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] | 879,200 |
a three @ - @ run home run in the bottom of the eighth inning. he held the yankees scoreless again in the ninth inning, and the tigers won the game with four runs in the bottom of the ninth. oana was the winning pitcher and had his first major league home run in the same game. in all, oana appeared in 10 games for the tigers in 1943, all as a reliever, compiling a 3 – 2 record with a 4 @. @ 50 era in 34 innings pitched. oana also compiled a. 385 batting average with two doubles, a triple, a home run, and seven rbis in only
| 1,272 |
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] | 879,201 |
26 at bats for the 1943 tigers. late in the 1943 season, oana was returned to the milwaukee brewers, appearing in several games until he sustained a fractured wrist. in december 1943, the brewers sold oana to the buffalo bisons of the international league. oana compiled a 13 – 13 record with a 3 @. @ 63 era in 38 games for the bisons in 1944. he also spent most of the 1945 season in buffalo, compiling a 15 – 14 record ( 4 @. @ 20 era ) in 31 games. in august 1945, on the recommendation of buffalo manager bucky harris, the tigers called him back up
| 1,768 |
[
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"minors",
"="
] | 879,202 |
to the big leagues. with the tigers were competing for the american league pennant, oana appeared in three games, one as a starter. oana compiled a 1 @. @ 59 era in 11 innings for the 1945 tigers team that won the pennant and the 1945 world series. his only major league game as a starting pitcher was on september 12, 1945, against the philadelphia athletics : oana allowed one hit through the first eight innings, pitched 10 @ - @ 2 / 3 innings and allowed only two runs, though the tigers lost the game, 3 – 2, in the 16th inning. = = = final years in the minors =
| 1,272 |
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"##ark",
"##ana",
"bears"
] | 879,203 |
= = after the 1945 season, oana was sold to the dallas rebels of the texas league. by july 1946, he was ranked among the league's top hitters and pitchers. he finished the 1946 season with a 24 – 10 record, a 2 @. @ 54 era, a. 303 batting average and seven home runs in 185 at bats. oana remained in dallas for two years, 1946 and 1947. he then played three years as a player @ - @ manager for the austin pioneers of the big state league from 1948 to 1950. he concluded his career as the player @ - @ manager for the texarkana bears
| 1,358 |
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"multiple",
"times",
".",
"with"
] | 879,204 |
in 1951. he ended his minor league career with a. 304 batting average with 2 @, @ 292 hits, including 428 doubles, 130 triples, and 261 home runs. = = personal and later life = = during his playing career, oana developed a " reputation as a playboy, " who " had too many extra @ - @ curricular activities. " he was reported to have dressed like " a dandy ", been " the beau brummel of baseball, " and been idolized by fans for his " s @ - @ s appeal, socks and sex. " oana was married multiple times. with
| 1,347 |
[
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"##ana",
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"s",
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"league",
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"recalled",
"that",
"o",
"##ana",
"\"",
"worried",
"hell",
"out",
"of",
"me",
".",
"\""
] | 879,205 |
his first wife, arma puninani richardson, he had two sons, george ( born 1928 ) and henry ( born 1929 ). on october 1, 1935, he was married to joyce powell of winter haven, florida. by 1942, he had remarried to patricial hall of atlanta. in 1946, he was reported to be happily married to a texas girl. he also had at least two marriages late in life, in 1968 to a woman named cynthia, and in 1974 to opal gunn. spencer abbott, oana's minor league manager in portland and atlanta, recalled that oana " worried hell out of me. "
| 573 |
[
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".",
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",",
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"##ana",
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"in",
"austin",
",",
"texas",
",",
"to",
"remove"
] | 879,206 |
according to abbott, oana had friends in every town, and " it was tough for him to live anything resembling a spartan life. " abbott speculated that, despite having major league talent, oana's lifestyle may have held him back from becoming a star in the major leagues. in 1946, abbott opined : " if he had been a less handsome fellow with the same ability he might have been a ten @ - @ year star now in the major leagues. " oana's baseball career ended in 1951, in part due to vision problems. in the spring of 1952, oana underwent surgery in austin, texas, to remove
| 255 |
[
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".",
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"years",
",",
"o",
"##ana",
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"of"
] | 879,207 |
cataracts from his right eye. he reportedly underwent eye surgery five times over the next 10 years and lived and worked during the late 1950s and early 1960s in a rehabilitation center for the blind in austin, texas. he worked there as an instructor teaching crafts to the totally blind. in 1965, the associated press reported that oana's vision had returned and that he hoped to secure a job as a baseball coach, which would enable him to reimburse the travis association for the blind for the assistance it provided while his vision was substantially lost due to cataracts in both eyes. in his later years, oana regained much of
| 544 |
[
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"lower",
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"us",
"state",
"of",
"michigan",
".",
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"##u",
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".",
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"209",
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"@",
"-",
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] | 879,208 |
his vision and continued living in austin, texas. he operated a lakeside fishing business and was also a captain with the travis county sheriff's department. oana died of a heart attack in 1976 at his home in austin, texas at the age of 66, and was buried at the oakwood cemetery annex in austin. m @ - @ 209 was a state trunkline highway in the lower peninsula of the us state of michigan. it was located in leelanau county in the sleeping bear dunes national lakeshore. until it was decommissioned, it was michigan's shortest state highway. m @ - @ 209 started at m @ - @
| 585 |
[
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"109",
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"glen",
"haven",
","
] | 879,209 |
109 and went 0 @. @ 543 miles ( 0 @. @ 874 km ) or just 956 yards ( 874 m ) to glen haven. in 1996, m @ - @ 209's designation was " abandoned ", and the road was turned over to the jurisdiction of the leelanau county road commission. = = route description = = m @ - @ 209 was the short connector route from m @ - @ 109 to the glen haven unit of the sleeping bear dunes national lakeshore west of glen arbor. the southern terminus of the highway was at the intersection with m @ - @ 109 south of glen haven,
| 1,985 |
[
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"village",
"on",
"the",
"shore",
"of",
"lake",
"michigan",
"on",
"the",
"lee",
"##lana",
"##u",
"peninsula",
".",
"the",
"roadway",
"ran",
"north",
"from",
"this",
"intersection",
"where",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"109",
"made",
"a",
"90",
"–",
"degree",
"corner",
"through",
"the",
"south",
"and",
"east",
"legs",
"of",
"a",
"four",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"way",
"intersection",
"with",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"209",
"and",
"dune",
"valley",
"road",
".",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"209",
"ran",
"past",
"such",
"attractions",
"as",
"the",
"restored",
"general",
"store",
"and",
"blacksmith",
"shop",
".",
"also",
"located",
"in",
"glen",
"haven",
"is",
"the",
"former",
"glen",
"haven",
"canning",
"co",
".",
"building",
".",
"this",
"building",
"was",
"first",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"warehouse",
"and",
"later",
"as",
"a",
"can",
"##nery",
"for",
"cher",
"##ries",
"in",
"the",
"1920s",
".",
"it",
"has",
"since",
"been",
"restored",
"as",
"the",
"can",
"##nery",
"boat",
"##house",
"housing",
"historic"
] | 879,210 |
a restored logging village on the shore of lake michigan on the leelanau peninsula. the roadway ran north from this intersection where m @ - @ 109 made a 90 – degree corner through the south and east legs of a four @ - @ way intersection with m @ - @ 209 and dune valley road. m @ - @ 209 ran past such attractions as the restored general store and blacksmith shop. also located in glen haven is the former glen haven canning co. building. this building was first used as a warehouse and later as a cannery for cherries in the 1920s. it has since been restored as the cannery boathouse housing historic
| 1,968 |
[
"wooden",
"boats",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"mani",
"##tou",
"passage",
"between",
"glen",
"haven",
",",
"glen",
"arbor",
"and",
"the",
"north",
"and",
"south",
"mani",
"##tou",
"islands",
".",
"the",
"northern",
"terminus",
"of",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"209",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"front",
"of",
"the",
"former",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"coast",
"guard",
"life",
"saving",
"station",
",",
"now",
"restored",
"as",
"a",
"maritime",
"museum",
".",
"the",
"museum",
"is",
"located",
"at",
"the",
"intersection",
"of",
"glen",
"haven",
"road",
"and",
"sleeping",
"bear",
"dunes",
"road",
".",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"deco",
"##mm",
"##iss",
"##ion",
"##ing",
",",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"209",
"was",
"a",
"two",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"lane",
",",
"paved",
"road",
".",
"sleeping",
"bear",
"dunes",
"national",
"lakes",
"##hore",
"is",
"a",
"united",
"states",
"national",
"lakes",
"##hore",
"located",
"on",
"the",
"\"",
"little",
"finger",
"\"",
"of",
"the",
"lower",
"peninsula",
"of",
"michigan",
"in",
"lee",
"##lana"
] | 879,211 |
wooden boats used in the manitou passage between glen haven, glen arbor and the north and south manitou islands. the northern terminus of m @ - @ 209 was located in front of the former u. s. coast guard life saving station, now restored as a maritime museum. the museum is located at the intersection of glen haven road and sleeping bear dunes road. at the time of decommissioning, m @ - @ 209 was a two @ - @ lane, paved road. sleeping bear dunes national lakeshore is a united states national lakeshore located on the " little finger " of the lower peninsula of michigan in leelana
| 1,987 |
[
"##u",
"and",
"benz",
"##ie",
"counties",
".",
"the",
"park",
"covers",
"a",
"35",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"(",
"56",
"km",
")",
"stretch",
"of",
"lake",
"michigan",
"'",
"s",
"eastern",
"coastline",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"north",
"and",
"south",
"mani",
"##tou",
"islands",
".",
"the",
"park",
"was",
"authorized",
"on",
"october",
"21",
",",
"1970",
".",
"from",
"its",
"inception",
"in",
"the",
"1920s",
",",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"209",
"was",
"michigan",
"'",
"s",
"shortest",
"highway",
".",
"it",
"connected",
"the",
"small",
"community",
"of",
"glen",
"haven",
"to",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"109",
"just",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"community",
".",
"glen",
"haven",
"was",
"founded",
