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【诊断】因小儿消化性溃疡症状不典型,所以,对临床凡有原因不明的反复发作性腹痛,长期呕吐、黑便、呕血、慢性贫血或在严重的全身性疾病基础上出现胃肠道症状时,都应考虑有消化性溃疡可能,需做进一步检查。
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(一)分类小儿消化性溃疡主要分为原发性与继发性溃疡两大类(表13-13)。
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表13-3小儿消化性溃疡分类(二)辅助检查1.内镜检查内镜检查是诊断消化性溃疡最重要的手段,溃疡在内镜下所见为圆形或椭圆形病灶,少数为线形,边界清楚,中央披有灰白色苔状物,周边黏膜轻微隆起或在同一平面。
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根据病程的不同,溃疡分为三个周期:活动期、愈合期及瘢痕期。
[ { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 8, "type": "dis" } ]
2.X线钡餐检查溃疡病的X线征象可分为直接和间接两种。
[ { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "X线钡餐检查", "start_idx": 2, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 10, "entity": "溃疡病", "start_idx": 8, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "X线", "start_idx": 12, "type": "pro" } ]
钡剂充盈于溃疡的凹陷处形成龛影,为诊断溃疡病的直接征象,也为确诊依据。
[ { "end_idx": 1, "entity": "钡剂", "start_idx": 0, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 5, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 21, "entity": "溃疡病", "start_idx": 19, "type": "dis" } ]
溃疡周边被炎症和水肿组织包绕,龛影周边可出现透光圈。
[ { "end_idx": 1, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 0, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "溃疡周边被炎症和水肿组织包绕", "start_idx": 0, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "炎症", "start_idx": 5, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "水肿组织", "start_idx": 8, "type": "bod" } ]
由于纤维组织增生,黏膜皱襞呈放射状向龛影集中,瘢痕形成和肌肉痉挛可使胃和十二指肠腔局部变形,出现的局部压痛、胃大弯侧痉挛性切迹、十二指肠球部激惹、充盈不佳以及畸形等均为间接征象,只能提示但不能确诊为溃疡。
[ { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "纤维组织增生", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 12, "entity": "黏膜皱襞", "start_idx": 9, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 21, "entity": "黏膜皱襞呈放射状向龛影集中", "start_idx": 9, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 44, "entity": "瘢痕形成和肌肉痉挛可使胃和十二指肠腔局部变形", "start_idx": 23, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 29, "entity": "肌肉", "start_idx": 28, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 34, "entity": "胃", "start_idx": 34, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 40, "entity": "十二指肠腔", "start_idx": 36, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 52, "entity": "局部压痛", "start_idx": 49, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 62, "entity": "胃大弯侧痉挛性切迹", "start_idx": 54, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 57, "entity": "胃大弯侧", "start_idx": 54, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 71, "entity": "十二指肠球部激惹", "start_idx": 64, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 69, "entity": "十二指肠球部", "start_idx": 64, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 76, "entity": "充盈不佳", "start_idx": 73, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 80, "entity": "畸形", "start_idx": 79, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 100, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 99, "type": "dis" } ]
气钡双重造影可使黏膜显示清晰,但小儿常不能配合完成。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "气钡双重造影", "start_idx": 0, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "黏膜", "start_idx": 8, "type": "bod" } ]
在儿童急性溃疡时病灶浅表,愈合较快,X线钡餐检查常常易漏诊或误诊。
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3.幽门螺杆菌的检测幽门螺杆菌感染检测主要分为两方面:①侵入性方法:通过胃镜取胃黏膜活体组织做幽门螺杆菌培养,快速尿素酶测定,细菌染色检查。
[ { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌的检测", "start_idx": 2, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 18, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌感染检测", "start_idx": 10, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 37, "entity": "胃镜", "start_idx": 36, "type": "equ" }, { "end_idx": 45, "entity": "胃黏膜活体组织", "start_idx": 39, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 53, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌培养", "start_idx": 47, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 61, "entity": "快速尿素酶测定", "start_idx": 55, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 68, "entity": "细菌染色检查", "start_idx": 63, "type": "pro" } ]
②非侵入性方法:测定血清中幽门螺杆菌IgG作为幽门螺杆菌的筛查指标,以及尿素呼气试验,呼气试验阳性提示有活动性幽门螺杆菌感染。
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【治疗】消化性溃疡的治疗目前已取得很大进展,过去常选用中和胃酸或抑制胃酸分泌的药物,仅可有效控制症状和溃疡暂时愈合,新的观点认为消化性溃疡是一种环境因素所致的疾病,如果明确并去除潜在的致病因素,即可得到永久性的治愈。
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(二)饮食疗法过去主张少量多餐,近年发现所有食物,包括牛奶,进食后均可刺激胃酸分泌。
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主张一般饮食,症状发作严重时,白天可每2小时进食一次,症状减轻改为一日三餐,限制咖啡、浓茶和汽水等饮料,忌用阿司匹林一类药物。
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(三)幽门螺杆菌阴性消化性溃疡的传统治疗在下述药物中,以H2</sub>受体阻滞剂应用最多,其机制为抑制组胺对壁细胞的泌酸作用,但对于胆碱能神经或胃泌素合并的餐后胃酸分泌影响较小。
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1.抗酸治疗即中和胃酸,降低胃及十二指肠内的酸度,减轻胃酸对胃肠黏膜的损伤。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "抗酸治疗", "start_idx": 2, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 10, "entity": "胃酸", "start_idx": 9, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 14, "entity": "胃", "start_idx": 14, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "十二指肠内", "start_idx": 16, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 28, "entity": "胃酸", "start_idx": 27, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 33, "entity": "胃肠黏膜", "start_idx": 30, "type": "bod" } ]
