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] | 800 |
killed and $ 171 @, @ 000 ( 1806 usd ) in damage to its cargo. upon arriving in new england, reports indicated extreme rainfall, though no deaths were reported ; in all, the hurricane killed more than 24 individuals along the entirety of its track. = = meteorological history = = the great coastal hurricane of 1806 was first noted far east of the lesser antilles on 17 august. weather historian david m. ludlum followed the disturbance's track to the bahamas by 19 august ; intense winds persisted until 21 august, however, approximately 150 mi ( 240 km ) east of the bahamian island of eleuthera. steering currents
| 1,892 |
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] | 801 |
brought the storm northward, and it approached charleston, south carolina on 22 august, where a generally easterly flow preceded the storm indicated its passage far east of the city. the hurricane made landfall at the mouth of the cape fear river in north carolina later that day, though the earliest impacts from the storm started several days earlier, with gusts initially toward the northeast but later curving southwestward. reports of similar wind shifts throughout the region suggested that the gale persisted, stationary, for several hours. it eventually moved back out to sea while south of norfolk, virginia, departing the region on 24 august. the hurricane maintained 1 @ - @ minute maximum
| 1,894 |
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] | 802 |
sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) while offshore, equivalent to a category 2 system on the saffir – simpson hurricane wind scale. while offshore new england, the gale featured a swath of winds 90 mi ( 150 km ) wide, and was last observed just south of nova scotia on 25 august slightly weaker, with sustained winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ). the hurricane damaged several vessels while still drifting at sea, dispersing and damaging jerome bonaparte's fleet and dismasting the 74 @ - @ gun french ship of the line impetueux, which later landed near cape henry
| 1,903 |
[
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] | 803 |
. in charleston, south carolina, the hurricane washed aground several ships and uprooted numerous trees, though damage to the city harbor was minimal. the lighthouse on north island flanking winyah bay collapsed under high winds, and in georgetown proper, the hurricane was considered to be the worst since the 1804 antigua – charleston hurricane, despite its storm surge being of a lesser size. a cotton field covering 94 acres was ruined nearby. at smithville, north carolina, numerous ships experienced damage, while considerable destruction to structures was observed, with many wharves wrecked. meanwhile, at wilmington, the hurricane inflicted widespread damage, with many wharves severely
| 43 |
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] | 804 |
damaged, and significant losses sustained by salt, sugar, rice, and lumber industries. the gable sections of three masonry houses were destroyed by wind or water, and wooden houses suffered especially badly, with many obliterated and those under construction flattened. one individual died after a wall collapsed and several slaves were killed, one by drowning, at local plantations. at bald head island, the united states revenue cutter service vessel governor williams was stripped of its foremast and subsequently ran ashore before being repaired and continuing on its journey. a second boat owned by the agency, the diligence, was tethered at port in wilmington and endured no
| 828 |
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] | 805 |
damage ; similarly, little impact occurred at new bern. throughout the storm, several vessels and supplies of stranded sailors were driven aground along the north carolinan coast. on the bogue banks, the remains of the adolphus and atlantic were discovered, and at the core banks, a dead body was washed ashore, partially eaten by fish. moderate damage occurred upon the hurricane's arrival in norfolk, virginia. winds toppled a number of newly built structures and chimneys, uprooted trees and fences, and washed two watercraft aground. after the storm, alterations to the shoreline around the chesapeake bay permitted the full establishment of a town at willoughby spit
| 1,569 |
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] | 806 |
. the rose @ - @ in @ - @ bloom was caught in the hurricane while offshore of barnegat inlet, new jersey, en route to new york city from charleston, but was struck by a large wave which overturned the ship, resulting in the deaths of 21 of its 48 passengers and the loss of $ 171 @, @ 000 of its $ 180 @, @ 000 ( 1806 usd ) cargo. the vessel only barely stayed afloat, with 30 bales of cotton preventing it from sinking entirely ; survivors were ferried to new york by the british brig swift, which had then been traveling toward st. john's,
| 42 |
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] | 807 |
newfoundland. the hurricane produced strong gusts within the vicinity of new york city, and at belleville, new jersey, several peach trees were defoliated and uprooted. cape cod, massachusetts was struck by heavy rain and observed minor damage to its port. at edgartown, meanwhile, an individual witnessed torrential rainfall, recording that a barrel was filled with 30 in ( 76 cm ) of water, and estimating total rainfall reached 36 in ( 91 cm ) there, where the storm devastated local crops and beached five cargo ships. at brewster, meanwhile, severe damage to crops and salterns was noted, and 18 in
| 1,886 |
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] | 808 |
( 46 cm ) of rainfall was recorded. reports in boston, however, indicate more modest rainfall amounts, with a precipitation rate of 0 @. @ 40 in ( 1 @. @ 0 cm ) per hour noted. = forward intelligence team = forward intelligence teams ( fits ) are two or more police officers who are deployed by uk police forces to gather intelligence on the ground and in some circumstances, to disrupt activists and deter anti @ - @ social behaviour. they use cameras, camcorders and audio recorders to conduct overt surveillance of the public. an unsuccessful legal challenge has been made against their use of overt surveillance, but in
| 1,507 |
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"similar"
] | 809 |
2009 the court of appeal ruled that they must justify retention of photographs on a case @ - @ by @ - @ case basis. any retained information is recorded on the crimint database. political activists have criticised fits and said that they feel the aim of fit deployment during protests is to prevent legal protests. journalists have also complained that fits attempt to stop them photographing protests and that they conduct surveillance of journalists. a campaign group, fitwatch, formed in 2007 that aim to obstruct fits and conduct sousveillance on the officers. two members of the group were arrested at the 2008 climate camp on obstruction charges. a similar
| 518 |
[
"police",
"surveillance",
"unit",
",",
"the",
"video",
"intelligence",
"unit",
"is",
"operated",
"by",
"greater",
"manchester",
"police",
".",
"in",
"june",
"2010",
",",
"the",
"home",
"office",
"announced",
"it",
"would",
"review",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"fits",
"during",
"public",
"order",
"policing",
".",
"=",
"=",
"history",
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"purpose",
"=",
"=",
"fits",
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"first",
"formed",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1990s",
",",
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"unit",
"(",
"co",
"##11",
")",
",",
"a",
"section",
"of",
"the",
"public",
"order",
"branch",
"of",
"the",
"metropolitan",
"police",
".",
"they",
"initially",
"targeted",
"football",
"fans",
",",
"hunt",
"sa",
"##bot",
"##eurs",
"and",
"political",
"protesters",
"(",
"since",
"at",
"least",
"1996",
")",
",",
"using",
"cameras",
",",
"cam",
"##cor",
"##ders",
"and",
"audio",
"recorder",
"##s",
"to",
"conduct",
"over",
"##t",
"surveillance",
"of",
"the",
"public",
".",
"the",
"police",
"officers",
"wear",
"full",
"uniform",
",",
"and",
"are",
"intended",
"to",
"be",
"a"
] | 810 |
police surveillance unit, the video intelligence unit is operated by greater manchester police. in june 2010, the home office announced it would review the use of fits during public order policing. = = history and purpose = = fits were first formed in the early 1990s, as part of the public order intelligence unit ( co11 ), a section of the public order branch of the metropolitan police. they initially targeted football fans, hunt saboteurs and political protesters ( since at least 1996 ), using cameras, camcorders and audio recorders to conduct overt surveillance of the public. the police officers wear full uniform, and are intended to be a
| 357 |
[
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".",
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"uniform",
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"sometimes",
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"normal",
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"in",
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"of",
"their",
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"fluorescent",
"jackets",
"is",
"blue",
".",
"civilian",
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"are",
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"by",
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"police",
"to",
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"alongside",
"fits",
".",
"according",
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"yard",
",",
"the",
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"is",
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"of",
"protesters",
"in",
"case",
"disorder",
"occurs",
"later",
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"a",
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".",
"more",
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"the",
"teams",
"'",
"purpose",
"has",
"been",
"extended",
"to",
"routine",
"police",
"work",
"on",
"low",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"level",
"crime",
"and",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"social",
"behaviour",
"and",
"police",
"forces",
"throughout",
"the",
"uk",
"now",
"have",
"their",
"own",
"fits",
".",
"despite",
"the",
"implication",
"in",
"their",
"name",
"that",
"their",
"function",
"is",
"to",
"merely",
"gather",
"intelligence",
",",
"they",
"are",
"also",
"intended",
"to",
"have",
"a"
] | 811 |
highly visible presence. their uniform is sometimes different from normal police officers in that the upper half of their yellow fluorescent jackets is blue. civilian photographers are also employed by the police to work alongside fits. according to scotland yard, the aim of fit teams at protests is to record evidence of protesters in case disorder occurs later on at a protest. more recently the teams'purpose has been extended to routine police work on low @ - @ level crime and anti @ - @ social behaviour and police forces throughout the uk now have their own fits. despite the implication in their name that their function is to merely gather intelligence, they are also intended to have a
| 1,530 |
[
"deter",
"##rent",
"effect",
".",
"this",
"approach",
"has",
"been",
"reported",
"to",
"work",
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"reducing",
"reports",
"of",
"anti",
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"-",
"@",
"social",
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"at",
"times",
"when",
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"are",
"deployed",
"in",
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"neighbourhoods",
".",
"ja",
"##c",
"##qui",
"smith",
",",
"then",
"home",
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"that",
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"to",
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"youths",
",",
"in",
"lai",
"##ndon",
