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Artifact is a digital collectible card game developed and published by Valve. It focuses on online player-versus-player battles, and is based on the universe of Dota 2, a multiplayer online battle arena game also from Valve. Artifact was designed by Magic: The Gathering creator Richard Garfield. It was released for Windows, macOS, and Linux in November 2018.
While Artifact's gameplay and drafting mechanics received praise, it was criticized for its high learning curve and monetization model, which some saw as pay-to-win. It saw a 95% decline in players within two months of its release, with only around a hundred concurrent players by mid-2019. Valve was surprised by the response, describing it as the largest discrepancy between their expectations for a game and the outcome.
Valve reworked the game as Artifact 2.0, altering several features, including removing the need to buy or trade cards with money. It was tested through a closed beta starting in March 2020. A year later, Valve announced that it had ceased development of the game, citing a lack of player interest, and made both versions of the game free to play. The original Artifact was renamed Artifact Classic and Artifact 2.0 was renamed Artifact Foundry.
Contents
1 Gameplay
2 Development
2.1 Release
2.2 Artifact 2.0
3 Reception
3.1 Critical
3.2 Player response
3.3 Awards
4 References
5 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Artifact has players competing in three separate boards in sequential order, mimicking the three lanes of Dota 2's map.
Artifact is a digital collectible card game in which players build a deck of collectable cards purchased on the Steam Marketplace to defeat an opponent in one-on-one battles.[4] It features many elements from the multiplayer online battle arena game Dota 2, also developed by Valve.[5] Unlike most collectible card games, it features three "lanes" guarded by a tower at the end, with each lane existing as an independent board. The victor is the first player to either destroy a structure called the Ancient, which appears after a tower has been destroyed, or the first to destroy two towers in total.[6][7] As with Dota 2, Artifact focuses on online player versus player matchmaking; it has no single-player mode beyond a tutorial mode against an AI opponent.[8]
Each deck contains at least 40 cards, with a total of nearly 300 cards available at the game's launch.[7] Cards are grouped into three rarity tiers, common, uncommon, and rare, and are further grouped into four color themes, red, green, black, and blue, that each have their own unique effects on the board.[7][9] Each lane also has its own independent mana pool, which is used for casting hero abilities and grows by one point after each round while also fully replenishing. In addition to hero abilities, item cards can also be freely placed and used in any lane. Each time a card is played, the initiative passes to the opposing player. After all cards have been played in a lane, heroes and "creeps", which are weak but numerous mobs that can not be directly controlled and respawn every round, begin attacking whatever is opposite them, including the opposing tower if there are no units left.[7] This repeats until all three lanes have been played, after which it goes to the "Shopping Phase", where gold accumulated during battles is spent on buying items and upgrading hero equipment in three different slots for weapons, armor, and accessories.[7]
Development[edit]
Development of Artifact began in late 2014, with lead designer Richard Garfield brought in to help make a digital card game due to his experience with creating the popular Magic: The Gathering franchise.[7][10][11] The game was then announced via a teaser trailer played at The International 2017, a large Dota 2-specific esports tournament organized by Valve, although no specific details were revealed.[5] More details regarding its concept and gameplay were revealed by Valve president Gabe Newell during a meeting with gaming press at Valve's headquarters in March 2018.[8] There, Newell stated that it was not originally intended to be based on Dota 2, but it was decided to do so later in development as it was "useful".[12] Newell also stated that it would not be free-to-play like Dota 2 and other similar card game competitors, and that the team wished for it to avoid becoming "pay-to-win". He hoped Artifact would be for card games what Half-Life 2 had been for single-player action games.[7][13]
Artifact was created using Valve's Source 2 game engine, and features direct integration with the Steam Marketplace for buying and selling cards.[9][14] While acknowledging that card games and Steam Marketplace transactions can both get expensive, such as with gun cosmetics in Valve's own Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Garfield notes that printing restrictions do not exist with digital cards, and that Valve would directly control the production of them to limit extreme rarity.[9] In addition, purchased card packs always include a rare card in them, which Valve hoped would prevent single cards being sold for high prices as it would be more valuable to purchase packs.[9] Artifact also allows players to assemble decks outside of the game by using third-party tools, which can then be imported back into the game.[15] Wanting to build upon what they had learned from Dota 2, Global Offensive, and Team Fortress 2, Valve planned for the game to have a professional esports scene, with revenue made from card pack purchasing feeding into tournament prize pools, similar to Dota 2's "Compendium" crowdfunding system.[13][16] Valve planned for a million-dollar tournament to take place in 2019.[16]
Artifact was planned to be developed alongside Dota 2, where both games would share new heroes and other content. Writer Steve Jaros wrote character lore for Dota 2 and continued that role with Artifact by having each individual card provide more of it, all fully voiced, which he hopes would keep both games narratively connected.[17] Programmer Jeep Barnett said they planned to have card set expansions progress over time, so that heroes in one set may have an aged version in a future set, or may die in one, and events of previous expansions can influence future ones.[11][18] The soundtrack was written by Tim Larkin, who also composed for Dota 2.[19]
Release[edit]
Artifact entered closed beta in early 2018, with numerous gaming industry members and professional card game players invited to test it.[8] It was publicly playable for the first time at PAX West 2018, with a tournament hosted and all attendees receiving signed artwork prints and product keys for two free copies of the game.[20] A beta for the PC version was released a week before the official launch, with attendees of The International 2018 Dota 2 tournament and its showing at PAX West given access to it.[21][22]
It was released for Windows, macOS and Linux on November 28, 2018, and was planned for Android and iOS devices in 2019.[23][24] To help promote the game, a 128-player tournament featuring a US$10,000 prize pool was held on November 10–11, 2018.[25] In addition, two webcomics by Valve were released to coincide with the game's launch.[26] All owners of the game were given a redeemable token worth a free month of "Dota Plus", Dota 2's battle pass feature.[27]
Artifact 2.0[edit]
In 2020, following a lack of player interest, Newell told Edge that Valve had begun reworking Artifact as a new game, known internally as Artifact 2.0.[28] The primary change was to eliminate card purchases and make all three lanes visible at the same time.[29] The game would also include a single-player campaign.[30] A closed beta started in March 2020.[29] That month, Garfield and another Magic: The Gathering designer, Skaff Elias, among other contractors and employees, were laid off from Valve.[31]
On March 4, 2021, Valve announced that it had halted development of Artifact 2.0. In a statement on its website, Valve said that they were "reasonably satisfied we accomplished most of our game-side goals", but had not attracted enough players to justify further development. They made both Artifact games, renamed Artifact Classic and Artifact Foundry, free to play.[32]
Reception[edit]
Critical[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic 76/100[33]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 8.5/10[34]
Game Informer 8.5/10[35]
GameSpot 8/10[36]
IGN 8.5/10[37]
Jeuxvideo.com 15/20[38]
PC Gamer (US) 80/100[40]
PCGamesN 8/10[39]
Artifact's gameplay and depth were praised, with Ali Jones of PCGamesN stating in a preview that the game was a "cut above" other card games he had played before. He also added that it successfully captured elements from two different genres, creating something that he was "hugely excited to return to".[41] The game was also been compared to Hearthstone, with Mike Minotti of Venture Beat considering Artifact as the more complex, in-depth option that has a chance of become the leading digital card game on the market.[42] While also noting the game's complexity, Julian Benson of PCGamesN compared it more to Magic: The Gathering as its creator, Richard Garfield, served as the lead designer on the game.[43]
Tim Clark of PC Gamer praised the art style and presentation, noting that all of the game's assets were new and not directly copied over from Dota 2. Clark also stated that he could not wait to play more of the game, saying that he did not see it as a "cash grab" that others said it would be.[7] James Davenport of the same publication thought that the gameplay was akin to Magic: The Gathering meeting three simultaneous games of Uno, and stated that while the game at first looked "extremely complex", it did not take him long to understand and begin playing.[44] Eric Van Allen of Polygon added that while the game demands investment to learn, it was "intensely rewarding" for those who stuck with it and did not mind its monetization model.[45]
Player response[edit]
Reception to the Artifact announcement at The International in 2017 was mixed, with the crowd voicing their disapproval.[46][47] The trailer, uploaded to YouTube, soon featured a high dislike-to-like ratio with commenters expressing their disappointment with Valve seemingly abandoning their other franchises, such as Half-Life, in favor of recent gaming trends.[46][48][49][50] As Artifact is not free-to-play like many of its competitors, criticism was also directed at the monetization model; some players and critics called it "pay-to-win", as new cards can only be purchased and not traded from the Steam Marketplace, or gained as rewards in specific drafting game modes that require the purchase of a ticket to participate in.[51][52][53][54][55]
Artifact's concurrent player count dropped from 60,000 at launch to just over 1,500 within two months of its release, a 95% decline.[56] By July 2019, Artifact had only around 100 concurrent players.[57] In its first month of release, it averaged 8,300 viewers on the streaming service Twitch; by February 2020, it had lost 97% of this amount, and on April 8 viewers hit zero.[58] In response, internet trolls began using the Artifact Twitch category to stream pornography and other content that violated Twitch's terms of service, prompting Twitch to temporarily suspend new creators from streaming.[59]
In March, Valve said it was pausing its scheduled updates to the game to "re-examine" its decisions about its design, economy, social elements, and other issues.[60] In a statement on Valve's website, programmer Jeep Barnett said that Artifact represented the largest discrepancy between Valve's expectations for a game and the outcome.[61] In March 2020, Newell said Artifact had been a "great disappointment", and that Valve planned to learn from its mistakes.[62] He told Edge that they were surprised by the response as they "thought that it was a really strong product".[28]
Garfield felt Artifact had failed because it was review bombed early on, with players upset over the apparent pay-to-win mechanics; this drove new players away, preventing the game economy from stabilizing at a point where the cost of building winning decks would have been on par with other digital card games, such as Hearthstone.[63][64] He said that he and Elias were still optimistic about the game's future and would offer feedback and advice to Valve.[65]
Awards[edit]
Artfiact was nominated for "Game, Strategy" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards;[66] and for "Best Interactive Score" and "Best Original Choral Composition" at the 2019 G.A.N.G. Awards.[67]
References[edit]
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^ Lawle, Richard. "Valve reveals 'Artifact,' the official 'Dota' card game". Engadget. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
^ a b Wood, Austin. "Artifact feels like Valve's solution to post-Hearthstone card games". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
^ Marks, Tom. "Artifact: Everything We Know About Valve's Next Game". IGN. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ a b Gies, Arthur (August 8, 2017). "Valve announces Artifact, a Dota 2 card game". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
^ Bailey, Dustin. "Artifact has 280 cards and three lanes of play". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h Clark, Tim. "Everything you need to know about Valve's Artifact: "The whole point is to steer away from pay-to-win"". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ a b c Stewart, Sam (March 8, 2018). "Valve Releases First Details About Artifact". IGN. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ a b c d Marks, Tom. "How Valve Won't Let Artifact's Marketplace Get Crazy Expensive". IGN. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
^ "Exclusive Artifact Interview, Unused Content & Card Reveal". YouTube (Video). Valve News Network. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
^ a b "We interview Artifact's lead designer, Richard Garfield (AKA the creator of Magic: The Gathering)". YouTube (Video). Eurogamer. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
^ Scott-Jones, Richard. "Artifact will add to Dota 2's lore and hero roster". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ a b Bailey, Dustin. "Artifact won't be free-to-play or pay-to-win". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Bailey, Dustin. "Artifact will use Source 2, bringing the engine to iOS and Android". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Horti, Samuel. "Artifact will let you build decks online and then import them into the game". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
^ a b Scott-Jones, Richard. "Artifact on track for 2018 release, will have a $1m tournament early next year". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Marks, Tom. "9 Things Artifact Doesn't Tell You". IGN. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Jones, Ali (May 4, 2018). "Artifact heroes can age and die between card expansions". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ Larson, Randall. "ARTIFACT – Music for Digital Card Gaming". musiquefantastique.com. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
^ Fogel, Stefanie. "Valve's 'Artifact' Will Be Playable at PAX West". Variety. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
^ Bailey, Dustin. "Artifact beta launches in October". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
^ Horti, Samuel. "Artifact's open beta appears to have been delayed until November 19". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
^ Cryer, Hirun. "Artifact, Valve's Card Game – Release Date, Gameplay, Dota 2 Cards – Everything we Know". USGamer. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Chalk, Andy. "Artifact, Valve's fantasy card game, will be out in November". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
^ Wilde, Tyler. "Valve is running an Artifact 'preview tournament' to show off its built-in tournament system". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
^ Chalk, Andy. "Artifact's debut comic teases events that will 'transform the world of Dota forever'". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
^ Daro, Catherine. "Purchase Artifact & Receive A Free Month of Dota Plus". Game Space. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
^ a b March 2020, Alex Avard 20. "Valve's digital card game Artifact "reboot" is so large, it's internally being called Artifact 2, says Gabe Newell". GamesRadar. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
^ a b Gilliam, Ryan. "Valve details major changes for Artifact's new beta". Polygon. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
^ Cox, Matt (April 21, 2020). "Artifact 2.0 will have a singleplayer campaign". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
^ "Valve layoff includes Artifact designer Richard Garfield". Shacknews. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
^ Marshall, Cass (March 4, 2021). "Valve cancels Artifact 2.0, makes existing versions free". Polygon. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
^ "Artifact for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
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^ Tack, Daniel. "Artifact - Analytical Adventure". Game Informer. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
^ Starkey, Daniel. "Artifact Review - Play Your Cards Right". GameSpot. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
^ Marks, Tom (December 12, 2018). "Artifact Review". IGN. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
^ de Anagund, L'avis. "Artifact : Le jeu de cartes élitiste de Valve". Jeuxvideo.com (in French). Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ Bailey, Dustin. "Artifact review – complex strategy meets elegant design". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Bindloss, Will. "Artifact review". PC Gamer. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
^ Jones, Ali. "Artifact isn't late to the CCG party, it's about to revolutionise card games". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ Minotti, Mike. "Artifact hands-on: Valve's Dota 2-based card game sure isn't Hearthstone". Venture Beat. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ Benson, Julian. "Gabe Newell: "Hearthstone's the benchmark online card game"". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ Davenport, James. "Artifact is not nearly as hard to play as it looks". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
^ Van Allen, Eric. "Artifact review: Valve's card game is deep, but burdened by its marketplace". Polygon. Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ a b Savov, Vlad. "Valve is getting into card games and people are mad". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Workman, Robert. "This Reaction To Valve's New Game Is Just About Perfect". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
^ Jackson, Gita. "The Internet Reacts To Valve's New Game Announcement". Kotaku. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Gilbert, Ben. "One of the biggest game companies in the world announced a new game, and fans had a hilarious reaction". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Grubb, Jeff. "Enjoy the salty tears of Dota 2 fans upset about Valve's Artifact card game". Venture Beat. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
^ Horti, Samuel. "Valve responds after Artifact community slams 'pay for everything' model". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
^ Jones, Ali. "Artifact launches to "mixed" Steam reviews complaining about pay-to-win". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ Roberts, Samuel. "Artifact hit with negative Steam reviews over monetisation". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ Hodges, Dan. "Artifact Review – Defense of the Cards". Tech Raptor. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
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^ Gilbert, Ben. "The latest game from one of the most respected developers in the business is showing early signs of being a flop". Business Insider. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
^ Stubbs, Mike (July 3, 2019). "How Artifact became Valve's biggest failure". Eurogamer. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
^ "Artifact Twitch viewers hit the ultimate low: zero". VPEsports. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
^ Alexander, Julia (May 28, 2019). "Twitch is temporarily suspending new creators from streaming after troll attack". The Verge. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
^ McWhertor, Michael (March 29, 2019). "Valve puts Artifact updates on hold to reexamine game's design, economy". Polygon. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
^ Kim, Matt (March 29, 2019). "Valve Issues First Statement on Artifact in Months, Admits There Are "Deep-Rooted Issues" With Game". USGamer. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
^ Gabe Newell: Artifact Was a "Giant Disappointment", retrieved March 4, 2021
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^ Macgregor, Jody (February 11, 2021). "Richard Garfield on Artifact's failed monetization model: 'We wanted to avoid manipulating people'". PC Gamer. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
^ MacGregor, Jody (March 8, 2019). "Artifact designer Richard Garfield among those not working at Valve any more". PC Gamer. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
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^ Lagumbay, Emmanuel (February 14, 2019). "2019 G.A.N.G. Awards Finalists". Game Audio Network Guild. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
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A British-Iranian mother detained in Tehran is due to begin a three-day hunger strike in protest against being denied specialist medical care.
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe was jailed for five years in 2016 after being convicted of spying, which she denies.
Her husband, Richard Ratcliffe, said prison officials have refused to let her see a doctor to examine lumps in her breast and other health issues.
He said it was hoped the hunger strike would get them to take her “seriously”.
Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt has praised her bravery and criticised Iran for – in his words – allowing an innocent mother to feel she needs to resort to a hunger strike.
‘Enough is enough’
Speaking to the Observer, Mr Ratcliffe said: “We know a hunger strike has significant physical consequences the longer it goes on for, and Nazanin is feeling a strong sense of trepidation.
“But there aren’t many ways she can say, ‘enough is enough, take me seriously’.”
Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe, a charity worker, will consider extending the hunger strike if her demands to see a doctor are not met, Mr Ratcliffe said.
He said his wife was having medical treatment blocked for checking lumps in her breasts, neurological care over her neck pains and numbness in her arms and legs, as well as for seeing an outside psychiatrist.
Image copyright
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
Image caption
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe has been held in Iran since April 2016
Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe, of Hampstead in north-west London, spent her 40th birthday on Boxing Day in prison, where she has been detained for more than 1,000 days.
Her four-year-old daughter, Gabriella, has been staying with family in Iran since she was detained.
Her husband has mounted a high-profile campaign for his wife’s release, with Prime Minister Theresa May, Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt and London Mayor Sadiq Khan all calling for her to be freed.
Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe was arrested at Tehran airport in April 2016 after visiting her family on holiday.
She has always maintained the visit was to introduce her daughter to her relatives.
Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe was briefly reunited with Gabriella during a three-day temporary release last August.
But since returning to prison, after her application for an extended release was denied, she has suffered several panic attacks.
Monique Villa, chief executive of the Thomson Reuters Foundation, where Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe works, said: “It is extremely shocking to see our colleague Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe going on hunger strike to protest at her inhumane treatment in Evin prison, at a time where her health is already at its poorest.
“I am sincerely worried about the dire consequences of this.
“As her employer, I repeat that Nazanin is totally innocent, and certainly not spy material, as portrayed by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.
“The Iranian government and judiciary must act immediately, release her and allow urgent treatment before her health deteriorates any further.”
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Writing my yearly retrospective always starts me in the same place - the last 12 months have flown by quickly. It generally feels like it was too quick. 2020 was certainly different. 2020 was undoubtedly eventful both from a global and personal perspective. Globally, the pandemic was eye-opening. When we should have a united country, things in North America have never felt more divided. I have so many feelings and thoughts about the situation, but the reality is what we're going through is complex.
It is easy to talk about the US and how people are politicizing the pandemic has been politicized. It is hard not to see some of the cracks in Canada. While not as large, we have seen our fair share of citizens protesting the shutdowns and face mask-wearing. Over the last few weeks, we also see a troubling growing spike of cases here in Ontario, where I live.
On a personal front, it was a year of change. After a tough personal year in 2019, I made the difficult decision to leave WE for a global consulting company called ThoughtWorks as a principal consultant in April. ThoughtWorks is a thought leader in the software engineering space, and I was curious to see if consulting was different from it was in 2005. Unfortunately, a few months in, I realized that I had outgrown implementing tech for the sake of implementing tech and decided that I wanted to go back to working for a product company. I'm excited to be starting my new role in January of 2021.
The other major event that I shared last year was I had a close friend diagnosed with cancer early in the year while she was in Singapore. She was able to fly back to Canada, proceed with treatment, and beat cancer. It was amazing to be able to spend time with her despite the pandemic. And while it was tough to see her go back to Singapore in November, I'm grateful that she's resumed her everyday life.
The main silver lining of the pandemic is that my work-life balance has been fantastic. The lack of daily commutes and the inability to socialize has given me back so much time back weekly. As a result, the last nine months have been a fantastic time rekindling my relationship with my son and wife. The pandemic also afforded me the time to enjoy my home for the first time since moving in almost a decade ago. The time at home also allowed me to focus on some of my goals last year.
To summarize my 2020 goals, here's a quick summary.
I rode a total of 1301 KM in 2020, which was above my 1000 Km a year goal. This feat was quite impressive for me, given that several frustrating foot injuries, including two broken feet and a sprained ankle, hampered much of my progress earlier in the year. However, the pandemic allowed me to broaden my riding. I also started to ride on gravel trails as well as do virtual riding. I also started doing a bit of racing, which allowed me to enjoy riding significantly.
I completed reading four books last year - Dare to Lead, Atomic Habits, Drive and Extreme Ownership. While this fell short of my five book goal, it represents a 100% improvement. The books covered many topics but played a big part in re-affirming some of my approaches to approaching my work and life.
I wrote only 16 pages and posts, which were less than last year. I never got into a groove of writing, and it's one of the things I intend to fix for this year.
I found a much better way of focusing on relationships that matter. Being in a pandemic helped with that as a whole, as not being able to socialize forced me to prioritize and focus my relationships opportunistically. I also found an accountability partner in Ok Ikejiani with whom we check in monthly on our goals.
I didn't implement a new mobile and web client with Flutter, but I did finish the course and now have a basic understanding of the technology. I also realize about Bunch of Stuff that the effort to productize it will be enormous. Over the next couple of years, it will continue to be a tool that I use to validate my technology learning instead.
My goals for 2021
I read John Doer's book, Measure what matters in 2019, and it introduced the notion of OKRs. I wanted to test it as a way to set my goals for this year. So this year's plan would take a different format.
Objective
Spend more quality time with my immediate family
Theme
Family
Key Result 1
Teach David critical life skills by spending 4 hours a week with David and working on four projects with him this year
Key Result 2
Build a stronger spiritual foundation by reading the Bible with Irene at least twice a week
Key Result 3
Have shared gratitude by creating a weekly family reflection that we can publish and share with family at the end of the year
Objective
Improve overall health
Theme
Health
Key Result 1
Increasing my average FTP to 2.7W/kg for rides longer than 40 Km and ride for a total of 2500 KM this year
Key Result 2
Increase my overall strength by being able to deadlift x lbs
Key Result 3
Understanding my caloric intake by measuring what I eat daily
Objective
Increase my technical confidence in newer / modern technology practices
Theme
Professional
Key Result 1
Rebuild the Bunch of Stuff front end in React this year
Key Result 2
Build a mobile app in Flutter
Key Result 3
Build a basic recommendation engine for a Bunch of Stuff
Objective
Build a personal brand surrounding technology leadership in Toronto
Theme
Professional, Growth
Key Result 1
Increase my average number of views on firsttiger.com by 50 new viewers per month by publishing at least two posts/month
Key Result 2
Gain 20 subscribers at the end of the year by recording one podcast a month with Ok starting in March 2021
Key Result 3
Increasing # of followers on LinkedIn by 50 and Twitter by 200
Key Result 4
Increase my overall breadth of knowledge by reading five new books this year and blogging and posting about what I learn
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Filed under: Germany, Trump, Uncategorized — Tags: Donald Trump, Hamberger, Hambourger, Hamburg — furtherglory @ 2:28 pm
Years ago, a famous woman wrote a poem which had the words “a rose is a rose is a rose.”
Now I am proposing a poem that goes “a berg is a berg is a berg”.
The purpose of this new poem would be to teach Americans how to pronounce the word Hamburg. It is not pronounced like Hamburger, the meat that is eaten at McDonald’s.
The character on the right is dressed as a “Borg”, which is pronounced the same as the last syllable in Hamburg.
The following quote is from a news article, which you can read at https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-leaves-leaders-fearing-the-future-as-g-20-summit-breaks/2017/07/08/daed41be-634f-11e7-84a1-a26b75ad39fe_story.html?utm_term=.e5d465efcc75
Begin quote from news article:
HAMBURG — President Trump and other world leaders on Saturday emerged from two days of talks unable to resolve key differences on core issues such as climate change and globalization, slapping an exclamation point on a divisive summit that left other nations fearing for the future of global alliances in the Trump era.
The scale of disharmony was remarkable for the annual Group of 20 meeting of world economic powers, a venue better known for sleepy bromides about easy-to-agree-on issues. Even as negotiators made a good-faith effort to bargain toward consensus, European leaders said that a chasm has opened between the United States and the rest of the world.
End quote from news article
I am proposing a new poem, designed to teach Americans like Donald Trump that the name of the town called Hamburg in Germany should be pronounced Homborg, not like Americans pronounce the word Hamburg. A person who lives in Hamburg is a Hamburger, but the word is pronounced Homborger, not like the American word Hamberger.
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In this free resource, we outline specialised techniques of marketing research, provide an overview of marketing research, and tell you about common mistakes to avoid.
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Specialised Techniques of Marketing Research
While there are many ways to perform market research, most businesses use one or more of five basic methods: surveys, focus groups, personal interviews, observation, and field trials.
You can choose different techniques and tools depending on the type of data you need, and how much money and time you’re willing to spend.
Traditional specialised techniques of marketing research are based on physical store activities and in-person interactions. They aren’t suitable in a post COVID-19 world, and they’re outdated given that marketing and sales are now largely done online.
Here are the 5 specialised techniques of marketing research, modified by jacoi for today’s consumer landscape.
1. Surveys for market research
With short and simple surveys, you can analyze a sample group that represents your target market. The larger your sample size, the more accurate your results will be.
In-person surveys are one-to-one interviews usually conducted in high-traffic locations. You can show people samples of products, packaging, or advertising and get their feedback straight away. You can get response rates of over 90%, but this method can be expensive.
Telephone surveys are cheaper than in-person surveys, but more expensive than mail. Convincing people to respond has grown increasingly difficult. Telephone surveys generally achieve response rates of less than 60%.
Mail and email surveys are a comparably cheap way to reach a broad audience. But, you can only expect response rates less than 15%.
Online surveys usually have unpredictable response rates and unreliable data. It’s hard to have control over the sample of respondents, unless you limit it to group or site membership. But, they’re simple and cheap way to learn about customer opinions and preferences.
If you want advice on where to start, have a look at HubSpot’s guide to Questionnaire Examples, Questions, & Tips .
2. Focus Groups
In focus groups, a group of people has a discussion together with a moderator assisting them using a scripted series of questions or topics. You can expect these sessions to be held in a neutral setting. They’re also recorded on video so you can use them as a future reference. You need at least three groups to get balanced and realistic results.
3. Personal interviews
Personal interviews involve unstructured, open-ended questions. Similarly, they’re usually recorded.
You’ll get more subjective data from interviews than you would from surveys. Consequently, your results aren’t statistically reliable because they don’t represent a large sample of the population. Still, you can get valuable insights into customer attitudes. And, it’s a great way discover issues related to new products or services.
4. Observation
What people say in surveys, interviews and focus groups can be different with what they actually do. So, it’s a good idea to observe consumers in action as well. Record their action when browsing, as well as their how they buy or use a product. Traditionally, marketers do this in shops. But, we recommend looking for online methods. You’ll get a more accurate view of the usage habits and shopping behaviour of your target customers.
5. Field Trials
You can conduct field trials by placing a new product in selected online sales platforms or physical stores. Use these trials to record customer responses under real-life selling situations. It’ll help you make product changes, modify prices, or improve content or packaging.
Marketing Research Overview
What is market research and how do specialised techniques of marketing research fit in? Read on to find out more. In this section, we will start with an introduction to market research, and then explore types of market research. This is important for all markets, not just for plant-based or vegan marketing!
An introduction to market research
Market Research is the process of collecting information about a target audience or market. The main purpose of market research is to provide a business with deep and rich view of consumers and how to satisfy their needs better. If you want to compete with other players in your market, market research is vital. It helps you work out things like market size, competition and market needs.
Market research helps you use analytical and statistical techniques and methods to gather and understand information in an organized way. You process should also include opinion and social research because things are often more complex than what you can learn from simple numbers nowadays! You can’t just rely on your ‘gut-feeling’ to help you make decisions and track your results, and that’s why market research is necessary.
This is especially important in tricky markets, like when you’re competing for plant-based consumer behaviour.
What should you investigate through market research?
Market research is a method you can use to get an idea of the needs of customers. Some of the factors that you can investigate through this process include:
Market Trends: Trends in the market are the movements of a market over a period of time. Be careful to look at the long term trends, not just the short term or viral movements. At jacoi, we follow trends in the vegan market for example.
Market Segmentation: When you look at your market, you’ll be able to divide it into into subgroups that have similar features. This is market segmentation. It will help you create a distinction between demographics, personalities, choices, and other characteristics of your target consumers.
Price Information: Collect information about the prices of different products available in the market. Try to understand why prices differ too. Your pricing research will help you with your pricing decisions and help you figure out if your products or services can be profitable.
SWOT Analysis: Here’s where you step back from each individual consideration to identify the overall strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats you’re facing in the market.
Marketing Effectiveness: Marketing effectiveness is about how well y0ur marketing strategies increase revenue while decreasing the costs of customer acquisition. For example, you may want to look at indicators like conversion rates and cost per click, for example.
The Benefits of Market Research
Does it all sound too hard? Don’t worry. You’re not alone! When you’re considering specialized techniques, market research can seem daunting. But it’s worth it! Here are some of the benefits you could enjoy:
Finding opportunities: One of the biggest benefits of conducting market research is that you can find new market opportunities to tap into. For example, you can find out if your product is suitable for the audience you have targeted while also identifying a whole extra potential group of consumers in the process.
Encouraging engagement: Market research helps you identify the best ways you can communicate with your customers. Once you get your results, you’ll know the nature of your audience nature, including their personalities, likes, dislikes, etc. and this makes it easier to know how to reach out to them in a way that will get them to engage with you.
Minimize your risks: Another major benefit of market research is that it will help you identify actions you can take to minimize your risks. For example, you might realise that you can add certain features to your offering so you appeal to a larger number of people or in different seasons. That way, you could decrease the chances of your sales falling short.
Know how to stand out: Every market changes constantly. You need good market research to be able to link with ongoing trends and act to keep pace with customer needs and requirements.
Avoid epic fail: Your market research activities will help you bring out customer reactions, choices, and preferences. If you see potential problems, you can change your offering. This is especially handy while you’re in a manufacturing or designing process. It is easier to find problems early so you can work on them. Your market research will give you a clear picture of what needs to be fixed!
types of market research
We touched on many types of market research techniques in the section above that deals with specialized techniques of market research. For a bigger picture, you simply need to keep these four categories of market research in mind:
1. Primary Market Research
Primary market research is a kind of marketing research that is done by the business or their representative directly. It aims to gather information that can be used to improve the products, services, and functions. It’s also known as field research since you’re doing the research ‘from scratch’, instead of usng information that is already made available through other sources. You can gather primary data or information through qualitative research methods as well as quantitative research methods. This is the most common and valuable type of market research. You can use this method to answer specific questions and avoid getting caught up in irrelevant issues.
2. Secondary Market Research
In contrast with primary market research, secondary market research is a research technique uses information that is already available from multiple sources instead of creating it from scratch. You’re doing this type of market research when you focus on free or paid information that was collected by other people. Secondary market research can include many different sources like government data, media/news agencies, Google statistics, and others. Secondary market research usually costs less and takes a lot less time, which has its benefits.
3. Qualitative Research
Qualitative market research mainly takes into account the feelings and opinions of a customer as far as a business’s products and services are concerned. You’re trying to get into the customer’s mind to understand what they see is lacking, if they like or don’t like your offering, and why. Face to face interviews and focus groups are common examples of qualitative research work.
4. Quantitative Research
When you’re talking about quantitative market research, you’re talking about hard facts and statistical data rather than the feelings and opinions of consumers. You’ll find this type of market research is useful for both primary market research and secondary market research. For example, you could do exit surveys and questionnaires. You can get a a wide range of statistics and you’ll find that it helps you figure out the size of your market as well.
B2B Marketing Surveys
What are B2B Marketing Surveys and how do they fit into a vegan marketing strategy? Read on to find out more. Let’s get information and sales opportunities at the same time!
B2B stands for “business to business”. Common types of B2B marketing surveys include: industry information or market analysis, lead generation, content polls, benchmarking, customer surveys and competition surveys.
The main purpose of this type of market research is to understand business players in your market. Given their view of the market, what are they seeing? What are they willing to pay for your types of products or services? How do they decide to buy? Who is the decision maker?
B2B surveys are usually done by a third party, like jacoi. Why? Because business owners and managers will generally be more comforable speaking freely about their decision processes or your business to another person than they will if they’re faced directly by you!
In the past, this type of market research included large samples. Nowadays, many people have ‘survey fatigue’ and resist online or email polls. So, we recommend deep-dive interviews over voice or video rather than spammy emails and cheesy social media polls.
Have a look at our of B2B Marketing Survey service overview for more information about the methods we recommend.
Marketing Research Mistakes to Avoid
Now you’ve learned about specialised techniques of marketing research and we’ve recapped marketing research more broadly, it’s time for a reminder about common mistakes!
Waiting
Be brave. Don’t do nothing because you don’t feel like you have done every type of research possible. Marketing is about planning and research, but it’s also about learning through experience. Do enough research to have a plan and manage your risks, but then go get ’em tiger!
assuming you're starting from scratch
Yes, a new market like vegan plant based consumers might seem different. But it doesn’t mean that work you’ve done before and relationships you have are automatically worthless. Before you start with a blank canvas, consider if a ‘pivot’ or extension to your existing strategy could work even better.
working alone
You may feel like you need to look professional at all times, but sometimes the market responds to authenticity and vulnerability really well. For example, reach out to a coach (*cough* oh hi! contact us!) to chat for an hour. Save time from their experience and get new ideas in the process. Also, consider reaching out to the market to ask them what they want!
Doing only secondary market research
You need to avoid avoid making the mistake of doing only secondary research and neglecting primary market research when you’re doing market research. Yes, secondary research is important and can save you time. But, primary research can give you a fresh perspective on your market. You’ll really get to know things like customer’s values, psychology, attitudes, lifestyle and interests when you do primary market research.
Doing only primary market research
If you only do primary market research, you’re making another common mistake. It’s easy for you to spend so much time on primary research that you forget that using secondary sources for data could also be useful and save you time. Importantly, it’s important that we all make it a point to do a little bit of both types of research so we can make decisions using the benefits of both.
only using the web for research
Yes, the internet is the greatest database for a wide variety of information. Apps are too. But, you could be making a big mistake if you just rely on it and nothing else for your market research. After all, we all know that the internet doesn’t always offer reliable sources and complete information! Make it a point to try out other sources as well. Think about contacting government sources and industry associations, for example.
Limited vision
Everyone can fall into the trap of seeing what they want to see, but you just cannot afford to have tunnel vision if you’re in business. Don’t make the common mistake ok remaining in your ‘box’ and not seeing what’s outside it. Yes, make the effort to think outside the box at the bigger picture. Extend your vision, learn more and then apply your new knowledge to attract as many people as you can from different parts of the wider market.
Not identifying your target audience
If you don’t identify your target audience, you’re at risk of having your products, services, and business fail. You may find it easy to tap the potential customers for certain offerings, but it can be hard to find who your real audience is for others. Food products like vegan or plant-based ones are an example. They’re difficult, but they’re not impossible to identify your target market. Find out who your target audience is and then focus your marketing towards them in particular.
Not giving consumers an incentive to communicate with you
Consumers are clever and you need to give them benefits if you want to attract them. If you ask them to respond to a survey without giving them any incentive, you could be making a big mistake. In contrast, offering consumers a voucher or other incentive for their time could give you a better chance at getting their attention and input.
FAQ
What are the 4 types of marketing research?
The common types of market research techniques include surveys (most common), interviews (most insightful), focus groups (most dangerous), and customer observation (most powerful).
What are the two main approaches to marketing in consumer research methodology?
There are two main types of marketing research: Quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research usually includes phone, mail, Internet or in-person interviews. There are two main types of qualitative research: Focus groups and one-on-ones.
What are the major methods of doing primary research?
There are various methods of primary research:
Observation
Postal or email surveys
Telephone interviews
Online surveys
Face-to-face surveys
Focus groups
Test marketing
What are the features of marketing research?
The key characteristics or features of marketing research are as follows:
Wide and comprehensive scope
Systematic and scientific
Collects and analyzes data
Continuous and dynamic process
Tool for decision-making
Benefits company and consumers
Similar to military intelligence
Uses different methods
What are the 7 steps in marketing research?
The 7 Stages or Steps Involved in Marketing Research Process are:
Identification and Defining the Problem
Statement of Research Objectives
Planning the Research Design or Designing the Research Study
Planning the Sample
Data Collection
Data Processing and Analysis
Formulating Conclusion, Preparing and Presenting the Report
What are the objectives of marketing research?
The main objective of marketing research is to identify the needs, wants and demands of the target customer, so that the firm can introduce changes in the product or service according to the key requirements. It is this quality of product or service that helps to create brand loyalty of the customer toward the brand.
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Marcel
View all posts by Marcel
10 Secrets for Marketing Success
Better content & merch designs -> Canva
Accept global payments -> Wise
Get to #1 in YouTube search -> VidIQ
Program your social media -> Sprout Social
Use these affiliate marketing platforms -> AWIN & ClickBank & JVZoo
Become/use a vegan Freelancer -> Fiverr
Give positive reviews for business & charity.
Get faster hosting for SEO -> SiteGround
Get a faster website theme -> Envato
Get help from jacoi -> Services
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ISBN 978-0785125785 (Graphic Novel) ISBN 978-0785127246 (Graphic Novel, Second Edition) ISBN 978-0006483946 (Legends Paperback, 2011 Edition) ISBN 978-0553385694 (Dreamsongs Vol. II Paperback)
See the References and Notes section for additional editions and their respective ISBNs.
Followed by
The Sworn Sword
The Hedge Knight is a short story by George R. R. Martin that first appeared in the Legends anthology, a collection of stories by various fantasy authors such as Stephen King, Robert Jordan, and Terry Pratchett. It was edited by Robert Silverberg. The story was later adapted into a graphic novel by Mike S. Miller. It is the first of the "Dunk and Egg" stories.
The story takes place in 209 AC, some 90 years before the events in A Song of Ice and Fire. It tells the tale of how Dunk took the mantle of a hedge knight and met his squire, a young boy named Egg, on his way to compete in a tournament at Ashford Meadow.
Contents
1 Plot Summary
2 Sources and Publications
3 Editions
4 References
Plot Summary
Main article: The Hedge Knight-Summary
A hedge knight, Ser Arlan of Pennytree, has died during the night. His squire, a large young man named Dunk, buries him and pays his last respects. After considering several options, Dunk decides to continue his journey to Ashford and compete in the tourney as a knight. He adopts Ser Arlan's armor as his own, as well as his equipment, three horses, and remaining monies. At an inn on the road, he meets a boy with a shaved head named Egg who secretly follows him to Ashford. Impressed by the boy's spirit, Dunk takes him on as his own squire for the upcoming tourney.
At Ashford, Dunk sells one of his horses to commission armor, then attempts to enter the lists of the tourney. Without proof of his knighthood, he is nearly barred from competition until Prince Baelor Targaryen vouches for him. Dunk watches the first day of competition amongst the commoners, with Egg on his shoulders. After several spectacular tilts, the day ends when Prince Aerion Targaryen disgraces himself by killing Ser Humfrey Hardyng's horse.
That night, Egg informs Dunk that a puppeteer girl he had met earlier is being beaten by Prince Aerion. Dunk leaps to her defense and attacks Aerion, striking him in the face. As the royal guard arrests Dunk, Egg reveals himself to be Aerion's brother, Prince Aegon Targaryen. In jail, Dunk chooses to take a trial by combat rather than lose his hand. Prince Aerion demands the combat to be a Trial of Seven, as his brother, Prince Daeron, also accused Dunk of kidnapping Aegon from his charge. Dunk must find six champions to fight with him against seven accusing knights, or he will forfeit.
Steffon Fossoway is the first ally Dunk finds. He promises to bring Dunk more champions, as does Steffon's squire and cousin, Raymun Fossoway. Egg also promises to bring more champions for Dunk's cause. Raymun returns with Ser Humfrey Hardyng and Ser Humfrey Beesbury, good-brothers seeking revenge for the grievance Aerion committed against Hardyng. Aegon brings Ser Robyn Rhysling and Ser Lyonel Baratheon, the Laughing Storm, both eager for the glory of competing in the first Trial of Seven in a century. Steffon returns only to say he has decided to fight with the accusors for the reward of a lordship. Angered by his cousin's treachery, Raymun begs to be knighted and fight in Steffon's place. Dunk hesitates, but before he can give his answer, Dunk is called away by Lord Ashford, and Lyonel grants Raymun his knighthood. Still needing a seventh champion, Dunk appeals unsuccessfully to the crowd. Finally, Prince Baelor announces that he will champion Dunk himself, though the accusers include three of his family members and three of his father's Kingsguard.
The fourteen champions line their mounts along opposite sides of the tourney grounds and charge. Dunk tilts against Aerion, but is quickly unhorsed. Though nearly defeated, Dunk manages to grapple Aerion and use his size advantage to pummel Aerion into submission. Aerion recants his accusation, ending the Trial. The fighting costs the lives of both Humphreys. Prince Baelor, who had not brought his own armor but instead wore armor made for his son, took a blow to the head from a mace. After the battle, Baelor approaches Dunk to congratulate him, and begins to act drunkenly. When his crushed helm is removed, it is shown that the weaker armor made for his son did not protect him from the blow which has crushed in his skull. Aerion's father, Maekar, meets with Dunk after the funeral, revealing that it was his mace that killed Baelor. He regrets Aerion's behavior and offers Dunk a position in his household to train Aegon. Dunk insists on being allowed to travel, and offers to take Aegon as his squire to learn to be a better knight than Aerion. Maekar agrees, making sure Aegon continues to use his alias of Egg to avoid scandal. Dunk and Egg set out to Dorne, in search of the puppeteer whom Dunk had saved.
