrete to the building site.
In those circumstances, his Honour said he found it difficult to characterise either the plaintiff or Edensor as an independent contractor to the respondent. Watpow at no time engaged the services of Edensor or the plaintiff: Red 217 A-D.
24Against that background, his Honour examined the decisions of the High Court in Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 and Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd v Fox [2009] HCA 35; (2009) 240 CLR 1.
25His Honour also called in aid the 2007 decision of this Court in Sydney Water Corp v Abramovic [2007] NSWCA 248.
Although this case was decided before Leighton Contractors v Fox, Basten JA had (at [98]) suggested a number of criteria that might be regarded as relevant in examining the nature of a duty, and indeed the existence of a duty, in circumstances where multiple contractors were engaged on or in relation to a building site.
The primary judge thought that the application of those criteria, and in addition the distinctions made in Leighton Contractors v Fox, suggested the existence of a duty, not as between the appellant and respondent in the circumstances of this case but, rather, as between CSR and the appellant.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:19
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
Mr Gross was unable to point to any authority which supported his proposition that the regulation has scope beyond the perimeters of the construction site, or at least the area immediately adjoining or adjacent to the construction site. Even if such a possibility could be envisaged, it would not extend to the circumstances of this case.
115If I be wrong in my construction of the Regulation, it nevertheless remains the fact that this was not a case in which breach of the Regulation was pleaded. It was simply allowed to stand as a particular of negligence. In that situation, I consider that it had very little, if anything, to say as to either the existence of or the scope of the respondent's duty of care.
116As to the latter, it is not the case (as Mr Gross' submissions tended to suggest) that the statutory obligation, which applies regardless of fault, is simply transposed into the duty to exercise reasonable care. As the High Court observed in Leighton Contractors v Fox at [49]:
"While it is true that obligations under statutory or other enactments have relevance to determining the existence and scope of a duty, it is necessary to exercise caution in translating the obligations imposed on employers, principal contractors and others under the OHS Act and the Regulation into a duty of care at common law.
This is because, as Gummow J explained in Roads and Traffic Authority (NSW) v Dederer 'whatever their scope, all duties of care are to be discharged by the exercise of reasonable care. They do not impose a more stringent or onerous burden'."
117The final matter relied on by Mr Gross in relation to the duty of care issue is the Code of Practice. This is a Code of Practice, it will be recalled, relating to the pumping of concrete. It was gazetted in 1993 and commenced on 1 March 1994.
Its purpose is to provide guidelines "for the safe operation of concrete pumps and ancillary equipment used for pumping concrete". It is an approved Code of Practice pursuant to s 44A of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983.
118Clause 2.1 deals with "planning by builder". It includes the following:
"When planning for pumping concrete to be on site the builder or principal contractor should consider such factors as:
...
(c) clear access to the pump unit for concrete trucks;
(d) safe and unobstructed access for the general public if the pump unit is set up in the street."
119Clause 2.2 deals with "planning by concrete pumping contractor" and provides:
"In addition to collaboration with the builder or principal contractor in the overall planning for pumping concrete on site, the concrete pumping contractor should consider:
...
(c) the location of the pump and access for concrete delivery trucks."
120Clause 3 deals with "work practices and protective measures". Clause 3.1 deals with setting up "on site" including work practices and protective measures on the site itself.
The references within it to positioning the pump away from excavations, trenches and inadequately compacted or soft ground make it clear that the obligation for "clear and safe access to approach" for delivery trucks relates to on-site activities.
121By contrast, clause 3.4 deals with setting up in a public place, for example, a street. There is no reference in that section to any obligation in favour of a delivery vehicle concerning the location of the pump.
122Clause 3.2 deals with location of the concrete pump and provides for a clear definition of the area where the pump is located, clear access and adequate lighting around the unit at all times; 3.3 deals with setting up a pump near power lines or electrical equipment; 3.5 deals with "traffic control" and in this regard there is a requirement to:
"Ensure that pedestrians on or off the site are not at risk from trucks delivering concrete to the pump by nominating a person whose duties will be to control the traffic. This person should wear the appropriate personal protective equipment."
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:6
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
These cases were all distinguishable, in his Honour's view. They did not, he thought, support the contention advanced on behalf of the appellant. ACI Metal Stamping was based essentially on the relationship of employer and employee as between the plaintiff and the defendant.
Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd v Luna, in the majority decision, determined that the statute (s 40 Factories, Shops and Industries Act 1962 (repealed) which required that there be a safe means of access to any place of work) depended for its operation on the maintenance of the distinction between the place at which the work was to be done and the means of access to that place.
The primary judge held that the majority decision in Luna did not advance the appellant's position at all.
32Ballina Shire Council v Daly, his Honour held, was distinguishable on the basis that there the defendant was not only the employer of the plaintiff but also was the local authority carrying out work on a road within its local government area.
His Honour noted, by contrast, that the placement of the pump on the roadway in the present matter was entirely incidental to the building work which was being carried on at 8 Rignold Street itself.
33Having reviewed the authorities and the submissions made, his Honour said (Red 220 L-U):
"97. None of these cases provides any support for the submission that a builder occupying a building site owes any duty to the independent contractor of a person with whom the builder has a contractual relationship for the delivery of goods in respect of the safety and maintenance of a public road over which that independent contractor must travel to get to the site occupied by the builder.
Certainly, the builder had no obligation to repair the road or make it or its environs safe. Indeed, it had no lawful right to do anything in respect of the road. The care of the road was the Council's responsibility.
98. What seems to be being argued by the plaintiff, however, is not so much that the builder should have made the road safe but should, by devising a different method of carrying out the work, have avoided the need for the plaintiff to be put at risk by driving down the roadway.
It was not made clear but, presumably that would satisfy the standard imposed by regulation 73 because the means of access to, say a second concrete pump higher up the road, would not be unsafe.
99. In my view there was no such duty on the part of the builder. None of the cases supports such a duty. Even if this case concerned a breach of statutory duty, namely, a breach of regulation 73(2), I do not consider that a public roadway over which the builder had no control could be considered to be a means of access for the purpose of regulation 73.
A fortiori, where regulation 73 only informs a standard of a common law duty of care, I do not consider that there is any duty of care cast upon the builder with respect to the public roadway to require him to block the public roadway by locating a second pump further away from the property."
34This last observation was no doubt a reference to the evidence which demonstrated that, once the second pump and piping had been put in place, it was necessary to block Rignold Street for several hours a day, thus preventing access and egress to the other three residences further down the street.
35The primary judge then gave detailed consideration to another aspect of the case. This was the evidence adduced as a result of the cross examination by Mr Gross QC of Mr David Watson.
The witness had made statements apparently accepting that it was his duty as a reasonable builder to plan for safety in relation to vehicles getting access to a site, rather than just waiting for complaints to emerge. Ultimately, despite his rather generous concessions, he denied that he should have been more pro-active about anticipating problems at the present site and addressing them.
36The primary judge accepted that, to some degree, Mr Watson had seen the respondent as having some general responsibility for the safety of the roadway.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:22
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
137The appellant seeks a new trial on the issue of damages. Although there are numerous grounds of appeal, the critical issues may be synthesised and distilled as follows.
(1) Whether his Honour erred in law in his quantification of the appellant's past economic losses. In particular, whether he erred in law by relying on the appellant's and Edensor's tax returns for the 1999 and 2000 financial years, rather than on other material.
Although the issue transposed itself into a loss of earning capacity for the future, I shall refer to this as the "past economic loss claim".
(2) Whether the primary judge erred in failing to adequately assess the appellant's residual earning capacity by reference to both his orthopaedic and psychiatric injuries. I shall refer to this as the "residual earning capacity" issue.
(3) Whether his Honour erred in relation to the assessment of the appellant's domestic assistance claim.
It should be said that there were a plethora of other complaints made about his Honour's approach, reasoning and fairness in the assessment of damages issue. I do not consider that it is necessary to deal with every one of these but, where such a complaint is relevant to the main points, I shall deal with it.
The primary judge's findings on damages
138His Honour made a detailed analysis of the evidence and the issues raised in relation to the question of damages. I shall briefly summarise this aspect of his Honour's decision.
139The primary judge identified the principal physical injury suffered by the plaintiff as an injury to his lumbo-sacral spine. He identified, however, that the plaintiff had also developed a significant psychiatric injury since the accident. It should be said immediately that his Honour accepted both these aspects of the appellant's claim.
They were, his Honour identified, the injuries which the appellant argued had impeded his return to useful work. There were some relatively minor injuries identified as a consequence of the accident, but those dissipated "reasonably quickly": Red 231 L-M.
140The primary judge then described the plaintiff's own evidence as to his disabilities consequent upon the accident. This included his statements about the degree of pain he suffered and its variation from time to time.
He maintained that the number of pain killers he must take affects his concentration and that this has restricted him to driving an ordinary motor vehicle for about twenty to thirty minutes at a time. He is not able to return to driving heavy vehicles because of his psychiatric problems.
141The appellant described his initial treatment by medical practitioners. His GP was Dr Nikolic at Fairfield. It was he who sent the appellant off for a CT scan and also referred him to a Mr Zepenic for psychiatric consultation.
There were no reports from Dr Nikolic, but there was reference to later treatment by Dr Ghaly. The appellant was, however, chiefly under the care of two persons before Dr Geoffrey Rosenberg, an orthopaedic surgeon, became his specialist on 22 March 2004.
142The primary judge referred to his earlier decision where he had made preliminary rulings on the admissibility of certain medical reports. Partly as a result of those rulings, there was only one report from Dr Ghaly, a report of 7 January 2002, which was ultimately received into evidence. There was then a reference to Mr Zepenic whose qualifications and experience were never proved.
It seems there was some cloud over Mr Zepenic on the basis that he had unlawfully held himself out as a registered medical practitioner. This 'cloud' meant that his reports were admitted into evidence but limited to the basis of providing contemporaneous evidence of complaints made by the appellant.
143His Honour then set out detailed sections of Mr Zepenic's reports which recorded those complaints that had been made by the appellant between 2001 and 2004.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:7
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
For example, there was evidence that the respondent had filled in potholes from time to time The evidence suggested, the primary judge said, that he was doing this for the sake of his company's reputation or to keep the peace with neighbours or because he thought he had a moral responsibility to do so.
His Honour said that the evidence, as a whole, provided only limited support for the notion that the respondent perceived it had a responsibility for the roadway. His Honour, however, concluded that that issue was ultimately one of law. In particular, the question as to whether a duty arose was a strictly legal one. It could not be resolved by Mr Watson's concessions.
37In that regard, his Honour gave consideration to a number of authorities that established that, where a plaintiff had relied expressly or impliedly on what had been the practice of a defendant implemented as a self-imposed obligation, liability had been imposed.
Ordinarily, this was a situation of reliance in cases where public authorities were involved. In any event, his Honour held that there was no evidence of any reliance by the appellant on any practice of the respondent, or indeed any reliance on the respondent at all.
The appellant's evidence had been that when he walked down the road to inspect it before driving the truck down, he did not speak to anybody at the building site. He formed his own conclusions, determining that, although there were difficulties, he was capable of driving down the road.
The only person on whom he had relied was the CSR truck driver who had delivered an earlier load immediately prior to the appellant's attendance at Rignold Street. This driver had told the appellant to reverse down the road and "stick to the upper side of the road": Red 228 lines H-M.
38His Honour's ultimate conclusion was that, in the absence of any reliance by the appellant on anything said or done by the respondent in relation to the roadway, the fact that the Mr David Watson perceived that, in some way the respondent had a degree of responsibility for the roadway, did not create a duty of care that was not otherwise imposed by the law. His Honour added (Red 228 O-Q):
"109. It is to be noted in any event that the defendant saw its responsibilities as being associated with what it ought to do to improve certain aspects of the physical features and surrounds of the road.
The defendant did not acknowledge that it had any responsibility to devise a different system of work which might have involved the placement of a second pump higher up the road. It has not been shown that the accident was caused by either of the matters for which the defendant perceived it had responsibility, namely trimming the foliage and filling some potholes."
39The primary judge, in the event that he were wrong in his conclusion as to the absence of a duty of care, next turned his attention to the issue of breach. Here he held that, if there were a duty, in all the circumstances a reasonable person in the defendant's position would have taken precautions. As to this his Honour said (Red 229 L-O):
"Perhaps the most obvious precaution was what the plaintiff has suggested in the present case, namely, to establish a second pump on the straight section of the road to obviate the need for the vehicles to reverse around the difficult cornered section of the roadway.
When the evidence established that there were only two or three other properties further down Rignold Street, and the pumps did not have to be in place on any permanent basis or for any prolonged period, there was no reason that arrangements could not have been made at minimal inconvenience to those residents as appears to have taken place after the accident."
40In those circumstances, his Honour considered that if the respondent did owe a duty to the appellant, it had breached that duty, specifically by failing to ensure that the trucks did not need to proceed beyond the corner of the road to deliver the concrete.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:9
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
Mr Campbell reminded this Court that, while regulations or the provisions of a statute might inform the existence of a common law duty of care and enlighten as to its scope, the High Court has said that all duties of care are to be discharged by the exercise of reasonable care. They do not impose a more stringent or onerous burden: Leighton Contractors v Fox.
50Mr Campbell argued that the primary judge had not distracted himself by considering the Roads Act or the contractual situation between the various parties. All these matters, though not determinative, were relevant to the case sought to be made by the appellant.
51Finally, on the liability issue, and particularly in relation to Regulation 73(2), Mr Campbell submitted that there was a distinction to be drawn between activities occurring at a place of work and the task involved in getting to the place of work. In that regard he placed reliance on Australian Iron & Steel v Luna.
Mr Campbell argued that the appellant here was, in truth, at his place of work from the time he left Brookvale to commence his journey to Seaforth. In other words, he was at his place of work while he was in his truck delivering concrete to CSR customers. Senior Counsel placed reliance on J. Blackwood & Son Steel & Metals Pty Ltd v Nichols [2007] NSWCA 157.
Two preliminary matters
52Before coming to the resolution of the issues, it is necessary to dispose of two preliminary matters. The respondent has taken exception to the filing by the appellant of a document dated 16 November 2011 entitled (in part) "Appellant's Narrative".
Mr Campbell has argued that the Court should not permit this late challenge to the primary judge's findings of fact. In my opinion, reliance on this challenge should not be permitted. I shall state my reasons briefly.
53First, the Notice of Grounds of Appeal and the proposed Amended Notice of Grounds of Appeal had not identified any substantial challenges of fact to the findings made by the primary judge. By contrast, the document in contest purports to be a submission made pursuant to r 51.
36(2) Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) (UCPR). Secondly, the "Appellant's Narrative" was filed almost five months after the appellant's written submissions and without the leave of the Court.
This matter was set down for hearing at a listing hearing on 7 June 2011, after numerous pre-trial directions hearings. The hearing date allocated was 28 November 2011. The "Appellant's Narrative" was not filed until 16 November.
It was not served on the respondent until 17 November 2011. Reliance on this document would have changed the course of the appeal significantly. Thirdly, no explanation has been given for the circumstances which led to this very significant departure from the Rules.
54It is contrary to the interests of justice that the appellant now be permitted to raise these challenges. The prejudice to the respondent and the administration of justice is manifest.
55The second preliminary matter relates to an order sought by motion filed on 28 November 2011 seeking to amend the Notice of Appeal in accordance with a Further Amended Notice of Appeal attached to the appellant's written submissions and itself dated 16 November 2011.
56This document appears in the Orange Appeal Book filed 17 November 2011. The precise amendment which is opposed appears at Orange AB 85 in these terms:
"15. His Honour erred in rejecting the tender of the report of Dr Dinnen, consultant psychiatrist, dated 12 June 2008."
57The facts regarding this matter may be briefly stated. The primary judge gave a preliminary ruling on 21 June 2010. This related to the tender by the appellant of a number of medical reports where it was not intended to call the author of any of those reports. There were a considerable number of reports involved in this exercise. Objection was initially taken by the respondent on a number of bases.
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:21
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
(ii) in the vicinity of 45 to 70 concrete trucks had delivered concrete to the property via Rignold Street without incident;
(iii) extensive additional truck movements, including the concrete pump truck, had traversed Rignold Street without incident;
(iv) representatives of CSR attended and inspected the site on 15 and 19 March 2001.
3. His Honour erred in finding that if the respondent owed a duty of care to the appellant then it breached that duty.
His Honour ought to have found that the respondent discharged any duty it owed to the appellant (the respondent does not admit any such duty was owed) by acting reasonably in engaging CSR, a specialist contractor, to design and implement a system of work for the delivery of concrete to the property."
Causation
4.
His Honour erred in finding that if the respondent had a duty in respect of the roadway, it would be appropriate for the scope of the respondent's liability to extend to the harm suffered by the appellant in circumstances where the respondent had acted reasonably in engaging a competent specialist sub-contractor to design and implement a system of work for the delivery of concrete to the property."
132In my opinion, this aspect of the Notice of Contention has been made out. If, contrary to the primary judge's conclusion, the respondent owed a duty of care to truck drivers involved in transporting concrete along Rignold Street to the site, the evidence overwhelmingly establishes that the respondent had discharged that duty.
It did so by engaging competent contractors who were responsible for the design and implementation of a system of work for the delivery of concrete to the site.
The negotiations and commercial arrangements between the respondent and CSR, added to the consultations with the specialist pump contractor, Pump Force, adequately discharged, in my opinion, any duty of care owed by the respondent to the appellant.
133Secondly, having regard to the number of prior truck movements over many months, the probability of harm occurring to anyone delivering goods to the site, including concrete trucks, was so low that a reasonable person would not have taken any precautions beyond reliance on the advice of specialist contractors in relation to such a possibility.
134Each of the matters relied on by the respondent allow for only one conclusion. A practical and commonsense appraisal of the system demonstrated that the appellant's argument was quite unrealistic.
If there had been an obligation on the respondent at the outset of the project to place a second pump further up Rignold Street towards Boronia Lane and to use rigid piping to connect to an initial pump near the site,
the consequence would have been quite unreasonable for the residents whose access to their properties in the vicinity would have been obstructed over many months and for many hours a day.
The appellant's case demanded that such a system should have been installed at the very outset of the building project.
135The appellant's argument as to the relative ease with which the two pumps were installed does not outweigh these considerations. Mr Gross' argument is, with respect, a classic example of hindsight reasoning.
The fact that approximately seventy deliveries had occurred without incident militated strongly against the need to take the same precautions as were determined to be taken with the final three pours. This was specially so in the circumstances where CSR had inspected Rignold Street as recently as 19 March 2001 and had raised no further complaint about the delivery situation.
136For these reasons, the Notice of Contention, in so far as it raises "breach" issues, should be upheld. Any duty that may have been imposed upon the respondent was to be discharged by the exercise of reasonable care. The respondent's actions in coming to a sensible commercial arrangement with a responsible and experienced supplier were a sufficient discharge of any such duty.
Damages
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:24
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
151His Honour observed, in passing, that the complaints of the appellant to Dr Walker and Dr Rosenberg involved pain radiating down the right leg, whereas the complaint to Dr Habib involved pain and weakness down the left leg. His Honour noted that Dr Walker had said that the radiology tended to show more marked changes on the left side but this was not the side of the appellant's complaints.
152I should interpolate that Mr Gross was critical of the primary judge for making a credit finding of some kind adverse to the appellant in the circumstance of the last comment. For my part, however, I do not read his Honour's decision either in that section or generally as involving any major credit finding against the appellant.
Indeed, as will be seen, his Honour accepted not only the injuries sustained by the appellant, both of a physical and psychiatric nature, but accepted also the genuineness of the complaints he made to the various treating doctors and other specialists.
His Honour noted that none of the orthopaedic specialists nor Dr Walker had given evidence before him, and that no attempt had been made by the plaintiff to resolve this apparent conflict in the complaints. However, I do not think that anything turned on this in relation to his Honour's overall findings concerning the appellant, nor did anything turn on it in relation to the assessment of damages.
153The primary judge then gave consideration to the evidence given by the plaintiff concerning his current disabilities and their impact on him. His Honour noted the plaintiff's evidence that he lived with his parents but that he did little work around the house.
Since the accident he has not been able to mow the lawn as he used to and he is unable to carry out such domestic assistance as washing the driveway. Generally, he said he did "nothing around the house". His mother did all the domestic work.
154His Honour then turned to examine the psychological and psychiatric evidence. His Honour noted that, in his earlier judgment, he had decided that some of Mr Basten's reports (a psychologist who had seen the appellant from August 2001 to January 2002) should be admitted into evidence, but limited to the issue of history and contemporaneous complaints.
His Honour explained that he limited the evidence in this way because of the fact that in the trial concurrent evidence had been given by a conclave of psychiatrists which did not include Mr Basten. It appears Mr Basten's opinions differed markedly from the conclave opinions.
155Principally, Mr Basten had received complaints from the appellant indicating his fear and avoidance of driving large trucks.
156His Honour then turned to the joint reports of Dr Robert Lewin and Dr Benjamin, the psychiatrists. As stated much earlier in these reasons, there was ultimate agreement between them that the appropriate diagnosis was a chronic adjustment disorder accompanied by a degree of personality decompensation.