如复方碳酸钙咀嚼片、铝碳酸镁、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁。
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2.胃蛋白酶抑制剂(1)抗酸剂或酸分泌抑制剂:胃蛋白酶在碱性环境失活。
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(2)硫酸支链淀粉:250mg每天3~4次,硫酸化多糖与胃蛋白酶结合,使之失活。
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3.抗胆碱能药物阻断壁细胞的乙酰胆碱受体(M1</sub>分布胃黏膜,尤为壁细胞,M2</sub>分布心、膈肌、膀胱及胃肠平滑肌),乙酰胆碱对G细胞的作用,使胃酸及胃泌素分泌减少。
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(1)非特异性胆碱能神经阻滞剂:如阿托品、654-654、胃安及胃欢等。
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阻断M1</sub>及M2</sub>受体,抑酸差,解痉镇痛好,限用于DU及少数有痉挛疼痛的GU患者,消化性溃疡有胃排空不良者不用。
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与H2</sub>受体阻滞剂有协同作用,用于顽固消化性溃疡。
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阻断M1</sub>受体,抑酸显著,对心及瞳孔等无副作用。
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4.组胺H2</sub>受体阻断剂阻断组胺与壁细胞膜H2</sub>受体结合,抑制胃酸分泌,是相当安全的药物。
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不良反应:①可有头昏、疲乏、口干、轻泻、潮红及肌痛。
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②偶有肝损。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "肝损", "start_idx": 3, "type": "dis" } ]
③可引起急性间质性肾炎及肾衰竭。
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④可出现可逆性精神紊乱。
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⑤偶见骨髓抑制,血小板减少。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "骨髓抑制", "start_idx": 3, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 12, "entity": "血小板减少", "start_idx": 8, "type": "dis" } ]
⑦本药为肝微粒体酶抑制剂,与细胞色素P450结合,降低药酶活性,因此不宜和氨茶碱、地西泮、地高辛、奎尼丁、咖啡因、酮康唑、氢氧化铝、氧化酶及甲氧氯普胺合用。
[ { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "肝微粒体酶抑制剂", "start_idx": 4, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 21, "entity": "细胞色素P450", "start_idx": 14, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 30, "entity": "降低药酶活性", "start_idx": 25, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 28, "entity": "药酶", "start_idx": 27, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 39, "entity": "氨茶碱", "start_idx": 37, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 43, "entity": "地西泮", "start_idx": 41, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 47, "entity": "地高辛", "start_idx": 45, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 51, "entity": "奎尼丁", "start_idx": 49, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 55, "entity": "咖啡因", "start_idx": 53, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 59, "entity": "酮康唑", "start_idx": 57, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 64, "entity": "氢氧化铝", "start_idx": 61, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 68, "entity": "氧化酶", "start_idx": 66, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 74, "entity": "甲氧氯普胺", "start_idx": 70, "type": "dru" } ]
⑧和硫糖铝合用会降低后者的疗效;和维拉帕米合用可提高后者生物利用度,使其不良反应增加;和阿司匹林合用使后者作用增强。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "硫糖铝", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "维拉帕米", "start_idx": 17, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 47, "entity": "阿司匹林", "start_idx": 44, "type": "dru" } ]
⑨有与氨基糖苷类药物相似的神经阻断作用,且不被新斯的明对抗,只能被氯化钙对抗,如和氨基糖苷类合用有可能导致呼吸抑制或停止。
[ { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "氨基糖苷类药物", "start_idx": 3, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 26, "entity": "新斯的明", "start_idx": 23, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 35, "entity": "氯化钙", "start_idx": 33, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 45, "entity": "氨基糖苷类", "start_idx": 41, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 59, "entity": "呼吸抑制或停止", "start_idx": 53, "type": "dis" } ]
(2)雷尼替丁(ranitidine):儿童4~5mg/(kg•d),2次/日,疗程6周。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "雷尼替丁", "start_idx": 3, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 17, "entity": "ranitidine", "start_idx": 8, "type": "dru" } ]
注意:①婴儿及<8岁儿童慎用;②不良反应轻微,可有皮疹、便秘、腹泻、头痛、出汗及焦虑等;③偶有可逆性的细胞血小板减少,转氨酶升高;④可降低维生素B12</sub>的吸收;⑤可减少肝血流量,因而与普萘洛尔及利多卡因合用时可延缓此药的作用;⑥与普鲁卡因合用,可使普鲁卡因清除率减低。
[ { "end_idx": 26, "entity": "皮疹", "start_idx": 25, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 29, "entity": "便秘", "start_idx": 28, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 28, "entity": "便", "start_idx": 28, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 32, "entity": "腹泻", "start_idx": 31, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 31, "entity": "腹", "start_idx": 31, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 35, "entity": "头痛", "start_idx": 34, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 34, "entity": "头", "start_idx": 34, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 38, "entity": "出汗", "start_idx": 37, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 38, "entity": "汗", "start_idx": 38, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 41, "entity": "焦虑", "start_idx": 40, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 57, "entity": "可逆性的细胞血小板减少", "start_idx": 47, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 57, "entity": "细胞血小板减少", "start_idx": 51, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 63, "entity": "转氨酶升高", "start_idx": 59, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 61, "entity": "转氨酶", "start_idx": 59, "type": "ite" }, { "end_idx": 74, "entity": "维生素B12", "start_idx": 69, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 92, "entity": "减少肝血流量", "start_idx": 87, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 91, "entity": "肝血流", "start_idx": 89, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 100, "entity": "普萘洛尔", "start_idx": 97, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 105, "entity": "利多卡因", "start_idx": 102, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 123, "entity": "普鲁卡因", "start_idx": 120, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 137, "entity": "普鲁卡因清除率减低", "start_idx": 129, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 132, "entity": "普鲁卡因", "start_idx": 129, "type": "dru" } ]