Sources and Publications
The Hedge Knight was originally published in 1998 in the Legends anthology.[1] The original Legends has been on occasion divided into two, three or four volumes, which has led to confusion with the actual follow-up, Legends II. The second book is a completely different anthology, albeit being by the same editor, having six writers in common with the original and including the second "Dunk and Egg" tale, The Sworn Sword. It is helpful to focus on the five writers that change between Legends and Legends II: Stephen King, Terry Pratchett, Terry Goodkind, Robert Jordan and Ursula K. LeGuin contribute to Legends but not to Legends II, while Robin Hobb, Neil Gaiman, Terry Brooks, Diana Gabaldon and Elizabeth Haydon have stories in Legends II but none in Legends.
The Hedge Knight was later also included in the 2007 collection of Martin stories Dreamsongs, Volume II and was adapted into a comic book mini-series later collected as a graphic novel.
A compilation of the four initial "Dunk and Egg" stories, including The Hedge Knight, was expected to be published by Bantam.[2] Ultimately, a collection of only the three already published stories was released in 2015 as A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms. [3][4]
Editions
Legends, ISBN 9780312867874.
Legends, ISBN 9780002256674.
Legends, ISBN 9780006483946.
Legends, ISBN 9780765300355,
Legends 2, ISBN 9780812575231.
Dreamsongs Vol. II
The Hedge Knight (Graphic Novel)
Source
Paper editions
eBooks
Audiobooks
Legends, Was originally published in Legends among ten other stories. Containing all eleven stories; cream-colored cover with no illustration) ISBN 9780312867874 (Hardcover, October 1998, St Martin Pr, 715 pages)
Legends (original text, containing all eleven stories; yellow cover with blue titlebox) ISBN 9780002256674 (Paperback, June 1999, Voyager, 608 pages)
Legends, This reprint includes The Hedge Knight and four other stories of the original Legends, but omits the other six. ISBN 9780006483946 (Nov 1999 Paperback, orange cover with gnomes).
Republished in 2010 under the ISBN 9780007385034
Legends, Additionally several distinct editions exist. This one is a 2001 Edition by Tor Books with all eleven stories (black cover with an illustration at the bottom). ISBN 9780765300355 (2001 Paperback, Tor Books)
Legends 2: (not to be confused with Legends II) this edition has only three of the eleven tales, including The Hedge Knight (pages 133-276) and two other stories unrelated to Song of Ice and Fire, by Terry Goodkind ( Debt of Bones of The Sword of Truth series) and Anne McCaffrey (Runner of Pern). ISBN 9780812575231 (Mass Market Paperback,green cover Nov 1999, Tor Books, 379 pages)
Dreamsongs, "Dreamsongs" is a GRRM anthology first published in 2003. All of its editions include The Hedge Knight, usually in the second volume. ISBN 9780575081482 (October 2007 single-volume reprint; 1200 pages paperback; orange cover with golden and silver dragons; The Hedge Knight included in pages 1062 to 1126)
Dreamsongs Book Two is essentially the second half of the previous edition of Dreamsongs. Book One has a golden dragon facing right against a blue background and does not include The Hedge Knight ISBN 9780752890081 (May 2008; 736 pages paperback; blue dragon over a red background, facing left) ISBN 9780575086128 (eBook; published September 2008)
Dreamsongs Vol. 2, 'The Hedge Knight' has been reprinted more recently on Dreamsongs Vol. II. ISBN 9780553806588 (Hardcover)
ISBN 9780553385694 (Paperback)
ISBN 9780553904345 (Kindle Edition) ISBN 9781415942925, ASIN B000Y4RSAM (Unabridged; Downloadable; requires specific software)
Dreamsongs (Grey cover CD Audiobook) N/A N/A ISBN 9780739357163 (Selections from Dreamsongs 3: Selections from Wild Cards and More Stories from Martin's Later Years: Unabridged Selections [Audiobook, Unabridged] [Audio CD])
Graphic Novel ISBN 9780785125785 (First Edition)
ISBN 9780785127246 (Second Edition) ISBN 9781477849101 (Jet City Comics)
N/A N/A
A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms ISBN 9780345533487 (Hardcover, October 2015, Bantam, 368 pages)
ISBN 9780008238094 (Paperback, June 2017, HarperVoyager, 368 pages)
ISBN 9780345539113 (Kindle and Nook) ISBN 9780147526359
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Works by George R. R. Martin in the world of A Song of Ice and Fire
Novels
A Game of Thrones (1996)
A Clash of Kings (1998)
A Storm of Swords (2000)
A Feast for Crows (2005)
A Dance with Dragons (2011)
The Winds of Winter
A Dream of Spring
Novellas
A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms (2015)
The Hedge Knight (1998)
The Sworn Sword (2003)
The Mystery Knight (2010)
Blood of the Dragon (1996)
Path of the Dragon (2000)
Arms of the Kraken (2002)
The Princess and the Queen (2013)
The Rogue Prince (2014)
The Sons of the Dragon (2017)
Histories
The World of Ice & Fire (2014)
Fire & Blood (2018)
Fire & Blood, Volume Two (TBA)
Maps
The Lands of Ice and Fire (2012)
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Derived works from the world of A Song of Ice and Fire
Games
Collectible card game: A Game of Thrones
Board game: A Game of Thrones
Board game: Battles of Westeros
RPG: A Game of Thrones
RPG: A Song of Ice and Fire
Video games
Strategy: A Game of Thrones: Genesis
RPG: Game of Thrones
Graphic adventure: Game of Thrones - A Telltale Games Series
Social media: Game of Thrones Ascent
MMORPG: Game of Thrones: Seven Kingdoms
MUSH: Blood of Dragons
Publications
Art collection: The Art of Ice and Fire
App: A World of Ice and Fire
Blog: Not A Blog
Correspondence: So Spake Martin
Yearly calendars: A Song of Ice and Fire
Comics: The Hedge Knight, The Hedge Knight II: Sworn Sword, The Mystery Knight: A Graphic Novel, A Game of Thrones, A Clash of Kings
Scholarly: Beyond the Wall
Cookbook: A Feast of Ice and Fire
Parody: A Game of Groans
Television series
HBO: Game of Thrones
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Companion book: Inside HBO's Game of Thrones
Soundtrack
HBO: House of the Dragon
Season 1
References
↑ Legends, ISBN 9780002256674 (Paperback, June 1999 Edition, Voyager, 608 pages); ISBN 9780765300355 (Paperback, September 2001 Reissue, Tor Books, 715 pages); ISBN 9780312867874 (Hardcover, October 1998, St Martin Pr, 715 pages); and several other Hardcover printings, some of them limited editions.
↑ http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/FAQ/Entry/1974/ The Citadel FAQ, 2.1.9 - Will There Be Any More Dung and Egg Stories?
↑ Not a Blog: Dunk and Egg Ride Again
↑ Not a Blog: Dunk & Egg are HERE
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Tales of Dunk and Egg. The list of authors can be seen in the page history of Tales of Dunk and Egg. As with A Wiki of Ice and Fire, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
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Seminoles Suspend Sports Betting After Court RulingsGambling on sports is off the table in Florida, at least for now, after the Seminole Tribe suspended its online sports-betting operations Saturday morning.
Sharp Increase In Hospitalized Children With Covid Investigated In South AfricaSouth African health officials said Friday they are investigating a recent surge in cases among younger age groups not seen in previous waves of the virus, as the country battles an "unprecedented" surge of COVID-19 cases it believes is fueled by the Omicron variant.
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We are all getting ready to celebrate the passing of an old year and the welcoming of a new one. As we do this, many of us are busy setting goals and planning what will define success over the next 365 day period. Given this, how about a suggestion?
Why not make the upcoming year one where you practice some new approaches to how you interact with others? How about setting a goal to ask more and tell less? How about a goal of spending more time with people than screens and digital devices? How about a goal of taking an extra few minutes to actively listen in order to truly learn where others are coming from rather than making preconceived assumptions? How about setting a goal to thank as many people as you can for everything they bring to your life?
Here are some proposed to-dos for the New Year…
Begin conversations by asking at least two questions that show more interest in others than in yourself.
When interacting, put the phone away and out of sight so you can focus on the other person.
Allow others to finish their thoughts before interjecting yours, and at some point, repeat back their key points to ensure you truly understand their point of view.
Show gratitude to at least 10 people every day for any contribution they make to help you succeed in any way whether large or small.
If you employ these things and make them habits (I call these “human” habits), imagine how they might impact your relationships and overall success at work and at home. Imagine how achieving these goals could create happier people, including you, and happier environments that encourage more accomplishment.
I recently met a man named Steve Foran who believes, as I do, that practicing these types of habits has tremendous benefits that include better health, better social relationships, more optimism, and greater life satisfaction. And Steve would know, over 15 years ago he began exploring the relationship between gratitude and philanthropic giving while completing his Master’s degree and since then has spent the bulk of his time writing and conducting practice-based gratitude research. What’s come out of all of this work is a science-based program, Gratitude at Work, which presents a simple approach to improved leadership and better business. To propel this work and get more people involved, Steve has set a goal to create one billion happier people, a daunting yet noble goal indeed. I invite you to join me this New Year in setting your own goal to help Steve reach his: https://one-billion-happier-people.gratitudeatwork.ca/
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The use of innovative technologies opens up numerous opportunities in every sphere, and the education industry is no exception. The implementation of new technologies has reshaped the educational sector, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, when everybody studied online, we could feel all the benefits of using educational software. According to statistics, the global eLearning market will reach $167 billion in 2026. However, it is also important to take into account the cons of using software for education.
If you want to know more about the advantages and disadvantages of educational software, keep reading.
What Is Educational Software Used For?
Using technology in the educational sector has completely changed the game. It enables improving the education of students no matter their level and age. eLearning software allows studying a course and learning new information at any time and any place. The only thing a student needs is a computer or a smartphone and a stable internet connection. Let’s have a closer look at the 5 reasons why you should consider eLearning software development.
5 Key Advantages Of Educational Software
Educational software simplifies this complex process and brings numerous advantages to both teachers and students. Several available websites and apps have gained great reputations because of excellent user experience and high learner achievements. Let’s have a look at the 5 main benefits:
1. Organizing Content And Giving Access To It
You can store all the materials and structure them in one safe place. This way, you keep all the vital information and can easily create different courses. Moreover, all the team members can access it if you use a cloud-based LMS. It is an ideal option for teams who work together at the same school or other educational institutions. Team members also have unlimited access to the materials from any device to perform the necessary tasks or learn new information. Moreover, even the international teams and audiences can use eLearning as the time zone difference is eliminated.
2. Tracking Student Progress And Behavior
Tracking and reporting on the learner’s progress is another key function of online education software. It enables offering more personalized content based on the experience and achievements of a particular student. It also helps you improve the course or program content to make it more suitable to the needs and expertise level of most students. If you provide the reports to the learners, it makes your online school look more responsible and professional.
3. Education Cost Reduction
This is probably one of the most substantial benefits of educational software for schools. In times of economic crisis caused by a pandemic, cutting costs is a priority for any business. And going online is the most popular way to achieve it. Businesses save costs on rent, taxes, learning materials, etc. The innovative technologies let the users learn from home, and the only expense is the internet access and the course or program price.
4. Reduced Teacher Workload
The software can automate many processes of secondary importance and help teachers focus on their key activities. For instance, special tools provide access to student information, give grades for test assignments, check the homework, and handle other time-consuming processes.
5. Enhanced Student Engagement And Performance
Cutting-edge technologies like AI, AR, and VR are a trend in the educational industry. Mobile learning software is an ideal solution targeted and designed according to the needs and interests of different student categories. There has always been a problem with pre-school and primary school learners, but the gamification of the process and use of various activities improve interest. Out-of-the-box assignments improve creativity and keep the children engaged and motivated longer.
Most 3 Disadvantages Of Educational Software
However, there still are some concerns about using educational software solutions. To be objective, let’s look more closely at them.
1. Difficult To Get A Student’s Attention
Whether studying from home or working on computers in the classroom, keeping a student’s attention is challenging for any teacher. That’s why teachers need to be prepared and complete special courses related to the effective methodology of using educational software and interaction with students. Gadgets and computers often distract students, and the teacher needs to be ready for it and know how to deal with it.
2. It’s Hard To Choose The Most Suitable Software
With lots of educational apps and websites in the market, it is difficult to choose the most appropriate one. This especially pertains to children’s education, as there are numerous educational software requirements for children. It should be engaging, educational, age-appropriate, the correct knowledge level, etc. Sometimes it is tough for parents to make the right choice.
3. Not A Universal Choice For All Students
Students with vision problems or other health problems may be unable to use educational software effectively. That’s why you need to consider other solutions, taking into account the student’s needs.
Wrapping up
Technology has revolutionized all the spheres of our life and education is not an exception. If you are considering an educational software project for your business or educational institution, you need to understand all the pros and cons. eLearning is a powerful tendency that can boost the student experience and make the learning process more flexible and personalized.
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Covid-19 Covid-19 cases reported at Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences College - University News and Updates..
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Covid-19 Covid-19 cases reported at Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences College
by uniliving
July 1, 2020
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Pretoria – The Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences College on Monday stated it became as soon as alerted that one of its college students residing at the university-leased student accommodation had tested certain for the coronavirus (Covid-19).
“Here is our first student Covid-19 confirmed case. Contact tracing became as soon as done straight. In accordance with the contaminated student, who moved into the non-public plight on Friday 26 June 2020 whereas watching for her results for a Covid-19 test done help home, fully two college students had been in end contact alongside with her since her arrival.
“The university administration additional bought another yarn that three final twelve months physiotherapy college students staying at other off-campus residences and one on-campus plight would possibly well were uncovered to a expert nurse who no longer too prolonged within the past tested certain for Covid-19 at Dr George Mukhari Health center [in Pretoria].”
The university stated one of its security personnel had furthermore tested certain for the virus.
“One security officer who has been on move since 21 June 2020 informed us the day gone by (Sunday) that she had tested certain after publicity to an contaminated family member and would proceed self isolation at home. All those who were in contact alongside with her on that day shall be requested to self-quarantine and would be monitored for any symptoms over the upcoming one week,” the university stated.
It stated that the student who tested certain and the different 5 college students who were in end contact with uncovered people had been placed in isolation and quarantine respectively at the Midrand Eskom Academy of Studying, sponsored by the Gauteng department of health.
As of Sunday, the number of confirmed Covid-19 cases in South Africa became as soon as 138,134, with 6,334 unusual cases identified. Forty-three unusual Covid-19-associated deaths were reported, bringing the total to 2,456, health minister Zweli Mkhize stated.
“We’re seeing a snappily upward thrust within the cumulative number of certain Covid-19 cases indicating that, as we had anticipated, we’re drawing near a surge for the length of the latter iciness months of July and August,” he stated.
It became as soon as anticipated that whereas every province would seek an enhance in their numbers, areas with excessive economic process would abilities an exponential upward thrust, starting with Gauteng and the Western Cape and followed by the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.
“We non-public that internal the upcoming days, Gauteng will emerge with the easiest Covid-19 numbers. Components contributing to this vogue are inward migration, the orderly population (especially in metros savor Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni, and Tshwane), increased congregating which spurs cluster outbreaks, and the stage to which persons are ready to adapt to unusual behaviours similar to social distancing and the wearing of masks.
“We non-public identified the must enhance Covid-19 sanatorium beds on this province and we’d be supporting the province to make particular they are capacitated to meet the rising calls for,” he stated.
As effectively as to accepted hand washing, bodily distancing, and the true wearing of masks always, early case detection, contact tracing, quarantine, and isolation were the principle armaments within the toolbox to interrupt the cycle of infection. The province became as soon as being engaged to present a boost to its contact tracing and quarantine/isolation uptake.
– African News Agency; Enhancing by Desiree Erasmus
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UniNews is a one-stop destination for students who like to stay updated with the latest university news. It is a platform started by University Living Accommodation Private Ltd. (University Living) which is an AI and tech-enabled student housing platform that helps students pursuing higher-education abroad find accommodations near their universities.
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Some predictions were that it would slowly die in 2020, but it is already 2021, and Facebook is still alive. There is always a risk for Facebook to die, but it all depends on what you look at. … The latest statistics show that Facebook has reached a plateau in terms of users in the USA, Canada, India, and Europe.
What will replace Facebook in the future?
Best Social Network Alternatives To Facebook
WT Social. WT Social is a social network that aims to be the complete antithesis of Facebook. …
EyeEm. If you like the photo-sharing aspects of Facebook, EyeEm may be right up your alley. …
Yubo. …
MeWe. …
Sociall. …
Friendica. …
Ello. …
Mastodon.
Is FB dying?
Summary. Let’s be honest… Facebook will never die out. It will always be there and be a popular platform used by many to connect with people and businesses. However, in terms of marketing a growing, larger business on the channel, that can be trickier than marketing a smaller, local start-up business.
What is the alternative to Facebook?
The best alternatives to Facebook: an overview
IT IS INTERESTING: Question: What does it mean if she blocked me on Instagram?
Founded in
Users
Facebook 2004 Around 1.7 billion daily active users
Diaspora 2010 Around 750,000 registered users
Ello 2014 Around one million registered users
Vero 2015 Around five million registered users
Did Facebook put MySpace out of business?
In April 2008, MySpace was overtaken by Facebook in terms of the number of unique worldwide visitors, and in May 2009, in the number of unique U.S. visitors. Why did Facebook become the largest and most dominant player in the social networking market?
Where does Facebook make their money?
Facebook sells ads on social media websites and mobile applications. Ad sales are the primary source of Facebook’s revenue. Facebook is experiencing increasing demand for advertising amid an acceleration of the shift to online commerce spurred on by the COVID-19 pandemic.
What is the most popular social media 2020?
The 7 Top Social Media Sites You Need to Care About in 2020
Instagram. Long the home of influencers, brands, bloggers, small business owners, friends and everyone in between, Instagram has topped well over 1 billion monthly users. …
YouTube. …
3. Facebook. …
Twitter. …
TikTok. …
Pinterest. …
Snapchat.
Is there an alternative to YouTube?
The Best YouTube Alternatives 2019
#1 DailyMotion – YouTube’s Laxer Clone.
#2 Vimeo – The World’s Leading Creative Community.
#3 Twitch – Gamer Heaven.
#4 Vevo – The Best YouTube Alternative for Music.
#5 Metacafe – The Hipster’s Choice Over YouTube.
Is Facebook stock still a good buy?
But there’s good reason to believe shares are still worth buying at these levels. … Finally, Facebook stock’s valuation is still very conservative. The company trades at 27 times earnings even though the consensus analyst forecast calls for earnings per share to increase at about 29% annually over the next five years.
IT IS INTERESTING: Can Facebook watch you through your camera?
Are Facebook users declining?
First off, on users – Facebook added 30 million more daily active users in Q2, taking it to 1.91 billion on average. … As you can see, Facebook’s DAU count has stalled in the US entirely, after declining in Q2 last year, while it’s also now receding in Europe as well.
Does Facebook have a competitor?
As much as Facebook earns relatively more from advertising, Google remains the major competitor in advertising. It currently has more than 123,000 fulltime employees and 80000 contractors and commands a search share of 91.45% of traffic in the world as of 2021.
Which social media is not owned by Facebook?
Ello markets itself as an ad-free Facebook alternative and promises to never sell its users’ data. It hasn’t reached the mainstream but gained significant interest in 2014 when Facebook enforced its real-name policy.
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I hope all is well in your world? Pancreatic cancer survivor and CEO of a national charity, Ali Stunt has opened about being clinically vulnerable, the pandemic and booster jabs on this Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month.
Ali's statement is below.
"It may be 14 years since I was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and, although I am not going through any immune busting treatment, I am still classed as ‘extremely clinically vulnerable', as my surgery to remove my tumour included the removal of my spleen.
So why does the removal of my spleen make me more vulnerable?
Well, one of the spleen's main jobs is to filter your blood. It affects the number of red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout your body, and the number of platelets, which are cells that help your blood to clot. It does this by breaking down and removing cells that are abnormal, old, or damaged.
The spleen also stores red blood cells, platelets, and infection-fighting white blood cells.
The spleen plays an important role in your immune system response. When it detects bacteria, viruses, or other germs in your blood, it produces white blood cells, called lymphocytes, to fight off these infections.
It's an important organ, but not essential. If it's damaged by disease or injury, it can be removed without threatening your life. The surgery to remove your spleen is called a splenectomy. In my case, the surgery I had was a distal pancreatectomy & splenectomy.
Here's some information on what that entails: Distal pancreatectomy & splenectomy · Pancreatic Cancer Action
If your spleen is removed, your lymph nodes and liver can take over many of the spleen's important functions. Yet without a spleen, you will be more likely to get certain infections. And if you do get ill, it can take longer than usual for you to recover.
While the liver & lymph nodes can take over many of the spleen's functions, it is important that those of us without a spleen have regular vaccinations to prevent serious illness.
These include:
· pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years
· flu (get the flu vaccine every year)
· MenACWY (prevents meningitis and septicaemia)
· MenB (prevents meningococcal group B bacteria)
Now of course, COVID-19 is a threat to us non-spleen people. We stand a greater chance of being hospitalised and even dying after contracting COVID-19 than others in our society.
Which is why I spent the majority of 2020 shielding - not going to public places such as supermarkets, avoiding public transport (which was easy as I wasn't going anywhere) and ensuring contact with anyone was minimal. In parts it was a scary time, particularly towards the end of 2020 when other people started relaxing and not following the rules.
Then, the vaccines came in and I could not wait to get mine. But I had to wait until the end of January 2021 to have my first dose and my second came in April. I have to say, there was a slight feeling of liberation for me. I found I was able to go to the supermarket again and to other places but still avoided crowded places even after the rules were relaxed this summer.
Personally, I am disappointed that the English government has not kept face coverings mandatory. I still continue to wear my mask, even in the knowledge that I am probably protecting others more than myself, but I am increasingly frustrated at what seems to be the majority of people who have abandoned mask wearing altogether - who are putting clinically vulnerable people like me at risk.
I was also getting a bit twitchy at the prospect that six months after my last vaccine dose, my immunity against COVID-19 may be waning, so I have been waiting for my call up for my third dose. This happened on Wednesday 10th November and I skipped into the vaccine centre, so excited that the day had arrived.
We now know that the overwhelming majority of people who end up being hospitalised by COVID-19 are unvaccinated and these people unfortunately are more likely to die from the disease too.
If you haven't already, I would urge you to get your COVID-19 vaccines and for those of us eligible to receive boosters and the flu jab, then I would urge you to get those too."
Ali Stunt founded Pancreatic Cancer Action in 2010 because of the lack of awareness of this disease and to help more people survive. This year she celebrates being a 14-year survivor. Knowing she is in a small camp of people who survive beyond 10 years. That camp is 1%. 1% of pancreatic cancer survivors live beyond 10 years. “Being a pancreatic cancer survivor beyond ten years is a very lonely place to be”- Says Ali Stunt. Pancreatic cancer isn't regarded as 'Britain's Hidden Killer' lightly.
Notes to the editor.
Ali Stunt is available for phone, video or in person interview.
Pancreatic cancer is the 5th biggest cause of cancer death in the UK; and it is set to become the 4th, overtaking breast cancer by 2026 as other cancers' survival rates continue to improve. 10,000 people are diagnosed in the UK each year, with one person dying each hour from the disease (that's more than the number who will die in road traffic accidents).
November is Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month, now in its tenth year and rather than moving forward with improving survival rates we're having to push to ensure the backlog within the NHS is not "a decade" as predicted.
· The UK has one of the lowest survival rates for pancreatic cancer in the world.
· In England, only 25.4% of pancreatic cancer patients survive one year after diagnosis, only 7.3% of people survive five years after diagnosis.
· The 1-year survival rate if you receive a diagnosis via your GP is 32%. If you're admitted to A&E, that number is as low as 12%.
· Just under half of patients are diagnosed after admission to A & E.
· If patients are able to have surgery and diagnosed early, 5-year survival increases to 30%
· Only 10-15% of people who are diagnosed receive their diagnosis in time for life-saving surgery.
Download our press kit to find out more
Warmest regards
Adele
Adele Carter
Marketing and Communications Manager
Pancreatic Cancer Action
Tel: 0303 040 1770
Mobile: 07754 443 225
Book a meeting
Follow us: Facebook | Twitter | Instagram | LinkedIn
Headquarters address: Pancreatic Cancer Action, Unit 9, Oakhanger Farm Business Park, Oakhanger, Hampshire, GU35 9JA
Pancreatic Cancer Action is a registered charity in England & Wales (1137689) and Scotland (SC049777). A Company limited by guarantee, registered in England & Wales No. 07272699.
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Originally released in 2001 as an Xbox launch title, Cel Damage was an interesting take on the Twisted Metal formula; however, it didn't quite resonate with gamers the way the developers hoped. Reviews were fair to middling, with some reviewers enjoying the game while some feeling they didn't get their $49.99 worth, making the game an interesting choice for a current generation revival. With a lack of Twisted Metal styled games on the PlayStation 4, will Cel Damage HD make a good substitute for your vehicular destruction needs?
What's Old Is New Again
The best way to describe Cel Damage HD is that the game is a Twisted Metal clone, with the serious, grim atmosphere of that game being replaced with bright colors and cel-shaded, cartoonish graphics. Players can choose from 10 different characters, including a few unlockable characters, that range from a 1920's black and white gangster duck, a dominatrix, a space alien and a T-rex with an ego problem. For the most part, the characters are well-designed, the quips they spout during gameplay are enjoyable and the cel-shaded graphics helps the game nail that Saturday morning cartoon look it's aiming for.
The weapons conform to this identity as well, with players able to wield giant boxing gloves, samurai swords, tommy guns, laser ray guns, and dynamite crossbows, just to name a few examples. Cel Damage HD features more than 30 weapons, with each weapon having its own unique properties or attack mode. The weapons are well-balanced, have multiple spawn points in all the arenas and respawn often. The action is fast and frantic thanks to this.
Unlike Twisted Metal, Cel Damage HD features three different game modes:
Smack Attack – Damaging or destroying opponents rewards “Smacks,” and the player that reaches a set amount of smacks first is the winner
Flag Rally – Players need to capture flags and return it to a set location to score points
Gate Rally – Your standard race style game mode
Smack Attack is the core gameplay experience and works great – no complaints there. However, Flag Rally and Gate Rally stumble a bit. In Flag Rally, getting hit causes you to lose flags, and the sensitivity meter for this seems to be set on maximum; it seems that any hit will cause you to lose your flags, which ends up being more frustrating than it is fun. In Gate Rally, races just go on too long, with 8 laps being the minimum number of laps you can set for the mode. You can increase this number (though why you would want to is beyond me) but it's not possible to decrease it.
This isn't to say these modes are bad, per se, but just look at them as extra modes with Smack Attack being the main attraction, as it's the most fun.
No Online Play
Let's get the game's one major flaw out of the way: it contains no online play. While games such as Towerfall Ascension have a legitimate reason for not including online play, there really seems to be no reason why Cel Damage HD couldn't add in an online infrastructure and the game suffers because of it.
Cel Damage HD does include local multiplayer splitscreen for up to four different players and thankfully, it's a blast. Smack Attack works best when playing with friends, especially when turning the AI off, providing hours of fun – especially when you rotate it with other local multiplayer games. Speaking of turning the AI off, the game features a large amount of customization, such as letting you pick which weapons spawn in each arena and tweaking the win conditions. However, after playing a few rounds of local multiplayer, you'll miss the missing online component that much more.
Cel Damage HD includes a single player mode consisting of playing through the multiple game modes on every arena. The single player mode is bare bones and isn't the most exciting thing in the world but you'll need to play it through to completion to unlock characters, arenas and weapons. The AI, however, is vicious, providing a huge challenge even on Normal difficulty. If you want to just unlock items and be done with the single player mode, set it to Easy.
The PlayStation 4 Advantage
Cel Damage HD looks amazing on the PlayStation 4, with its cel-shaded graphics hiding the fact that the game is over 10 years old. The graphics are sharp, crisp and clean; this is easily the best looking version of the game released so far. The gameplay has received a few small tweaks to make it user friendly as well, such as requiring you to win only six matches to unlock a character's personal weapon for everyone, down from 36.
The game uses the DualShock 4's speaker to play your character's quips, which is a nice touch. It would have been nice to have the option to toggle this off in the game's Options menu, though.
Like all PlayStation 4 games, Cel Damage HD includes trophies, which is a first for the game. Unfortunately, the included trophy list is boring and easily attainable: I was able to attain 100% of the trophies in only a few hours. Unfortunately, there is no platinum trophy for the game.
Cross-Buy Enabled
Buying the PS4 version of Cel Damage HD gives you access to the PlayStation 3 and Vita versions of the game (and vice versa), which is always a welcome bonus. The Vita trophy list is separate from the PS4, as well.
Final Verdict
At its core, Cel Damage HD is the same game released in 2001, but the main difference is the price: What wasn't worth $49.99 is absolutely worth $9.99, thanks to the tons of options and game modes packed in. Cel Damage HD shows its age, as the game design definitely feels like a relic from 2001 in places, but if you're got some spare DualShock 4's and some friends around, you'll have a blast.
Final Score: 7/10
Game Category: Driving / Racing Games & Indie
Article by - Joshua Phillips
Insert Date: 5/4/2014
See Also:
The Crew
Trials Fusion
Project CARS
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In Summary, Digital Marketing is the promotion of products or brands via one or more forms of electronic media. Advertising methods that are used as part of a strong digital marketing strategies for businesses include promoting online via means of having a good responsive website design, an active social media and blog campaign and utilising SEM and SEO tactics. This involves using search engine promotion such as Google Adwords and optimising website keywords, titles, descriptions and images.
Need more details? See Do you have a good Online Marketing Strategy? blog for more information.
Another successful strategy for marketing online businesses is via Online Video, VOD Advertising and TV advertising.
See our blog – TV Advertising and Online Business.
Why Digital Marketing Is Important
Digital media is incremental in providing consumers access to your businesses information anytime and anywhere. Online trends indicate that Digital media is an ever-growing source of social interaction and e commerce, because of this consumers expect access to your companies brand or product 24/7. Everything is fast paced online, are you keeping up with your competitors or is your strategy leaving you behind?
Thanks to the increasing accessibility of online content, consumers are no longer just aware of what your strategy says about your brand, but what the media, friends, relatives, colleagues, etc., are saying about your brand as well. Because of this wealth of information research has shown that customers are more likely to believe the media and online reviews over your message. People want brands they can trust, companies that know them, communications that are personalised and relevant, and offers tailored to their needs and preferences. Which is why having the right strategy is important in getting the right message across and gaining more customers.
Challenges of Digital Marketing
Customers use multiple digital channels and a variety of devices that use different protocols, specifications and interfaces – and they interact with those devices in different ways and for different purposes.
Digital marketing is fairly low cost, when compared with other forms of advertising media such as print and television. Due to this low cost even smaller businesses can take advantage of the benefits of online. As a result, the competition is much higher, making it more difficult to reach customers without having a good strategy in place.
How to get digital marketing right. Here are a few pointers to digital marketing success:
Relationships – Build a customer response through use of digital media channels. This includes Websites, Social media,Search engine Marketing etc.
Social – Respond to and create innovative customer interactions on social media and other channels such as email marketing etc.
Research – It is important you get the results from all digital marketing reports in order to make accurate and quick decisions. Speed is everything online.
Competitors – It is crucial you always monitor your competitors digital marketing performance.
Unsure where to start with Digital Marketing? Or maybe you don’t have the time to do this yourself?
Whatever your reasons we can help.
We offer full website design and build services and host your company’s website on our secure, high-bandwidth servers, ensuring it is available to your customers 24/7 365 days of the year. In addition to these services we know that a website will only be successful if your customers can find it easily in Google, because of this we can optimise your site as part of the design process plus provide ongoing digital marketing services. As a result you get a professional looking website, fully optimized for SEO with ongoing support from our digital team to assist in developing your online presence.
Whatever you need we can build it.
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Categories: Digital Marketing, IT and Software, Website DesignBy rtvadmin 4th September 2017 7 Comments
Tags: Digital MarketingGoogle AdwordsSEMSEO
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7 Comments
Cassandra says:
11th September 2017 at 10:34 pm
Hi there, I discоvered your blog from Google. Great stuff!
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Anonymous says:
10th May 2018 at 11:39 pm
Great post.
Many thanks for providing this information.
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Kelly says:
12th May 2018 at 9:30 am
Great post. Extremely helpful info 🙂
Thank you.
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Chennai Travels says:
22nd August 2021 at 8:18 am
Nice post and Thanks
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Surya Kumar says:
27th August 2021 at 12:24 pm
Beautifully explained, As marketer i learnt a lot here.
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SaishaEduversity says:
9th September 2021 at 8:50 am
Very Helpfull Article Thanks For Sharing This..!!
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Jenifer says:
15th September 2021 at 7:50 am
Great article! Thank you for sharing this informative post, and looking forward to the latest one.
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Video Of Two Men In Russia Holding Hands While Walking Show Them Suffering Major Harassment – CBS San Francisco
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Video Of Two Men In Russia Holding Hands While Walking Show Them Suffering Major Harassment
July 14, 2015 at 2:15 pm
Filed Under:Babenko, ChebuRussianTV, Frantsuzov, Gay, Holding Hands, LGBT, Moscow
Photo Credit: Getty Images
SAN FRANCISCO (CBS SF) — When two Russian men decided to walk through the streets of Moscow holding hands, they were laughed at, heckled, and physically pushed, according to The Independent.
The two men in the video, Artem Frantsuzov and Jay Babenko, are not actually gay but they held hands, to give the impression of being a couple.
READ MORE: King Tide Flooding on SF Waterfront Foreshadows Future Climate Change Norm
ChebuRussianTV hid their camera in the backpack of the person walking in front of them and filmed the pair.
The public reaction was far from tolerant. Some laughed at the couple, others stared. One guy deliberately bumped into one of them, with a force that almost knocked him down.
Others yelled out insults — “Hey gays, there’s too much of you nowadays,” and “Leave Russia.”
The unfortunate social experiment was captured on video and has gone viral. So far, it has gotten more than 4,400,000 views on YouTube.
READ MORE: North Bay Organizations Unite for Holiday Toy Drive
According to cameraman Nikita Rozhdestv, when a second man tried to physically assault Frantsuzov and Babenko, they stopped filming.
The hatred the men faced was not surprising given Russia’s anti-LGBT political climate. President Vladimir Putin signed an “anti-gay” law that was overwhelmingly passed by the Parliament in 2013. It banned literature and symbols that promote “non-traditional sexual relationships” and “gay propaganda.” Violations are punishable by a fine of up to $30,000.
The law has fueled fears gays would become the target of hate crimes.
CBSSF.com writer, producer Jan Mabry is also executive producer and host of The Bronze Report. She lives in Northern California. Follow her on Twitter @janmabr.
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Have you wondered who is holding the majority of circulating tokens or cryptocurrency for a blockchain social platform or how they’re distributed? Today we are going to dive into each major platform and do a comprehensive breakdown with the information we have available to us.
I also want to point out this has nothing to do with wanting to correct wealth inequality, but rather to point out which platforms have the least/most centralized distribution and or holding of wealth and which platforms have the most equal opportunity to earn. This is absolutely not about supporting equal outcome, but rather to inform, share, and summarize the information publicly available to us all aside from the few inquiries I made to confirm various things. What’s actually more important on social applications is social inequality. Where you can assert your power over someone else to influence them in some way.
This is meant to expand upon my previous post on this that goes into lesser detail on the wealth inequality on a few platforms which you can check out below:
Steemit: https://steemit.com/dtube/@scottcbusiness/ghc622ybiim
Publish0x: https://www.publish0x.com/at-scottcbusiness/publish0x-only-platform-without-wealth-inequality-xdqldd
Minds: https://www.minds.com/scottcbusiness/blog/publish0x-is-the-only-platform-without-wealth-inequality-1043411135314718720
I’d like to cover more platforms and be more in-depth with this breakdown given the response to the previous article and video. You will see some information repeated and I will dive in further to some of it. Also, note that I do a lot of calculations here so if something is slightly off, feel free to correct it, but in the grand scheme, it’s likely to be negligible.
The reason I wanted to do this is that it’s important to understand how the token economies of each platform work to make a more informed decision about where you will invest your time and effort. There are many platforms that fully control the sale of their token which means it’s highly centralized and they also control the price. Do keep in mind that with some of these breakdowns, there are large accounts used for token withdrawals, rewards, and airdrops that are controlled by the platforms. I don’t think it’s the most ideal to have all the cryptocurrency already mined and held by one entity, but I recognize that it’s not the same as where only a few entities hold the majority of a token. Also, I’d like to state that wealth inequality is a natural consequence of Zipf’s law because that’s generally how economics works. Though Steem does a good job of fixing this and Publish0x completely solved it with crypto-agnosticism.
We are taking a hard look at every platform and be very critical and unrelenting. I still use these platforms and appreciate them and their staff, but we are going to dive deep and bring everything to the surface.
Steem
My previous deep dive into Steem was pretty spot on, so I’m going to reiterate most of it here. To summarize Steem has the lowest wealth inequality of any platform compared, but it doesn’t do so well in terms of how centralized control has become for the blockchain by the witnesses in way of ridiculous amounts of staked Steem power and the influence and vests that allows for.
For Steem at https://steem.com/ you can see on CoinMarketCap that the current circulating supply is 351,084,363 as of writing this here: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/steem/. We can see on https://steemdb.com/accounts/steem that the top 10 accounts for holding Steem hold 89,281,022 Steem and 26,465,182 worth of Steem in SBD. That’s close to 1/3 of all Steem in circulation which actually isn’t too bad compared to other platforms. The top accounts from 11–20 only hold 4,517,568 and from then on out it’s much less. Given there are 131,618 it makes sense that it is much more dispersed, and they’ve clearly got the best model for spreading and distributing the wealth.
The thing is though when you consider vested power you can see that centralized control can then take place if the top accounts work together. This is as of 1 year ago which is a bit outdated since most websites stopped updating us on this, but it still paints the picture for you: https://steemdb.com/accounts/vest. The top 10 accounts have 195.27 GV which means Gigavests. Vests are how much influence they have on the network.
When we look at the witnesses who are voted in based on vesting here: https://steemdb.com/witnesses. You can see the number 1 witness only has 446.780 MV. 1 GV is equal to 1000 MV. That means when you look at the top 10 accounts, 1 single account has more vesting power than all the vests and votes given to witnesses. Witnesses determine the rules and policies and when to hardfork the Steem blockchain which is supposed to be decentralized and yet one single account can change all the top witnesses with ease.
The point here is that unless you dig deep, you won’t realize that it’s essentially just as centralized as any other centralized platform with the guise of decentralization masked behind a lot of highly technical infrastructure. At least though in terms of wealth inequality, Steem seems to be the lowest compared to the rest of the platforms that wealth inequality is possible on, the control over the blockchain and its policies is completely centralized, but the moderation and many other aspects are in fact centralized. It’s sad though that because someone joined up early or bought a lot of Steem that they can ruin someone else’s reputation with ease. I still love Steem and this isn’t a jab at them. It’s purely to share this knowledge.
Publish0x
Publish0x completely solves the issue of wealth distribution by removing itself from the equation and introducing the concept of crypto agnosticism. They don’t have their own cryptocurrency thus there can be no wealth inequality but there is also no way to stake and thus no way to exponentially gain more wealth and widen the wealth gap. Instead, everyone gets tips given freely by sponsors and the users decide how much they receive and how much is given out.
I’m not bashing the idea of staking as it’s great for increasing the value of a platform, but with crypto-agnosticism, we avoid issues like if the token value goes down, people stop using the platform as we saw with half of Steemians leaving Steem after the 2017 crash. It also avoids issues like when platforms sell tokens and aren’t listed on exchanges and then change the price like DLive or Minds or when the price does hit exchanges it’s worth much less like with Uptrennd.
You can see statistics on the amount given out under the “Earnings Chart” listed here: https://www.publish0x.com/stats. The only ways to earn are from tipping whether you are the tipper or the one being tipped. The minimum tip is 20% and the maximum is 100% while the rest of the allocation is received by the tipper for their time spent consuming the content and rewarding them for participating in the ecosystem. It’s simple, but very effective.
Brave
According to https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/basic-attention-token/, the circulating supply is 1,345,449,189 BAT and the total supply is 1,500,000,000 BAT. You can check out https://etherscan.io/token/0x0d8775f648430679a709e98d2b0cb6250d2887ef for more information on the 213,351 BAT addresses and https://batgrowth.com/ for statistics on creators involved in their creator program. In the top 20 accounts, Binance, Bittrex, and Uphold about 16.59% of the total BAT totaling 249,044,128 BAT. There is also a UGP reserve of BAT with 141,300,811 representing 9.42% of the total BAT. The top 25 accounts hold 57.60% of the total BAT and while that is a high number, it’s largely made up of exchanges and it’s not because anyone earned unfairly, it’s mainly based on buying and selling or donations.
Everyone has a totally equal opportunity to earn because all the BAT is earned from allowing your attention to be monetized with ads and then from there, people donate to their favorite creators through the creator program. There is no staking feature or ability to exponentially earn.
This rewards everyone equally regardless of demographic, or any other variables.
LBRY
Only 5 accounts hold more than 60% of all the existing LBC on the platform LBRY at https://lbry.com/. You can see that the top 5 accounts hold 226,470,607 LBC. That is 63.71% of all the LBC in existence today. The top ten hold 406,055,153 which is 69.91% and beyond that, it starts to be much less. You can find all this here: https://explorer.lbry.com/stats. Note that the first 3 accounts as well as the 10th, 13th, 50th, and 51st top accounts are all held by LBRY. I couldn’t find the overall number of accounts holding LBC.
You can see that according to https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/library-credit/ that the circulating supply is 284,003,226. When we consider all of this it seems that LBRY is holding onto a massive stockpile of the currency and judging by the account transaction of the LBRY owned top accounts, they don’t seem to be used for rewards or anything similar to that.
There will eventually be 1,083,202,000 LBC, but how much of it will be distributed amongst creators and how much will be kept by LBRY accounts? Their coin and their platform have been doing increasingly well but always consider the token economics. The only exchange trading LBC is Bittrex with a little over 2 million LBC being sold. That is only about 0.08% of the total supply that is accessible for purchase. While there is LBC to be earned, most tips come from users who have accumulated a lot or purchased a lot. The point is that like most other platforms there is a huge gap between how much LBRY is holding and how much is distributed out.