"as",
"a",
"settlement",
"called",
"sleeping",
"bear",
"##ville",
"with",
"a",
"sawmill",
"and",
"an",
"inn",
"in",
"1857",
".",
"by",
"1881",
",",
"there",
"were",
"11",
"buildings",
"in",
"the",
"community",
".",
"the",
"life",
"##sa",
"##ving",
"station",
"was",
"built",
"in",
"1901",
"and"
] | 879,212 |
##u and benzie counties. the park covers a 35 @ - @ mile ( 56 km ) stretch of lake michigan's eastern coastline, as well as north and south manitou islands. the park was authorized on october 21, 1970. from its inception in the 1920s, m @ - @ 209 was michigan's shortest highway. it connected the small community of glen haven to m @ - @ 109 just south of the community. glen haven was founded as a settlement called sleeping bearville with a sawmill and an inn in 1857. by 1881, there were 11 buildings in the community. the lifesaving station was built in 1901 and
| 1,967 |
[
"moved",
"to",
"its",
"present",
"location",
"in",
"1931",
"before",
"closing",
"in",
"1941",
".",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"209",
"was",
"first",
"assumed",
"as",
"a",
"state",
"trunk",
"##line",
"in",
"the",
"1920s",
".",
"it",
"would",
"later",
"serve",
"the",
"national",
"lakes",
"##hore",
"when",
"the",
"park",
"was",
"created",
"on",
"october",
"21",
",",
"1970",
".",
"the",
"park",
"service",
"purchased",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"village",
"by",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"1970s",
".",
"the",
"highway",
"was",
"turned",
"over",
"to",
"lee",
"##lana",
"##u",
"county",
"control",
"on",
"june",
"5",
",",
"1996",
".",
"it",
"is",
"now",
"known",
"only",
"as",
"glen",
"haven",
"road",
".",
"since",
"the",
"transfer",
",",
"m",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"212",
"in",
"che",
"##boy",
"##gan",
"county",
"is",
"now",
"the",
"shortest",
"highway",
"in",
"the",
"state",
".",
"=",
"=",
"major",
"intersections",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"entire",
"highway",
"was",
"in",
"glen",
"arbor",
"township"
] | 879,213 |
moved to its present location in 1931 before closing in 1941. m @ - @ 209 was first assumed as a state trunkline in the 1920s. it would later serve the national lakeshore when the park was created on october 21, 1970. the park service purchased all of the village by the mid @ - @ 1970s. the highway was turned over to leelanau county control on june 5, 1996. it is now known only as glen haven road. since the transfer, m @ - @ 212 in cheboygan county is now the shortest highway in the state. = = major intersections = = the entire highway was in glen arbor township
| 63 |
[
",",
"lee",
"##lana",
"##u",
"county",
".",
"=",
"eastern",
"area",
"command",
"(",
"raaf",
")",
"=",
"eastern",
"area",
"command",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"several",
"geographically",
"based",
"commands",
"raised",
"by",
"the",
"royal",
"australian",
"air",
"force",
"(",
"raaf",
")",
"during",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
".",
"it",
"was",
"formed",
"in",
"may",
"1942",
",",
"and",
"controlled",
"units",
"based",
"in",
"new",
"south",
"wales",
"and",
"southern",
"queensland",
".",
"headquartered",
"in",
"sydney",
",",
"eastern",
"area",
"command",
"was",
"primarily",
"responsible",
"for",
"air",
"defence",
",",
"aerial",
"reconnaissance",
"and",
"protection",
"of",
"the",
"sea",
"lanes",
"within",
"its",
"boundaries",
".",
"the",
"area",
"continued",
"to",
"function",
"following",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"war",
",",
"transferring",
"its",
"headquarters",
"to",
"glen",
"##brook",
",",
"in",
"the",
"blue",
"mountains",
",",
"in",
"1949",
".",
"by",
"this",
"time",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"raaf",
"'",
"s",
"operational",
"units",
"were",
"based",
"within",
"eastern",
"area",
"'"
] | 879,214 |
, leelanau county. = eastern area command ( raaf ) = eastern area command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the royal australian air force ( raaf ) during world war ii. it was formed in may 1942, and controlled units based in new south wales and southern queensland. headquartered in sydney, eastern area command was primarily responsible for air defence, aerial reconnaissance and protection of the sea lanes within its boundaries. the area continued to function following the end of the war, transferring its headquarters to glenbrook, in the blue mountains, in 1949. by this time most of the raaf's operational units were based within eastern area '
| 1,871 |
[
"s",
"boundaries",
".",
"it",
"was",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"formed",
"in",
"october",
"1953",
"as",
"home",
"command",
"(",
"renamed",
"operational",
"command",
"in",
"1959",
",",
"and",
"air",
"command",
"in",
"1987",
")",
"under",
"the",
"raaf",
"'",
"s",
"new",
"functional",
"command",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"and",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"control",
"system",
".",
"prior",
"to",
"world",
"war",
"ii",
",",
"the",
"royal",
"australian",
"air",
"force",
"was",
"small",
"enough",
"for",
"all",
"its",
"elements",
"to",
"be",
"directly",
"controlled",
"by",
"raaf",
"headquarters",
"in",
"melbourne",
".",
"when",
"war",
"broke",
"out",
",",
"the",
"raaf",
"began",
"to",
"decent",
"##ral",
"##ise",
"its",
"command",
"structure",
",",
"com",
"##men",
"##sur",
"##ate",
"with",
"expected",
"increases",
"in",
"manpower",
"and",
"units",
".",
"between",
"march",
"1940",
"and",
"may",
"1941",
",",
"australia",
"and",
"papua",
"were",
"divided",
"into",
"four",
"geographically",
"based",
"command",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"and",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"control"
] | 879,215 |
s boundaries. it was re @ - @ formed in october 1953 as home command ( renamed operational command in 1959, and air command in 1987 ) under the raaf's new functional command @ - @ and @ - @ control system. prior to world war ii, the royal australian air force was small enough for all its elements to be directly controlled by raaf headquarters in melbourne. when war broke out, the raaf began to decentralise its command structure, commensurate with expected increases in manpower and units. between march 1940 and may 1941, australia and papua were divided into four geographically based command @ - @ and @ - @ control
| 1,871 |
[
"zones",
":",
"central",
"area",
",",
"southern",
"area",
",",
"western",
"area",
",",
"and",
"northern",
"area",
".",
"the",
"roles",
"of",
"the",
"area",
"commands",
"were",
"air",
"defence",
",",
"protection",
"of",
"adjacent",
"sea",
"lanes",
",",
"and",
"aerial",
"reconnaissance",
".",
"each",
"was",
"led",
"by",
"an",
"air",
"officer",
"commanding",
"(",
"ao",
"##c",
")",
"who",
"controlled",
"the",
"administration",
"and",
"operations",
"of",
"all",
"air",
"bases",
"and",
"units",
"within",
"his",
"boundary",
".",
"central",
"area",
"was",
"disbanded",
"in",
"august",
"1941",
"and",
"its",
"responsibilities",
"divided",
"between",
"southern",
"area",
",",
"northern",
"area",
",",
"and",
"the",
"newly",
"formed",
"no",
".",
"2",
"(",
"training",
")",
"group",
".",
"the",
"outbreak",
"of",
"the",
"pacific",
"war",
"resulted",
"in",
"northern",
"area",
"being",
"split",
"in",
"january",
"1942",
"into",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western",
"and",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"eastern",
"areas",
",",
"to",
"counter",
"separate",
"japanese",
"threats",
"to"
] | 879,216 |
zones : central area, southern area, western area, and northern area. the roles of the area commands were air defence, protection of adjacent sea lanes, and aerial reconnaissance. each was led by an air officer commanding ( aoc ) who controlled the administration and operations of all air bases and units within his boundary. central area was disbanded in august 1941 and its responsibilities divided between southern area, northern area, and the newly formed no. 2 ( training ) group. the outbreak of the pacific war resulted in northern area being split in january 1942 into north @ - @ western and north @ - @ eastern areas, to counter separate japanese threats to
| 1,861 |
[
"northern",
"australia",
"and",
"new",
"guinea",
".",
"southern",
"area",
"was",
"also",
"considered",
"appropriate",
"for",
"division",
"owing",
"to",
"its",
"size",
",",
"so",
"the",
"air",
"board",
"proposed",
"assign",
"##ing",
"responsibility",
"for",
"operational",
"and",
"maintenance",
"units",
"within",
"new",
"south",
"wales",
"to",
"a",
"new",
"area",
"command",
",",
"eastern",
"area",
",",
"which",
"would",
"also",
"assume",
"control",
"of",
"units",
"in",
"southern",
"queensland",
"from",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"eastern",
"area",
".",
"headquartered",
"in",
"the",
"sydney",
"suburb",
"of",
"edge",
"##cliff",
",",
"eastern",
"area",
"command",
"was",
"formed",
"on",
"15",
"may",
"1942",
"under",
"the",
"leadership",
"of",
"air",
"vice",
"marshal",
"bill",
"anderson",
".",
"staff",
"numbered",
"114",
",",
"including",
"forty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"five",
"officers",
".",
"training",
"units",
"in",
"new",
"south",
"wales",
"remained",
"part",
"of",
"no",
".",
"2",
"(",
"training",
")",
"group",
".",
"no",
".",
"5",
"(",
"maintenance",
")",
"group",
"was"
] | 879,217 |
northern australia and new guinea. southern area was also considered appropriate for division owing to its size, so the air board proposed assigning responsibility for operational and maintenance units within new south wales to a new area command, eastern area, which would also assume control of units in southern queensland from north @ - @ eastern area. headquartered in the sydney suburb of edgecliff, eastern area command was formed on 15 may 1942 under the leadership of air vice marshal bill anderson. staff numbered 114, including forty @ - @ five officers. training units in new south wales remained part of no. 2 ( training ) group. no. 5 ( maintenance ) group was
| 1,772 |
[
"formed",
"in",
"sydney",
"on",
"1",
"june",
",",
"and",
"took",
"responsibility",
"for",
"all",
"maintenance",
"units",
"initially",
"controlled",
"by",
"eastern",
"area",
"command",
".",
"in",
"september",
",",
"the",
"allied",
"air",
"forces",
"commander",
"in",
"the",
"south",
"west",
"pacific",
"area",
",",
"major",
"general",
"george",
"ken",
"##ney",
",",
"formed",
"the",
"majority",
"of",
"his",
"us",
"flying",
"units",
"into",
"the",
"fifth",
"air",
"force",
",",
"and",
"most",
"of",
"their",
"australian",
"counterparts",
"into",
"raaf",
"command",
",",
"led",
"by",
"air",
"vice",
"marshal",
"bill",
"bo",
"##stock",
".",
"bo",
"##stock",
"exercised",
"control",
"of",
"australian",
"air",
"operations",
"through",
"the",
"area",
"commands",
",",
"although",
"raaf",
"headquarters",
"continued",
"to",
"hold",
"over",
"##ar",
"##ching",
"administrative",
"authority",
",",
"meaning",
"that",
"bo",
"##stock",
"and",
"his",
"area",
"commanders",
"were",
"ultimately",
"dependent",
"on",
"the",
"chief",
"of",
"the",
"air",
"staff",
",",
"air",
"vice",
"marshal",
"george",
"jones",
",",
"for",
"supplies",
"and"
] | 879,218 |
formed in sydney on 1 june, and took responsibility for all maintenance units initially controlled by eastern area command. in september, the allied air forces commander in the south west pacific area, major general george kenney, formed the majority of his us flying units into the fifth air force, and most of their australian counterparts into raaf command, led by air vice marshal bill bostock. bostock exercised control of australian air operations through the area commands, although raaf headquarters continued to hold overarching administrative authority, meaning that bostock and his area commanders were ultimately dependent on the chief of the air staff, air vice marshal george jones, for supplies and
| 1,872 |
[
"equipment",
".",
"of",
"necessity",
",",
"the",
"raaf",
"'",
"s",