157Importantly, the psychiatrists thought that the appellant would be fit to work on a half time basis at the time of their report of 30 April 2010. His Honour referred to their elaboration on this point during their evidence. He said (at 154):
"They thought that when the litigation had concluded the plaintiff should be able to work three days a week, five hours per day. Perhaps a month after that time, the plaintiff could extend to twenty-five hours a week and then to thirty hours after another two months. He may remain at that level for perhaps the remainder of the twelve month period, when he would be able to move to full time work."
158Against the background of this evidence, his Honour assessed the plaintiff's own evidence as to his views about his ability to work. His Honour said (Red AB 236 A-H):
"156. The plaintiff's main act of recreational activities before the accident were playing snooker and chess. Since the accident he occasionally plays snooker but the pain affects him. He says that he has not played chess since the accident.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:11
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
65In my opinion, the appellant should not be allowed to rely on the amended ground of appeal No 15. First, it is correct, as Mr Campbell SC argued, that the primary judge did not reject the report of Dr Dinnen.
His ruling, merely on a preliminary basis, was that he would not admit the report, subject to the appellant's rights to argue a contrary position. The simple fact is that the appellant never sought to make any further submissions and did not seek to tender that report at the hearing.
66Secondly, Dr Dinnen's report, in any event, appears to offer the same diagnosis as that identified in the joint report accepted by the primary judge at the hearing. While the primary judge rejected the appellant's claim for ongoing economic loss on the basis of the joint opinion and his preferred view of the orthopaedic evidence, it does not seem that this report takes the matter any further.
67To the extent that the motion might be said to be, in truth, an application to this Court to receive further evidence pursuant to s 75A(7) Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), the appellant has not demonstrated "special grounds" for permission to do so: Akins v National Australia Bank (1994) 34 NSWLR 155;
Nowlan v Marson Transport Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 346; (2001) 53 NSWLR 116; Phoenix Commercial Enterprises Pty Ltd v City of Canada Bay Council [2010] NSWCA 64 at [27] per Spigelman CJ.
68For these reasons, I do not consider it to be in the interests of justice to allow this particular amendment to the Notice of Appeal. There was a second minor amendment to Ground 2 which was not opposed by the respondent. The need for the amendment arose simply because of a typographical error, and that amendment (deletion of the word "not") is allowed.
Resolution of the issues on liability
69This appeal involves on its face an issue that is commonly contested in workplace accident litigation.
The question which commonly arises is this: to what extent is a head contractor responsible for an injury that occurs to the employee of an independent contractor working on the site?
Again, a similar question may arise in connection with an injury sustained by an independent contractor engaged by another contractor further up or down the scale in relation to the complex of activities on the building site.
70The present case has an unusual feature, however, as the employee of the delivery contractor (whose engagement was with a manufacture and supply company) was injured in an accident which occurred at a position relatively well removed from the site.
It was an accident which, on initial impression, had nothing to do with the organisation and co-ordination of workplace activities on the building site itself.
71In Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (at 31), Mason J explained that if an entrepreneur engages independent contractors to do work that might as readily be done by employees, in circumstances in which there is a risk to them,
or their employees or sub-contractors, of injury arising from the nature of the work and where there is a need for direction and co-ordination of the various activities being undertaken, the entrepreneur will come under a duty to prescribe a safe system of work.
It is difficult to see, it must be said, that that this principle is engaged in circumstances where a delivery truck bringing goods for the project runs off the road on its way to the building site. In view of the appellant's submissions, however, it is convenient to commence the analysis of the liability issues in this matter through the prism of the Stevens v Brodribb legal construct.
72The general position in relation to the complex of relationships on a building or development site has recently been made clear by the High Court of Australia. The relevant principles, as I see them, may be shortly stated as follows.
a) The general duty of care owed by a builder or contractor who has possession of the building site is that of an occupier.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:10
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
First, some reports were said not to comply with the Expert Witness Code and otherwise did not clearly state the assumptions of fact made, nor the reasons for opinions expressed as required by the Code.
Secondly, in some cases, the author of a report had provided opinions beyond the specialty and qualifications possessed by him. Thirdly, it was claimed that, for case management reasons, the particular report should not be admitted into evidence.
58The primary judge explained in his interim decision that the procedural history of the tender of these medical reports had been quite unsatisfactory. Ultimately, as he recorded, some type of agreement had by then been reached between the parties as to the manner in which he should deal with the reports.
Counsel for the respondent was required to provide a schedule of the reports objected to, identifying the precise basis or bases upon which objection would be taken.
The primary judge would then provide preliminary rulings on the objections. If, after those preliminary rulings were given, the parties wished to re-list the matter to argue any aspect, they were invited to do so and the outstanding matters could then be debated on a fully contested basis. The parties indicated to the primary judge that they would not require reasons for his preliminary rulings.
59Nevertheless, his Honour decided that he would give brief rulings to assist the parties to determine whether they would wish to argue any of the matters further. His Honour in his interim decision expressly noted that he had not heard any detailed submissions from the appellant to justify the admission of the reports into evidence.
It was for that reason that he decided he would give brief reasons to assist the plaintiff in that regard. He expressly "reserved" the appellant's rights to re-agitate any of the matters on which his preliminary rulings were given.
60His Honour then addressed some forty-odd reports, including one by Dr Dinnen of 12 June 2008. In that regard his Honour said (at 35):
"Report of Dr Dinnen of 12 June 2008 - Dr Dinnen is a psychiatrist. This report is a medico-legal report, the plaintiff having been sent to him by his present solicitors. Objection is taken to this report on case management grounds.
This is likely to be because Dr Dinnen was not involved in the conclave and did not give concurrent evidence with the other psychiatrists. I would not be prepared to admit his report."
61His Honour had earlier referred to the fact that, with the concurrence of the parties, two psychiatrists had prepared a joint report. They had given concurrent evidence which discussed in detail the appropriate diagnosis of the appellant from a psychiatric point of view.
In his ultimate finding, at the conclusion of the trial, the primary judge found that the joint report of the psychiatrists Dr Robert Lewin and Dr Samir Benjamin agreed that the appropriate diagnosis for the appellant was "a chronic adjustment disorder".
They also agreed that there appeared to have been a degree of Personality Decompensation. The psychiatrists jointly accepted, it seems, that the motor vehicle accident of 2001 had precipitated the plaintiff's psychiatric condition. They thought the plaintiff was fit to work on a half-time basis at the time of their report of 30 April 2010.
They also thought that, with the passage of time following the conclusion of litigation, the plaintiff would ultimately be able to move to full time work, although not, obviously enough, in his previous occupation as a truck driver.
62At the conclusion of his interim decision on 21 June 2010, his Honour directed the parties to contact his Associate to fix a time to resolve any issues outstanding as a result of his preliminary judgment.
63It is common ground that no application was made by the appellant thereafter in relation to the tender of Dr Dinnen's report.
64The first time it emerged as an issue in these proceedings was in the Further Amended Notice of Appeal.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:29
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
The appellant had purchased a second-hand Ford truck in 1999 (or thereabouts) that was specially modified for CSR, and in 2000 he fitted a new engine into that vehicle. The real depreciation of a capital item such as the truck would require, in due course, the expenditure of considerable money in repair and probably replacement.
Edensor had only a very small amount of working capital in the bank: AB Black 2, 728 O-S. The appellant argued that his true gross income in 2000 should be increased to allow for "rent" debts incurred in that financial year by Edensor but not actually paid. Once again, Mr Tomco agreed that "some time in the future, it would have to be paid".
177In my opinion, the primary judge made no error in assessing past economic loss by reference to the income the appellant would have derived from Edensor. Secondly, it was correct, in those circumstances, to assess the figures based on the appellant's tax returns and by comparison with the income shown in Edensor's financial records as having been paid to the appellant.
No error has been demonstrated in the primary analysis of the appellant's pre-injury income. Nor has any basis been shown for increasing the assessment for his loss of earning capacity to $742 per week, as alleged by the appellant in its submissions.
178The second, and perhaps the principal, criticism of the primary judge is that he erred by paying too little attention to the appellant's physical disabilities as a consequence of his injuries and paid too much heed to the joint psychiatric opinion.
It will be recalled that his Honour had referred to a report from Joanne Springer, a rehabilitation counsellor who noted that the plaintiff's general practitioner, Dr Nikolic, had certified him for suitable duties with restrictions including not driving a truck. This certificate had been given as early as 23 May 2001.
Mr Gross was critical of the fact that the primary judge referred to it because, as he pointed out, the document was admitted on a limited basis, namely as relevant to history and complaints. I am not by any means convinced that his Honour incorrectly used the material.
Read in context, it is clear that his Honour was doing no more than making the general point that the appellant was physically fit for some type of work at various points between 2001 and 2004. His reference to Ms Springer's report was merely a starting point for these observations.
179His Honour examined, in that connection, the reports of Drs Millons, Walker and Rosenberg. Of these three, Dr Rosenberg was the most guarded in his assessment of the appellant's prospects for employment. The primary judge had remarked that Dr Rosenberg's expression of opinion was not clear. In his report dated 19 August 2004, Dr Rosenberg concluded (Blue AB 1, 111):
"I believe that given the history, his work is a substantially contributing factor to his current state. Given the ongoing severity of symptoms I do not believe he is capable of working, certainly as a truck driver, and indeed in any job for which he is suited.
I propose surgery at some stage should symptoms become unmanageable, but suspect that he will require a fusion as opposed to a disc replacement."
180In my opinion, the primary judge was entitled to place a question mark over the meaning to be attributed to the statement in Dr Rosenberg's report regarding the appellant's capacity for work other than as a truck driver.
181Some light is thrown on the ambiguity by the next report dated 30 January 2007. In that report (Blue AB 1, 114), Dr Rosenberg said:
"I would assume that he continues to suffer with back pain and periodically leg pain as a result of his spinal injuries and certainly I believe he would struggle to perform his usual job as a truck driver, obviously involving prolonged stints behind the wheel in a seated position and presumably involving period loading and unloading of loads from his truck."
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:0
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
Court of Appeal
Supreme Court
New South Wales
Medium Neutral Citation: Miljus v Watpow Constructions Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 96
Hearing dates: 28 November 2011
Decision date: 20 April 2012
Before: Bathurst CJ at [1]
McColl JA at [2]
Whealy JA at [3]
Decision: (1) Appeal dismissed.
(2) The appellant to pay the respondent's costs of this appeal.
[Note: The Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 provide (Rule 36.11) that unless the Court otherwise orders, a judgment or order is taken to be entered when it is recorded in the Court's computerised court record system.
Setting aside and variation of judgments or orders is dealt with by Rules 36.15, 36.16, 36.17 and 36.18. Parties should in particular note the time limit of fourteen days in Rule 36.16.]
Catchwords: NEGLIGENCE - Appeal - duty of care - whether an occupier of a building site owes a duty to provide safe means of access to sub-contractors of independent contractors on a public road - relevance of Codes of Practice to finding common law duty of care - Leighton Contractors v Fox - Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd.
NEGLIGENCE - Appeal - breach of duty of care - discharge of a duty of care by retaining a competent independent contractor - meaning of "access" in clause 73(2) Construction Safety Regulations 1950 - how breach of a regulation bears on breach of a duty of care.
NEGLIGENCE - Appeal - damages - method of assessing lost earnings.
Legislation Cited: - Code of Practice - Pumping Concrete 1994
- Construction Safety Act 1912 (NSW) - s 3
- Construction Safety Regulations 1950 (NSW) - Reg 73(2)
- Factories, Shops and Industries Act 1962 (repealed)
- Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 (NSW) - s 44A, s 46(2)
- Roads Act 1993 (NSW)
- Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) - s 75A(7)
- Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) - r 51.36
Cases Cited: - ACI Metal Stamping & Spinning Pty Ltd v Boczulik (1964) 110 CLR 372
- Akins v National Australia Bank (1994) 34 NSWLR 155
- Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v GSF Australia Pty Ltd [2005] HCA 26, 221 CLR 568
- Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd v Luna (1969) 123 CLR 305
- Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna [1987] HCA 7; 162 CLR 479
- Ballina Shire Council v Daley [1991] NSWCA 18
- J. Blackwood & Son Steel & Metals Pty Ltd v Nichols [2007] NSWCA 157
- Dovuro Pty Ltd v Wilkins [2003] HCA 51; 215 CLR 317
- Ilvariy Pty Ltd v Sijuk [2011] NSWCA 12
- Kuhl v Zurich Financial Services Australia Ltd [2011] HCA 11, 243 CLR 361
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd v Fox [2009] HCA 35; 240 CLR 1
- Normoyle Pty Ltd, F & D v Transfield Pty Ltd t/as Transfield Bouygues Joint Venture and Anor; Transfield Pty Ltd t/as Transfield Bouygues Joint Venture and Anor v Z Vranjkovic & Ors [2005] NSWCA 193; 63 NSWLR 502
- Nowlan v Marson Transport Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 346; (2001) 53 NSWLR 116
- Phoenix Commercial Enterprises Pty Ltd v City of Canada Bay Council [2010] NSWCA 64
- Portelli v Tabriska Pty Ltd [2009] NSWCA 17
- Roads and Traffic Authority (NSW) v Dederer [2007] HCA 42; 234 CLR 330
- Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16
- Sydney Water Corp v Abramovic [2007] NSWCA 248
Category: Principal judgment
Parties: Damien Miljus (Appellant)
Watpow Constructions Pty Ltd (Respondent)
Representation: Counsel:
B.J. Gross QC, C.J. Callaway (Appellant)
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:13
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
A fortiori, if no such duty, as proposed, arose in relation to the co-ordination of the activities on the project site, it must be the case that no such duty arose or existed in relation to an activity away from the site.
74A convenient and relevant starting point, although not finally determinative of the matter, is the contract between CSR and the respondent. His Honour was correct to have regard to these arrangements. There was, of course, no contract between the respondent and Edensor; nor between the respondent and the appellant.
Part of the CSR contract was the concrete delivery docket issued in relation to each delivery. This document noted that the sale was "subject to CSR construction materials terms and conditions of sale". The delivery docket contained a number of the general conditions of supply, although not all. One of those was general condition 9, which provided as follows:
"Goods will be delivered to the kerbside adjacent to the delivery site.
If at the customer's request, the delivery vehicle leaves the road and enters the delivery site to unload,
the customer is responsible for providing suitable and safe access for the CSR delivery vehicle and agrees to indemnify CSR and its agents for all damage and injury to any person and to any public or private property which may result including any costs associated with enabling the delivery vehicle to leave the site.
"
75The dockets make it clear that the delivery site was "8 Rignold Street, Seaforth". They also demonstrate that there had been a considerable number of deliveries of concrete to the site in the eight month period between August 2000 and March 2001.
On all occasions, it appears that the delivery of concrete was made to Pump Force's hopper which was situated on Rignold Street itself, adjacent to the building site.
The procedure was described in the evidence: Black Vol 2, 477. The concrete truck driver would arrive at the site but remain on the roadway at Rignold Street. The truck driver would drop the chute of his truck to enable concrete to flow out of the truck barrel into the chute.
It would then pass via the chute into the hoppers of the pump operated by Pump Force. It would then be driven along the pipes across the building site to where the concrete was to be used.
76The contract between CSR and the respondent highlighted that the building contractor would assume responsibility if the delivery vehicle left the road and entered the delivery site. By contrast, CSR (and hence its independent contractor drivers) had responsibility up to the point when the truck left the road and moved onto the delivery site.
If the vehicle moved onto the delivery site, the contractor was responsible for providing suitable and safe access for the delivery vehicle. If it remained off-site, the risk did not pass to the respondent. It remained with CSR.
77Quite apart from the contractual situation, what did the factual circumstances found by the primary judge demonstrate? This question may be addressed against the background of the established category of cases (considered in Leighton Contractors v Fox) in which a principal may incur liability in relation to the complex of activities on a building site.
The relevant occasions for liability identified by the High Court appear at [46]. They include the situation where liability is incurred for the tortious act of an independent contractor that has been directly authorised by the builder. That clearly had no application to the facts as found in this matter.
78Secondly, liability might arise for breach of specific duties as an occupier. That clearly had no scope for operation in the present matter as the appellant sustained his accident well before arriving at the location of the building site.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:20
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
123There are also clauses requiring attention to the emission of noxious fumes, prevention of unnecessary noise and vibration, etc. There are a plethora of provisions requiring appropriate measures of cleaning out the pipes, the receiving hopper and for activities such as line cleaning, pump inspection and regular maintenance.
124The "setting-up on site" requirements make it clear that the pump should not be positioned on any part of the site where there are excavations, trenches or holes in the ground, etc. Unauthorised persons are to be kept away from the immediate area of the machine. In particular clause 3.1(f), (g) and (h) are as follows:
"f. Concrete delivery trucks should have clear and safe access to approach and leave the receiving hopper of the pump.
g. If more than one truck is required to approach the receiving hopper at any one time, a spotter or traffic controller should be on hand to safely direct the movement of the trucks.
h. No person should stand between the reversing truck and the hopper."
125In my opinion, the Code of Practice for pumping concrete has no relevance in this appeal to the existence of a duty of care, as asserted by the appellant.
126Firstly, as has been said, there was no pleading to suggest it had any part to play in either the duty of care issue or in relation to breach.
Mr Campbell, during argument, correctly identified that objection was taken to any reliance on it when it was first raised at trial, and that Mr Gross had disavowed reliance upon it other than to say it provided some type of "enlightening" background for the roles of different people on the building site.
127Secondly, again as Mr Campbell argued, s 46(2) of the Occupational Health and Safety Act carried with it, in the case of breach, no civil or criminal liability.
128Thirdly, I am not satisfied that, in any event, the Code of Practice has any role to play in assessing either the existence or scope of a duty of care in the present matter. The guidelines provided by the Code of Practice are essentially dealing with safety issues in the actual operation of concrete pumps and ancillary equipment used for pumping concrete.
They have nothing to do with the preservation of the safety or protection of persons driving to a work site where a concrete pump may be operated. Clause 2.1 makes it clear that the "clear access" to the pump unit for concrete trucks arises in a situation where a pumping unit is on site.
Where it is not on site, the only obligation for safety relates to "safe and unobstructed access for the general public". It has nothing to do with contractors delivering to the site.
129In the section (Clause 2.2) dealing with planning by the pumping contractor, once again the obligations there relate to the planning for pumping concrete "on site". Access for concrete delivery trucks is obviously important where those trucks have to access the pumping equipment on the site itself.
The clause has nothing to do with the circumstances of the present case. Similarly, for the reasons I have earlier identified, clause 3.1 and clause 3.4 do not advance the appellant's argument.
130In my opinion, the Code of Practice has no bearing on the duty of care issue.
Notice of Contention
131The respondent has filed a Notice of Contention which raises a number of matters. One of those goes to the issue of breach of duty of care. It is convenient to deal with that issue at this stage. The Notice of Contention is in the following terms:
"2. His Honour erred in finding that the risk of accident involving a truck moving down the roadway was foreseeable in circumstances where:
(a) the respondent had obtained advice from a specialist sub-contractor that it was able to deliver concrete to the site via Rignold Street;
(b) his Honour had the benefit of evidence that established that as at 20 March 2001:
(i) some 300 to 400 cubic metres of concrete had been delivered to the property without incident;
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:1
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
S.G. Campbell SC, M.K. Scott, B.C.A. Bradley (Respondent)
Solicitors:
Schreuder Partners (Appellant)
Gadens Lawyers (Respondent)
File Number(s): 2008/287026
Decision under appeal Jurisdiction: 9111
Citation: Miljus v CSR Ltd (No 4)
[2010] NSWSC 1325
Date of Decision: 2010-12-14 00:00:00
Before: Davies J
File Number(s): 2008/289579
Judgment
1BATHURST CJ: I agree with Whealy JA's reasons and the orders his Honour proposes.
2McCOLL JA: I agree with Whealy JA's reasons and the orders his Honour proposes.
3WHEALY JA: This is an appeal against a decision of Davies J ("the primary judge") entering a verdict for the defendant in a personal injuries claim arising out of a motor vehicle incident.
Although his Honour found for the defendant in the proceedings, he contingently assessed damages in the event that his finding on liability were overturned. The appellant seeks a new trial on the issue of damages based on asserted errors in the primary judge's contingent findings.
Factual background
4The appellant was employed by a company called Edensor Transport Pty Ltd ("Edensor"). Edensor was a company of which the appellant and his father were the two shareholders and directors. Edensor was in the business of concrete delivery. It had its own vehicle suitable for that purpose.
The respondent, Watpow Constructions Pty Ltd, is a building company and was engaged by the owner of a residential property at Rignold Street, Seaforth, to carry out a major building redevelopment including, at the end of the project, the construction of a swimming pool.
5CSR Ltd ("CSR") is a prominent Australian building products supplier. As part of its business, it supplies work sites with concrete. The respondent contracted with CSR to enable concrete to be supplied to the building site at Seaforth.