(3)法莫替丁(famotidine):儿童0.8~1mg/(kg•d),2次/日。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "法莫替丁", "start_idx": 3, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 17, "entity": "famotidine", "start_idx": 8, "type": "dru" } ]
注意:①肝、肾功能不好慎用;②应在排除肿瘤后再给药;③常见有头痛、便秘及腹泻等;④偶见皮疹、荨麻疹,白细胞减少,氨基转移酶升高;⑤罕见腹部胀满感、食欲缺乏及心率增加,血压升高,颜面潮红等。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "肝", "start_idx": 4, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "肾", "start_idx": 6, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "肿瘤", "start_idx": 19, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 31, "entity": "头痛", "start_idx": 30, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 30, "entity": "头", "start_idx": 30, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 34, "entity": "便秘", "start_idx": 33, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 33, "entity": "便", "start_idx": 33, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 37, "entity": "腹泻", "start_idx": 36, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 36, "entity": "腹", "start_idx": 36, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 44, "entity": "偶见皮疹", "start_idx": 41, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 43, "entity": "皮", "start_idx": 43, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 48, "entity": "荨麻疹", "start_idx": 46, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 54, "entity": "白细胞减少", "start_idx": 50, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 62, "entity": "氨基转移酶升高", "start_idx": 56, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 60, "entity": "氨基转移酶", "start_idx": 56, "type": "ite" }, { "end_idx": 71, "entity": "罕见腹部胀满感", "start_idx": 65, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 68, "entity": "腹部", "start_idx": 67, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 76, "entity": "食欲缺乏", "start_idx": 73, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 81, "entity": "心率增加", "start_idx": 78, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 78, "entity": "心", "start_idx": 78, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 86, "entity": "血压升高", "start_idx": 83, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 83, "entity": "血", "start_idx": 83, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 91, "entity": "颜面潮红", "start_idx": 88, "type": "sym" } ]
5.质子泵阻断剂(protonpumpinhibitor,PPI)奥美拉唑(omeprazole)特异地作用于壁细胞,选择性抑制壁细胞的H+-K+-ATP酶,作用于胃酸分泌的最后一环节,对组胺、五肽胃泌素及乙酰胆碱引起的胃酸分泌均有抑制持续时间长、对壁细胞无毒性的作用,目前未发现明显副作用。
[ { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "质子泵阻断剂", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 27, "entity": "protonpumpinhibitor", "start_idx": 9, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 31, "entity": "PPI", "start_idx": 29, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 36, "entity": "奥美拉唑", "start_idx": 33, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 47, "entity": "omeprazole", "start_idx": 38, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 57, "entity": "壁细胞", "start_idx": 55, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 77, "entity": "壁细胞的H+-K+-ATP酶", "start_idx": 64, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 83, "entity": "胃酸", "start_idx": 82, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 95, "entity": "组胺", "start_idx": 94, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 101, "entity": "五肽胃泌素", "start_idx": 97, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 111, "entity": "乙酰胆碱引起的胃酸", "start_idx": 103, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 127, "entity": "壁细胞", "start_idx": 125, "type": "bod" } ]
注意:①不良反应发生与雷尼替丁相似。
[ { "end_idx": 14, "entity": "雷尼替丁", "start_idx": 11, "type": "dru" } ]
②有酶抑作用,可延长地西泮及苯妥英钠等药的半衰期。
[ { "end_idx": 2, "entity": "酶", "start_idx": 2, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 12, "entity": "地西泮", "start_idx": 10, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 17, "entity": "苯妥英钠", "start_idx": 14, "type": "dru" } ]
同用后可出现共济失调、步态不稳及行走困难,但茶碱和普萘洛尔的代谢不受本品影响。
[ { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "共济失调", "start_idx": 6, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 19, "entity": "步态不稳及行走困难", "start_idx": 11, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 23, "entity": "茶碱", "start_idx": 22, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 28, "entity": "普萘洛尔", "start_idx": 25, "type": "dru" } ]