",",
"essex",
"stating",
":",
"\"",
"operation",
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"is",
"exactly",
"the",
"sort",
"of",
"intensive",
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"that",
"can",
"bring",
"persistent",
"offenders",
"to",
"their",
"senses",
".",
".",
".",
"relentless",
"filming",
"of",
"them",
"and",
"their",
"associates",
"throughout",
"the",
"day",
"and",
"night",
"\"",
"linda",
"cat",
"##t",
",",
"an",
"activist",
",",
"has",
"suggested",
"that",
"their",
"tactics",
"are",
"\"",
"designed",
"to",
"int",
"##imi",
"##date",
"people",
"and",
"prevent",
"lawful",
"dissent",
"\"",
".",
"this",
"view",
"is",
"echoed",
"by",
"a",
"police",
"de",
"##bri",
"##ef",
"##ing",
"of"
] | 812 |
deterrent effect. this approach has been reported to work in reducing reports of anti @ - @ social behaviour at times when fits are deployed in specific neighbourhoods. jacqui smith, then home secretary praised operation leopard that used fits to target youths, in laindon, essex stating : " operation leopard is exactly the sort of intensive policing that can bring persistent offenders to their senses... relentless filming of them and their associates throughout the day and night " linda catt, an activist, has suggested that their tactics are " designed to intimidate people and prevent lawful dissent ". this view is echoed by a police debriefing of
| 279 |
[
"their",
"operations",
"at",
"the",
"2008",
"camp",
"for",
"climate",
"action",
"which",
"praised",
"fits",
"at",
"the",
"event",
"for",
"disrupt",
"##ing",
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".",
"in",
"june",
"2010",
",",
"the",
"home",
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"of",
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"during",
"public",
"order",
"policing",
".",
"the",
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"was",
"influenced",
"by",
"the",
"discovery",
"that",
"information",
"collected",
"by",
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",",
"included",
"that",
"which",
"was",
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"to",
"suspected",
"crimes",
",",
"for",
"example",
"recording",
"who",
"made",
"speeches",
"at",
"demonstrations",
".",
"in",
"october",
"2010",
",",
"fit",
"officers",
"in",
"plain",
"clothes",
"were",
"spotted",
"by",
"a",
"press",
"photographer",
"at",
"a",
"protest",
"against",
"companies",
"avoiding",
"tax",
",",
"despite",
"commander",
"bob",
"broad",
"##hurst",
"telling",
"a",
"parliamentary",
"committee",
"in",
"may",
"2009",
",",
"that",
"only",
"uniformed",
"officers",
"distinguish",
"##able",
"by",
"their",
"blue",
"and",
"yellow",
"jackets",
"were",
"involved",
"in",
"gathering",
"intelligence",
"at",
"protests",
".",
"the"
] | 813 |
their operations at the 2008 camp for climate action which praised fits at the event for disrupting activists. in june 2010, the home office announced it would review the use of fits during public order policing. the move was influenced by the discovery that information collected by fits, included that which was unrelated to suspected crimes, for example recording who made speeches at demonstrations. in october 2010, fit officers in plain clothes were spotted by a press photographer at a protest against companies avoiding tax, despite commander bob broadhurst telling a parliamentary committee in may 2009, that only uniformed officers distinguishable by their blue and yellow jackets were involved in gathering intelligence at protests. the
| 767 |
[
"metropolitan",
"police",
"told",
"the",
"guardian",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"necessary",
"to",
"deploy",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"officers",
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"to",
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"-",
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"it",
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"in",
"may",
"2008",
",",
"which",
"was",
"decided",
"in",
"favour",
"of",
"the",
"police",
",",
"however",
"the",
"police",
"were",
"asked",
"to",
"clarify",
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"evidence",
"to",
"the",
"court",
"of",
"appeal",
",",
"following",
"an",
"investigation",
"by",
"the",
"guardian",
"newspaper",
".",
"in",
"may",
"2009",
",",
"the",
"court",
"of",
"appeal",
"ruled",
"that",
"photographs",
"collected",
"by"
] | 814 |
metropolitan police told the guardian that it was necessary to deploy plain @ - @ clothed officers to " gather information to provide us with a relevant and up @ - @ to @ - @ date intelligence picture of what to expect ". it was the first time that fits are known to have been deployed in plain clothes. = = legal issues = = liberty brought a judicial review of the overt surveillance practices in may 2008, which was decided in favour of the police, however the police were asked to clarify their evidence to the court of appeal, following an investigation by the guardian newspaper. in may 2009, the court of appeal ruled that photographs collected by
| 403 |
[
"fits",
"of",
"people",
"who",
"have",
"not",
"committed",
"a",
"criminal",
"offence",
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"no",
"longer",
"be",
"kept",
".",
"the",
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"andrew",
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",",
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",",
"was",
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"after",
"challenging",
"the",
"management",
"of",
"reed",
"else",
"##vier",
"at",
"their",
"ag",
"##m",
"over",
"them",
"organising",
"arms",
"trade",
"exhibitions",
".",
"wood",
"argued",
"that",
"police",
"had",
"harassed",
"him",
"and",
"in",
"##fr",
"##inge",
"##d",
"his",
"right",
"to",
"privacy",
"by",
"photograph",
"##ing",
"him",
".",
"lord",
"collins",
"of",
"map",
"##es",
"##bury",
"said",
"that",
"the",
"police",
"presence",
"had",
"a",
"\"",
"chilling",
"effect",
"\"",
"on",
"people",
"who",
"were",
"protesting",
"lawful",
"##ly",
".",
"fits",
"have",
"not",
"been",
"banned",
"but",
"they",
"must",
"now",
"justify",
"the",
"retention",
"of",
"photographs",
"on",
"a",
"case",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"by",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"case",
"basis",
".",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"the"
] | 815 |
fits of people who have not committed a criminal offence can no longer be kept. the ruling was made after andrew wood, an arms trade activist, was photographed after challenging the management of reed elsevier at their agm over them organising arms trade exhibitions. wood argued that police had harassed him and infringed his right to privacy by photographing him. lord collins of mapesbury said that the police presence had a " chilling effect " on people who were protesting lawfully. fits have not been banned but they must now justify the retention of photographs on a case @ - @ by @ - @ case basis. as a result of the
| 420 |
[
"ruling",
"the",
"metropolitan",
"police",
"'",
"s",
"public",
"order",
"unit",
",",
"co",
"##11",
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"forced",
"to",
"del",
"##ete",
"40",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"photos",
"of",
"protesters",
"that",
"it",
"held",
".",
"in",
"a",
"report",
"about",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
"2009",
"g",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"20",
"london",
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",",
"denis",
"o",
"'",
"connor",
",",
"the",
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"inspector",
"of",
"constabulary",
",",
"stated",
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"the",
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"of",
"fits",
"at",
"protests",
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"raises",
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"privacy",
"issues",
"and",
"should",
"be",
"reviewed",
"\"",
".",
"he",
"also",
"said",
"that",
"there",
"was",
"\"",
"confusion",
"\"",
"over",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"fits",
"and",
"advised",
"that",
"the",
"home",
"office",
"should",
"issue",
"guidance",
"over",
"the",
"legal",
"##ity",
"of",
"the",
"surveillance",
"of",
"protesters",
"and",
"the",
"retention",
"of",
"images",
".",
"=",
"=",
"information",
"processing",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"information",
"that",
"fits",
"collect",
"is",
"stored"
] | 816 |
ruling the metropolitan police's public order unit, co11 was forced to delete 40 % of the photos of protesters that it held. in a report about the policing of the 2009 g @ - @ 20 london summit protests, denis o'connor, the chief inspector of constabulary, stated that the routine use of fits at protests " raises fundamental privacy issues and should be reviewed ". he also said that there was " confusion " over the role of fits and advised that the home office should issue guidance over the legality of the surveillance of protesters and the retention of images. = = information processing = = the information that fits collect is stored
| 357 |
[
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"##nt",
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",",
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"people",
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"people",
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"held",
"on",
"cr",
"##imi",
"##nt",
"under",
"laws",
"in",
"the",
"data",
"protection",
"act",
"1998",
".",
"=",
"=",
"academic",
"response",
"=",
"=",
"a",
"2006",
"report",
",",
"the",
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"of",
"mass",
"surveillance",
"calculated",
"that",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"fits",
"at",
"mass",
"gatherings",
"involves",
"gathering",
"intelligence",
"on"
] | 817 |
on the crimint database, which is used daily by police officers to catalogue criminal intelligence. people are listed by name allowing police to determine which events individuals have attended. photographs obtained by fits are used to produce " spotter cards " consisting of people's photographs which allows officers to identify people at future events that they attend. for £ 10, people are able to obtain a list of protests that they have attended from the data held on crimint under laws in the data protection act 1998. = = academic response = = a 2006 report, the economics of mass surveillance calculated that the use of fits at mass gatherings involves gathering intelligence on
| 1,599 |
[
"roughly",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"200",
"people",
"to",
"record",
"the",
"actions",
"of",
"one",
"person",
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"the",
"report",
"also",
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"that",
"most",
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"\"",
",",
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",",
"were",
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"involved",
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"also",
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".",
"=",
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"##ru",
"##cting",
"their",
"operations",
",",
"and",
"by",
"passive",
"##ly",
"opposing",
"their",
"operations",
"by",
"photograph",
"##ing",
"units",
"(",
"a",
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"of",
"sous",
"##ve",
"##illa",
"##nce",
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".",
"in",
"june",
"2009",
",",
"the",
"guardian",
"released",
"video",
"evidence",
"recorded",
"by",
"a",
"fit",
"at",
"the",
"2008",
"climate",
"camp",
"of",
"alleged",
"police",
"brutality",
"against",
"two",
"female",
"members"
] | 818 |
roughly 1 @, @ 200 people to record the actions of one person. the report also noted that most of the people on " spotter cards ", used by the police photographers, were those involved in the organisation of protests and that fits also attend meetings where demonstrations are organised. = = criticism = = fitwatch ( formed in early 2007 ) campaign against fits by actively obstructing their operations, and by passively opposing their operations by photographing units ( a form of sousveillance ). in june 2009, the guardian released video evidence recorded by a fit at the 2008 climate camp of alleged police brutality against two female members