Again, it’s not necessarily malicious to have a model like this, but it is set up in a way that is mainly meant to benefit LBRY much more than the users where they will be able to cash in on the users’ hard work and intent to buy that would raise the value of LBC over time. I don’t condemn them for it, but many platforms offer much more equally shared token economies without amassed wealth kept by the platform. Again, part of the motivations for leaving legacy platforms was because it was all about benefiting them and not the users. Simply put, this model is geared more towards the platform than its users. Now if on the other hand, the LBC in these LBRY owned accounts was used for some community rewards then that would be awesome, but as it stands I’m pretty sure that’s not the case.
Uptrennd
According to https://etherscan.io/token/0x07597255910a51509ca469568b048f2597e72504#balances there are only 668 addresses holding 1UP. It started off with 10 billion 1UP tokens which are now at 999,018,340.7. Currently, the Uptrennd withdrawal supply account holds 980,073,122 which is 98.1% of the tokens. Originally, they were sold by Uptrennd for $0.05 each and now they are only sold by 2 exchanges. Altilly has 1,340,800 1UP and Idex has 372,461 1UP. Withdrawals only became possible earlier this year and I was testing it immediately. That was in May. Given the account with 980 million is used only for withdrawals now, I would assume that a massive portion of tokens were sold at a very high price while they now go for about $0.0023. In fact, looking at the leaderboard for earners this month, the top earner has earned approximately 85,000 1UP points.
When using the table on https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12KJDx33PbtviMD6cvORVHjRPKzaEmTNqbJjY6t2h15A/edit?usp=sharing we can see that at level 21, about 34,293 were locked in. Locked in points are still points and not tokens and can never be retrieved, meaning that Uptrennd instead of paying out from their 980 million account gets to keep it as long as they keep reinvesting their points into leveling up. Now this person kept more than half of their points but sadly they are only now worth $116.61. If they had bought that value worth of tokens originally, they would have only received 2,332 which is a tiny fraction of what it is now. The promise was that your vote was worth $0.05, but that’s not the case at all. In August they burned 9 billion coins to help with the price value being so low.
In this post: https://www.uptrennd.com/post-detail/ann-uptrennd-updated-tokenomics~ODQ1NTQ= they announced they would be burning 30% of the locked-in points that they get back and dedicating another 20% to their community growth fund. This means that 50% of what was leftover goes back to them.
Using their stats at https://www.uptrennd.com/stats, I will share exactly how many were issued and locked in which will show us approximately how much was sold based on what’s unaccounted for. We’re looking at from January up until the end of October of 2019. I’m not sure why they share everything except overall point issuance. To understand the calculation, for example, take January 2019. There were 46,731 points locked in it was 39% of what was issued meaning that there were 119,823 points issued. I will continue doing this to get the total.
After doing the math I landed on an issuance of 10,443,991 and of that 4,863,268 were locked in. This means that there are about 5,580,723 potentially withdrawn from earnings. Given half of the 4,863,268 was kept by them, that means they got back 2,431,634 tokens. Now, we know there was a burn of at least 9,000,808,804.5 which leaves us with roughly 999,191,195.5 though given the total supply is 999,018,340, it isn’t totally accurate, and some were burned elsewhere, but it’s close enough. This is assuming that they only started burning after the August announcement. Now that leaves us with an account of 980,073,122. We know that only 10,443,991 were issued. That means close to 9 million are unaccounted for. The founder shared with me that they sold 44,947 points at 0.05 for a total of $2,247.35. Presumably, the other rest of that 9 million were paid to staff or potentially used for community rewards on the leaderboard given those weren’t counted in the issued points.
Now it makes sense that they wanted to sell the tokens originally to earn money to support the project since they had no ICO. It’s good they discontinued it though as anyone who bought in early saw their investment drop down by approximately 95.4%. Also, note that a large portion of the highest rated content on the platform is sponsored content aka advertisements which of course bring in money as well. Also, they announced token buy-backs 5 months ago here: https://www.uptrennd.com/post-detail/ann-1up-listing-the-reason-we-exist~MTYyNTM=. The problem is that they are buying back tokens on exchanges currently at 95.4% less than what people bought it for if they did buy it. They originally boasted that every vote was worth $0.05.
Points were sold for several months at $0.05 by Uptrennd directly. They only sold points that weren’t actual tokens on the Ethereum blockchain and just points accounted for on Uptrennd until they enabled withdrawals allowing you to convert them into actual tokens. An issue I see with this system is that there could technically be more points issued than tokens available. It makes sense given its deflationary but imagine a point where there are more points than tokens and everyone wanted to withdraw. It’s a big if, but it defeats the purpose of claiming it’s deflationary when you can make loopholes around that.
Now if after all that you are thinking well let’s not include what Uptrennd owns to determine wealth inequality, the difference between the 2nd top account and the 50th is 2,777,777 down to 7,920. The wealth difference is completely insane and I’m willing to bet the only accounts in the millions or hundreds of thousands are the staff accounts.
On a slightly lighter note, the website appears to be running much faster and I still support the project and would like to see them expand out and allow for communities outside of just crypto and blockchain.
Trybe
For https://trybe.one/ I managed to find a block explorer and statistics on https://eospark.com/token/trybe/trybenetwork. There are some other block explorers with the same statistics to corroborate this information at https://eosflare.io/token/trybenetwork/TRYBE.
There are 30,379 Trybe holders, a current supply of 1 billion, and a max supply of 2 billion. 6 of the top 10 accounts are owned by Trybe, part of which are used for rewards. Trybe owns 489,344,407 or a little less than half of the current Trybe supply. The top 10 accounts do hold about 95% of the current supply. This is excluding staked amounts which we will cover next. Apparently though, 668,188,869 is 95% of the liquid supply because the 1 billion current supply includes staked tokens. Excluding what Trybe owns, the total balance of the top 10 is 178,844,462. The accounts 11–30 have 45,946,729 Trybe and the accounts 31–100 have 18,568,022 Trybe. Beyond that, there is much less. This means that for liquid tokens excluding what Trybe owns, there are 243,359,213 tokens held by the top 100 accounts which is 100%+ which doesn’t technically make sense since apparently accounts 501+ hold a negative value.
The top 10 staked Trybe according to https://trybe.one/wallet/airdrops hold 77 million Trybe. Accounts 11–25 hold 43 million Trybe staked. Some of these statistics don’t fully add up but given that past the 50th stakeholder it’s below 743,000 staked, you can see there is a pretty big gap between the top 100 liquid Trybe account and staked Trybe holders and the rest of the users on Trybe. Trybe has the largest wealth gap out of any major platform in existence.
Regarding this information, the core Trybe team gave a statement saying “So, we still own most of the tokens in various different accounts. Those tokens have been issued but they haven’t been distributed yet. We will be using them for content rewards and staking rewards over the next few years. The roadmap changed a bit from the initial intent of having a token sale whereby we decided to reward active members of the community.
The reason they are spread across various accounts is primarily for security. In addition, unlike most platforms where all the tokens have already been distributed, we are keeping most of ours in reserve to use as the platform grows.”
While that is fair, it’s always slightly concerning to me when entities hold a reserve of the majority of a cryptocurrency which they aren’t beholden to actually use in any which way. I have much more faith in systems where the tokens are automatically distributed as they are created like Steem and not held in a stockpile controlled by one entity. Mind you, I’ve stated many times in the past that I’ve never been a fan of EOS dapps given how the many flaws in the network. Currently I can’t even make transactions due to a crazy high CPU usage on the network.
Narrative
There are 9,707 Narrative members and 1,073 active niches (topics) on the platform. Point earnings from April to October 2019 including referral totaled 9,300,807. You can see this on other statistics listed here: https://www.narrative.org/hq/reporting/network-stats.
You can refer to Coinmarket or https://www.cryptocurrencychart.io/currencies/NRVE/narrative/ to see that the max supply will be 179,428,004, the current total supply is 82,428,004, and the current circulating supply is 44,210,970 NRVE. It’s hard to tell how the inequality is fairing given there are no statistics I could find on token holders. Their current volume is extremely low today being 270.96 with an all-time high of about 98,000. The point being that not many people are buying NRVE and I recall recently someone pointing out that you’re more likely to lose money acquiring a niche because the amount you earn will be less than you spend on it and you must renew it yearly. Their currency can be acquired on Switcheo, Bilaxy, and LAToken.
Given that 11.3% or so of the current total supply has been given out in the form of rewards and you cannot stake your NRVE, the wealth equality seems pretty fair on here. However, I will point out that it seems pretty foolish to have a reputation system where you must pay via a centralized payment processor (Paypal) to certify and that it makes up 30% of your reputation score. You must also give a government ID to certify. I understand why they might have this for verification processes as most platforms would but making it a requirement to avoid having a “low reputation” seems deceptive.
Under reputation, they write “Reputation determines the impact of all actions. The actions taken by someone with higher reputation will be more influential than someone with lower reputation.” Under their specifications for reputation found here https://spec.narrative.org/docs/reputation they write “Through this system, ratings and votes are always weighted by the reputation of each participant.” This means that by not certifying you will always be earning less which is fine, but I think it’s unfair to require people to utilize Paypal and provide government documentation to earn the full share of what they would have otherwise earned from their content. This isn’t so much about wealth inequality as much as it is about their token economics favoring centralized processes. I’d like to see them allow you to certify with NRVE at the very least so users could earn NRVE and then eventually reinvest in themselves. Nonetheless, assuming there isn’t a huge stockpile of NRVE held by the staff, it seems fair overall.
Sapien
According to https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sapien/ the circulating supply of SPN is 227,117,524 and the current total supply is 500,000,000 SPN. According to https://etherscan.io/token/0x20f7a3ddf244dc9299975b4da1c39f8d5d75f05a there are 11,055 SPN holders. The top 10 accounts hold 345,687,452 SPN which makes up 69% of the total supply. Accounts 11–50 hold 51,995,000 which accounts for 10.39% of the total SPN. So that means accounts 1–50 hold nearly 80% of all the SPN.
Idex is where you can trade SPN with over 3 million in sell orders there except there’s essentially no trading happening. You can also trade on Kyber Network except again the volume over the past 24 hours was only $0.1597. Essentially no one is buying or trading this token.
I couldn’t find any other statistics and it’s fair to say that while there is wealth inequality here, it’s not of much consequence to anyone given no one is trading it and the community is lacking. I think they’ve had great strides in improving their UI and updating the platform, but they don’t seem to make any progress with users and activity. Also, their publishing format has been so terrible for so long, seriously they need to update it.
BitTube
BitTube has recently undergone a lot of changes and improved their platform moving it over to https://bittubers.com/. I will say though, they don’t make it particularly easy to get started. As a Canadian I had to be manually verified as their phone number verification didn’t work and is required to earn anything. That being said, their current circulating supply is 214,795,858 TUBE with a max supply of 1 billion. It’s being traded on Bittrex, TradeOgre, Livecoin, and Crex24.
I couldn’t find any information on cryptocurrency holdings and the distribution nor could I find any statistics or data on this from BitTube or anywhere else. They do have statistics on adoption with users, content, etc. found here https://bittubestats.com/dashboard/user/bittubers/adoption. Currently there are 21,832 users and 90,546 videos on the platform. You can also find their block explorer here https://explorer.bit.tube/.
I cannot give the benefit of the doubt given that most platforms aren’t made equally and with no information, I will simply say it’s not worth the trouble.
Minds
According to https://etherscan.io/token/0xb26631c6dda06ad89b93c71400d25692de89c068#balances there is a total supply of 8,002,000 Minds token held by 3,136 addresses. Now you have to consider that Minds is a utility token and isn’t meant to be traded or sold outside of acquiring it from Minds. Presumably the majority of the tokens are held by Minds given that when you spend Minds tokens to boost content, they go back to Minds and are continually recycled by this process. The top 2 accounts hold 6,051,304 Minds tokens representing 75.62% of the tokens. The top ten hold 90.72% of the token.
To be fair, most of these statistics don’t matter because you can only sell Minds tokens directly to other users or on the unlisted exchange URL on ForkDelta https://forkdelta.app/#!/trade/0xb26631c6dda06ad89b93c71400d25692de89c068-ETH where only a tiny amount is being sold. Minds tokens are centrally controlled and sold by Minds who have changed the price from $0.15 to $1.25 previously. Today 1 Minds tokens costs about $0.96 from Minds which is equal to 1,000 impressions worth of advertising via their boost system. There is no profitability in buying or acquiring Minds tokens, thus no wealth inequality for the platform, but one can definitely point out that this is definitely a way to take a lot of your money if you do purchase tokens for boosting, Minds Plus, or Minds Pro.
Now mind you, with Minds Pro they are now introducing rewarding you with USD for the traffic you can bring to the site. You receive $1 per 1,000 page views (which are very different from impressions) and can withdraw once you reach $100 worth. Also note, the process is regulated by Stripe which is a centralized payment processor. To put it in perspective, in the last 30 days I earned 78,295 impressions and 1,673 page views which garnered me $0.90 USD noting that earnings only started to be accounted for as of November 4th.
DLive
DLive is like Minds except even worse. They claim to be independent of the Lino network and yet they rely on each other for buying, earning, and withdrawing. The worst part is that you can buy Lino with ease, but you cannot withdraw it without government ID and being at least 16 years old. This is under the guise of you cannot earn money legally being under 16 and to comply with anti-money laundering laws require your ID, and yet you are freely able to purchase Lino and give them your money with no restriction. This restriction would only make some sense if it was applicable to earned Lino points, not purchased points. You cannot even get a refund due to this if you bought Lino and are under the age of 16. Another issue is that they have a minimum withdrawal of 4,250 Lino points so if you bought say 2,000 points and then wanted to get your money back, you’d have to actually buy more points before being able to withdraw after giving them your ID.
Assuming this is the correct Lino token https://etherscan.io/token/0xba51ff3802aa3170ce7ac7ac001831ca3eb6eeea#balances you can see that 99.9483% are held by Lino. This was unsurprising given that they require you to have 4,250 points to be able to withdraw them. This is simply put, the most egregious example of wealth inequality and deceptive vulture capitalism. People invest in some Lino to stake as originally you needed 2,000 to qualify to become a verified streamer (this may have changed since as I don’t see that currently), but you needed more than double that to withdraw your points. Naturally, I expected creators who wanted to get verified would do this and then not earn enough to withdraw, sinking money into the platform they could never get back.
What is even more unfortunate is that PewDiePie exclusively streams there likely to be unaware of how bad they really are believing he is promoting the use of blockchain technology when the Lino network is hardly a blockchain.
You can find their April Lino point purchase fee update here: https://community.dlive.tv/2019/04/03/lino-points-purchase-fee-update/
You can also find my blog on the issues with DLive here https://www.minds.com/scottcbusiness/blog/dlive-is-overly-centralized-and-misleading-1031011272918052864 and the YouTube video here https://youtu.be/--ritc7liOw
This was my original video I made covering DLive: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq9E6WEK-VE
Cent
I forgot to cover https://beta.cent.co/ originally in my video and original write-up, but I’m adding a brief note here. Similarly, to Publish0x this platform is crypto-agnostic however it relies purely on donations and seeding. Essentially, if someone thinks your post is good and pays some ETH to seed it, they could make money if other people do the same whereas if others don’t then they’ve more or less just donated to you. It’s an interesting concept, but any platform that requires you to pay for an upvote doesn’t seem entirely viable to me. However, I’m still using Cent and thinks it’s worth checking out.
I hope this more comprehensive look at the token supply, holders, activity, and equality of wealth gives you more insight into where you want to prioritize your time and what platform might be best suitable for you. Let me know what your thoughts on all of this information are and if you think I got anything wrong in the comments below and don’t forget to subscribe!
Let me know what you think about this in the comments below and don’t forget to subscribe!
Scott Cunningham
I am a social blockchain enthusiast that blogs and vlogs on what I believe to be the next level of social communication. https://www.scottcbusiness.com/
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I am a social blockchain enthusiast that blogs and vlogs on what I believe to be the next level of social communication. https://www.scottcbusiness.com/
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0.999998 |
Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). An attacker that is able to provide a crafted input to the strip functionality may cause an application to consume an excessive amount of CPU.
PoC
const strip = require('prompts/lib/util/strip.js');
for(var i = 1; i <= 5000; i++) {
var time = Date.now();
var attack_str = "\u001B["+";".repeat(i*1000);
strip(attack_str)
var time_cost = Date.now() - time;
console.log("attack_str.length: " + attack_str.length + ": " + time_cost+" ms")
}
Details
Denial of Service (DoS) describes a family of attacks, all aimed at making a system inaccessible to its original and legitimate users. There are many types of DoS attacks, ranging from trying to clog the network pipes to the system by generating a large volume of traffic from many machines (a Distributed Denial of Service - DDoS - attack) to sending crafted requests that cause a system to crash or take a disproportional amount of time to process.
The Regular expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) is a type of Denial of Service attack. Regular expressions are incredibly powerful, but they aren't very intuitive and can ultimately end up making it easy for attackers to take your site down.
Let’s take the following regular expression as an example:
regex = /A(B|C+)+D/
This regular expression accomplishes the following:
A The string must start with the letter 'A'
(B|C+)+ The string must then follow the letter A with either the letter 'B' or some number of occurrences of the letter 'C' (the + matches one or more times). The + at the end of this section states that we can look for one or more matches of this section.
D Finally, we ensure this section of the string ends with a 'D'
The expression would match inputs such as ABBD, ABCCCCD, ABCBCCCD and ACCCCCD
It most cases, it doesn't take very long for a regex engine to find a match:
$ time node -e '/A(B|C+)+D/.test("ACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD")'
0.04s user 0.01s system 95% cpu 0.052 total
$ time node -e '/A(B|C+)+D/.test("ACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCX")'
1.79s user 0.02s system 99% cpu 1.812 total
The entire process of testing it against a 30 characters long string takes around ~52ms. But when given an invalid string, it takes nearly two seconds to complete the test, over ten times as long as it took to test a valid string. The dramatic difference is due to the way regular expressions get evaluated.
Most Regex engines will work very similarly (with minor differences). The engine will match the first possible way to accept the current character and proceed to the next one. If it then fails to match the next one, it will backtrack and see if there was another way to digest the previous character. If it goes too far down the rabbit hole only to find out the string doesn’t match in the end, and if many characters have multiple valid regex paths, the number of backtracking steps can become very large, resulting in what is known as catastrophic backtracking.
Let's look at how our expression runs into this problem, using a shorter string: "ACCCX". While it seems fairly straightforward, there are still four different ways that the engine could match those three C's:
CCC
CC+C
C+CC
C+C+C.
The engine has to try each of those combinations to see if any of them potentially match against the expression. When you combine that with the other steps the engine must take, we can use RegEx 101 debugger to see the engine has to take a total of 38 steps before it can determine the string doesn't match.
From there, the number of steps the engine must use to validate a string just continues to grow.
String
Number of C's
Number of steps
ACCCX 3 38
ACCCCX 4 71
ACCCCCX 5 136
ACCCCCCCCCCCCCCX 14 65,553
By the time the string includes 14 C's, the engine has to take over 65,000 steps just to see if the string is valid. These extreme situations can cause them to work very slowly (exponentially related to input size, as shown above), allowing an attacker to exploit this and can cause the service to excessively consume CPU, resulting in a Denial of Service.
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0.997154 |
Adding a solar installation is one of the best investments you can make for your property. Depending on your area, a well-managed and properly installed system qualifies for numerous tax credits and green energy credits, and can increase the value of your home. Since the electricity produced by a solar system is free, a solar installation eventually pays for itself, often in as little as a few years.
If you’re looking to invest in solar, understanding the different options for financing your installation is an essential first step.
Solar Installation Options
There are generally three paths to installing solar on your home: leasing a system, entering a power purchasing agreement, or purchasing your system outright. All three options involve installing a solar system on your property, but each option provides unique financial benefits for homeowners depending on your budget and your investment goals.
Here are some basic definitions for each option:
Solar Lease: A solar lease is an agreement with a solar leasing company. Your system will be owned and maintained by the solar leasing company, and installed for free. You pay a monthly rate for your solar panel system, but receive free electricity from the panels that offsets the monthly cost of the lease.
Power Purchasing Agreement (PPA): A power purchasing agreement or PPA is similar to a solar lease. You’ll pay nothing for the installation or maintenance of the solar system, which will be owned by the solar company. In a PPA, you pay for the electricity produced by the system directly. This electricity costs less than the electricity provided by your utility.
Purchasing a System: Paying for your system yourself is the simplest path for owning your solar system, but the initial cost of a solar panel system can be the biggest hurdle for homeowners. A solar system generally costs between $15,000 and $30,000 before tax credits and incentives.
What’s the Difference between a Solar Lease and a PPA?
Solar leases and PPA’s are very similar to one another. Under both agreements, the solar system will be installed for free and will be owned and maintained by the installer. In many cases, the differences between leasing and entering a PPA can be purely semantic. Your path to ownership and the amount you’ll end up paying for your electricity will be about the same under either agreement.
Solar leases and PPA’s can be thought of as a rental agreement. Essentially, the solar company is renting your roof space for their solar panels, which they’ll benefit from over time through tax benefits and incentives. In exchange, you receive a reduced electricity rate, and depending on your area, the value of your home may increase with a solar system. Both parties benefit under the terms of the agreement.
To understand the difference between a solar lease and a PPA, it’s important to understand each option.
Solar Lease Agreements
Under a lease agreement, you pay nothing for the electricity produced by the system, which greatly reduces your energy bill. You’ll be required to pay a monthly rate to your solar leasing company for your use of the solar system, but there’s no upfront costs for installation and no maintenance or upkeep. The monthly cost of your solar system will be less than the cost of the electricity you’ll get from the solar system. In effect, the system is free and you’ll save money over time from your reduced electricity bill, even after paying the monthly lease cost.
In a solar lease agreement, the solar leasing company owns your system. That means they’ll also receive the associated tax benefits and incentives, which will allow them to profit off of the system installed on your home. Most solar leasing agreements are for a 20-year period, although the lease terms vary greatly between companies. At the end of your lease agreement, the solar panels can be removed from your home, or you can choose to enter into a new agreement. Many leasing companies also offer a path to ownership for the solar system, allowing you to purchase the system at market rate at any time during the leasing agreement.
Solar leases are transferrable when you sell your home. Your solar leasing company will simply enter a new agreement with the new homeowner.
Power Purchasing Agreements (PPA)
A power purchasing agreement is similar to a lease. It’s essentially a rental agreement with a solar company. The solar system will be installed and maintained by the solar company, and they’ll own your system and benefit from all tax incentives. In a PPA, you pay the solar company for the electricity produced by your system. This electricity will cost less than the electricity you used to purchase from your utility, saving you money over time. Unlike a lease, there’s no monthly cost for the system itself.
The cost of the electricity produced by the solar system is fixed, and is cheaper than your utility’s rates. The electricity purchased through your PPA will increase at a predetermined rate, usually 2-5% per year, which is generally lower than the rate of increase of your utility. You’ll start saving money on your electricity bill immediately, and the amount you save will increase over time as electricity rates increase.
Compared to a solar lease, a PPA generally ends up saving you the same amount of money. The only difference between the two systems are the terms of the agreement. Both types of agreements may or may not include a path to ownership, depending on the terms dictated by the solar company.
Choosing between a Solar Lease and a PPA
Ultimately, choosing between a solar lease and a PPA comes down to the terms of the contract; there’s no inherent benefit to either option over the long term, but the terms of each individual contract will be different depending on the solar company. Consider both options equally as you shop between solar companies for the agreement terms that suit your long-term goals.
These are some common agreement terms that should be carefully considered when you compare solar leases and PPA’s:
Monthly lease payments and electricity costs
Duration of the agreement
Purchasing options
Performance monitoring and maintenance costs
Lease/PPA transferral options (when selling your home)
Purchasing Your System
Purchasing your solar system directly from a solar company is a third option for homeowners who have the means to pay up-front for a solar installation. Solar installations generally cost between $15,000 and $30,000, but that cost is reduced in many states by a significant amount through solar tax rebates, tax credits, and incentives. Some states even offer green energy credit programs, where you can sell the electricity produced by your system back to the utility company.
Purchasing a system allows you, the homeowner, to fully benefit from tax credits and incentives. This can reduce the cost of your system and reduce the time it takes for your system to pay for itself. In states that offer incentives, your system will generally pay for itself in 4-6 years, making solar a fantastic return on investment. Once your installation costs are offset by the electricity produced by your system, it still continues to produce electricity for 30 years or more.
Homeowners can also consider taking out a personal bank loan for their solar installation. These loans usually come with 10 or 20 year terms, with interest rates between 4-8%.
Green Energy Credits (SRECs)
Many states offer a green energy credit program called the SREC market for residential and commercial solar. These programs provide a marketplace where green electricity produced by solar panels can be bought and sold. Corporations, businesses, and homeowners can purchase green energy credits from the utility company to qualify for renewable energy tax credits and incentives, an attractive option for businesses looking to market their sustainability, or businesses that cannot install solar on-site.
If you choose to sell your green energy credits back to the utility, you won’t receive any of the electricity savings from your system, but you can greatly shorten the amount of time it takes to see a return on your investment. Whether you choose to sell your credits or not, you’re still contributing to a greener electricity grid in your area.
What a Solar Lease / PPA Consultation Looks Like
Once you decide on a solar lease or PPA agreement that matches your long-term investment goals, it’s time to contact the solar company for a consultation. Once you book an appointment, a solar contractor meets with you on-site or at the contractor’s office to talk over your options for a solar system, from both a design and financing perspective.
What Does a Solar Consultant Consider?
Solar consultants who deal with the specific design of your system will evaluate your location, your home’s roof, the local climate, your energy bill, and your energy use patterns. These factors dictate the size and placement of a solar system on your property, so that it best suits your expected energy use and your budget. California is one of the best states for solar system efficiency, with an above-average number of sunny days each year.
In some cases, the location of your home, the direction your roof faces, the presence of tree cover, local snowfall rates, or a combination of these factors will impact the efficiency of a solar system enough that it won’t pay itself off. In that case, it won’t make economic sense for you to enter into a PPA or solar lease. If you’d like to install a solar system anyways because you’re passionate about contributing to green energy, the solar company you choose is usually willing to enter into a PPA or solar lease with you anyways, but you’ll pay more for the electricity or system than you’ll offset in your savings.
Consultants will also consider snow cover and soiling as potential impacts of your system’s efficiency. If your solar panels are exposed to dust from a nearby construction site or covered by snow, the overall electricity generation will be negatively impacted. A properly designed system accounts for this loss of efficiency in its design. For instance, your contractor may recommend a larger system size if you expect frequent snowfall.
Electricity Needs
Your electricity usage is a very important factor for a solar consultation. Homes that use more electricity are the best candidates for a solar system, because there is a higher potential for energy cost savings. Your energy use also changes over the course of the day, and peaks when you’re running things like air conditioning. Bringing six months of utility bills to your consultation is a good way to give your solar contractor a better idea of your usage patterns so your system can be tailored to your needs.
Understanding your energy use patterns can help you make better energy decisions to minimize your electricity usage. With some good energy use habits, you may be able to reduce the size of the system you’ll need, decreasing the total cost if you decide to purchase it from your solar lease company or PPA later on.
Step One: Designing a Solar System
A solar contractor analyzes your roof space to install a solar system that will receive maximum sun exposure. The longer a solar panel is exposed to direct sunlight, the more electricity it produces in a given day. A good design optimizes sun exposure and matches the system size to your energy use habits.
Once your system is designed, the engineering team analyzes your home to ensure that the integrity of your roof and electrical panel matches the safety specifications of the solar system. If your roof needs to be retrofitted to bear the weight of a solar system, many solar contractors are qualified roofing contractors or have a roofing specialist that they frequently consult with. Some solar companies may ask that you upgrade your electrical panel to handle the electricity produced by the system. SouthWest Sun Solar and the best solar contractors offer an electrical panel upgrade at no additional cost.
The better solar contractors also take the aesthetics of a system into account when designing a system. More advanced installations minimize the appearance of the “rack” or structure that secures the panels. Having your solar system aligned symmetrically with the angles of your roof can result in a more pleasing aesthetic.
Step Two: City and Utility Company Approval
Your local governance and your local utility company both need to sign off on the design of a solar system before you can tie it into the electrical grid. This ensures that the system meets any local ordinances for system size or placement, and ensures that the electricity company is ready to manage the electricity produced by your system. Almost all solar systems are grid-tied; your electricity flows directly to the power grid, and your energy savings is calculated through net metering, which allows your utility to credit you for the power your system produces.
Experienced solar companies are accustomed to working with your city and your utility company, and will design a system that meets the approval standards. The best solar contractors, including SouthWest Sun Solar, will even manage all of the permitting paperwork for your system for you, ensuring that the system is approved for all necessary permits with no additional inconvenience for the homeowner.
Step Three: Solar System Installation
Once your system is approved, the installation of your solar system can begin. This is where it pays to hire a high quality solar contractor because they will coordinate all necessary steps of the installation from start to finish. Once the system is complete, your contractor should also contact your city and utility to schedule final inspection of the system. Once your system is approved by both parties, your solar contractor is authorized to connect your system to the grid.
SouthWest Sun Solar and other high quality solar contractors take care of all these steps for you. Once the initial consultation is complete, all of the legwork for design, approval, installation, and activation will be handled for you, minimizing the inconvenience of the process and ensuring the installation is completed in a timely manner.
For a more in depth look at a timeline of a solar panel installation, reference our guide here.
Energy Rates
The cost of energy from your utility is a big consideration for your solar system. A good solar contractor will be intimately familiar with your local electricity rates, and some common usage patterns unique to your area.
In areas with cheaper electricity, it’s harder to offset the cost of your system over time. Areas with the highest electricity rates stand to benefit the most from the free electricity produced by a solar system. For residents of California, the cost of electricity from the utility company is significantly higher than the national average, making solar a very attractive option for homeowners.
Currently, electricity in California averages between 50 and 65% above the national average. Coupled with the sunny weather California enjoys year-round, a solar system will quickly offset its own cost. Los Angeles, Orange County, and Riverside all have a significantly lower cost of electricity from residential solar when compared to the cost of solar from the utility, so homeowners can be confident about the savings of a PPA, solar lease, or purchased solar system.
Conclusion
For Californians, solar offers a remarkably good return on investment. PPA’s and solar leases offer options for homeowners to reduce their energy bill without the upfront costs of owning a solar system directly. Each of the three solar installation options have different benefits and drawbacks, but all three offer a pathway to long-term savings. All three options also create more alternative energy production, reducing the nation’s dependence on fossil fuels and contributing to a healthier, greener planet.
Whether you’re invested in your bottom line or in saving the planet, solar power is a clear winner.
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Every weekday, a CNNHealth expert doctor answers a viewer question. On Wednesdays, it's Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society.
I started smoking socially in high school and still do. How long would it take for someone like me develop lung cancer?
Asked by Tom of Cleveland
Expert Answer
Dear Tom,
There have been several questions about smoking recently. I thought your question really important. In answer to it, there is no such thing as a safe amount of cigarette smoking. I urge you to quit. Studies show that it is far easier for a light smoker to quit than someone who smokes a pack and a half or more per day.
Also keep in mind there is no such thing as a safer cigarette. The risk of lung cancer does increase with both the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years a person has smoked. A 35-year-old male who smokes fewer than 25 cigarettes per day is estimated to have a 9% lifetime chance of dying of lung cancer, whereas 25 cigarettes per day or more gives him an 18% lifetime chance of dying of lung cancer. There are some estimates that lifetime risk of lung cancer in a very heavy smoker is about 30% overall, whereas it is 1% or less in nonsmokers. This translates into about a third of very heavy smokers developing lung cancer. Also, 15 to 20 of every 100 patients who have lung cancer are lifelong nonsmokers. Some get it because of secondhand smoke and some get it for unknown reasons.
People who start smoking at younger ages are at higher risk later in life. Lung cancer rates begin increasing in the mid to late 40s and peak in the late 70s. Many people think low tar or filtered cigarettes are safer. The truth is most people will compensate for these cigarettes by inhaling deeper and/or smoking more cigarettes in order to satisfy their need for nicotine.
While you ask about lung cancer, it is important to remember that occasional cigarette use can increase risk of cardiovascular disease dramatically. This is very pertinent, because cigarette smoking kills more people from cardiovascular diseases (heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease) than all cancers combined. It is a common observation that a town that makes smoking in public illegal lowers it heart attack rate within six months. This is primarily because the decrease in secondhand smoke exposure decreases the number of heart attacks in nonsmokers. Just think about the dose of smoke to even a casual smoker over six months compared to a nonsmoker exposed to occasional secondhand smoke.
Cigarette smoking is linked to a number of diseases. Lung cancer is most famously associated, but tobacco smoking causes cancers of the head and neck (mouth, throat, sinuses), esophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, bladder, uterine cervix and even certain types of leukemia. Fourteen different cancers in all are caused by smoking. Smoking also causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as bronchitis and emphysema. It worsens asthma. Smoking is linked to high blood pressure, ulcers, osteoporosis, diabetes and reproductive disorders such as infertility, miscarriage and premature menopause.
There are significant benefits to smoking cessation. Most tobacco-related disease can be prevented if one stops smoking by age 40. Even for older people and for those with tobacco-related disease, there is significant benefit to smoking cessation. Short-term, cessation causes cravings, irritability, insomnia, anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating and restlessness. Some may have a worsening of the smoker's cough. Long term, many complain of weight gain and increased depression.
Someone who is thinking of quitting should seek counseling from a physician or other experienced health care professional. Nicotine gum, nicotine patches and some other medications can be very helpful with smoking cessation. Counseling through telephone quit lines and internet support groups can also be helpful.
Post by: Dr. Otis Brawley - CNNHealth Conditions Expert
Filed under: Cancer • Expert Q&A
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In two of Indochina's three countries it was possible to reduce the number of U.S. (in Vietnam ) and proxy (in Laos ) troops while working out a negotiated agreement with the enemy. In Cambodia , though, the situation was different. A negotiated settlement was not arrived at: on the one hand, the Khmer Rouge resisted North Vietnamese pressure for a cease-fire; on the other hand, although, at U.S. urging, Lon Nol duly offered a cease fire, what he proposed was extremely one-sided. The war thus continued, with the U.S. resorting to the increasingly heavy bombing strikes described elsewhere on this site. This policy led to an even stronger reaction than was induced when Nixon merely spoke of bombing in Vietnam: newspapers and members of Congress forcefully questioned both the legality and the reasonableness of continuing to bomb Cambodia when the U.S. no longer had ground troops fighting anywhere in the region (and thus could no longer make the argument that the bombing helped protect the troops). By May, even Republicans and conservative Democrats were revolting, and the House of Representatives voted to cut off funds for all combat activities in Cambodia after 30 June. The Senate, for good measure, amended the measure to cover Laos as well; and then both houses of Congress broadened the legislation still further to cover North and South Vietnam . Although he vetoed this bill, Nixon knew that the game was up, and he reluctantly agreed to a measure which banned all U.S. combat operations in Indochina starting on 15 August. There was, as we saw in the other Cambodia writeup, a final paroxysm of bombing in June, July, and August, and that was the end: from then on, Cambodia would only receive military and economic aid. 1
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In Charms class, Harry, Ron, and Hermione are learning Banishing charms, the opposite of Summoning. Fortunately, the class noise and confusion muffles their private conversation. Harry reveals that for the second task, he must find a way to breathe underwater for one hour and recover whatever the Merpeople have taken from him. He also says Mr. Crouch was in Snape's office the previous night. Hermione is curious as to why Mr. Crouch would be there. Harry remembers Moody saying that Professor Dumbledore believes in second chances, and he wonders just what Snape did to warrant one.
As requested, Harry sends an owl letter to Sirius recapping everything that happened. Over the next several weeks, he, Hermione, and Ron scour the library searching for ways to breathe underwater, but to no avail. An owl letter from Sirius that arrives the day before the second task briefly cheers Harry, but it turns out that Sirius only wants to know when the Hogsmeade weekend is. Harry responds, and glumly goes to Care of Magical Creatures class.
Hagrid appears to have given up on the Blast-Ended Skrewts, as only two are left. In an apparent attempt to prove he can teach as well as Professor Grubbly-Plank, he continues the lesson about unicorns, and actually seems to know a great deal about them. Today, he has captured a pair of foals, and Parvati and Lavender are absolutely delighted. Taking Harry aside, Hagrid says he is sure Harry can beat the second challenge. Harry is too nervous to answer.
Later, Harry, Hermione, and Ron race through spell-books looking for ways to breathe underwater. Fred and George appear, telling Ron and Hermione to report to Professor McGonagall. When the library closes, Harry carries as many books as he can back to the Gryffindor common room. After Harry frantically searches all the books without finding anything, Ron and Hermione have still not returned. Putting on his Invisibility Cloak, Harry returns to the library where he finally falls asleep reading spell-books by wand light.
Dobby wakes him mere minutes before the second task. Harry thinks it is too late to compete, but Dobby says Harry must retrieve his "Wheezy". Harry finally understands that "Wheezy" is Ron. Dobby says he knows that Harry did not find the right spell, so he did: Gillyweed. Harry arrives at the lake just in time for the second task. Percy Weasley is upset when Ludo Bagman insists Harry be given a moment to catch his breath. Ludo privately asks Harry if he is okay and has a plan. Replying more confidently than he actually feels, Harry responds that he does.
At the off, Harry chews the Gillyweed. Suddenly, gills sprout on his neck and webs appear between his toes. Unable to breathe, he dives into the water and sets off. Grindylows attack and he jinxes them off. Moaning Myrtle appears and indicates which way Harry should travel. In the deepest part of the lake, Harry finds a sizable, if crude, Mermish village. Tied to a large statue in the "village square" are four figures: Ron, Hermione, Cho Chang, and a young girl who Harry guesses is Fleur's sister.
The Mermish guards do nothing to interfere, but they refuse Harry's attempt to borrow a spear to cut Ron free. Harry finds a sharp stone and uses it to free Ron. Worried that the other Champions have not appeared, he also tries to free Hermione, but is stopped by the Mermish guards. Harry is still arguing with them when Cedric arrives with a large air bubble around his head. He urges Harry to get going, Fleur and Krum are almost there. Cutting Cho free, he heads for the surface with her. Krum appears with his head transformed into a shark's head; he is unable to bite through Hermione's ropes, so Harry hands him his sharp rock, which Krum uses to cut her free. With Hermione, Krum then heads to the surface.
When Fleur does not appear, Harry attempts to free the last hostage but the mermen again stop him. Harry finally threatens them with his wand, and they retreat. Harry frees the girl, and with her and Ron in tow, he nervously heads to the surface, accompanied by the mermen. Harry's watch has stopped, and he worries that they might be pulled back down when the hour is up. As the surface appears, the Gillyweed wears off. Harry barely makes it to the top. Wild, green-haired faces surround him, but they are all smiling. Ron and the girl wake up and are looking around. A great cheer erupts from the stands, and Harry gets Ron to help with the girl. On the shore, Madam Pomfrey is treating Cedric, Cho, Krum, and Hermione. Fleur is restrained by Madame Maxime from throwing herself into the lake to get to her sister. Ludo Bagman and Dumbledore are beaming, and Percy, looking somehow younger, runs into the lake to help Ron.
Once everyone is ashore, Fleur runs to hug her sister, Gabrielle, saying she was stopped by the Grindylows. Madam Pomfrey wraps Harry tightly in a blanket and administers a pepper-up potion. Hermione compliments Harry on figuring out the task on his own, but seeing that Krum is listening, Harry decides to tell her later that Dobby helped him. Krum, possibly to regain Hermione's attention, points out that she has a water beetle in her hair which Hermione brushes away. Harry is now feeling rather silly and embarrassed. First Ron, and then Hermione pointed out that Dumbledore would never have allowed them to die, so his staying to make sure all the hostages were rescued was pointless.
Fleur approaches Harry, saying that he saved her sister when he did not have to, and kisses him twice on each cheek. Fleur swoops to kiss Ron as well, saying he also helped. Hermione, behind his back, looks furious.
Meanwhile, Dumbledore has been talking with the chieftainess of the mermen, and has conferred with the other judges. Now, Ludo announces the standings. Fleur, although using the Bubble-Head Charm, failed to rescue her hostage and only gets 25 points; Cedric Diggory, also using the Bubble-Head Charm, brought his hostage to the surface one minute outside the allotted hour, getting 47 points; Viktor Krum, using a partial Transfiguration, returned second with his hostage for 40 points. Harry Potter returned last, but according to the Merchieftainess' report, arrived at the hostages first, and was delayed by his determination to free all the hostages, not only his own. Most of the judges feel this shows moral fiber and deserves high marks despite finishing last. Harry is awarded 45 points, tying him for first place overall with Cedric.
The next task is scheduled for the 24th of June; the Champions will be briefed about its nature exactly one month prior. Harry is immensely relieved that the second task is over, and there is nothing to worry about until 24 June. He resolves that next Hogsmeade trip, he will buy Dobby a year's supply of socks.
Phân tích[sửa]
This chapter is particularly revealing regarding Harry's personality, and his performance during the second task reflects how he behaves in most difficult situations. As the first Champion to reach the tethered hostages (with help from Moaning Myrtle), Harry then feels obligated to ensure that the other three "victims" are rescued. Though Harry behaved admirably during the first task by tipping off Cedric about the Dragons, here his reasoning is actually flawed. It never occurs to him that every possible precaution has been implemented to ensure the volunteers' safety. Harry also becomes so carried away that he believes the Merpeople are a threat, when they are merely acting as referees. And rather than heading for the surface with Ron, guaranteeing a win, Harry instead waits for the other Champions to arrive and retrieve their hostages, then insists on "rescuing" Gabrielle when Fleur fails to show. Only later does Harry realize how foolishly he behaved when Ron and Hermione insist they were always safe and that Dumbledore would never jeopardize any student's life. It actually would have been more logical for Harry to search for the missing Fleur, as the Triwizard Champions lack the same protection as the volunteers.
As Harry has been destined since birth as the "Chosen One," his ongoing conflict with Voldemort has skewed his overall thinking somewhat, and, in his mind, the battle has become his burden alone to carry, his mission to accomplish by himself. As a result, Harry feels compelled to rush in and be the hero whenever he feels others are threatened, even those able to fight their own battles; this will probably make him dangerously predictable to his enemies later on. While Harry feels he must face most obstacles alone, he is only able to compete in the Tournament because others such as Hermione, Moody, Dobby, Cedric, and Hagrid have guided him, and we expect will continue to do so. While Harry is gradually learning to rely on others, he is still generally reluctant to accept outside help, especially when it is offered by suspicious characters like Ludo Bagman, who Harry now suspects is using him for some ulterior motive.