"two",
"north",
"##erly",
"area",
"commands",
"were",
"primarily",
"responsible",
"for",
"bombing",
"and",
"air",
"defence",
",",
"while",
"the",
"other",
"commands",
"focus",
"##sed",
"on",
"maritime",
"patrol",
"and",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"submarine",
"warfare",
".",
"aircraft",
"from",
"eastern",
"area",
"flew",
"over",
"400",
"patrol",
",",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"submarine",
",",
"and",
"convoy",
"escort",
"missions",
"in",
"january",
"1943",
".",
"by",
"april",
",",
"the",
"command",
"was",
"operating",
"seven",
"combat",
"units",
":",
"no",
".",
"5",
"squadron",
",",
"flying",
"army",
"cooperation",
"missions",
"with",
"ca",
"##c",
"wi",
"##rra",
"##ways",
"out",
"of",
"king",
"##aro",
"##y",
",",
"queensland",
";",
"no",
".",
"23",
"squadron",
",",
"flying",
"dive",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"bombing",
"missions",
"with",
"wi",
"##rra",
"##ways",
"from",
"low",
"##ood",
",",
"queensland",
";",
"no",
".",
"24",
"squadron",
",",
"flying",
"dive",
"@",
"-"
] | 879,219 |
equipment. of necessity, the raaf's two northerly area commands were primarily responsible for bombing and air defence, while the other commands focussed on maritime patrol and anti @ - @ submarine warfare. aircraft from eastern area flew over 400 patrol, anti @ - @ submarine, and convoy escort missions in january 1943. by april, the command was operating seven combat units : no. 5 squadron, flying army cooperation missions with cac wirraways out of kingaroy, queensland ; no. 23 squadron, flying dive @ - @ bombing missions with wirraways from lowood, queensland ; no. 24 squadron, flying dive @ -
| 1,871 |
[
"@",
"bombing",
"missions",
"with",
"wi",
"##rra",
"##ways",
"from",
"banks",
"##town",
",",
"new",
"south",
"wales",
";",
"no",
".",
"32",
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",",
"flying",
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"and",
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",",
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";",
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".",
"71",
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"-",
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".",
"73",
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"-",
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"##ra",
",",
"new",
"south",
"wales",
";",
"and",
"no",
".",
"83",
"squadron",
",",
"flying",
"fighter",
"missions",
"with",
"wi",
"##rra",
"##ways",
"from",
"st",
"##rath",
"##pine",
",",
"queensland",
".",
"area",
"headquarters",
"staff",
"numbered",
"62",
"##6",
",",
"including",
"ninety",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"nine",
"officers",
".",
"bristol",
"beaufort",
"##s",
"of",
"no",
".",
"32"
] | 879,220 |
@ bombing missions with wirraways from bankstown, new south wales ; no. 32 squadron, flying reconnaissance and bombing missions with lockheed hudsons from camden, new south wales ; no. 71 squadron, flying maritime reconnaissance and anti @ - @ submarine missions with avro ansons from lowood ; no. 73 squadron, flying maritime reconnaissance and anti @ - @ submarine missions with ansons from nowra, new south wales ; and no. 83 squadron, flying fighter missions with wirraways from strathpine, queensland. area headquarters staff numbered 626, including ninety @ - @ nine officers. bristol beauforts of no. 32
| 1,869 |
[
"squadron",
"were",
"credited",
"with",
"damaging",
"a",
"japanese",
"submarine",
"on",
"19",
"june",
",",
"but",
"neither",
"the",
"raaf",
"nor",
"the",
"royal",
"australian",
"navy",
"was",
"able",
"to",
"destroy",
"any",
"enemy",
"submarines",
"in",
"coastal",
"waters",
"during",
"1943",
".",
"anderson",
"handed",
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"command",
"of",
"eastern",
"area",
"to",
"air",
"commodore",
"john",
"summers",
"in",
"july",
"1943",
".",
"group",
"captain",
"ali",
"##ster",
"murdoch",
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"air",
"staff",
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"(",
"sas",
"##o",
")",
".",
"on",
"22",
"october",
",",
"av",
"##ro",
"lancaster",
"q",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"for",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"queen",
"##ie",
",",
"piloted",
"by",
"flight",
"lieutenant",
"peter",
"isaac",
"##son",
",",
"\"",
"buzzed",
"\"",
"the",
"eastern",
"area",
"headquarters",
"building",
"in",
"edge",
"##cliff",
"before",
"flying",
"under",
"the",
"sydney",
"harbour",
"bridge",
",",
"fl",
"##out",
"##ing",
"regulations",
"and",
"becoming",
"the",
"largest",
"aircraft",
"to",
"pull",
"such",
"a",
"stunt",
".",
"the",
"same",
"month"
] | 879,221 |
squadron were credited with damaging a japanese submarine on 19 june, but neither the raaf nor the royal australian navy was able to destroy any enemy submarines in coastal waters during 1943. anderson handed over command of eastern area to air commodore john summers in july 1943. group captain alister murdoch became senior air staff officer ( saso ). on 22 october, avro lancaster q @ - @ for @ - @ queenie, piloted by flight lieutenant peter isaacson, " buzzed " the eastern area headquarters building in edgecliff before flying under the sydney harbour bridge, flouting regulations and becoming the largest aircraft to pull such a stunt. the same month
| 1,877 |
[
",",
"the",
"air",
"board",
"proposed",
"carving",
"a",
"new",
"area",
"command",
"out",
"of",
"eastern",
"area",
",",
"which",
"by",
"then",
"was",
"considered",
"too",
"large",
"to",
"be",
"controlled",
"by",
"one",
"headquarters",
"and",
"therefore",
"ripe",
"for",
"division",
".",
"the",
"new",
"command",
",",
"to",
"be",
"known",
"as",
"central",
"area",
",",
"would",
"have",
"been",
"responsible",
"for",
"training",
"and",
"operational",
"units",
"in",
"southern",
"queensland",
";",
"the",
"war",
"cabinet",
"def",
"##erre",
"##d",
"its",
"decision",
"on",
"the",
"proposal",
".",
"the",
"concept",
"was",
"raised",
"again",
"in",
"august",
"1944",
",",
"and",
"this",
"time",
"central",
"area",
"command",
"was",
"to",
"control",
"maintenance",
"units",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"training",
"and",
"operations",
",",
"in",
"southern",
"queensland",
";",
"once",
"again",
",",
"nothing",
"came",
"of",
"the",
"proposal",
".",
"air",
"commodore",
"alan",
"charles",
"##worth",
"was",
"appointed",
"ao",
"##c",
"eastern",
"area",
"in",
"december",
"1943",
".",
"japanese",
"submarine"
] | 879,222 |
, the air board proposed carving a new area command out of eastern area, which by then was considered too large to be controlled by one headquarters and therefore ripe for division. the new command, to be known as central area, would have been responsible for training and operational units in southern queensland ; the war cabinet deferred its decision on the proposal. the concept was raised again in august 1944, and this time central area command was to control maintenance units, as well as training and operations, in southern queensland ; once again, nothing came of the proposal. air commodore alan charlesworth was appointed aoc eastern area in december 1943. japanese submarine
| 1,767 |
[
"activity",
"had",
"decreased",
"in",
"the",
"months",
"prior",
"to",
"charles",
"##worth",
"taking",
"command",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"concerned",
"that",
"allied",
"ships",
"were",
"becoming",
"com",
"##pl",
"##ace",
"##nt",
".",
"he",
"observed",
"\"",
"a",
"general",
"slack",
"##ening",
"off",
"in",
"procedure",
";",
"ships",
"are",
"seldom",
"where",
"they",
"should",
"be",
",",
"and",
"a",
"minority",
"of",
"merchant",
"ships",
"identify",
"themselves",
"to",
"aircraft",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"raaf",
"'",
"s",
"patrols",
"had",
"also",
"settled",
"into",
"a",
"predictable",
"pattern",
"that",
"an",
"ob",
"##ser",
"##vant",
"submarine",
"captain",
"could",
"easily",
"avoid",
".",
"charles",
"##worth",
"relinquished",
"command",
"in",
"september",
"1944",
"to",
"take",
"over",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western",
"area",
".",
"in",
"december",
",",
"aircraft",
"from",
"eastern",
"area",
"took",
"part",
"in",
"the",
"search",
"for",
"the",
"german",
"submarine",
"u",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"86",
"##2",
",",
"but",
"could",
"not",
"prevent",
"it",
"sinking",
"the"
] | 879,223 |
activity had decreased in the months prior to charlesworth taking command, and he was concerned that allied ships were becoming complacent. he observed " a general slackening off in procedure ; ships are seldom where they should be, and a minority of merchant ships identify themselves to aircraft ". the raaf's patrols had also settled into a predictable pattern that an observant submarine captain could easily avoid. charlesworth relinquished command in september 1944 to take over north @ - @ western area. in december, aircraft from eastern area took part in the search for the german submarine u @ - @ 862, but could not prevent it sinking the
| 1,778 |
[
"liberty",
"ship",
"robert",
"j",
".",
"walker",
"on",
"christmas",
";",
"a",
"beaufort",
"of",
"no",
".",
"15",
"squadron",
",",
"based",
"at",
"camden",
",",
"located",
"the",
"wreck",
".",
"no",
".",
"32",
"squadron",
"lost",
"a",
"beaufort",
"with",
"its",
"crew",
"shortly",
"after",
"takeoff",
"from",
"low",
"##ood",
"during",
"the",
"search",
"for",
"u",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"86",
"##2",
",",
"which",
"was",
"called",
"off",
"in",
"january",
"1945",
".",
"that",
"month",
",",
"air",
"commodore",
"leon",
"lac",
"##hal",
"became",
"ao",
"##c",
"eastern",
"area",
",",
"and",
"held",
"command",
"for",
"the",
"duration",
"of",
"the",
"pacific",
"war",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"post",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"activity",
"and",
"reorganisation",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"following",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"pacific",
"war",
"in",
"august",
"1945",
",",
"south",
"west",
"pacific",
"area",
"was",
"dissolved",
"and",
"raaf",
"headquarters",
"again",
"assumed",
"full",
"control",
"of",
"all",
"its",
"operational",
"elements"
] | 879,224 |
liberty ship robert j. walker on christmas ; a beaufort of no. 15 squadron, based at camden, located the wreck. no. 32 squadron lost a beaufort with its crew shortly after takeoff from lowood during the search for u @ - @ 862, which was called off in january 1945. that month, air commodore leon lachal became aoc eastern area, and held command for the duration of the pacific war. = = = post @ - @ war activity and reorganisation = = = following the end of the pacific war in august 1945, south west pacific area was dissolved and raaf headquarters again assumed full control of all its operational elements
| 1,872 |
[
",",
"including",
"the",
"area",
"commands",
".",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"official",
"history",
"of",
"the",
"post",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"air",
"force",
",",
"the",
"ao",
"##c",
"eastern",
"area",
"was",
"considered",
"\"",
"australia",
"'",
"s",
"senior",
"operational",
"air",
"##man",
"\"",
"and",
"delegate",
"##d",
"by",
"the",
"chief",
"of",
"the",
"air",
"staff",
"with",
"day",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"to",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"day",
"responsibility",
"for",
"the",
"nation",
"'",
"s",
"air",
"defence",
".",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"raaf",
"'",
"s",
"bases",
"and",
"aircraft",
"employed",
"in",
"operations",
"were",
"situated",
"within",
"eastern",
"area",
"'",
"s",
"sphere",
"of",
"control",
"in",
"new",
"south",
"wales",
"and",
"southern",
"queensland",
".",
"air",
"commodore",
"frank",
"lu",
"##kis",
"succeeded",
"lac",
"##hal",
"as",
"ao",
"##c",
"in",
"december",
"1945",