③偶见恶心、呕吐、便秘、胀气、头痛、皮疹、一过性转氨酶及胆红素升高。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "恶心", "start_idx": 3, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "心", "start_idx": 4, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "呕吐", "start_idx": 6, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 10, "entity": "便秘", "start_idx": 9, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "便", "start_idx": 9, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "胀气", "start_idx": 12, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "头痛", "start_idx": 15, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 15, "entity": "头", "start_idx": 15, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 19, "entity": "皮疹", "start_idx": 18, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 18, "entity": "皮", "start_idx": 18, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 32, "entity": "一过性转氨酶及胆红素升高", "start_idx": 21, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 26, "entity": "一过性转氨酶", "start_idx": 21, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 30, "entity": "胆红素", "start_idx": 28, "type": "bod" } ]
6.胃黏膜保护剂(1)生胃酮:使胃黏膜上皮生命延长,胃黏液分泌增加。
[ { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "胃黏膜保护剂", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "生胃酮", "start_idx": 11, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "胃黏膜上皮", "start_idx": 16, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 28, "entity": "胃黏液", "start_idx": 26, "type": "bod" } ]
不良反应有醛固酮效应,水、钠潴留,低血钾,高血压等。
[ { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "醛固酮效应", "start_idx": 5, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "醛固酮", "start_idx": 5, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 15, "entity": "水、钠潴留", "start_idx": 11, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "水", "start_idx": 11, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "钠", "start_idx": 13, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 19, "entity": "低血钾", "start_idx": 17, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 19, "entity": "血钾", "start_idx": 18, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 23, "entity": "高血压", "start_idx": 21, "type": "dis" } ]
(2)硫糖铝:硫酸化二糖和氢氧化铝的复合物,不被胃肠道吸收,黏附溃疡基底,形成保护层,防止H离子逆向弥散。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "硫糖铝", "start_idx": 3, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "硫酸化二糖", "start_idx": 7, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "氢氧化铝", "start_idx": 13, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 26, "entity": "胃肠道", "start_idx": 24, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 35, "entity": "溃疡基底", "start_idx": 32, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 47, "entity": "H离子", "start_idx": 45, "type": "bod" } ]
②主要副作用为便秘,偶有口干、恶心及胃痛等,可适当合用抗胆碱药。
[ { "end_idx": 8, "entity": "便秘", "start_idx": 7, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "便", "start_idx": 7, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "口干", "start_idx": 12, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 12, "entity": "口", "start_idx": 12, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "恶心", "start_idx": 15, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "心", "start_idx": 16, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 19, "entity": "胃痛", "start_idx": 18, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 18, "entity": "胃", "start_idx": 18, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 30, "entity": "抗胆碱药", "start_idx": 27, "type": "dru" } ]
③和多酶片合用,两者有拮抗作用,使疗效均降低。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "多酶片", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dru" } ]
④和西咪替丁合用,使本药疗效减低。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "西咪替丁", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dru" } ]
⑤与四环素、西咪替丁、苯妥因钠及地高辛合用时,可干扰和影响这些药物的吸收,故因间隔2小时后再服用上述药物。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "四环素", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "西咪替丁", "start_idx": 6, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 14, "entity": "苯妥因钠", "start_idx": 11, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 18, "entity": "地高辛", "start_idx": 16, "type": "dru" } ]
⑥肾功能不全,长期服用,可能会引起铝中毒。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "肾功能不全", "start_idx": 1, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 19, "entity": "铝中毒", "start_idx": 17, "type": "dis" } ]
注意:①年幼儿一般不宜服用此药,肾功能不全者应慎用;②铋可使大便和舌苔、牙齿染黑及恶心、呕吐,停药后消失;③不宜与牛奶、茶、咖啡及含酒精饮料同服;④长期大量应用,可发生不可逆性脑病、精神紊乱及运动失调,有条件者应做血铋检测。
[ { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "肾功能不全", "start_idx": 16, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 27, "entity": "铋", "start_idx": 27, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 39, "entity": "大便和舌苔、牙齿染黑", "start_idx": 30, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 34, "entity": "舌苔", "start_idx": 33, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 37, "entity": "牙齿", "start_idx": 36, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 42, "entity": "恶心", "start_idx": 41, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 45, "entity": "呕吐", "start_idx": 44, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 51, "entity": "停药后消失", "start_idx": 47, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 89, "entity": "不可逆性脑病", "start_idx": 84, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 94, "entity": "精神紊乱", "start_idx": 91, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 99, "entity": "运动失调", "start_idx": 96, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 110, "entity": "血铋检测", "start_idx": 107, "type": "pro" } ]