CSR then subcontracted Edensor, one of its contract drivers, to transport the concrete from its depot. At no time did the respondent directly engage the appellant. At all material times, the appellant was employed by Edensor.
6The usual arrangements under which the appellant worked were as follows. The appellant would drive to the particular CSR depot to which he had been allocated and would there be given his first load of concrete, together with the address to which it was to be delivered.
Subsequently, by means of a two-way radio system, he would be informed of the next load and where it was to be collected and delivered. On any one day, he might deliver between three and ten loads. On the occasion of the appellant's injury the subject of these proceedings, the pick-up depot was situated in Brookvale.
7Separate to the respondent's contract with CSR for the supply of concrete, Watpow engaged a company called Pump Force Concrete Pumping ("Pump Force"). Pump Force was experienced in relation to concrete pours on building sites.
It provided the "hopper" into which the concrete was poured and subsequently controlled the pumping towards the building site of the concrete. In relation to the project at Seaforth, Pump Force's pump was located on Rignold Street itself adjacent to the building site.
8Rignold Street runs in a westerly direction at right angles from Boronia Lane. It has a continuous downhill slope as it travels westward until it reaches a fork in the road about 80 to 100m west of Boronia Lane. At a point, perhaps about 50m from Boronia Lane, it veers to the left and then turns more sharply to the right at what appears to be its steepest downhill section.
The land generally falls away to the right hand or northern side of the roadway. By the right hand bend, there was a fairly steep embankment into a gully on the right hand side of the road. On the left hand side, the southern side of the road, there was an embankment of varying height above the road level.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:12
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
It owes a duty to persons coming onto the site to use reasonable care to avoid physical injury to them where the risk of that injury is foreseeable: Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna [1987] HCA 7; 162 CLR 479 at 488; Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd v Fox [2009] HCA 35; 240 CLR 1 at [48].
b) This duty, in circumstances where the occupier engages an independent contractor to carry out aspects of its enterprise, does not give rise to a duty of care towards an employee of the independent contractor akin to the duty of an employer to his employee: Leighton Contractors at [48]:
"the relationship between principal and independent contractor is not one which, of itself, gives rise to a common law duty of care, much less to the special duty resting on employers to ensure that care is taken."
c) In the circumstances outlined by Mason J in Stevens v Brodribb, the duty to take reasonable care may, however, extend to responsibilities involved in the system of work utilised by the independent contractor. Whether this is so or not will depend on an investigation of the facts and circumstances pertinent to the enterprise being considered. As Mason J said in Brodribb (at 31):
"Although the obligation to provide a safe system of work has been regarded as one attaching to an employer, there is no reason why it should be so confined.
If an entrepreneur engages independent contractors to do work which might as readily be done by employees in circumstances where there is a risk to them of injury arising from the nature of the work and where there is a need for him to give directions as to when and where the work is to be done and to co-ordinate the various activities, he has an obligation to prescribe a safe system of work.
The fact that they are not employees, or that he does not retain a right to control them in the manner in which they carry out their work, should not affect the existence of an obligation to prescribe a safe system."
d) Where, however, the builder/occupier has engaged the services of an independent contractor whose task it is to control its employee's systems of work without supervision by the occupier, there may, depending on the overall circumstances, be no liability imposed on the builder for a failure by the independent contractor to control its own system of work.
In Stevens v Brodribb, Brennan J said (at 47-48):
"The duty to use reasonable care in organizing an activity does not import a duty to avoid any risk of injury; it imports a duty to use reasonable care to avoid unnecessary risks of injury and to minimize other risks of injury.
It does not import a duty to retain control of working systems if it is reasonable to engage the services of independent contractors who are competent themselves to control their system of work without supervision by the entrepreneur.
The circumstances may make it necessary for the entrepreneur to retain and exercise a supervisory power or to prescribe the respective areas of responsibility of independent contractors if confusion about those areas involves a risk of injury.
But once the activity has been organized and its operation is in the hands of independent contractors, liability for negligence by them within the area of their responsibility is not borne vicariously by the entrepreneur.
If there is no failure to take reasonable care in the employment of independent contractors competent to control their own systems of work, or in not retaining a supervisory power or in leaving undefined the contractors' respective areas of responsibility,
the entrepreneur is not liable for damage caused merely by a negligent failure of an independent contractor to adopt or follow a safe system of work either within his area of responsibility or in an area of shared responsibility."
73In my opinion, the application of these clear principles to the facts as found by the primary judge inevitably leads in this case to a conclusion that the duty of care propounded by Mr Gross QC simply did not arise. The primary judge's analysis was both orthodox and correct.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:30
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
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182In his final report dated 3 February 2010 (Blue AB 1, 116), Dr Rosenberg said this:
"It was my belief initially that he had sustained an injury to the lumbo-sacral disc causing his ongoing problems. Today my opinion remains the same. This man continues to suffer with chronic back pain due to an injury to his lumbo-sacral disc.
It is unlikely he will improve as he has had problems for almost nine years. Medication and physical therapies provide some short term benefit.
He would do well to lose weight and tone up, embarking on a structured exercise programme aimed at core strengthening. Obviously it is even more difficult to get him motivated due to his obvious mental state.
I cannot see how he would be fit for any sort of work given the severity of pain. In theory one could provide surgical treatment but not unless he was in a better physical and mental state. Appropriate surgery, should this be offered, I believe would be a lumbo-sacral fusion."
183It can be seen from these reports that Dr Rosenberg saw the appellant in 2004. He provided an update report in 2007, although it does not seem that he consulted with the appellant on that occasion. He then saw him finally on 21 January 2010 for a final assessment.
184The primary judge was faced with the not unusual situation of having to choose between a number of opinions expressed by doctors in circumstances where none gave evidence before him.
He had, of course, the benefit of having observed the appellant over a number of days and had taken into account the evidence that he gave. In all those circumstances, I consider that it was amply open to the primary judge to reach the conclusions he did.
In reaching those conclusions I do not believe that he over-emphasised the evidence of the psychiatrist, nor do I believe that he underestimated the various opinions expressed by the doctors who had examined the plaintiff to assess the extent of his physical injuries and disabilities.
In addition, as I have said, he had the plaintiff's own evidence on the issue as to whether he was able to work and what work he thought he would like to undertake.
185While Dr Rosenberg clearly had reservations, Dr Millons thought the plaintiff was fit for some light, semi-sedentary work as at September 2004. Dr Walker, a neurologist, expressed the same opinion. What is significant, however, is that the primary judge formed his own opinion on these matters based on all the evidence.
It was his finding that the plaintiff was probably not fit for part-time work until about July 2006. Thus it can be seen that he gave the appellant the benefit of the doubt and did not rely literally on opinions which had been expressed in 2001 and 2004 that he was then fit for work of a light or casual kind.
While it is true that the evidence from the psychiatrist played a significant part in this finding, it was the combined effect of the medical evidence that led the trial judge to his conclusion. He had found expressly, on the plaintiff's own evidence that "his inability to work is a combination of his physical and psychiatric problems": Red AB 231 (1 to 8).
It should not be overlooked, in the context of the present discussion, that his Honour found, when assessing non-economic loss, that the plaintiff had sustained "a considerable injury to his lumbar spine which has persisted for more than nine and half years and seems likely to be permanent even if he embarked on surgery".
186I do not think any of the criticisms levelled by Mr Gross of the primary judge's decision in this regard are justified.
187There were two instances where Mr Gross accused the primary judge of acting with procedural unfairness. The first related to those references in his Honour's decision to the fact that, on a number of occasions, the appellant had complained about pain or discomfort in his left leg when the medical evidence showed the problem was on the right side.
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:17
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
99I turn then to consider the Construction Safety Act 1912 and the Regulations made under that Act. It is common ground that these were in force at the time at which the appellant's accident occurred.
100"Construction work" is defined in s 3 of the Act to include:
"... building work, excavation work, compressed air work and diving work."
"Building work" is defined to mean:
"(a) work in constructing, erecting, installing, adding to, altering, repairing, equipping, finishing, painting, cleaning, signwriting, sheathing, spraying, dismantling or demolishing or any other prescribed operation that:
(i) is done in relation to a building or structure, at or adjacent to the site thereof, or
(ii) is done in relation to a vessel on or adjacent to the vessel while it is at a wharf, in dock or on slips, and
(b) work in lining any shaft, well or tunnel."
101Section 22(1) deals with the making of regulations. It is in the following form, relevantly:
"(1) The Governor may make regulations not inconsistent with this Act prescribing all matters which are required or authorised to be prescribed or which are necessary or convenient to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to this Act."
102Included in those matters that are mentioned in subsection (2)(g)(iv) is "the manner of carrying out construction work" and (v):
"... safeguards and measures to be taken for securing the safety and health of persons engaged in construction work ..."
103Part 5 of the now repealed Construction Safety Regulations 1950 deals with:
"The manner of carrying out construction work, and safeguards and measures to be taken for securing the safety and health of persons engaged in such work."
104The Regulations include the following:
"73. Any person who directly or by his servants or agents carries out any construction work shall take all measures that appear necessary or advisable to minimise accident risk and to prevent injury to the health of persons engaged in such construction work and for this purpose, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, he shall, subject to Regulation 74:
...
2) provide and maintain safe means of access to every place at which any person has to work at any time ..."
Mr Campbell argued that the Regulation had no application to the present situation in any event.
105Senior counsel made three points. First he argued that the appellant here was involved in transport or delivery work and that such an activity did not fall within the definition of "construction work" under the Act. Secondly, the aspect of "construction work" relied on here was the "building work" engaged in by the respondent.
Relevantly, "building work" for the purposes of the application of Regulation 73(2) was work done "at or adjacent to the site" of a building or structure. In this case, as the appellant was injured on his way to the site, the Regulation could have no application to him, indeed, it could never operate in his favour.
106Thirdly, Mr Campbell argued that Regulation 73(2) is concerned with providing a safe means of access to a place of work. The appellant's "place of work", it was argued, was the truck he was driving at the time of the accident. Accordingly, he was at his place of work at the time of his accident and in those circumstances, reliance on Regulation 73(2) was misconceived.
107I do not agree that Mr Campbell's first two arguments can be accepted. The third, I consider, is equivocal to the outcome of the appellant's argument.
108It is true that the appellant was involved in delivering concrete to the Seaforth site. However, he was not in the position of a mere delivery agent, for example, somebody simply bringing food or beverages to the site.
His duties as a contract driver with CSR required him, when he arrived at the site, to park the vehicle alongside Pump Force's truck and then take the necessary steps to move the concrete from his own truck into the hopper and hence onto the building site.
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:23
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
They included severe pain radiating from his low back down the back of both legs, his inability to sit for more than a few minutes at a time because of an intensification of back and leg pain; bending and lifting was difficult; even walking for more than a few minutes caused worsening pain.
The appellant had stated to Mr Zepenic that it was difficult to contemplate even doing light duties as a truck driver.
144A later report complained of difficulties in prolonged sitting or standing. He was only to manage around half an hour's walk of up to two kilometres. He was unable to run, use stairs, lift, carry or climb, etc.
He also complained of depression, tiredness and mood anxiety. He complained that he felt "hopeless about his future ... and unable to get pleasure in almost anything". This report was dated 6 September 2004.
145His Honour then turned to the appellant's consultation with a neurologist, Dr Grant Walker. This was in February 2004. Dr Walker's reports were in evidence . The appellant complained to Dr Walker about pain in the lumbar-sacral region on the right which sometimes radiated down the back of his right leg.
Dr Walker referred him for an MRI, which showed significant disc degeneration particularly at the L5/S1 level and some narrowing of the intervertebral foramina bilaterally at the L5/S1 level, but more marked on the left side which, Dr Grant Walker observed, was not the side of the appellant's symptoms. There was nothing at the L4/5 disc of any interest.
146His Honour recorded that Dr Walker thought that the prognosis was for a continuation of the pain into the foreseeable future, but with a more graduated exercise programme (such as swimming) and judicious use of medication the appellant might be able to re-enter the work force, but not in a labour intensive job. Heavy lifting or prolonged sitting such as truck driving would be unsuitable.
147Dr Geoffrey Rosenberg, an orthopaedic surgeon, assessed the appellant from March to August 2004. An up to date assessment was given by the specialist in January 2010.
His Honour stated that the complaints made by the appellant to Dr Rosenberg during 2004 were much the same as those that had been made to Dr Walker and Mr Zepenic. He was, the primary judge observed, still suffering pain to a greater or lesser extent in the lower back.
148Dr Rosenberg said in his 2004 report that the appellant had suffered an injury to the lumbo-sacral disc causing ongoing problems. In his 2010 update report, he remained of the view he had originally expressed. Dr Rosenberg said that the appellant would do well to lose weight, tone up and embark on a structured exercise programmed aimed at core strengthening.
But he thought it unlikely that the appellant would improve as he had had the problem for almost nine years. He was also conscious of the appellant's mental state and the fact that this would impede his motivation and hence his recovery. He expressed the pessimistic view that, in his opinion, the appellant would not be fit for any sort of work given the severity of the pain.
149In his report of 27 March 2004, Dr Rosenberg referred to "a recent MRI scan showing a very degenerate lumbo-sacral disc". This does not appear to be in evidence. Dr Rosenberg thought appropriate surgery would be for a lumbo-sacral fusion, but clearly regarded this as a question of last resort.
150His Honour noted that the appellant had also consulted Dr Habib, an orthopaedic surgeon, in September 2004. Dr Habib noted that the complaints of pain in the back and leg persisted, but he thought that the back injury had stabilised. He thought that the appellant was moderately restricted in carrying out physical activities.
Importantly, Dr Habib concluded that if the appellant were cleared by a psychiatrist for return to work, he would be able to undertake suitable light duties on a part-time basis, three to four hours a day, three to four days a week, in a semi-sedentary capacity such as a supervisory job or carrying out office duties, answering phones or arranging deliveries in his own field of concreting.
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:14
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
79The only remaining basis (the one contended for by Mr Gross QC) was liability for the failure to co-ordinate the activities of the independent contractors, in the sense that the respondent ought to have insisted that the delivery point to the pump or pumps should be closer to Boronia Lane. Alternatively, it should have insisted that smaller concrete delivery trucks be utilised.
80There is no doubt that the respondent had an obligation (in its general position as head contractor) to engage a competent contractor to carry out the concrete pumping aspect of its building contract with the owner. It did so by engaging Pump Force.
Similarly, it was required to select a competent and experienced concrete supplier and to rely on it and its independent delivery contractors to bring the concrete to Pump Force and hence to the building site. This is precisely what Watpow did. There is simply nothing to suggest that this arrangement was not squarely in line with the principles enunciated by Brennan J in Stevens v Brodribb.
81The respondent had neither expertise in the driving of concrete trucks nor any specialised knowledge in the operation of concrete pumps or their placement.
It engaged Pump Force, an experienced and competent pump operator, to pump concrete to the site. As part of its responsibilities, Pump Force was, in general terms, responsible for the location of the pump truck and the laying of the pipes to the site.
No doubt the respondent, through Mr David Watson, was involved in some discussions with Pump Force in that regard. But he was entitled to rely on Pump Force and to place the organisation and operation of the pumping operation (including the location of the hoppers and pump) in the hands of the sub-contractor.
82Even more significantly, the respondent was entitled to look to CSR to make determinations as to whether its delivery vehicles would be able to effectively and safely deliver concrete to the pump in its location adjacent to the building site.
As the primary judge found, the advice given by the CSR representatives was that Rignold Street, despite its narrowness and other difficult features, would be able to be negotiated by delivery trucks. The only modification suggested by CSR was that there should be a limitation on the amount of concrete each truck carried. This was to take into account the incline of Rignold Street.
83Mr Gross argued that the conversation between Mr David Watson and the CSR representative (or representatives) did not amount to an express warranty that the method of delivery proposed was safe.
However, in my opinion, a contracting party in the position of the respondent was entitled to infer, following discussions with CSR, that the assurances given were intended to convey, and did in fact convey, that CSR delivery trucks would be able to get the concrete safely and effectively down to the delivery point favoured by Pump Force.
84Mr Gross relied on two factors to support his principal argument. The first was the fact that, following a complaint by drivers, the respondent had arranged for one of its employees to trim the foliage in certain parts of Rignold Street so that truck drivers could more easily use their rear and side vision mirrors when reversing down to the building site.
The second matter related to the series of "admissions" Mr Gross claimed he had secured from Mr Watson during cross examination.
85As to the first, the facts do not support the contention. First, the primary judge found that neither the trimming of foliage in Rignold Street, nor the filling of some potholes in the road undertaken by the respondent caused the accident: AB Red 228 O-Q.
Secondly, the evidence was that an employee from CSR had attended the site and requested that the respondent trim branches of overhanging foliage along Rignold Street on 15 March 2001. The further evidence was that this was done and that the CSR employee returned on 19 March 2001 to check that the trimming had been carried out. There was no suggestion that it had not been.
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] | null |
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:15
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
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86Thirdly, the fact that CSR came to the site and asked the builder to have one of its employees trim the foliage proves, if anything, that CSR regarded itself as responsible for ensuring that its drivers were able to obtain access to the building site without the difficulties with vision caused by an over-proliferation of foliage along the roadway.
87As to the "admissions" made by Mr David Watson: there is no doubt that Mr David Watson was a compliant witness and he was somewhat generous in relation to his perception of his responsibilities towards neighbours and people coming to the site. At no stage, however, did he accept that he had a responsibility, prior to the accident, to introduce the two pump system: Black AB 2, at 485 W-Z.
While he accepted CSR's decision after the accident that they no longer wished their trucks to reverse all the way down to the building site, and while, following that decision, he took steps to create an alternative system, he did not accept that he should have considered, contemplated or introduced such a system prior to the accident: Black AB 2, 487 R-T.
88To the extent that Mr David Watson made concessions in cross examination, those concessions, in my view, could have little weight, particularly having regard to their generality, in determining the application of the appropriate legal standard for demonstrating retention of legal responsibility: Dovuro Pty Ltd v Wilkins [2003] HCA 51;
215 CLR 317 at [66]-[71] per Gummow J, at [40] per McHugh J, and at [25] per Gleeson CJ.
89The combined effect of all the so-called concessions made by Mr David Watson really came to no more than this: he was, he agreed, an experienced builder and had worked over a number of years with concrete truck operators and was conscious, in general terms, of the need to provide proper access for them to a building site.
None of this, in my view, had any real weight or relevance to the issue of the existence of the asserted duty of care.
None of it denied the significant fact that the respondent Pump Force and CSR were two experienced operators in connection with the specialised project of supplying and pumping concrete to a building site.
The primary judge took the view that Mr Watson's self-imposed sense of obligation towards people working on or in connection with the site would not have given rise to a duty of care, in any event. This was because there had been no reliance by the appellant upon that self-imposition, to the extent it existed. The facts and legal principle clearly supported the primary judge in that regard.
90As to the issue of reliance, the evidence was clear. The appellant had driven towards Seaforth but was unable to find Rignold Street. He contacted his base and was told to get in touch with another driver who was at that moment in the course of making a delivery of concrete to the Rignold Street site.
The appellant spoke to that driver, who told him where the location was and gave him certain instructions about how he should go about reversing down Rignold Street.
The appellant took the opportunity when he reached Rignold Street to stop his vehicle and walk down the roadway to assess for himself the best method of approach. He also had the assistance of his father. There was no discussion or reliance upon any Pump Force employees or the respondent. The appellant made up his own mind about the matter.
91Finally, on this point, Mr Gross QC relied on two authorities. The first was Ilvariy Pty Ltd v Sijuk [2011] NSWCA 12. The second was Kuhl v Zurich Financial Services Australia Ltd [2011] HCA 11; 243 CLR 361. As to the first, I do not consider that it is of assistance to the appellant.
The case there concerned the liability of a builder/occupier to a plaintiff who had sustained injury while climbing on defective scaffolding on the site. The accident in the present matter did not occur on or even adjacent to the building site.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:25
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
He says that the reason for that is that one needed to be calm and collected and to be concentrating on the game. Since the accident he does not have the calmness to concentrate so he does not play it any more. He now fills in his time by going to one or more of the clubs to which he belongs.
157. As far as work is concerned, the plaintiff says that he looks at job advertisements every now and again. He said that he is only interested in driving jobs and he is looking for something like courier work. He was asked when he last applied for a job and said had not really applied for a job at all.
Certainly he had not done so in the past five years. He agreed that he was physically capable of doing the job of a refrigeration mechanic which was work he had been trained for and had done before he commenced driving trucks. He agreed it was not hard physical work but it was necessary to keep up to date with new systems.
158. He claimed to want to work but it was very clear that he was only interested in getting some sort of driving job. He agreed that the organisation which was endeavouring to rehabilitate him for work had made a suggestion of doing some unpaid driving work for charities.
This never eventuated because the plaintiff expressed some negative views about being able to lift heavy things that might be needed, as he thought, in that sort of job."
159The primary judge then turned to assess non-economic loss. (The respondent has placed a contention on this finding which I shall address later). Ultimately, his Honour found that the appellant should be assessed at being 35% of the most extreme case.