| 310 |
[
"of",
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".",
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"had",
"asked",
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"to",
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"hm",
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"retracted",
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"the",
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"against",
"the",
"women",
".",
"the",
"women",
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"ip",
"##cc",
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".",
"the",
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"george",
"mon",
"##bio",
"##t",
"commented",
"on",
"this",
"case",
",",
"saying",
"that"
] | 819 |
of fitwatch. the women had asked police officers to reveal their shoulder numbers, as at least four officers had not displayed them. the women attempted to photograph the police officers for evidence, but were forced to the ground, restrained with handcuffs, and had their legs bound with straps. they were then placed in restraint positions, arrested, charged and held in custody for four days, including three days in hmp bronzefield, before they were released on bail. the police later retracted all the charges against the women. the women lodged a complaint with the ipcc over the incident. the journalist george monbiot commented on this case, saying that
| 759 |
[
"\"",
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"police",
"are",
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"into",
"a",
"crime",
"\"",
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"that",
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"he",
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",",
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"##nor",
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"praised",
"the",
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"of",
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"saying",
"that",
"they",
"were",
"\"",
"highly",
"effective",
"and",
"gained",
"good",
"intelligence",
"and",
"disruption",
"\"",
".",
"three",
"members",
"of",
"fit",
"##watch",
"were",
"convicted",
"for",
"ob",
"##st",
"##ru",
"##cting",
"fit",
"officers",
"in",
"june",
"2008",
"as",
"they",
"attempted",
"to",
"photograph",
"those",
"attending",
"a",
"no",
"borders",
"meeting",
"in",
"london",
".",
"in",
"july",
"2010",
"the",
"inner",
"london",
"crown",
"court",
"overturned"
] | 820 |
" the police are turning activism into a crime " and that " the fits'methods appear to have been lifted from a stasi training manual ". he claimed that " anybody who is politically active is filmed, identified, monitored, logged, and cross @ - @ checked ". a police debrief into the operation at kingsnorth praised the deployment of fits saying that they were " highly effective and gained good intelligence and disruption ". three members of fitwatch were convicted for obstructing fit officers in june 2008 as they attempted to photograph those attending a no borders meeting in london. in july 2010 the inner london crown court overturned
| 354 |
[
"the",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"convictions",
",",
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"the",
"judge",
"stating",
"that",
"the",
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"'",
"human",
"rights",
"may",
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"been",
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"officers",
".",
"on",
"15",
"november",
"2010",
",",
"the",
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"the",
"fit",
"##watch",
"blog",
"were",
"asked",
"by",
"the",
"police",
"national",
"e",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"crime",
"unit",
"to",
"take",
"down",
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"website",
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"being",
"used",
"to",
"undertake",
"criminal",
"activities",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"request",
"came",
"after",
"a",
"post",
"on",
"the",
"blog",
"after",
"the",
"2010",
"student",
"protest",
"in",
"london",
",",
"which",
"advised",
"students",
"of",
"actions",
"they",
"should",
"take",
"if",
"they",
"were",
"concerned",
"that",
"they",
"were",
"photographed",
"at",
"the",
"demonstration",
",",
"such",
"as",
"cutting",
"their",
"hair",
"and",
"di",
"##sp",
"##osing",
"of",
"clothing",
"they",
"were",
"wearing",
".",
"emily",
"apple",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"founders",
"of",
"the",
"site"
] | 821 |
the men's convictions, with the judge stating that the protesters'human rights may have been violated by the fit officers. on 15 november 2010, the hosts of the fitwatch blog were asked by the police national e @ - @ crime unit to take down the website due to it " being used to undertake criminal activities ". the request came after a post on the blog after the 2010 student protest in london, which advised students of actions they should take if they were concerned that they were photographed at the demonstration, such as cutting their hair and disposing of clothing they were wearing. emily apple, one of the founders of the site
| 1,090 |
[
"told",
"the",
"guardian",
",",
"\"",
"nothing",
"in",
"that",
"post",
"[",
"giving",
"guidance",
"to",
"student",
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"]",
"has",
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"said",
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"or",
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"other",
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"\"",
".",
"on",
"17",
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"2010",
",",
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",",
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".",
"the",
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"(",
"nu",
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"for",
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"and",
"sometimes",
"violent",
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"of",
"working",
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".",
"marc",
"valle",
"##e",
",",
"who",
"was",
"hospital",
"##ised",
"by",
"police",
"after",
"documenting",
"a",
"protest",
",",
"has",
"said",
"that",
"the",
"teams",
"limit",
"freedom",
"of",
"the",
"press",
"and",
"called",
"on",
"the",
"home",
"office",
"to",
"confirm",
"that",
"the",
"police",
"had",
"no",
"right",
"to",
"restrict",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"photo",
"##jou",
"##rna",
"##lists",
".",
"bob",
"broad",
"##hurst",
",",
"who"
] | 822 |
told the guardian, " nothing in that post [ giving guidance to student protesters ] has not been said before on our blog or on other sites ". on 17 november 2010, the fitwatch website returned, hosted on a web server outside of the uk. the national union of journalists ( nuj ) has criticised fits for their surveillance and sometimes violent harassment of working journalists. marc vallee, who was hospitalised by police after documenting a protest, has said that the teams limit freedom of the press and called on the home office to confirm that the police had no right to restrict the work of photojournalists. bob broadhurst, who
| 2,237 |
[
"is",
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"of",
"public",
"order",
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"at",
"the",
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"police",
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"the",
"nu",
"##j",
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"a",
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"the",
"information",
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"due",
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"the",
"metropolitan",
"police",
"failing",
"to",
"provide",
"details",
"on",
"the",
"surveillance",
"of",
"journalists",
"under",
"the",
"freedom",
"of",
"information",
"act",
".",
"bob",
"broad",
"##hurst",
"told",
"photographers",
"at",
"an",
"nu",
"##j",
"conference",
"that",
"he",
"had",
"no",
"faith",
"in",
"the",
"national",
"press",
"card",
"(",
"a",
"form",
"of",
"press",
"pass",
")",
"despite",
"journalists",
"needing",
"to",
"prove",
"that",
"they",
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"bon",
"##a",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"fide",
"news",
"##gat",
"##her",
"##ers",
"to",
"an",
"independent",
"authority"
] | 823 |
is in charge of public order policing at the metropolitan police, said in a statement to the nuj in 2008 that journalists, " on the production of a valid form of accreditation will be able to continue with their work ". the nuj are to make a formal complaint to the information commissioner due to the metropolitan police failing to provide details on the surveillance of journalists under the freedom of information act. bob broadhurst told photographers at an nuj conference that he had no faith in the national press card ( a form of press pass ) despite journalists needing to prove that they are bona @ - @ fide newsgatherers to an independent authority
| 399 |
[
"before",
"they",
"are",
"issued",
".",
"the",
"bbc",
"tv",
"series",
"panorama",
"produced",
"an",
"episode",
"entitled",
"what",
"ever",
"happened",
"to",
"people",
"power",
"?",
"in",
"july",
"2009",
"which",
"discussed",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"fits",
"in",
"targeting",
"activists",
"and",
"journalists",
".",
"=",
"=",
"similar",
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"police",
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"a",
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"unit",
",",
"whose",
"plain",
"##cloth",
"##es",
"officers",
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"and",
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"certain",
"freed",
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"as",
"they",
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"after",
"serving",
"their",
"sentences",
".",
"they",
"also",
"record",
"footage",
"of",
"people",
"involved",
"in",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"social",
"behaviour",
"on",
"the",
"streets",
".",
"the",
"aim",
"is",
"to",
"give",
"other",
"police",
"officers",
"up",
"to",
"date",
"information",
"on",
"the",
"appearance",
"of",
"people",
"who",
"have",
"broken",
"the",
"law",
".",
"video",
"footage",
"thus",
"collected",
"is",
"constantly",
"replay",
"##ed",
"on",
"tv",
"screens",
"in",
"rooms",
"where",
"officers"
] | 824 |
before they are issued. the bbc tv series panorama produced an episode entitled what ever happened to people power? in july 2009 which discussed the use of fits in targeting activists and journalists. = = similar police units = = greater manchester police operate a video intelligence unit, whose plainclothes officers confront and video certain freed prisoners as they leave prison after serving their sentences. they also record footage of people involved in anti @ - @ social behaviour on the streets. the aim is to give other police officers up to date information on the appearance of people who have broken the law. video footage thus collected is constantly replayed on tv screens in rooms where officers
| 759 |
[
"complete",
"their",
"paperwork",
".",
"footage",
"that",
"they",
"have",
"recorded",
"has",
"also",
"been",
"uploaded",
"onto",
"youtube",
"in",
"an",
"attempt",
"to",
"catch",
"people",
"they",
"believe",
"have",
"re",
"##off",
"##ended",
".",
"this",
"has",
"resulted",
"in",
"several",
"offenders",
"being",
"sent",
"back",
"to",
"prison",
"after",
"breach",
"##ing",
"licence",
"conditions",
".",
"since",
"the",
"unit",
"was",
"launched",
"in",
"2006",
"more",
"than",
"900",
"people",
"have",
"been",
"filmed",
"by",
"the",
"unit",
".",
"not",
"all",
"of",
"these",
"people",
"are",
"suspects",
"in",
"crime",