".",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"month",
",",
"headquarters",
"staff",
"numbered",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"122",
",",
"including"
] | 879,225 |
, including the area commands. according to the official history of the post @ - @ war air force, the aoc eastern area was considered " australia's senior operational airman " and delegated by the chief of the air staff with day @ - @ to @ - @ day responsibility for the nation's air defence. most of the raaf's bases and aircraft employed in operations were situated within eastern area's sphere of control in new south wales and southern queensland. air commodore frank lukis succeeded lachal as aoc in december 1945. by the end of the month, headquarters staff numbered 1 @, @ 122, including
| 1,872 |
[
"104",
"officers",
".",
"no",
".",
"82",
"(",
"bomber",
")",
"wing",
"came",
"under",
"the",
"control",
"of",
"eastern",
"area",
"command",
"in",
"april",
"1946",
",",
"when",
"it",
"moved",
"to",
"raaf",
"station",
"amber",
"##ley",
",",
"queensland",
";",
"initially",
"operating",
"b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"24",
"li",
"##ber",
"##ators",
",",
"the",
"wing",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"equipped",
"with",
"av",
"##ro",
"lincoln",
"##s",
"soon",
"after",
".",
"by",
"this",
"time",
"eastern",
"area",
"headquarters",
"occupied",
"seven",
"mansions",
"in",
"point",
"piper",
",",
"sydney",
";",
"it",
"subsequently",
"relocated",
"to",
"brad",
"##field",
"park",
".",
"lu",
"##kis",
"retired",
"from",
"the",
"air",
"force",
"in",
"may",
",",
"and",
"charles",
"##worth",
"took",
"over",
"command",
".",
"in",
"july",
"–",
"august",
"1946",
",",
"eastern",
"area",
"command",
"oversaw",
"the",
"establishment",
"of",
"no",
".",
"86",
"(",
"transport",
")",
"wing",
",",
"operating",
"c",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"47",
"dakota",
"##s"
] | 879,226 |
104 officers. no. 82 ( bomber ) wing came under the control of eastern area command in april 1946, when it moved to raaf station amberley, queensland ; initially operating b @ - @ 24 liberators, the wing re @ - @ equipped with avro lincolns soon after. by this time eastern area headquarters occupied seven mansions in point piper, sydney ; it subsequently relocated to bradfield park. lukis retired from the air force in may, and charlesworth took over command. in july – august 1946, eastern area command oversaw the establishment of no. 86 ( transport ) wing, operating c @ - @ 47 dakotas
| 1,870 |
[
",",
"at",
"raaf",
"station",
"sc",
"##hof",
"##ield",
"##s",
",",
"new",
"south",
"wales",
",",
"di",
"##sp",
"##la",
"##cing",
"no",
".",
"78",
"(",
"fighter",
")",
"wing",
",",
"which",
"moved",
"to",
"raaf",
"station",
"william",
"##town",
",",
"and",
"began",
"operating",
"p",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"51",
"mustang",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"following",
"month",
",",
"air",
"vice",
"marshal",
"jones",
"proposed",
"reducing",
"the",
"five",
"mainland",
"area",
"commands",
"(",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"western",
",",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"eastern",
",",
"eastern",
",",
"southern",
",",
"and",
"western",
"areas",
")",
"to",
"three",
":",
"northern",
"area",
",",
"covering",
"queensland",
"and",
"the",
"northern",
"territory",
";",
"eastern",
"area",
",",
"covering",
"new",
"south",
"wales",
";",
"and",
"southern",
"area",
",",
"covering",
"western",
"australia",
",",
"south",
"australia",
",",
"victoria",
"and",
"tasmania",
".",
"the",
"proposal",
"was",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"much",
"larger",
"plan",
"to",
"rest",
"##ru"
] | 879,227 |
, at raaf station schofields, new south wales, displacing no. 78 ( fighter ) wing, which moved to raaf station williamtown, and began operating p @ - @ 51 mustangs. the following month, air vice marshal jones proposed reducing the five mainland area commands ( north @ - @ western, north @ - @ eastern, eastern, southern, and western areas ) to three : northern area, covering queensland and the northern territory ; eastern area, covering new south wales ; and southern area, covering western australia, south australia, victoria and tasmania. the proposal was part of a much larger plan to restru
| 1,873 |
[
"##cture",
"the",
"post",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"raaf",
";",
"the",
"federal",
"government",
"rejected",
"the",
"plan",
"and",
"the",
"wartime",
"area",
"command",
"boundaries",
"largely",
"remained",
"in",
"place",
".",
"lac",
"##hal",
"succeeded",
"charles",
"##worth",
"as",
"ao",
"##c",
"eastern",
"area",
"in",
"october",
",",
"and",
"held",
"command",
"until",
"his",
"retirement",
"from",
"the",
"air",
"force",
"in",
"july",
"1947",
".",
"lac",
"##hal",
"'",
"s",
"successor",
"as",
"ao",
"##c",
"eastern",
"area",
",",
"air",
"vice",
"marshal",
"frank",
"b",
"##lad",
"##in",
",",
"was",
"responsible",
"for",
"preparing",
"the",
"transfer",
"of",
"its",
"headquarters",
"from",
"brad",
"##field",
"park",
"to",
"the",
"former",
"laps",
"##tone",
"hotel",
"at",
"glen",
"##brook",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"blue",
"mountains",
",",
"a",
"process",
"that",
"was",
"completed",
"in",
"1949",
".",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"commanding",
"a",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"surrounding",
"countryside",
",",
"the",
"property",
"was",
"within",
"five",
"kilometres",
"(",
"three",
"miles"
] | 879,228 |
##cture the post @ - @ war raaf ; the federal government rejected the plan and the wartime area command boundaries largely remained in place. lachal succeeded charlesworth as aoc eastern area in october, and held command until his retirement from the air force in july 1947. lachal's successor as aoc eastern area, air vice marshal frank bladin, was responsible for preparing the transfer of its headquarters from bradfield park to the former lapstone hotel at glenbrook in the lower blue mountains, a process that was completed in 1949. as well as commanding a view of the surrounding countryside, the property was within five kilometres ( three miles
| 54 |
[
")",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"of",
"pen",
"##rith",
"and",
"thirty",
"kilometres",
"(",
"twenty",
"miles",
")",
"of",
"raaf",
"station",
"richmond",
",",
"and",
"incorporated",
"a",
"disused",
"railway",
"tunnel",
"that",
"offered",
",",
"according",
"to",
"government",
"correspondence",
",",
"\"",
"complete",
"protection",
"from",
"atom",
"bomb",
"attack",
"\"",
".",
"an",
"adjoining",
"property",
",",
"\"",
"br",
"##ia",
"##rc",
"##liffe",
"\"",
",",
"was",
"purchased",
"soon",
"afterwards",
"to",
"aug",
"##ment",
"the",
"new",
"headquarters",
"'",
"accommodation",
"facilities",
".",
"b",
"##lad",
"##in",
"completed",
"his",
"term",
"as",
"ao",
"##c",
"eastern",
"area",
"in",
"october",
"1948",
".",
"air",
"vice",
"marshal",
"john",
"mcc",
"##au",
"##ley",
"was",
"appointed",
"ao",
"##c",
"in",
"march",
"the",
"following",
"year",
".",
"mcc",
"##au",
"##ley",
"commanded",
"eastern",
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] | 879,229 |
) of the city of penrith and thirty kilometres ( twenty miles ) of raaf station richmond, and incorporated a disused railway tunnel that offered, according to government correspondence, " complete protection from atom bomb attack ". an adjoining property, " briarcliffe ", was purchased soon afterwards to augment the new headquarters'accommodation facilities. bladin completed his term as aoc eastern area in october 1948. air vice marshal john mccauley was appointed aoc in march the following year. mccauley commanded eastern area during the early years of the malayan emergency, and oversaw the deployment of no. 90 ( composite ) wing to
| 1,872 |
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] | 879,230 |
administer raaf units stationed there — a lincoln squadron detached from no. 82 wing and a dakota squadron from no. 86 wing. having re @ - @ equipped with de havilland vampire jets, no. 78 wing departed williamtown for garrison duties with the raf on malta in july 1952. in may 1953, eastern area's saso, group captain frank headlam, announced that the air force was planning to re @ - @ equip no. 82 wing with english electric canberra jet bombers, and also procure cac sabre swept @ - @ wing jet fighters. the federal government retired air marshal jones in 1952 and replaced him with air
| 1,870 |
[
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] | 879,231 |
marshal donald hardman, raf, who proceeded to re @ - @ organise the raaf command @ - @ and @ - @ control system along functional lines, establishing home ( operational ), training, and maintenance commands in october 1953. the first was re @ - @ formed from eastern area command as it was considered the raaf's de facto operational organisation. the second was re @ - @ formed from southern area command, as it was the hub of training services, controlling those in new south wales and queensland as well as victoria and south australia. the third and last functional command was formed from the extant maintenance group headquarters in melbourne. the transition
| 1,872 |
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] | 879,232 |
to a functional system was completed in february 1954, when the three new commands assumed control of operations, training and maintenance from western, north @ - @ western, and north @ - @ eastern areas. = = aftermath = = the functional commands established in 1953 – 54 were revised in 1959. home command was renamed operational command, and training and maintenance commands merged to become support command. operational command was renamed air command in 1987, and three years later support command split into logistics command and training command. throughout the evolution from home to operational to air command, the headquarters remained at glenbrook in the blue mountains. in 1997, logistics management became the
| 68 |
[
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",",
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] | 879,233 |
responsibility of support command ( air force ), the raaf component of the defence @ - @ wide support command australia ( later subsumed by the defence materiel organisation ). training command was re @ - @ formed as air force training group, a force element group under air command, in 2006. air command thus became the sole command @ - @ level organisation in the raaf. as at may 1944, eastern area controlled the following squadrons : no. 11 squadron, equipped with consolidated pby catalinas, based in rathmines no. 21 squadron, equipped with vultee vengeances, based at camden no. 32 squadron, equipped
| 1,872 |
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] | 879,234 |
with bristol beauforts, based at lowood no. 107 squadron, equipped with vought kingfishers, based at st. george's basin = nels nelsen = nels nelsen ( 3 june 1894 – 3 june 1943 ), born nils johan nilsen and sometimes incorrectly referred to as nels nelson, was a norwegian @ - @ born canadian ski jumper and later ski jumping organizer. he was among the world's best ski jumpers during the 1920s, and held the world record of 73 meters from 1925 to 1930. born in salangen, he moved with his family to revelstoke,
| 529 |
[
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"and",
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] | 879,235 |
british columbia, in 1913. he quickly became the town's best ski jumper, making his debut in the town's big hill in 1916. he competed throughout canada and the united states, and became canadian champion five times. despite holding the world record at the time, he was not allowed to participate in the 1928 winter olympics because the officials did not find it suitable for him to have to work his way to switzerland. nelsen worked for the canadian pacific railway, and moved to north vancouver, british columbia, where he raised a family. nelsen lost his hand in a hunting accident in 1933, and was forced to retire