Harry's misguided heroism is still rewarded after Dumbledore persuades the judges to assign Harry extra points for "moral fiber." And though Harry foolishly protected the hostages from a nonexistent danger, this act shines an important light on Harry's character, suggesting strongly that under real dangerous circumstances, he would never abandon others in peril, even to save himself.
Harry is also learning that things are sometimes other than what they initially appear to be. The Merpeople are first introduced to readers as beautiful ethereal creatures, as represented by the stylized painting in the Prefects' bathroom and Muggle mythology. As he was with the Veela, Harry is rather shocked to discover that the Merpeople's true appearance is far different. Once again, the author shows that beauty, or the lack of it, rarely accurately reflect any person's inner character, although our initial assumptions about someone or something are often based on superficial physical traits. And echoing Dumbledore's statement to Harry in the second book, while appearance may legitimately represent someone's character to a limited degree, it is mostly one's actions that determine who and what an individual or group truly are. While Merpeople have a rather hideous and scary appearance, they are benign beings loyal to Dumbledore and Hogwarts. Harry, forgetting this was only a competition, gets a little carried away with his "rescue mission" and rushes to judgment when faced with something unknown; he adopts a defensive and threatening posture against the Mermen, based more on appearances than actions, even though the more detached reader can see they are only acting as Tournament officials.
It is interesting to note the selection of hostages, who is seen as the most valuable hostage for each Champion. It is also interesting to note that no champion is at all confused about which hostage he is meant to rescue. Harry in particular could have defended rescuing either Hermione or Cho, the former because she is his friend as Ron is, the latter out of hopes for a "hero's reward". The author may have included Dobby's telling Harry that he had to "save his Wheezy" specifically to reinforce that it was Ron that Harry was to reclaim; otherwise, Harry might have had trouble deciding which of the captives he should concentrate on.
Curiously, Harry seems to pay little attention to Cho Chang immediately after the event. He notices Madame Pomfrey tending to her injuries, but following that, he focuses on Hermione, Ron, and the judges. This may indicate that his infatuation, if that is what it is, with Cho may be waning, or is less than he thought it was.
It is interesting that Hermione is apparently angry when Fleur kisses Ron, even though it is quite innocent and Viktor Krum is also attempting to attract Hermione's attention. Although Harry is in no state to notice Hermione's furious expression when she witnesses this, we are presumably meant to see it, as it hints that Hermione may have serious feelings for Ron.
The Grindylows are seen again, the first time being in Professor Lupin's office in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. At that time, it was noted that the Grindylow's fingers are extraordinarily long and relatively easy to break, but Harry does not use this information when he is attacked.
One must wonder why Fleur is portrayed as having so much trouble getting past the Grindylows. She must be among the best that Beauxbatons has to offer, or Madame Maxime would not have brought her to the Tournament, and yet her magic seems, comparatively, rather weak. We are not presented with any reason for this portrayal.
The "water-beetle" in Hermione's hair should be noted.
Câu hỏi[sửa]
Các câu hỏi tìm hiểu dưới đây mọi người tự trả lời để hiểu thêm về truyện. Vui lòng không viết câu trả lời vào đây.
Review[sửa]
Why does Harry stay and help the other Champions with the task, allowing them to reach the surface before he does?
Was Gabrielle in any danger? What prompted Harry to rescue her?
What do Ron and Hermione tell Harry after the second task, and why does that embarrass him?
Were the judges justified in awarding Harry extra points for "moral fiber"? Just what did Harry do to earn that?
Further Study[sửa]
The other Champions were prepared for the second task. Why were Harry, Ron, and Hermione unable to find a spell for breathing underwater?
Why does Hermione look so furious just after the task? Why did Krum try to distract her?
Why might Sirius want to know when the next Hogsmeade weekend is?
Greater Picture[sửa]
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The "water-beetle" is Rita Skeeter, who is an unregistered Animagus. Overhearing the private conversation between Hermione and Viktor, she will use that as the basis of a scurrilous story that appears in Witch Weekly in the next chapter. That story creates a rift between Hermione and Mrs. Weasley that will remain unresolved until near the book's end.
Harry's need to be the "hero" will play a crucial, and ultimately tragic, role in book 5, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Hermione later admonishes Harry for always wanting to rush to the rescue, even when there is no real danger, and cites the underwater "hostages" as an example. Despite her warning, when Harry receives a vision that Voldemort is torturing Sirius, his impulse is to immediately rush to save him without verifying first that it is a genuine vision or considering whether or not his predictable behavior is being manipulated to lure him into a trap.
It remains uncertain why the Trio were unable to find a charm that would allow Harry to remain underwater for an hour, when two of the competitors apparently knew of, and used, the bubble-head charm. We can only speculate that in his frantic rush to find anything that would help Harry, the Trio were scanning, and dismissing, spells and methods based only on their names. The name "Bubble-Head Charm" could, in the heat of the moment, be dismissed as being a prank charm that makes one's head blow up like a bubble, or that makes bubbles come out of one's head.
The groundwork for an alliance between Hogwarts (in the person of Hermione) and Durmstrang (represented by Krum) is seemingly being laid here. By the time this is actually useful, Krum will have graduated – as he did not grow a beard when crossing the Age Line, he must have been at least 17-years-old, making him either a sixth or seventh year student – but he may well have some influence in that part of the world. In fact, while Krum will reappear in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, his contribution will be more personal: the alliance will be with Hermione rather than with Hogwarts, and will simply allow Harry to remember a specific fact that will be useful in his quest.
Connections[sửa]
Grindylows were first seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, where Professor Lupin was teaching them to his Defence Against the Dark Arts class. Curiously, Harry does not make use of what Professor Lupin taught him about their weak points.
This is the first time we see the Bubble-Head Charm. While the method of casting this spell is never mentioned, it is noted that, after the departure of the Twins in book 5, other students vying for the position of school troublemaker litter the halls with dungbombs. The Bubble-Head Charm is used to lessen the effect of the bombardment on individual students.
The hostage that Viktor Krum is to recover is Hermione. Earlier, Hermione was Krum's date at the Yule Ball. Later in this book, Krum will ask Harry if Harry is Hermione's boyfriend. Clearly, Krum is developing a romantic interest in Hermione, an interest that will not be reciprocated, though it will irritate Ron, keep Krum writing to Hermione, and ensure his attendance at Bill and Fleur's wedding. As noted, Krum's attendance at that wedding will provide Harry with a vital piece of information, one much less likely to occur to him if Krum were not physically present.
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Home/Entertainment/Danny Cipriani reveals he’s married fiancee Victoria in a low-key informal ceremony
Entertainment
Danny Cipriani reveals he’s married fiancee Victoria in a low-key informal ceremony
April 27, 2021
11 minutes read
Danny Cipriani, 33, has married grandmother and mental health campaigner Victoria Rose, 40, in a low-key ceremony.
The former rugby ace announced the news on Instagram on Tuesday as he penned: ‘Officially Mrs Cipriani @victoriarosecipriani – married my best friend today!!’
The English rugby union player shared pictures from their small legal ceremony, which showed the newlyweds cosying up outside with just a handful of close friends and relatives present.
Newlyweds! Danny Cipriani revealed he’s married fiancée Victoria in a low-key ceremony as he shared pictures from their big day on Instagram
Weddings and civil partnership ceremonies are currently permitted to take place with up to 15 people in COVID-19 secure venues.
His new wife also shared snaps from the ceremony as she penned: ‘Today we officially became Mr & Mrs Cipriani in a small intimate setting with our nearest and dearest.
‘We are looking forward to our big day Caribbean style when travel is permitted.
‘Cheers to love, laughter, but especially to our happily ever after. Our adventure begins @dannycipriani87 I love you ♥️’.
Sweet: The former rugby ace announced the news on Instagram on Tuesday as he penned, ‘Officially Mrs Cipriani @victoriarosecipriani – married my best friend today!!’
Sweet: The couple shared their big news on Instagram as they gushed over their wedding day, with Victoria promising this would only be the first ceremony they have
The couple opted for informal looks for the ceremony, with Danny sporting an untucked white short and grey trousers with trainers.
Blushing bride Victoria stuck with tradition and wore white, but opted for a ribbed knitted midi dress that she teamed with pink court heels.
The mental health worker added to the glamour by draping herself in a Louis Vuitton shawl and donned a blingy silver watch.
Danny’s new wife was born Victoria Rose O’Callaghan and is from Derby, but has also used the surnames Hare and Newbold throughout her life.
Victoria, who has previously dated Alex Reid, is a mum to two kids – Jade Austin, 25, and her teenage son, 15, which means Danny is set to become a step-dad to her brood.
She is also a grandmother, as her daughter Jade became a mum five years ago.
Sweet: Victoria shared a snap from their small legal ceremony with her son Kameron as she explained that the pair were still planning on having a wedding in the Caribbean later on
The couple announced their engagement in August last year just two months after going public with their romance.
Danny confirmed the news on Instagram as he wrote: ‘You make me the happiest man in the world.
‘I love waking up with you every morning, not knowing which one of our personalities is going to arise, and how we fall in love with each other over and over again.
Bridal bliss: Blushing bride Victoria stuck with tradition and wore white, but opted for a ribbed knitted midi dress that she teamed with pink court heels
Keeping it small: Weddings and civil partnership ceremonies are currently permitted to take place with up to 15 people in COVID-19 secure venues
‘You make every day so much better, I can’t wait to get home from training every day to see you. I can’t imagine life without you. You make me want to be the best man I possibly can for you and our family.
‘You are my now wife to be. I can’t wait to marry you in October. You’re my lover my best friend, you are so loyal, incredibly intelligent, sexy with so much class. I learn from you all the time.’
He continued: ‘I will never get complacent, you deserve the greatest love every day. We could be doing absolutely nothing for days on end as long as I’m with you.
‘My dream of finding the one I never thought would come true. And it has. I vow to you I’m going to turn up every day. Love and support you for the rest of our lives. Love you @rosierosee_’.
Sharing the news: The couple announced their engagement in August last year after two months of dating, sharing a sweet snap that Victoria captioned, ‘Mrs Cipriani to be’
‘I can’t wait to marry you in October’: Danny shared this sweet post alongside his happy announcement
The Cheltenham-based hunk was in a public and high-profile relationship with model Kelly Brook between 2008 and 2010.
Danny then dated actress Lindsay Lohan in 2010, and Katie Price in 2011. His other former flames include Kirsty Gallacher and Caroline, who tragically took her own life in February 2020.
Danny recently looked back over the ‘challenging’ year he faced in 2020, which included the loss of a baby and the death of his ex-girlfriend Caroline Flack.
The ex factor: Among Danny’s former flames are brunettes including Kelly Brook (left) who he dated between 2008 and 2010 and Katie Price (right) who he dated in 2011
Former flames: Danny also dated Lindsay Lohan in 2010 (left) and also enjoyed a six-month with Kirsty Gallagher in 2016
Tragic: Danny also dated Caroline Flack briefly in 2019. Months before the loss of his baby, Caroline took her own life in February 2020 aged 40. Pictured in 2019
The rugby ace was left devastated when Love Island host Caroline – who he briefly dated in 2019 before they went on to become friends – took her own life at her north-east London home on February 15 aged 40.
FROM DRINK-FUELLED SCANDALS TO BITTER LOVE AFFAIRS: A LOOK BACK AT DANNY’S BAD BOY PAST
2008: Before he pulled on his first England jersey, he was kicked out of the 2008 Six Nations squad for ‘inappropriate behaviour’ after being photographed leaving a nightclub
The rugby star also had a training pitch bust-up with fellow England player Josh Lewsey in which he was left nursing a bloody nose and cut lip
2011: After moving to Australia he was accused of taking a bottle of vodka from a Melbourne bar and was fined by his club, the Rebels.
2013: Danny vowed to have therapy for ‘deep issues’ after it emerged that he betrayed girlfriend Kelly Brook by sending lewd texts to at least seven other women.
2015: Danny was arrested for drunk-driving after the car he was driving was involved in a collision with a taxi at 05:15.
He was convicted after a five-day trial for drunk-driving, ordered to pay a total of £7,620 in fines and costs and banned from driving for 18 months.
Danny was involved in a verbal confrontation with coach Mike Catt at England’s Surrey HQ after being told he would not be in the final World Cup squad
2018: During a pre-season tour in Jersey, Danny was arrested after an incident at a nightclub in St Helier.
He was charged with common assault on a doorman, larceny, assault on a police woman, resisting arrest and being disorderly on licensed premises later that day.
And as he grappled with his ‘intense’ grief in the weeks and months that followed, Danny faced another setback with the heartbreaking news that he and his fiancée Victoria, 40, had lost the baby they were expecting.
With the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global lockdowns from March only serving to compound the trauma, the sportsman has admitted he struggled to cope.
‘It was a challenging year,’ he told Sportsmail in January. ‘I was grieving for my friend and we had a week off, so I went to LA, then COVID hit.
‘I couldn’t get back and I was there for three months. It’s obviously a beautiful place to be but I hadn’t been there for three months before and I was going through that (grieving).
‘I think grievance happens in different stages. Mine was very intense. At different times, it comes and goes. There are moments when you remember that person. You have to remember the happy times and I don’t think that ever disappears.’
And while dealing with Caroline’s passing and the unceremonious halting of the rugby season, Danny – who last month stepped back from his playing duties for Gloucester – was hit with further tragic news.
He recalled: ‘During that period, when the season was stopped, we also lost a baby. I think, as the male, I had a delayed on-set of grief about that.
‘You try to pick your partner up and you don’t realise at the time the effect it has on you. We went through that process together and we are really strong now. We’re in a really good position to start trying again and we’re happy about that.’
Indeed, the star appears to be in the throes of joy with his partner Victoria after announcing their engagement via an Instagram comment in August last year.
Sharing the news, Victoria posted a snap of her in bed with Danny with him kissing her hand. She wrote ‘Mrs Cipriani to be’ alongside a ring emoji.
As well as changing her surname to his on Instagram Danny revealed he planned to marry Victoria as soon as possible – becoming a stepfather to her two children, daughter Jade, 24, and son Kameron, 14.
The sportsman will also take on the role of step-grandfather after Victoria’s daughter Jade became a mother four years ago.
Caroline tragically took her own life at her home in Stoke Newington, a day after learning the CPS would be pursuing a case of assault against her following a row with boyfriend Lewis Burton at her home the previous December.
Less than two weeks after Caroline’s shocking death, Danny took to Instagram to share the last messages he had exchanged with the popular TV personality.
In the messages, he revealed that she called him ‘black dot’ and that he spoke to her about ‘working in an industry that doesn’t suit him’ and she spoke about ‘the court case coming up’.
Challenging year: Danny recently looked back over the ‘challenging’ year he faced in 2020, which included the loss of a baby and the death of his ex-girlfriend Caroline Flack.
Beau: Caroline tragically took her own life a day after learning the CPS would be pursuing a case of assault against her following a row with boyfriend Lewis Burton. Pictured in 2019
Remembering the happy times: Speaking of how he dealt with his ‘intense’ grief, Danny said, ‘You have to remember the happy times and I don’t think that ever disappears’
He revealed Caroline called him ‘black dot’ because he had changed his WhatsApp profile to a black dot because he felt he couldn’t trust people in his contacts.
He penned: ‘Black dot. Before I start. This is my grieving process. Which is talking. A lot. Which my friends and family and teammates have had to take this last 10 days because I’m grieving.
‘And I’m grieving hard. Hence I’m talking a lot. I’m not sure I’d be strong enough if I didn’t understand or see myself in her. Pain is pain. It doesn’t matter if you’ve lost a cat. Or been called a name. No ones pain is worse or less.
‘Because it is individual to them and how they take it. So… Black dot. If you judge the first pic you see a black dot. But i didn’t really know what she meant when she called me black dot. Until her best friend told me on Sunday last week.
Support: Less than two weeks after Caroline’s death, Danny posted these messages on social media as he shared a glimpse into how much he and the late star had supported one another
Pouring his heart out: He penned this post to talk about his feelings and the grieving process
‘”She used to call you black dot, now i know, your WhatsApp pic is a black dot” – so i changed my WhatsApp pic to a black dot about 5 months ago because i felt there were people who had my number who i couldn’t trust.
‘Ultimately I would have let them into my life. So ultimately I would have to ask myself why. Anyway. This story is about the beauty she found in a situation i found uncomfortable.
‘”I’m just talking to black dot” she would say. She was kind beyond belief. And she would think i am crazy doing all this. But i know she would be proud. I’m taking lent off social media. Thank you all for the kind messages.
‘And all the lovely response. Thank you for the bad response. It’s my story. And i did it for me. Then her – she wasn’t allowed to talk to her BF throughout the case because of the law. He wanted the charges dropped. They wanted to pursue.
Opening up: Last year, Danny opened up about his past mental-health struggles in a heartbreaking 18-minute video posted on his Instagram account. Pictured in 2018
‘I am not pointing fingers. The CPS and police do a good job. Just saying we can’t always do a good job. This is my grieving process.
‘Our greatest strength is our greatest weakness ❤️ ps – I was shown how to disable comments. So I’m going to do so on this post.
‘Because it’s for me and my grieving process. But in a month i will be back on social because that’s 2020 and this is me navigating my way through life.’
Danny’s post was shared days after he bravely took to social media to reveal he once tried to buy a gun to kill himself.
Cipriani opened up about his past mental-health struggles in a heartbreaking 18-minute video posted on his Instagram account.
The famous rugby fly-half said that he had been talking with Caroline for the three to four months leading up to her death.
Happy times: The star appears to be in the throes of joy with his partner Victoria after announcing their engagement via an Instagram comment in August last year
He said that the TV presenter tried to contact him just hours before she tragically took her own life.
Danny said he felt ‘safe’ sharing everything with Caroline, and claimed ‘it was ultimately embarrassment and shame that killed her’.
He was unable to take the call or respond to her message because he was playing for Gloucester against Exeter in the Gallagher Premiership.
In the video, the former England superstar revealed that he went through ‘severe depression’ aged 22, and contemplated committing suicide.
He also spoke of causing himself ‘pain’ with ‘meaningless sex or painkillers or drinking alcohol’.
Cipriani said: ‘Someone that I loved as a person very dearly and someone I’m very close to has decided to take her own life, as everyone knows.
‘I’ve been speaking to her for the last three, four months. We’ve always been in contact since we were together, since we weren’t. It’s always been a loving friendship.
‘I was so vulnerable with her in my moment, when we first met, and I told her everything about me because I felt safe with her.’
‘I told her all the things I was embarrassed and shameful about. And she made me feel OK. And ultimately it was embarrassment and shame that killed her.
‘So I’m telling everyone now what my most embarrassing and shameful moments are, because I know she knew I had the strength to do this.’
Family bond: When the couple wed, the sportsman will also take on the role of step-grandfather after Victoria’s daughter Jade became a mother four years ago
An emotional Danny said: ‘When I was 22, I was going through severe depression. I was seeing a psychiatrist. I met a guy who was at a nightclub, he ended up being around.
‘I knew he was a bad man, was in the scene, trying to make his way in whatever he was doing. I decided at this point it was time for me to take my own life and I tried to buy a gun from him.
‘And I pulled out. Then I tried to buy it again, but I pulled out. This went on for two months. I couldn’t do it. Because I had some fight in me. That was something that I went through and I’ve had to carry that.’
It is believed the former Wasps player had joined the Melbourne Rebels when he considered buying a gun.
If you have been affected by this story, you can call the Samaritans on 116 123 or visit www.samaritans.org
Departure: Last month, Danny abruptly left his rugby team Gloucester, announcing plans to take a break from the sport that helped make him a household name. Pictured in 2019
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Ida 2 is a 32-bit instruction set using a 24-bit address space. Ida 2 has a few key features. First, every instruction contains a slot for conditionally executing that instruction. Second, every instruction has a field used for registers or immediate values, the preference for which is given by a single bit within the instruction.
In Ida 2, all types of data are 32-bit words. Memory is word-addressed. Memory addresses are 24 bits each. Ida 2 features separated read-only instruction memory and read-write data memory. Only data memory can be loaded from or stored to, specifically using the MLD and MST instructions.
Encodings
Ida 2 uses three primary instruction types. The type of an instruction is simply defined by the number of arguments it requires. Each type of instruction additionally encodes a secondary format: whether it has a register or an immediate as its final argument.
Register Formats
When the immediate-indicating 24th bit is off, the final argument is a register: $RI. Note that all fields are in identical places for each of these three types. Furthermore note that these formats contain unused slots.
TYPE 3128 2725 24 2320 1916 154 30
1-ARG OPCODE ?CQ 0 - $RI
2-ARG OPCODE ?CQ 0 $RD - $RI
3-ARG OPCODE ?CQ 0 $RD $RS - $RI
Immediate Formats
When the immediate-indicating 24th bit is on, the final argument is an immediate value. Note that all other aspects of the format exactly match the register formats described previously. However, these formats now contain no unused slots.
TYPE 3128 2725 24 2320 1916 150
1-ARG OPCODE ?CQ 1 IMM24
2-ARG OPCODE ?CQ 1 $RD IMM20
3-ARG OPCODE ?CQ 1 $RD $RS IMM16
Note
The reason for having multiple primary types is to use as many bits as possible for the immediate fields. In particular, any 1-ARG instruction can reference an entire 24-bit address using just its immediate field.
The purpose of the ?CQ field in each instruction will be explained later in this manual.
Instruction Set
Register-Immediates
In the rest of this document, the following terms are used to refer to either an instruction's $RI register or to the sign-extended immediate value for immediate instructions. Whether the following terms refer to $RI or a sign-extended immediate depends on whether the immediate bit (described previously) is on or off.
TERM REGISTER IMMEDIATE
RI16 $RI SignExt32←16(IMM16)
RI20 $RI SignExt32←20(IMM20)
RI24 $RI SignExt32←24(IMM24)
It is worth underscoring that all immediate values are always sign-extended into 32-bit values, for every instruction.
Instructions
INSTRUCTION OPCODE TYPE SYNTAX RTL OPERATION
Shift Left Logical 00 3-ARG SHL ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← $RS << RI16[4:0]
Shift Right Logical 01 3-ARG SHR ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← $RS >> RI16[4:0]
And 02 3-ARG AND ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← $RS & RI16
Inclusive Or 03 3-ARG IOR ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← $RS | RI16
Exclusive Or 04 3-ARG XOR ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← $RS ^ RI16
Set Upper 05 3-ARG STU ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← {RI16[15:0], $RS[15:0]}
Multiplication 06 3-ARG MUL ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← $RS * RI16
Signed Division 07 3-ARG DIV ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← $RS / RI16
Subtraction 08 3-ARG SUB ?CQ $RD RI16 $RS $RD ← RI16 - $RS
Addition 09 3-ARG ADD ?CQ $RD $RS RI16 $RD ← $RS + RI16
Memory Load 10 3-ARG MLD ?CQ $RD RI16($RS) $RD ← MEM(($RS + RI16)[23:0])
Memory Store 11 3-ARG MST ?CQ $RD RI16($RS) MEM(($RS + RI16)[23:0]) ← $RD
Set Lower 12 2-ARG STL ?CQ $RD RI20 $RD ← RI20
Signed Comparison 13 2-ARG CMP ?CQ $RD RI20 $CR ← $RD ? RI20
Link To Offset From $PC 14 2-ARG LNK ?CQ $RD RI20 $RD ← SignExt32←24($PC) + RI20
Jump To Address 15 1-ARG JMP ?CQ RI24 $PC ← RI24[23:0]
After Each Instruction
After any instruction executes, the program counter $PC advances by one (recall that the 24-bit memory addresses are word addresses). The only exception to this rule is JMP, in which the program counter is instead set manually.
Signed-ness
Every instruction that performs arithmetic operations (ignoring the bitwise operations) performs a signed operation. This primarily affects DIV and CMP. Addition, subtraction, and multiplication are identical for signed and unsigned numbers in this 32-bit format. In addition to all operations being signed, recall that all immediate are sign-extended before being used.
Subtraction Format
Notice SUB is computed in an unusual backwards way. This is mainly due to the absence of an always-zero register (described in a later section). By subtracting a register from a zero immediate, negation of register is still possible. Subtracting two registers is still possible. Finally, subtracting an immediate from a register is still technically possible, by adding a negative immediate with ADD. In other words, this backwards format maintains all the functionality of a regular subtraction instruction, without needing an always-zero register.
# SUBTRACTION FORMS
SUB $t1 2 $t0 # T1 == 2 - T0
SUB $t1 0 $t0 # T1 == - T0
SUB $t2 $t3 $t0 # T2 == T3 - T0
ADD $t3 $t1 -1 # T3 == T1 - 1
Division Fringe Cases
In the case that a DIV instruction is attempted with a zero divisor, the instruction avoids errors by instead using a divisor of 1 (in other words, $RD is set to $RS without performing any division). Division by zero within the ALU signals an error.
# DIVISION BY ZERO
MOV $t0 2 # T0 == 2
DIV $t1 $t0 0 # T1 == T0
In the case that the most negative 32-bit number is divided by -1, the result is the most negative 32-bit number. In general, divisions should round towards 0.
Overflow
All cases of overflow are ignored. Overflow in addition or subtraction operations within the ALU signals an error.
Set Low And Set High
It should be noted that STL and STU can be used together in order to set the entire contents of a 32-bit register. However, STL (the more useful of the two instructions) can set more than half the value of a register on its own.
# SET T8 TO 0x82347D76
STL $t8 0x7D76 # T8 == 0x00007D76
STU $t8 $t8 0x8234 # T8 == 0x82347D76
# SET T8 TO 0xDEADBEEF
STL $t8 0x9BEEF # T8 == 0xFFF9BEEF (remember sign-extension)
STU $t8 $t8 0xDEAD # T8 == 0xDEADBEEF (upper bits were cleared, then replaced)
Comparisons
Every instruction can be conditionally executed depending on the current comparison query. This is done by checking the most recent signed comparison stored in the comparison register $CR. Queries are tested by using bit masks. The following table lists every bit mask combination.
NUMBER BITS NAME COMPARISON
?0 000 ?NO FALSE
?1 001 ?GT A > B
?2 010 ?EQ A == B
?3 011 ?GE A >= B
?4 100 ?LT A < B
?5 101 ?NE A != B
?6 110 ?LE A <= B
?7 111 ?OK TRUE
Using this scheme, each of the three bits has a specific meaning. The most significant bit signifies less than, the middle bit signifies equal to, and the least significant bit signifies greater than.
When a signed comparison occurs, the value of $CR is updated to one of: ?LT, ?EQ, or ?GT. This register then remembers this result value until a new comparison occurs, at which point it is overwritten.
Each instruction contains a comparison query from this table. If not specified, an instruction will assume the unconditional query of ?OK, meaning that an instruction will execute regardless of any previous comparisons. Before executing an instruction, the field ?CQ of the instruction is checked against the contents of $CR to determine if the instruction should execute. For example, in the following code $t0 is set to -1 if it is greater than or equal to $t1, otherwise it is set to 0.
CMP $t0 $t1
MOV ?GE $t0 -1
MOV ?LT $t0 0
Before any comparisons have occurred (such as at the start of a program) the value of $CR is ?OK. This means that every comparison query except for ?NO will automatically pass before the first comparison occurs. Notably, after any comparison occurs, $CR will never take on the values: ?OK, ?NO, ?GE, ?LE, or ?NE. Phrased another way, $CR starts at a special value of ?OK, and after any comparison, it will only ever change to one of: ?LT, ?EQ, or ?GT.
Registers
Ida 2 supports 16 general-purpose registers, usable in any register field of a given instruction, and uses 2 special-purpose registers that are indirectly accessible. Ida 2 has been designed to function without the need for an always-zero register.
NUMBER NAME BITS PURPOSE
$00 $rv 32 Return Value
$01 $ra 32 Return Address
$02 $a0 32 Argument 0
$03 $a1 32 Argument 1
$04 $a2 32 Argument 2
$05 $a3 32 Argument 3
$06 $t0 32 Temporary 0
$07 $t1 32 Temporary 1
$08 $t2 32 Temporary 2
$09 $t3 32 Temporary 3
$10 $t4 32 Temporary 4
$11 $t5 32 Temporary 5
$12 $t6 32 Temporary 6
$13 $t7 32 Temporary 7
$14 $t8 32 Temporary 8
$15 $sp 32 Stack Pointer
- $PC 24 Program Counter
- $CR 3 Comparison Result
Assembly Details
Ida 2 is entirely case-insensitive. Spaces, tabs, commas, and parentheses can be used to delimit instruction arguments. Comments begin with the the number sign and continue until the end of their line. Number constants can be in binary (0b...), hex (0x...), and decimal. All constants can be positive or negative. Numeric comparison queries (?4) and registers ($06) are supported as well.
The final feature of the syntax are labels. Labels directly reference 24-bit addresses. They can be used to refer to any line, and they can be referenced inside the immediate field of some of the instructions, where they must begin with an at symbol. In general, labels can include any character that is not an argument delimit or comment character.
In most cases, labels evaluate to their address value. For example, consider the following piece of code, in which the label is swapped out for its absolute address by the assembler. Recall that this is possible because JMP has a 24-bit immediate field. All 1-ARG instructions treat labels as being their absolute address values.
0x000001: JMP @GOTO # == 0x000003
0x000002: MOV $t0 0
0x000003: GOTO: MOV $t1 0
Now consider the case of LNK. The assembler replaces the label with a relative address. All 2-ARG instructions treat labels as being their relative address values.
0x000001: LNK $ra @GOTO # == 2
0x000002: MOV $t0 0
0x000003: GOTO: MOV $t1 0
Note that 3-ARG instructions cannot reference labels at all.
The standard behavior for the Ida 2 assembler is to abort immediately if any value is too wide to fit into its slot within its instruction.
Pseudo-Instructions
A few pseudo-instructions are supported, most importantly the jump-and-link instruction JAL. Every pseudo-instruction works by directly mapping to a set of true instructions. Thus every pseudo-instruction can be replaced with real instructions (the only exceptions involve using SLI or SUI with labels).
In the following table, the new term IMM32 has been introduced, representing any 32-bit immediate value. Labels can be used for this argument, in all cases being treated as their absolute address values.
INSTRUCTION GENERATES NOTE
NOP
SHL ?NO $rv $rv 0
No-op
END ?CQ
SELF: JMP ?CQ @SELF
Halt program (using an infinite loop)
JAL ?CQ RI24
LNK ?CQ $ra 2
JMP ?CQ RI24
Jump and link
RTN ?CQ RI20
STL ?CQ $rv RI20
JMP ?CQ $ra
Return value
NIL ?CQ $RI
STL ?CQ $RI 0
Clear register
MOV ?CQ $RD RI20
STL ?CQ $RD RI20
Copy value (alias for STL)
SLI ?CQ $RD IMM32 STL ?CQ $RD IMM32[15:0] Set low from immediate slice
SUI ?CQ $RD $RS IMM32 STU ?CQ $RD $RS IMM32[31:16] Set high from immediate slice
STI ?CQ $RD IMM32
SLI ?CQ $RD IMM32
SUI ?CQ $RD $RD IMM32
Set immediate
PSH ?CQ $RD
ADD ?CQ $sp $sp -1
MST ?CQ $RD 0($sp)
Push to stack
TOP ?CQ $RD MLD ?CQ $RD 0($sp)
Top of stack
POP ?CQ $RD
MLD ?CQ $RD 0($sp)
ADD ?CQ $sp $sp 1
Pop from stack
Examples
The following are some small sample programs to demonstrate the usage of Ida 2. The first sample program computes the nth fibonacci number.
MOV $a0 9 # compute the nth fibonacci number
JAL @FIB
END
# COMPUTE THE A0th FIBONACCI NUMBER,
# ASSUMING A0 IS >= 0
FIB: CMP $a0 1 # is A0 in a base case?
JMP ?GT @REC # if not, then skip
MOV ?LE $rv $a0 # if A0 <= 1, return A0
JMP $ra
REC: ADD $sp $sp -2 # allocate 2 slots on stack
MST $ra 0($sp) # backup RA
MST $a0 1($sp) # backup A0
ADD $a0 $a0 -1 # setup recursive call
JAL @FIB
MLD $a0 1($sp) # restore A0
MST $rv 1($sp) # backup RV
ADD $a0 $a0 -2 # setup recursive call
JAL @FIB
MLD $t0 1($sp) # get 1st RV
ADD $rv $rv $t0 # add together the 2 RVs
MLD $ra 0($sp) # restore RA
ADD $sp $sp 2 # clean up the stack
JMP $ra # return
The second sample program performs a binary search on the first 1000 words in the assumedly sorted data memory.
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The Healthy Cities program, promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) , is a long-term, city-based development program that has been extended globally since the 1980s. This program has led a strong movement for public health at the local level that seeks to value health high on the agenda of cities. Other city-based programs, such as safe cities, resilient cities, age-friendly cities, smart cities, and compact cities, emerged following Healthy Cities' initial expansion.
These city-based programs feature the well-being of people and cities. All share common approaches, such as multi-sectoral collaboration, community engagement, vision sharing and planning, a whole of government approach, innovations, and evaluation. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, cities have been at the forefront of its prevention and control. Healthcare interventions and innovative economic, social, environmental, and political interventions are all required to cope with this emerging infectious disease.
The strength of Healthy Cities is that they prioritize policies that create co-benefits between health, well-being, quality of life, and other city policies. The struggle with COVID-19 has allowed Healthy Cities to re-imagine how to collaborate with multiple sectors; coordinate between urban landscapes and the natural environment; take advantage of innovative technologies; feature a sustainable, equitable and inclusive society; and care for the planet beyond the end of this pandemic.
The 9th Global Conference of the Alliance for Healthy Cities will allow participants to look beyond COVID-19 and share processes of how smarter Healthy Cities can be created. The conference invites city mayors, policymakers in cities, practitioners, scholars, Medical and Health Services Professionals and local and national stakeholders interested in Healthy Cities and other city-based development programs.
Because of Healthy Cities' multi-sectoral nature, dialogues between experts from multiple disciplines are crucial. Therefore, we welcome participants with backgrounds in fields such as public health, environmental science, engineering, urban design, data science, cultural studies, community development economics, public administration, policy science, and management etc.
As academic and scientific expertise is vital for advancing the Healthy Cities program, the conference welcomes young and senior scholars. It particularly encourages those young scholars to interact with Healthy City leaders, practitioners, and community partners.
Sub-theme 1: Risk Communications in Emergencies
The right message at the right time from the right person can save lives.
The rapid outspread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has challenged all countries globally, Including their public health systems. Cities are at the forefront of this pandemic and vulnerable to the impact of COVID-19. Risk communication is crucial as we need to have real-time exchange of information, advice and opinions between experts, officials and public, to enable informed decision-making and to adopt protective behaviours.
Risk communications in emergencies are vital in order to understand the threats and properly act on it towards safety and health promotion. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) regarded Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) as one of the key pillars in public health emergency preparedness and response. RCCE is integral as all major global public health events in history relied on a high level of public trust from accurate and well-developed government information resulting in positive handling of uncertainties and fears during crises.
Therefore, in order to foster and strengthen risk communication and community engagement as an approach to protect the health of individuals and communities in urban localities during global health pandemics such as COVID-19, the China Hong Kong Chapter of the Alliance for Healthy Cities is organizing a symposium inviting keynote speakers and city representatives to share their experiences.
We highly recommend you to take the online course offered by World Health Organization on "Risk Communication Essentials" https://openwho.org/courses/risk-communication and read their guideline for "Emerging Risk Communication (ERC) Policy and Practice" https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241550208 before you join the conference.
Sub-theme 2: Mental Health Under and Beyond COVID-19
Mental Health conditions contribute to poor health outcomes, premature death, violations in human rights, as well as global and national economic loss. There can be no health or sustainable development without it as these conditions cause 1 in 5 years living with disabilities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it reminded us of the importance of integrating mental health into preparedness and response plans for public health emergencies - which could be translated to updated implementation options and indicators for a concrete, evidence-based action plan. We are particularly concerned about their impact on adolescents, women, the elderly, grassroots and people who are infected with COVID etc. where they may be stigmatized and discriminated against. We need community-based approaches that are both affordable and accessible; provision of support through telecare and ways to overcome challenges; and the implementation of a stepped care model as an option to enhance the mental well-being of our populations.
Sub-theme 3: Age-Friendly Communities Beyond COVID-19
Age-friendly communities invested in programs and infrastructures in which older adults can age in place and lead a healthy, active life - which ultimately, ensures the eight domains of livability are accessible to them. In the wake of COVID-19, efforts pertaining to social inclusion and participation domains have been particularly challenging during the pandemic as they started to embrace digital communication tools. Therefore, there is a growing need for better communication infrastructure. Integrating technology with different age-friendly initiatives would ensure that older adults are included. This could happen via intergenerational programs, which centre around community interactions that deepen and maintain intergenerational relationships and benefit all parties involved. What were the challenges and opportunities you encountered and how can we do better?
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They avoided catching #SECBasketballFever and went undefeated in conference play. If Wichita State gets a lot of credit for surviving the Missouri Valley unscathed, a conference which is down this year, Florida must get credit for the same accomplishment in the SEC (which is also down this year).
2. Kentucky Wildcats 22-9 (12-6), RPI 19, LW: 2
It will be interesting to see where they are seeded in the NCAA Tournament. They have the same amount of SEC wins as Georgia and have half as many RPI top 50 wins as Arkansas.
3. Georgia Bulldogs 18-12 (12-6), RPI 70, LW: 6
After their non-conference stretch, it is truly amazing they finished tied for second with Kentucky. Their biggest problem is their best win is over Arkansas.
4. Tennessee Volunteers 20-11 (11-7), RPI 46, LW: 5
They're fighting Arkansas for the last NCAA Tournament spot from the SEC. I think it is safe to say the SEC will get three bids at the most.
5. Arkansas Razorbacks 21-10 (10-8), RPI 53, LW: 3
I've never seen a team that likes living on a prayer like this team. They had a chance to lock up a double bye in the SEC Tournament and instead played like a team who thought they were already in the NCAA Tournament.
6. Missouri Tigers 21-10 (9-9), RPI 56, LW: 4
After a one point win over A&M at home and a 27 point loss at Tennessee to finish the season, I wouldn't be surprised if they are one and done in the SEC Tournament and NIT.
7. LSU Tigers 18-12 (9-9), RPI 73, LW: 7
It will be interesting to see where they are on the NIT bubble. It is not that they don't deserve to be in the NIT, but is the NIT going to take four teams from the SEC?
8. Mississippi Rebels 18-13 (9-9), RPI 90, LW: 8
Despite only making one NCAA Tournament in his seven seasons in Oxford, Andy Kennedy has the fourth-most wins in in his first seven years in the SEC, trailing Rick Pitino, Wimp Sanderson and Joe B. Hall. I really only typed out that stat to use Andy Kennedy and Rick Pitino in the same sentence.
9. Vanderbilt Commodores 15-15 (7-11), RPI 110, LW: 9
Two-time SEC coach of the year Kevin Stallings is finishing his 15th season in Nashville. This will be the second season in a row Vanderbilt has failed to make some type of post season play. I wonder if Vanderbilt looks to hit the reset button and go after Bruce Pearl.
10. Texas A&M Aggies 17-14 (8-10), RPI 151, LW: 10
They started off hot, but finished where we all expected them to.
11. Alabama Crimson Tide 13-18 (7-11), RPI 112, LW: 11
This is another team that may enter the Bruce Pearl sweepstakes.
12. Auburn Tigers 14-15 (6-12), RPI 159, LW: 12
I actually think Auburn could be the front runner for Bruce Pearl. They have the money and alumni (mainly Charles Barkley) that care enough about basketball to make it happen. Not to mention they have a nice new arena.
13. South Carolina Gamecocks 12-19 (5-13), RPI 154, LW: 13
They improved their conference record from 4-14 last year to 5-13 this year. Progess is a slow process, especially when talking about South Carolina basketball.
14. Mississippi State Bulldogs 13-18 (3-15), RPI 246, LW: 14
Better luck next year, Bulldogs.
Now that the season is over it is fun to look back and see how people predicted the conference would finish. Here is how the college basketball guys at CBS predicted the SEC to finish. (LOL at Doug Gottlieb).
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We are located very conveniently in the centre of St Helier with near by parking in Sand Street car park two minutes walk from the show room. Expand this text...
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0.999895 |
I'm a product detail. I'm a great place to add more information about your product such as sizing, material, care and cleaning instructions. This is also a great space to write what makes this product special and how your customers can benefit from this item.
RETURN & REFUND POLICY
I’m a Return and Refund policy. I’m a great place to let your customers know what to do in case they are dissatisfied with their purchase. Having a straightforward refund or exchange policy is a great way to build trust and reassure your customers that they can buy with confidence.
SHIPPING INFO
I'm a shipping policy. I'm a great place to add more information about your shipping methods, packaging and cost. Providing straightforward information about your shipping policy is a great way to build trust and reassure your customers that they can buy from you with confidence.
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0.999998 |
I’m a privacy policy section. I’m a great place to inform your visitors about how you use, store, and protect their personal information. Add details such as what information you collect, whether it be email addresses, names or phone numbers, why you collect this information, and how you use it.
Your user’s privacy is of the highest importance to your organization, so take the time to write an accurate and detailed policy. Use straightforward language to gain their trust and make sure they keep coming back to your site!
Safety and Security
I’m a safety and security section. As part of a privacy policy, in this section you can inform your visitors about how safely you protect their personal information. Add details such as encryption methods you may use, firewalls employed on your servers, or other security measures you my employ.
Your user’s security is of the highest importance to your organization, so take the time to write an accurate and detailed policy. Use straightforward language to gain their trust and make sure they keep coming back to your site!
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I'm a product description. I'm a great place to add more details about your product such as sizing, material, care instructions and cleaning instructions.
I'm a product
SKU: 126351351935
$45.00Price
Quantity
Add to Cart
PRODUCT INFO
I'm a product detail. I'm a great place to add more information about your product such as sizing, material, care and cleaning instructions. This is also a great space to write what makes this product special and how your customers can benefit from this item.