That entitled him to damages for non-economic loss of $175,000. In making this finding, it must be said that the primary judge accepted to a considerable degree the case presented by the appellant. He considered that the respondent's assessment on this point was "quite unrealistic". His Honour said (Red AB 236 L-N):
"There can be no doubt that the plaintiff has sustained a considerable injury to his lumbar spine which has persisted for more than nine and half years and seems likely to be permanent even if he embarked on surgery.
Whilst it is always very difficult to assess another person's pain level, and whilst I think the plaintiff may to some extent have exaggerated those pain levels ... he has radiological support for the pain he claims."
160His Honour said that he had no doubt that the plaintiff had sustained psychiatric injury after the accident. His complaints of anxiety, depression, sleeplessness, anger and lack of motivation were consistent with such an injury.
His Honour noted that, while the psychiatrists who gave evidence had no doubt about the psychiatric injury, they were, on the other hand, hopeful that at the conclusion of the litigation and after the plaintiff had returned to part-time work, his psychiatric symptoms might improve.
161His Honour then turned to look at economic loss. This directly involved the first issue which is raised in the appeal on damages.
162The method his Honour adopted was to examine first the amount Edensor received from CSR on a weekly basis. This of course depended upon the number of loads of concrete delivered each week. The monies from CSR were paid into the bank account of Edensor.
It was customary for the appellant to pay expenses, including loan repayments from that account, before taking a wage for himself. He identified in his evidence that he was taking "a couple of hundred dollars per week for himself".
163The tax returns from Edensor Transport for the years ended 30 June 1999 and 30 June 2000 were before the Court. The second indicator was the tax returns lodged by the plaintiff himself for the years ended 30 June 2000 and 30 June 2001. After examining these figures, his Honour said (Red AB 237 Q-S):
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:27
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
177. On 9 July 2004, Dr Walker thought that assuming psychiatric issues could be controlled, and assuming that the Plaintiff was able to adopt a more positive attitude to an exercise programme, it would be possible for the Plaintiff to re-enter the workforce at a reduced rate.
178. By contrast, Dr Rosenberg thought on 19 August 2004 that the Plaintiff was not capable of working, certainly not as a truck driver, nor in any job for which he was suited, although whether that meant any job at all is not clear.
179. He saw Dr Robert Lewin, a psychiatrist retained by CSR, in October 2004, July 2006 and December 2007. In his report of 5 July 2006, Dr Lewin expressed the view that there was no psychiatric condition which would impair the Plaintiff's ability to work except factors related to his phobic avoidance of driving.
The reference to driving must be a reference to driving heavy vehicles because the Plaintiff had told a number of other doctors that the problem was only with those vehicles and not with driving generally. In December 2007 Dr Lewin again considered the Plaintiff was fit for work.
180. It can be accepted from this evidence that the Plaintiff was physically capable of returning to work at a relatively early time. However, I must give significant weight to the opinion of the psychiatrists who gave evidence at the hearing about the Plaintiff's impaired psychiatric state.
Neither in the joint report nor in their evidence did Doctors Lewin and Benjamin say when, preceding their report, the Plaintiff might have been fit for work.
However, nothing in their joint report nor in their evidence suggested that the Plaintiff had not been fit for work prior to the time they prepared their joint report. I have already noted that Dr Lewin was of the opinion in July 2006 and in December 2007 that the Plaintiff was fit for work from a psychiatric point of view provided that he not engage in the driving of heavy vehicles.
181. In my opinion, the Plaintiff was fit for part-time work from a physical and psychiatric point of view from at least 5 July 2006. The psychiatrists thought that it might take the Plaintiff a 12-month period to return to full-time work. That might take place over a number of graded intervals.
There was no evidence about what the Plaintiff might have earned in any part-time work or any full-time work to which he could return. The best I can do is to base his partial loss of wages during that 12-month period on what he was earning as a truck driver. On the assumption, therefore, that he would have been paid $200 gross per week, his net wage would be $180 per week for a 12-month period."
168Thus it was, his Honour concluded, that the plaintiff had been fit for part-time work from the physical and psychiatric point of view from at least 5 July 2006. His Honour's calculation of past wage loss was based on the graded steps necessary for the plaintiff to return to full time work allowed for by the psychiatric evidence. This resulted in a past wage loss of $101,820.
169His Honour then assessed superannuation and other expenses, including a provision for future treatment and future out of pocket expenses.
170The final matter assessed by the his Honour was the claim for domestic assistance. As to this his Honour said (Red AB 239 S-W)
"189. The only domestic task the plaintiff performed before the accident were mowing the lawn and hosing the driveway. He says that he cannot mow the lawn now. He lives at his parents' house and, except for a very few short periods, he has always done so. His mother carries out all the domestic tasks.
190. The plaintiff does not satisfy the threshold requirement of s 15(3) Civil Liability Act. The plaintiff has not needed domestic assistance to date.
While there is some possibility that if he moved away from home and was living in a house that needed lawns to be mowed that he would have the need for some gardener or some handyman to assist, I consider that based on the plaintiff's living arrangements to date, the chances of this happening are very small.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:26
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
"The figures in the Edensor tax returns for wages and salaries are consistent with the plaintiff's own evidence that he took wages of a few hundred dollars per week. In fact, in the nearest complete year before the accident, he appears to have been paid gross wages of $20,931. Assuming therefore, a gross weekly wage of about $400, the plaintiff's net wage was $334.24."
164After examining each of the figures for the relevant years, his Honour determined that the appropriate figure to take as the plaintiff's weekly wage prior to the accident was $400. That represented a net figure which he rounded up to $335.
It should be noted, as it is relevant to the appellant's appeal on damages, that the deductions in the Edensor Transport tax returns included motor vehicle expenses of $35,585, depreciation of $10,712 and rent of $13,000.
165His Honour addressed one of the arguments put to him in the following terms (Red AB 237 V-Z):
"173. The plaintiff has claimed a net figure of $350,798 from 27 March 2001 to 3 September 2010 (being the last day of the hearing) but those figures are based on the plaintiff having a gross weekly wage in 2001 of $764 per week, and indexed thereafter to the CPI for Sydney.
The figure of $764 is said to be based on the earnings referred to in the CSR Readymix Agreement that CSR had with Edensor. The figures do not coincide with the figures in the tax returns showing what Edensor paid to the plaintiff nor in what the plaintiff disclosed as his wages in his own tax return for 2001 tax year when those figures are projected for a full year.
174. As the evidence from the two tax returns over the three year period 1999-2001 shows no increase in wages for the plaintiff, and no change in income for Edensor for the 1999 and 2000 years, I can see no basis for increasing the plaintiff's net wage by the CPI for each year from 2001 to 2010.
That approach would only be appropriate if the matter was being determined by reference to the CSR agreement (which dealt with payments to Edensor) rather than the wages that the tax returns disclosed were being paid to the plaintiff."
166In the light of the calculations his Honour made, there was then the need to resolve the issue as to whether the plaintiff was fit for work and to what degree. If he were so fit, it was also necessary to determine when it was he had become able to take on some degree of remunerative work.
His case, as I understand it, was that he really was unfit for work and therefore required an assessment for the loss of future earning capacity. As will be seen, his Honour's findings negated that likelihood.
167The primary judge returned to the evidence that he had examined relating to both physical and psychiatric injury. Since a number of criticisms were made about this aspect of his Honour's decision, it is necessary to set out the paragraphs in full: Red AB 238, paras 175-181:
"175. Although the Plaintiff was obviously totally incapacitated for work for a short period of time, the evidence points strongly to his being physically fit for work other than a truck driving or heavy work from a relatively early time.
A report from Joanne Springer, a rehabilitation counsellor at Work Directions Australia of 23 May 2001 noted that the Plaintiff's general practitioner, Dr Nikolic, had certified him for suitable duties with restrictions including not driving a truck. The report went on to say that alternative work options were currently being identified for the plaintiff.
176. The Plaintiff saw Dr David Millons retained by CSR on 28 September 2004. Dr Millons said that, orthopaedically, the Plaintiff ought to be fit for some light, semi-sedentary work avoiding excessive bending and lifting more than 10 kilograms. He should be able to handle some store or office work and could probably handle some light courier work.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:16
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
92Nor do I consider that Kuhl is of any assistance to the appellant. The majority in that case held that a duty was owed because of the defendant's special role in supplying equipment, setting it up and directing and supervising the operators of the equipment.
That situation contrasts markedly with the present case. Edensor provided the truck for delivery, and CSR devised the system of work adopted by the delivering sub-contractor. Effectively, the respondent had no say whatsoever in relation to that system of work.
93Thus far, I have considered the duty of care issue from the perspective of the Stevens v Brodribb analysis. I have concluded that, while the respondent had a general duty of care as an occupier of the building site, it did not have the duty of care sought to be ascribed to it by the appellant.
94But I would go further. I am by no means persuaded, in any event, that the question needs to be analysed by reference to the Stevens v Brodribb construct. The circumstances here are really at a remove from the considerations arising in that case.
95Mr Gross QC argues that the asserted duty of care was in place and operative as the appellant's truck moved from Boronia Lane to Rignold Street. However, at that point the appellant was in the process of delivering concrete to the Seaforth site as a consequence of a contract between CSR and the respondent.
Whatever obligations might arise as between the respondent and Edensor's driver once the truck had arrived at the site and the concrete was being passed through Pump Force's equipment to the building site itself, it is difficult to see that any duty of care was operative prior to the vehicle's arrival at the site.
The contractual terms certainly did not support such a proposition. Indeed, there was no joint activity as between the respondent and the delivery company or its driver at the time the vehicle moved into Rignold Street. There were, at that moment, two separate activities taking place, with the potential event giving rise to a relationship and hence a duty of care yet to occur.
96It was in this context that Mr Gross made his submission that, if the primary judge were correct, there would arise throughout the building industry, as he described it, "an island of tortious immunity".
By this, I took Mr Gross to mean that independent contractors often move freely between working sites during the day, and that responsibilities should be imposed on the operators of building sites to ensure that the routes contractors are following are suitable for the purposes of approach to the building sites themselves.
Senior counsel referred to the need to erect fencing, warnings, directions and the like. Mr Gross' argument was anchored partly in the context of Regulation 73(2) of the Construction Safety Regulations 1950. I shall turn to that in a moment.
97The problem is, where is the line to be drawn? The respondent's duty as a co-ordinator of the site or as an occupier says nothing as to whether a duty was owed to take reasonable steps to avoid any risk that a truck might overturn as it approached the building site on a public road.
Did that duty extend to, and also require, the building site owner to examine the nature of the turn itself from Boronia Lane into Rignold Street? If that were a difficult turn, was he under an obligation to place warnings and structures there? Did it require him to look at Boronia Lane and its access from the main road leading to that part of Seaforth and take similar precautionary measures?
Given, as the primary judge held, the provisions of the Roads Act 1993 (NSW) deprived the builder of any responsibility in relation to the condition of the public roads in the vicinity of the site, and indeed of any entitlement to act in that regard, it is difficult to see that, at least in the circumstances of this case, Mr Gross' arguments could have any real content.
98On this basis also, I would decline to find a duty of care as asserted by the appellant.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:18
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
109As can be seen, Mr Campbell's arguments focus on the definitions in the Construction Safety Act. As McHugh J pointed out in Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v GSF Australia Pty Ltd [2005] HCA 26; 221 CLR 568 at [12], definitions are not intended to enact substantive rules of law.
Their function is to aid the construction of those substantive enactments that contained the defined term or terms. The scope of the regulation making power in s 22 of the Act extended to the manner of carrying out construction work and, in particular, the provision of safeguards and measures to be taken for securing the safety and health of persons engaged in construction work.
In my opinion, the dualities of the activities the appellant were required to perform was sufficient to suggest that, prima facie, he fell within the concept of a person engaged in construction work ("building work") so as to bring him within the potential operation of Regulation 73.
However, such a finding begs the question as to whether the provision requiring maintenance of a safe means of access for his benefit had any content prior to the time at which he arrived at the work site.
110Mr Campbell's third point, although partially correct, would be equivocal because, once again, when the concrete delivery truck becomes part of the process of passing the concrete through to the building site, it seems to me that the driver is both at work on his truck and engaged in the construction activity.
This will not always be the case as the authorities to which Mr Campbell referred make clear. But, in the present matter, I would be satisfied that the dual activity, as I have described it, is contemplated as likely to take place.
111On the assumption, therefore, that the appellant was a person to whom Regulation 73(2) had the capacity to operate in relation to the subject project, the question remains: what meaning should be given to the words "provide and maintain safe means of access to every place at which any person has to work at any time"?
112In my opinion, the natural meaning to be afforded to the language of the Regulation, in its overall context and having regard to the beneficial nature of the legislation under which the Regulation making power was conferred, is that an obligation was intended to fall upon,
in this case, the head contractor and occupier to take all measures that appear necessary or advisable to minimise accident risk, and to prevent injury to a person delivering goods to the site, once he is at the site and may be properly said to be involved in the construction process.
The practical content of this, in the present case, is that, prima facie, Regulation 73(2) would have application at the time when the process of passing the concrete through the pump systems was engaged.
The obligation, of course, is one of providing safe access but logically it would extend to the place where the pump was located, even though it was immediately adjacent to the building site and not upon it.
113The conclusion from this analysis may be briefly stated: I do not think the Regulation has any operation in relation to the delivery vehicle's passage along a public road as it makes its way to the construction site.
The word "access" can, of course, be broadly used and is often used to mean "a way or means of approach to a place". It is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary to be: "a means of approach; a route by which a place may be accessed; an entrance".
114In this regulatory framework, especially having regard to the statutory landscape, it is appropriate to confine the meaning of the regulation to its ordinary meaning of entrance to or egress from a work site.
That is, generally speaking, the way it has been interpreted: Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd v Luna (supra); F & D Normoyle Pty Ltd v Transfield Pty Ltd t/as Transfield Bouygues Joint Venture and Anor; Transfield Pty Ltd t/as Transfield Bouygues Joint Venture and Anor v Z Vranjkovic & Ors [2005] NSWCA 193; 63 NSWLR 502; Ballina Shire Council v Daley (supra).
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:5
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
26In the course of this examination, the primary judge had regard to a great deal of the evidence in the proceedings before him. It included evidence given by Mr David Watson, the director of the respondent. Mr Watson was, the primary judge said, qualified as a cabinet-maker, carpenter and a licensed builder.
He had no expertise in the driving of concrete trucks nor any specialised knowledge in the operation of concrete pumps or their placement. He had a requirement for a considerable quantity of concrete for the job he was undertaking at Seaforth.
He gave evidence that he asked representatives of the concrete company to come down and have a look at the site. One of those representatives was a Mr Mark Watson.
The CSR representatives traversed the site with Mr David Watson. They examined the suggested spot adjacent to the premises where the sub-contractor, Pump Force, had suggested that the concrete pump should be placed to accept delivery from the concrete trucks. The three men inspected Rignold Street and walked its length up to Boronia Lane.
Mr David Watson, in the course of these pre-contract negotiations with CSR, identified Rignold Street as the access way to the building site. He specifically asked Mr Mark Watson whether he saw any problems with getting the trucks to the site from Boronia Lane along Rignold Street. He was assured by CSR that "they could get the concrete truck down there, no problem".
27His Honour reiterated that either Mr Mark Watson, or the other gentleman with him, had assured Mr David Watson that there would be no problem with the access.
They did however say that, because of the nature of the incline, they would only put five metres of concrete in the truck rather than seven or eight cubic metres, which was the maximum capacity. This suggestion was made by them so as to prevent the concrete "slopping out the back".
28There was further evidence before his Honour that, prior to the day of the accident, there had been a great number of trucks (apart from concrete deliveries) delivering items of one kind or another to the site.
The construction work had, by that time, been in progress for many months. Indeed, the evidence had suggested that some seventy trucks had, prior to the accident, delivered concrete to the site without mishap.
29His Honour referred to evidence that Mark Watson from CSR had visited the site around 15 March 2001. The occasion of this visit was that a complaint had been made by some of the drivers that the branches of overhanging foliage in Rignold Street were impeding drivers' vision in the use of their side and rear view mirrors.
Mr Mark Watson asked Mr David Watson if the branches of the overhanging foliage could be trimmed back for this reason. There was evidence that trimming had taken place and that Mr Mark Watson came down on 19 March to check that the trimming had been done.
30The primary judge said that the whole of the evidence pointed to CSR as perceiving itself as responsible for the drivers of the trucks and their safety, and acting accordingly: Red 219D. The evidence, he said, tended to show that CSR also saw itself in a position of control in that regard. Indeed, after the accident, two representatives of CSR (Messrs Roseworn and Watson) came to see David Watson.
They informed him that the concrete trucks should not henceforth be taken down Rignold Street past the corner.
The result was that the respondent, and its sub-contractor Pump Force, in relation to the few remaining deliveries required under the contract, were required to install a second concrete pump on the straight section of Rignold Street above the corner where the accident happened, and to link it via piping to the initial concrete pump adjacent to the building site: Red 219 D-G.
31His Honour then turned his attention to the authorities which I have mentioned above (para [22]) which were said to provide support for the notion that the responsibility for providing a safe means of access could extend beyond the land owned or occupied by the builder.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:3
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
15On the seventh day of the hearing before the primary judge, the appellant and CSR reached an agreement that there should be judgment for CSR in the proceedings. Initially, the respondent objected to the entry of this judgment because of the cross claim it had against CSR.
However, later that day, the cross claims between CSR and the respondent were dismissed by consent with no order as to costs. Consequently, on the principal claim, judgment was entered in favour of CSR and the proceedings continued against the respondent alone.
16I shall next turn to examine the findings made by the primary judge.
Primary judge's decision
17His Honour, in a thorough and detailed analysis, gave consideration to each aspect of the case. First, he had to decide how it was the accident happened. He did not accept that the brakes of the vehicle failed but, on the other hand, he was not prepared to find that the accident was the fault of the appellant. At Red 215, his Honour said:
"71. Having found that the brakes did not fail, and that therefore responsibility for the accident was not principally with the plaintiff, whatever other duty and breach may be found, it is not necessary to find exactly how the accident happened.
What can clearly be found is that the roadway was a narrow one, with a poor surface and unsatisfactory camber, particularly on the sharper curve towards the north at about the place the truck came to roll over, and in circumstances where the narrowness of the road was aggravated by foliage which had grown up on both sides of the road.
72. It may be that the truck lost traction either because it was very heavily laden, because some of the wheels left the surface temporarily, or for some other reason. The road was undoubtedly a difficult one down which to manoeuvre a vehicle as large as the plaintiff's truck.
73. I have no doubt that the state of the road was a materially contributing factor to the accident and injuries sustained by the plaintiff.
The question is whether, given that the road was a public road in respect of which the local council was the Roads Authority (s 7(4) Roads Act 1993) with the responsibilities upon it as the local authority that that entailed (cf s 146 Roads Act), the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff in respect of that road and, if so, whether it breached that duty."
18The primary judge then turned to consider the critical question in the case, namely whether the respondent owed a duty of care to the appellant in all the circumstances.
His Honour did so against the background that there were ultimately sixteen particulars of negligence alleged against the respondent. In substance, they complained about the need imposed on the appellant to deliver the concrete to the site along Rignold Street in its poor condition: Red 205P-Q.
His Honour also identified one specific particular of negligence which asserted a breach of regulation 73(2) Construction Safety Regulations 1950 in failing to provide and maintain safe means of access. (That particular had been added following an unsuccessful application by the appellant to amend his Statement of Claim to plead a breach of statutory duty.
Consequently, the appellant's position was that he relied upon the regulation simply as an instance of negligence, exemplified by a failure to act in accordance with the Regulation. It did not operate as a cause of action for breach of statutory duty in the proceedings.)
19His Honour identified, on the duty question, that the principal argument advanced by the appellant was that there was a duty on the respondent to provide and maintain the roadway as a safe means of access. The critical reason advanced was that the concrete pump itself was on the roadway immediately outside and adjacent to the building site.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e:8
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d975e
|
41His Honour rejected the proposition that the appellant had been guilty of contributory negligence, and then turned to the issue of damages. I shall return to those issues at a later point in these reasons.
The appellant's arguments
42The appellant's arguments on liability may be distilled into the following propositions.
43First, Mr Gross QC placed special attention on the actions taken by the respondent after the accident. These had involved Pump Force setting up a second pump further up the roadway and the placement of consequential piping directed back to the initial pump adjacent to the building site.
While this "new" system had the effect of blocking the roadway for the time it was in operation, it was only in use for a relatively brief period of time, having regard to the fact that the number of concrete deliveries required to complete the project was limited.
It was, however, the failure to take these steps at the outset of the contract between CSR and the respondent, Mr Gross argued, that constituted the breach.
The circumstances of these subsequent actions also pointed to the existence and scope of a duty of care, a duty to exercise reasonable care to provide a safe manner of delivery of concrete to the site. This duty, Mr Gross argued, was imposed upon the respondent.