其作用为细胞保护,增强胃肠黏膜防御能力,抑制胃酸及胃蛋白酶原的分泌。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "细胞", "start_idx": 4, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 14, "entity": "胃肠黏膜", "start_idx": 11, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 23, "entity": "胃酸", "start_idx": 22, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 29, "entity": "胃蛋白酶原", "start_idx": 25, "type": "bod" } ]
不良反应有腹泻及子宫收缩,孕妇忌用。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "腹泻", "start_idx": 5, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "腹", "start_idx": 5, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "子宫收缩", "start_idx": 8, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "子宫", "start_idx": 8, "type": "bod" } ]
前列腺素衍生物有恩前列腺素,成人35μg,每日2次,疗效与西咪替丁相似。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "前列腺素衍生物", "start_idx": 0, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 12, "entity": "恩前列腺素", "start_idx": 8, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 32, "entity": "西咪替丁", "start_idx": 29, "type": "dru" } ]
此药是目前预防和治疗非甾体类消炎药引起的胃和十二指肠黏膜损伤最有效的药物。
[ { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "非甾体类消炎药", "start_idx": 10, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 29, "entity": "胃和十二指肠黏膜损伤", "start_idx": 20, "type": "dis" } ]
7.其他谷氨酰胺呱仑酸钠颗粒(抗炎、抗溃疡、促进组织修复),蒙脱石散等通过增加黏膜厚度及加强黏膜屏障功能,促进溃疡愈合。
[ { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "谷氨酰胺呱仑酸钠颗粒", "start_idx": 4, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "炎", "start_idx": 16, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 19, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 25, "entity": "组织", "start_idx": 24, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 33, "entity": "蒙脱石散", "start_idx": 30, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 40, "entity": "黏膜", "start_idx": 39, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 49, "entity": "黏膜屏障", "start_idx": 46, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 56, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 55, "type": "dis" } ]
(四)幽门螺杆菌阳性消化性溃疡的治疗目前幽门螺杆菌阳性合并有活动期溃疡的患者除给予传统抗溃疡药物治疗,如H2</sub>受体阻滞剂、质子泵抑制剂或硫糖铝促进溃疡愈合外,常同时给予抗生素根除幽门螺杆菌。
[ { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌阳性", "start_idx": 3, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌", "start_idx": 3, "type": "ite" }, { "end_idx": 14, "entity": "消化性溃疡", "start_idx": 10, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 26, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌阳性", "start_idx": 20, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 24, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌", "start_idx": 20, "type": "ite" }, { "end_idx": 34, "entity": "活动期溃疡", "start_idx": 30, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 47, "entity": "抗溃疡药物", "start_idx": 43, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 64, "entity": "H2</sub>受体阻滞剂", "start_idx": 52, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 71, "entity": "质子泵抑制剂", "start_idx": 66, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 75, "entity": "硫糖铝", "start_idx": 73, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 79, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 78, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 91, "entity": "抗生素", "start_idx": 89, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 98, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌", "start_idx": 94, "type": "sym" } ]
虽然理论上抗菌治疗后根除幽门螺杆菌的同时亦可使溃疡愈合,但仍缺乏足够数量的单独应用抗菌药物治疗的病例研究。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "菌", "start_idx": 6, "type": "mic" }, { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌", "start_idx": 12, "type": "mic" }, { "end_idx": 24, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 23, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 44, "entity": "抗菌药物", "start_idx": 41, "type": "dru" } ]
抗菌治疗目前在儿科应用最广泛,最廉价,被证实确实有效的抗幽门螺杆菌三联的方案:阿莫西林、甲硝唑和铋制剂(三钾二枸橼酸合铋及次水杨酸铋等)。
[ { "end_idx": 3, "entity": "抗菌治疗", "start_idx": 0, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 8, "entity": "儿科", "start_idx": 7, "type": "dep" }, { "end_idx": 34, "entity": "抗幽门螺杆菌三联", "start_idx": 27, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 42, "entity": "阿莫西林", "start_idx": 39, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 46, "entity": "甲硝唑", "start_idx": 44, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 50, "entity": "铋制剂", "start_idx": 48, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 59, "entity": "三钾二枸橼酸合铋", "start_idx": 52, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 65, "entity": "次水杨酸铋", "start_idx": 61, "type": "dru" } ]
对于应用甲硝唑出现明显不良作用或既往曾用过甲硝唑(幽门螺杆菌易对其产生耐药性)的患者,可用克拉霉素取代。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "甲硝唑", "start_idx": 4, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 23, "entity": "甲硝唑", "start_idx": 21, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 29, "entity": "幽门螺杆菌", "start_idx": 25, "type": "mic" }, { "end_idx": 48, "entity": "克拉霉素", "start_idx": 45, "type": "dru" } ]
应用奥美拉唑、阿莫西林与克拉霉素的三联疗法。