| 1,338 |
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] | 879,236 |
as a ski jumper. he continued as an organizer, and was among other things president of the western canada amateur ski association and later vice @ - @ president of the canadian amateur ski association. in 1948, after big hill had been expanded, it was renamed nels nelsen hill. nelsen was inscribed in the u. s. national ski hall of fame in 1971 and the canadian ski hall of fame in 1983. = = early and personal life = = he was born nils johan nilsen to a norwegian family in seljeskog in salangen on 3 june 1894, as the oldest of six children. as
| 529 |
[
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] | 879,237 |
a child, nelsen was an active skier and ski jumper, with more than fifteen ski jumps located in the area. in 1913, his family emigrated to big eddy near revelstoke. once in canada, he anglicized his name. his brother, ivind nilsen was also a champion ski jumper, and became among other things boy's world champion in 1922. ivind, who chose not to anglicize his last name, was known for his supreme style, while nels was better known for his length. nelsen married emma pickard, with whom he had ten children. except for a brief
| 529 |
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] | 879,238 |
period as a ski instructor, he worked as a brakeman and conductor for the canadian pacific railway, whose flexibility made it easer to participate in tournaments. he moved to north vancouver where he raised his family. = = athletic career = = nelsen won the home @ - @ town winter carnival tournament, setting the hill record of 56 meters ( 183 ft ) in big hill in the inauguration tournament in 1916. with this and subsequent better distances, he would hold the hill record in revelstoke until 1932. in 1916, he won the championship of canada ski jumping contest, which he would subsequently defend every year until 1920. he
| 1,330 |
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",",
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",",
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"and"
] | 879,239 |
continued by setting the canadian amateur record in 1920, and breaking it again in 1921 and 1923. he was among the most successful jumpers in canada from 1916 to 1925, taking home most trophies. among his methods to improve his jumps was placing pieces of lead at the front or back of the skies to give optimal balance. nelsen traveled throughout canada and the united states to attend ski jumping competitions. in british columbia, he attended competitions in nelson, trail, rossland, princeton, kamloops, sandon, nakusp, kimberley and cranbrook. in alberta, he attended tournaments in calgary, edmonton, banff and
| 591 |
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"@",
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] | 879,240 |
camrose ; in eastern canada in ottawa and montreal. in the united states, he attended events in mount rainier and leavenworth in washington ; dillon, steamboat springs and denver in colorado ; salt lake city ; and brattleboro, vermont. he became canadian champion five times, in 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1922. his various best jumps were canadian records from 1916 to 1932. during the 1925 winter carnival tournament, nelsen, sick with influenza, set a world record at the big hill. jumping 73 meters ( 240 ft ), the record remained until it was broken by adolph badrut at bernina @ -
| 1,324 |
[
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".",
"moritz",
",",
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",",
"to",
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"1928",
"winter"
] | 879,241 |
@ roseg @ - @ schanze in switzerland in 1930, who jumped 75 meters ( 246 ft ). however, bob lymburne was able to again claim the world record for the big hill, when he jumped 82 meters ( 269 ft ) in 1932. although accepted as a record, it was not at the time favored in europe to stress distance records. this was because it was regarded that simply building a larger hill would undoubtedly give a longer jump, and in part because such records did not take style into consideration. nelsen and melbourne mckenzie planned to travel to st. moritz, switzerland, to attend the 1928 winter
| 237 |
[
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"##ls",
"##en",
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"instrumental",
"in",
"the"
] | 879,242 |
olympics, but lack of funding meant that they planned for work for their fare on a freighter. these plans were stopped by officials from the british delegation, who felt it was inappropriate and not fitting for the team, and nelsen never competed in any winter olympics. nelsen kept his amateur status, but did well against professionals those times he competed against them. during the winter of 1932, he worked as a ski instructor in quebec. in a hunting accident in 1932, he lost an arm, and never jumped again. = = organizer career and legacy = = after arriving in revelstoke, nelsen was instrumental in the
| 1,338 |
[
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")",
".",
"ne",
"##ls",
"##en",
"was",
"the",
"latter"
] | 879,243 |
establishment of revelstoke ski club and the big hill located within mount revelstoke national park. in 1927, he helped establish a ski jump in grouse mountain in north vancouver. after his accident, he started working to establish field ski club in field, british columbia, where he spent time between trains. he promoted a strict adherence to the amateur code, and stated that debates regarding professionalism were disruptive for the united states national ski association. traditionally, governing of skiing in canada was split between the canadian amateur ski association ( casa ) and the western canada amateur ski association ( wcasa ). nelsen was the latter
| 529 |
[
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"in",
"1983",
",",
"and",
"the",
"following"
] | 879,244 |
' s president, and after years of rivalry, which even reached the point where they did not recognize each other, nelsen eventually was part of the negotiation for an amalgamation which took into consideration the needs of the western clubs. nelsen subsequently became vice @ - @ president of casa from 1934. he died of heart failure in field on 3 june 1943 — his 49th birthday. in 1948, after big hill had been expanded, it was renamed nels nelsen hill. nelsen was inscribed in the u. s. national ski hall of fame in 1971, the canadian ski hall of fame in 1983, and the following
| 529 |
[
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".",
"=",
"=",
"playing"
] | 879,245 |
year in the bc sports hall of fame. = manny malhotra = emmanuel " manny " noveen malhotra ( born may 18, 1980 ) is a canadian professional ice hockey centre, who is currently an unrestricted free agent who last played with the lake erie monsters in the american hockey league ( ahl ) on a try @ - @ out basis. he previously played in the nhl for the montreal canadiens, carolina hurricanes, vancouver canucks, san jose sharks, columbus blue jackets, dallas stars and the new york rangers. malhotra is known as a two @ - @ way forward and for his faceoff proficiency. = = playing
| 1,370 |
[
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".",
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"this",
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"he",
"was",
"assigned"
] | 879,246 |
career = = malhotra was drafted in the first round as the seventh overall pick of the 1998 nhl entry draft by the new york rangers. he joined the nhl after a two @ - @ year career in the ontario hockey league ( ohl ) with the guelph storm, with served as captain in his final year. winning a j. ross robertson cup championship and subsequently appearing in the 1998 memorial cup with the storm, malhotra also earned a bobby smith trophy, george parsons trophy and memorial cup all @ - @ star honours as a junior. he played with the rangers from 1998 to 2002. during this time he was assigned
| 1,364 |
[
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"-",
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"year",
"deal",
".",
"in"
] | 879,247 |
on numerous occasions to the team's ahl affiliate, the hartford wolf pack, with whom he won a calder cup championship in 2000. at the 2001 – 02 trade deadline, he was dealt to the stars and spent parts of three seasons with the club. beginning in 2003 – 04, malhotra began to see increased offensive production, marked by his acquisition off waivers by the blue jackets. after four seasons in columbus, he signed a one @ - @ year contract with the sharks in september 2009. he recorded a career @ - @ high in goals with san jose, before joining the canucks on a three @ - @ year deal. in
| 1,368 |
[
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"bronze",
"medal",
".",
"after",
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"minor",
"hockey"
] | 879,248 |
his first season with vancouver, malhotra suffered a major injury to his left eye, requiring several surgeries. despite having lost a significant amount of his vision, he returned the same year to compete in the 2011 stanley cup finals. he struggled to play with the injury until canucks management placed him on the injured reserve for the remainder of the 2012 @ - @ 13 season in february 2013. internationally, malhotra has represented canada in under @ - @ 18 competition, two world junior championships and one world championship. serving as team captain at the 2000 world junior championships, malhotra led canada to a bronze medal. after playing minor hockey
| 1,369 |
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] | 879,249 |
with the mississauga reps of the metro toronto hockey league ( mthl ), after being selected in the first round ( 17th overall ) of the 1996 ohl priority selection, malhotra played two seasons in the ontario hockey league ( ohl ) with the guelph storm, beginning in 1996 – 97. he scored 16 goals and 44 points over 61 games in his rookie season. in the 1997 playoffs, he added 14 points in 18 games as guelph lost in the semifinals to the ottawa 67's. the following season, he improved to 16 goals and 51 points over 57 games. he served as team captain
| 1,372 |
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] | 879,250 |
while being assigned the primary role of shutting down opposing team's top forwards. guelph advanced to the ohl finals, where they defeated ottawa in five games to capture the j. ross robertson cup. malhotra had 13 points in 12 games in the championship @ - @ winning playoff season. earning a berth into the 1998 memorial cup, guelph made it to the final, where they lost to the portland winter hawks 4 – 3 in overtime. malhotra ranked third in tournament scoring with a goal and seven points over five games. he was named to the memorial cup all @ - @ star team and was awarded the
| 1,323 |
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] | 879,251 |
george parsons trophy as the tournament's most sportsmanlike player. in the off @ - @ season, malhotra was drafted by the new york rangers in the first round, seventh overall, of the 1998 nhl entry draft. the rangers scouted him as a strong, physical player with good hockey sense and character, comparing him to adam graves. he was surprised to have been selected by the rangers, as they were one of the only teams to have not interviewed or met with him prior to the draft. he anticipated being drafted by the calgary flames at sixth overall, as the team's general manager, al coates had previously drafted
| 1,365 |
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] | 879,252 |