44Secondly, Mr Gross argued that the circumstances here showed that the respondent had retained a special controlling role as head contractor with supervisory obligations to avoid unreasonable risk of injury to truck drivers such as the plaintiff.
45Thirdly, Mr Gross argued that the primary judge had distracted himself by focussing on essentially irrelevant matters such as concentration on obligations arising under the Roads Act, the lack of legal ability for the head contractor to upgrade the public road, the contractual arrangements between CSR and the respondent and, finally, the absence of a contract between Edensor and the respondent.
46Fourthly, Mr Gross submitted that the obligation imposed by s 73(2) Construction Safety Regulations 1950 (NSW), although simply relied on here as a particular of negligence, gave content to the existence and scope of a duty of care in a situation such as the present.
The regulation, if applicable, imposed an obligation on the respondent to devise a different method of transporting concrete to the building site so as to avoid putting the appellant at risk of injury.
47Fifthly, Mr Gross argued that the Code of Practice, on which he had placed some reliance at trial, was available to give content to the existence and scope of a duty of care even though it did not literally apply to the present circumstance.
The respondent's arguments
48Mr Campbell SC submitted that the trial judge's approach had been perfectly correct in all respects on the issue of the existence of a duty of care. In particular, he reminded this Court that the Code of Practice had never been pleaded.
Indeed, when complaint was made at trial that this was not a matter that was included in the pleadings, the appellant had disavowed reliance upon it for that purpose.
Breach of the Code was not alleged and Mr Gross had made it plain to the primary judge that the appellant was simply "setting the stage for what the roles of different people on the building site are".
Additionally, Mr Campbell pointed out that s 46(2) of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 (NSW) made it clear that liability does not attach in any civil or criminal proceedings for breach of a Code of Practice.
49Mr Campbell also submitted that the suggested breach of regulation 73(2) Construction Safety Act did not apply to the present case. In any event, whether it did or not, the suggested breach was simply pleaded as a particular of negligence.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:36
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
The Verrocchi warehouse, even the OTC part, doesn't keep the full gamut of stock that a Chemist Warehouse store may require. The vast majority of the stock required for a Chemist Warehouse comes from Sigma Pharmaceuticals.
On many occasions Sigma Pharmaceuticals will be out of stock on which case because there is a distribution coming from Penrith to that store on a regular basis they will regularly order OTC product, which isn't maintained at Smithfield, which they usually get from Sigma, from Penrith.
There is also the chance that we have exclusive product, or the stores have exclusive product which has been bought from overseas and there is no alternate supplier. Once the store has run out call (sic) at Chemist Warehouse Bondi, they have nowhere else to order it other than from Penrith.
222He added (at Tp283, LL14-15) "I am selling my goods to other pharmacies within the group and distributing them from the Chemist Warehouse in Penrith". He continued (at LL32-37):
We've always done it, it's actually being done wherever and a day from most pharmacies, I think your expert pharmacist will tell you that other pharmacies do similar. It's a provision of service. The fact that we have a distribution centre and a regular dispatch from those premises means that it is more common to purchase stock from Chemists Warehouse Distribution Centre Penrith than others.
223As the transfer of stock at cost to another store generates no net profit, he had not sought to clarify, in his affidavit evidence, any distinction between Verrocchi/EYFS owned goods, pharmacy orders and retail sales in-store to make up 100% of the business (Tp283).
224On the relative use made of the Smithfield and CWDCP premises, Gance explained (Tp288, LL36-41):
The distribution centre for OTC product or the product which is purchased by Mario Verrocchi and East Yarra Friendly Society is Smithfield. The distribution centre for ethical product purchased by Mario Verrocchi and East Yarra Friendly Society is Penrith.
The distribution centre for product - not through Mario Verrocchi and East Yarra Friendly Society but called upon by the stores is Chemist Warehouse Distribution Centre Penrith.
225The next phase of Gance's oral evidence dealt with aspects of the business case for a "fully integrated distribution centre". When the questioning turned to the need to provide "public access", as distinct from a "chemist shop", the following exchange took place between Gance and Robson (at Tp289, LL20-47):
Q. You were always going to have a pharmacy, a chemist shop there, weren't you?
A. We were always going to have the capacity to dispense to the public. It was required under the PBS.
Q. You know that which is there is not required?
A. Sorry, the question being?
Q. You know that which is there at the moment is not in its form, size and presentation required pursuant to the legislation, don't you?
A. I understand that we have to have access to the public - the capacity to reach the dispensary to get the pharmaceutical benefits. The fact that we have goods available for sale which are primarily there for distribution which the public is able to purchase is the case.
Q. I think you agreed with me yesterday, you certainly don't need anywhere near the size of the premises or the shop that's there at the moment, the chemist shop?
A. I believe we require that size shop in order to fulfil our obligations under our contract to ePharmacy.
Q. You don't agree with business cases recommending premises as were established in Smithfield as opposed to Penrith?
A. I agree entirely that the business case was more consistent with the premises at Smithfield only to find that the principles involved in establishing that warehouse were no longer satisfied and decided that they wanted to change the business case, as you, I think, have mentioned that business case is fairly antiquated and business is an evolving beast.
226Towards the end of his oral evidence, during re-examination by Mr Tomasetti, Gance explained the co-mingling of various products in CWDCP packages (at Tp303, LL28-45):
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What is the relationship between the Chemist Warehouse Distribution Centre Penrith and the public in terms of access to pharmaceutical benefits?
|
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:6
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
35The land on which the SupaCenta stands was zoned 4(b) Special Industrial Zone under the 1996 LEP, and is now zoned IN2 Light Industrial under the 2010 LEP, which came into force on 22 September 2010.
36The SupaCenta building itself comprises 27,561m2 of floor space, in a single storey, but expansion (almost doubling the floor space) is proposed (in the modification assessment report, this expanded floor area is said to be 64,000m2).
Council granted a further development consent on 9 November 2009 (09/0746) for "alterations and additions to existing Bulky Goods Retail Centre" (see Calardu Penrith Pty Ltd v Penrith City Council [2010] NSWLEC 50, in which judicial review proceedings were dismissed by Biscoe J, and Calardu Penrith Pty Ltd v Penrith City Council [2010] NSWCA 189;
(2010) 174 LGERA 446, where an appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal).
The Lease of Tenancy 230
37Those responsible for leasing out Tenancy 230 on Pipven's behalf ('Ticor') issued a Tenancy Instruction document on 26 February 2009 (Exhibit A1, Vol 2, fols 181-2).
38The permitted use of the premises by the lessee was specified as:
Retail sale of all generally accepted pharmacy products and services, including the sale of cosmetics, photographic services and products and opthalmological services. Warehouse and distribution services to be carried out from the premises in addition to the above. Trading as 'Chemist Warehouse'. (emphasis added).
39Pipven confirmed, on 4 June 2009 (Exhibit A1, Vol 2, fols 95-6), its entry into an agreement to lease the premises to Damien Gance from 14 August 2009. (The lease actually commenced on 21 September 2009 for 3 years, with provision for two 5 year extensions - see Exhibit A1, Vol 2, fols 183ff).
Fit-out of the tenancy took place May-September 2009. The rent in year one was to be $150,000, year 2 $170,000, and year 3 $185,000, and trading commenced on 16 or 21 September 2009.
The physical features of Tenancy 230, and their uses
40The pedestrian public gains access to Tenancy 230 from within the SupaCenta building, entering it through a doorway signed "Chemist Warehouse - Discount Chemist - Distribution Centre - Direct to the Public".
Tenancy 230 occupies approximately 600m2 (variously 593-613m2), and presents - and the applicants argue, operates - as a large, discount "chemist shop", with a large storage area at the rear. The respondents complain that that "shop" presentation does not reflect the true nature of the business as a whole (Tp31, LL15-23).
41The physical premises of Tenancy 230, seen as a whole, can be divided into four separate areas, one of which relevantly sub-divides into two sections:
(1) Entry from the public domain brings one into an open, densely stocked, shelved area, which, although presenting as a retail pharmacy, is seen by the third respondent as his "warehouse", and is so described on the floor plans. In that area, so-called OTC items are not only displayed for sale, but stored for distribution.
(2)To the rear of that shelved, so-called "warehouse" area, in public view from the shelved area, but not publicly accessible, is what looks like a traditional pharmaceutical counter/dispensary area, where "pharmacists only" products are stored, largely owned by Gance.
(3)Directly behind the rear wall of that dispensary area, in the rear portion of Tenancy 230, there is a table of computer screens for ePharmacy purposes, and for recording distribution of restricted products to other Chemist Warehouse/My Chemist stores in NSW/ACT, and a parcel packing area.
A "Blue Cross" service was clearly planned for inclusion in the operation - it is mentioned in the Statement of Environmental Effects to which I will return (see [116]ff below) - and the service was to be supplied by a dispensing machine in that area.
|
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] |
What was the permitted use of the premises by the lessee in Tenancy 230, as specified in the Tenancy Instruction document issued on 26 February 2009?
|
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] |
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:49
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
(1)The condition is for a planning purpose and not for any ulterior purpose. A planning purpose is one that implements a planning policy whose scope is ascertained by reference to the legislation that confers planning functions on the authority, not by reference to some preconceived general notion of what constitutes planning.
(2)The condition reasonably and fairly relates to the development permitted.
(3)The condition is not so unreasonable that no reasonable planning authority could have imposed it.
305I discussed the Newbury/Temwood principles in my first instance judgment in Botany Bay City Council v Ralansaab and 7 Ors [2010] NSWLEC 225, at [171]-[186]. When my decision in that case was reviewed by the Court of Appeal - in Botany Bay City Council v Saab Corp Pty Ltd [2011] NSWCA 308; (2011) 183 LGERA 228 - Basten JA said:
In Australia the question is not so much whether the "Newbury test" has been adopted by the High Court, or courts of intermediate appeal, but rather what it requires. Labels are frequently adopted without sufficient reference to the specific statutory and factual context in which they are to be applied.
306There is a valuable discussion of these issues also in Biscoe J's judgment in Dogild v Warringah Council (2008) 158 LGERA 429, at [37]-[68]. His Honour there referred to pre-Newbury Australian authority and other relevant decisions.
307The applicants in the present case submit that the presence of a retail pharmacy on the premises was based on a "misconception" by Council of the extent of the requirements of the National Health Act (par 89).
As a result of this misconception, condition 4 was then amended, "radically" changing and confining the effect of condition 1 that permits the use of the premises as a "bulky goods retail outlet" (par 90).
308The applicants, therefore, submit that condition 4 is "impermissibly uncertain", because there is a possibility that the premises will be used for a purpose significantly different from the purpose for which the consent was granted (par 91).
They further submit that, because condition 4 is invalid, the whole development consent is invalid, as condition 4 is not severable from the rest of the consent (par 94). See Wechsler v Auburn Council (1997) 130 LGERA 134, and its application of s 32 of the Interpretation Act 1987 (NSW).
309The respondents submit that the Council imposed condition 4 on the sole basis that the retail use of the premises was only ancillary to, rather than possibly independent of, the use of the premises for distribution purposes (par 84). They further submit that condition 4 was not so uncertain as to alter the effect of the consent.
310I see condition 4 as fundamental to the consent and the development, as it goes to the root of the planning permission granted by Council. I accept the applicants' submission that the Council would appear unlikely to have granted consent without the agreement on condition 4, and its qualification on the use of the premises. However, I reject their submission that it is relevantly uncertain.
311In my view condition 4 meets the Newbury/Temwood test - it is for a planning purpose; it reasonably and fairly relates to the development; and it is a reasonable condition to impose in the circumstances of the consent.
312I am also satisfied that it is not severable in any event. See Maitland City Council v Anambah Homes Pty Ltd [2005] NSWCA 455; (2005) 64 NSWLR 695. See also Winn v Director General of National Parks and Wildlife (2001) 130 LGERA 508.
L: Conclusion and Orders
313The applicants' challenges have all failed, so no questions of relief and/or discretion arise. The summons should be dismissed with costs. All exhibits, including both those formally tendered, and those to affidavits, may be returned.
314The formal orders of the Court will be:
1.The applicants' further amended summons dated 22 October 2010 is dismissed.
2.Unless a notice of motion for any further or different orders for costs is filed, by any party, within 14 days, the only order for costs will be that the applicants pay the second and third respondents' costs, on a party-party basis, as agreed or assessed.
3.All exhibits, including those to affidavits, may be returned.
DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision.
The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.
Decision last updated: 19 April 2012
|
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0.03560696169734001,
-0.03330247849225998,
0.008250531740486622,
-0.027365922927856445
] |
What are the requirements for a condition to be considered valid under the Newbury/Temwood test?
|
[
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] |
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:16
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
Appendix C the 2008 regulation made under the Act authorises each person who is specified to possess and be supplied with wholesale quantities of specified substances - medical superintendents, optometrists, podiatrists, dental therapists or oral health therapists, dental hygienists, vaccination nurses, emergency ambulance officers, etc.
"Restricted substance" is defined in s 4(1) of the PTG Act as any substance specified in schedule 4 of the poisons list, established by s 8. The holder of only a wholesaler's licence must not supply a restricted substance to a person who is not an authorised person, even if that person were to hold a valid written prescription.
Regulations 160 and 161 regulate the licensing - the applicant must be a fit and proper person and the premises must be appropriate. Under regulation 134 a pharmacist can supply another pharmacist in certain specified circumstances.
94On or about either 24 or 29 September 2009, PTG Act applications were made to the NSW Department of Health, in respect of both a Smithfield site and the subject premises, for licences to "supply by wholesale poisons and/or restricted substances for therapeutic use".
The name John Fulton Prendergast was deleted from the heading "Name of Licence Holder" in both cases. (He was apparently National Logistics Manager of My Chemist Health and Beauty Distribution, until made redundant about August 2010).
95The Smithfield application (see fol 006) was lodged in the names Mario Verrocchi, Jack Gance and EYFS "on behalf of Smithfield Distribution Centre", and the Penrith one in the name of Mario Verrocchi and Brett Clarke (on behalf of ePharmacy, and East Yarra Friendly Society Ltd & M Verrocchi) in respect of Shop 23 SuperCenta (sic) Penrith.
96Any applicant for such a licence is required to provide an overview of the activities in which the company is involved. In this case, both licence applications provided the following information (see fols 009 and 023):
My Chemist / Chemist Warehouse Group own and operate 160 retail pharmacies throughout Australia including licensed Distribution Warehouses situated in Victoria and Queensland. In NSW there are currently 65 Chemist Warehouse Stores in metropolitan and regional areas, it is planned to increase this number over the next five years.
These NSW stores are currently supplied through our Victorian Warehouse and it is our intention to open a NSW Distribution Warehouse to service these stores.
The company sources product from local suppliers which are directly supplied to our own warehouses then distributed to our own stores these products are limited to schedule 2, 3 and 4 products. Chemist Warehouse stores also obtain scheduled products directly through state based pharmaceutical wholesalers.
The type of products to be wholesaled is schedule 2, 3 and 4.... The My Chemist / Chemist Warehouse Group only operate within Australia therefore we do not export any schedule products.
It is intended to supply and distribute only to Chemist Warehouse Retail Pharmacies throughout New South Wales.
97The departmental documents in evidence include an "Inspection Report/Checklist". Prendergast was interviewed on 10 November 2009 in respect of both Penrith and Smithfield.
98The inspecting officer, Phillip Bannon, noted, in his report of 19 November 2009 (fol 048), that the Chemist Warehouse group of pharmacies had applied for wholesale licences at the two sites in NSW, to supply scheduled substances to pharmacies within their group, and that they already had a wholesale business in Victoria and needed to set up two wholesale premises in NSW.
He described the dichotomy of the Penrith premises, noting a separate distribution centre at the rear of the pharmacy to be used as a NSW supply centre for ethical stock for Chemist Warehouse pharmacies, "independent from the pharmacy both physically and operationally".
|
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] |
What is the definition of a "restricted substance" under the Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act?
|
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] |
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:48
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
(c) Distribution for 'Samples Plus'.
(d) Distribution of both ethical and OTC products for and within the group.
(e) Sales of ethical products.
(f) Sales of OTC products.
296The respondents are correct to invoke the Macquarie Hospital example, rather than O'Donnell. The evidence suggests that much (if not most) of the stock shelved in the front section of the premises currently supplies the ePharmacy element, among others, and, on the other hand, stock for the distribution tasks is stored throughout the whole premises.
The extent of the overlaps in use of space for the elements of present use is clearly shown in the marked-up floor plans at pp58-62 of the respondents' submissions of 14 January 2011.
297Having upheld the consent for Tenancy 230 as valid, because it is a multi-faceted single use, of which such "shop" aspects are both minor and genuinely ancillary, on the one hand, and required by the National Health Act, on the other,
as well as being "inextricably bound" to the overall use of the premises, I am satisfied by the evidence before the Court that the use is being carried out in accordance with that consent, and I can find no breach of the law.
Issue 3 - Is there a breach of Condition 4
298Condition 4, as amended, and put in simple terms, requires that any retail sales from Tenancy 230 are to be ancillary to the primary use of the premises as a distribution centre.
299As the elements of use about which the applicants complain have been found, on the totality of the evidence before me, to be ancillary to the primary warehouse and distribution centre use, I find that the premises operate in accordance with the limitation imposed by condition 4.
Issue 4 - Validity and/or severability of Condition 4
300For completeness, I will address this last issue, although it may seem superfluous in light of my conclusions on Issues 1 to 3.
301Council's power to impose conditions on a consent flows from s 80A(1) of the EPA Act, read with s 79C(1).
302Section 80A(1)(a) relevantly provides:
A condition of development consent may be imposed if:
(a) it relates to any matter referred to in section 79C (1) of relevance to the development the subject of the consent...
303Section 79C(1) provides:
(1) Matters for consideration-generalIn determining a development application, a consent authority is to take into consideration such of the following matters as are of relevance to the development the subject of the development application:
(a) the provisions of:
(i) any environmental planning instrument, and
(ii) any proposed instrument that is or has been the subject of public consultation under this Act and that has been notified to the consent authority (unless the Director-General has notified the consent authority that the making of the proposed instrument has been deferred indefinitely or has not been approved), and
(iii) any development control plan, and
(iiia) any planning agreement that has been entered into under section 93F, or any draft planning agreement that a developer has offered to enter into under section 93F, and
(iv) the regulations (to the extent that they prescribe matters for the purposes of this paragraph), and
(v) any coastal zone management plan (within the meaning of the Coastal Protection Act 1979),
that apply to the land to which the development application relates,
(b) the likely impacts of that development, including environmental impacts on both the natural and built environments, and social and economic impacts in the locality,
(c) the suitability of the site for the development,
(d) any submissions made in accordance with this Act or the regulations,
(e) the public interest.
304The power of Council to impose conditions is broad. The test of the validity of a condition attached to a consent originates from Newbury District Council v Secretary of State for the Environment [1981] AC 578, and was set out by McHugh J in Western Australian Planning Commission v Temwood Holdings Pty Limited [2004] HCA 63; (2004) 221 CLR 30, at [57], as follows:
|
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] |
What is the test of the validity of a condition attached to a consent under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW)?
|
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:0
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
Land and Environment Court
New South Wales
Medium Neutral Citation: Bardsley-Smith & Anor v Penrith City Council & Others [2012] NSWLEC 79
Hearing dates: 1-4 November 2010 and 13-14 January 2011
Decision date: 18 April 2012
Before: Sheahan J
Decision: 1.The applicants' further amended summons dated 22 October 2010 is dismissed.
2.Unless a notice of motion for any further or different orders for costs is filed, by any party, within 14 days, the only order for costs will be that the applicants pay the second and third respondents' costs, on a party-party basis, as agreed or assessed.
3.All exhibits, including those to affidavits, may be returned.