RETURN & REFUND POLICY
I’m a Return and Refund policy. I’m a great place to let your customers know what to do in case they are dissatisfied with their purchase. Having a straightforward refund or exchange policy is a great way to build trust and reassure your customers that they can buy with confidence.
SHIPPING INFO
I'm a shipping policy. I'm a great place to add more information about your shipping methods, packaging and cost. Providing straightforward information about your shipping policy is a great way to build trust and reassure your customers that they can buy from you with confidence.
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Bitcoin is made up of blocks. Blocks are a set of transactions, and currently restricted to be less than or equal to 1,000,000 bytes and designed so that on average only 1 block per ~10 minutes can be created. The groups the create blocks are known as bitcoin miners. These miners can pick which ever transactions they want in the block they create.
Bitcoin miners get paid all the transaction fees in the block they mine. So as such, it is in their interest to maximize the amount of money they make when they create a block. So what they do is pick the 1,000,000 bytes of transactions that results them getting paid the most money.
From a bitcoin miner perspective, they don't care of the value of a transaction, but just the size (amount of bytes), because they are only allowed to create blocks of 1,000,000 bytes or less. So miners don't consider the absolute fee a transaction has, but rather, the fee per byte.
Bitcoin Transaction Fee for $100 Dollars
Bitcoin fees are determined by the amount of data the transaction uses, and not the value being sent. You can use the calculator above to determine the cost of any transaction for any amount.
Why are the fee estimations so high?
Eye-balling it, sometimes it looks like the fee estimates are super high. The reason for that is because they use 95% confidence. If a block was found now maybe you'd only need 20 satoshi/byte, but it might be an hour before the next block and in the subsequent time a large amount of new transactions come in.
Sometimes you don't need such high confidence (e.g. it's not important, or you have a way of fee bumping), so you can get away with much lower fees.
For instance, if you perform a Child-Pays-For-Parent transaction or your transaction is capable of Replace-By-Fee.
In these cases, you can get away with starting with a lower fee to see if it gets through. If it doesn't you can use either of these methods to increase the fees and get your transaction into a block faster.
Why are Bitcoin fees so high?
Sometimes fees are high when there is a lot of demand for blockspace due to new investors coming in. Remember that there can be only so many transactions per block. And there is a sort of auction that occurs to determine who's transactions make it in and who's don't. If there are a lot of people who really need to get into the next block, they will pay for the privilege. Wait for demand to die down and fees will be almost 0.
Fees have been coming down since large exchanges like Coinbase have been batching payments.
Why do some low-fee paying transactions appear early in the mempool?
It's because a high-fee paying transaction depends on it, and reprioritizes it. i.e. the only way for the miner to get the money from the "good" transaction, is include a "bad" one first. It's known as Child-Pays-For-Parent (CPFP), but note that some old versions of bitcoin core, and bitcoin unlimited don't support it (and leave those transactions for smarter miner software).
Do you have historical data?
Nope. But https://bitcoinfees.github.io/ does
How did you build this?
The fee estimates are simply generated by calling estimatesmartfee $n on bitcoin core (0.16.0). The chart is generated by dumping the mempool and doing some smart sorting.
Do Bitcoin Fees Change By Country?
No, Bitcoin fees do not change by country. So whether you're in the US, Canada, UK, Europe, New York or anywhere else, you'll be paying the same as users across the globe.
How Do Bitcoin Fees Affect Taxes?
You'll have to consult a tax adviser, but a fee is likely just a normal spend of Bitcoin or use tax software.
A Lowdown on Bitcoin Fees
The Bitcoin website lists fast peer-to-peer transactions, worldwide payments, and low processing fees as the most important features of the cryptocurrency. Not surprisingly, Bitcoin has become extremely popular as a way to send money digitally across the globe as it solves critical problems faced by transactions executed in fiat currencies.
In fact, the number of Bitcoin transactions has been consistently rising this year. The third quarter saw 20 million Bitcoin transactions being executed, up from 17.6 million during the second quarter. What’s more, the number of Bitcoin transactions has increased at the rate of at least 5% month-over-month since February 2018.
This growth can be attributed to the drop in the average transaction fees on the Bitcoin network, which was earlier proving to be a hindrance in the way of the adoption of this cryptocurrency.
A brief history of Bitcoin fees
CNBC reported in December 2017 that users were paying $28 on an average to transact using Bitcoin. There was one Twitter user who claimed that he had to incur $16 worth of fees to send $25 worth of Bitcoin from one address to another, while another journalist had to spend $15 to send $100 worth of Bitcoin from a digital wallet to a hardware wallet. In fact, the average Bitcoin transaction fee had shot up to $55 in the third week of December last year, according to BitInfoCharts
However, the average Bitcoin transaction fee has come down rapidly since then. BitInfoCharts reveals that the average Bitcoin transaction fee had dropped to just $0.50 in the first half of November 2018, which is probably why users are transacting more in Bitcoin to send and receive payments across the globe. But what has caused such a massive drop in the average Bitcoin transaction fees? To find out, we will first have to understand why Bitcoin fees are charged.
The economics behind Bitcoin fees
A Bitcoin transaction has to be added to the Blockchain in order to be successfully completed. However, for a transaction to be added to the Blockchain, it first needs to be validated by miners who solve a complex mathematical problem to verify the transaction. These miners spend a lot of computing power and energy when verifying a block of transactions from the Bitcoin Mempool (short for memory pool), which contains unconfirmed transactions waiting to be added to a block for confirmation.
Now, miners need to be incentivized for the time, effort, and resources that they are putting in to validate the unconfirmed transactions. As a result, they are given a fee of 12.5 BTC to successfully mine a block, but this is just one of the incentives on offer. Miners also earn a transaction fee that’s selected by the sender in a Bitcoin transaction for their effort as they play a critical role in keeping the network secure.
What drives transaction fees?
Each block of transactions on the Blockchain cannot contain more than 1 megabyte of information, so miners can only include a limited number of transactions in each block. This is why miners prioritize those transactions where they have the potential to earn higher transaction fees.
So, if the mempool is full, users looking to get their transactions through will compete on fees. They will push up the fee in a bid to get their transaction included into the next block that’s set to be mined. So, the Mempool bottleneck plays an important role in determining the transaction fee, though this isn’t the only aspect affecting this metric.
The transaction size also has a role to play in the fee determination. As miners can only include select transactions within the 1 megabyte block, they prefer selecting small transaction sizes because they are easier to confirm. Transactions occupying more space, on the other hand, need more work for validation so they need to carry a higher fee in order to be included in the next block.
So, there are two factors determining transaction fees -- network congestion and transaction size -- and they also play a critical role in the time taken for a transaction to be confirmed. For instance, if a user sends a transaction with very low fees attached to it and the Bitcoin Mempool is full, then miners won’t prefer picking that transaction because of the low incentive involved. In such cases, it could take several hours for the transaction to be confirmed.
However, if a user is willing to pay a higher transaction fee, then the first confirmation could arrive in 10 minutes, which is the time taken to mine a block. The Bitcoin community requires six such confirmations for a transaction to be completely validated. This means that if there’s no network congestion and the fee attached is high, then the transaction should be successfully processed in an hour.
The future of Bitcoin fees
Earlier we saw that Bitcoin fees have dropped rapidly over the past year, spurring a growth in the number of transactions. This can be attributed to the smaller Bitcoin Mempool size. However, in case the number of unconfirmed transactions increases at a faster pace than the rate at which new blocks are mined, there will be network congestion. This is when the average Bitcoin transaction fees will go up.
This is the scalability problem faced by Bitcoin thanks to the limited number of nodes. However, the community is coming up with ways to circumnavigate this issue so that numerous transactions are executed quickly with low fees. Earlier this year, a user was able to carry out 42 transactions using the Lightning Network and spent just 4.9 cents in transaction costs.
The Lightning Network is a second-layer payment protocol on top of the Bitcoin blockchain that’s capable of conducting a high volume of transactions at speed by reducing the on-chain load. As such, there’s a good chance that the average Bitcoin transaction fees will remain low going forward thanks to the development of such payment protocols, thereby boosting the adoption of this cryptocurrency as a means of digital payments.
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Thanks to healthier lifestyles and advances in modern medicine, the worldwide population over age 65 is growing. In the past decade, the population of Americans aged 65 and older has grown 35%, and is expected to reach 94.7 million in 2060. As our nation ages, many Americans are turning their attention to caring for aging parents.1
For many people, one of the most difficult conversations to have involves talking with an aging parent about extended medical care. The shifting of roles can be challenging, and emotions often prevent important information from being exchanged and critical decisions from being made.
When talking to a parent about future care, it’s best to have a strategy for structuring the conversation. Here are some key concepts to consider.
Cover the Basics
Knowing ahead of time what information you need to find out may help keep the conversation on track. Here is a checklist that can be a good starting point:
Primary physician
Specialists
Medications and supplements
Allergies to medication
It is also important to know the location of medical and estate management paperwork, including:2
Medicare card
Insurance information
Durable power of attorney for healthcare
Will, living will, trusts and other documents
Be Thorough
Remember that if you can collect all the critical information, you may be able to save your family time and avoid future emotional discussions. While checklists and scripts may help prepare you, remember that this conversation could signal a major change in your parent’s life. The transition from provider to dependent can be difficult for any parent and has the potential to unearth old issues. Be prepared for emotions and the unexpected. Be kind, but do your best to get all the information you need.
Keep the Lines of Communication Open
This conversation is probably not the only one you will have with your parent about their future healthcare needs. It may be the beginning of an ongoing dialogue. Consider involving other siblings in the discussions. Often one sibling takes a lead role when caring for parents, but all family members should be honest about their feelings, situations, and needs.
Don't Procrastinate
The earlier you begin to communicate about important issues, the more likely you will be to have all the information you need when a crisis arises. How will you know when a parent needs your help? Look for indicators like fluctuations in weight, failure to take medication, new health concerns, and diminished social interaction. These can all be warning signs that additional care may soon become necessary. Don’t avoid the topic of care just because you are uncomfortable. Chances are that waiting will only make you more so.
Remember, whatever your relationship with your parent has been, this new phase of life will present challenges for both parties. By treating your parent with love and respect—and taking the necessary steps toward open communication—you will be able to provide the help needed during this new phase of life.
1. ACL.gov, 2020
2. Note: Power of attorney laws can vary from state to state. An estate strategy that includes trusts may involve a complex web of tax rules and regulations. Consider working with a knowledgeable estate management professional before implementing such strategies.
The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information. The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. This material was developed and produced by FMG Suite to provide information on a topic that may be of interest. FMG Suite is not affiliated with the named broker-dealer, state- or SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. Copyright 2021 FMG Suite.
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\");"; var sefjspfok = '\n\ google_ad_client = "ca-pub-0242156374298669";\n\ /* film-carre-pagepersonne */\n\ google_ad_slot = "6694731144";\n\ google_ad_width = 300;\n\ google_ad_height = 250;\n\ '; //afp(sefjspfok, 'p_bf1', 0, 300, 250); Melis Birkan (born 30 November 1983 in Ankara) is a Turkish actress.
She studied ballet and modern dance at the state conservatory of Mimar Sinan University. She took part in Çağan Irmak's Ulak and Issız Adam.Now she appears in Leyla ile Mecnun.
Le plus souvent avec
Çağan Irmak
(3 films)
Serdar Akar
(1 films)
Müşfik Kenter
(1 films)
Zeki Demirkubuz
(1 films)
Yetkin Dikinciler
(1 films)
Source : Wikidata
Filmographie de Melis birkan (4 films)
Afficher la filmographie sous forme de liste
Actrice
Déjà vu ?
J'adore
J'aime
Vu (avis neutre)
J'aime pas
Je déteste
Envie de voir ?
Oui
Non
Ajouter à une liste de films
Issız Adam (2008)
, 1h53
Réalisé par Çağan Irmak
Genres Drame, Romance
Acteurs Melis birkan
Rôle Ada
Note66%
The film talks about the lives of two people who live in Istanbul who happen to meet each other in a second-hand book shop. Alper is from Tarsus. He and Ada live different lives; Alper is a free-spirited man in his thirties who is the owner and the cook of a popular restaurant whereas Ada is a humble girl in her late twenties who designs child costumes for a living. Alper follows Ada to her shop after the initial meeting but she acts coldly towards him and insists that she doesn't want a serious relationship and throws coffee on him. She later calls him to apologize and Alper asks her out once more. She is reluctant at first but agrees to have dinner at his house and they end up sleeping together. It's the beginning of a moving relationship between them. But soon things begin to go wrong. Alper feels his freedom flying away and the need to utilize prostitutes, as he did before he met Ada. He can't bear the weight of a serious relationship whereas Ada is deeply in love and unable to sense anything unusual. Despite Alper's mother's warning about never letting Ada go, Alper breaks up with her just when their relationship seemed at its best. Ada is devastated and slaps him in the face before leaving. Alper seems happy for himself and for her after the break-up but then falls into depression and feels remorse. Four years later, Alper is taking his friend's son to the cinema where he meets Ada, now married with a daughter and living in London. Their conversation is polite and they act as if they were over each other, but in their thoughts we learn that Ada secretly visited Alper's mother and found out more about his past; and that Alper sits every day in front of her shop imagining that she still works there. They share one tearful last hug before Alper leaves confused and desolate as they look at each other for the last time. Ada imagines a happy ending, an ending they deserved. The film mainly emphasises the desolation and seclusion of modern life and its consequences on the romantic relationship between Alper and Ada.
Déjà vu ?
J'adore
J'aime
Vu (avis neutre)
J'aime pas
Je déteste
Envie de voir ?
Oui
Non
Ajouter à une liste de films
Ulak (2008)
, 1h49
Réalisé par Çağan Irmak
Genres Drame, Fantasy
Acteurs Çetin Tekindor, Yetkin Dikinciler, Hümeyra, Melis birkan, Şerif Sezer
Note67%
A mysterious traveller Zekeriya arrives at a village. He captivates much of the village's people by telling tales of a messenger on horseback named İbrahim. The village becomes divided on him, each one taking on various personalities from other stories.
Déjà vu ?
J'adore
J'aime
Vu (avis neutre)
J'aime pas
Je déteste
Envie de voir ?
Oui
Non
Ajouter à une liste de films
Amerikalılar Karadeniz'de 2 (2007)
, 1h40
Genres Comédie
Acteurs Metin Akpınar, Peker Açıkalın, Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ, Melis birkan, Müslüm Gürses, Müşfik Kenter
Note21%
A rocket the United States has located on the Black Sea's seabed as a precaution against a potential threat from Tehran launches accidentally. Officers, quickly realizing the incident, alter the coordinates of the rocket and manage to land it—without exploding—on Turkey's Black Sea coast. All that's left is to retrieve the rocket from the village before anybody notices.
Déjà vu ?
J'adore
J'aime
Vu (avis neutre)
J'aime pas
Je déteste
Envie de voir ?
Oui
Non
Ajouter à une liste de films
Barda (2007)
, 1h30
Réalisé par Serdar Akar
Genres Drame, Thriller, Horreur, Policier
Acteurs Nejat İşler, Erdal Beşikçioğlu, Melis birkan, Zeki Demirkubuz, Teoman, Çağan Irmak
Note69%
A group of young high society friends, aged between 18 and 25, are gathered at a friend's bar that they regularly frequent for the night. But when they finish of their last beer and prepare to head home they find themselves held captive at gunpoint by five strangers. With their mouths, hands and feet tied, they are tortured, raped and murdered until the next morning. The gang who have captured them have no clear reason, they just want to punish these young people for everything left incomplete in their lives.
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0.999895 |
Before identifying the advantages of digitization, it’s worthwhile to define it, as digitization is attributed to many different processes. An article in Forbes highlights the need for the distinction between some of the three most common buzzwords in this context.
Gartner defines digitization as “the process of changing from analog to digital form.” In concrete terms, it is every process that returns information that can be read by a computer. There are several examples of this in a business context, from payroll management to sales performance monitoring, and data analysis, all functions that have gone through a strong digitization process.
Digitalization, on the other hand, is often used interchangeably with digitization. The article defines it through the human dimension as “the way in which many domains of social life are restructured around digital communication and media infrastructures.” Regardless of the definition that is considered most appropriate, the fundamental point is its ability to bring about impactful changes that benefit both companies and individual users.
Finally, digital transformation takes on a broader meaning of digitization, as it is a dimension of change that impacts all business functions, with a strong customer orientation. In concrete terms, a set of digitization projects can lead to the digital transformation of a company. Gartner says that it can “refer to anything from IT modernization (for example, cloud computing), to digital optimization, to the invention of new digital business models.”
Digital transformation of business processes
Like any major change in business dynamics, this requires time both at the implementation level and at the level of results (or profitability), also for the commitment in terms of resources to be invested in the process.
However, efforts to fully transform processes to digital are largely repaid at the revenue and transaction cost level.
If we look closely, of the many positive aspects of digital transformation of business processes, we can identify five points that sum up the main advantages that come from taking one’s business into a digital dimension.
1. Ability to reach new markets
For SMEs and large companies, finding new outlets for goods and services they produce can be the most important driver of growth.
Communication is foundational when it comes to expanding your business. The use of technology to track interactions with prospects in a new market, and the ability for real-time monitoring in order to fine-tune your messaging or the product itself, are key for ensuring ROI. In addition, the ability to create connections with your target audience—whether it be the end customer or a C-level partner prospect—requires a constant web presence and an omnichannel perspective.
The digital world has made it possible to break down cultural and organizational barriers of communication that in previous decades were unimaginable to overcome.
Using digital transformation of business processes to face new markets does not only mean facing new geographical areas, but also new opportunities for new products and new segments. In the first perspective, about 99% of new products do not even pay back the development costs once they are marketed. At times, these aspects can be used as a basis for reactive action by the company in relation to the market (number of product features, future trends, high competition).
A proactive approach to marketing is one that must be supported by the appropriate digital tools. In this sense, there are various organizational methodologies allowed by digital. One, in particular, employs many of the tools currently used by small teams or integrated in the processes of large multinationals: Design Thinking. Through tools like the “Sprint” and “Creative Problem Solving,” companies can provide teams with greater versatility and at the same time, can improve how they interact with end-users; the feedback gained through this interaction can then be incorporated to improve work processes.
2. Increased productivity through process automation
Business Process Automation (BPA) consists of the use of technology to automate internal processes that are:
repetitive
consistent over time
and those that must be error-free
The goal of BPA is to reduce the manual effort in repetitive processes, making them less prone to human error and freeing up resources for higher-level tasks where more creativity and other capabilities that cannot be replicated by a machine are required.
There are a number of examples of this: CV pre-selection processes in the context of human resources, the automatic invoice payment process, and contract management are just a few phases in which a large part of the related tasks (from filling in to sending documents) can be digitized and automated.
3. Improved Employee experience
Work structures change over time, depending on the type of products and services produced, as well as the need to reach different markets, with flexibility and the ability to organize resources remotely, with teams working from different locations. Digitalization of the resources needed to develop and plan the distribution or delivery of a service is the first condition for the development of a true digital transformation of business processes and of the organization.
The following are some examples that can improve the concept of the Employee Experience (EE):
Corporate VPN: access to corporate platforms from anywhere, in a secure and verified way, is the first condition for a concrete and widespread development of digitization
Company Academy: internal training is one of the first forms of retention, as employees increasingly appreciate being able to add new skills. Having a corporate academy online also makes it possible to train employees no matter where they are.
Remote support services: similar to company academies, the possibility of having immediate remote support for internal processes can make an important contribution to efficiency and resilience.
Agile work: while according to ISTAT, only 8% of the Italian workforce had access to smart working hours, the COVID-19 emergency situation has given an important boost to the adoption of new infrastructure
4. Continuous improvement of business processes and customer relations
The sum of the above points leads to the viability of the company through a reduction in fixed costs and an increase in the capacity to offer products and services. However, it is necessary to include these improvements within a broader framework of how all business processes are organized, from production to performance monitoring.
The customer journey mapping process, i.e. tracking the entire consumer experience from the first contact with the brand to the purchase, differs significantly from one sector to another, but has some constant elements:
Identification of individual touchpoints in the experience: what are the occasions where the company comes into direct contact with current or potential customers? From physical advertising (from billboards to temporary stores) to digital customer care, identify the critical issues and key elements of each individual touchpoint.
Multichannel and omnichannel dimensions: the ability to cover a single point of contact on multiple channels (e.g. customer care through a territory network associated with an online customer care platform) along the entire buyer’s journey.
Many of the processes that can interrupt the purchase journey, i.e. negative customer feedback, can result from calls to external call centers or requests for assistance from physical locations or touchpoints. Even complex payment processes or a non-linear journey to the corporate website can compromise conversion.
However, thanks to digitization processes, it is possible to reduce the need for support by resolving the most common concerns through chatbots, effective FAQs, or guided journeys (e.g. through the use of tooltips).
The many changes in customer interaction brought about by digitization require changes in business processes. According to McKinsey’s Barr Seitz, “culture is the hardest part of the organization to change. Shifting technology, finding the right talent, finding the right product set and strategy—that’s all doable, not easy, but doable. Hardest is the cultural transformation in businesses that have very deep legacy and cultural roots.”
Digitization at the company level is, therefore, a wide range of technological, cultural, and organizational changes, leading to improvements in internal efficiency and greater responsiveness to external stimuli. Therefore, it is not just a mere provision of tools and technologies, but it translates into a profound change in the way companies do, see, and think, which require new ways of approaching the market and the customer, new organizational and managerial structures in the production chain or in the offer of a service, and new ways of managing employees.
Marketing Team
The Doxee Marketing Team works to provide customers with the best possible Digital Customer Experience. Innovative and focused. Motivated and dreamy. Creative, yet practical. This is the Doxee Marketing Team.
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Personalization is spreading in the #Luxury industry! This is just one of the trends you’ll want on your radar for 2022. Discover the latest luxury marketing trends in this free ebook: https://bit.ly/3EdSRnG
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Even though Facebook is not a producer of news, 6.5 million UK internet users claim to mainly source their news from the platform. Posts and shares by friends in the user's network, in the context of Facebook's algorithm, determine the order of stories in the personalised News Feed, removing the control of the news agenda that publishers have for their websites
Premium publishers operating a paywall (The Times, The Financial Times) have a lower key approach to Facebook than publishers generating advertising revenue from referral traffic to their websites or from on-platform consumption of Instant Articles. The latter will seek to stimulate social media engagement, optimising stories through attention-grabbing headlines, and installing Facebook’s share and like buttons on their websites
Case studies of the news stories that were prominent on Facebook (measured by likes, comments and shares) in the periods leading up to the Brexit Referendum and General Election 2017 votes respectively demonstrate that newspaper brands (the Express for Brexit, and The Guardian for the General Election) achieved the highest reach on Facebook during these periods, despite being ranked below other news brands (BBC in particular) in terms of traffic to their websites
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Augmented reality: Apple’s next 10-year bet
20 September 2017
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Through innovations in processing, connectivity and cameras, Apple’s new device lineup dispels fears that the importance of integrated, profitable mobile hardware is in terminal decline
With the broadest range of iPhone price points ever, Apple is confidently balancing between profits and growing the valuable installed base
Apple’s long way to an AR future is now well paved, but a weakness in mapping could prove to be an Achilles heel
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Internet Trends H1 2017: Fruits of the mobile revolution
5 September 2017
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With smartphones in the pockets of 3/4 of the UK population, and accounting for over half of all online minutes, the mobile revolution is in its final stages, allowing us to survey its impact
As the number of social media users continues growing, untapped older demographics and Instagram help the Facebook suite of apps grow in the UK, but Snapchat is the social media app of choice for UK teens
News publishers face issues with brand attribution as social media platforms overtake search as the main news aggregators online, while small UK video publishers have become unlikely winners in a global market for soft news, infotainment and gags that dominate social video
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News, disinformation and Facebook
16 August 2017
Access report
Facebook content shares suggest that misinformation had broad reach during both US and UK political campaigns, but outright fake news was rare, particularly in the UK
Mis- and disinformation by both established and new publishers was distributed on Facebook, but monetisation took place predominantly off-site, and content was distributed by a wide range of search and social platforms
Facebook has acted to limit the reach of disinformation, but can’t and shouldn’t be expected to do so alone as digital news distribution touches on complex questions including information and democracy, media literacy and heterogeneous cultural and social norms
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360 and Virtual Reality: a new angle for video entertainment
16 March 2017
Access report
The temporary cool-off in hype around VR following a very buzzy 2016 is not reducing the flow of investment and talent into the industry, notably in video production utilising 360Video technology; setting the stage for the development of a truly new entertainment medium
Fully immersive interactive worlds will continue to be the mainstay of the video games industry, while video entertainment will exist in a multi-track environment, with some genres (news, documentaries , natural history) making 360Video mainstream well before long-form narrative-driven entertainment
2017 will still be a challenging year for consumer device VR roll-out and mass market adoption; Oculus, Google, and Sony continue to seed the market, providing large scale funding and equipment directly to developers and content producers
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Prophets before profits: Snap goes public
1 March 2017
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Snap is going public: its filing shows widening losses and slowing user growth, calling into question its ability to reach profitability and justify the ~$20 billion valuation it is seeking
Long term, the company hopes to capture the large brand advertising budgets it expects will leave TV as linear viewing declines. But how it plans to do so is unclear, as it has shown little interest in connected TVs, and the ad model for augmented reality – Snap’s focus – is a long way off
Most of all, investors are being asked to trust in the ability of Snap’s founders – who will retain full control of the company – to continually innovate products which will attract users and advertisers
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Enterprise cloud on the horizon
6 February 2017
Access report
Enterprise cloud computing democratises access to IT capacity ranging from specialised software to platforms to infrastructure, transforming cost structures in sectors like media and retail
Cloud enables unprecedented scalability of bandwidth for digital media services like Pokémon Go and Netflix, while also hosting the back-end for advertisers and retailers
As the industry consolidates quickly, intense competition among Amazon, Microsoft and Google is delivering value to customers and boosting adoption
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In this article: College-Football, EA-Sports, ea-tiburon, football, microsoft, ncaa-14, ncaa-football-14, playstation, ps3, ultimate-team, xbox
While we learned in April that NCAA Football 14 will include its own Ultimate Team mode this year, EA Sports announced details on how it will operate today. The mode will include more than 1,400 former college football players at the game's launch, as well as both solo and special head-to-head challenges. Ultimate Team is the long-running mode that spans most of EA Sports' properties, which combines standard on-field gameplay with a card-collecting system for building and managing your team.
NCAA 14's version of Ultimate Team will also include a head-to-head season mode, in which players match up against one another with their specially crafted teams in a 10-game season, before entering an end-of-the-season tournament. Players can earn rewards along the way for toppling challenges that increase in difficulty, such as coins for procuring more card packs.
The game will receive similar treatment in the mode that other EA Sports games got in the past, with challenges and card collections being added throughout the real-life football season. NCAA 14 is slated to launch July 9 on PS3 and Xbox 360.
Show full PR text
EA SPORTS ANNOUNCES NCAA FOOTBALL 14 PLAYBOOK #3: ULTIMATE TEAM
Build an Unbeatable Roster Utilizing Over 1,400 Former College Players
May 15, 2013 – EA SPORTS has announced the latest NCAA Football 14 Playbook, "Ultimate Team." The fan-favorite mode makes its way to NCAA Football 14, allowing the college faithful to assemble rosters they've only ever dreamed of with over 1,400 former college football greats available at launch. Create a powerhouse team utilizing the best of the best from not only your alma mater, but all of college football.
Ultimate Team players can put their squad through its paces both through Solo Challenges against the CPU and the brand-new Head-to-Head Seasons mode against other players. Head-to-Head Seasons puts a new twist on traditional online play, creating a 10-game season with eight increasing levels of competition. Achieve milestones along the way to earn rewards, and win games for the highest possible seed at the end-of-season tournament. Assemble a team dominant enough to bring home the championship and reap the biggest rewards.
Fans can also enjoy other staples of Ultimate Team, including collecting star players, setting lineups, and completing collections to earn coins, special packs or rare players and items. In addition to buying packs in the online store, players can post and bid on items from all players on the auction block. Throughout the season, players will find special challenges and rewards for rivalry games, bowl games, and more.
For more details fans can check out the NCAA Football Ultimate Team blog, which provides a full explanation of the mode and its features. Additional information will continue to be released in the coming days.
Fans are encouraged to keep up to date by visiting the NCAA Football website, Facebook, and Twitter for exclusive assets and unique insights into all this year's new features. College football enthusiasts can also get involved in the conversation by tweeting with the hashtag #PLAYTRUE.
NCAA Football 14 is developed in Orlando, Florida by EA Tiburon, with trademarks licensed by IMG College's The Collegiate Licensing Company on behalf of its partner institutions. NCAA Football 14 will be available on the Xbox 360® video game and entertainment system and the PlayStation®3 computer entertainment system on July 9. For more information about NCAA Football, please visit http://www.easports.com/ncaa-football.
EA SPORTS is one of the leading sports entertainment brands in the world, with top-selling videogame franchises, award-winning interactive technology, fan programs and cross-platform digital experiences. EA SPORTS creates connected experiences that ignite the emotion of sports through industry-leading sports videogames, including Madden NFL football, FIFA Soccer, NHL® hockey, NBA LIVE basketball, NCAA® Football, Tiger Woods PGA TOUR® golf, SSX™ and Fight Night boxing.
For more information about EA SPORTS, including news, video, blogs, forums and game apps, please visit www.easports.com to connect, share and compete.
All products recommended by Engadget are selected by our editorial team, independent of our parent company. Some of our stories include affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, we may earn an affiliate commission.
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Metal detectors are used routinely in approximately 4% of public secondary schools in the USA. Which schools are most likely to use them? The answers, from a Random Forest machine learning algorithm, might surprise you
Metal Detectors & Students' Health
The use of metal detectors on school grounds is highly controversial, not least because of the lack of data demonstrating their efficacy in maintaining a safe school environment. To date, researchers have been unable to "prove" that metal detectors reduce school crime (Hankin et al, 2011). Many scholars have found that using metal detectors in schools can have unintended consequences on students, such as increasing anxiety and fear levels (Gastic, 2011), decreasing attendance, negatively impacting instructional time (Mukerjee, 2007) and altering how teachers and staff view student behavior (Hirshfield & Celinksa, 2010). For these reasons, it is critical to understand which schools are using harsh methods of security. While crime in school may be one factor that leads to more intense security practices, other indicators such as poverty levels, ethnic composition of the school and parent involvement may all play a role.
This study employed Random Forest, a machine learning approach to build a model to predict which variables were most likely to predict schools' metal detector use.
The Study: Using Random Forest & SMOTE To Predict Factors Associated with School Metal Detector Use
This investigation utilised data from the School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS) 2016 data (see Jackson et al., 2018). Firstly, we prepared the data and extracted the features that have been studied thus far by other researchers who have been interested in understanding the impacts of metal detectors. Those features included crime levels in schools/neighborhood, school size, urbanicity, parent involvement (Matthews, 2019), teacher training in security matters, parent policy input, ethnic composition (Gastic & Johnson, 2015) and funding. The dependent variable was : daily metal detector use.
After selecting the features we split the data into two data sets : a training set to build the model and a testing set to validate the model. This step is important because machine learning approaches can "over learn" their models and provide falsely elevated predictive statistics.
The data set included 1576 total observations; 946 observations in the training set and 630 observations in the test set. Daily/routine metal detector use occurred 4% of the time (i.e. 56 cases). Because of this high imbalance in the dependent variable, we applied synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) to interpolate additional synthetic samples in the training set. This was done to help the model "learn" more easily since more data are available during the training phase. This procedure also helps ensure that each bootstrapped sample in the random forest have some observations indicating metal detector use. These synthetic samples were not included in the validation set--the model was only tested on original data.
All analyses were done in R.
Results
The balanced accuracy of our model when tested on the validation set was approximately 81% with a sensitivity of 86%. To determine which factors were most robust in the model prediction, we obtained a variable importance plot. This plot shows the most important variables in the model as determined by the mean decrease in Gini score. Here's what we found:
As you can see, violence on campus comes up eighth in the model with a Gini value of a mere 9.22! Compare this, with the top three variables which are: 1) crime near students' homes (32.73), 2) crime near school (25.99), and 3) an administrator assessment of the percentage of students who believe academics are important (22.48). Urbanicity (19.63), parent involvement (13.5), school size (10.5) and ethnic composition (16.8) are ALL ranked more highly than school level violence in this model. Using the Gini statistics we can see that crime near home is almost 4x as important in the model as violence in schools. An important note is that we may wish to consider the first two variables (c0560; c0562) as proxy indicators for poverty. The high rankings for indicators of poverty align with previous research which suggests that harsh security measures are disproportionately applied in schools serving low-income students (see Kupchik & Ward, 2011).
Implications
Certainly more research needs to be done. While the sensitivity of our model was quite good, the false positive rate was high. These indicators of model accuracy can be improved by collecting more robust data on schools and improving the discriminative capacity of data. Educators, planners, and administrators should reflect on the reasons for specific types of security and be mindful about the negative impacts of harsh security on students' development.
To read the full report or obtain the R code for this analysis, please contact us.
Selected References
Gastic, B. (2011). Metal detectors and feeling safe at school. Education and Urban Society, 43(4), 486-498. doi:10.1177/0013124510380717
Gastic, B., & Johnson, D. (2015). Disproportionality in daily metal detector student searches in U.S. public schools. Journal of School Violence, 14(3), 299-315. doi:10.1080/15388220.2014.924074.
Hankin, A., Hertz, M., & Simon, T. (2011). Impacts of metal detector use in schools: Insights from 15 years of research. Journal of School Health, 81(2), 100-106.
Hirschfield, P. J., & Celinska, K. (2011). Beyond fear: Sociological perspectives on the criminalization of school discipline. Sociology Compass, 5(1), 1-12.
Jackson, M., Diliberti, M., Kemp, J., Hummel, S., Cox, C., Gbondo-Tugbawa, K., . . . Hansen, R. (2018). 2015–16 school survey on crime and safety (SSOCS): Public-use data file user’s manual (NCES 2018-107). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
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Under the early Empire, as Rome had no rival in the Mediterranean, it was natural that the navy and naval theory should be neglected. When Constantine the Great decided to besiege Byzantium by sea, both he and his opponent Licinius had to create fleets for the struggle. Even when the Vandals in Africa made transmarine conquests and became a naval power, the Romans did not seriously address themselves to building an efficient navy and securing their own thalassocracy; the Vandals harried their coasts; their expeditions against Africa failed. And even when the Vandal power was in its decline and Belisarius set forth on his successful expedition of conquest, his fears for the safety of his squadron in case he should be attacked at sea allow us to suspect that the fleet of the enemy was superior to the Roman.
The conquest of Africa secured for Justinian the undisputed command of the Mediterranean, but he did nothing for the naval establishment. It was not till the Saracens, aspinng to conquer all the Mediterranean coastlands, became a naval power that the Roman Empire was forced, in a struggle for its being, to organize an efficient fleet. This was the work of Constans II. In this first period (c. 650-720) the naval forces, designated as the Karabisianoi, were placed under the command of an admiral, with title of strategos. They consisted of two geographical divisions, each under a drungarios: the orovince of the Cibyrrhaeots {probably named from the smaller Cibyra in Pamphylia) which included the southern coast districts of Asia Minor, and the Aegean province, which embraced the islands and part of the west coast of Asia Minor. The former was the more important; the marines of this province were the hardy descendants of the pirates, whose subjugation had taxed the resources of the Roman government in the last years of the Republic. It was a new principle to impose the burden of naval defence on the coast and island districts.
Distinct from these fleets, and probably organized on a different principle, was the naval contingent stationed at Constantinople. Leo III changed the naval administration, abolishing the supreme command, and making the Cibyrrhaeot and Aegean provinces separate independent themes under strategoi. The change was due to two motives. There was a danger lest a commander of the whole navy should become over powerful (indicated in the political role played by the navy before Leo's accession); but apart from this, the general reform of Leo, which united civil and military powers in the same hands, naturally placed the commanders of the two branches of the navy on a new footing, by making them provincial governors.
In this and the following reigns, the tendency was to neglect the fleet; the interest of the government was concentrated on the army. For a time this policy was prosecuted with impunity, since the Omayyad dynasty was growing weak, and then under the Abbasids, who transferred the capital from Damascus to Bagdad, the sea-power of the caliphate declined. But the neglect of the fleet was avenged in the 9th century, when Crete ana Sicily were wrested from the Empire, the loss of south Italy was imminent, and Moslem squadrons sailed in the Adriatic - losses and dangers which led to a reorganization of the navy under Basil I and Leo VI.
After this reform the navy consisted of two main contingents: the imperial fleet (stationed at Constantinople), and the provincial fleets, three in number, of (a) Cibyrrhaeot theme, (b) Aegean theme, (c) theme of Samos. A small distinct contingent was supplied by the Mardaites who. natives of Mt. Lebanon, had been transplanted (partly to Pamphylia, partly to Epirus, the Ionian Islands, and Peloponnesus). The imperial fleet seems to have consisted of about 100 warships manned by 23,000 marines (the same men fought and rowed); the provincial fleets of 77 warships manned by 17,000. When the fleets acted together, the admiral in supreme command for the time was called the "drungarios of the naval forces." The warships ("dromonds") were mainly biremes, but there were also uniremes, built for speed, called "galleys". Pyrotechnic was an important department in the naval establishment; the manufacture of the terrible explosive known as liquid or marine fire (Greek Fire) was carefully guarded as a state secret.
The navy, active and efficient in the 10th century, is described by a military and therefore unprejudiced officer of the 11th as the glory of Romania. But towards the end of the 11th century it declined, the main cause being the disorganization of the naval provinces of Asia Minor, which was a result of the Seljuk conquest of the interior. This decline had important indirect consequences; it led to the dependence of the Empire on the Venetian navy in the struggle with the Norman power, and for this help Venice exacted commercial privileges which injured Byzantine commerce and opened the door to the preponderant influences of the Venetians in eastern trade. In the period of the Palaeologi the imperial navy, though small, was active; and the importance which it possessed for the state is illustrated by the high rank at court which the admiral (who in the 11th century had received the title of Great Duke, then occupied; the only minister who was superior to him was the Great Domestic.
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CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19): please review UBC’s general information and FAQs and G+PS's graduate student-specific information.
COVID-19
As UBC continues to navigate the situation regarding COVID-19, we recognize that members of our community may have questions and concerns.
Within British Columbia, Provincial Health Officer Dr. Bonnie Henry, the BC Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Vancouver Coastal Health are leading the coordinated response to COVID-19. UBC continues to take direction from the BC Provincial Government as we plan and consider next steps.
This website contains answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs) related to funding, assessments, dissertations, housing as well as questions with information specific to international students and newly admitted students.
You are also encouraged to visit https://covid19.ubc.ca/ for the latest updates regarding COVID-19 and UBC’s response, and students.ubc.ca/covid19 for further information on financial assistance, government assistance eligibility criteria, and various student services.
Last updated: November 30, 2021
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December 16, 2020: End-of-term check-in from Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
As the end of term nears, we at the Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (G+PS) office wanted to check in with you, to provide reminders and new information about some key resources you may find helpful, and to send our warmest wishes for a restful and rejuvenating holiday.
This has been a term (and year) like no other. The pandemic has disrupted lives, learning, research, and health, and many of these disruptions have had, and will have, long term consequences. Please know that we, and those at all levels of the university, have worked persistently to identify these specific challenges and to devise and implement strategies to help in their alleviation. We are continuing to do so, and will notify you as ongoing efforts take shape.
At the same time, this year has seen positive change. We’ve experienced a widespread, heightened awareness of racial and other inequities that exist in our societies, and a growing commitment to address them; we’ve seen a record drop of CO2 emissions during the pandemic; we’ve discovered new and positive ways of working, learning, and interacting with one another, many of which will likely be retained well after the pandemic has ended; we’ve learned to adapt; we’ve developed an effective vaccine in record time; and we’ve re-discovered how complex, interconnected, and interdependent our world and its peoples are. We are extraordinarily grateful for all of you as the next generation of scholars, innovators, knowledge workers, and citizens who will be at the forefront of contributing to a renewed, just and sustainable world.
As we approach the break and look towards the new year, we’d also like to inform or remind you of a number of key resources that may be relevant to you.
FAQs
Our FAQ page is an up-to-date listing of important information and resources related to COVID-19 as they relate to graduate students. We encourage you to visit it for any questions or concerns you may have: https://www.grad.ubc.ca/covid-19.
Finances and funding
Whether you’re a domestic or international student, if you are experiencing financial hardship, we strongly encourage you to schedule a confidential advising appointment with an Enrolment Services Advisor. ES Advisors can help you manage your individual situation and explore options for short-term critical financial assistance.
In addition, you can use the Government of Canada’s online tool to find the financial resources specific to your situation due to COVID-19.
Emergency Food Access
COVID-19 has exposed additional gaps in our current systems, with food insecurity prevalence likely to be higher with wide-spread loss of jobs and income for students. If you are a graduate student who finds yourself making the tough choice between paying bills and buying food, you may be experiencing food insecurity. It’s ok to ask for help, and it’s is important that you know you’re not alone. Support is available. Learn more.
Student fees
UBC Athletics & Recreation
For the Academic Year 2020/21, UBC decided to defer the collection of the Athletics & Recreation Fee from Winter Session Term 1 (September to December) to Winter Session Term 2 (January to April). For most graduate students, this fee is assessed in three instalments totaling $230.82 ($76.94/term). The currently listed fee accounts for credits from Winter Session Term 1 and Term 2 as well as whether you are registered for full-time or part-time studies.
This fee, similar to many fees at other Canadian universities, provides core funding that is vital to the continued operation of sport facilities, maintenance of varsity athletics, and delivery of recreation programs for current and future students.
At this time, online programs and activity options are available and a number of the sport facilities are re-opened and in-person programs are available.
U-Pass
All post-secondary students in Metro Vancouver are required to pay the U-Pass fee. This pooled financial effort is the reason Translink is able to provide a reduced cost, subsidized transit pass specifically for post-secondary students. U-pass exemptions are available to students who are immunocompromised and/or living outside of the Metro Vancouver area. Learn more about U-Pass exemptions and opt-out options from the AMS.
If you are facing financial hardship you may be eligible for the AMS Winter 2020-2021 Subsidy which offers either a full or partial reimbursement of your U-Pass fee. You can apply for the Winter Subsidy through the following link by logging into AMS CampusBase with your CWL.