him into the ohl as general manager of the storm. with the 1998 – 99 approaching, malhotra had not yet signed an nhl contract with the rangers by october. league rules stipulated that if he did not sign by october 8, 1998, he would be required to return to junior for the entire campaign. the night before the deadline, malhotra and the rangers agreed to a three @ - @ year deal worth the rookie @ - @ maximum of $ 975 @, @ 000 with performance @ - @ based incentives that could have increased his salary to $ 2 million. making the immediate jump from junior to the nhl at the
| 1,364 |
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] | 879,253 |
age of 18, he became the second player of indian heritage to play in the nhl. malhotra recorded eight goals and 16 points over 73 games as a rookie. during the season, the rangers were interested in acquiring vancouver canucks forward pavel bure. it was reported that canucks general manager brian burke had requested malhotra to be involved in a trade that would have sent him along with niklas sundstrom, dan cloutier and the rangers'first @ - @ round pick in the 1999 draft in exchange for bure. however, rangers general manager neil smith refused to include malhotra and the deal never materialized. the
| 1,368 |
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] | 879,254 |
following season, he struggled to earn a regular spot on the rangers'roster and was often a healthy scratch. rangers head coach john muckler publicly declared before the beginning of the malhotra's second nhl campaign that he would be nothing more than a career third @ - @ liner. malhotra's potential was often at the centre of an ongoing dispute between muckler and smith. malhotra suffered an ankle injury in november that sidelined him for four games. upon his recovery, his play was judged by team management to have suffered and he began to be benched. meanwhile, the canadian national junior team wanted
| 1,365 |
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] | 879,255 |
the rangers to loan him to them for the 2000 world junior championships. on december 12, 1999, general manager neil smith obliged and assigned malhotra for the international tournament. he was then sent for a two @ - @ week conditioning assignment with the rangers'american hockey league ( ahl ) affiliate, the hartford wolf pack. on march 14, 2000, he was sent back down to the ohl on march 14, 2000, in order to retain his eligibility for later ahl assignment in the season. malhotra had dressed for only four games in the two months between his return from the world junior championships in early @ - @ january and
| 1,372 |
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] | 879,256 |
his junior reassignment. he was pointless in the 27 games total he played with the rangers that season. returning to guelph, he played in five regular season and six playoff games. upon his junior club's first @ - @ round playoff elimination, he was reassigned to the wolf pack where he recorded a goal and six points over 12 games to finish the regular season. he then added three points in 23 post @ - @ season contests, helping the wolf pack to the franchise's first calder cup championship. malhotra returned to the wolf pack the following season after failing to make the rangers'roster out of training camp
| 1,305 |
[
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] | 879,257 |
. with new york deep at the centre position, his ahl assignment was predicated on him learning to play wing. he received numerous call @ - @ ups to new york and finished the 2000 – 01 campaign with 11 points over 28 games in the ahl and 12 points over 50 games in the nhl. the season also marked a management change as glen sather took over as general manager, marking the departure of smith, who had drafted malhotra and regarded him as untradeable during his tenure. fifty @ - @ six games into his 2001 – 02 season with the rangers, sather dealt malhotra to the dallas stars at
| 1,365 |
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] | 879,258 |
the trade deadline, along with winger barrett heisten, in exchange for forwards martin rucinsky and roman lyashenko. although he had established himself as an effective forechecker and defensive forward, malhotra did not materialize into the offensive player the rangers hoped he would be. malhotra welcomed the trade to dallas as an opportunity for more playing time, as he was sparsely used with the rangers. however, he saw limited success with the stars. following his trade, he recorded one point, a goal, in 16 games to finish the 2001 – 02 season. he was re @ - @ signed by dallas to a
| 676 |
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] | 879,259 |
two @ - @ year contract on june 27, 2002. in 2002 – 03, he recorded 10 points over 59 games. he appeared in his first stanley cup playoffs as the stars qualified for the 2003 post @ - @ season as the top seed in the western conference. they were eliminated in the second round by the mighty ducks of anaheim. after going pointless in nine games early the following season, the stars waived malhotra on november 19, 2003. two days later, he was picked up by the columbus blue jackets. malhotra improved with the blue jackets, notching 12 goals and 25 points over 56 games following the trade.
| 1,306 |
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he missed the final six games of the regular season with a bruised ankle. his ice time rose from an average of nine minutes a game with dallas the previous season to 14 minutes in columbus. due to the nhl lockout, malhotra spent the 2004 – 05 season overseas in europe. he initially signed with hdd olimpija ljubljana of slovenia on october 8, 2004, and recorded 27 points over 26 games ( including both slovenian league and inter @ - @ league play ). on december 12, he signed with hv71 jonkoping of the swedish elite league. he notched seven points in 20 games with the
| 1,365 |
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] | 879,261 |
club. returning to columbus as nhl resumed play the following season, malhotra spent 2005 – 06 centering columbus'third line. despite missing 24 games due to injury with back spasms in november and a shoulder injury in january, he improved his points total for the second straight nhl season with 10 goals and 21 assists. the blue jackets re @ - @ signed him in the off @ - @ season to a three @ - @ year contract on june 20, 2006. in the first year of his new contract, he tallied nine goals and 25 points over a full 82 @ - @ game season. malhotra missed 11 games
| 1,409 |
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] | 879,262 |
with a recurring knee injury in december 2007. late in the 2007 – 08 season, on march 17, 2008, he recorded a career @ - @ high three points in one game ( two goals and an assist ) in a 4 – 3 win against the detroit red wings. he finished the campaign with 11 goals and 29 points. early in the 2008 – 09 season, malhotra missed five games with a lower @ - @ body injury. he recorded a career @ - @ high 24 assists and 35 points over 77 games during the campaign. as columbus was plagued with numerous injuries over the course of the season, malhotra was used
| 1,409 |
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] | 879,263 |
on various lines while also in a shutdown role, playing against top opposing forwards. his contract was not renewed by the blue jackets in the 2009 off @ - @ season and he became an unrestricted free agent. after failing to sign with an nhl team, malhotra accepted an invitation to the san jose sharks'training camp on september 17, 2009. five days later, he signed a one @ - @ year, $ 700 @, @ 000 deal with the team. he went on to record a career @ - @ high 14 goals and plus @ - @ 17 rating, along with 19 assists for 33 points, in his only
| 1,366 |
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] | 879,264 |
season with the sharks. he centred the team's third line and earned time playing wing on the powerplay. the sharks did not re @ - @ sign him, however, and he became an unrestricted free agent for the second consecutive summer on july 1, 2010. looking back on his time in san jose, malhotra called it the " most enjoyable season [ he's ] had as a pro, " being able to play for a winning team and have a long playoff run for the first time in his nhl career. = = = vancouver canucks = = = on his first day of free agency on july 1, 2010
| 1,368 |
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] | 879,265 |
, malhotra signed a three @ - @ year, $ 7 @. @ 5 million deal with the vancouver canucks that included a no @ - @ trade clause. malhotra was named an alternate captain during away games for the canucks before the season began. he scored his first goal as a canuck on october 22, during a 5 – 1 win against the minnesota wild. malhotra settled into to the canucks'lineup as the team's third @ - @ line centre, often playing with wingers raffi torres and jannik hansen, while playing significant time on the penalty kill and matching up against opposing team's
| 1,368 |
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] | 879,266 |
best forwards. his success as a defensive specialist earned him early consideration for the selke trophy as the league's best two @ - @ way forward. in an article on the nhl's website, he was chosen as the front @ - @ runner for the award at the mid @ - @ way point of the campaign. he was also credited with allowing the team to use ryan kesler in a more offensive role ( kesler was the team's previous shutdown centre ) ; as a result, the second @ - @ line centre recorded career @ - @ highs in goals and points. near the end of the season, mal
| 1,365 |
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] | 879,267 |
##hotra was struck in the eye by a puck during a game against the colorado avalanche on march 16, 2011. he immediately left the ice and underwent eye surgery the following day. it was announced on march 21, 2011 that malhotra would not be returning to the lineup for the rest of the regular season and the playoffs, without further comment on malhotra's condition. eight days later, he underwent a second successful surgery on his eye. limited to 72 games, malhotra recorded his third consecutive 30 @ - @ point season with 11 goals and 19 assists, while playing on the canucks'third line with raffi torres
| 1,368 |
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] | 879,268 |
and jannik hansen. his 61 @. @ 7 % faceoff percentage ranked second in the league behind david steckel. the campaign also included the 100th goal of his nhl career, scored in a 3 @ - @ 0 win against the anaheim ducks on march 6, 2011. on a team @ - @ basis, malhotra's first season with the canucks saw them earn the presidents'trophy for having the best regular season record in the league. in the midst of his recovery, malhotra made an appearance during the team's pre @ - @ game ceremony at rogers arena, co @ - @ accepting the trophy
| 1,368 |
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] | 879,269 |
with captain henrik sedin. despite original statements from the team that he would not return for the playoffs, malhotra began working his way up from light practices with the team in may 2011. by the end of the month, he was cleared by doctors to play in the stanley cup finals. though he remained out of the lineup for game 1, he returned for the following contest and played the rest of the series as the team's fourth @ - @ line centre ( late @ - @ season acquisition maxim lapierre filled in for malhotra on the third line ). playing against the boston bruins, the finals went to a
| 1,306 |
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] | 879,270 |