"however",
",",
"people",
"can",
"be",
"filmed",
"if",
"they",
"are",
"thought",
"to",
"associate",
"with",
"prolific",
"offenders",
"or",
"if",
"they",
"have",
"been",
"stopped",
"in",
"an",
"area",
"of",
"high",
"crime",
"under",
"suspicious",
"circumstances",
".",
"ki",
"##eran",
"walsh",
",",
"a",
"civil",
"liberties",
"lawyer",
",",
"said",
"the",
"unit",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"\"",
"could",
"have",
"implications",
"\"",
"for",
"the",
"force",
"under",
"article"
] | 825 |
complete their paperwork. footage that they have recorded has also been uploaded onto youtube in an attempt to catch people they believe have reoffended. this has resulted in several offenders being sent back to prison after breaching licence conditions. since the unit was launched in 2006 more than 900 people have been filmed by the unit. not all of these people are suspects in crime however, people can be filmed if they are thought to associate with prolific offenders or if they have been stopped in an area of high crime under suspicious circumstances. kieran walsh, a civil liberties lawyer, said the unit's work " could have implications " for the force under article
| 513 |
[
"8",
"of",
"the",
"european",
"convention",
"on",
"human",
"rights",
"-",
"the",
"right",
"to",
"privacy",
".",
"he",
"believes",
"that",
"filming",
"must",
"be",
"a",
"\"",
"proportion",
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"and",
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"\"",
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"and",
"that",
"this",
"does",
"not",
"appear",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"case",
"as",
"people",
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"being",
"targeted",
"over",
"what",
"they",
"might",
"do",
"in",
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"future",
".",
"it",
"is",
"uncertain",
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"to",
"how",
"long",
"data",
"collected",
"by",
"the",
"unit",
"is",
"to",
"be",
"kept",
"but",
"gm",
"##p",
"currently",
"anti",
"##ci",
"##pate",
"it",
"will",
"be",
"stored",
"for",
"5",
"years",
".",
"=",
"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
"v",
".",
"pennsylvania",
"=",
"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
"v",
".",
"pennsylvania",
"94",
"##1",
"f",
".",
"2d",
"224",
"was",
"a",
"case",
"decided",
"by",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"court",
"of",
"appeals",
"for",
"the",
"third",
"circuit",
"that",
"confirmed",
"the",
"validity",
"of",
"special",
"elections"
] | 826 |
8 of the european convention on human rights - the right to privacy. he believes that filming must be a " proportionate and reasonable " response to a crime and that this does not appear to be the case as people are being targeted over what they might do in the future. it is uncertain as to how long data collected by the unit is to be kept but gmp currently anticipate it will be stored for 5 years. = trinsey v. pennsylvania = trinsey v. pennsylvania 941 f. 2d 224 was a case decided by the united states court of appeals for the third circuit that confirmed the validity of special elections
| 1,150 |
[
"held",
"without",
"a",
"primary",
"under",
"the",
"fourteenth",
"and",
"seventeenth",
"amendments",
"to",
"the",
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".",
"john",
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"iii",
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",",
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"april",
"4",
",",
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".",
"under",
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"amendment",
",",
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"senate",
"seats",
"until",
"a",
"special",
"election",
"can",
"be",
"held",
",",
"and",
"pennsylvania",
"##n",
"law",
"contained",
"a",
"statute",
"executing",
"this",
"and",
"requiring",
"no",
"primaries",
"for",
"the",
"special",
"election",
".",
"instead",
",",
"both",
"the",
"democrats",
"and",
"republicans",
"would",
"each",
"internally",
"select",
"their",
"candidates",
".",
"john",
"s",
".",
"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
"jr",
".",
",",
"a",
"voter",
"and",
"potential",
"candidate",
",",
"asked",
"the"
] | 827 |
held without a primary under the fourteenth and seventeenth amendments to the united states constitution. the case came about due to the death of h. john heinz iii, one of the us senators from pennsylvania, in a plane crash on april 4, 1991. under the seventeenth amendment, state legislatures may give the governor the power to appoint officials to fill temporarily vacant senate seats until a special election can be held, and pennsylvanian law contained a statute executing this and requiring no primaries for the special election. instead, both the democrats and republicans would each internally select their candidates. john s. trinsey jr., a voter and potential candidate, asked the
| 1,234 |
[
"united",
"states",
"district",
"court",
"for",
"the",
"eastern",
"district",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
"to",
"declare",
"the",
"statute",
"unconstitutional",
"as",
"a",
"violation",
"on",
"the",
"fourteenth",
"and",
"seventeenth",
"amendments",
",",
"because",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"a",
"primary",
"removed",
"his",
"right",
"to",
"properly",
"vote",
"for",
"candidates",
"and",
"delegate",
"##d",
"that",
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"to",
"political",
"parties",
".",
"after",
"deciding",
"that",
"the",
"statute",
"'",
"s",
"subject",
"matter",
"necessitated",
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"of",
"the",
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"to",
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"for",
"and",
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"senate",
"candidates",
".",
"this",
"decision",
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"the",
"court",
"of",
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"for",
"the",
"third",
"circuit",
",",
"who",
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"against",
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"use",
"of",
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"strict",
"scrutiny",
"approach",
"and",
",",
"in",
"its",
"absence",
",",
"ruled",
"that",
"the",
"statute",
"was",
"not",
"a",
"violation",
"of"
] | 828 |
united states district court for the eastern district of pennsylvania to declare the statute unconstitutional as a violation on the fourteenth and seventeenth amendments, because the lack of a primary removed his right to properly vote for candidates and delegated that power to political parties. after deciding that the statute's subject matter necessitated the strict scrutiny approach, the district court decided on june 10, 1991 that it was an unconstitutional violation of the right to vote for and select senate candidates. this decision was appealed to the court of appeals for the third circuit, who decided against the use of the strict scrutiny approach and, in its absence, ruled that the statute was not a violation of
| 1,226 |
[
"the",
"fourteenth",
"and",
"seventeenth",
"amendments",
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"academics",
"have",
"been",
"critical",
"of",
"both",
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"approach",
"used",
",",
"with",
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"suggesting",
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"in",
"vale",
"##nti",
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".",
"rockefeller",
"would",
"be",
"more",
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".",
"=",
"=",
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"4",
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"john",
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",",
"was",
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"when",
"his",
"chartered",
"plane",
"collided",
"with",
"a",
"helicopter",
"inspecting",
"its",
"landing",
"gear",
".",
"under",
"the",
"seventeenth",
"amendment",
"to",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"constitution",
",",
"the",
"legislature",
"of",
"each",
"state",
"has",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"permit",
"the",
"governor",
"to",
"fill",
"the",
"vacant",
"seat",
"until",
"a",
"special",
"election",
"can",
"be",
"held",
".",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
",",
"this",
"power",
"had",
"been",
"delegate",
"##d",
",",
"and"
] | 829 |
the fourteenth and seventeenth amendments. academics have been critical of both the decision reached and the approach used, with one suggesting that the " substantial state interests " test used in valenti v. rockefeller would be more appropriate. = = background = = on april 4, 1991 h. john heinz iii, one of the us senators from pennsylvania, was killed when his chartered plane collided with a helicopter inspecting its landing gear. under the seventeenth amendment to the united states constitution, the legislature of each state has the power to permit the governor to fill the vacant seat until a special election can be held. in pennsylvania, this power had been delegated, and
| 1,204 |
[
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"p",
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"13",
",",
"1991",
",",
"declaring",
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"##ff",
"##ord",
"to",
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"heinz",
"'",
"s",
"now",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"vacant",
"seat",
".",
"under",
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"##n",
"law",
",",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"need",
"for",
"a",
"primary",
"in",
"such",
"a",
"situation",
";",
"instead",
",",
"both",
"the",
"democrats",
"and",
"republicans",
"would",
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",",
"who",
"would",
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"in",
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".",
"john",
"s",
".",
"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
"jr",
".",
",",
"a",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"##n",
"electorate",
"and",
"potential",
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",",
"challenged",
"the",
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"##ity",
"of",
"this",
"law",
",",
"claiming",
"that",
"it",
"violated",
"his",
"rights",
"under",
"the",
"fourteenth",
"and",
"seventeenth",
"amendments",
".",
"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
"argued",
"that",
","
] | 830 |
governor robert p. casey signed a writ on may 13, 1991, declaring november 5 the date for a special election and temporarily appointing harris wofford to fill heinz's now @ - @ vacant seat. under pennsylvanian law, there was no need for a primary in such a situation ; instead, both the democrats and republicans would each internally select their candidate, who would run in the special election. john s. trinsey jr., a member of the pennsylvanian electorate and potential candidate, challenged the constitutionality of this law, claiming that it violated his rights under the fourteenth and seventeenth amendments. trinsey argued that,
| 1,220 |
[
"by",
"failing",
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",",
"the",
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",",
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"the",
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"(",
"and",
"absence",
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"a",
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"for",
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"also",
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"##fr",
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"##d",
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"of",
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",",
"which",
"required",
"the",
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"of",
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";",