Housing
UBC Student Housing still has residence Winter Session and Year-Round Housing vacancies for Winter Term II. Be reminded: if you are interested in a Year-Round Housing contract for 2021-22 or beyond this is a great time to solidify a short term (4 month) contract and then have the ability to renew annually thereafter, hence giving you shelter security for as long as you like and are a registered student of UBC. Please note that student family housing continues to be in high demand and waitlist priority will continue to depend on the time of application as a key criterion.
Visit UBC Housing and Community Services to learn more and apply.
Library resources and study spaces
UBC students, faculty and staff now have remote access to four computer labs, with more than 80 UBC Library computer workstations for academic instructional use. Users can connect, using CWL and password, to desktop computers in one of four UBC Library labs. Access remote computers at UBC Library.
Additionally, UBC Library is providing bookable study space in the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre Monday through Saturday. This includes access to desktop computers, printing and scanning. Library users can make up to 5 reservations per week. Visit the Library website to reserve your space online.
Mental health and wellbeing
Amidst the outbreak of COVID-19, many students may be developing feelings of fear, stress, worry and isolation—these feelings are natural when facing threats that are beyond our control. For students currently in BC, UBC Counselling Services offers virtual appointments in a variety of formats, from 45-minute drop-in sessions to group counselling programs. Visit their website for more information.
Students outside of BC can still access the new UBC Student Assistance Program (SAP). Aspiria is a free, 24/7 wellness resource for students. Services include personal counselling, life coaching, group programs, financial and legal advising, and more based on your needs. UBC SAP can help you with a wide range of concerns to support your mental, emotional, physical and financial health, and will give you the option of getting help through the website, through the mobile app or by phone 1-833-590-1328 (toll-free).
For a comprehensive list of resources at UBC, please see the new Health and Wellbeing guide.
Professional development
At UBC, professional development for graduate students is a key priority to help ensure the success of our students both during and after their graduate programs. It is a shared responsibility of a number of offices and academic units on campus and includes a variety of workshops, services and resources. The Graduate Game Plan is a step-by-step guide that offers strategies for different stages of your program. For more information on programming available to you visit the professional development page or read GradUpdate, a weekly newsletter sent by Graduate Pathways to Success.
Staying connected
The G+PS office recently launched new features in the graduate student community to help form connections between students. You can now enter details about your academic work at UBC, such as your research topic and supervisor, as well as personal notes about yourself, such as hobbies, languages spoken, countries you have visited and your social media profile links. You can connect with peers on all these topics at these links:
Students by graduate program
Academic research
Countries lived in for at least 6 months
Hobbies / Interests
Languages spoken and language buddies
Self-isolation
All travelers arriving to Canada are required by the Canadian Government to quarantine (self-isolate) for 14 days and self-monitor for symptoms. If you do not have an appropriate self-quarantine plan, or have COVID-19 symptoms, you will not be allowed to enter Canada. Make sure you can enter Canada by following the important steps outlined in UBC’s Guide for Students Travelling to Canada during COVID-19.
Students travelling to UBC from outside Canada who are unable to self-quarantine in their own accommodations have access to complimentary on-campus self-isolation packages on a one-time only basis until further notice. Meals are included. UBC Student Housing residents cannot self-isolate in a shared unit. This includes any space that shares a washroom and/or kitchen with another student but excludes student family housing, a studio or one-bedroom unit.
Note that due to high demand between late December 2020 and mid-January 2021 many dates for this on-campus service are sold out.
International students
UBC is listed as one of the institutions with an approved COVID-19 readiness plan, so most UBC students can now travel to Canada if they have the required documents. See the updated Travelling to Canada Guide for details on who can travel, confirming your health insurance coverage, making self-isolation plans, and what documents to prepare for your arrival.
As the COVID-19 situation evolves, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and other government departments are constantly revising their policies. We encourage you to visit International Student Advising’s COVID-19 FAQs for important considerations.
As we end this year, we send you our warmest wishes for a safe and joyous holiday season and new year ahead.
Susan Porter,
Dean & Vice-Provost
On behalf of all at G+PS
July 14, 2020: COVID-19 update from G+PS
Winter Term 1 is less than a couple of months away, and we and those at all levels at UBC, continue to work to find ways to alleviate the challenges you face, and to ensure a productive year of grad studies. We encourage you once again to remain in close contact with your programs and supervisors so that they are fully aware of your current needs and circumstances.
We have a series of small updates to share with you. Please note that this information has also been added to the COVID-19 FAQ section on our website. Visit this website over the next few weeks and months for the most up-to-date COVID-19 related information for graduate students.
Campus life
You may be wondering what life on campus will look like in September. We encourage you to consult the information on the operation of on-campus services and resources. As restrictions imposed due to COVID-19 continue to be lifted, we encourage you to refer to question A.12 of our FAQ for general information on student services, sports facilities, UBC Library, food services, and more. Please consult individual services websites for additional details.
Resumption of research activities
The Office of the VP, Research & Innovation (VPRI) consulted with Faculties and units across our campuses to inform the phased resumption of on-campus research, scholarship and creative activities, in line with public health guidance.
Faculties are now implementing their plans for stage 1 of on-campus research resumption and will soon begin stage 2. Refer to question A.13 of our FAQ for details on the gradual reopening of research facilities, including information on Behavioural Research Ethics.
Cancellation of student mobility programs
After careful consideration, UBC is extending the cancellation of all student travel for university purposes until 31 December 2020. This includes graduate student travel for international research, professional placements and conference attendance. Please see the attached message from the Office of the Vice-Provost, International, for more information.
If you planned on travelling abroad during Winter Term 1, you are encouraged to work with your program to explore alternatives to international travel. If this is not possible, you may request special authorization to travel through the Student Safety Abroad program. Question A.14 in our FAQ provides additional details.
U-Pass
The new Transit Subsidy Program allows for eligible students that use public transit to receive partial credit when they purchase a Translink monthly pass in July or August. The subsidy is not available retroactively for the month of June. Through this program, students with financial need would end up paying the same amount for a Monthly Pass as they would have for the UPass ($42.50), and the difference would be subsidized by the AMS/GSS/UBC as credit towards their tuition. Due to limited resources, eligibility is determined based on financial need.
To apply, students must fill out the U-Pass Subsidy Form.
UBC is currently considering options to ensure student access to affordable transportation by the start of Winter Term 1.
Athletic & Recreation fees
Please note that fees that contribute to UBC Athletics & Recreation are not payment for facility access or membership; they provide funding that is vital to the continued operation of sport facilities and delivery of recreation programs both at present and when the university returns to regular operations.
To alleviate financial stress, the A&R fee for 2020 Winter Term 1 will be deferred until Winter Term 2. Please note that in the Student Services Centre (SSC) this fee is currently shown. You can disregard this. Deferment will take effect by August 31, and you will see this reflected in the SSC then. If you have already paid the A&R fee for Winter Term 1, the amount will be credited towards your next term.
In addition, the AMS Athletics and Intramural fee of $21 will not be assessed in 2020W.
Tuition
Tuition is vital to maintaining the academic continuity and operations of UBC and providing the range of supports students require now and when we are able to transition to more in-person learning. UBC’s commitment to providing quality learning experiences and services has not changed as we adapt to current circumstances and offer new modalities of delivery to keep you, your fellow students, faculty, and staff safe during COVID-19. Given this and the commitment to increased student financial assistance, tuition rates will remain and be assessed, as approved by the Board of Governors in December 2019.
Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
May 12, 2020: Summer Term 1 extensions reminder
We would like to remind you of two extensions that have been granted with regards to Summer Term 1, in response to COVID-19.
Summer Term 1 tuition deadline
Enrolment Services has extended the Summer Term 1 tuition deadline to June 15, 2020. In the SSC, the payment deadline will still show as May 13, 2020 (to reduce the course and registration impacts), but students can disregard this.
Adding/dropping Summer Term 1 courses
The course add/drop date is May 15. For 2020 Summer Term 1 only, UBC has extended the drop deadline by one week to May 22, to allow you more time to evaluate the online course format. This extension will not apply to Summer Term 2. If you need to drop a course between May 16 and May 22, please contact your graduate program office by email and provide your student number and the course information (subject code, course number, and section) for the course(s) you wish to drop without a W on your transcript. The last day to add a course for Summer Term 1, or to switch your registration between credit and audit, remains May 15 and the last day to drop a course for Summer Term 1 with a W on your transcript remains May 29. You can find out more about drop deadlines and tuition refund amounts for summer session on students.ubc.ca.
Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
May 1, 2020: UBC Funding Initiatives for Graduate Students
We are aware that many of you are experiencing especially difficult challenges right now, and many at the university have been working continuously to find ways to alleviate some of the financial burdens you face. Today, we are happy to announce the implementation of two UBC initiatives to provide funding support to graduate students.
The first is an enhanced Graduate Student Emergency Bursary, overseen by Enrolment Services, for which all graduate students (domestic and international) registered for the May-August 2020 session are eligible to apply. This is a needs-based financial support program for the period of May through August 2020, and entails a streamlined application process. The emergency bursary funding is intended to help fill the gap after all other supports are considered, and in many cases will not cover the entire shortfall that students expect to encounter. Depending on other sources of funding and personal circumstances, funding may range from zero to approximately $3,000 for the summer term.
You can expect to receive an invitation to complete an online questionnaire that will help Enrolment Services assess your eligibility and make a funding decision. These invitations will be sent on a staggered schedule in the coming week to help Enrolment Services Advisors manage the volume of submissions.
Secondly, the President’s Academic Excellence Initiative PhD Award recognizes the significant contributions of PhD students to the research activities of the university. This is an ongoing award, starting in the 2020 summer term, which will be provided to all PhD students except those who have their tuition paid by an external sponsor. For the first year of its implementation, the award amount will be equivalent to 17% of students’ tuition; in the case of international students, the tuition amount will be determined after deduction of the International Tuition Award. The first instalment of the awards will be automatically assigned by mid-May 2020; students do not need to apply. For further information, please visit: https://www.grad.ubc.ca/awards/presidents-academic-excellence-initiative-phd-award.
As we navigate through this difficult time, we are continuing to explore other means to support graduate students, and will keep you informed as updates become available.
Sincerely,
Kate Ross, Associate Vice-President, Enrolment Services and Registrar
Susan Porter, Dean and Vice-Provost, Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
April 17, 2020: G+PS reached out to all graduate students at UBC Vancouver
I and many others have been thinking continuously about you over this difficult time, and I sincerely hope that this finds you and your loved ones well and managing as best you can. Since my last letter we, and those at all levels at UBC including your fellow students, have continued to work tirelessly to identify the complexities of this unprecedented situation and to consider means to alleviate the challenges many face. Please bear with us as we weigh the innumerable ‘unknowns’ and make decisions that may affect the university for years to come.
At the end of this letter, you will find updates from our office and elsewhere of the many resources and actions that have been taken so far to support graduate students.
While we have heard of the experiences of many students through their programs, we would also like to hear directly from you. To facilitate that, we will be working with your Faculties in the near future to arrange or to join pre-arranged virtual town halls of graduate students. I and my colleagues in the G+PS office very much look forward to engaging with you more directly in this way.
As we as a community and society navigate this time together, I am constantly struck by the ways it has changed the way we think, relate to one another, and perceive the world. I genuinely believe it will change us, and reshape our approaches to graduate education and higher scholarship in many ways. It is clear that the learning you are engaged in now is more important than ever. I wish those at every stage of their programs the very best.
Sincerely,
Susan Porter
Dean and Vice-Provost,
Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
Information
The G+PS website COVID-19 FAQ is constantly being updated with information and resources.
Please also see the site for all UBC students, students.ubc.ca/covid19, that has further information on financial assistance, government assistance eligibility criteria, and various student services.
Updated deadlines
On Monday, April 6, we updated programs with changes to important deadlines affecting graduate students, including those pertaining to dissertation submission, graduation application, and final grade submission by instructors and/or programs. To view these dates, visit the Announcement section on our COVID-19 FAQ page.
Summer Term 2
In light of the ongoing situation, and in continued support of physical distancing, UBC announced on April 17, 2020 that Summer Term 2 courses (July 6 - Aug. 13) at UBC Vancouver, UBC Okanagan and UBC Robson Square will also be online. Read this announcement in full.
Financial issues
Please note again that Enrolment Services has extended the Summer Term 1 tuition deadline to June 15, 2020. In the SSC, the payment deadline will still show as May 13, 2020 (to reduce the course and registration impacts), but students can disregard this.
A reminder that both domestic and international students who are experiencing financial hardship due to the COVID-19 situation (extraordinary expenses, loss of employment, etc.) are strongly encouraged to schedule a confidential advising appointment with an Enrolment Services Advisor. All emergency funding requests/applications should go through Enrolment Services.
If you are a graduate student who cannot do the work required by your program because of limited access to a computer, the Vancouver campus has a small supply of loaner laptops that may be available to you. These are basic laptops, meant to be returned at a later date. Alternatively, Enrolment Services will offer up to $350 in the support of new technology, in lieu of the loner laptops. Other small costs such as a webcam or a month's worth of internet fees may also be covered. Enrolment Services will apply discretion if appropriate, to go over the $350 cap, on a case by case.
Eligibility for the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) program continues to be clarified.The program is intended to provide temporary income support ($500 a week for up to 16 weeks) for those who stopped working because of COVID-19. To be eligible, you must reside in Canada and have a valid Social Insurance Number. Workers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents - including international students - may be eligible to receive the Benefit if they meet the other eligibility requirements. For more information, visit the Government of Canada website.
Wellbeing
UBC Counselling Services and Student Health & Wellbeing are organizing online support group sessions for graduate students focused on staying connected and drawing on resilience for managing this challenging time. Register for sessions on Thursdays, from April 16 to May 28, at 2:00 p.m. PST for an hour.
In addition to the mental health services and resources available to students that we communicated in a previous message, the provincial government has announced a new mental health service available for BC post-secondary students. Here2Talk provides all students currently registered in a BC post-secondary institution with access to free, confidential counselling and community referral services, conveniently available 24/7 via app, phone, and web.
Professional development
See the G+PS website for updated virtual professional development opportunities. To stay informed on upcoming online workshops, services, and resources, subscribe to GradUpdate weekly emails or follow us on Twitter @UBCGradSchool.
April 3, 2020: G+PS reached out to all graduate students at UBC Vancouver
During these unprecedented times, we recognize the importance of continued and regular communication.
In the coming weeks, through the period of remote work and research curtailment, and then as needed in the subsequent period to address ongoing concerns, I will be sending out weekly updates on behalf of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies on COVID-19-related issues and developments.
We, and those at all levels at UBC, continue to work to find ways to alleviate the challenges you face, and we encourage you to remain in close contact with your programs and supervisors so that they are fully aware of your current needs and circumstances.
Since my last email on Friday, March 27, 2020, there has been a series of updates to our COVID-19 FAQ. Please also see the newly established site for all UBC students, students.ubc.ca/covid19, with information and resources on financial assistance, government assistance eligibility criteria, and various student services.
Academic and research issues:
UBC has extended remote work arrangements and on-campus research curtailment until the end of April, when the situation will be reassessed, based on information about COVID-19, and in conjunction with our government and health stakeholders. Visit the VPRI website for more information on research curtailments.
The Behavioural Research Ethics Board (BREB) has created a page on their website providing information on UBC behavioural guidance during the COVID-19 research restrictions. Please be aware that, as the current situation is very fluid, the interim policies communicated may change. Should you have any questions about these policies or other issues, please do not hesitate to contact Jean Ruiz, Sr. Research Ethics Analyst at [email protected] at the UBC Vancouver Campus. Visit the Clinical Research Ethics Board (CREB) website for guidance around clinical research ethics during COVID-19.
For those in research-based programs, we want to reiterate that while we recognize research projects for many have been put on hold for diverse reasons, we encourage you and your supervisor(s) to explore other opportunities for furthering your research, academic progress, and/or professional development throughout this time of curtailment. We have added suggestions to our General FAQ. As noted in the last email, we also realize that progress is very challenging for many, with unanticipated commitments and circumstances that prevent your full attention to your studies. Please remember, then, that we have effectively extended times to reach milestones, such as program completion and doctoral comprehensive exams, by at least one term.
Housing:
Students in Winter Residence
Students who are unable to leave residence may continue to stay in residence for the duration of their contract (up to April 30, 2020). If you believe you require housing following the end of your contract, please apply immediately for summer stay through.
Students in Year-Round Residence
Year Round Residences remain open. UBC is currently in the process of sending new contracts for 2020-2021. Students will be able to stay in residence beyond the end of their current contract if they have accepted a new contract for May 2020-April 2021.
Please be assured that UBC, in keeping with recent provincial government directives, will not apply the annual rent increase that typically occurs in May. To be clear, rent in year-round and summer residences will not be increased; 2019-20 contract rates will continue to apply until further notice.
Leaves of absence and housing eligibility
If you’re a graduate student in Winter Session and might take a COVID-19 related leave of absence during the summer, you are eligible for summer stay-through in Fairview Crescent. Please ensure you apply by April 12 as Student Housing can guarantee you will receive an offer if you apply by this date. You can apply through your UBC Student Housing Online Services Centre.
Students also have the option to sublet from a student with a Year Round Residence Contract. Information regarding sublet guidelines and application process as well as a link to a sublet forum can be found here.
If you’re a graduate student in Year Round Residence and might take a COVID-19 related leave of absence during the summer, you will not need to move out of UBC residence, if you continue to be eligible for Year Round Residence for the following fall. In this case, you will be able to simply accept a new Year Round Residence Contract and stay in your residence. Students living in Year Round residences are not required to be studying full-time during the summer months. Any leave that is COVID-19 related won’t impact your eligibility.
Otherwise, summer stay-through, or subletting from a Year Round resident who has signed a new contract offer, would be an option for students in this situation that are not eligible for a new Year Round Residence Contract. Please note that, if you have not already done so, student families residing in Acadia Park that will not continue to be eligible in the fall but need accommodation past April 30, should contact Student Family Housing as soon as possible to discuss continued accommodation in their residence through to August.
If you will be completing your graduate program by April 30, but cannot leave Canada due to travel restrictions, you will be able to get temporary accommodation in Summer Residence at Fairview Crescent provided you apply by April 12. You also have the option to look for a sublet. Please get in touch with UBC Student Housing at [email protected] if you wish to live in Summer Residence and did not live in a UBC student residence during the 2019-2020 academic year.
Financial challenges:
Enrolment Services has extended the Summer Term 1 tuition deadline to June 15, 2020. In the SSC, the payment deadline will still show as May 13, 2020 (to reduce the course and registration impacts), but students can disregard this.
Both domestic and international students who are experiencing financial hardship due to the COVID-19 situation (extraordinary expenses, loss of employment, etc.) are strongly encouraged to schedule a confidential advising appointment with an Enrolment Services Advisor. Emergency bursaries are available, and consultation will also help the University to understand the scope and kind of need that exists.
If you stopped working because of COVID-19, the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) may provide you with temporary income support. The CERB provides $500 a week for up to 16 weeks. To be eligible, you must reside in Canada and have a valid Social Insurance Number. Workers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents – including temporary foreign workers and international students – may be eligible to receive the Benefit if they meet the other eligibility requirements. For more information, visit the Government of Canada website.
Visit the Student Services website to find out if you’re eligible for resources from the Government of Canada, Government of BC and the City of Vancouver.
CIHR, NSERC and SSHRC now have sections on their respective websites to inform the research community of any changes to their programs and policies due to COVID-19.
CIHR’s webpage
NSERC’s webpage
SSHRC’s webpage
Support for international students:
If you are a graduate student who has had to take a leave due to COVID-19, you can still work as in a regular academic term, meaning no more than 20 hours a week off campus and unlimited hours on campus. Given that summer is not a “scheduled break” for graduate students, you cannot work full-time but can work part-time, as you would in a regular academic term if the leave is due to COVID-19.
Students on an approved gap in studies, which includes graduate leaves of absence, can remain in Canada. For details, please review the International Student Guide.
If your study permit expires soon, please apply for renewal as early as possible. The waiting period is usually 120 days, but could be longer due to COVID-19. You must submit your study permit extension application before your study permit becomes invalid.
Wellbeing
The current situation can cause stress and anxiety as well as a sense of isolation. We encourage you to stay in contact with family and friends, and to connect with your UBC peers through digital social events, virtual writing groups, and other online sessions. For example, the Centre for Writing and Scholarly Communication is continuing to offer writing consultations and to host an online writing community on Tuesdays (9-11 am) and Wednesdays (2-4 pm), and the Centre for Teaching, Learning and Technology continues to plan and offer programs for graduate students.
As always, please avail yourselves of the many resources that are available to support students during this difficult time. For a list of mental health resources, visit the students.ubc.ca website.
Professional development
See the G+PS website for numerous virtual professional development opportunities. To stay informed on upcoming online workshops, services, and resources, subscribe to GradUpdate weekly emails or follow us on Twitter @UBCGradSchool.
Remember that the COVID-19 FAQ provides information on a range of issues related to graduate students and programs in light of Covid-19.
With best wishes to you,
Susan Porter
Dean & Vice Provost,
Graduate & Postdoctoral Studies
March 27, 2020: G+PS reached out to all graduate students at UBC Vancouver
These are unprecedented times for our generation, and the uncertainty and upheaval they are causing are especially difficult to navigate when it is the health and wellbeing of so many that are at stake.
I'm writing on behalf of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies to let you know that we are aware that many of you are experiencing especially difficult challenges right now – in your personal circumstances, your research, and your academic work – and to assure you that we, and those at all levels at UBC, are working extremely hard to find ways to alleviate the challenges you face. You may find that some of your concerns and questions are addressed on our website, and I encourage you to visit it: https://www.grad.ubc.ca/covid-19.
Briefly, the following are the measures that we and the University are taking to date:
Academic issues
As courses and assessments go online, we realize that this can entail many uncertainties. Your instructors have the capacity to alter the grading schemes or standing options for current courses if necessary, and requests for concessions are always available to you. In concordance with the Senate, we are also delaying the deadline for grade submission. The Assessment FAQ shows details sent to grad programs and course instructors; please connect with your course instructors for details regarding your own course(s) if you have not already heard from them.
We understand that interruptions in your ability to progress in your programs, whether because of personal circumstances, research curtailment, or other issues, may result in delayed completion of your program. We will therefore effectively extend deadlines for milestones (e.g. candidacy) and program completion by at least one term. Although process details of this are still being determined, please be assured that we will eliminate justification requirements for extensions related to the current situation.
Final doctoral exams are successfully proceeding completely online, and will continue as such as long as necessary.
There will be a slight delay only in the granting of degrees, however the graduation ceremony has been indefinitely postponed.
We appreciate that some of you may decide to take a leave of absence for some period in the near future. While this may be feasible for some, please note that leaves come with certain restrictions, especially in terms of funding and student employment as outlined in our general FAQ.
We realize that research projects for many have been put on hold for diverse reasons. We encourage you and your supervisor(s) to explore other opportunities for furthering your research and academic progress throughout this time of curtailment, while also planning ahead for how to proceed when the curtailment eases. Examples of such opportunities and suggestions for practices that promote effective continuity of supervision and academic progress have been compiled and are being sent to supervisors. Please view a copy of this message in our announcements. We, and the University and research community more broadly, are continuing to deliberate on the longer term ramifications and potential mitigating strategies of research curtailment.
Wellbeing
The current situation is naturally causing significant stress and anxiety for many. At the same time, there is much to be grateful for in our current environment, including the many people across UBC and beyond stepping up to make the situation better. The following are among the resources available to you now:
Mental health support, including Student Health Services and Counselling Services, continue to be provided (virtually). Please review other related student services.
There are also numerous resources on enhancing wellbeing in the current environment at the above sites. One example is the Wellness Centre Online, a space for engaging in topics relevant to student wellbeing. Students can self-enrol.
Financial challenges
While we haven’t yet determined the most effective ways to ease the burdens many of you face, we are exploring a range of options. We will keep you informed as measures are taken, and are also communicating with programs to better learn what is needed. Please note the following:
Be assured that all major University-wide multi-year scholarships will continue to be paid throughout the eligibility period.
If you are experiencing financial hardship due to the COVID-19 situation (extraordinary expenses, loss of employment, etc.) we strongly encourage you to schedule a confidential advising appointment with an Enrolment Services Advisor. An advisor will assess your financial situation and provide the best course of action for you. It may not be possible for Enrolment Services to provide immediate support in all circumstances, but meeting with an advisor will also enable the University to gather a clearer picture of the needs that exist and to direct its financial support resources more effectively.
Indigenous graduate students with inquiries or issues with financial difficulties/distress should contact an Indigenous Enrolment Services Advisor. The Indigenous ESA Team can be reached at [email protected]
We are reviewing information about the support offered by the federal and provincial governments, to understand what may be applicable to graduate students - recognizing that these supports may help some, but certainly not all, students who require financial support.
Support for international students
We know many of our international graduate students may have questions about returning to Canada, your options to stay in Canada, traveling abroad, completing your studies, and working in Canada. To help answer some of these questions, International Student Advising (ISA) has recently published an FAQ on the UBC International Student Guide. If you have any questions not addressed in the FAQ, we encourage you to reach out to ISA directly. Please note that although ISA is not providing in-person services at this time, they will continue to advise students by email (include your student number): [email protected].
Professional development
Many UBC units have moved their workshops and one-to-one advising online. This may be an opportune time for many to make use of these helpful resources. The following are a few key links.
The G+PS professional development site lists many upcoming virtual workshops and events hosted by units across and outside UBC. To help stay informed on upcoming online workshops, services, and resources, subscribe to or follow GradUpdate weekly emails and @ubcgradschool on Twitter.
The Centre for Writing and Scholarly Communication is continuing to offer writing consultations and to host an online writing community on Tuesdays (9-11 am) and Wednesdays (2-4 pm).
The Centre for Student Involvement and Careers has online career advising.
As new information and opportunities arise in the coming days and weeks, we will communicate them to you. In the meantime, I encourage you all to look after yourselves and others. Please know that your sustainment, wellbeing, and ongoing scholarly formation are our first priorities throughout this challenging time.
With best wishes to you,
Susan Porter
Dean & Vice Provost,
Graduate & Postdoctoral Studies
A) FAQ - General
A.1) Is the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (G+PS) open?
Effective Tuesday, March 17, 2020, we have closed the G+PS office to the public but staff continue to maintain operations. Following UBC’s recommendation to implement remote working arrangements for faculty, staff, graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and student employees, many G+PS staff may be working remotely and there may be a delay in service as a result. Faculty, staff, and current students should direct inquiries to [email protected] and prospective students should direct inquiries to [email protected]. Questions regarding award funding can be directed to [email protected].
If you cannot find an answer on our website, you are welcome to submit an enquiry through the Contact Us form. Make sure to provide all the pertinent information for our teams to respond. Appointments are offered as deemed necessary based on the nature of the enquiry. We currently do not accept in-person walk-ins to our office.
A.4) What resources are available to UBC students?
Please visit the Student Services website to find information on supports and resources available during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A.5) What resources are available for mental health support?
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, many students may be developing feelings of fear, stress, worry and isolation – these feelings are natural when facing threats that are beyond our control. Everyone reacts differently to these feelings and they can be overwhelming for some. It is important to understand that if you need help in coping with these feelings, there are resources available. Below are articles and resources that will guide you in managing your mental health.
Taking care of your mental health during the outbreak
Psychology Today – How to stay emotionally healthy during the coronavirus outbreak
World Health Organization – Mental health considerations developed by the Mental Health Department as support for mental and psychological well-being during COVID-19 outbreak
Canadian Mental Health Association - Coronavirus: managing stress & anxiety
Anxiety Canada - What to do if you’re anxious or worried about coronavirus (COVID-19)
Foundry BC – Tips for when the news stresses you out
Other resources available online or on the phone to support your mental health
UBC Counselling Services Counselling Services will be offering appointments by phone during the COVID-19 outbreak. Students can call Counselling Services, 604 822 3811, to schedule an appointment by phone.
Aspiria - free, 24/7 wellness resource for students. Services include personal counselling, life coaching, group programs and more based on your needs.
MindhealthBC - Take a quick online assessment on your mental health and get resources for a variety of related concerns.
Here to Help - help you find quality information, learn new skills, and connect with key resources in BC
HealthlinkBC - If you still have questions call 811 to speak with a registered nurse, or access online resources for health-related questions.
CrisiscentreBC - If you or someone you know is feeling hopeless or at risk of harm, call or chat online with a crisis responder any time
TAO - Manage your well-being with tools on stress, relationship problems, substance use, and more. Register with a UBC email, which you can set up for free.
Here2Talk - Provides all students currently registered in a BC post-secondary institution with access to free, confidential counselling and community referral services, conveniently available 24/7 via app, phone, and web.
Group counselling programs - Online programs are available for you during COVID-19.
More information on how to take care of your health and wellbeing can be found at https://students.ubc.ca/health
We appreciate that this is a very stressful time and we want to reassure you that UBC is here to support you. All necessary steps are being taken, in conjunction with and in consultation with our health agency partners, in order to protect the health and safety of all of our students and the entire community. Your health and wellbeing is our priority.
If you have any further questions regarding any of the information you have received, please do not hesitate to reach out to:
Dr Marna Nelson
Director UBC Student Health Service
[email protected]
A.6) What is the current guidance for behavioural research involving human participants?
The Offices of Research Ethics on the Vancouver and Okanagan campuses have resumed in-person behavioural research in alignment with updates from the BC Public Health Officer. Note that UBC researchers (Faculty, Staff and Students) are now required to be vaccinated before embarking on in-person research, and additional restrictions due to COVID may be implemented.
If you are beginning or resuming in-person reach, visit the Office of Research Ethics website to learn how your research may be affected.
A.7) What is the process if I need to request an academic concession?
Referring to the UBC policy on Academic Concessions, requests for academic concession may be made to the instructor of the student’s course, their graduate supervisor or graduate advisor for their graduate program. If you are registered with the Centre for Accessibility, please consult your Accessibility Advisor in addition to your course instructor and/or supervisor. Requests for the below noted academic concessions, upon approval and submission of the request form by your program, will be processed by G+PS as normal. Please note there may be delays in processing times due to remote working arrangements.
Request for program extension
Request for leave of absence
Request for deferred standing
A.10) I expect it will take longer for me to complete my graduate program as a result of the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Can I have longer to meet my program milestones?
UPDATE: Pandemic-related extensions to program and candidacy will still be considered, however requests must now be made in accordance with applicable pre-existing policies and accompanied by all necessary documentation. Requests submitted without justification or supporting documentation will not be considered.
Program Extensions
Master’s students: Initial program duration is five years
Doctoral students/Candidates: Initial program duration is six years
Due to COVID-19, G+PS will approve requests from graduate programs for one term of extension for any of their students without further justification or supporting documentation normally required. Students seeking such an extension should contact their graduate program to initiate such a request.
Extensions to Candidacy
Due to COVID-19, G+PS will approve requests from graduate programs for one term of extension to reach candidacy for any of their students without further justification or supporting documentation normally required. Students seeking such an extension should contact their graduate program to initiate such a request.
A.11) I have questions about UBC Childcare. Where can I find the most up-to-date information?
Please visit the UBC Childcare FAQ.
A.12) What is life on campus like?
We encourage you to consult the information on the operation of on-campus services and resources. As restrictions imposed due to COVID-19 continue to be lifted, we encourage you to consult individual services websites for additional details.
Student services
Many UBC student services, including health and wellbeing, academics and advising and student engagement, are currently offering their services online or over the phone instead of in-person. Find out how to access them.
Food services
Due to popular demand, several locations have re-opened for takeout only, including The Point, Mercante, Tim Hortons Forestry, Starbucks Bookstore, Corner Store, and Harvest Market. See the list of open eateries on campus.
UBC Library
Many library branches have re-opened, providing bookable study spaces, desktop computers, printing and scanning services. Non-medical masks are required. Visit the Library's Hours portal for information on locations and hours.
A number of online resources are available to current students. You should review off-campus access using EZproxy protocols before trying to connect to any of the library’s online resources from off-campus or use the new browser extension. Computers using a UBC wired or wireless network connection are automatically authenticated.
In addition, the Library has launched an on-campus pick-up service to enable UBC students, faculty and staff to access items in the collection that are not available in electronic formats. To learn more, visit the Library website.
Sports facilities
For the latest information, visit the relevant website below:
UBC Vancouver Athletics and Recreation
Museum of Anthropology
Find out about the new visiting procedures and how to pre-book your ticket online. UBC students, faculty, and staff receive free admission but must pre-book a timed-entry ticket online, and present a valid UBC photo ID at the point of entry.
Botanical Garden
New health and safety measures have been put in place to ensure the wellbeing of guests, members, and staff. As a result, entry to UBC Botanical Garden will require booking in advance. Nitobe Memorial Garden and the Greenheart TreeWalk are both now closed for the season. Learn more.
Online learning
As some of you prepare for classes in an online learning environment, we encourage you to visit the Keep Learning website, which shares resources on how to learn more effectively, understanding technologies used at UBC and taking care of yourself.
Getting to and around campus
You can get to UBC by car, bus or bike. Public transit is recommended: it’s efficient, inexpensive, good for the environment—and you can bring a bike on transit to help speed your travels across campus. Use the Trip Planning feature on the Translink website to find the most efficient routing from anywhere in the Metro Vancouver region. If you do drive, there are many parking options at UBC.
Once here, there are several options for getting around campus—you can walk, bike and for longer distances there are convenient and accessible shuttle buses to get you where you need to go. Find more information on how to get around campus.
If you have a temporary or permanent condition that limits your mobility, the Accessibility Shuttle can help you get around areas of campus that can only be reached on foot. The shuttle is a free, shared-ride service; you can book up to three trips a day. Each building in the service area is within 100 meters of a shuttle stop.
A.13) Have research activities resumed on campus?
Research activities on campus have resumed. Please visit the UBC COVID-19 Safety plans for information.
A.14) I am hoping to conduct research and/or study abroad. How will COVD-19 impact my plans?
Students planning to travel are encouraged to consult with UBC's Student Safety Abroad team, and review the travel advice provided by Global Affairs Canada.
All students traveling for UBC activity are required to register their travel on UBC's Student Safety Abroad Registry and have appropriate travel medical insurance for the duration of their stay. This includes programs such as exchange, co-op, student research visits, practicums and conference attendance outside of Canada.
While the Government of Canada has lifted the global travel advisory related to COVID-19, students are still advised to review any travel advice from Global Affairs, as travel advisories and bans will be issued on a country-by-country basis. If travelling to a location where a travel advisory is in place, the student is required to request special authorization to travel through the Student Safety Abroad program. To receive authorization you must demonstrate that the trip is academically essential and present a well-developed safety plan. Please visit the Student Safety Abroad website to learn more about this process. If there are questions about this process please refer to [email protected]. UBC will continue to monitor the situation and government directives as they evolve, sharing any updates on student international travel as they become available.
A.15) Are there any other resources for finding child care at UBC Vancouver?
Faculty, staff and students in Vancouver who are looking for childcare support in their homes can post a request on the CareersOnline job board, which is available to match diploma and certificate students in the Faculty of Education’s Early Childhood Education program (who are experienced caregivers and have current criminal record checks). To use this service, faculty, staff and students can create an employer profile on CareersOnline, using an UBC email address. Once your employer account is approved, you can create a job posting with a description of the position, salary/wage, and qualifications. Select “Education/Teaching” as your preferred degree/discipline to indicate you are looking for Early Childhood Education students. Please see the tip sheet for items of consideration when posting a childcare job.
A.16) Are there any study spaces available on campus?
As of September 7, 2021, most library branches have reopened across both campuses. For more information on the services available, visit their website.
UBC Library provides bookable study space for students, faculty and staff in the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre Monday through Saturday. This space will include access to desktop computers, printing and scanning and be organized to ensure safe physical distancing at all times. See the Hours Portal for up-to-date information.
Visit the UBC Library website for more information.
Book a study space.
A.17) What is UBC’s approach to the use of non-medical masks?
Effective August 25, 2021, non-medical masks are required for all indoor public areas at UBC Vancouver and UBC Okanagan, including lobbies, hallways, stairwells, elevators, classrooms and labs. Everyone in the UBC community is expected to follow the COVID-19 Campus Rules when on UBC campuses. Further details regarding the mask policy and its implementation will be posted online before September 16.
For more information on the use of non-medical masks, you can also visit the Safety and Risk Services website. If you are a student needing an exemption from wearing a mask, please visit the Student Services website for information.
As part of UBC’s commitment to the health and safety of our community, and the responsibility we all share in preventing COVID-19 transmission, students, faculty, staff or visitors are required to follow UBC’s COVID-19 Campus Rules when on campus, such as assessing yourself daily for COVID-19 symptoms and following signage and floor markings when moving around premises.
You are also asked to adopt public health measures such as staying home if sick, maintaining physical distance wherever possible, and frequent hand hygiene regardless of non-medical mask usage.
Lastly, UBC strongly encourages all community members to get fully vaccinated for COVID-19 before returning to campus.
A.18) What should I know before I visit campus?
Please follow campus health safety rules before you visit campus, and consult the Returning to campus page on the Student Services Centre website.
Effective August 25, 2021, non-medical masks are required for all indoor public areas at UBC Vancouver and UBC Okanagan, including lobbies, hallways, stairwells, elevators, classrooms and labs. Everyone in the UBC community is expected to follow the COVID-19 Campus Rules when on UBC campuses.
Further, UBC has implemented rapid COVID-19 testing for all students, faculty and staff, with exemptions provided for those who are fully vaccinated against COVID-19. A process for confidential self-disclosure of vaccination status has been implemented. Visit https://rapidtesting.covid19.ubc.ca.
AA) FAQ - Prospective students
Application and admissions
AA.1) With potential impacts on GRE test availability or ability of test takers to travel to testing locations, are programs that normally require GRE results still considering these in admissions?
GRE and GRE at home tests are now more broadly available, including China and Iran. Please verify that your selected program really does require GRE by:
Checking the website of the selected program for COVID-19-related application updates.
Contacting the program to which you are applying:
Current applicants: Contact information is in the auto-response you received after your application was successfully submitted.
Prospective applicants: The Program Enquiries link is on the right-hand side of each individual program profile.
AA.2) Will I be disadvantaged if I apply without providing a GRE test result?
If the GRE test is required by your selected program, then missing the test may disadvantage your application.
AA.3) Due to restrictions imposed by COVID-19, I can’t take the required language test for admission to UBC. Is the university accepting alternatives? What exemptions will be considered?
Students who enter their program with good English language skills are far more likely to succeed; they experience far less stress and get greater enjoyment and fulfillment from their studies. An application with strong English Language Proficiency (ELP) test scores will have an advantage over one without.
Currently, there is a wide variety of official, accepted, ELP tests available around the world via IELTS, TOEFL, PTE, or CAEL. Please visit our page on English Proficiency Requirements for more information as well as a list of all accepted tests
We are currently accepting one alternative ELP test, the TOEFL at home test. We are not accepting the IELTS Indicator or the DET through Duolingo.
Due to the importance placed on English language skills, as noted above, there are no exemptions offered at this time. As in the past few months, we are closely monitoring the testing situation around the world. Should the situation change to a point where applicants are barred from taking an accepted English test, UBC will re-evaluate this decision.
AA.4) Are there circumstances where the English language requirement could be completely waived as a result of barriers imposed by COVID-19, e.g. doing interviews with a supervisor?
Please note that our standard policy already allows for waivers in cases where students studied and received a degree in an English-language university (i.e. the language of instruction was English in the institution as a whole). Other than this existing provision, UBC does not support language waivers due to the availability of language tests in centres around the world and the outlined benefits to students of documented, strong language skills to succeed in our programs.
AA.5) With many institutions not having provided grades for courses completed during the pandemic, how will UBC consider these courses in admissions, e.g. calculating GPAs, or assessing specific grades in prerequisite courses?
Graduate programs at UBC are aware of the shifts in grading that affected transcripts in the spring of 2020. Upon application, your transcript will be assessed on what is available, and many programs are taking a more holistic approach to application review this year. In other words, a statement of intent, resume, and other activities/achievements may weigh more heavily with evaluators.
We encourage applicants to carefully consider their choice of Referees for recommendation letters. By selecting a referee that can speak to your performance in a particular course or term might, in large measure, fill the gap left by a Pass standing.
AA.6) My co-curricular or research experience was impacted by COVID-19 and were supposed to form an (required) important component of my application. How will UBC take this into consideration?
It may help to keep in mind that a large number of applicants will, to a greater or lesser extent have had their academic path disrupted by COVID-19. Graduate programs are aware that many applications will have been affected by circumstances that were entirely beyond the control of the applicants. You might want to outline any challenges encountered due to COVID at appropriate places in the application so that the program can take this into consideration.
Carefully consider your Referees and ask them to speak to the co-curricular or research experiences that were curtailed by COVID-19. If Referees are willing to speak to your academic potential and likelihood of success in these foregone activities, this information will be helpful to your application, and as a result, to evaluators and potential supervisors.
AA.7) Will I be disadvantaged because I was not able to complete co-curricular or research experiences that programs request or expect from applicants?
While this may be a possibility, by reviewing your application thoroughly, and making sure it draws attention to the skills, experiences, and potential you could bring to graduate school at UBC despite the incompletions, this risk can be greatly minimized. We encourage you to outline your original plans, how COVID impacted your plans, and what you have been able to accomplish instead to support your application as part of your answers to application questions where appropriate.
Please also keep in mind that, even in non-COVID-19 years, the number of applications to UBC graduate programs always exceed the number of seats available. Meeting the minimum requirements is not a guarantee of admission.
AA. 8) I understand that UBC accepts scanned copied of official transcripts for the application. However, my university does not provide a proper digital record of my transcript. How would I be able to provide proof of my courses and grades for my application. Is UBC accepting applications without transcripts?
Each entry under the Academic History section of the application must include pdf copies of official, up-to-date, transcripts for all current and previous post-secondary study.
For the application process, a proper digital transcript is not required. If your institution is willing to provide you with an official transcript as an email attachment that will not have a negative effect on your application.
UBC does not accept applications without transcripts.
AA.9) I can’t obtain an official transcript from a post-secondary institution I have attended. I am concerned about my ability to provide official copies to ensure my unconditional admission to UBC.