Catchwords: DEVELOPMENT CONSENT: validity, characterisation of proposal and subsequent use pursuant to the consent, correct principles to apply, interaction of national/state regulation of pharmacy and the relevant planning regime, validity of condition imposed, severability of condition
Legislation Cited: Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979
Health Practitioner Regulation (Adoption of National Law) Act 2009 (NSW)
Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (Qld)
Interpretation Act 1987
Land and Environment Court Act 1979
National Health Act 1953 (Cth)
National Health Amendment (Pharmaceutical Benefits) Act 2007 (Cth)
Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966
Penrith Local Environmental Plan 1996 (Industrial Land)
Penrith Local Environmental Plan 2010
Cases Cited: Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin [1990] HCA 21; (1990) 170 CLR 1
Baulkham Hills Shire Council v O'Donnell (1990) 69 LGRA 404
Berowra RSL Community and Bowling Club Ltd v Hornsby Shire Council [2002] NSWLEC 243; (2000) 114 LGERA 345
Bob Blakemore Pty Ltd v The Anson Bay Company (Australia) Pty Ltd [1990] NSWCA 25
Botany Bay City Council v Saab Corp Pty Ltd [2011] NSWCA 308; (2011) 183 LGERA 228
Botany Bay City Council v Ralansaab and 7 Ors [2010] NSWLEC 225; (2010) 178 LGERA 44
Calardu Penrith Pty Ltd v Penrith City Council [2010] NSWLEC 50
Calardu Penrith Pty Ltd v Penrith City Council [2010] NSWCA 189; (2010) 174 LGERA 446
Chamwell Pty Ltd v Strathfield Council [2007] NSWLEC 114; (2007) 151 LGERA 400
Chan v Dainford Ltd [1985] HCA 15; (1985) 155 CLR 533
Collector of Customs v Chemark Services Pty Ltd (1993) 42 FCR 588; (1993) 114 ALR 531
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment [2000] HCA 5; (2000) 199 CLR 135
Dogild v Warringah Council (2008) 158 LGERA 429
Dooralong Residents Action Group Pty Ltd v Wyong Shire Council [2011] NSWLEC 251
Egan v Hawkesbury City Council (1993) 79 LGERA 321
Foodbarn Pty Limited v Solicitor-General (1975) 32 LGRA 157
Gance v Monash CC [2010] VCAT 388
High Point Commercial Property Group Pty Ltd v Maribyrnong CC [2009] VCAT 16
Holzberger v Secretary, Department of Health & Ageing [2007] FCAFC 68; (2007) 158 FCR 586
House of Peace Pty Ltd v Bankstown City Council [2000] NSWCA 44; (2000) 48 NSWLR 498
Kang v Blue Mountains City Council [2011] NSWLEC 150
Lizzio v Ryde Municipal Council [1983] HCA 22; (1983) 155 CLR 211
Macquarie International Health Clinic Pty Ltd v University of Sydney (1998) 98 LGERA 218
Maitland City Council v Anambah Homes Pty Ltd [2005] NSWCA 455; (2005) 64 NSWLR 695
Maryland Development Co Pty Ltd v Penrith City Council & Anor [2001] NSWLEC 135; (2001) 115 LGERA 75
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:3
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
1) Was the consent for Tenancy 230, even as amended, beyond Council's jurisdiction, because the subject use, being as a "shop", was prohibited by the then applicable Penrith Local Environmental Plan 1996 (Industrial Land) ('the 1996 LEP')?
2) Is the actual present use, as a "shop", regardless of how the consent is construed, prohibited by s 76B of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 ('the EPA Act'), by virtue of the current LEP ('the 2010 LEP')?
3) Is that present use in breach of the terms of the consent, particularly condition 4, which, as amended, requires any retail sales to be no more than ancillary to the primary use of the premises as a distribution centre?
4) Is condition 4 valid, and, if it is not, is it severable from the consent, or does it render the whole consent invalid?
13The respondents addressed the four arguments and the questions of discretion and relief, but there is inevitably some overlap in the consideration of the questions. The respondents defended the consent, and the use, on the basis that the consent covered one multi-faceted, fully integrated use, comprising six activities, and cannot be segmented.
14I will now proceed to introduce, in turn, the "players" (section C, commencing at [15]); the premises (D, [33]); the planning regime (E, [54]); the regulation of the pharmacy industry (F, [67]); the subject development application ('DA') (G, [103]); and the consent in contention (H, [131]).
I will then deal, in turn, with the evidence tendered about the pharmacy industry, and the retail sector (I, [151]), and with the evidence given by the key operator, Damian Gance (J, [206]), before turning to my reasoning (K, [228]).
C: The Sources of Evidence, and the other non-party "players"
15Both sides relied on extensive affidavit, oral, and documentary evidence, much, but not all, of the latter being exhibits/annexures to major affidavits.
There was also before the Court an extensive two-volume bundle of agreed documents (Exhibit A1), volume 1 of which contains documents relevant to planning considerations and approval, and volume 2 of which contains, largely, documents produced on subpoena.
16The applicant Ian Stubbs and the respondent Damien Gance both gave oral evidence, along with (a) two employees of either the active respondents or of interests associated with them, Minh Vu and Filomena Pannia, (b) pharmacists Peter Valastro (for the respondents) and Paul Mahoney (for the applicants), and (c) retail industry expert planner/analyst, Peter Leyshon (for the applicants).
17Stubbs is not himself a pharmacist, but the managing director of Lion Retail Management Group Pty Limited, a company he established in 1999 to provide specialist management and consultancy services to various businesses, including seven "community pharmacies" (i.e.
traditional suburban "chemist's shops"), and some managed by receiver/managers. The pharmacies for which he acts are conducted by registered pharmacists holding approvals under the Commonwealth National Health Act 1953 ('National Health Act'). His company does not handle any stock, but negotiates deals with wholesalers, manufacturers or brokers.
18Gance is a registered pharmacist, and described himself as the "commercial manager" of the "group", "chain" or "network" of pharmacies which trade under the names "My Chemist" or "Chemist Warehouse".
He had held that post for four years at the time of the hearing. He was residing in Kew, Victoria at that time. He is the lessee of Tenancy 230 and trades there as CWDCP under a licence with AMS, but is not engaged in the day-to-day operations.
19Despite his self-description as commercial manager of the Chemist Warehouse and/or My Chemist group(s), Gance sought, for no apparent reason, in his oral evidence, to reject any notion that there is such an entity as the "Chemist Warehouse Group", or that the various Chemist Warehouses are operated as a franchise.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:43
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
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22. In this way, I do not make much of the fact that the front area is similar in size to the back area, since the front area is used equally to serve the operations of the back area by filling customer orders, with the exception of the small counter sales area. This is also evidenced by the almost identical hours of the retail use and the warehousing/ distribution activities.
23. Other factors influencing my decision include:
the fact that some 80% of the business turnover would be derived from the warehousing and distribution operations at the rear of the premises. It is reasonable to expect that the online business would, if anything, strengthen over time;
the generally far higher proportion of transactions anticipated from the warehousing/distribution business compared with off-the-street retail sales; and
the relative staffing requirements of each part of the business on the land, with a bent towards the warehousing and distribution operation.
24. While the front area of the premises may be capable of operating as a separate economic unit (although no evidence was presented either way), I consider that applying the real and substantial purpose test to the subject land requires me to have regard to the operation of the premises as a whole. In this context, even if substantiated, I do not regard this factor as determinative.
25. Therefore, I find that the real and substantial use of the premises is for the storage and distribution of pharmaceutical goods. To the extent that retail sales occur at the front of the premises and this area is laid out and appears to function as a shop, it is ancillary to the dominant use of the land as described.
257Both Tauman and High Point were followed in Gance v Monash CC [2010] VCAT 388.
Submissions on Issue 1 - Possible invalidity of the consent
258The applicants contend that, on a proper construction of the development consent, it includes approval of a retail/shop use, which is an independent and prohibited use, and not correctly seen as ancillary to the warehouse/distribution operation proposed.
259Both sides rely on the Foodbarn principles (see [237] above).
260The applicants submitted (par 5) that, if the Council "...purported to give consent to [a] prohibited development, this was a jurisdictional error".
The applicants relied principally on Pallas Newco, in which Spigelman CJ stated (at [88]) that, where characterisation involved a jurisdictional fact, as it did in that case, the Court had to determine the case on the evidence before it, rather than being confined to the evidence which was before the Council when it granted the consent.
261The question of whether there has been a jurisdictional error, that is, whether the Council had jurisdiction to grant the consent, requires an examination of how the Council characterised the use of the premises when granting that consent.
Often the difficulty in construing what a consent means is the threshold issue of what, if any, documents, apart from the instrument of consent itself, are "incorporated" into the consent.
See Quarry Products (Newcastle) Pty Ltd and Allendale Blue Metal Pty Limited v Roads and Maritime Services (No 3) [2012] NSWLEC 57. In this case, condition 1 is quite clear on the question of incorporation, and the SEE and plans are, by that condition, incorporated in the consent, to the extent they are not clearly excluded by either markings on the plans, or any of the conditions.
262The applicants submit (par 8) that Council was "misled" by the second respondent in relation to the necessity for a retail outlet to be established in premises, where a pharmacist has been approved to distribute pharmaceutical benefits. They say that there was a misunderstanding, or a misconstruction, of what was proposed, and, indeed, of what was required under the National Health Act .
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:20
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
All products that can be purchased via the internet/mail order, must be available for picking, packing and distribution from the Centre (approximately 50,000 lines)
Blue Cross Healthcare services is a subsidiary of Catholic Health Care Services. It is a not for profit organisation for aged care and community services.
Blue Cross Using advanced robot picking and packing technology, patients' medications are dispensed and packed into a highly organised and easy to administer system.
The distribution centre in Penrith will be responsible for the fulfilment of medications and other supplies for Blue Cross in the southern states.
Samples Plus Samples Plus is an ordering system for 'samples' offered to qualified medical practitioners and other health care professionals.
H.M.R. is the process of reviewing the medication
Home Medication Review where patients are required to take high levels or numbers of prescription or pharmacy medication. The service is available to all patients/customers both in the general public or in nursing homes i.e. Blue Cross.
The services will be conducted within an office environment at the Penrith Distribution Centre.
My Home Health Storage, display, testing & sale of wheel chairs, walkers and other large items and ancillary smaller items such as bed pans. It offers other specialist equipment not ordinarily available from traditional pharmacies due to size constraints of a normal pharmacy.
Retail pharmacy Pharmacy selling usual over-the-counter drugs and dispensing prescriptions.
In order for premises to be a Licensed Pharmacy Premises by the National Health Act and enable all of the above uses to be licensed and operational, members of the public must also have access to the pharmacy, giving rise to an ancillary retail component within the site. Failure to have this ancillary component would result in a breach of the regulations.
123Hours of operation were proposed as 9am-5.30pm Monday to Saturday and 10am-2pm Sunday. Staff numbers were quoted as 13-17. There would be in-bound deliveries approximately 4-5 times daily, via vans or trucks up to 2 tonnes, and there would be daily distribution out-bound via Australia Post (fol 198). External signage was not part of the proposal.
124The proposed fit out was to be undertaken generally in accordance with drawing SK2A (fol 266).
Mr Tomasetti's written opening submissions for the respondents (filed 29 October 2010) said (par 10) that "the business is engaged in storing, warehousing, picking, packing, distribution and sale of pharmaceutical products" from the premises depicted in that drawing, to which many references were made during the hearing.
The shelved front "warehouse" or public area is "shaded" on the drawings, but the associated dispensary area, and the "despatch/packing" area in the rear, are not.
Permissibility argued
125The SEE argued the permissibility of the proposal (at pp12-18 - fols 200-207 of Exhibit A1, vol 1, tab 6). It noted (at pp12f, fols 201f - emphasis in original):
The proposed use is permissible with consent within Zone 4(b) in LEP 1996, as stated in section 4(b)(ii):-
'Shops trading principally in bulky goods which shops:
have a gross floor area of not more than 1,000sqm, and
do not have a frontage to a road referred to in clause 20.'
With regard to land at 13-23 Pattys Place, Jamisontown, Clause 23A also states that:-
'...(2) Despite any other provision of this plan, the Council may grant consent to the carrying out of development on the land to which this clause applies for the purpose of shops principally trading in bulky goods without any restriction as to the gross floor area of any such shops.'
In the definitions to the LEP, 'bulky goods' means:
'large goods which are, in the opinion of the council, of such a size and shape as to necessitate:
(a)a large area for handling, storage or display, and
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:11
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
(a) an occupation, profession or trade (other than an industry) is carried on for the provision of services directly to members of the public on a regular basis, or
(b) a service is provided directly to members of the public on a regular basis,
and may include, without limitation, premises such as banks, post offices, hairdressers, dry cleaners, travel agencies, internet access facilities, medical centres, betting agencies and the like, but does not include sex services premises.
industrial retail outlet means a building or place that:
(a) is used in conjunction with an industry (including a light industry) but not in conjunction with a warehouse or distribution centre, and
(b) is situated on the land on which the industry is carried out, and
(c) is used for the display or sale (whether by retail or wholesale) of only those goods that have been manufactured on the land on which the industry is carried out.
neighbourhood shop means retail premises used for the purposes of selling small daily convenience goods such as foodstuffs, personal care products, newspapers and the like to provide for the day-to-day needs of people who live or work in the local area, and may include ancillary services such as a post office, bank or dry cleaning, but does not include restricted premises.
office premises means a building or place used for the purpose of administrative, clerical, technical, professional or similar activities that do not include dealing with members of the public at the building or place on a direct and regular basis, except where such dealing is a minor activity (by appointment) that is ancillary to the main purpose for which the building or place is used.
shop means retail premises that sell groceries, personal care products, clothing, music, homewares, stationery, electrical goods or other items of general merchandise, and may include a neighbourhood shop, but does not include food and drink premises or restricted premises.
warehouse or distribution centre means a building or place used mainly or exclusively for storing or handling items (whether goods or materials) pending their sale, but from which no retail sales are made.
66These definitions, especially that of "warehouse or distribution centre", would appear to suggest that retail sales of any sort are now prohibited, regardless of whether they are in aid of the warehouse or distribution purpose.
F: Regulatory Regimes for Pharmaceutical Businesses
Generic v branded pharmaceuticals
67It is important to understand, at the outset of the following discussion, the distinction between "generic" and "branded" pharmaceuticals when considering a case such as the present. Valastro deposes as follows (pars 34-36 - emphasis mine):
When a drug company develops a new drug and successfully brings it to the market, it normally applies for a patent on the drug, which gives it the exclusive right to market the drug for a specific number of years.
The drug is named after its ingredient chemical or drug and the drug company would also develop a simpler trade name for marketing the drug. These types of drugs are known as branded pharmaceuticals and they are required to have both the trade name and the name of the ingredient drug (or drugs) on their container label.
Once the patent on the drug expires, the drug is left without patent protection. The drug may then be produced and distributed by any drug company. A drug produced and distributed by any drug company after the patent on it has expired, is known as a generic drug.
Generic drugs are required to be manufactured so as to have the same bioequivalence as, or so as to be therapeutically equivalent to, the original formulation. Different brands of such generic drugs can be interchanged without differences in clinical effect.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:40
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
But when one use of the land is by reason of its nature and extent capable of being an independent use it is not deprived of that quality because it is 'ancillary to', or related to, or interdependent with, another use.
If a book publisher opens a sales room at his publishing house to sell his products, the selling of books is an independent use although ancillary to the use of publishing. The series of cases dealing with dual uses ... illustrate the point: they show that a 'convenience store' and a petrol station are two independent uses, although the former is clearly ancillary to the latter.
241Consent can be given to the proscribed use when it falls within a permitted use if there is, in the relevant LEP and the context, "some appropriately compelling consideration for the departure from the ordinary and natural meaning of the terms": Egan v Hawkesbury City Council (1993) 79 LGERA 321, at 328-329, per Mahoney JA;
Berowra RSL Community and Bowling Club Ltd v Hornsby Shire Council [2002] NSWLEC 243; (2000) 114 LGERA 345, at [29]-[30].
242In University of Sydney v South Sydney City Council (1998) 97 LGERA 186 (known as the Macquarie Private Hospital Case - herein 'Macquarie Hospital'), the University of Sydney sought approval of a development application for the construction of a private teaching hospital partly on land owned by the University and partly on land owned by the Central Sydney Area Health Service.
South Sydney Council refused the application on the basis that it had no power to approve the proposal which straddled the boundary between education and hospital special purpose zones, in one of which the alternative secondary ancillary use was prohibited.
243Applying the usual authorities, I held that the proposed development was permissible as it was a single multi-purpose building straddling two zones and the dominant purpose was for a teaching hospital, part of the education function performed by the University in its medical faculty precinct within the education zone. The hospital use was not severable from the development.
I held that the proposal complied simultaneously with all the requirements of the relevant LEP. I pointed out that the purpose had to be construed broadly and liberally as a question of fact and degree. Force fitting into a predetermined category should be avoided and "the court should not characterise the proposal simply on some comparative analysis of income, space or staffing".
244In my conclusion (at 215) I said:
It is certainly possible, and sometimes even desirable, according to the unchalIenged evidence in this case, for the proposed teaching hospital to deliver patient services but suspend student services, when either an emergency situation demands it or a patient withholds consent.
However, on Professor Young's uncontradicted evidence it is neither possible nor desirable to provide adequate training to health professionals without exposing them to "real" patients in a "clinical" setting.
The University wants not just a hospital but a "state-of-the-art" teaching hospital.
Its use is inextricably part of the education function performed by the University in the relevant medical faculty precinct within the education zone.
It cannot be severed, or seen as "independent", so as to become impermissible within that zone under the test laid down by O'Donnell.
I, therefore, have come to the conclusion that the University is correct in submitting that its proposal can and does comply simultaneously with all the requirements of the special use zone in LEP 66.
245The Macquarie Health Clinic company, which was the second respondent in one appeal, and the applicant in another, appealed to the Court of Appeal challenging my decision. Macquarie had an arrangement with the Central Sydney Area Health Service to lease a surplus carpark on the other side of Missenden Road, and had a consent from Council to erect on that land a private hospital.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:35
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
He repeated that he personally has no interest in the "affiliated" AMS, which "took the initiative to endeavour to secure the site in Penrith and the consent" (Tp228, LL32-38), and says he gives no direction to AMS, nor does he oversee its work, but "they provide services to me which I ensure are in keeping with my expectations" (Tp237, LL1-2).
215He conceded (at Tp223) that nothing in the State or National regulations "requires or demands a shop the size" of the current Penrith premises in order to distribute pharmaceutical benefits. He agreed that one could have a significantly smaller area than CWDCP has for the required "public access".
216He denied that he was "intimately involved" with the establishment of the CWDCP premises, but admitted that he funded it with $800,000 which was either "a gift or a non-recourse loan". He made the necessary applications to the pharmacy authorities.
He adhered (at Tp226, LL1-7) to his claim that the development application was responsive to the business plan he had worked on a year or two before, but he accepted that the business plan he prepared was not specifically for the establishment of premises in Penrith - it specified no location,
and was designed to establish the necessity for the group's stores in NSW to have their own distribution centre, and reduce logistic fees caused by sending up supplies from Victoria.
That could have been achieved at Smithfield, but he says there was an issue there about security of stock, especially prescription stock (see generally Tp229). Smithfield had no practising pharmacist, so an alternate site was sought (Tp230).
217Later in his evidence (at Tp276), Gance explained that CWDCP keeps "physically separated" goods owned by him from goods owned by others, including, especially, EYFS/Verrocchi. Stores in the group may order "anything they want" from CWDCP, and they will presumably be dispatched together.
218When cross-examined on the ownership of the goods involved in the operation of CWDCP, the following exchange took place (Tp277, LL19-34):
Q. The goods which are supplied which are non ethical and the like the greater portion of those goods are supplied through Smithfield aren't they to Chemist Warehouse and My Chemist stores in New South Wales?
A. The distribution centre in Smithfield maintains only a very small percentage of the overall stock held by Chemist Warehouse store. If stock is unavailable through the primary wholesaler there at Sigma the stores have the capacity to order from Chemist Warehouse Penrith.
Q. Indeed when you prepared your business case, and you've said in your more recent affidavits, you determined that the best way to achieve the distribution was to use the Penrith business centre to distribute ethical pharmaceutical goods and not over the counter pharmaceutical products?
A. That's its primacy purpose but again in order to assist the stores with their stock should they not be able to get it elsewhere Chemist Warehouse Penrith will distribute the stock to them. They can order anything they like. The vast majority of orders would be for the ethical stuff.
219He added the following (Tp278, LL15-18):
... the vast majority of stock held in Chemist Warehouse stores is purchased through Sigma Pharmaceuticals. Now if Sigma Pharmaceuticals is out of stock of the line, the stores have the capacity to order that from Penrith. The OTC product referred to in Smithfield, is actually distinct and never ordered from Sigma.
220Under serious challenge, he maintained the correctness of the statement in par 7(c) of his affidavit that the Penrith premises would "distribute ethical pharmaceutical products and not over the counter pharmaceutical products",
and again acknowledged that his affidavits did not make clear that stock from the front of the store is transferred to other stores in the chain by the activities of the distribution centre (Tpp278-281).
221He testified (Tp282, L43 - p283, L4):
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:42
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
The Home Medication Review Service would also be available to the public. There was compliance with the requirements and guidelines of the Pharmacy Board of Victoria. A considerable increase in ePharmacy sales was expected over the next three to five years, while walk-in sales would only marginally increase.
252The Tribunal said:
16. It is therefore expected that whether the premises are located in an industrial area or some other zone that an approved pharmacy would be set out in a similar fashion given the requirements of the Pharmacy Board...
17. In terms of size this pharmacy will be large, but if as we were advised, it is to be used to store pharmaceutical goods for distribution to internet customers, as well as samples to the medical profession and medication for the aged, no doubt a large area is required to allow for the storage of sufficient stock to meet the needs of the customers with respect to these services.
253The Tribunal concluded (at [20]) that the primary purpose of the site was its use for the storage and distribution of pharmaceutical goods. This conclusion was based on the actual size of the premises, and the goods to be stored and distributed with the ability to easily retrieve stored items to fulfil customers' orders.
254The Tribunal concluded (at [30]) that the proposed use was:
... not a shop and is therefore not prohibited within the Industrial zone. Any retail sales to the public are likely to be minor and are considered ancillary to the proposed use. The use as a warehouse and distribution centre is appropriately located given the other surrounding activities and the site's proximity to major freeways.