"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
"'",
"s",
"complaint",
"was",
"that",
"the",
"legislation",
"had",
"effectively",
"delegate",
"##d",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"choose",
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"to",
"political",
"parties",
"rather",
"than",
"the",
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".",
"accordingly",
",",
"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
"filed",
"a",
"motion",
"for",
"a",
"dec",
"##lar",
"##atory",
"judgment",
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"that",
"the",
"statute",
"was",
"unconstitutional",
",",
"and",
"also",
"requested",
"that",
"wo",
"##ff",
"##ord",
"be",
"removed"
] | 831 |
by failing to allow for primaries, the state legislation prevented him from getting to select a candidate of his choice, and that this violated the fourteenth amendment ; the terms of the statute ( and absence of a requirement for primaries ) also allegedly infringed the rights of the electorate under the seventeenth amendment, which required the selection of senators by popular vote ; trinsey's complaint was that the legislation had effectively delegated the power to choose candidates to political parties rather than the electorate. accordingly, trinsey filed a motion for a declaratory judgment to state that the statute was unconstitutional, and also requested that wofford be removed
| 1,226 |
[
"from",
"his",
"seat",
".",
"counsel",
"for",
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"commonwealth",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
",",
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"to",
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"va",
"##can",
"##cies",
",",
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"that",
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"\"",
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"process",
"and",
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"a",
"[",
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"-",
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"\"",
".",
"the",
"case",
"was",
"first",
"heard",
"in",
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"united",
"states",
"district",
"court",
"for",
"the",
"eastern",
"district",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
",",
"where",
",",
"following",
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"arguments",
",",
"the",
"judge",
"dismissed",
"both",
"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
"'",
"s",
"motion",
"to",
"remove",
"wo",
"##ff",
"##ord",
"and",
"the",
"commonwealth",
"'",
"s",
"motion",
"to",
"dismiss",
".",
"on",
"june",
"10",
",",
"1991",
",",
"however",
",",
"the",
"district"
] | 832 |
from his seat. counsel for the commonwealth of pennsylvania, joined by the office of the governor, argued that the constitution did not require the holding of primary elections to fill vacancies, and that the statute " protected valid and compelling state interests in protecting the validity of the electoral process and limiting the term of a [ governor - ] appointed senator ". the case was first heard in the united states district court for the eastern district of pennsylvania, where, following oral arguments, the judge dismissed both trinsey's motion to remove wofford and the commonwealth's motion to dismiss. on june 10, 1991, however, the district
| 1,200 |
[
"court",
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"unconstitutional",
",",
"stating",
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".",
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"legislative",
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"of",
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",",
"the",
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"before",
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"election",
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"a",
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",",
"which",
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"a",
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"sc",
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"the",
"statute",
"could",
"not",
"out",
"##weig",
"##h",
"the",
"infringement"
] | 833 |
court declared the statute unconstitutional, stating that it violated both the fourteenth and seventeenth amendments due to the failure to ensure " popular participation " through the use of primary elections. this decision was reached following an analysis of the legislative history of the seventeenth amendment and electoral processes ; based on this analysis, the court concluded that the pennsylvanian use of a nomination process before a special election implied a right to vote, which was violated by the lack of a primary and necessitated a strict scrutinising of the legislation. after considering the evidence, the court concluded that " the interests the commonwealth put forth in support of the statute could not outweigh the infringement
| 1,226 |
[
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".",
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"they",
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",",
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"sl",
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",",
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"was",
"no",
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"of",
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"right",
",",
"and",
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"that",
"the",
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"need",
"to",
"be",
"applied",
".",
"in",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"this"
] | 834 |
of the right to vote ", leading to the conclusion that the statute governing special elections was unconstitutional. with this " the public, press and political parties quickly turned their attention to the case ", with the republican state committee of pennsylvania ( supported by their democratic counterparts ) and several prominent politicians intervening. they moved to expedite an appeal to the court of appeals for the third circuit. in a unanimous opinion, the court of appeals ( consisting of sloviter, greenberg and seitz ) confirmed that there was no restriction of any fundamental right, and therefore that the strict scrutiny process did not need to be applied. in the absence of this
| 1,217 |
[
"process",
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"in",
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"and",
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"issue",
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"thus",
"mo",
"##ot",
".",
"=",
"=",
"significance",
"=",
"=",
"laura",
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".",
"little",
",",
"writing",
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"review",
",",
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"the",
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"tri",
"##nse",
"##y",
",",
"with",
"no",
"\"",
"explicit",
"direction",
"and",
"no",
"direct",
"precedent",
"\"",
"from",
"either"
] | 835 |
process, they held that the seventeenth amendment did not require primary elections to fill vacancies, and more broadly gave state legislatures wide discretion as to how to hold elections ; as such, the statute did not violate the constitution. in december 1991 the supreme court denied a writ of certiorari, presumably because the special election had already taken place in november and the issue was thus moot. = = significance = = laura e. little, writing in the temple law review, notes the dearth of guidance for either the district court or court of appeals in trinsey, with no " explicit direction and no direct precedent " from either
| 1,210 |
[
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"in",
"vale",
"##nti"
] | 836 |
the constitutional provisions or prior case law to rely on. in the absence of guidance, the court of appeals took a narrow view of the issues, something she criticises. under pennsylvanian law, primaries are mandatory in all other elections, and in her opinion the lack of a primary in this case should have been judged to be a violation of trinsey's fundamental rights. combined with the purpose of the seventeenth amendment - to ensure direct election - this should have led to the application of the strict scrutiny test, and the decision that the statute governing special elections was unconstitutional. kevin m. gold instead suggests that the test used in valenti
| 1,210 |
[
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"association",
"(",
"nba",
")",
"for"
] | 837 |
v. rockefeller, an analogous decision over the validity of new york state electoral law. in valenti, the judiciary applied the " substantial state interests " test, which involves simply looking at whether the statute in question furthers the interests of the states, who under the seventeenth amendment are given some discretion as to the electoral process they use. = michael jordan = michael jeffrey jordan ( born february 17, 1963 ), also known by his initials, mj, is an american retired professional basketball player. he is also a businessman, and principal owner and chairman of the charlotte hornets. jordan played 15 seasons in the national basketball association ( nba ) for
| 1,319 |
[
"the",
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"leaping",
"ability"
] | 838 |
the chicago bulls and washington wizards. his biography on the nba website states : " by acclamation, michael jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time. " jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the nba around the world in the 1980s and 1990s. jordan played three seasons for coach dean smith at the university of north carolina. he was a member of the tar heels'national championship team in 1982. jordan joined the nba's chicago bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. he quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring. his leaping ability
| 1,319 |
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, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests, earned him the nicknames " air jordan " and " his airness ". he also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. in 1991, he won his first nba championship with the bulls, and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993, securing a " three @ - @ peat ". although jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993 – 94 nba season to pursue a career in baseball, he returned to the bulls in march 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996, 1997, and
| 1,319 |
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1998, as well as a then @ - @ record 72 regular @ - @ season wins in the 1995 – 96 nba season. jordan retired for a second time in january 1999, but returned for two more nba seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the wizards. jordan's individual accolades and accomplishments include five most valuable player ( mvp ) awards, ten all @ - @ nba first team designations, nine all @ - @ defensive first team honors, fourteen nba all @ - @ star game appearances, three all @ - @ star game mvp awards, ten scoring titles, three steals titles, six nba finals mvp awards, and the 1988
| 1,319 |
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nba defensive player of the year award. among his numerous accomplishments, jordan holds the nba records for highest career regular season scoring average ( 30 @. @ 12 points per game ) and highest career playoff scoring average ( 33 @. @ 45 points per game ). in 1999, he was named the greatest north american athlete of the 20th century by espn, and was second to babe ruth on the associated press's list of athletes of the century. jordan is a two @ - @ time inductee into the basketball hall of fame, having been enshrined in 2009 for his individual career, and again in 2010 as part of the
| 1,319 |