Currently, UBC is receiving paper and/or official digital transcripts from around the world. However, if your institution is incapable of providing official transcripts, we encourage you to carefully consider whether it is in your best interest to apply at this time.
UBC does not accept applications without transcripts.
AA.10) How might COVID affect this year's admissions? Will it be more competitive, e.g. anticipated higher numbers of applicants, or fewer resources such as funding available?
This is an unprecedented moment in the history of the world. As such, we cannot predict what admissions numbers will be like in this application cycle. To date, admission numbers have been strong and new student feedback on the online orientation, resources, and classes has been positive.
In terms of competition, there will be variation across graduate units. Applicants are encouraged to consult the website of their selected program. COVID-19 is a rapidly changing landscape. UBC and Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies are connected to other institutions in Canada and around the world to ensure we are receiving the latest updates on how COVID-19 is affecting higher education, and relaying this to our program faculty and staff.
campus, community and research
AA.20) How is COVID-19 affecting campus life?
As restrictions imposed due to COVID-19 continue to be lifted, we encourage you to consult individual services websites for additional details. For more information on campus life at UBCV, refer to question A.12 of our COVID-19 FAQ.
Please visit the UBC COVID-19 Safety plans for information on the resumption of research on campus.
AA.21) How is COVID-19 affecting social interaction among graduate students? How are students maintaining social interactions with peers?
Due to physical distancing protocol, and online delivery, face-to-face interactions between students have been impacted. Graduate students are still very active on our dedicated intranet, where they can discuss topics ranging from general tips about life in Vancouver, to accommodation, to professional development offerings, to making friends. The Graduate Student Society as well as many university support services are working hard to provide opportunities for students to connect and engage with each other and university services. This includes online chat channels, virtual speed friending, online game nights and similar.
AA.22) In light of COVID-19, what do on-campus programs look like?
UBC is returning to on-campus activity for Winter Session, Term 1, with the guidance of the Provincial Health Officer, Dr. Bonnie Henry, and public health teams in the health authorities.
The health and wellbeing of our UBC community remain our first priority. As such, we are embarking on further planning, in collaboration with public health, to accommodate more on-campus activities. We will also be streamlining the COVID-19 Safety Plan process, informed by new COVID-19 Go-Forward Guidelines for BC’s Post-Secondary Sector, which will be provided by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Training.
As a reminder, you are also encouraged to review the UBC COVID-19 Campus Rules.
AA.23) What does research look like at UBC with COVID-19?
Please visit the UBC COVID-19 Safety plans for information on the resumption of research on campus.
international students
If you're an international student with questions on immigration, health insurance and the Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP), visit this FAQ page on the students.ubc.ca website. UBC has created the Travelling to Canada guide to help you understand if you are eligible to travel, and what to prepare if you plan to travel.
AAA) FAQ - Return to campus
As UBC returns to on-campus instruction and activities this fall, a series of FAQs have been compiled to support our students, faculty and staff. Please visit the Campus Return Plan page on the UBC COVID-19 website for a full list of questions. The Student Services website has general information for all UBC students returning to campus.
AAA.1) Is UBC returning to in-person classes for the 2021/22 Winter Session?
Yes. Based on current guidance from provincial and regional public health authorities, UBC is planning for a return to on-campus activity for Winter Session, Term 1. Updates regarding the Winter Session Term 2 course schedule for Faculties, on-campus activities, and various orientation activities will be provided as we approach course registration periods.
Learn more about course delivery options at the Vancouver campus: https://students.ubc.ca/enrolment/courses/2021-22-winter-session-courses
You can also visit the Campus Return Plan section of this site for more information.
AAA.2) I am a student, should I plan to move to Vancouver this fall?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.3) Where can I find information on BC’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.3.1) Who can get vaccinated in Canada?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.4) Will international students be able to get vaccinated in Canada?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.4.1) Will students, faculty and staff be expected to have had the vaccine in order to study or work on campus?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.4.2) Are vaccines mandatory for students, faculty or staff to be on campus?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.5) Will in-person classes still happen if some people don’t get vaccinated?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.6) What information is there to support international students?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.7) Will student residences be open?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.8) Will student study spaces be available in September?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.9) Will the UBC Library be expanding its activities in September?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.10) How can I find information regarding on-campus research resumption?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.11) Can off-campus fieldwork be undertaken?
Please view the answer here.
AAA.12) Can in-person research involving human participants be undertaken?
The Offices of Research Ethics on the Vancouver and Okanagan campuses have updated their guidance and have resumed in-person behavioural research.
To learn how your research may be affected, please review this webpage.
AAA.13) I am a student coming from abroad who's been vaccinated. Will I be exempt from quarantine?
Please visit the International Student Guide for the latest updates on travel and quarantine requirements for international students.
For students who are travelling with families and have children under the age of 12 who cannot be vaccinated, children are not required to quarantine. However, children may not attend school, camp or day care for 14 days after entering Canada.
As of January 15, 2022, international students and work permit holders must be fully vaccinated to travel to Canada. Exceptions will include international students under the age of 18 studying at approved institutions such as UBC.
B) FAQ - Newly Admitted Students
For general resources and tips for all students, from navigating academics online to making friends virtually, check out the New to UBC guide at students.ubc.ca/welcome.
B.1) I have been admitted to start my UBC graduate program. Will my program be held in person?
Based on current guidance from provincial and regional public health authorities, UBC has returned to on-campus activity for Winter Session, Term 1. Updates regarding the fall course schedule for Faculties, on-campus activities, and various orientation activities will be provided as we approach course registration periods for Summer Session and the 2022/23 academic year.
B.2) Will l be granted eligibility to register if I cannot order official transcripts or UBC cannot receive them?
UBC is now receiving both paper and digital transcripts from around the world and students are expected to provide official documentation to meet their condition of admission for official documentation prior to their start date. You must meet the initial requirement for official documents prior to commencing your program. Eligibility to register will be suspended until required documentation has been received and processed.
Exceptions to this requirement will be assessed on a case-by-case basis based on the COVID-19 situation and information received from individual institutions.
B.3) When does registration open?
Registration open dates are announced on the Student Services Registration site.
B.4) Can I apply for my study permit abroad now?
Yes. As soon as you are admitted to UBC, you should apply online for an initial study permit so that you are in the queue for processing. After you apply, you may be asked to submit biometrics (photo and fingerprints), which might not be possible to do right now, but we are confident that Immigration will account for these delays and will process study permits as quickly as possible.
B.5) How will the COVID-19 restrictions affect my or my family’s immigration application?
For questions or concerns about impact of COVID-19 on your or your dependents’ (spouse or children) immigration application, please contact International Student Advisors in UBC International Student Advising Office at [email protected] and one of International Student advisors will be able to assist you. Please input your UBC student ID number in the subject line of your email inquiry to avoid delays in response time.
Due to the fluid nature of the situation, please contact the International Student Advising Office, rather than your supervisor or graduate program, for up-to-date information pertaining to your immigration application.
We also strongly encourage all new international graduate students to visit the International Student Guide: https://students.ubc.ca/international-student-guide.
B.6) What if I don't receive my study permit and/or I am impacted by travel restrictions?
If you have not received your study permit and/or you are impacted by travel restrictions, please contact your department's graduate program administrator to discuss the possibility of starting your program late or deferring your start date. Review the last day to add/drop courses without a "withdrawal" standing on your transcript and ensure that you drop courses via your Student Service Centre (SSC) in time for your tuition, iMED, UPASS and other fees to be removed from your account.
B.7) I have been admitted as a Visiting International Research Student (VIRS). How will I be affected?
Go Global currently does not have a time frame for when the online applications will reopen. Information about upcoming programs are available on the Go Global FAQ site.
B.8) Will tuition be discounted when classes are primarily conducted online?
Please visit the COVID-19 FAQ page on the students.ubc.ca website for the most-up-to-date information on tuition.
B.9) Is it possible to change the start date of my program? How about deferrals?
With program approval, students may change the start date of their programs to within twelve months of the original start date without having to re-apply or pay an additional application fee. Each academic year has up to four possible start dates, September, January, May, and July. Not every program offers these four start dates and the most common entry date is September.
With the approval of your program office, changes in start date for the 2020-21 academic year may be accommodated. A student admitted to one academic year, for example, 2020-21, may have their admission deferred to the following academic year once and only with the approval of their program.
Usually, only a limited number of deferrals can be accommodated every year. Due to COVID-19 we expect higher demand for deferrals and will do our best to accommodate such requests. However, not all requests may be approved. Reasons that changes of start date may be declined include:
Program does not offer the requested start date
Program has decided not to offer changes of start date
Supervisor is not able to wait to the new start date
B.10) I will likely not come to Vancouver in September. How will that impact the payment of TAships, RAships and awards?
Teaching Assistantships
There are a number of significant obstacles to UBC employing people to work while they are located outside Canada. Because teaching assistants (TAs) are considered UBC employees, those challenges apply to TAs as well. As a result, UBC has determined that students cannot be employed as TAs while they are physically located outside Canada, even if the work can be done remotely. Please consult your supervisor or program directly about questions you may have about the payment of TAs.
Research Assistantships
For graduate students who do not come to Vancouver and who have Research Assistantships, there may be an option to have their Research Assistantship funding assigned through the Student Information Services Centre (SISC) as a Graduate Research Award (GRS).
Payment of Awards
Award and GRS funding assigned through the SISC will be applied toward the student’s tuition and fees. Any excess funding (i) will remain in the student’s account until the student provides information for a Canadian bank account for electronic transfers or (ii) can be transferred to the student via international wire transfer to a bank account outside Canada. Information about requesting an international wire transfer will be provided as needed to students who do not have a Canadian bank account and who have a positive balance in their student account.
B.11) What is the UBCcard and can I apply for it?
The UBCcard is your official UBC ID and library card. Whether you are on-campus or studying at a distance you are encouraged to apply for your UBCcard at your earliest opportunity.
Outside Vancouver: No matter where you’re located in the world, you can apply for your digital UBCcard. After your application is processed (which takes around 3 business days), you’ll be able to access your digital UBCcard by logging into your UBCcard account.
On-campus: This year, you’re eligible to also receive a standard physical version of your UBCcard if:
You will be living in residence, or
You’re registered in in-person classes
What does the UBCcard do?
Proves your identity for a course (e.g. when writing your exams)—as needed, your profs will provide specific instructions on how to do so
Proves your identity when picking up physical materials from a UBC Library that are not available online
Requests discounts at particular campus food vendors (check if they’re open first!)
Allows you to access various UBC buildings.
You can add money to your card online and then use it to make purchases at the UBC Bookstore and Food Services’ dining locations (where you can receive 5% off!).
Other local businesses may offer discounts to those with a valid UBCcard as well.
If you are using a U-Pass on your Compass Card for transit, you are required to have the UBCcard on you when on transit.
B.12) I am a new student and won't be able to get a physical UBCcard at the start of term. How can I access library services?
To obtain your UBCcard you must first be registered in at least one course, and apply online. For details and to apply, please visit UBCcard. For those of you who will not physically be in Vancouver for the Winter term, you can still apply for and obtain a digital version of the UBCcard for remote access to library services.
B.13) With the restrictions imposed by COVID-19, will there be an orientation for graduate students?
Yes, we have orientation programming. Check orientation.grad.ubc.ca to join one of our pre-arrival webinars to help you prepare for your #UBCGradJourney.
B.14) How can I meet and make connections with fellow graduate students while physical distancing?
There are many opportunities for you to meet new friends and make connections once you arrive - here are just a few opportunities among many to get connected and get involved!
Graduate Student Community Forum
Our online community allows you to meet peers from across disciplines. If you haven’t checked it out yet, now is the time. Log in and introduce yourself to meet your peers, find others with similar research interests, or browse the forums and ask a question!
The Graduate Student Society (GSS)
The GSS is the voice of UBC’s 10,000 graduate students. They provide support, help you connect, and advocate for changes that are important to you. Through the GSS you can make new friends, implement new ideas, organize events, or work to improve the lives of graduate students at UBC. Join the GSS for a huge range of events throughout the year from hiking to healthy eating and from speed-friending to thought-provoking debates.
Connections Café
Meet and mingle with other like-minded graduate students at one of our regularly scheduled Connections Cafés. Dates get posted in the graduate student community.
Student Clubs
Student clubs aren’t just for undergrads! UBC’s Alma Mater Society (AMS) is home to over 350 clubs, so whether you are looking to connect with other students from the same culture or religion, are a billiards expert, or are hoping to brush up on your bicycle maintenance skills, there’s a club for you.
Graduate school is at once rigorous and fulfilling. Be sure to create balance in your life and make time for friends and activities outside your research and coursework.
B.15) My official transcripts have already been ordered and sent to Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. When will I know they’ve been received? My admission letter supplement states three weeks, but my documents arrived more than three weeks ago.
Due to the Covid19 restrictions and remote working, our office has met with significant delays in receiving and processing of official documents. We understand, and regret, the anxiety caused by these unavoidable delays and have committed to processing all official transcripts before/by the registration-open date for September 2021. Keep checking your online portal for updates; below are examples of the statuses you might see in your checklist in the portal:
Admitted with conditions
Admitted with outstanding documents
Full admission
C) FAQ - International students
If you're an international student with questions on immigration, work eligibility and health insurance, visit this FAQ page on the students.ubc.ca website. UBC has created a new Travelling to Canada guide to help you understand if you are eligible to travel, and what to prepare if you plan to travel.
C.0) I am a new student – can I apply for my study permit now?
Please view the answer here.
C.1) Where can I find information about travel restrictions?
See requirements to travel to Canada for details.
C.2) I can’t pay my tuition now and I want to apply through the Student Direct Stream (SDS). What should I do?
Please view the answer here.
C.3) Can international students who are abroad travel to Canada?
Please view the answer here.
C.4) I won’t be able to come to Vancouver this Winter Session. Can I change my iMED coverage dates?
After you arrive in BC, you must apply for the BC government-run Medical Services Plan (MSP). As a new-to-UBC student, when you register for courses, UBC automatically enrolls you for the iMED temporary private health insurance to cover you during the 3-month MSP waiting period. You will need to confirm your arrival date with David Cummings Insurance Services (DCIS) to obtain your iMED card.
For more information regarding iMED coverage please visit the International Students: Immigration and Health Insurance FAQ on COVID-19.
C.5) I am out of the country. Can I opt out of the Health and Dental plan?
International students who are out of the country will be able to opt out of the Health & Dental plan. They will need to provide proof that they are international students. Re-enrollment will not be allowed in the same policy year (students who choose to opt out will not be able to re-enroll in the plan until September 2021). Opt-out periods will be in September and January. There will be an additional opt out period in July, retroactive to the current year, in case students are not sure if they will be in Canada.
Students who apply and are awarded a total or partial subsidy through the AMS/GSS H&D bursary program, and/or use the plan, will not be eligible to retroactively opt out. For more information, visit the Studentcare website.
D) FAQ - housing
For the latest information, please review the Housing FAQ.
D.2) Will my rent for on-campus residences increase?
Please be assured that UBC, in keeping with recent provincial government directives, will not apply the annual rent increase that typically occurs in May. To be clear, rent in year-round and summer residences will not be increased; 2019-20 contract rates will continue to apply until further notice.
D.5) I am a graduate student in Year Round Residence and might take a COVID-19 related leave of absence during the summer. Do I have to move out of UBC residence?
If you continue to be eligible for Year Round Residence for the following fall, you will be able to simply accept a new Year Round Residence Contract and stay in your residence. Students living in Year Round residences are not required to be studying full-time during the summer months. Any leave that is COVID-19 related won’t impact your eligibility.
Otherwise, summer stay through, or subletting from a Year Round resident who has signed a new contract offer, would be an option for students in this situation that are not eligible for a new Year Round Residence Contract. Please note that, if you have not already done so, student families residing in Acadia Park that will not continue to be eligible in the fall but need accommodation past April 30, should contact Student Family Housing as soon as possible to discuss continued accommodation in their residence through to August.
D.6) I am interested in on-campus housing. What's availability like for the 2021/2022 academic year?
Please visit the UBC Vancouver Student Housing website for the latest information regarding student residences.
D.7) I am arriving to Canada from abroad. What are my options for self-isolation?
Before making travel plans, carefully review all pages of our updated Travelling to Canada Guide for important details and check back for updates.
UBC offers Self-Isolation Packages to students, staff and faculty. See details below:
Accommodation and Meals: $79 per day plus tax
To make a reservation, email [email protected] or call 1-888-822-1030. Reservations are available on a first-come first-serve basis while capacity lasts. If you are unable to secure a reservation, you must book alternative self-isolation accommodation.
If you have booked a UBC Self-Isolation Package and your arrival date has changed please contact UBC Housing as soon as possible to ensure they can still accommodate your reservation.
Package provided by UBC Conferences & Accommodation. Transportation and transfers, such as airport pick up and transfer to longer-term accommodation, is not included.
Visit the UBC Housing website for more information on your different options.
Note: UBC is offering subsidized rates for students who indicate they are facing financial hardship. The subsidized rate for the UBC Self-Isolation Package (accommodation and meals) is $45 per day. The subsidized rate for the Self-Isolation Meal Plan (only available to residents able to self-isolate in their own units) is $15 per day. Visit Housing's accommodation page for details.
E) FAQ - FINANCE
You can find additional information on awards, loans and tuition on this FAQ on the students.ubc.ca website.
E.1) I am experiencing financial hardship because of COVID-19 containment. What can I do?
Both domestic and international students who are experiencing financial hardship due to the COVID-19 situation (extraordinary expenses, loss of employment, etc.) are strongly encouraged to schedule a confidential advising appointment with an Enrolment Services Advisor. Please call 604 822 9836 to speak with an ES Advisor or submit your concern online at askme.ubc.ca. An advisor will assess your financial situation and provide the best course of action for your situation. It may not be possible for Enrolment Services to provide immediate support in all circumstances, but meeting with an advisor will also enable the university to gather a clearer picture of the needs that exist and to direct its financial support resources more effectively. We also encourage students to communicate with your supervisor and graduate advisor regarding your circumstances and needs, to identify possible solutions.
UBC is offering a one-time needs-based Quarantine Bursary for students needing support. To see eligibility requirements and start an application, visit the Student Services website.
Students are strongly encouraged to apply for all available government supports. Domestic students can apply for student loans--this allows students to potentially access additional grants and bursary options as well as loans. International students are encouraged to explore any Canadian government resources available to them, as well as explore options in their home country.
E.3) What is the President’s Academic Excellence Initiative PhD Award?
The President’s Academic Excellence Initiative PhD Award recognizes the significant contributions of PhD students to the research activities of the university. This is an ongoing award, starting in the 2020 summer term, which will be provided to all PhD students except those who have their tuition paid by an external sponsor. For the first year of its implementation, the award amount will be equivalent to 17% of students’ tuition; in the case of international students, the tuition amount will be determined after deduction of the International Tuition Award. The first instalment of the awards will be automatically assigned by mid-May 2020; students do not need to apply. For further information, visit this award's page.
E.4) What government supports are available to students?
Students can use the Government of Canada online tool to find the financial resources specific to their situation due to COVID-19.
E.5) I was planning to travel to present at an academic event that has now been cancelled, but I still incurred travel costs.
Graduate students are eligible for reimbursement from the Graduate Student Travel Fund once per degree program. If the event you were traveling to has been cancelled or moved to a virtual format due to COVID-19 and your travel expenses have not been reimbursed, you can still apply for reimbursement from the Travel Fund in the usual manner. We are following the example of the federal granting agencies in this regard.
E.6) Will my rent for on-campus residences increase?
Please be assured that UBC, in keeping with recent provincial government directives, will not apply the annual rent increase that typically occurs in May. To be clear, rent in year-round and summer residences will not be increased; 2019-20 contract rates will continue to apply until further notice.
E.7) I am a Tri-Agency grant recipient with concerns about funding. Where should I go to find the most up-to-date information on the continuation of my research grant?
Please see Tri-agency’s frequently asked questions, which provides details on how this additional funding will be implemented, and visit the agency websites, all of which are updated regularly.
CIHR’s webpage
NSERC’s webpage
SSHRC’s webpage
You may also contact the agencies’ scholarships and fellowships program staff at:
NSERC: [email protected]
SSHRC: [email protected]
CIHR: [email protected]
Vanier CGS: [email protected]
Banting PDF: [email protected]
E.8) I am a US citizen studying at UBC with loans from the Education department. Do I need to be worried about online course delivery?
For US students holding loans, the US Senate passed a bill that includes a waiver of the prohibition against distance education (i.e., online study) for students receiving U.S. Direct Loans for study at eligible non-U.S. institutions of higher education. It now requires the President’s signature. The waiver is retroactive to 1 March 2020 and remains through the end of the COVID-19 emergency (as declared by Canadian government authorities) and for the following payment period (generally the following term).
E.9) Due to COVID-19, I am required to study remotely, but I don't have the resources to do that. What assistance is available to me?
If you are a graduate student who cannot do the in person work required by your program as a result of your program only being offered online with no in-person options, Enrolment Services may offer up to $350 in the support of new technology. Other small costs such as purchase of a webcam or short term help to top up internet fees may also be covered. Enrolment Services reviews these requests on case by case basis.
E.12) Is the U-Pass available?
U-Pass BC program restarted on September 1, 2020. Students who are being assessed U-Pass BC fees, and who meet the criteria, may apply for an exemption.
For more information on the U-Pass program, please visit the U-Pass FAQ.
E.14) Will there be a tuition waiver?
Tuition is vital to maintaining the academic continuity and operations of UBC and providing the range of supports students require now and when we are able to transition to more in-person learning.
UBC’s commitment to providing quality learning experiences and services has not changed as we adapt to current circumstances and offer new modalities of delivery to keep you, your fellow students, faculty, and staff safe during COVID-19. Given this and the commitment to increased student financial assistance, tuition rates will remain and be assessed, as approved by the Board of Governors in December 2019.
UBC has worked closely with the provincial and federal governments on the new programs that have been introduced for students experiencing increased financial need. We have also increased funding to the university’s financial assistance programs to support students.
E.15) I am unable to set up a Canadian bank account for direct deposit of award payments as I have not yet travelled to Canada. Am I eligible to accept the award offers on my UBC Student Service Centre account without direct deposit?
Yes, provided you are registered full-time in your program. Award funding will be applied against your tuition and student fees; any remaining funds will be held for you until you are able to set up a Canadian bank account.
E.16) What financial supports for tech tools and plans are available to students?
The UBC Vancouver Technology Bursary is a one-time needs-based bursary to help students meet the basic requirements of online learning by supporting the costs of necessary equipment like headphones, web cameras, specialized accessibility technology, or Internet access. Learn more.
As a result of UBC's response to COVID-19, UBC students transitioned to remote learning as of March 2020, with a greater dependency on technology in lieu of on-site instruction. UBC IT has facilitated a number of discount packages for students to support their learning activities. UBC students can get discounts on a range of essential tech tools and plans. See the discount packages on the UBC IT website.
E.17) Can I work as a Teaching Assistant (TA) while studying from outside Canada?
UBC has determined that, due to domestic and international employment and taxation laws, students cannot be hired as Teaching Assistants unless they are physically located in Canada. Specific questions about TA appointments should be directed to your UBC graduate program
E.18) Can I receive Graduate Research Assistant (GRA) funding if I am studying from outside Canada?
UBC has created a new category of support for graduate students who have not been able to come to Canada for their studies but who can contribute to research projects from abroad. Where permitted by the conditions of the research grant/sponsor, funds will be assigned as Graduate Research Stipends (GRS).
Research supervisors will initiate a funding recommendation, and after a review of funding eligibility, a letter will be provided to students outlining the funding being offered and the steps they need to take to accept the funding. The funding will be posted to the student’s UBC tuition account and applied against tuition / fees owed, and any funds in excess of fees refunded in a lump-sum payment.
Learn more about the process.
E.19) I am studying from outside Canada and have not been able to set up a Canadian bank account. How can I receive my award and/or graduate research stipend funding?
UBC is partnering with a Canadian bank to support international wire transfers for students who do not have a Canadian bank account. In late September or early October, students with pending award or graduate research stipend (GRS) funding will be provided with a link to a secure online portal, which they will use to provide the information needed to accept the wire transfer from UBC. G+PS staff will confirm the funding amount to be transferred (total funding offered, less any outstanding tuition and fees for the term) and initiate the wire transfer. Students will receive the funds in the bank account they indicated; transfer times will vary depending on the country where the student is located.
Wire transfers may not be supported for all countries or for every student’s specific situation. If that is the case, any funds in excess of tuition and fees will be held in the student’s tuition account until the student can arrive in Canada.
F) FAQ - THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
F.2) I want to have my thesis/dissertation pre-reviewed for formatting before I submit it to cIRcle. Can I still do that?
If your thesis/dissertation has been approved by your committee for submission to cIRcle, please submit it to cIRcle and we will review it from there.
F.3) I want to have my dissertation pre-reviewed for formatting before I submit it to the external examiner. Can I still do that?
The thesis team’s first priority is checking and approving theses and dissertations that have been submitted to cIRcle. We are still doing pre-reviews, but they will take more time than usual. We recommend that you send a PDF of your dissertation to [email protected] while you are still doing your final proofreading and polish so that there is plenty of time for the review.
F.4) I have my thesis/dissertation approval form and cover sheet ready to bring to G+PS. Now that the office is closed, how can I submit them?
Please scan your forms to PDF and email them as attachments to [email protected].
Announcements
November 26: UBC Bulletin - COVID-19 – Important update for faculty and staff based in health care settings
As part of the most recent Public Health Order, all UBC faculty, staff or student employees who work in health care settings must have received at least a first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine by November 15, 2021 in order to continue to work at that site. This includes hospital sites, clinics, and any other place where care is provided.
Read the full announcement.
September 29: Broadcast - Update: UBC's COVID-19 Rapid Testing Program
For those members of the UBC community who have declared they are fully vaccinated, further communication was issued advising of the requirement to verify their status, with proof of vaccination, at https://rapidtesting.covid19.ubc.ca. If you have not done so, complete the requirement, and learn more about UBC's Rapid Testing program. Read the full announcement.
September 15: Broadcast - Reminder: Please complete UBC’s COVID-19 vaccination status declaration
As a reminder, faculty and staff who are not vaccinated, are partially vaccinated, or refuse to disclose their status will be required to take part in rapid testing. Read the full announcement.
September 9, 2021: Broadcast - Launching UBC’s COVID-19 Rapid Testing Program
UBC is requiring COVID-19 rapid testing for all students, faculty and staff, with exemptions provided for those who are fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Read the announcement.
September 2, 2021: Broadcast - Ensuring a safe start to the new academic year
Last week a series of Public Health Orders related to COVID-19 safety measures were announced. These include the requirement to wear non-medical masks in public indoor spaces and the introduction of the BC Vaccine Card (which applies to students living in student housing, participation in varsity and intramural sports, and participation in other discretionary activities, including restaurants and ticketed events on campus). For further information, read the full announcement.
August 26, 2021: Broadcast - UBC implements vaccine declaration and rapid testing for COVID-19
UBC will require COVID-19 testing for all students, faculty and staff, with exemptions provided for those who are vaccinated against COVID-19. UBC will implement a process for confidential self-disclosure of vaccination status for all those who access our campuses, including students, faculty, staff and visitors. Read the full announcement.
August 25, 2021: Non-medical masks required in public indoor spaces on UBC campuses from August 25
As a result of a Public Health Order, effective August 25, 2021, non-medical masks are required for all indoor public areas at UBC Vancouver and UBC Okanagan, including lobbies, hallways, stairwells, elevators, classrooms and labs. The Order also applies to anyone taking public transportation, in a taxi or ride-sharing vehicle. You can view the announcement here. There is also an additional announcement specific to post secondary institutions.
Read the announcement in full.
August 23, 2021: Broadcast - Announcement of BC Vaccine Card for specific activities
Read the announcement in full.
July 22, 2021: Broadcast - Update — bringing vibrancy back to our campuses
Read this announcement in full.
May 17, 2021: Broadcast - Update — planning our return to campus
Read this announcement in full.
April 20, 2021: Broadcast - Update on UBC’s Campus Return Plan
Read this announcement in full.
March 8, 2021: Broadcast - Increased on-campus activity for the 2021/22 Winter Session
Read this announcement in full.
January 13, 2021: Broadcast - UBC’s approach for 2021 Summer Session
Read this announcement in full.
December 3, 2020: Broadcast - Supporting our students over the Winter Session break
Read this announcement in full.
November 10, 2020: Broadcast - COVID-19: Update on Public Health Orders
Read this announcement in full.
September 17, 2020: UBC Broadcast - Update on UBC's fall graduation ceremonies
Read this announcement in full.
September 11, 2020: UBC Broadcast - COVID-19 — Required use of non-medical masks at UBC, effective Sep 16
Read this announcement in full.
September 4, 2020: Health guidance FAQ update
Health guidance FAQs updated with information about UBC’s approach to the use of non-medical masks.
September 2, 2020: UBC Broadcast - UBC’s approach for 2020/21 Winter Session, Term 2 (Jan – April 2021)
Read this announcement in full.
June 29, 2020: UBC Broadcast - Planning for the safe phased-in re-occupancy of our campuses
Read this announcement in full.
May 14, 2020: UBC Broadcast: UBC’s operational and safety planning
Read this announcement in full.
May 12, 2020: UBC Broadcast: COVID-19 - Plans for the phased resumption of on-campus research
Read this announcement in full.
May 11, 2020: UBC Broadcast: COVID-19 - UBC’s approach for the fall term
Read this announcement in full.
April 28, 2020: UBC Broadcast: Extension of Remote Work Arrangements and on-campus research curtailment
Read this announcement in full.
April 17, 2020: UBC Broadcast: COVID-19 - Status of Summer Term 2
Read this announcement in full.
April 6, 2020: G+PS updates programs on deadlines and extensions
Dear Graduate Program Colleagues,
With the constant flow of announcement and updates, it has been challenging to keep track of which timelines have changed and which remain the same. Please find below a snapshot of the significant deadlines affecting graduate students:
2019 Winter Term 2: Current Students
May 1, 2020 (extended from April 17, 2020) – deadline to submit a late application to graduate in May 2020
May 1, 2020 (extended from April 17, 2020) – deadline for acceptance of final, approved master’s theses and doctoral dissertations and for students to complete all program requirements for May 2020 graduation.
May 6, 2020 – deadline for instructors and/or programs to submit final grades for 2019W2 courses via SIS
May 13, 2020 (extended from April 30, 2020) – deadline for acceptance of final, approved master’s theses and doctoral dissertations and for students to complete all program requirements with a program completion date of April 30, 2020. Program completion will be back-dated to April 30, 2020 to avoid tuition and student fees for Summer 2020. IMPORTANT: the deadline for students who wish to graduate in May 2020 is May 1, 2020.
2020 Summer: Current Students
June 15, 2020 (extended from May 13, 2020) – deadline for students to pay their Summer 2020 tuition and student fees if they wish to avoid late fees and interest charges.
May 2020, July 2020 & September 2020: Incoming Students
December 1, 2020 – Deadline for Official Academic Documents
Extended deadline to receive official transcripts (and degree certificates if required) for students who started their programs in May 2020, July 2020 or September 2020, and have not already met the document condition(s) stated in their letter of admission (available in the online application portal). Eligibility to register in January 2021 will be suspended until required documentation has been received and processed.
April 30, 2021 – Deadline for Confirmation of Degree Completion
Extended deadline for all students who were admitted on the basis of a previous degree in progress to a UBC graduate program that commenced in May 2020, July 2020, or September 2020. This condition must be met with a final transcript showing any outstanding grades and statement, and date, of degree conferral. Official copies of degree certificates are required for final transcripts that do not have conferral information. Students commencing their graduate degrees in January 2021 with a degree in progress, will have until June 2021 to meet this condition.
Important Note: Academic Milestones for Graduate Students
UPDATE: pandemic-related extensions to program and candidacy will still be considered, however requests must now be made in accordance with applicable pre-existing policies and accompanied by all necessary documentation. Requests submitted without justification or supporting documentation will not be considered.
Program Extensions
Master’s students: Initial program duration is 5 years
Doctoral students/Candidates: Initial program duration is 6 years
Due to COVID-19, G+PS will approve requests from graduate programs for one term of extension for any of their students without further justification or supporting documentation normally required. To request such extensions, graduate programs are encouraged to send a list of students (with first name, last name, and student number) to [email protected] at your earliest opportunity.
Extensions to Candidacy
Due to COVID-19, G+PS will approve requests from graduate programs for one term of extension to reach candidacy for any of their students without further justification or supporting documentation normally required. To request such extensions, graduate programs are encouraged to send requests (with first name, last name, and student number) to [email protected] at your earliest opportunity.
April 1, 2020: UBC Broadcast: COVID-19 - Remote Work Arrangements and on-campus research curtailment — extended to end of April
Read this announcement in full.
March 27, 2020: G+PS released an update on how supervisors can best support their grad students during this time
In the context of the current situation, Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies has gathered suggestions and guidance for supervisors as they work remotely with their students – continuing to mentor them, assisting them in the continuation of their research and scholarly activities, and helping ensure an environment that promotes the wellbeing of all. We acknowledge that each relationship and disciplinary field is different and may benefit from distinctive approaches.
View the full update in your browser.
March 27, 2020: International Student Development contacted all international students with an updated FAQ
In the past few weeks, we’ve seen the impacts of COVID-19 on our university – and we’ve seen the best in people. We’ve seen students, staff and faculty reaching out to their communities, looking out for one another, and finding innovative ways to navigate a new academic and personal landscape. We’ve seen resilience and commitment to making the best of this unprecedented situation.
We’ve heard from thousands of you with questions about your options to stay in Canada, travel abroad, complete your studies and work in Canada. I’m pleased to announce that we now have clarity from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) on many of those questions. We have summarized these on the UBC International Student Guide as Frequently Asked Questions, including links to the IRCC source material.
International Student Advising is not providing in-person services at this time but will continue to advise by email. Please contact us at [email protected] with any questions. Include your student number so we can give you the most accurate information for your situation. You’re not alone – we’re here for you.
March 26, 2020: UBC Broadcast: COVID-19 - UBC's spring graduation ceremonies
Read this announcement in full.
March 20, 2020: UBC Bulletin: COVID-19 - Temporary closures of library facilities at UBC
Archived
March 19, 2020: UBC Broadcast: COVID-19 - Curtailing research activities on UBC campuses
Read this announcement in full.
We encourage all graduate students to work with their supervisors and units to determine next steps for their research. If you have any questions or concerns, please review the FAQ on the VP Research & Innovation website and connect with your units directly, as they are in the best position to provide assistance and support.
March 17, 2020: There have been changes made to the Final Doctoral Defence in response to the current COVID-19 situation and recommendations. As of March 17, Doctoral Defences will be remote-only until further notice. The Online Defence Booking form will be updated shortly to reflect these changes. Click on the down arrow on the right side of this box for more information and a link to the Virtual Exam Protocol.
Please download the Virtual Exam Protocol. Students and Examining Committees for students who already have exams booked will be updated with additional information on the arrangements for a Virtual Defence via our regular reminder emails that go out one and two weeks before the defence. If students have an exam booked and have questions, they should email [email protected]. Students and supervisors who would prefer to postpone the defence rather than hold an all-remote defence should let us know.
Students who are at an earlier stage in the examination process are welcome to proceed as normal, and we will work to adapt to circumstances. Please be aware that where we may be looking to appoint External Examiners or send dissertations to External Examiners in locations that have been affected by the virus, we may need to extend timelines to accommodate illness or other disruption.
Given that we are hoping to proceed with as little disruption as possible, we would like to remind you that the first deadline for students who would like to finish by the August 31 Program End date is coming up fairly shortly. The deadlines for Doctoral Examination and Dissertation Submission are as follows:
Friday, 3 April 2020 – Appointment of External Examiner form submitted to Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
Friday, 12 June 2020 – Doctoral dissertation (and supporting documentation) submitted to Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for external examination
Friday, 7 August 2020 – Last Day for Final Doctoral Oral Examination
Friday, 28 August 2020 – Acceptance of final, approved doctoral dissertation by Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
If you have questions, please email [email protected].
March 16, 2020: UBC Broadcast: COVID-19 - Remote working for faculty, staff, graduate students, post doctoral fellows, and student employees
View the announcement in full.
We encourage all graduate students to work with their supervisors and units on how best to continue their work in a safe manner. If you have any questions or concerns about working remotely, please connect with your units directly, as they are in the best position to provide assistance and support.
March 14, 2020: The COVID-19 situation evolves day to day. We are following the University's lead and guidelines in all matters that affect the whole community, and encourage you to monitor covid19.ubc.ca for the latest updates. Presently, Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies’ plans to accommodate graduate students, supervisors and programs affected by the situation are the following.
As an overall approach, G+PS will be flexible whenever possible, and we encourage graduate programs and supervisors to adopt a similar posture in areas where they have primary responsibility, such as by allowing for remote participation in Master’s exams, proposal defences and/or comprehensive exams. In addition, frequent and active communication among students, supervisors and graduate programs can only be helpful in this rapidly changing situation.
The following are specific issues related to graduate students:
May admissions: G+PS will follow up directly with graduate programs that have students who will be arriving in May, to discuss on a case-by-case basis whether deferral to September is possible and advisable.
Final doctoral exams: At this point, all doctoral defenses are going ahead as planned and students with defenses scheduled in March have all been contacted by our Doctoral Exams team. We are reviewing requests for partial virtual attendance for defenses that have already been scheduled, and are actively working with UBC IT to implement a process that would permit total virtual attendance for all defenses in the event of a campus closure. As the situation changes, we will aim toward maximum flexibility with respect to virtual attendance and, as necessary, remote locations. Communication regarding the protocol for total virtual defenses will be distributed early next week.
Academic milestones: Existing academic policies provide latitude for G+PS to respond to exceptional circumstances beyond students’ control. This may include delays in holding Master’s exams, PhD comprehensive exams, and proposal defenses, as well as interruptions to research progress related to absence from work sites, etc. Should students’ progress in their academic program be impacted by COVID-19, G+PS will consider requests for extensions to timelines, with a strong bias in favour of flexibility.
Academic concessions: Referring to the UBC policy on Academic Concessions, requests for academic concession may be made to the instructor of the student’s course, their graduate supervisor or graduate advisor for their graduate program. At this time, we strongly encourage students to monitor UBC’s website for communication on parameters for self-isolation. If you do fall within the parameters for self-isolation and are concerned about attending classes, labs, or coming to campus, please speak with your instructor and/or supervisor as needed. However, please note that if you do not fall within the parameters for self-isolation but still have concerns, those circumstances may not be grounds for academic concession. If you are registered with the Centre for Accessibility, please consult your Accessibility Advisor in addition to your course instructor and/or supervisor.
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Bennett 'begins working on unity government': Netanyahu isn't doing enough - Israel Election 2021 - Haaretz.com
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Israel News | Israel Election 2021
Bennett 'Begins Working on Unity Government': Netanyahu Isn't Doing Enough
Right-wing Yamina leader held 'countless' meeting with other politicians in a bid to form a coalition, including from Netanyhau's Likud, far-right Religious Zionism and ultra-Orthodox parties
Jonathan Lis
Apr. 23, 2021
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Apr. 23, 2021
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Yamina leader Naftali Bennett, this week.Credit: Jonatan Zindel / Flash90
Jonathan Lis
Apr. 23, 2021
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Apr. 23, 2021
Right-wing Yamina leader Naftali Bennett said on Friday he has "begun the effort to form a national unity government," after realizing Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu wasn't going to reach agreements with other parties to form a right-wing government.
Bennett said in a Facebook post forming such a government, which would likely see Netanyahu replaced as prime minister, won't be easy, but added he is already holding "countless" meetings with other politicians, including members of Netanyhau's Likud, far-right Religious Zionism and ultra-Orthodox parties.
Israel’s Iran-baiting could backfire on Bibi: Listen to Yossi Melman
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Netanyahu has until May 4 to form a coalition, or be granted a two-week extension by President Reuven Rivlin. Should Netanyahu fail to nominate a government by then, Rivlin may task another lawmaker with forming a coalition that could end Israel's ongoing political stalemate, or ask lawmakers to agree on a candidate who has the backing of at least 61 of 120 Knesset memebrs.
Bennett argued Netanyahu wasn't doing enough to make sure potential coalition partners like Religious Zionism or New Hope – led by former Likud member Gideon Sa'ar, who became Netanyahu's rival – are brought to the table.
The parties that could be part of Bennett's proposed coalition "are all very different, and at times even opposing in their views," Bennett stated, but presented two leading principles that would bring parties together: a commitment to a "good, serious and functioning" government, and one that would "let us stick to our... national point of view."
"Such a government," Bennett said, wouldn't be able to annex the West Bank, "but it won't give away land either."
Netanyahu's Likud said in response Bennett's proposal would lead to a "left-wing government with a teeny tiny right-wing fig leaf. Bennett wants to be prime minister at any cost, including at the price of crowning a leftist government."
Open gallery view
United Torah Judaism representatives, this month.Credit: Ohad Zwigenberg
With two weeks left to form government, Netanyahu escalates attack on key player Bennett
Israel election results: Ultra-Orthodox leader says better to work with Arab parties than left
Beneath show of support, Haredi leaders quietly prepare for the day after Netanyahu
Earlier on Friday, Bennett's Yamina party said it won't rule out teaming up with ultra-Orthodox parties Shas and United Torah Judaism – both closely aligned with Prime Minister Netanyhu – in a future government.
The party's statement comes on the heels of a Channel 13 News report that aired Thursday, according to which Avigdor Lieberman's Yisrael Beiteinu, one of the parties that vowed to replace Netanyahu after Israel's March vote, had conveyed to the leaders of the anti-Netanyahu bloc that the fiercely secular, right-wing party would only join if ultra-Orthodox parties were left out of the bloc for at least a year and a half.
"Bennett will not accept a boycott of the ultra-Orthodox or their representatives, nor of any group in Israel," Yamina said. The party, helmed by Naftali Bennett, also said that it would only participate in a government that “takes care of all of Israel’s citizens” and does not discriminate against any sector, noting that “Any party that accepts the government's guidelines will be invited to join it."
Yisrael Beiteinu, for its part, said it "does not boycott any sector, including the ultra-Orthodox sector that fell victim to Shas and United Torah Judaism politicos who turned the tradition of Israel into a product on the shelf, which is for sale at full price."