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(五)消化性溃疡外科治疗主要适用于溃疡伴有出血、穿孔、梗阻等并发症或经内科治疗经久不愈患者。
[ { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "消化性溃疡", "start_idx": 3, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "外科治疗", "start_idx": 8, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 18, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 17, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 22, "entity": "出血", "start_idx": 21, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 22, "entity": "血", "start_idx": 22, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 25, "entity": "穿孔", "start_idx": 24, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 28, "entity": "梗阻", "start_idx": 27, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 38, "entity": "内科治疗", "start_idx": 35, "type": "pro" } ]
五、结核杆菌感染的阶段结核杆菌感染可以分为3个阶段:接触有传染性的结核患者、无症状结核感染和活动结核病。
[ { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "结核杆菌感染", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "结核杆菌感染", "start_idx": 11, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 34, "entity": "有传染性的结核", "start_idx": 28, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 44, "entity": "无症状结核感染", "start_idx": 38, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 50, "entity": "活动结核病", "start_idx": 46, "type": "dis" } ]
和有传染性的结核患者接触的患儿,其结核菌素试验阴性,没有症状和体征,肺部X线片正常。
[ { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "有传染性的结核", "start_idx": 1, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 22, "entity": "结核菌素试验", "start_idx": 17, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 24, "entity": "结核菌素试验阴性", "start_idx": 17, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 40, "entity": "肺部X线片正常", "start_idx": 34, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 38, "entity": "肺部X线片", "start_idx": 34, "type": "pro" } ]
他们不一定感染结核,但其感染结核和发展为活动结核病的危险性增加。
[ { "end_idx": 8, "entity": "感染结核", "start_idx": 5, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 15, "entity": "感染结核", "start_idx": 12, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 24, "entity": "活动结核病", "start_idx": 20, "type": "dis" } ]
无症状结核感染是指由结核杆菌感染引起的结核菌素试验阳性结核病灶,没有体征,X线胸片正常。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "无症状结核感染", "start_idx": 0, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 15, "entity": "结核杆菌感染", "start_idx": 10, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 24, "entity": "结核菌素试验", "start_idx": 19, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 30, "entity": "结核菌素试验阳性结核病灶", "start_idx": 19, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 28, "entity": "结核", "start_idx": 27, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 42, "entity": "X线胸片正常", "start_idx": 37, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 40, "entity": "X线胸片", "start_idx": 37, "type": "pro" } ]
部分患儿可能有临床症状,如不规则发热或低热、精神不振、盗汗、疲乏、食欲缺乏等。
[ { "end_idx": 17, "entity": "不规则发热", "start_idx": 13, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "低热", "start_idx": 19, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 25, "entity": "精神不振", "start_idx": 22, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 28, "entity": "盗汗", "start_idx": 27, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 31, "entity": "疲乏", "start_idx": 30, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 36, "entity": "食欲缺乏", "start_idx": 33, "type": "sym" } ]
无症状结核感染是否发展成为活动结核病,与患者的年龄以及其他危险因素有关。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "无症状结核感染", "start_idx": 0, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 17, "entity": "活动结核病", "start_idx": 13, "type": "dis" } ]
婴幼儿、老年人、伴有某种疾病或免疫功能抑制的患者,在无症状结核感染后易发展成活动结核病。
[ { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "免疫功能抑制", "start_idx": 15, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 32, "entity": "无症状结核感染", "start_idx": 26, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 42, "entity": "活动结核病", "start_idx": 38, "type": "dis" } ]
无症状结核感染的患者,如不治疗,可能发展为活动结核病。
[ { "end_idx": 6, "entity": "无症状结核感染", "start_idx": 0, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 25, "entity": "活动结核病", "start_idx": 21, "type": "dis" } ]
活动结核病是指患者有结核杆菌感染的症状、体征、肺部影像学改变以及实验室检测到结核杆菌等。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "活动结核病", "start_idx": 0, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 15, "entity": "结核杆菌感染", "start_idx": 10, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 29, "entity": "肺部影像学改变", "start_idx": 23, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 27, "entity": "肺部影像学", "start_idx": 23, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 41, "entity": "实验室检测到结核杆菌", "start_idx": 32, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 36, "entity": "实验室检测", "start_idx": 32, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 41, "entity": "结核杆菌", "start_idx": 38, "type": "mic" } ]
这种感染可以累及肺内、肺外或两者同时受累。
[ { "end_idx": 3, "entity": "感染", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 19, "entity": "累及肺内、肺外或两者同时受累", "start_idx": 6, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "肺内", "start_idx": 8, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 12, "entity": "肺外", "start_idx": 11, "type": "bod" } ]
但以肺结核病最多见。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "肺结核病", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dis" } ]