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group induction of the 1992 united states men's olympic basketball team ( " the dream team " ). he became a member of the fiba hall of fame in 2015. jordan is also known for his product endorsements. he fueled the success of nike's air jordan sneakers, which were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today. jordan also starred in the 1996 feature film space jam as himself. in 2006, he became part @ - @ owner and head of basketball operations for the then @ - @ charlotte bobcats, buying a controlling interest in 2010. in 2015, as a result of the increase in value of nba franchises, jordan became
| 1,319 |
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the first billionaire nba player in history and the world's second @ - @ richest african @ - @ american. jordan was born in brooklyn, new york, the son of deloris ( nee peoples ), who worked in banking, and james r. jordan, sr., an equipment supervisor. his family moved to wilmington, north carolina, when he was a toddler. jordan is the fourth of five children. he has two older brothers, larry jordan and james r. jordan, jr., one older sister, deloris, and a younger sister, roslyn. jordan's brother james retired in 2006 as the command
| 557 |
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] | 844 |
sergeant major of the 35th signal brigade of the xviii airborne corps in the u. s. army. = = high school career = = jordan attended emsley a. laney high school in wilmington, where he anchored his athletic career by playing baseball, football, and basketball. he tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year, but at 5'11 " ( 1 @. @ 80 m ), he was deemed too short to play at that level. his taller friend, harvest leroy smith, was the only sophomore to make the team. motivated to prove his worth, jordan became the star of laney's junior
| 1,309 |
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varsity squad, and tallied several 40 @ - @ point games. the following summer, he grew four inches ( 10 cm ) and trained rigorously. upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play. as a senior, he was selected to the mcdonald's all @ - @ american team after averaging a triple @ - @ double : 29 @. @ 2 points, 11 @. @ 6 rebounds, and 10 @. @ 1 assists. jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, including duke, north carolina, south carolina, syracuse, and virginia
| 1,308 |
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. in 1981, jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to north carolina, where he majored in cultural geography. = = college career = = as a freshman in coach dean smith's team @ - @ oriented system, he was named acc freshman of the year after he averaged 13 @. @ 4 points per game ( ppg ) on 53 @. @ 4 % shooting ( field goal percentage ). he made the game @ - @ winning jump shot in the 1982 ncaa championship game against georgetown, which was led by future nba rival patrick ewing. jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career. during his three seasons
| 1,319 |
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at north carolina, he averaged 17 @. @ 7 ppg on 54 @. @ 0 % shooting, and added 5 @. @ 0 rebounds per game ( rpg ). he was selected by consensus to the ncaa all @ - @ american first team in both his sophomore ( 1983 ) and junior ( 1984 ) seasons. after winning the naismith and the wooden college player of the year awards in 1984, jordan left north carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 nba draft. the chicago bulls selected jordan with the third overall pick, after hakeem olajuwon ( houston rockets ) and sam bowie ( portland
| 1,320 |
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trail blazers ). one of the primary reasons why jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center. however, the trail blazers general manager stu inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center, but more a matter of taking sam bowie over jordan, in part because portland already had a guard with similar skills to jordan, clyde drexler. espn, citing bowie's injury @ - @ laden college career, named the blazers'choice of bowie as the worst draft pick in north american professional sports history. jordan returned to north carolina to complete his degree in 1986. = =
| 1,302 |
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] | 849 |
professional career = = during his first season in the nba, jordan averaged 28 @. @ 2 ppg on 51 @. @ 5 % shooting. he quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas, and appeared on the cover of sports illustrated with the heading " a star is born " just over a month into his professional career. jordan was also voted in as an all @ - @ star starter by the fans in his rookie season. controversy arose before the all @ - @ star game when word surfaced that several veteran players, led by isiah thomas, were upset by the amount of attention jordan was receiving. this led to a so
| 1,320 |
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] | 850 |
@ - @ called " freeze @ - @ out " on jordan, where players refused to pass him the ball throughout the game. the controversy left jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted rookie of the year. the bulls finished the season 38 – 44, and lost in the first round of the playoffs in four games to the milwaukee bucks. jordan's second season was cut short by a broken foot in the third game of the season, which caused him to miss 64 games. despite jordan's injury and a 30 – 52 record ( at the time it was fifth worst record of
| 1,302 |
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] | 851 |
any team to qualify for the playoffs in nba history ), the bulls made the playoffs. jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return. against a 1985 – 86 boston celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in nba history, jordan set the still @ - @ unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in game 2. the celtics, however, managed to sweep the series. jordan had recovered completely by the 1986 – 87 season, and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in nba history. he became the only player other than wilt chamberlain to score 3 @, @ 000 points
| 1,320 |
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] | 852 |
in a season, averaging a league high 37 @. @ 1 points on 48 @. @ 2 % shooting. in addition, jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in nba history to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in a season. despite jordan's success, magic johnson won the league's most valuable player award. the bulls reached 40 wins, and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year. however, they were again swept by the celtics. = = = pistons roadblock ( 1987 – 1990 ) = = = jordan led the league in scoring again in the 1987 – 88 season, averaging 35 @
| 1,320 |
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. @ 0 ppg on 53 @. @ 5 % shooting and won his first league mvp award. he was also named the defensive player of the year, as he had averaged 1 @. @ 6 blocks and a league high 3 @. @ 16 steals per game. the bulls finished 50 – 32, and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in jordan's career, as they defeated the cleveland cavaliers in five games. however, the bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced detroit pistons, who were led by isiah thomas and a group of physical players known as the " bad boys
| 1,307 |
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". in the 1988 – 89 season, jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32 @. @ 5 ppg on 53 @. @ 8 % shooting from the field, along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game ( apg ). the bulls finished with a 47 – 35 record, and advanced to the eastern conference finals, defeating the cavaliers and new york knicks along the way. the cavaliers series included a career highlight for jordan when he hit the shot over craig ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series. however, the pistons again defeated the bulls, this time in six games, by
| 1,307 |
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] | 855 |
utilizing their " jordan rules " method of guarding jordan, which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball. the bulls entered the 1989 – 90 season as a team on the rise, with their core group of jordan and young improving players like scottie pippen and horace grant, and under the guidance of new coach phil jackson. jordan averaged a league leading 33 @. @ 6 ppg on 52 @. @ 6 % shooting, to go with 6 @. @ 9 rpg and 6 @. @ 3 apg in leading the bulls to a 55 – 27 record. they again advanced to the eastern conference finals beating
| 1,300 |
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] | 856 |
the bucks and philadelphia 76ers. however, despite pushing the series to seven games, the bulls lost to the pistons for the third consecutive season. in the 1990 – 91 season, jordan won his second mvp award after averaging 31 @. @ 5 ppg on 53 @. @ 9 % shooting, 6 @. @ 0 rpg, and 5 @. @ 5 apg for the regular season. the bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season. with scottie pippen developing into an all @ - @ star, the bulls had elevated their
| 1,307 |
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] | 857 |
play. the bulls defeated the new york knicks and the philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs. they advanced to the eastern conference finals where their rival, the detroit pistons, awaited them. however, this time the bulls beat the pistons in a four @ - @ game sweep. in an unusual ending to the fourth and final game, isiah thomas led his team off the court before the final seconds had concluded. most of the pistons went directly to their locker room instead of shaking hands with the bulls. the bulls advanced to the nba finals for the first time in franchise history to face magic johnson and james worthy and beat the
| 1,320 |
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los angeles lakers four games to one, compiling an outstanding 15 – 2 playoff record along the way. perhaps the best known moment of the series came in game 2 when, attempting a dunk, jordan avoided a potential sam perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid @ - @ air to lay the shot in. in his first finals appearance, jordan posted per game averages of 31 @. @ 2 points on 56 % shooting from the field, 11 @. @ 4 assists, 6 @. @ 6 rebounds, 2 @. @ 8 steals and 1 @. @ 4 blocks. jordan won his first nba
| 1,318 |
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] | 859 |
finals mvp award, and he cried while holding the nba finals trophy. jordan and the bulls continued their dominance in the 1991 – 92 season, establishing a 67 – 15 record, topping their franchise record from 1990 to 91. jordan won his second consecutive mvp award with averages of 30 @. @ 1 points, 6 @. @ 4 rebounds and 6 @. @ 1 assists per game on 52 % shooting. after winning a physical 7 @ - @ game series over the new york knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the cleveland cavaliers in the conference finals in 6 games, the bulls met clyde drexler and the portland trail
| 1,318 |
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] | 860 |
blazers in the finals. the media, hoping to recreate a magic – bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between " air " jordan and clyde " the glide " during the pre @ - @ finals hype. in the first game, jordan scored a finals @ - @ record 35 points in the first half, including a record @ - @ setting six three @ - @ point field goals. after the sixth three @ - @ pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside. marv albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if jordan was saying, " i can't believe i '
| 1,305 |
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",",
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] | 861 |
m doing this. " the bulls went on to win game 1, and defeat the blazers in six games. jordan was named finals mvp for the second year in a row and finished the series averaging 35 @. @ 8 ppg, 4 @. @ 8 rpg, and 6 @. @ 5 apg, while shooting 53 % from the floor. in the 1992 – 93 season, despite a 32 @. @ 6 ppg, 6 @. @ 7 rpg and 5 @. @ 5 apg campaign, jordan's streak of consecutive mvp seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend charles barkley. coincidentally, jordan