seventh game, which the canucks lost. malhotra's regular season performance earned him six first @ - @ place votes out of 125 for the selke trophy. he ranked fifth in balloting, as teammate ryan kesler won the distinction at the year @ - @ end awards ceremony. having lost a significant amount of his vision in his left eye, malhotra struggled in his first full season since the injury in 2011 – 12. he was supplanted as the canucks'third @ - @ line centre by rookie cody hodgson and later samuel pahlsson. canucks head coach alain vigneault assessed malhotra during
| 1,368 |
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"18",
"points"
] | 879,271 |
the season as " not the same physical player he was before, " adding that " he's still contributing but not maybe to the degree that he was before he got injured. " playing left wing on the fourth line, he remained an integral part of the team by playing on the penalty kill and taking important defensive zone faceoffs. near the end of the campaign, malhotra was chosen as the canucks'nominee for the bill masterton trophy, an annual nhl award for perseverance, sportsmanship and dedication to hockey. with a diminished offensive role, malhotra finished his second season in vancouver with 7 goals and 18 points
| 1,368 |
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] | 879,272 |
over 78 games, as well as a - 10 plus @ - @ minus rating. he remained among the league's elite in terms of faceoffs, however, ranking fourth with a 58 @. @ 5 % percentage. continuing to struggle with his eye injury, malhotra was put on the injured reserve a month into the 2012 @ - @ 13 season. fearing for his long @ - @ term health, canucks general manager mike gillis took him out of the lineup for the season, a decision that he described as the " hardest thing [ he has ] done in [ his ] job. " malhotra had appeared in nine
| 1,301 |
[
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] | 879,273 |
games without recording a point. = = = carolina hurricanes = = = at the end of the 2013 nhl season, malhotra became an unrestricted free agent. after being unsigned by an nhl team at the start of the 2013 – 14 season and looking to continue his playing career malhotra signed a 25 @ - @ game professional try out ( pto ) contract with the ahl's charlotte checkers. the carolina hurricanes signed malhotra to a one @ - @ year two way contract on october 31 and he made his carolina debut against the new york rangers on november 2. on november 6, manny scored his first nhl goal
| 1,364 |
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] | 879,274 |
in 19 months, scoring a game winner in overtime against the flyers. as a measure of the amount of respect he has earned in the locker room in just a few weeks, manny was selected to be an interim assistant captain while tim gleason is out with an injury. after gleason was traded to the toronto maple leafs, malhotra was officially declared alternate captain for the remainder of the season. = = = montreal canadiens = = = on july 1, 2014, malhotra signed as a free agent to a one @ - @ year deal with the montreal canadiens. in the 2014 – 15 season, malhotra was
| 1,363 |
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] | 879,275 |
primarily used as the canadiens fourth line center and face @ - @ off specialist. on february 28, 2015, malhotra scored his first and only goal with montreal in his 53rd appearance in a 4 @ - @ 0 victory over the toronto maple leafs. malhotra completed the season registering only 4 points in 58 contests. on may 15, 2015, it was announced by canadiens gm marc bergevin, that malhotra would not return to the montreal canadiens next season. in july 2015, malhotra officially became a free agent and proceeded to go un @ - @ signed over the summer. two months into the 2015 –
| 124 |
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] | 879,276 |
16 season, malhotra returned within the columbus blue jackets organization by signing a professional try @ - @ out contract with american hockey league affiliate, the lake erie monsters on december 3, 2015. = = international career = = in the summer of 1997, malhotra captained canada's under @ - @ 18 team to a championship at the 3 nations cup in the czech republic. canada finished as tournament champions, going undefeated over six games against the czech republic and slovakia in the three @ - @ country competition. the following year, malhotra was named to the canadian national under @ - @ 20 team for the 1998 world junior championships
| 1,325 |
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] | 879,277 |
, held in finland. he was the second @ - @ youngest player on the team, behind vincent lecavalier. malhotra was pointless in seven games as canada was defeated in the quarterfinal by russia 2 – 1. the following year, he was not available for the tournament as he was playing in the nhl with the rangers. in 2000, however, he was loaned to team canada by the rangers'organization, as he was still eligible as a junior. serving as team captain, he notched two assists over seven games in the tournament, held in sweden. canada earned the bronze medal, defeating the united states 4 – 3
| 1,365 |
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] | 879,278 |
in a shootout. malhotra debuted with canada's men's team at the 2002 world championships in sweden. he recorded no points in seven games as canada was eliminated in the quarterfinal by slovakia. = = personal life = = malhotra was born and raised in mississauga, ontario. his father, shadi was born in lahore and worked as a research chemist for xerox. he holds over 110 patents and is now retired. his mother, lise, is a french @ - @ canadian and was a stay @ - @ at @ - @ home mom. his parents both hold doctorate degrees from the universite laval
| 582 |
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"bobby",
"smith"
] | 879,279 |
in quebec city – his father's in polymer chemistry and his mother's in biochemistry – and prioritized education for malhotra. due to his mother's french background, he spoke both french and english at home. malhotra has three siblings, two brothers and a sister. malhotra started playing organized hockey at the age of seven. he attended john fraser secondary school in mississauga before graduating from our lady of lourdes in guelph, ontario. malhotra moved to guelph to begin his ohl career with the guelph storm, during which time he was awarded the bobby smith
| 557 |
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"the",
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] | 879,280 |
trophy as the ohl's scholastic player of the year in 1998. he has referred to it as the award he is most proud of in his hockey career. in 2009, he received the national leadership award in a ceremony at his former high school in guelph. in his initial years with the rangers, the organization arranged for him to live with former player doug sulliman and his family. in september 2007, malhotra married joann nash, sister of national basketball association ( nba ) star steve nash and former vancouver whitecaps fc midfielder martin nash. malhotra and joann had their first child in the summer
| 1,320 |
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",",
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"by",
"alex",
"graves",
","
] | 879,281 |
of 2008, a boy named caleb. their second son, isaiah, was born on september 30, 2012. = = career statistics = = = = = regular season and playoffs = = = = = = international = = = = ways and means ( the west wing ) = " ways and means " is the 47th the west wing episode and 3rd of the third season. it originally aired on nbc october 24, 2001. the episode sees the beginnings of president bartlet's congressional hearings, as well as negotiations over the estate tax. written by aaron sorkin, eli attie and gene sperling, and directed by alex graves,
| 83 |
[
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"##h",
"—",
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"rollins",
"as",
"an",
"ally",
"of"
] | 879,282 |
the episode contains the first appearances by mark feuerstein as clifford " cliff " calley. there are also guest appearances by thom barry, nicholas pryor and miguel sandoval. the subpoenas are handed out in the hearing over bartlet's concealment of his multiple sclerosis. the special prosecutor, clement rollins ( pryor ), appears to be both fair and responsible, but c. j. believes the white house will be better served in the public eye if investigated by a partisan agent. she therefore decides — against the strong objections of white house counsel oliver babish — to present rollins as an ally of
| 2,147 |
[
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"a",
"powerful",
"california",
"union",
"official",
"(",
"sand",
"##ova"
] | 879,283 |
the administration, thereby forcing congress to take control over the investigation. meanwhile donna, unwittingly, becomes entangled in potential problems over the hearings. ainsley hayes sets her up on a date with the republican house government oversight committee counsel clifford calley, but even though the date seems to go well, calley then leaves her quite abruptly in the middle of the street. donna later realizes the reason : his congressional committee is the one that will be in charge of the investigation, and a relationship between the two could constitute a conflict of interest. while sam and bruno are concerned about the loyalty of a powerful california union official ( sandova
| 1,190 |
[
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"##gist",
",",
"doug",
"we",
"##gl",
"##and",
","
] | 879,284 |
##l ), toby and josh are preparing for a meeting with the congressional opposition to re @ - @ negotiate the estate tax — or the " death tax " as the republicans have labeled it — but are then surprised by a last @ - @ minute cancellation. it soon becomes clear that the republicans are planning to repeal the estate tax altogether, and might have the votes to do so. an attempt to win over the black caucus, led by congressman mark richardson ( barry ), fails. at a loss over what to do, an initiative comes from unexpected quarters. the previously over @ - @ cautious political strategist, doug wegland,
| 1,224 |
[
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".",
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".",
"=",
"="
] | 879,285 |
suggests the president responds by doing something he has never done before : veto the bill. president bartlet himself is confronted with a forest fire in wyoming, and decides to follow the counter @ - @ intuitive advice of his experts, and let the fire burn. meanwhile he is still struggling to deal with the death of his perennial personal secretary, mrs. landingham. charlie insists that it is necessary to appoint a new person to fill the position, but the president is reluctant to take the step. as the episode ends, bartlet is searching for a good pen, and realizes the full depth of his dependence on mrs. landingham. = =
| 2,449 |
[
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"sam",
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"##born",
"speaks",
"to",
"a",
"latino"
] | 879,286 |
production = = according to sorkin, the episode benefited greatly from input by two former white house employees. the scene where donna stays up all night sorting through documents in cartons was the idea of eli attie, al gore's chief speechwriter. meanwhile gene sperling, bill clinton's chief economic adviser, came up with the sub @ - @ plot involving the estate tax. sorkin, however, had certain misgivings about the estate tax story's appeal, considering the prevalent bipartisan spirit of the time, in the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks. in one scene sam seaborn speaks to a latino
| 1,160 |
[
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"the",
"yale",
"law"
] | 879,287 |