255In High Point Commercial Property Group Pty Ltd v Maribyrnong CC ("High Point") [2009] VCAT 16, the shop component of the land use would be prohibited on the subject land if it were a separate and distinct use from the warehouse distribution centre use.
The front area was to be 302m2 including a dispensary, and the warehouse/distribution area 451m2. Only the front area would be accessible to the public, again 40% of the gross area. 60% of the prescription dispensary operation was ePharmacy. The applicant anticipated that the distribution centre component would generate 80% of the business turnover.
256The Tribunal made the point that the requirement of public access did not require planning approval of something that might otherwise be prohibited in a particular zone. It referred to the High Court's decision in Lizzio, characterised the use by its dominant purpose, and found that the use of part of the operation as a shop was inseparable from the other activity.
That part of the front of the premises which was to operate as a shop was also to be a storage area for the distribution activity, which would operate seamlessly across both areas of the premises. The Tribunal said (at [20]-[25]):
20. Considered alone, the front area of the premises has the potential to be regarded as the use of the land for a shop. However, I do not regard this as the relevant test. Ultimately, the interrelationship between the retail part of the premises and the use of the remainder of the premises is central to my determination.
21. I take the same view of this application as did Member Rickards for an almost identical facility in Tauman's case. I am influenced most by the fact that the operation of the shop is inseparable from the operation of the warehousing/ distribution activity which relies on all of its stock, including dispensed pharmaceuticals sourced from the front part of the premises.
In this way, despite its appearance, it is deceptive to regard the front part of the premises as just a shop, since it is fundamentally also a storage area for the distribution activity which operates seamlessly across both areas of the premises. This is the essence of what I regard as the subservience of the shop use to the warehousing/distribution activity.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:5
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
24The trademark for "Chemist Warehouse" is dated May 2002 (No. 913632), and was lodged by Jack Gance and Mario Verrocchi. The list of "goods and services" includes "online retailing" and "mail ordering" relating to pharmacies.
A chimney was added to the trademark (No. 1197039) on 4 September 2007, but the two services were not carried forward into the list. In 2008 the words "discount chemist" were added to the chimneyed house image.
25Pannia is not a registered pharmacist, but has worked for the group since 1991. She described herself as the "NSW State Manager" responsible for 33 My Chemist/Chemist Warehouse stores operating in NSW and the ACT. Damian Gance, in his oral evidence (but not his affidavits), disputed that job specification, and it became a matter of some contention.
He described her (Tp249) as "an area manager who works on behalf of AMS", managing the retail compliance of the stores. In later oral evidence she confirmed that she was the "State Manager" providing retail and management support to stores in the group, but employed by AMS.
26She testified that she set up the Penrith operation, and was very familiar with it, but was based at related Smithfield premises, which are said to be the distribution centre for EYFS/Verrocchi OTC products. She described the CWDCP operation thus: "the business is engaged in the storing, warehousing, picking, packing, distribution and sale of pharmaceutical products".
27She gave some evidence of the financial and dispatch records of CWDCP, including the relative value of the pharmaceuticals and OTC products which are distributed from Tenancy 230.
She estimated the total value of OTC products distributed from the front of the premises to group stores in NSW/ACT between 2 October 2009 and 30 November 2010 at $103,583.05. Some exhibits are also relevant to the financial performance of CWDCP - Exhibits R1, A10, and A7/A11.
28Vu is a registered pharmacist employed by Gance and responsible for the day-to-day running of CWDCP, including checking scheduled medication dispatched from the centre to ensure no adverse interactions among the patient's various medications.
29He described picking and packing from shelves in the dispensary and in the front area, and he also described, in general terms, the layout of the rear section of the premises. He also noted (par 8 - emphasis mine):
The pharmaceutical products delivered to the Centre are not delivered separately as stock for ePharmacy distribution and stock for the front of the Centre. They are delivered to the Centre in bulk. The staff at the centre separate them as the need arises.
30Valastro, called by the respondents as an expert on the pharmacy industry, has been a registered pharmacist practising in Victoria since 1975.
He has conducted a registered training organisation business specialising in training pharmacy retail managers, but told the Court (Tp159, L23) that he had disposed of the organisation. He has been involved in Quality Management Systems. He has also run businesses of other types, e.g. security, photographic and marketing.
31Mahoney, called by the applicants as an expert on the pharmacy industry, has been a registered pharmacist since 1965, and has held many offices in the industry.
32Leyshon is a Town Planner, research analyst, and an acknowledged expert on the retail sector, and was called by the applicants.
D: The Premises
The SupaCenta
33The Penrith SupaCenta - sometimes referred to in the evidence as the "Penrith Super Centre" or similar variations - is located off Mulgoa Road at 13-23 Pattys Place, Jamisontown, and is owned by Pipven Pty Limited ('Pipven').
34Consent was granted for its construction on 2 July 2001 (01/0231). It houses large "bulky goods" type retail operations, such as Spotlight, Bing Lee, Snooze, and various furniture outlets, and occupies more than 6.
4ha of land, including extensive parking. Other "bulky goods" establishments, such as Bunnings, Harvey Norman, and Domayne, are located nearby, to constitute a precinct of bulky goods retailing.
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:10
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
corner shop means a building or place used for the purpose of selling foodstuffs, personal care products, and other small daily convenience goods (whether or not the facilities of a post office, bank, newsagency or dry cleaning agency are included) and which has a gross floor area not exceeding 100 square metres.
general store means a shop:
(a) used for the sale by retail of general merchandise and that may include the facilities of a post office, and
(b) that does not exceed 200m2 in gross floor area,
but (in the development control table) does not include a building or place specifically defined elsewhere in this Schedule.
office premises means a building or place used for the purpose of carrying out professional, administrative, clerical or public duties but, for the purposes of the development control table, does not include an office used in conjunction with or ancillary to a landuse elsewhere specifically defined in this Schedule.
warehouse or distribution centre means a building or place used mainly for storing or distribution of good or materials pending their distribution to the retail trade but does not include the retail sale of any of the goods or materials from that building or place.
61Just as the definition of "shop" requires interpretation of the words "sale" and "retail", the definition of "business premises" requires interpretation of the word "trade". Although House of Peace Pty Ltd v Bankstown City Council [2000] NSWCA 44; (2000) 48 NSWLR 498 urges caution in the use of dictionaries, clearly "trade" connotes "buying and selling", and/or conducting business (c.
f. a profession) for a profit. The respondents pose the question of whether that interpretation could embrace the "picking, packing, and distributing" elements of the use of Tenancy 230.
62Accordingly, at the time of the relevant assessment and consent, the position was that, unless a use was expressly prohibited under 4(b)(iii), it was permissible with consent (being an innominate use).
63Clause 23A of the 1996 LEP (fol 22) dealt specifically with development of the subject land (namely Nos.13-23 Paddy's Place, Jamisontown). Clause 23A(2) provided that:
despite any other provision of this plan, the Council may grant consent to the carrying out of development on the land to which this clause applies for the purposes of shops principally trading in bulky goods without any restriction as to the gross floor area of any such shops.
The 2010 LEP
64The 2010 LEP (Exhibit A1, tab 3) was gazetted on 22 September 2010, and expressly repealed the 1996 LEP. The subject site was redesignated as IN2 Light Industrial, and the structure of the zoning table is effectively the reverse of that in the 1996 LEP (see fols 73-74), with innominate uses now prohibited.
The only use permitted without consent is "roads". Relevant uses permitted with consent include "industrial retail outlets". Specifically prohibited are "schools".
65Relevant definitions in the 2010 dictionary (fols 149-182) were and are relevantly similar to (some exactly the same as) those in the 1996 LEP. While the 2010 LEP contains no definitions of "convenience store", "corner shop" or "general store", the following definitions are noted:
bulky goods premises means a building or place used primarily for the sale by retail, wholesale or auction of (or of the hire or display of) bulky goods, being goods that are of such size or weight as to require:
(a) a large area for handling, display or storage, or
(b) direct vehicular access to the site of the building or place by members of the public for the purpose of loading or unloading such goods into or from their vehicles after purchase or hire,
but does not include a building or place used for the sale of foodstuffs or clothing unless their sales is ancillary to the sale or hire or display of bulky goods.
business premises means a building or place at or on which:
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:8
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
Damian Gance stressed that it was an independent entity in which he had no pecuniary interest, and he claimed at one stage not to know who the directors were. It works with the respondent AMS on projects, and about 95% of the products advertised on its website are kept in stores within the group.
46Under the relevant agreement, stores (such as CWDCP) wholesale any ordered goods to ePharmacy, and then distribute them to customers who have placed orders on-line, for 10% of the value of the order, plus any costs incurred.
The agreement with CWDCP, as a distributor, clearly stipulates that the ePharmacy company owns the website. The customer has no relationship with the distributor, and pays only ePharmacy. CWDCP began fulfilling internet orders on 6 October 2009.
47ePharmacy markets and offers for sale OTC products that require no special licence to sell. It also markets and offers for sale products that are scheduled items and ethical products subsidised by the Federal Government under the PBS. These products may only be dispensed to customers by registered pharmacists from approved premises that have a PBS licence.
Customers send the prescription to ePharmacy at Virginia, and it is express-posted to Penrith. Customers fill out the internet questionnaire. Any repeat prescription is sent back to the customer unless he/she has requested that it be held by ePharmacy, but it is not held by Chemist Warehouse (see Tp197, LL12-27).
48Gance believes that the ePharmacy transaction has two parts - a wholesale transaction between CWDCP and ePharmacy, and a distribution function discharged by CWDCP, involving the 10% commission, or "distribution fee", on the "retail value of the goods" (see Gance's direct quotation at Tp199, LL32-40). It is not an email transaction.
The customer goes direct to the website, creates a user account, provides payment details, selects products and then proceeds to the electronic checkout from which ePharmacy coordinates distribution and dispatch from any one of its distribution centres around the country and the product is sent to the end customer (see Tp200, LL1-12).
49Gance deposed (29 October 2010) that it is his objective that, "with time", the business conducted in Tenancy 230 will "primarily distribute pharmaceuticals and related health care products transacted on the internet". He said (Tp203, LL26-29):
I see the business being predominantly a distribution business and the prominence of that distribution is going to continue to increase as ePharmacy and Chemist Warehouse continue to throw more distribution towards the Penrith Distribution Centre.
50He hopes to achieve ePharmacy sales of approximately $100M per annum within five to ten years - it will represent 95% of the business, but continue to involve direct transactions between ePharmacy and the customer's bank account. The CWDCP business will need to maintain PBS approval, and, thus, direct access for the public.
51I will deal further with Gance's evidence later in this judgment (commencing at [206]).
Staffing of CWDCP
52While there are some contradictions in the evidence about staff numbers and staffing levels, it would appear likely that there are 12 out of 16 present at any one time, with two staff members working exclusively on ePharmacy, and two on group distribution.
All four work in the caged area, but the two working exclusively on ePharmacy also work outside the cage, as they are often required to "pick and pack" pharmaceutical products, particularly non-restricted pharmaceutical products stocked on shelves in the front area of the premises, in order to fulfil ePharmacy orders, as well as orders/requests from within the group.
These staff frequently cross over between the front and back areas of the premises.
53There is one staff member working in the storage area of the premises which is not open or accessible to members of the public. This staff member performs tasks for the front area and for the ePharmacy component.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:14
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
The purpose of the location rules is twofold - first to provide widespread community access to pharmaceutical services, and second to ensure the continued viability of existing pharmacies. The rules were introduced in 1991 and they have been somewhat controversial in terms of competition policies. Woolworths has pressed for approval of establishment of pharmacies in-store.
At a minimum, members of the public must have access to pharmaceutical benefits "at" the approved premises at reasonable times. Pharmacists may also choose to supply, e.g. to aged care facilities or mail order customers, pharmaceutical benefits "from" their premises.
Holzberger v Secretary, Department of Health & Ageing [2007] FCAFC 68; (2007) 158 FCR 586 concerned the cancellation of an approval on the basis that Holzberger was not dispensing pharmaceutical benefit medicines to the public at the specified location (A 3 x 3 space formerly used as a storeroom).
He was dispensing "from" this location to another pharmacy not approved to supply pharmaceutical benefits 375m away. The full Federal Court held that the supply of pharmaceutical benefits need not necessarily occur "at" the approved premises. The Act was amended to close the loophole (see pp 5-8 of the Australian Parliamentary Library paper 11 September 2007).
86The applicants drew the Court's attention to a case in the Federal Court regarding s 90 of the National Health Act - Terry White Chemists Australia Fair v Secretary Department of Health and Ageing ("Terry White") [2009] FCAFC 74;
(2009) 178 FCR 161 - which involved a challenge by a rival chemist to a Chemist Warehouse store in a shopping centre on the Gold Coast, adjacent to the building where the challenger had an outlet.
The issue was whether the decision of the Secretary of the Department of Health to grant approval under s 90(1) of the National Health Act to supply pharmaceutical benefits exceeded the Secretary's power because of the provisions of s 90(4).
87The Court described s 90(4) as "a curiously worded provision". The Court commented that it would seem to amount to no more than an expression of intention that the Act not displace or override any State or Territory law in accordance with s 109 of the Constitution.
The Secretary, however, apparently took the view that the sub-section operated as a limitation on power, and that an applicant must show that it is permitted under a law regulating pharmacies to carry on business at the premises in respect of which the relevant PBS approval is to be granted. The Secretary was considered by the Court to be "plainly correct" in this respect.
88The Full Federal Court said (at [17] and [20] - emphasis added):
... it is clearly open to the Minister to require the Authority to take into account the land use requirements of State, Territory and Local laws if the Minister should consider that to be appropriate.
This is an altogether different proposition from the proposition that, when the Secretary comes to consider the recommendation of the Authority pursuant to s 90(3)B of the National Health Act she is obliged to consider the impact of those laws again....
...
The preferable construction is to regard s 90(4) of the National Health Act as not so much a limitation on the power of the Secretary to grant an approval pursuant to s 90(1), as a limitation on the extent of the approval that the Secretary grants.
Viewed in this way, s 90(4) makes it clear that an approval granted by the Secretary pursuant to s 90(1) is not to be regarded as extending beyond the purposes of the scheme set up by Pt VII of the National Health Act, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
The approval is not to be regarded as overriding any provision of State or Territory laws under which the carrying on of the business of a pharmacy at the relevant premises by the particular pharmacist would not be permitted.
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:12
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
When a prescriber writes a prescription for a branded pharmaceutical whose patent has expired and a generic equivalent is available the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme allows for (and encourages) a pharmacist to substitute a generic drug for the branded drug provided that the prescriber has not specifically stated 'no substitution' on the prescription form.
Competition between drug companies producing generics results in more affordable pharmaceutical prices to the public.
68The Pharmacy Board of Australia publication "Guidelines for dispensing of medicines" (Exhibit A8) carries no date, but it does refer to a key statute - the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (Qld).
The document notes that as part of the COAG agreement for a national regulation system, the ownership of pharmacies, regulation of premises, inspections and related matters remain within the jurisdiction of the States and Territories. The focus of the Guidelines is on safe dispensing and labelling, and on the training and roles of dispensary assistance.
69Item 3 of the Guidelines enables the dispensing of a prescription transmitted by facsimile or scanned copy provided the pharmacist has taken reasonable steps to ensure the bona fides of the prescription, and arrangements are made to receive the original.
70Item 4 says "the Board views the indirect supply of medicines, such as internet and mail-order dispensing, as less than the optimal way of delivering a pharmacy service because communication may be compromised".
71There are detailed guidelines regarding labelling of dispensed medicines. Section 7.2 says that label content should "include the following:
The brand and generic names of the medicine, the strength, the dose form and the quantity supplied; for extemporaneously prepared medicines and medicines not dispensed by count, the name and strength of each active ingredient, and the name and strength of any added preservatives or the name of the formula as described in a standard reference book
Specific directions for use, including frequency and dose
The patient's name or, in the case of an animal, the owner's name and the kind of animal
The date of dispensing or supply
The dispenser's (and if different, the checking pharmacist's) initials
A unique identifying code
The name, address and telephone number of the pharmacy or pharmacy department at which the prescription was dispensed
Storage directions (where important) and expiry date (where applicable)
The words 'Keep out of reach of children'.
72Section 8 of the guidelines deals with counselling patients about prescribed medicines.
Licensing of premises and operations
73To conduct any broad-based operation in the pharmaceutical industry, various licences or approvals are needed, even if no manufacture is involved. Both State and Federal authorities are involved in regulating the industry.
74Maloney repeatedly referred to the Health Insurance Commission ('HIC'), and Valastro at no point in his documentary evidence, nor in their joint conference and the report thereof, took issue with that. (See Tpp184-188.
According to the Medicare website the HIC was established in 1974 to run "Medibank" and later Medibank Private until the "universal care system" called Medicare was introduced in 1983. Medibank Private separated from the HIC by 1998, and the HIC was renamed Medicare Australia on 1 October 2005).
75Pharmacists need approval to open a new pharmacy, relocate an existing one, change the size of an existing one, change the address of an existing one, and change the ownership of an existing one.
76The Pharmacy Location Rules - Applicant's Handbook, dated March 2009 (annexure B to Valastro's affidavit, with various application forms in annexure C) provides information and guidance to pharmacists regarding applications for the establishment of a new pharmacy approval or the relocation of an existing pharmacy approval.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:9
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
There may be up to seven staff in the front public area, including three pharmacists (query "rotating"?) in the dispensary area (the supervising pharmacist, Vu, and two assistant/trainee pharmacists).
E: The Planning Regime
The 1996 LEP
54Clause 9 of the 1996 LEP (Exhibit A1, tab 1) provides the land use zoning and development control table. As already noted, at the time of the granting of the challenged consent, the subject land was zoned 4(b) Special Industry Zone under the 1996 LEP.
55No use was permissible without development consent (item (b)(i)).
56Uses permitted "only with development consent" (in item (b)(ii)) were:
Shops trading principally in bulky goods which shops
(a) have a gross floor area of not more than 1,000m2 and
(b) do not have frontage to a road referred to in clause 20
And any land use other than those included in item (b)(iii).
(Clause 20 has no direct relevance to the current proceedings)
57Several uses were specifically designated as prohibited in item (b)(iii), including "general stores", "office premises (other than those ancillary to, and used in conjunction with, another land use that is not prohibited in this zone)", and "shops (other than convenience stores,
corner shops, fast food take-away restaurants, take-away food shops, shops trading principally in bulky goods included in paragraph (b)(ii) and shops trading principally in motor vehicle parts and accessories, including marine vessel parts and accessories)".
58The term "shop" was defined in Schedule 1 (at fol 34) to mean:
... a building or place used for the purpose of selling, exposing or offering for sale by retail goods, merchandise or materials but, in the development control table, does not include a building or place elsewhere specifically defined in this Schedule, or a building or place used for a land use elsewhere specifically defined in this Schedule.
59The words "sale" and "retail" are not defined, but have been held to have, as their ordinary meaning, that of a sale, as in transfer of property for money, to customers not themselves engaged in the retail trade, not wholesale.
The volume or quantity must be not larger than is necessary to satisfy the requirements of "the ordinary man in the street". Defining a retail sale in terms of small quantities and ultimate consumers finds support in the recognised dictionaries.
See Chan v Dainford Ltd [1985] HCA 15; (1985) 155 CLR 533, Collector of Customs v Chemark Services Pty Ltd (1993) 42 FCR 588; (1993) 114 ALR 531, and also Woolworths Ltd v Campbells Cash and Carry Pty Ltd (1996) 92 LGERA 244, in which (at 258-9) Cole JA discussed in some detail the differences between "wholesale" and "retail", and the concept of "warehouse".
60Other possibly relevant definitions in Schedule 1 of the 1996 LEP (at fols 25-36) included:
bulky goods means large goods which are, in the opinion of the council, of such a size and shape as to necessitate:
(a) a large area for handling, storage or display; and
(b) easy and direct vehicular access so as to allow for their collection by customers,
but does not include agricultural products, beverages, clothing, food, footwear, leisure goods, paper or stationery products, small electrical appliances, electronic goods or toys;
business premises means a building or place in which there is carried on a light industry or trade (but does not include a brothel) which provides a service directly and regularly to the public but (in the development control table) does not include a building or place specifically defined elsewhere in this Schedule.
convenience store means a building or place:
(a) used for the purpose of selling, exposing or offering for sale by retail principally groceries, small goods and associated small items, and
(b) used in conjunction with the sale by retail of petrol, oil and other petroleum products, and
(c) that does not exceed 200m2 in gross floor area,
but (in the development control table) does not include a building or place specifically defined elsewhere in this Schedule.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:7
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
However, no such machine was in evidence when the Court carried out its view on 1 November 2010 (see Tp67, LL35-43, p69, LL24-25, and p70, LL11-13) and Gance said (Tp207, LL43-46) that, while he had had discussions with ePharmacy about a Blue Cross contract, he had reached no agreement on one (see also Exhibit A6).