九、颅咽管瘤颅咽管瘤(craniopharyngioma)占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的6%~9%,多发生在20岁以前,平均发病年龄为8岁。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "颅咽管瘤", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "颅咽管瘤", "start_idx": 6, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 27, "entity": "craniopharyngioma", "start_idx": 11, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 39, "entity": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤", "start_idx": 30, "type": "dis" } ]
可因孟氏孔阻塞引起脑积水颅内压增高压迫视交叉引起视力视野障碍;侵犯或压迫视丘下部导致内分泌功能紊乱如尿崩症、嗜睡、脂肪代谢或体温调节障碍及垂体性侏儒症MRI是最有效的诊断工具,能很好地显示肿瘤性质、范围及与周围结构的关系。
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另外,由于肿瘤对周围重要结构的浸润压迫以及手术可能产生的影响,术前及术后均要检查下丘脑垂体轴、肾上腺功能及水、电解质平衡等。
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治疗原则是能够完全切除的肿瘤应尽量完整切除;体积大的肿瘤或与周围组织粘连严重时可做部分切除,术后辅以局部放射治疗;大的囊性单腔性颅咽管瘤可用32</sup>P行内放疗;而对于小的2~3cm的肿瘤可行立体定向放射外科治疗。
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死亡主要与肿瘤复发或慢性神经内分泌功能紊乱慢性神经内分泌功能紊乱有关。
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十、肺部其他病变(一)特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症两肺野透亮度对称性减低,可呈毛玻璃状改变,内有细小颗粒状阴影;出血多时,呈现薄片状阴影,以肺门区为明显;静止期以颗粒状阴影为主。
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(二)朗格汉斯组织细胞增生症弥漫性颗粒状阴影为最典型的表现,其他有片状、网状及囊泡样透亮区。
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(三)系统性红斑狼疮肺部表现以小片状病灶,病变一侧或两侧,肺底部多见,可反复发作,在间质性肺炎时出现网状影,大多数患者出现胸膜反应与渗出。
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支气管腔、病理改变气道黏膜充血、水肿,上皮细胞脱落、崩解;黏膜杯状细胞增多,黏液腺增生;包括炎性细胞(嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、T淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞等)、气道结构细胞(气道平滑肌细胞和上皮细胞等)明显增多;支气管平滑肌肥厚,基底膜变厚,使支气管壁增厚,重建;支气管腔内可见黏液或黏液栓,引起肺泡膨胀,过度充气或肺不张。
[ { "end_idx": 3, "entity": "支气管腔", "start_idx": 0, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 17, "entity": "支气管腔、病理改变气道黏膜充血、水肿", "start_idx": 0, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 12, "entity": "气道黏膜", "start_idx": 9, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 27, "entity": "上皮细胞脱落、崩解", "start_idx": 19, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 22, "entity": "上皮细胞", "start_idx": 19, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 36, "entity": "黏膜杯状细胞增多", "start_idx": 29, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 34, "entity": "黏膜杯状细胞", "start_idx": 29, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 42, "entity": "黏液腺增生", "start_idx": 38, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 49, "entity": "炎性细胞", "start_idx": 46, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 101, "entity": "炎性细胞(嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、T淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞等)、气道结构细胞(气道平滑肌细胞和上皮细胞等)明显增多", "start_idx": 46, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 56, "entity": "嗜酸性粒细胞", "start_idx": 51, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 61, "entity": "肥大细胞", "start_idx": 58, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 67, "entity": "T淋巴细胞", "start_idx": 63, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 73, "entity": "中性粒细胞", "start_idx": 69, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 82, "entity": "气道结构细胞", "start_idx": 77, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 90, "entity": "气道平滑肌细胞", "start_idx": 84, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 95, "entity": "上皮细胞", "start_idx": 92, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 108, "entity": "支气管平滑肌", "start_idx": 103, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 110, "entity": "支气管平滑肌肥厚", "start_idx": 103, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 116, "entity": "基底膜变厚", "start_idx": 112, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 114, "entity": "基底膜", "start_idx": 112, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 122, "entity": "支气管壁", "start_idx": 119, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 127, "entity": "支气管壁增厚,重建", "start_idx": 119, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 132, "entity": "支气管腔", "start_idx": 129, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 141, "entity": "支气管腔内可见黏液或黏液栓", "start_idx": 129, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 137, "entity": "黏液", "start_idx": 136, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 141, "entity": "黏液栓", "start_idx": 139, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 148, "entity": "肺泡膨胀", "start_idx": 145, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 146, "entity": "肺泡", "start_idx": 145, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 153, "entity": "过度充气", "start_idx": 150, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 157, "entity": "肺不张", "start_idx": 155, "type": "dis" } ]
三、囊状淋巴管瘤囊状淋巴管瘤(cysticlymphangioma)又称囊状水瘤。
[ { "end_idx": 7, "entity": "囊状淋巴管瘤", "start_idx": 2, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "囊状淋巴管瘤", "start_idx": 8, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 32, "entity": "cysticlymphangioma", "start_idx": 15, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 39, "entity": "囊状水瘤", "start_idx": 36, "type": "dis" } ]
为淋巴性起源的含液病变,呈圆形、椭圆形,可分叶,囊内壁衬有上皮层,光滑透明,血管少。