| 1,307 |
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] | 862 |
and the bulls met barkley and his phoenix suns in the 1993 nba finals. the bulls won their third nba championship on a game @ - @ winning shot by john paxson and a last @ - @ second block by horace grant, but jordan was once again chicago's leader. he averaged a finals @ - @ record 41 @. @ 0 ppg during the six @ - @ game series, and became the first player in nba history to win three straight finals mvp awards. he scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games. with his third finals triumph, jordan
| 1,319 |
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"$",
"1"
] | 863 |
capped off a seven @ - @ year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non @ - @ basketball hassles in his life. = = = = gambling controversy = = = = during the bulls'playoff run in 1993, controversy arose when jordan was seen gambling in atlantic city, new jersey, the night before a game against the new york knicks. in that same year, he admitted to having to cover $ 57 @, @ 000 in gambling losses, and author richard esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $ 1
| 1,309 |
[
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",",
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] | 864 |
@. @ 25 million from jordan on the golf course. in 2005, jordan talked to ed bradley of the cbs evening show 60 minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions. jordan stated, " yeah, i've gotten myself into situations where i would not walk away and i've pushed the envelope. is that compulsive? yeah, it depends on how you look at it. if you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. " when bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, jordan
| 2,577 |
[
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"prison",
".",
"jordan",
"was"
] | 865 |
replied, " no. " = = = first retirement and baseball career ( 1993 – 1994 ) = = = on october 6, 1993, jordan announced his retirement, citing a loss of desire to play the game. jordan later stated that the murder of his father earlier in the year also shaped his decision. jordan's father was murdered on july 23, 1993, at a highway rest area in lumberton, north carolina, by two teenagers, daniel green and larry martin demery. the assailants were traced from calls they made on james jordan's cellular phone, caught, convicted, and sentenced to life in prison. jordan was
| 512 |
[
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] | 866 |
close to his father ; as a child he had imitated his father's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work. he later adopted it as his own signature, displaying it each time he drove to the basket. in 1996, he founded a chicago area boys & girls club and dedicated it to his father. in his 1998 autobiography for the love of the game, jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992. the added exhaustion due to the dream team run in the 1992 olympics solidified jordan's feelings about the game and his ever @ - @ growing celebrity status. jordan
| 70 |
[
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] | 867 |
' s announcement sent shock waves throughout the nba and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the chicago white sox on february 7, 1994. he reported to spring training in sarasota, florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on march 31, 1994. jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who had always envisioned his son as a major league baseball player. the white sox were another team owned by bulls owner jerry reinsdorf, who continued to honor jordan's basketball contract during
| 1,346 |
[
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".",
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"–",
"94",
"season",
","
] | 868 |
the years he played baseball. in 1994, jordan played for the birmingham barons, a double @ - @ a minor league affiliate of the chicago white sox, batting. 202 with three home runs, 51 runs batted in, 30 stolen bases, 114 strikeouts, 51 base on balls, and 11 errors. he also appeared for the scottsdale scorpions in the 1994 arizona fall league, batting. 252 against the top prospects in baseball. on november 1, 1994, his number 23 was retired by the bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as the spirit outside the new united center. in the 1993 – 94 season,
| 1,347 |
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".",
"on",
"march",
"18"
] | 869 |
the bulls, without jordan, achieved a 55 – 27 record, and lost to the new york knicks in the second round of the playoffs. but the 1994 – 95 bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. struggling at mid @ - @ season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, chicago was 31 – 31 at one point in mid @ - @ march. the team received help, however, when jordan decided to return to the nba for the bulls. in march 1995, jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing major league baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. on march 18
| 1,346 |
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] | 870 |
, 1995, jordan announced his return to the nba through a two @ - @ word press release : " i'm back. " the next day, jordan wore jersey number 45 ( his number with the barons ), as his familiar 23 had been retired in his honor following his first retirement. he took to the court with the bulls to face the indiana pacers in indianapolis, scoring 19 points. the game had the highest nielsen rating of a regular season nba game since 1975. although he had not played an nba game in a year and a half, jordan played well upon his return, making a game @ - @ winning jump shot against
| 1,319 |
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] | 871 |
atlanta in his fourth game back. he then scored 55 points in the next game against the knicks at madison square garden on march 28, 1995. boosted by jordan's comeback, the bulls went 13 – 4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the eastern conference semifinals against the orlando magic. at the end of game 1, orlando's nick anderson stripped jordan from behind, leading to the game @ - @ winning basket for the magic ; he would later comment that jordan " didn't look like the old michael jordan " and that " no. 45 doesn't explode like no. 23 used to. " jordan then returned to wearing
| 2,121 |
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] | 872 |
his old number in the next game, scoring 38 points in a bulls win. the bulls were fined $ 30 @, @ 000 for the game : $ 25 @, @ 000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the nba and $ 5 @, @ 000 for jordan wearing different shoes. jordan averaged 31 points per game in the series, but orlando won the series in 6 games. freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, jordan trained aggressively for the 1995 – 96 season. strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist dennis rodman, the bulls dominated the league, starting the season 41 – 3, and eventually finishing with the then @ -
| 1,320 |
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] | 873 |
@ best regular season record in nba history ( later surpassed by the 2015 – 16 golden state warriors ) : 72 – 10. jordan led the league in scoring with 30 @. @ 4 ppg, and won the league's regular season and all @ - @ star game mvp awards. in the playoffs, the bulls lost only three games in four series ( miami heat 3 @ - @ 0, new york knicks 4 @ - @ 1, orlando magic 4 @ - @ 0 ). they defeated the seattle supersonics 4 @ - @ 2 in the nba finals to win their fourth championship. jordan was named finals mvp for a record
| 1,320 |
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] | 874 |
fourth time, surpassing magic johnson's three finals mvp awards. he also achieved only the second sweep of the mvp awards in the all @ - @ star game, regular season and nba finals, willis reed having achieved the first, during the 1969 – 70 season. because this was jordan's first championship since his father's murder, and it was won on father's day, jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title, including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball. in the 1996 – 97 season, the bulls started out 69 – 11, but missed out on a second consecutive 70 @
| 1,320 |
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] | 875 |
- @ win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 – 13. however, this year jordan was beaten for the nba mvp award by karl malone. the bulls again advanced to the finals, where they faced malone and the utah jazz. the series against the jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of jordan's career. he won game 1 for the bulls with a buzzer @ - @ beating jump shot. in game 5, with the series tied at 2, jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. in what is known as the " flu game ", jordan scored 38 points
| 1,320 |
[
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] | 876 |
, including the game @ - @ deciding 3 @ - @ pointer with 25 seconds remaining. the bulls won 90 – 88 and went on to win the series in six games. for the fifth time in as many finals appearances, jordan received the finals mvp award. during the 1997 nba all @ - @ star game, jordan posted the first triple double in all @ - @ star game history in a victorious effort ; however, he did not receive the mvp award. jordan and the bulls compiled a 62 – 20 record in the 1997 – 98 season. jordan led the league with 28 @. @ 7 points per game, securing his fifth regular @
| 1,320 |
[
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] | 877 |
- @ season mvp award, plus honors for all @ - @ nba first team, first defensive team and the all @ - @ star game mvp. the bulls won the eastern conference championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven @ - @ game series with the indiana pacers in the eastern conference finals ; it was the first time jordan had played in a game 7 since the 1992 eastern conference semifinals with the knicks. after winning, they moved on for a rematch with the jazz in the finals. the bulls returned to the delta center for game 6 on june 14, 1998, leading the series 3 – 2. jordan executed a series
| 1,320 |
[
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] | 878 |
of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in nba finals history. with the bulls trailing 86 – 83 with 41 @. @ 9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter, phil jackson called a timeout. when play resumed, jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and hit a shot over several jazz defenders, cutting the utah lead to 86 – 85. the jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward karl malone, who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by rodman. malone jostled with rodman and caught the pass, but jordan cut behind him and
| 1,320 |
[
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] | 879 |
took the ball out of his hands for a steal. jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, jazz guard bryon russell. with 10 seconds remaining, jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off russell, although the officials did not call a foul. with 5 @. @ 2 seconds left, jordan gave chicago an 87 – 86 lead with a game @ - @ winning jumper, the climactic shot of his bulls career. afterwards, john stockton missed a game @ - @ winning three @ - @ pointer. jordan and the bulls won their sixth nba championship
| 1,320 |
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and second three @ - @ peat. once again, jordan was voted the finals mvp, having led all scorers averaging 33 @. @ 5 points per game, including 45 in the deciding game 6. jordan's six finals mvps is a record ; shaquille o'neal, magic johnson, lebron james and tim duncan are tied for second place with three apiece. the 1998 finals holds the highest television rating of any finals series in history. game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in nba history. = = = second retirement ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = = with phil jackson's contract ex