labor leader, and as the discussion heats up he switches into spanish. the lobbyist, victor campos, claims that he has been used for public relations purposes, something sam denies. rob lowe, who plays seaborn, had to learn to speak the language convincingly especially for this episode. sorkin commented, " i tend to torture rob a little. " = = cultural references = = in one scene, c. j. says that special prosecutor rollins was the editor of the yale law review. there is no such thing as the yale law review, though the journal of legal scholarship affiliated with the yale law school is called the yale law
| 2,284 |
[
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] | 879,288 |
journal. the amir al @ - @ ʿarab ( also known as amir al @ - @ ʿurban ; translation : " commander of the bedouin " ) was a title denoting the commander or leader of the bedouin tribes in syria in successive muslim states during the middle ages. the title was used as early as the 11th century, but was formally turned into a state institution by the ayyubid sultanate and strengthened by the latter's mamluk successors. the office was preserved under the early ottomans ( 16th – 17th centuries ), at least ceremonially, but its importance had faded by then. the jurisdiction of
| 1,245 |
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"@",
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"the",
"desert",
"frontier",
"against",
"the",
"mongol",
"il",
"##khan",
"##ate",
"in",
"iraq"
] | 879,289 |
the amir al @ - @ ʿarab was generally limited to central and northern syria, and he often held iqtaʿat ( fiefs ) in the syrian steppe, which formed the imarat al @ - @ ʿarab ( emirate of the bedouin ). the imarat al @ - @ ʿarab was created both to co @ - @ opt the often rebellious bedouin tribes of syria and to enlist their support as auxiliary troops. under the mamluks, some of the principal duties of the amir al @ - @ ʿarab were guarding the desert frontier against the mongol ilkhanate in iraq
| 1,252 |
[
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"fa",
"##dl",
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",",
"direct",
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"of",
"the",
"tay"
] | 879,290 |
and anatolia, ensuring bedouin loyalty to the state, gathering intelligence on enemy forces, protecting infrastructure, villages and travelers from raids and providing horses and camels to the sultan. in return, the amir al @ - @ ʿarab was given iqta'at, an annual salary, official titles and honorary robes. under the ayyubids, numerous arab emirs held the post at any given time and were endowed with iqtaʿat. however, with the onset of mamluk rule in syria in 1260, it became a hereditary office consolidated by members of the al fadl dynasty, direct descendants of the tay
| 1,243 |
[
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"-",
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"(",
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"the",
"bed",
"##ouin",
"##s",
")",
"as",
"a",
"formal"
] | 879,291 |
##yid clan of banu jarrah. the office remained in the household of the al fadl emir, isa ibn muhanna, with occasional interruption, well into the early ottoman era, during which isa's descendants took over leadership of the mawali tribe. under the ottomans, the role of the amir al @ - @ ʿarab appeared centered on providing camels to the state and guarding the hajj pilgrim caravan in return for annual payments. = = administration = = the ayyubids founded the imarat al @ - @ ʿarab ( emirate of the bedouins ) as a formal
| 1,252 |
[
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",",
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"@",
"-",
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"pl",
".",
"iq",
"##ta",
"##ʿ",
"##at",
")",
"grants",
"were",
"given",
"to"
] | 879,292 |
state institution. however, due to the fractious nature of the ayyubid political system, the appointed amir al @ - @ ʿarab ( pl. umara al @ - @ ʿarab ) was often unable to maintain authority over all of the bedouin chieftains, who generally viewed the amir al @ - @ ʿarab as their equal rather than their superior. under the mamluks, the amir al @ - @ ʿarab was appointed by the sultan in egypt and was considered a state official. his iqtaʿ ( fief ; pl. iqtaʿat ) grants were given to
| 1,252 |
[
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"-",
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"ʿ",
"##ara",
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"-",
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",",
"i",
".",
"e",
".",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"military",
"hierarchy",
".",
"the"
] | 879,293 |
him in a diploma delivered by the sultan's chancery or picked up by the amir al @ - @ ʿarab himself if he was visiting the sultan's court in cairo. in the mamluk provinces of damascus, aleppo and the capital, cairo, a department called the mihmandariyya dealt with managing bedouin affairs and receiving the amir al @ - @ ʿarab. the amir al @ - @ ʿarab and the other bedouin emirs were classified as arbab al @ - @ suyuf ( men of the sword ), i. e. part of the military hierarchy. the
| 1,252 |
[
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"ib",
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"ho",
"##ms",
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"im",
"##arat",
"al",
"@",
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"@",
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"at",
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"the",
"16th",
"century",
",",
"during",
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"the",
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"ʿ",
"##ara",
"##b",
"@",
"-",
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"sham",
".",
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",",
"the",
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"and",
"role",
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"the",
"amir",
"al",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"arab",
"and",
"his",
"status",
"in",
"the",
"ottoman"
] | 879,294 |
rank of an amir al @ - @ ʿarab was equal to an amir miʿa muqaddam alf ( emir of one hundred [ mounted troops ], commander of one thousand ) and nazir al @ - @ jaysh ( head of the army ) of the province of damascus and the na'ib ( governor ) of homs. the early ottomans preserved the imarat al @ - @ arab at least during the 16th century, during which the title was referred to as amir ʿarab @ - @ i sham. however, the rights and role of the amir al @ - @ arab and his status in the ottoman
| 1,252 |
[
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",",
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",",
"ba",
"##kh",
"##it",
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"s",
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"or",
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"provincial",
"government",
"to",
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"amir",
"al",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"arab",
".",
"=",
"=",
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"iq",
"##ta",
"##ʿ",
"system",
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"=",
"most",
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"the",
"a",
"##y",
"##yu",
"##bid",
"##s",
"were",
"incorporated",
"into",
"the",
"iq"
] | 879,295 |
administration in ottoman syria are not well @ - @ defined in the contemporary sources, according to historian muhammad adnan bakhit. the provincial records of damascus eyalet ( province of damascus ), whose jurisdiction extended throughout syria until the mid @ - @ 16th century, don't mention the emirate's function. moreover, bakhit asserts that it is unclear if the sultan's ratification was required for the bedouin tribes or the provincial government to recognize the amir al @ - @ arab. = = = incorporation into iqtaʿ system = = = most chieftains under the ayyubids were incorporated into the iq
| 1,243 |
[
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"##bid",
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"##at",
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"-",
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"ʿ",
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"an",
"\"",
"iq",
"##ta",
"##ʿ",
"i",
"##ʿ",
"##ti",
"##dad",
"("
] | 879,296 |
##taʿ system and received customary payments from the ayyubids. the ayyubids'mamluk successors paid closer attention to the bedouin tribes of syria as they considered the region to be an important frontier in the wars with the crusaders in the coastal areas and the mongol ilkhanate in anatolia and iraq. the mamluks relied on the bedouin as auxiliary troops and were wary of their unstable, but much @ - @ needed, loyalty to the state, and referred to the iqtaʿat of the amir al @ - @ ʿarab as an " iqtaʿ iʿtidad (
| 1,245 |
[
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"in",
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"situations",
".",
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"bed",
"##ouin",
"iq",
"##ta",
"##ʿ",
"##at",
"were",
"small",
"compared",
"to",
"those",
"of",
"the",
"ma",
"##ml",
"##uk",
"(",
"man",
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"##tted",
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"soldier",
")",
"emir",
"##s",
",",
"though",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"sultan",
"##s",
"granted",
"particularly",
"generous",
"iq",
"##ta",
"##ʿ",
"##at",
"to",
"the",
"amir",
"al",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ʿ",
"##ara",
"##b"
] | 879,297 |
fief of reliance ). this status officially precluded the bedouin from the military service required of iqtaʿ @ - @ holders, indicating " a special relationship " between the state and the bedouin, according to historian tsugato sato. in practice, however, the bedouin of syria were often called on to participate as auxiliary troops in military expeditions or in emergency situations. the bedouin iqtaʿat were small compared to those of the mamluk ( manumitted slave soldier ) emirs, though a number of sultans granted particularly generous iqtaʿat to the amir al @ - @ ʿarab
| 1,133 |
[
".",
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"of",
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",",
"and",
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"##uk",
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".",
"the",
"iq",
"##ta",
"##ʿ",
"of",
"the",
"amir",
"al",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ʿ",
"##ara",
"##b",
"would",
"often",
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",",
"sal",
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"##yah",
"and",
"palm",
"##yra",
"consistently",
"served",
"as",
"iq",
"##ta",
"##ʿ",
"##at",
"of",
"the",
"amir",
"al",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ʿ",
"##ara"
] | 879,298 |
. the distribution of iqtaʿat to the tribes was done, at least in part, to persuade them not plunder the unfortified towns and villages of the countryside as they were normally wont to do, and to induce them to cooperate with the state. the frequent rebellion of the tribes also motivated the mamluks to incorporate them into the iqtaʿ system. the iqtaʿ of the amir al @ - @ ʿarab would often be confiscated in cases of rebellion against the sultan. in general, salamiyah and palmyra consistently served as iqtaʿat of the amir al @ - @ ʿara
| 1,245 |
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##b, continuing into the early ottoman era, when the iqtaʿ was supplanted by the timar. besides salamiyah and palmyra, the ottomans granted the amir al @ - @ ʿarab timar grants in the hawran plain south of damascus. in return for iqtaʿat, annual customary payments, and honorary titles and robes, the amir al @ - @ ʿarab was expected to command his horsemen as auxiliaries in the wars against the mongols, the crusaders, their allies and rebellious mamluk emirs. another expectation of the amir al @ - @ ʿarab and the
| 1,252 |
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