[ { "end_idx": 10, "entity": "淋巴性起源的含液病变", "start_idx": 1, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 10, "entity": "含液病变", "start_idx": 7, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 22, "entity": "呈圆形、椭圆形,可分叶", "start_idx": 12, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 26, "entity": "囊内壁", "start_idx": 24, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 31, "entity": "囊内壁衬有上皮层", "start_idx": 24, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 31, "entity": "上皮层", "start_idx": 29, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 36, "entity": "光滑透明", "start_idx": 33, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 39, "entity": "血管", "start_idx": 38, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 40, "entity": "血管少", "start_idx": 38, "type": "sym" } ]
肿瘤的体积变异很大。
[ { "end_idx": 1, "entity": "肿瘤", "start_idx": 0, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 8, "entity": "体积变异很大", "start_idx": 3, "type": "sym" } ]
治疗包括:1.药物注射疗法近年来用抗肿瘤药物博来霉素作瘤内注射治疗,可使70%的囊状水瘤完全消失或显著缩小。
[ { "end_idx": 12, "entity": "药物注射疗法", "start_idx": 7, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 21, "entity": "抗肿瘤药物", "start_idx": 17, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 25, "entity": "博来霉素", "start_idx": 22, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 32, "entity": "瘤内注射治疗", "start_idx": 27, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 43, "entity": "囊状水瘤", "start_idx": 40, "type": "dis" } ]
作用机制可能是抑制淋巴管内皮细胞的生长,使间质纤维化。
[ { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "淋巴管", "start_idx": 9, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 15, "entity": "内皮细胞", "start_idx": 12, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 22, "entity": "间质", "start_idx": 21, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 25, "entity": "间质纤维化", "start_idx": 21, "type": "sym" } ]
用法:将博来霉素水剂,配成1mg/1ml的浓度,每次0.2~0.3mg/kg的剂量注入瘤体内,每周一次,3~10次为一疗程,总剂量不超过5mg/kg,否则可导致组织坏死,发生溃疡。
[ { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "博来霉素水剂", "start_idx": 4, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 42, "entity": "注入", "start_idx": 41, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 43, "entity": "瘤", "start_idx": 43, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 81, "entity": "组织", "start_idx": 80, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 83, "entity": "组织坏死", "start_idx": 80, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 88, "entity": "溃疡", "start_idx": 87, "type": "dis" } ]
用法:0.1mgOK-432溶于10ml生理盐水中,抽取多少淋巴液,注射多少OK-432溶液,每次总量不超过0.3mg。
[ { "end_idx": 13, "entity": "0.1mgOK-432", "start_idx": 3, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 23, "entity": "10ml生理盐水", "start_idx": 16, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 32, "entity": "淋巴液", "start_idx": 30, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 35, "entity": "注射", "start_idx": 34, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 45, "entity": "OK-432溶液", "start_idx": 38, "type": "dru" } ]
2.手术疗法药物注射应该首选,如注射效果不佳或复发,手术是必要的。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "手术疗法", "start_idx": 2, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "药物注射", "start_idx": 6, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 17, "entity": "注射", "start_idx": 16, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 27, "entity": "手术", "start_idx": 26, "type": "pro" } ]
手术解剖要细致,囊壁菲薄,如果破裂则很难找到其边缘,另外尽量避免损伤临近的重要的血管、神经。
[ { "end_idx": 3, "entity": "手术解剖", "start_idx": 0, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "囊壁", "start_idx": 8, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "囊壁菲薄", "start_idx": 8, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 16, "entity": "破裂", "start_idx": 15, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 44, "entity": "损伤临近的重要的血管、神经", "start_idx": 32, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 41, "entity": "血管", "start_idx": 40, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 44, "entity": "神经", "start_idx": 43, "type": "bod" } ]
残留的囊壁用1%碘酒涂擦。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "囊壁", "start_idx": 3, "type": "bod" }, { "end_idx": 9, "entity": "1%碘酒", "start_idx": 6, "type": "dru" }, { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "涂擦", "start_idx": 10, "type": "pro" } ]
个别巨大肿瘤,可分期手术。
[ { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "个别巨大肿瘤", "start_idx": 0, "type": "sym" }, { "end_idx": 5, "entity": "肿瘤", "start_idx": 4, "type": "dis" }, { "end_idx": 11, "entity": "分期手术", "start_idx": 8, "type": "pro" } ]
第二章消化道疾病的诊断技术第一节内镜检查消化道纤维(电子)内镜是当今诊断与治疗食管、胃、小肠、大肠及胰胆管腔道疾病最先进而有效的仪器。
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而内镜检查是一种直观、准确、敏感的胃肠疾病检查手段。
[ { "end_idx": 4, "entity": "内镜检查", "start_idx": 1, "type": "pro" }, { "end_idx": 20, "entity": "胃肠疾病", "start_idx": 17, "type": "dis" } ]
自20世纪70年代初期,细径化、可屈式的纤维胃镜进入儿科领域后,儿童消化系统腔道疾病的诊断水平得到了很大的提高。
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近20年来,随着消化内镜在儿科应用的普及及内镜医疗器械的进步,高难度操作技术的开展,儿科消化内镜学正迅速向治疗内镜学发展。
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一、胃镜检查(一)胃镜类型及儿童应用选择纤维胃镜类型很多按其先端部的形态和物镜的部位,分为三种类型:①直视式:接物镜在镜的前端,可观察食管、胃和十二指肠,但胃小弯不满意;②侧视式:接物镜在镜的前端侧面,多用于逆行胰胆管造影检查;③斜视式:接物镜向上斜30°,能较满意观察上消化道病变。
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儿科临床应用较多的是直视式胃镜。
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