| 1,320 |
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##piring, the pending departures of scottie pippen and dennis rodman looming, and being in the latter stages of an owner @ - @ induced lockout of nba players, jordan retired for the second time on january 13, 1999. on january 19, 2000, jordan returned to the nba not as a player, but as part owner and president of basketball operations for the washington wizards. jordan's responsibilities with the wizards were comprehensive. he controlled all aspects of the wizards'basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters. opinions of jordan as a basketball executive were mixed. he managed to purge the team of several
| 1,319 |
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] | 882 |
highly paid, unpopular players ( such as forward juwan howard and point guard rod strickland ), but used the first pick in the 2001 nba draft to select high schooler kwame brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. despite his january 1999 claim that he was " 99 @. @ 9 % certain " that he would never play another nba game, in the summer of 2001 jordan expressed interest in making another comeback, this time with his new team. inspired by the nhl comeback of his friend mario lemieux the previous winter, jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in
| 1,319 |
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training, holding several invitation @ - @ only camps for nba players in chicago. in addition, jordan hired his old chicago bulls head coach, doug collins, as washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another jordan return. = = = washington wizards comeback ( 2001 – 2003 ) = = = on september 25, 2001, jordan announced his return to the nba to play for the washington wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the september 11, 2001 attacks. in an injury @ - @ plagued 2001 – 02 season, he led
| 1,320 |
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] | 884 |
the team in scoring ( 22 @. @ 9 ppg ), assists ( 5 @. @ 2 apg ), and steals ( 1 @. @ 42 spg ). however, torn cartilage in his right knee ended jordan's season after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994 – 95 season. jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24 @. @ 3 points, 5 @. @ 4 assists, and 6 @. @ 0 rebounds, and shooting 41 @. @ 9 % from the
| 1,318 |
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] | 885 |
field in his 53 starts. his last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game. playing in his 14th and final nba all @ - @ star game in 2003, jordan passed kareem abdul @ - @ jabbar as the all @ - @ time leading scorer in all @ - @ star game history ( a record since broken by kobe bryant ). that year, jordan was the only washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them. he averaged 20 @. @ 0 points, 6 @. @ 1 rebounds, 3 @. @ 8 assists, and
| 1,318 |
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1 @. @ 5 steals per game. he also shot 45 % from the field, and 82 % from the free throw line. even though he turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times. on february 21, 2003, jordan became the first 40 @ - @ year @ - @ old to tally 43 points in an nba game. during his stint with the wizards, all of jordan's home games at the mci center were sold out, and the wizards were the second most @ - @ watched team in the nba, averaging
| 1,319 |
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20 @, @ 172 fans a game at home and 19 @, @ 311 on the road. however, neither of jordan's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the wizards, and jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him. at several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 nba draft, kwame brown. with the recognition that 2002 – 03 would be jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the nba. in his final game at his old home court,
| 1,319 |
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] | 888 |
the united center in chicago, jordan received a four @ - @ minute standing ovation. the miami heat retired the number 23 jersey on april 11, 2003, even though jordan never played for the team. at the 2003 all @ - @ star game, jordan was offered a starting spot from tracy mcgrady and allen iverson, but refused both. in the end he accepted the spot of vince carter, who decided to give it up under great public pressure. jordan's final nba game was on april 16, 2003 in philadelphia. after scoring only 13 points in the game, jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds
| 1,320 |
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] | 889 |
remaining in the third quarter and with his team trailing the philadelphia 76ers, 75 – 56. just after the start of the fourth quarter, the first union center crowd began chanting " we want mike! ". after much encouragement from coach doug collins, jordan finally rose from the bench and re @ - @ entered the game, replacing larry hughes with 2 : 35 remaining. at 1 : 45, jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers'eric snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. after the second foul shot, the 76ers in @ - @ bounded the ball to rookie john salmons, who in turn
| 1,297 |
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] | 890 |
was intentionally fouled by bobby simmons one second later, stopping time so that jordan could return to the bench. jordan received a three @ - @ minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials and the crowd of 21 @, @ 257 fans. = = olympic career = = jordan played on two olympic gold medal @ - @ winning american basketball teams. as a college player he participated, and won the gold, in the 1984 summer olympics. the team was coached by bob knight and featured players such as patrick ewing, sam perkins, chris mullin, steve alford, and wayman tisdale. jordan led the team
| 1,336 |
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] | 891 |
in scoring, averaging 17 @. @ 1 ppg for the tournament. in the 1992 summer olympics, he was a member of the star @ - @ studded squad that included magic johnson, larry bird, and david robinson and was dubbed the " dream team ". jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the olympics. playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts, jordan averaged 14 @. @ 9 ppg, finishing second on the team in scoring. jordan and fellow dream team members patrick ewing and chris mullin are the only american men's basketball players to win olympic gold as amateurs and professionals. after his
| 1,337 |
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] | 892 |
third retirement, jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position of director of basketball operations with the wizards. however, his previous tenure in the wizards'front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of richard " rip " hamilton for jerry stackhouse ( although jordan was not technically director of basketball operations in 2002 ). on may 7, 2003, wizards owner abe pollin fired jordan as washington's president of basketball operations. jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he knew he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the wizards. jordan
| 1,309 |
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] | 893 |
kept busy over the next few years by staying in shape, playing golf in celebrity charity tournaments, spending time with his family in chicago, promoting his jordan brand clothing line, and riding motorcycles. since 2004, jordan has owned michael jordan motorsports, a professional closed @ - @ course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two suzukis in the premier superbike championship sanctioned by the american motorcyclist association ( ama ) until the end of the 2013 season. jordan and his then @ - @ wife juanita pledged $ 5 million to chicago's hales franciscan high school in 2006, and the jordan brand has made donations to habitat for humanity
| 190 |
[
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] | 894 |
and a louisiana branch of the boys & girls clubs of america. = = = charlotte bobcats / hornets = = = on june 15, 2006, jordan bought a minority stake in the charlotte bobcats, becoming the team's second @ - @ largest shareholder behind majority owner robert l. johnson. as part of the deal, jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title " managing member of basketball operations. " despite jordan's previous success as an endorser, he has made an effort not to be included in charlotte's marketing campaigns. a decade earlier, jordan had made a bid to become
| 1,309 |
[
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","
] | 895 |
part @ - @ owner of charlotte's original nba team, the charlotte hornets, but talks collapsed when owner george shinn refused to give jordan complete control of basketball operations. in february 2010, it was reported that jordan was seeking majority ownership of the bobcats. as february wore on, it emerged that the leading contenders for the team were jordan and former houston rockets president george postolos. on february 27, the bobcats announced that johnson had reached an agreement with jordan and his group, mj basketball holdings, to buy the team pending nba approval. on march 17, the nba board of governors unanimously approved jordan's purchase,
| 1,319 |
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] | 896 |
making him the first former player ever to become the majority owner of an nba team. it also made him the league's only african @ - @ american majority owner. during the 2011 nba lockout, the new york times wrote that jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners wanting to cap the players'share of basketball @ - @ related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. journalists observed that, during the labor dispute in 1998, jordan had told washington wizards then @ - @ owner abe pollin, " if you can't make a profit, you should sell your team. " jason whitlock of
| 1,319 |
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] | 897 |
foxsports. com called jordan a " sellout " wanting " current players to pay for his incompetence. " he cited jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing players kwame brown and adam morrison. during the 2011 – 12 nba season, which was shortened to 66 games, the bobcats posted a 7 – 59 record. their. 106 winning percentage was the worst in nba history. " i'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. it's very, very frustrating ", jordan said later that year. on may 21, 2013, jordan filed papers to change the bobcats'name to
| 1,319 |
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] | 898 |
the hornets, effective with the 2014 – 15 season. the hornets name had become available when the original hornets, who had moved to new orleans in 2002, changed their name to the new orleans pelicans for the 2013 – 14 season. the nba approved the change on july 18. the name change became official on may 20, 2014. on the same day, the team announced that it had reclaimed the history and records of the original 1988 – 2002 hornets. = = player profile = = jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with
| 78 |
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"he",
"relied"
] | 899 |
the washington wizards ), and as a point guard. jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer. with the bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two nba finals games and five other playoff contests. his competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash @ - @ talk and well @ - @ known work ethic. as the bulls organization built the franchise around jordan, management had to trade away players who were not " tough enough " to compete with him in practice. to help improve his defense, he spent extra hours studying film of opponents. on offense, he relied
| 1,320 |
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