(4) Behind that computer/packing area is a large warehouse area, closed to the public. It is the respondents' case that this rear area of the premises is used for:
(i)the warehousing, storage, packing and distribution of items ordered via "ePharmacy",
(ii)the storage and distribution of pharmaceutical products to associated pharmacies, and to nursing homes, and
(iii)to nursing homes, and for the storage and distribution of pharmaceutical samples provided to medical practitioners and other health care professionals.
(4A) Some of area (4) is enclosed with a substantial steel fence, or "cage". Access to the "caged" area is restricted by a coded lock. Goods restricted under the NSW Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 ('the PTG Act'), largely owned by Verrocchi/EYFS, are stored in the caged area.
Outside the cage, drug samples, and non-restricted items (e.g. fragrances, baby care items, etc) are stored, the latter for eventual display and sale in the retail area out the front, and to fill "ePharmacy" orders. Pannia described the use of the caged area as follows (par 16):
(a)Restricted pharmaceutical products are stocked;
(b)Other non-restricted pharmaceutical products are stocked;
(c)ePharmacy orders are processed;
(d)ePharmacy orders are fulfilled by staff (the goods the subject of the orders are not boxed or packaged by the staff in the caged area. They are only loaded onto trolleys);
(e)When live contracts for Samples Plus / Market Reach or nursing homes distribution exist, these orders are also processed and fulfilled from the caged area;
(f)Restricted pharmaceutical products are stocked for, and picked and packed for distribution to, the Group's stores in NSW and in the ACT.
(4B) The rest of the rear warehouse area (4) comprises a storage area for pallets etc, a staff amenity area, a parking spot for a forklift, an area for the keeping of larger items, including items such as wheelchairs, and a large roller door. All goods delivered to the premises come to that rear door.
42Outside the SupaCenta building, beyond that rear loading dock/receiving area, and to its north, is a large open-air carpark. Although the external rear wall of Tenancy 230 presents from the outside as a blank façade with a large roller door, external signage visible from the carpark advertises prescriptions available at a discount up to 50%, "distribution centre direct to the public", and the like.
Distribution Agreements
43On or about the date trading commenced (circa 21 September 2009), Gance (trading as CWDCP) entered formal agreements with Verrocchi/EYFS (Supply and Distribution Agreement - tab 5 of Gance's materials), and with "ePharmacy", a business owned by ePharmacy Group Pty Limited (Fulfilment and Distribution Agreement - tab 6).
44Under the agreement reached with Verrocchi and EYFS (jointly trading as "My Chemist Health and Beauty Distribution"), CWDCP began warehousing and storing their goods, for distribution to other stores from Tenancy 230, on 10 December 2009. The distribution fee paid to CWDCP is two cents per item.
Gance deposed that approximately 25% of goods offered for sale throughout the group are distributed through Verrocchi/EFYS, 65% are supplied directly by Sigma Pharmaceuticals Ltd (with whom the group has a wholesaling agreement under which individual stores obtain favourable buying terms), and 10% come directly from suppliers such as Revlon, L'Oreal, and the like.
ePharmacy
45The ePharmacy company is owned by Mario Verrocchi, Brett Clark, Jeffrey Wasley, Gary Nipperess, Jack Gance, and Sam Gance (father of the respondent) (Exhibit A5).
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:23
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
This interrelatedness makes it difficult to "untangle" elements of the various activities and differentiate amounts or ratios of items that may be related to any one of them (e g over the counter retail sales).
The over the counter retail sales are a very good example of this. There may be significant numbers of smaller items displayed in the front of house area of the premises. It will indeed be possible for members of the public to purchase these items individually over the counter.
However, these items, which are on display as individual items and also within sealed boxes, are also utilised for the off-site distribution part of the business. The front of house therefore also operates as a storage area and forms part of the 'warehouse and distribution' activities which we understand Council is not concerned with.
The fact that the items are stored for distribution in the front of house rather than back of house does not change their nature or categorisation in planning terms.
Therefore, providing a simple ratio of bulky to non-bulky items that may be on display in the front of the premises at any one time does not provide meaningful information upon which to categorise the use of the overall premises in the terms of the Penrith LEP.
Whilst Chemist Warehouse has advised of the difficulty of providing stock breakdowns or turnover figures for individual elements of the business because of their variability over time, it has confirmed that from a business operational perspective:
"the core activity of the business is as a distribution centre and the retail (over the counter component) is ancillary to this use."
Based on the totality of the combined activities proposed to operate from the premises, we are satisfied that over the counter retail sale of small items is an ancillary and incidental part of the overall use. It does not constitute a separate use, as outlined in Foodbarn Pty Ltd v Solicitor-General (1975) 32 LGRA 157, referred to in our SEE which accompanied this DA.
132City Plan went on to say (fol 276):
ALTERNATIVE PERMISSIBLE CATEGORISATIONS
The difficulty of the task of categorising this non-typical use was acknowledged in our SEE. For that reason, we indicated that should Council have any difficulty in accepting a categorisation (for the whole or separate elements of the use) as bulky goods retailing, we provided an alternative categorisation, principally as "business premises.
" We consider that business premises, as defined in the LEP, is a sufficiently broad definition to encompass the overall mix of activities proposed to be undertaken from the premises. In the context of this definition of the overall use of the premises, any retail sale of small goods would be clearly ancillary and incidental.
We further noted in the SEE the presence of other uses approved by Council within the same zone in the Jamisontown locality (e.g. the Abcoe Centre) which allow for over the counter retailing of a considerable range of individually small items.
133Council wrote again on 5 February 2009 (fols 284-5) raising several issues on the question of permissibility, as an innominate use not capable of precise classification as bulky goods, business premises, or warehouse.
City Plan responded on 9 February 2009 (fols 286-290), quoting and relying upon various legal precedents derived from VCAT decisions. There was a further email exchange on 20 February 2009 (fols 291-293).
134The Council officers prepared their assessment report in February 2009 (tab 8, fols 294-304). It dealt with detailed questions of "fact and degree" (Tp362, L10), and recommended approval of the application, subject to conditions.
135The Council report (at fol 295) described the proposal as for "an internal fit-out to create a distribution centre with ancillary pharmacy and retail sales", and as an innominate use permissible within the 4(b) zone only with consent.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:2
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
References within this Judgment to the 'respondents' denote only the active respondents. References to 'Gance' will denote the respondent Damian Gance, rather than other members of his family.
The Background to the Challenge
6Put shortly, pharmacy businesses must comply with licensing/approval requirements at both State and Federal levels, and must be developed and "used" in accordance with the planning regime administered at State and local levels.
7The challenge before the Court concerns the applicants' primary contention that the premises are used/operated as a "shop" - a use prohibited by the relevant planning instrument(s) at all relevant times.
The respondents say that any retail elements of the multi-faceted use of the premises are ancillary to their primary use as a modern, appropriately licensed, distribution centre for products generally found in and procured from one's local pharmacy, or chemist shop, including, but not restricted to, prescription medicines.
8There is some tension between the respective planning and regulatory requirements in the circumstances of this case.
The applicants submit that nothing in the State or Federal regulatory regimes requires, as part of a project incorporating a distribution centre, "a fully functional retail chemist shop", selling pharmaceuticals and other products/goods, but rather they require merely that the public have access to the distribution centre to obtain drugs which are "pharmaceutical benefits" (see [78] below).
9The applicants submit that the local Council as consent authority may have been misled in this respect, by the proponent of the development, when assessing the relevant development application, and the respondents contend that it is "unethical to prescribe (sic?
) medication without the capacity to fulfil the obligation of a pharmacist to provide the full gamut of health care services that are expected or required".
The Relief Sought
10The applicants' summons, as finally amended on 22 October 2010, seeks the following relief:
The Applicants seek declarations that:
1.Consent DA08/1288 ('the Consent') granted by the first respondent to the second respondent on 20 February 2009 was granted contrary to s76B of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 ('the Act').
2.The Consent is void, invalid and of no force or effect.
3.The present use of the premises being Shop 230 at 13-23 Pattys Place, Jamisontown (Premises), is prohibited in the IN2 Light Industrial zone of the Penrith Local Environmental Plan 2010 (2010 LEP), being the use of the premises for the retail sale of pharmaceutical and related products.
4.The present use of the Premises is contrary to s76B of the Act, being a use of land for a purpose which is prohibited in the IN2 Light Industrial zone, being the retail sale of pharmaceutical and related products.
The Applicants seek injunctive relief that:
5.The first respondent be restrained from taking any step pursuant to the Act which relies upon the validity and efficacy of the Consent.
6.The second and third respondents, their servants and agents be restrained from taking any further step pursuant to the Act which relies upon the validity and efficacy of the Consent.
7.The third respondent, his servants and agents be restrained from continuing the present use of the Premises for the retail sale of pharmaceutical and related products, being a purpose prohibited in the IN2 Light Industrial zone.
And
8.Such further or other relief or order the nature of the case requires.
9.An order that the respondents pay the applicants' costs of the proceedings.
11Final versions of Points of Claim and Points of Defence were also filed, by leave, in late October 2010.
B: The Parties' arguments, and the structure of this judgment
12The applicants say that their challenge, as framed, raised four substantive arguments, and they also made submissions on discretion and relief. Put shortly, as outlined by Mr Robson, senior counsel for the applicants, the four substantive questions they raised were:
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:30
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
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It is a common situation that a purchased good comes directly from a manufacturer, rather than a retailer, but it still closes the retail purchase "circle". Australia Post, used by CWDCP, is purely a facilitator, earning a fee for transportation.
The retail "circle" must be completed by having the goods delivered to the customer. Leyshon's definition of "selling" is a transaction followed by an exchange of goods (Tp132, LL11-14).
187Leyshon explained (Tp136, LL11-18):
...wherever ePharmacy has their server located it generates an order electronically which comes to those screens we saw, or the other people saw when they went on the view, to the four terminals which sit behind the dispensary area.
I am assuming, and perhaps you can say this is not correct, that it is somehow electronically linked to the server so that orders generated which are relevant to the Penrith store are transmitted electronically to those screens so that the staff can pick the goods off the shelves, put them in boxes and post them out.
188For the record, Exhibit A3, to which I referred above (in [186]), is an extract ("Division G - Retail Trade") from the "Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification 2006", a document issued by the Australian Bureau of Statistics classifying business for reporting purposes.
189The document states:
The Retail Trade Division includes units mainly engaged in the purchase and/or onselling, the commission based buying, and the commission based selling of goods, without significant transformation, to the general public.
The Retail Trade Division also includes units that purchase and onsell goods to the general public using non-traditional means, including the internet. Units are classified to the Retail Trade Division in the first instance if they buy finished goods and then onsell them (including on a commission basis) to the general public.
Retail units generally operate from premises located and designed to attract a high volume of walk-in customers, have an extensive display of goods, and/or use mass media advertising designed to attract customers. The display and advertising of goods may be physical or electronic.
...
While non-store retailers, by definition, do not possess the physical characteristics of traditional retail units with a physical shop-front location, these units share the requisite function of the purchasing and onselling of goods to the general public, and are therefore included in this division.
A unit which sells to both businesses and the general public will be classified to the Retail Trade Division if it operates from shop-front premises, arranges and displays stock to attract a high proportion of walk-in customers and utilises mass media advertising to attract customers.
190The document goes on to distinguish wholesale units and manufacturing units. At p2 it says:
wholesale units also engage in the buying of goods for resale, but typically operate from a warehouse or office and neither the design nor the location of these premises is intended to solicit a high volume of walk-in traffic. In general, wholesale units have large storage facilities and small display area, while the reverse is true for retail units.
191Turning his attention, next, to the other operations housed at, or contemplated for, CWDCP, Leyshon observed that:
(1)"Blue Cross" manages residential communities in Victoria, with some 1,500 residents living in various forms of care. Unless Chemist Warehouse provided medications to the Blue Cross Group at wholesale prices, that distribution activity would also be retailing in nature.
"Even if Blue Cross charges residents a 'handling fee' or is able to negotiate a discount from Chemist Warehouse for bulk orders, the transactions are, in my opinion, still likely to be retail in nature" (s 3.4, p12). He noted that there is no suggestion in the SEE that Blue Cross is purchasing medications and on-selling them at a margin.
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:28
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
169In Mahoney's experience, it is common for community pharmacies to supply customers with both PBS listed items and non-listed items, including vitamin supplements, and common non-prescription medications, such as aspirin and panadol.
170Prior to their joint expert conference, Valastro expressed general agreement with what Mahoney said, but he disagreed with Mahoney's comment that "...
the size and nature of the retail pharmacy operation would indicate that even if some kind of distribution were occasionally taking place from the rear of the premises, it would be ancillary and subordinate to the use of the premises as a shop or retail pharmacy".
He went on to comment (in par 42) that, on the basis of his observation, he could not accept the description of the distribution activities as "occasional". He did express the view that the activities occurring on the whole of the premises are not characteristic of a typical or traditional community pharmacy.
In their joint report, Mahoney and Valastro agreed to add to that comment "we agree that it is not possible to apportion the significance of either area of activity".
171Their joint report (Exhibit A2) analysed the affidavit material each had provided on affidavit.
172Normally community pharmacies would generate approximately 70% of their turnover from the sale of scheduled or restricted pharmaceutical items, but a pharmacy located in a Westfield-type mall might have only 25% of its total store turnover representing PTG Act substances.
173The term "ethical products" is used to define any potent substance. Within the pharmaceutical profession the term is usually used in relation to a product accepted as having a "beneficial" effect on the person who uses that product, whether therapeutic or otherwise.
174Community pharmacies regularly dispense PBS items in response to email and fax orders, but the pharmacist must obtain a hard copy of the prescription (Tp169, LL27-49) to submit to Medicare, and comply with the poisons regulations.
Such an operation is not "mail order" or internet pharmacy. "Mail order" requires a third party contracted to deliver items, and in Gance's case, this role is undertaken by Australia Post.
175The experts agreed that the determination of issues relating to "use" and "ancillary or subordinate use" are properly matters to be determined by the Court.
176Mahoney and Valastro also gave concurrent oral evidence, during which it was made clear that the handwritten prescription of the doctor "must make its way to the pharmacist" (Tp160, L30). The pharmacist must offer, but not necessarily supply "consumer medicine information".
(Tp161, LL15-21). They explained the duties of pharmacists to establish the identity of the patient, and the fact that the prescription is written by a registered medical practitioner. They ask the customer for Medicare and/or Centrelink details, and particulars of any allergies, etc.
177In the ePharmacy scenario that personal contact is missing, but information is sought on the screen. Valastro said internet pharmacy was actually referred to as "distance dispensing", but none of the requirements on the pharmacy are relaxed in that situation.
The series of questions has to be asked even over the internet, and the information is collected in writing, rather than verbally. Pharmacists will communicate with the doctor if there is anything on the prescription that he feels is not safe for the patient - query an incorrect dosage or something along those lines (Tp164, LL1-11).
178There was quite a lot of discussion about labelling and what was required to be on the label attached to the prescription medication.
Name of product, drug name, quantity, full directions, patient's name, how to take it, identification number of the prescription, date of dispensing, name and address of the pharmacy dispensing it, initials of the pharmacy, and a warning to "keep out of reach of children" (See Exhibit A4).
|
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:38
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
The task needs to be undertaken in a commonsense and practical way and almost always involves questions of fact and degree: Chamwell Pty Ltd v Strathfield Council ("Chamwell") [2007] NSWLEC 114; (2007) 151 LGERA 400, at [45] and [57]. It may also involve questions of law, including determining the proper interpretation of relevant instruments and of the nominated purposes.
232The characterisation of the purpose of a use of land should be done at a level of generality which is necessary and sufficient to cover the individual activities, transactions or processes carried on, not in terms of the detailed activities, transactions or processes:
See Chamwell, and Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales v Sydney City Council (1987) 61 LGRA 305, in which McHugh JA said (at 312):
If the activities, processes of transactions are capable as being treated as all or the majority of the species of a genus, then that genus may properly be regarded as describing the purpose of the use of the land. If they are not, then it may be that the only conclusion is that the land has been used for more than one purpose.
233Undertaking the task by applying the elements of a proposed activity to a particular form of development defined in an environmental planning instrument can often yield a result about which minds may reasonably differ: Penrith City Council v Waste Management Authority (1990) 71 LGRA 376, at 384.
234In Chamwell, the use of the carpark driveways, accessways and landscape forecourt were designed to serve the end of enabling the supermarket to be conducted.
That purpose imparted to the land on which those uses were pursued, the character of a shop, including the supermarket. The uses of part of one of the buildings for vehicular and pedestrian access were subordinate to the purposes of a shop/supermarket, and multi unit housing.
They were not, by reason of their character, extent and other features, capable of being an independent use for the purpose of roads. They served the main purpose.
Parts of the proposed development were properly characterised as shop, namely supermarket, and development for the purpose of shop was prohibited in the zone, accordingly, the proposed development in its current form was not able to be approved.
235Characterisation at the time of the grant of consent is a matter of jurisdictional fact to be determined by the Court on all the documentary and expert evidence: Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission [2000] HCA 5; (2000) 199 CLR 135.
In that case, the High Court discussed the concept of jurisdictional fact and the use by the Untied States authorities of the doctrine of "deference". The Court said (at [42]):
An undesirable consequence of the Chevron doctrine may be its encouragement to decision-makers to adopt one of several competing reasonable interpretations of the statute in question, so as to fit the facts to the desired result.
In a situation such as the present, the undesirable consequence would be that the decision-maker might be tempted to mould the facts and to express findings about them so as to establish jurisdiction and thus to insulate that finding of jurisdiction from judicial examination.
236The High Court concluded that principles as stated in Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin [1990] HCA 21; (1990) 170 CLR 1, are not the result of the application of any doctrine of deference, but an application of the basic principles of administrative law respecting the exercise of discretionary powers. See also Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd [1986] HCA 40; (1986) 162 CLR 24.
237In the seminal decision in Foodbarn Pty Limited v Solicitor-General ("Foodbarn") (1976) 32 LGRA 157, already referred to in material quoted in [125] and [131] above, Glass JA (Samuels and Hutley JJA concurring) said (at 161):
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767:24
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d9767
|
The description of the development (at fol 296) indicated its acceptance as, primarily, a "chemist warehouse distribution outlet", involving "picking, packing and distribution", and incorporating "a traditional retail pharmacy outlet, which is purported to be an ancillary component of the proposal".
136The proposal did not fit the LEP's definitions, for example, of "industry", "business premises", warehouse and distribution centre", or "shop trading principally in bulky goods" (fols 297-8),
but the report noted (at fol 298) that the 1996 LEP definition of "warehouse or distribution centre" (see [60] above) "adequately conveys the overall categorisation of the proposed use, however it fails the definition as it involves the retail sale of goods from the premises".
137The report went on to note (fol 298) that "in defining the proposal against the LEP definitions", the Council is led "to the assumption of the proposal being considered an innominate use", and that "the applicant has provided a weight of evidence to suggest that the sale of goods by retail is an ancillary component of the use". The information was said to include the following factors:
The front of house area is inseparable from the operation of the warehouse/distribution activity which relies on all of its stock, of which a significant portion is sourced from the front part of the premises.
80% of the business turnover would be derived from the warehouse/distribution operations.
Staff levels were slanted towards the warehouse/distribution operation, in the order of 3 to 1.
138The Council officers concluded (at fol 299) that the sale of goods by retail was not the primary use of the proposal, so the DA did not satisfy the definition of "shop". The ancillary retail component was "inseparable" from the "primary use" as a distribution centre.
139In relation to the requirements of the National Health Act, the report noted (at p5 fol 299) that:
Based on this information it is considered that the sale of goods by retail is not the primary use of the proposal and as such the proposal does not satisfy the definition of a shop. It is considered that the scale of the retail component is ancillary and incidental to the primary use of the premises as a distribution centre, and is inseparable from this primary use.
The incorporation of a retail pharmacy is required to enable the premises to operate and be licensed in accordance with the National Health Act. Without this aspect the proposal cannot distribute any pharmaceutical goods/materials, as it in (sic) breach of the National Health Act. This pharmacy component is also considered ancillary to the primary use of the site as a distribution centre.
Based on the discussion above, the proposal is deemed an innominate use and is permissible by virtue of the fact it is not captured by any of the definitions identified as a prohibited use in the 4(b) Special Industry Zone.
The Determination of the DA, the Granting of Consent, and the Imposition of Conditions
140The recommendation that the application be approved subject to conditions, was accepted, and the approval was signed, by the Council's delegate, Mr Jonathon Wood, on 20 February 2009.
A copy of the Council's determination was posted to the applicant on 24 February 2009 (tab 9, fols 305-311), and the consent operated from 23 February 2009 (see fols 305-307). It was subject to 12 conditions of consent (fols 308-311), the most relevant for these proceedings being those numbered 1 and 4 (on fol 308):
1.The development must be implemented substantially in accordance with the stamped approved plans, the application form and any supporting information received with the application, except as may be amended in red on the attached plans and by the following conditions.
...
|
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] | null |
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