In addition, the party noted that the agreement of any coalition it will ultimately join must specifically relate to four issues – military conscription, marriage, conversions and kashrut – which relate to separation of religion and state, a central issue for the party.
Members of the anti-Netanyahu bloc estimate that the chances of ultra-Orthodox factions joining the bloc are quite low. A lawmaker in one of the ultra-Orthodox parties told Haaretz that his party might join the anti-Netanyahu bloc, but only after its formation, and after it approves the highly anticipated draft law.
A senior official within the anti-Netanyahu bloc told Haaretz that the bloc is under the impression that UTJ Chairman Moshe Gafni, and the ultra-Orthodox factions, lack the courage or desire to move away from a Netanyahu-led government and support an anti-Netanyahu government – even if the Arab parties do not participate therein; Gafni had said on Tuesday that if Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's Likud party goes into the opposition following the results of last month's Knesset election. Nonetheless, the anti-Netanyahu bloc still hopes to convince UTJ’s Degel Torah faction to join it and simply abstain from any vote on the draft law.
On Wednesday, in a statement to reporters, Bennett said he would act to form a national unity government if Netanyahu failed to put together a right-wing coalition in less than two weeks, before his mandate to do so expires.
Bennett accused Netanyahu of seeking a fifth election, lamenting that despite his party’s exhaustive efforts to form a government, “Netanyahu is being evasive and attacking us...The State of Israel cannot be held hostage by politicians.”
Bennett stressed that “the people want a government, but Netanyahu prefers elections.” The Yamina leader added that if Netanyahu ultimately fails at forming a right-wing government, “I will work to form a national unity government.”
Netanyahu spoke shortly after Bennett, blaming him of being "willing to do everything in order to be a left-wing prime minister."
Netanyahu said a Bennett-Lapid government would be short-lived, adding that Bennett is prepared to join such a coalition only out of his personal ambition for power, which Netanyahu dubbed "limitless."
The prime minister blasted the idea that the leader of a party who won seven seats in Israel's last election could lead the country, and called on Bennett to support his proposal for a direct election for the premiership.
Yesh Atid's leader, Yair Lapid, responded to Likud's statement, saying: "An Israeli unity government is the only thing that can prevent a fifth election, not Netanyahu's tricks or empty promises which nobody believes."
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Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko smokes a cigarette during an interview in Kiev, Ukraine November 14, 2017.Credit: \ STRINGER/ REUTERS
The Associated Press
May. 30, 2018
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May. 30, 2018
The brazen killing of exiled Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko in the Ukrainian capital Kiev on Tuesday evening has highlighted the dangers of working as a journalist in Russia.
Dozens of Russian journalists have been killed or brutally beaten in recent years, in clear retribution for their work. In most cases, their attackers walked free.
Here's a look at some of the high-profile cases:
>> Arkady Babchenko, Russian journalist and Kremlin critic, was murdered last night. Here's what he told Haaretz will topple Putin <<
Anna Politkovskaya
Russian journalist and Putin critic Arkady Babchenko shot dead in Kiev
Ukraine accuses Russia in Kiev assassination of journalist critical of Putin
What will ultimately bring Putin down, according to exiled critic Arkady Babchenko
Anna Politkovskaya was a prominent journalist at the Novaya Gazeta newspaper who was famous for her critical coverage of the war in Chechnya. She was shot dead in her apartment block in 2006.
Politkovskaya chronicled the killings and torture of civilians by the Russian military. She wrote a book critical of Russian President Vladimir Putin and his campaign in Chechnya, documenting widespread abuse of civilians by government troops.
Politkovskaya frequently received threats and was vilified by state media as being unpatriotic.
Five men were convicted in the killing but the investigators never found those who ordered the murder, and her family blamed the government for its unwillingness to go after the masterminds.
Mikhail Beketov
Beketov suffered brain damage and lost a leg after a brutal assault in 2008 following his reporting and campaign against a highway project against Moscow. He died five years later.
Beketov wrote about corruption in Khimki, a town near the $8 billion highway. The founder and editor of a local newspaper, Beketov was among the first to raise the alarm about the destruction of the local forest and suspicions local officials were profiting from the project.
In November 2008, Beketev was beaten so viciously that he was left unable to speak. He was in coma for several months and spent more than two years in hospitals. His attackers were never found.
Anastasia Baburova
Freelance journalist Baburova was shot and killed in 2009 on a sidewalk in central Moscow as she attempted to intervene when a human rights lawyer, renowned for his work on abuses in Chechnya was also murdered by a masked gunman.
Lawyer Stanislav Markelov was shot in the back of the head at close range in broad daylight by a gunman who followed him from a news conference. Baburova, who was walking back with the lawyer from the news conference, was also killed as she attempted to help Markelov.
Baburova, a freelance journalist in her mid-20s, had worked for the Novaya Gazeta newspaper, also Politkovskaya's employer.
Oleg Kashin
Intrepid reporter Kashin was viciously beaten by two unidentified attackers outside his home in November 2010 and narrowly escaped death. He spent days in an induced coma with a fractured skull, and had one finger partially amputated. He survived and eventually recovered.
Kashin has written on a wide range of social and political issues, some politically sensitive. Shortly after the attack, Kashin said he suspected then-Pskov governor Andrei Turchak to be behind the attempt on his life as a reaction to a critical post he wrote about him on his blog.
Russia's then-President Dmitry Medevdev at the time pledged to solve the attack. Kashin was originally full of praise for the investigators who appeared to be trying to find his attackers, but the probe stalled shortly afterward.
Frustrated with lack of progress in the investigation, Kashin conducted his own probe into the attack and several years later publicly accused Turchak of placing an order to cripple or kill him. Turchak has never been questioned, and has denied the accusations. He currently holds a senior post in the ruling pro-Kremlin party.
Khadzhimurad Kamalov
Kamalov, founder of a newspaper in Russia's North Caucasus critical of authorities, was gunned down outside his office in Makhachkala, capital of the Dagestan region, in December 2011.
Kamalov's leading independent weekly paper Chernovik has reported extensively on police abuses in the fight against an Islamist insurgency that originated in neighboring Chechnya and has spread across the region.
In 2008, authorities brought a criminal case against several Chernovik journalists under anti-extremist legislation after they published an interview with a former guerrilla leader. A court acquitted them earlier this year.
Kamalov's killers were never found.
Arkady Babchenko
Babchenko served in the Russian army and fought during Russia's two wars in Chechnya during the 1990s, first as a conscript, later as a contract soldier. He then became a journalist and worked as a military correspondent for several Russian media outlets. He has written several memoirs of his time as a soldier.
A scathing critic of the Russian government, Babchenko covered Russia's war with Georgia and the separatist conflict in eastern Ukraine, blaming Russia for targeting civilians.
In December 2016, Babchenko outraged many when he wrote in a Facebook post that he wasn't sorry for the military band and state television journalists who died in a plane crash on their way to Russia's military base in Syria. Several Russian lawmakers even called for stripping Babchenko of his citizenship over the comment, and Russian state media called him a traitor.
Babchenko fled Russia in February 2017, fearing for his life. He moved to Kiev last fall where he worked as a host for the Crimean Tatar TV station, ATR.
Babchenko was shot dead in Kiev on Tuesday, and was found in his apartment by his wife.
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Create a blog post subtitle that summarizes your post in a few short, punchy sentences and entices your audience to continue reading.
Welcome to your blog post. Use this space to connect with your readers and potential customers in a way that’s current and interesting. Think of it as an ongoing conversation where you can share updates about business, trends, news, and more.
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November 19, 2021 - 10:11 GMT Emmy Griffiths Cynthia Erivo, who has just been cast as Elphaba in the movie version of Wicked, will be stepping into Craig's shoes
Although we can't imagine Strictly Come Dancing without Craig Revel Horwood, we're very excited to welcome the replacement judge, Cynthia Erivo! Craig is missing a show for the first time in the series' history after testing positive for COVID-19, and we're wishing him a speedy recovery.
MORE: Strictly Come Dancing: Louis Theroux wants to take part in show
Cynthia is a multi-award winning singer and actor, who just landed the role of Elphaba in the film version of the hit musical Wicked, and will join Motsi Mabuse, Anton Du Beke, and Head Judge Shirley Ballas for Musicals Week on Saturday.
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WATCH: See Cynthia Erivo in action performing Stand Up at Oscars 2020
The London-born star has previously starred in shows including The Colour Purple, Sister Act and The Umbrellas of Cherbourg. Chatting about joining Strictly for the weekend, Cynthia said: "I'm so delighted to be joining the Strictly judging panel for Musicals Week. Musicals have a unique place in my heart, it’s such a special way of connecting all art and making it one.
"I’m excited to bring my experience to the show and I can’t wait to see what the couples have in store this weekend."
Cynthia is set to replace Craig as a judge
Cynthia is set to star in Wicked alongside Ariana Grande, who will play her best friend, Glinda. Posting on Instagram, the One Last Time singer shared a stunning bouquet of pink flowers from Cynthia, with the card reading: "Pink goes good with green. Congratulations Miss A, the part was made for you, I look forward to sharing this musical journey with you."
Exclusive: Janette Manrara responds after Aljaz Skorjanec raises concerns he's set to quit Strictly
READ: Rose Ayling-Ellis hails Giovanni Pernice after silent dance routine leaves fans in tears
Ariana also sent Cynthia flowers, with the card reading: "Honoured doesn't even begin to cover it, I cannot wait to hug you. See you in Oz, all my love, Ari."
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Although most people are relatively scam-savvy, new ones emerge fairly frequently and it’s best to be aware so you can protect yourself and warn others.
Recently, the Peel Regional Police Fraud Bureau warned residents about an ongoing fraud in the form of an advanced fee scam. According to police, the scam is carried out through Instagram.
Based on reported incidents, police believe young people are particularly vulnerable to this scam.
According to reports fielded by police, some people have allowed (knowingly or unknowingly) unknown Instragram users to access their own personal accounts to advertise the sale of electronics. When these advertisements appear, the friends of the actual user believe the source is legitimate and purchase the goods.
Naturally, these goods never arrive and the money ends up in the pockets of people who had no intention of handing over a cell phone following a purchase.
Related News
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Police are advising people to avoid giving strangers access to their accounts, choose strong passwords for their accounts, maintain strong privacy settings, avoid making online purchases from unverified/unknown sources and avoid clicking on links from unverified sources.
They are also warning people that if something looks too good to be true, well, it probably is.
To learn more about this and other fraud scams currently affecting Canadians, please visit the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre website at www.antifraudcentre.ca
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Where are the most amazing places for photography? Locationscout is a network of passionate photographers and travelers around the world, discovering it together.
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Where are the most amazing places for photography? Locationscout is a network of passionate photographers and travelers around the world, discovering it together.
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Where are the most amazing places for photography? Locationscout is a network of passionate photographers and travelers around the world, discovering it together.
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Species distribution models (or SDM's) are used to explore how the occurrence of a species is related to the environment, and how a species might respond to changes in its environment. This can help find new locations where a rare species might be found, or understand the potential threats to a species due to urban encroachment, climate change, or other causes.
For example, here is a model of the distribution of the Sydney Red Gum (Angophora costata) in the Sydney basin, as a function of climate variables and fire history. The model was constructed using a Poisson point process model, which models the "intensity" \( \lambda \) of A. costata as a function of environmental variables \( (X_1, X_2, ..., X_p) \): \[ \log(\lambda) = \beta_0 + \beta_{11} X_1 + \beta_{12} X_1^2 + \beta_{21} X_2 + \beta_{22} X_2^2 + \cdots + \beta_{p1} X_p + \beta_{p2} X_p^2. \]
We fit this model by taking a set of locations where A. costata is found and comparing it to a map of environmental
variables, to see what environments the species tends to be associated with. The parameters that describe this relationship, namely \( \boldsymbol { \beta } =( \beta_0,\beta_{11}, \cdots, \beta_{p2} ) \) are estimated via a common statistical procedure known as maximum likelihood, meaning that we need to find the vector \( \boldsymbol{ \beta }\) that maximise the following function:
\[ l( \boldsymbol { \beta } ) = \sum_i \log( \lambda_i) - \int \lambda \mathrm{d} y. \]
This function involves an integral which doesn't have a closed-form solution in the general case, so we estimate it via numerical integration (like using the trapezoidal rule, or Simpson's rule). This can get tricky in practice, and in the A. costata example we needed a total of 86,800 function evaluations to get a good estimate of the integral: sounds hard, but a modern computer can do this almost instantly. As you can see, fitting a species distribution model involves an interesting mix of different mathematical tools, and a bit of computing!
Methodology for constructing species distribution models is an exciting interdisciplinary research front in which contributions are being made by statisticians, computer scientists and ecologists. The Eco-Stats group, together with collaborators at the Australian Museum and elsewhere around Australia, are developing methods that can predict species distribution at a spatial resolution finer than ever before and with greater functionality than previously.
Further Information
The Eco-Stats Research Group
Warton D.I. & Shepherd L.C. (2010). Poisson point process models solve the "pseudo-absence problem" for presence-only data in ecology. Annals of Applied Statistics 4(4), 2203-2204.
Distributing points on the sphere
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Founded in 1890, Hansen Bros. Moving & Storage the parent company of Portabox has successfully weathered many history-changing events including the Great Seattle Fire, WWI, the Spanish Flu of 1918, the Great Depression, WWII, the 2008 recession, and 9/11 among many other public crises. We are taking the current COVID-19 threat very seriously and will promptly adhere to any and all directives from local, state and federal government officials. Hansen Bros. and Portabox have been categorized as an essential industry business (moving & relocation) within the current mandate established by Washington State Governor Jay Inslee.
As essential services, we will maintain normal operations until such time as either company management determines we must close our offices or we are directed to do so by a governmental authority. We are taking extensive precautionary measures including the adoption of all CDC guidelines and the establishment of our own policies intended to minimize health risks for all customers, employees, contractors, vendors, and community stakeholders. We are proud to be able to support the needs of our customers during this crucial time but are prepared to quickly change course as required.
Stay safe together with Hansen Bros. and Portabox
The COVID-19 crisis is fluid and there are many uncertainties and factors outside of our control that may, with little or no advance notice, impact our delivery of moving & storage services. Please be aware the current crisis could potentially result in small inconveniences such as a delayed project start time or significant inconveniences such as the complete rescheduling of services.
Although there are many unknowns to be navigated, you can be certain that Hansen Bros. and Portabox will be timely and transparent in our communications regarding servicing your moving & storage needs, and our professional relocation consultants will work diligently to offer creative solutions in the event your project is impacted by the current health crisis.
Steps We're Taking:
Company-wide Implementation of all precautionary measures recommended by the Center for Disease Control (CDC).
Office staff and crews are being monitored daily for symptoms and/or known exposure by management and asked to go home, contact their healthcare provider, and self-quarantine as directed. Staff that experience symptoms and/or aware of exposure when not at work have been directed to stay home and notify their supervisor.
Office staff and crews are receiving daily briefings on precautionary measures and have been directed to follow them on and off the job.
Office staff and crews are being instructed to maintain appropriate “social distance” of 6 feet minimum between one another, customers, and all other people.
Office staff and crews are being provided with appropriate hand sanitizer and surface disinfecting supplies. They have been directed to disinfect truck cabs and moving equipment between each move to the best of their ability. These supplies will continue to be replenished as we are able, based on availability from retailers.
We are limiting visitation to our branch offices. If you wish to purchase moving boxes or supplies, please simply call in your order and we will happily deliver to your vehicle outside.
We are all in this together. The team at Hansen Bros. and Portabox is proud to continue offering our services in accordance with the necessary precautions outlined above. We are here to make the process of storing belongings seamless & safe for you.
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On March 18, 2020, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced its recommendations that hospitals take immediate action to postpone all elective surgeries and non-essential medical, surgical, and dental appointments and procedures during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.
These recommendations are intended to preserve precious resources—including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), respiratory supplies and equipment, inpatient beds, and health care staff in general—for the front lines of the COVID-19 response. This recommendation is also intended to keep patients at home as much as possible.
CMS notes that dental procedures, for example, use PPE and have one of the highest risks of transmission due to the close proximity of the health care provider to the patient.
Ultimately, whether to cancel a given appointment or procedure will be a case-by-case determination made by each facility and each practitioner, with patient input. These decisions will need to be guided by the patient's condition, the procedure at issue, the patient's risk factors, and hospital resources. In making the case by case determination, CMS suggests that hospitals specifically consider:
Current and projected COVID-19 cases in the facility and in the geographic region
Supply of PPE to facilities
Staffing availability
Bed availability, especially ICU beds
Ventilator availability
Health and age of the patient
Urgency of the procedure
The CMS recommendations include a chart setting forth tiers of urgency and give examples for each. For example, low acuity surgery (such as removal of cataracts) with a healthy patient would be "Tier 1a" and would be postponed. In contrast, an unhealthy patient in a hospital needing a transplant would not be postponed (even if not yet to the point of emergent.) Many other factors must be considered in each circumstance, but the guidance sets forth a helpful framework for analysis.
Hospitals have already shifted toward prioritizing resources for managing the surge of potential COVID-19 patients by contacting patients and cancelling non-essential appointments and procedures to free up staff and resources. Already under financial strain from the cost of dealing with the crisis, the cancellation of lucrative elective encounters and procedures will compound the financial challenges. While financial considerations do not come before patient care and crisis management, hospitals need to be financially sustainable, and early proactive management of this issue will be crucial. While the federal government has taken significant steps to address the economics of the crisis in general, the American Hospital Association is calling for direct support to hospitals and others on the front line.
Quarles & Brady's Health Law Team is continuously monitoring the ever-changing landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we are here to help. For more information please contact your Quarles & Brady attorney or:
Sarah Coyne: (608) 283-2435 / [email protected]
Jon R. Kammerzelt: (608) 283-2438 / [email protected]
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I am fourth-generation deaf, which means everyone in my immediate family is deaf. So I grew up always having 100 percent accessibility to language and communication, which was wonderful and something so many deaf people don't have. Votes: 15
I am fourth-generation deaf, which means everyone in my immediate family is deaf. So I grew up always having 100 percent accessibility to language and communication, which was wonderful and something so many deaf people dont have. Votes: 6
I'd knocked on doors when I'd gone to theater school in Los Angeles the summer of my junior year, trying to find an agent and submitting headshots, but nobody would see me, and I knew it was virtually impossible to get an audition if you didn't have an agent. Votes: 5
I think I've wanted to be an actress since the day I was born. I even asked my parents for an agent for my seventh birthday! Votes: 4
Most of the time, I get auditions for deaf characters where the scene has them communicating in really convoluted ways, like reading lips from across the room when the other persons back is turned or having other people parrot what they say. Votes: 3
Most of the time, I get auditions for deaf characters where the scene has them communicating in really convoluted ways, like reading lips from across the room when the other person's back is turned or having other people parrot what they say. Votes: 3
I feel I should defer to the writers and the directors because they're the ones who have the complete vision. They see things through from the beginning to the end. I'm responsible for one small part, so my scope is much more limited than theirs. Votes: 3
I feel I should defer to the writers and the directors because theyre the ones who have the complete vision. They see things through from the beginning to the end. Im responsible for one small part, so my scope is much more limited than theirs. Votes: 0
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The Dutch Jupiler League is the second-tier of domestic league football in the Netherlands at the moment. Below the premier league that is known as the Eredivisie and above the third-tier of domestic league football in the country, the Tweede Divisie. It has been called the Dutch Jupiler League for sponsorship reasons in recent times.
The history of the league
Founded in1956, it has gone through a number of changes since then in terms of its format.
From the 1971/1972 season up until the 2007/2008 season, there were no teams relegated from the league. However, after the 2007 season, one team got relegated each season from the league.
As well as the team's quality, there are financial considerations for teams to step up to the Dutch Jupiler League. In recent decades, many clubs have struggled financially and gone bankrupt. This has resulted in them losing their professional licenses and position in the league.
The format of the Dutch Jupiler League
Each season, 20 teams take part, vying for promotion up to the premier division. Every team in the Dutch Jupiler League plays each other on two occasions during the season. As is commonplace, one fixture is at home, while the other fixture is away.
The season is split into two halves, with a break in the games for Christmas and New Year. This allows players to get a rest, spend time with their families and avoid some of the harsher winter weather conditions.
The second half of the Dutch Jupiler League fixtures take place in the early weeks of January. The format of the league sees the winner of the competition gaining automatic promotion up into the premier division.
How to win a promotion spot
In order to determine what clubs gain the other promotion spots, there is an interesting play-off competition that takes place. This play-off series involves eight teams in total. This includes the teams that finish in 16th and 17th position in the premier division in that given season.
The other teams that qualify for the play-off series (called the Nacompetitie) will be as follows:
The team that had the best record for the first half of the Dutch Jupiler League season.
The team with the best record during the second half of the Dutch Jupiler League season.
The clubs with the best records in the third and fourth rounds of the Dutch Jupiler League season.
The last two positions in this play-off competition are given to the next two highest teams at the end of the season. This is based on the points in the cumulative league table and the teams that have not already got a place in the play-off competition.
If a team wins multiple periods of the season, then it will be the next best performing club that will get this spot in the play-off competition. Generally, it is the teams that lie in 2nd down to 9th place at the end of season standings that gain entry into the play-offs.
These teams will then play one another in a knockout format. At this point, two teams gain promotion spots from the Dutch Jupiler League or two teams from the premier division will retain their places.
What happens at the bottom of the league table?
At the bottom end of the league table, there is also an interesting format. The teams in the third-tier have to declare midway during the season if they wish to be promoted to the Jupiler League.
If a team is crowned champion of this third tier and they previously stated they wanted to be promoted, then it will go up to the Dutch Jupiler League. Otherwise, no team from the league will be relegated.
Betting on the Dutch Jupiler League
The second division in the Netherlands is seen as being a great breeding ground for the iconic academies. As a result, there is often a lot of flair and excitement, with goals galore being seen in these league games.
This presents bettors with a lot of interesting betting opportunities, able to cover all different types of markets. Bet now at one of our recommended online bookmakers.
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COVID-19 has arrived and quickly spread globally along with confusion, rumours and fear. What should you do when a mysterious microbe comes knocking? Start by staying calm and learn the facts.
The name COVID-19 stands for coronavirus and disease. Corona is for its crown-like protein spikes. The virus itself is named SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are zoonotic, jumping from animals to humans. With contagious microbes, you are often at the mercy of nature and the interconnectedness of our world.
COVID-19 spreads from person-to-person through respiratory droplets carried in coughs or sneezes. It may also be transmitted by touching your mouth, eyes or nose after touching contaminated metal, plastic and other hard surfaces on which a virus can survive the longest. People are most contagious when showing signs of sickness, yet the virus can spread before symptoms occur. Symptoms may appear 2 to 14 days after exposure and can include loss of smell, fever, cough and shortness of breath. Some have no symptoms at all.
Microbes are remarkable and mostly good - vital to our bodies and our planet. However, when it comes to the struggle against flu, measles, black death, malaria and other infectious diseases such as COVID-19, it is human wits versus microbe genes. If we want to triumph, we must think clearly, learn, prepare and respect the microbial world.
The Covid-19 pandemic has been a global event like none other in many people's lifetimes and this is not only a memento of these times, but includes a swing tag with key educational information about the disease.
Size: 17cm across at maximum.
Giantmicrobes are based on actual microbes, cells, organisms and other critters, only 1,000,000 times actual size!
Plush from all new materials. Stuffed with polyester fibre fill. Surface washable: sponge with water & soap, air dry.
Age 3 years+
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Peter Andre insists children should not be forced to get Covid vaccine saying pressure must not be put on parents
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JAB CONCERN
Peter Andre insists children should not be forced to get Covid vaccine saying pressure must not be put on parents
Lucy Murgatroyd
12:18, 19 Oct 2021
Updated: 17:13, 19 Oct 2021
PETER Andre has said he "definitely" doesn't think children should have to have the Covid vaccine and called on the Government not to pressure parents.
The Mysterious Girl singer, 48, made his opinion on the matter very clear in his latest New! magazine column.
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Peter Andre believes that parents should not be pressured into letting their kids be vaccinatedCredit: Instagram
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Peter's kids Junior, 16, and Princess, 14, could be offered the vaccine very soonCredit: Instagram
Last month it was revealed that mums and dads of 12 to 15-year-olds will get an official letter asking for consent to give their children the jab.
However, the dad-of-four doesn't agree with it.
Peter wrote: "I have discussed this with the kids and I do think things like this should be a joint discussion and a decision between the parents and children.
"I definitely do not think it should be mandatory for children to be vaccination and I'm so glad it isn't."
Although Pete went on to weigh up the pros and cons of having the vaccine.
He added: "At the same time I also wouldn't want it to stop them travelling or pose any problems for them if they don't have it, and it obviously does have its benefits."
Back in March the star admitted that he was worried about his four children having the coronavirus vaccine.
He questioned why the Government intended to give his kids jabs when the chance of them getting seriously ill from coronavirus is highly unlikely.
In one of his previous columns for the magazine, he said: "It's reported that kids will get Covid vaccinations from August. I'd be OK with my kids having the vaccine, providing there is some end goal we felt was beneficial for them. Where I'm confused is if all adults will have had the jab by then, why would kids need it?
“Especially as we have always been told they are less affected by the virus and, if so, not able to spread it to adults who have had their vaccine. I guess I understand it's to protect the elderly who can't have a shot for whatever reason. Right now, I'm not sure. But I'd rather the kids have the jab than two Covid swabs a week for years to come.”
His NHS doctor Emily, 32, contracted the deadly bug last year and the pop star tested positive in January of this year.
Despite his views on children getting the jab, Peter shared a video of his wife getting the vaccine earlier this year and urged everyone to help each other.
The Covid-19 vaccine rollout started back in December 2020 and since then, over 49 million Brits have received their first dose.
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This means that 45.4m people are now fully vaccinated in a bid to fight against the deadly bug.
And while boosters will now be given to frontline workers, over 50s, and young people with underlying conditions, they want more younger people to get the jab.
Children aged 12 to 15 will be offered one jab, while some are being offered two if they have an underlying condition or live with someone likely to get infections.
Peter is dad to Junior, 16, and Princess, 14, who he shares with ex Katie Price.
He also has four-year-old Theodore and Amelia, seven, with his doctor wife Emily.
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Peter is also dad to four-year-old Theo and Amelia, sevenCredit: Instagram
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The pop star with his doctor wife EmilyCredit: Instagram
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Peter doesn't think that parents should be "pressured" into anythingCredit: BBC
Peter Andre's daughter Princess says she's 'so so proud' of him as she watches his gig from backstage
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It's Boston local news in one concise, fun and informative emailThank you! You have been subscribed to WBUR Today.We were unable to subscribe you to WBUR Today. You can try subscribing here or try again later.
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Home//NPR News
As U.S. Nears 200,000 Dead, Hospital Staff Reflect On Those Lost
September 21, 2020
James Doubek
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Dr. Joseph Varon notifies the family of a patient who died inside the coronavirus unit at Houston's United Memorial Medical Center on July 6. Varon tells NPR he's "living on adrenaline." (David J. Phillip/AP)
The U.S. marked 100,000 recorded deaths from COVID-19 on May 27. Now it's preparing to reach 200,000.
Though the number of daily fatalities has gone down since the highs of spring, COVID-19 still claims the lives of hundreds of people in the U.S. each day. More are expected to die as the weather gets colder.
For people who work in hospitals, the challenges haven't gone away.
"I'm living on adrenaline," says Dr. Joseph Varon, chief of critical care at Houston's United Memorial Medical Center. "I'm going and going and going. And also the sense that if I don't do what I'm doing right now, nobody else is going to."
Varon supervises a large staff, who are still on edge.
"I have seen nurses cry in the middle of the day. I mean, just start crying because they cannot cope," he tells NPR's Noel King on Morning Edition.
He makes it through the days by telling jokes, making fun of things. Staffers made a music video in the COVID-19 unit, just to "go crazy."
In Seattle, Dr. Sachita Shah of Harborview Medical Center says caring for COVID-19 patients is "just part of our new life."
After more than half a year treating COVID-19 patients, "the thing that I worry about and the thing that's most different is I worry about health care worker resilience," she tells NPR's Mary Louise Kelly on All Things Considered.
"You know, we're strong. We train in emergency medicine for this. We serve as witness to all the tragedy of the community. Working in a trauma center, we're the canaries in the mine of public health," Shah says.
"I've seen a lot over the past six months. And I just worry that 2020 can't keep going like this."
Rocky Walker, a chaplain at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, turns to his faith to keep going.
"Having that faith in God anchoring everything that's going on around me," he tells Morning Edition, "and always having that to turn back to, knowing that there's nothing too big for God, nor is there anything too small for God — that is absolutely keeping me [going] through this pandemic."
Walker often serves as a liaison between patients and families, as hospitals have shut out visitors to curtail possible spread of the virus.
In one case, Walker recalls a "sort of elderly" husband and wife who were both admitted, but kept in separate rooms so they wouldn't see each other suffering. He kept in touch with their family to update their conditions, which kept changing.
Through the constant phone and video calls, Walker got close to the family. "This is a family who had already lost two uncles and a cousin. And now we have mother and father. And we have [a] son who was trying to hold it together for everyone, and he had his own challenges."
The husband and wife both died. The family wasn't allowed in the hospital.
"They probably don't realize it, but they're there in my heart for the rest of my life," Walker says.
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Varon, the Houston doctor, remembers a young man who spent eight weeks in his hospital, sick with COVID-19. His parents also had the disease — and they had most likely been infected by their son.
The parents died. But doctors didn't tell the man immediately, Varon says, because he was already depressed and they were worried about his mental health.
The young man survived. On the day he was released from the hospital, he found out his parents had died.
"He never even made it to the funeral," Varon says. "I mean, that's the kind of stuff that will stick with our brains for the rest of our lives because we see it day in and day out."
Ryan Benk, Catherine Whelan, Elena Burnett and Peter Granitz produced and edited the audio interviews.
Copyright NPR 2021.
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Getting both the flu and Covid-19 vaccines is vital for people in higher risk groups to ensure they’re double protected this winter, according to Alison Challenger, director of Public Health for West Sussex.
By Joshua Powling
Friday, 12th November 2021, 9:25 am
Covid-19 boosters are being offered as well as flu jabs this winter
She is urging all of those who are eligible to get their free flu vaccination and Covid-19 booster as soon as possible. It is also important to have the first two Covid-19 vaccines if you haven’t already because of the high levels of the virus circulating at present.
The latest figures show in seven days (30 Oct-5 Nov) there were 3,990 new cases of Covid-19 across West Sussex.
That equates to an average rate of 459.9 per 100,000 people across the county who have coronavirus – more than the national average of 356.1.
The flu and Covid-19 viruses can each leave those who catch them seriously ill, but being infected with both at the same time could be even more dangerous. Getting vaccinated against both viruses is the most effective way to keep yourself and others safe, and to ensure we are doing all we can as individuals and communities to reduce the pressure on our local NHS services.
Ms Challenger said: “Just like Covid-19, flu is highly infectious and can put people who are clinically vulnerable at increased risk of getting very poorly.
“Because most people were not mixing as usual during the pandemic, it means fewer people have built up a natural immunity to the flu which is especially prevalent during the winter months.
“Catching the flu and Covid-19 at the same time could be extremely dangerous for many people, especially those who are older or clinically vulnerable.
“It can take up to a couple of weeks for the flu vaccine to boost your immune system enough to give you the necessary protection, so if you are eligible you should book yours as soon as possible.”
Everyone aged 50 and over is eligible for both the flu vaccine and Covid-19 booster. It is safe to have both if you are offered them at the same time.
The flu vaccine is free and recommended to the following people:
• Everyone aged 50 and over
• Those aged six months to under 50 years who have a medical condition (including heart or lung disease, diabetes, a stroke or are seriously overweight (BMI of 40 and above)
• All pregnant women, at any stage of pregnancy
• All children aged two to 15 (but not 16 years or older) on 31 August 2021
• Everyone living in a residential or nursing home
• Everyone who cares for an older or disabled person
• Household contacts of anyone who is immunocompromised
• All frontline health and social workers
If you are not eligible for a free vaccine, then local pharmacies are offering a flu vaccine at a small charge.
It is very easy to pass on the flu virus without knowing and even those who are healthy can catch it and infect others. That is why the flu vaccine programme is rolled out in schools, to reduce the transmission of flu from children to older adults and people in clinical risk groups.
Unlike the vaccination for adults, which is given via an injection, for most children the vaccine will be given as a spray in each nostril. This is a very quick and painless procedure. The Sussex Community NHS Foundation Trust website contains more information about the school vaccination programme.
The NHS website has more information about the Covid-19 booster vaccine and the flu vaccine.
First and second doses of the Covid-19 vaccine are free and remain available to everyone aged 12 and over. Appointments can be booked online or by calling 119.
The Sussex Health and Care Partnership website has more details about the vaccination programme across Sussex, as well as the availability of walk-in appointments which don’t need to be booked in advance.
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0.999663 |
The Apache HTTP Server is a modular program where the administrator can choose the functionality to include in the server by selecting a set of modules. Modules will be compiled as Dynamic Shared Objects (DSOs) that exist separately from the main httpd binary file. DSO modules may be compiled at the time the server is built, or they may be compiled and added at a later time using the Apache Extension Tool (apxs).
Alternatively, the modules can be statically compiled into the httpd binary when the server is built.
This document describes how to use DSO modules as well as the theory behind their use.
Implementation
Usage Summary
Background
Advantages and Disadvantages
See also
Comments
Implementation
Related Modules
Related Directives
mod_so
LoadModule
The DSO support for loading individual Apache httpd modules is based on a module named mod_so which must be statically compiled into the Apache httpd core. It is the only module besides core which cannot be put into a DSO itself. Practically all other distributed Apache httpd modules will then be placed into a DSO. After a module is compiled into a DSO named mod_foo.so you can use mod_so's LoadModule directive in your apache2.conf file to load this module at server startup or restart.
The DSO builds for individual modules can be disabled via configure's --enable-mods-static option as discussed in the install documentation.
To simplify this creation of DSO files for Apache httpd modules (especially for third-party modules) a support program named apxs (APache eXtenSion) is available. It can be used to build DSO based modules outside of the Apache httpd source tree. The idea is simple: When installing Apache HTTP Server the configure's make install procedure installs the Apache httpd C header files and puts the platform-dependent compiler and linker flags for building DSO files into the apxs program. This way the user can use apxs to compile his Apache httpd module sources without the Apache httpd distribution source tree and without having to fiddle with the platform-dependent compiler and linker flags for DSO support.
Usage Summary
To give you an overview of the DSO features of Apache HTTP Server 2.x, here is a short and concise summary:
Build and install a distributed Apache httpd module, say mod_foo.c, into its own DSO mod_foo.so:
$ ./configure --prefix=/path/to/install --enable-foo
$ make install
Configure Apache HTTP Server with all modules enabled. Only a basic set will be loaded during server startup. You can change the set of loaded modules by activating or deactivating the LoadModule directives in apache2.conf.
$ ./configure --enable-mods-shared=all
$ make install
Some modules are only useful for developers and will not be build. when using the module set all. To build all available modules including developer modules use reallyall. In addition the LoadModule directives for all built modules can be activated via the configure option --enable-load-all-modules.
$ ./configure --enable-mods-shared=reallyall --enable-load-all-modules
$ make install
Build and install a third-party Apache httpd module, say mod_foo.c, into its own DSO mod_foo.so outside of the Apache httpd source tree using apxs:
$ cd /path/to/3rdparty
$ apxs -cia mod_foo.c
In all cases, once the shared module is compiled, you must use a LoadModule directive in apache2.conf to tell Apache httpd to activate the module.
See the apxs documentation for more details.
Background
On modern Unix derivatives there exists a mechanism called dynamic linking/loading of Dynamic Shared Objects (DSO) which provides a way to build a piece of program code in a special format for loading it at run-time into the address space of an executable program.
This loading can usually be done in two ways: automatically by a system program called ld.so when an executable program is started or manually from within the executing program via a programmatic system interface to the Unix loader through the system calls dlopen()/dlsym().
In the first way the DSO's are usually called shared libraries or DSO libraries and named libfoo.so or libfoo.so.1.2. They reside in a system directory (usually /usr/lib) and the link to the executable program is established at build-time by specifying -lfoo to the linker command. This hard-codes library references into the executable program file so that at start-time the Unix loader is able to locate libfoo.so in /usr/lib, in paths hard-coded via linker-options like -R or in paths configured via the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH. It then resolves any (yet unresolved) symbols in the executable program which are available in the DSO.
Symbols in the executable program are usually not referenced by the DSO (because it's a reusable library of general code) and hence no further resolving has to be done. The executable program has no need to do anything on its own to use the symbols from the DSO because the complete resolving is done by the Unix loader. (In fact, the code to invoke ld.so is part of the run-time startup code which is linked into every executable program which has been bound non-static). The advantage of dynamic loading of common library code is obvious: the library code needs to be stored only once, in a system library like libc.so, saving disk space for every program.
In the second way the DSO's are usually called shared objects or DSO files and can be named with an arbitrary extension (although the canonical name is foo.so). These files usually stay inside a program-specific directory and there is no automatically established link to the executable program where they are used. Instead the executable program manually loads the DSO at run-time into its address space via dlopen(). At this time no resolving of symbols from the DSO for the executable program is done. But instead the Unix loader automatically resolves any (yet unresolved) symbols in the DSO from the set of symbols exported by the executable program and its already loaded DSO libraries (especially all symbols from the ubiquitous libc.so). This way the DSO gets knowledge of the executable program's symbol set as if it had been statically linked with it in the first place.
Finally, to take advantage of the DSO's API the executable program has to resolve particular symbols from the DSO via dlsym() for later use inside dispatch tables etc. In other words: The executable program has to manually resolve every symbol it needs to be able to use it. The advantage of such a mechanism is that optional program parts need not be loaded (and thus do not spend memory) until they are needed by the program in question. When required, these program parts can be loaded dynamically to extend the base program's functionality.
Although this DSO mechanism sounds straightforward there is at least one difficult step here: The resolving of symbols from the executable program for the DSO when using a DSO to extend a program (the second way). Why? Because "reverse resolving" DSO symbols from the executable program's symbol set is against the library design (where the library has no knowledge about the programs it is used by) and is neither available under all platforms nor standardized. In practice the executable program's global symbols are often not re-exported and thus not available for use in a DSO. Finding a way to force the linker to export all global symbols is the main problem one has to solve when using DSO for extending a program at run-time.
The shared library approach is the typical one, because it is what the DSO mechanism was designed for, hence it is used for nearly all types of libraries the operating system provides.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The above DSO based features have the following advantages:
The server package is more flexible at run-time because the server process can be assembled at run-time via LoadModule apache2.conf configuration directives instead of configure options at build-time. For instance, this way one is able to run different server instances (standard & SSL version, minimalistic & dynamic version [mod_perl, mod_php], etc.) with only one Apache httpd installation.
The server package can be easily extended with third-party modules even after installation. This is a great benefit for vendor package maintainers, who can create an Apache httpd core package and additional packages containing extensions like PHP, mod_perl, mod_security, etc.
Easier Apache httpd module prototyping, because with the DSO/apxs pair you can both work outside the Apache httpd source tree and only need an apxs -i command followed by an apache2ctl restart to bring a new version of your currently developed module into the running Apache HTTP Server.
DSO has the following disadvantages:
The server is approximately 20% slower at startup time because of the symbol resolving overhead the Unix loader now has to do.
The server is approximately 5% slower at execution time under some platforms, because position independent code (PIC) sometimes needs complicated assembler tricks for relative addressing, which are not necessarily as fast as absolute addressing.
Because DSO modules cannot be linked against other DSO-based libraries (ld -lfoo) on all platforms (for instance a.out-based platforms usually don't provide this functionality while ELF-based platforms do) you cannot use the DSO mechanism for all types of modules. Or in other words, modules compiled as DSO files are restricted to only use symbols from the Apache httpd core, from the C library (libc) and all other dynamic or static libraries used by the Apache httpd core, or from static library archives (libfoo.a) containing position independent code. The only chances to use other code is to either make sure the httpd core itself already contains a reference to it or loading the code yourself via dlopen().
Available Languages: en | fr | ja | ko | tr
Comments
Notice:
This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our mailing lists.
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0.999464 |
Cloud Computing when compared is the easiest, fastest and the cheapest solution for all types of businesses. The growth of cloud computing is a definite positive for organizations because of the advantages it offers. But you should definitely need to consider few things when choosing Cloud Computing Solutions.
Here are few guidelines that you should consider before deciding on cloud solutions:
Cloud Computing Vs In-house applications
The most common reason why small businesses choose cloud solutions over traditional inhouse software is because it is less expensive as you only need to pay the small monthly payment instead of huge one time fee.
It is also known fact that cloud solutions are lot more easier to use than the complex destop applications.
Cloud solutions are available anywhere and anytime
For some businesses, employees or executives may need to work from remote places or client's office. Hence, cloud solution makes it possible to access its applications with just a web browser and an internet connection. This is an important advantage of using cloud applications.
Security of data
Many organizations worry about the data security when hosted on cloud. Since all the data and information of your business is stored on the cloud, it does involve security risks. However, hosting providers do take necessary measure for securing the data with latest technology from any threat. It is recommended to check all the details of your vendor and know the reliability of the applications he is providing.
Are there quick support for the services you have purchased?
When unexpected problems occur or servers go down for maintenance, does your vendor provide quick fix? This is very important as to especially when you rely on the application completely for your day to day business operations.
Upgrades and maintenance
Applications get updated and improved regularly and this will benefit you to make use of the updations without additional costs. Also, without any effort of downloading or installing as it is completely managed by the solution provider of your application.
Integrations and Flexibilities
Technology keeps changing once in a while and there seems to be so many various options available on the internet today that you can make use of to improve the business functions and lessen the routine work. Many cloud solutions offer integration facilities thus enabling you to leverage the most. Cloud Solutions offer API (Application Program Interface) thus allowing other applications to work with each other.
Cloud Computing is the latest trend in the technology that has offered various benefits to all types of businesses. If you are a startup company, trying to grow your company without spending much of money then Cloud Computing is the perfect solution that suits your business.
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The first two paragraphs of the FOREWARD on the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 written by Mrs. Margareta Wahlström, United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction represent a guideline to all the Policy Makers and Stakeholders how to build a Resilient Society:
[[[The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015. It is the outcome of stakeholder consultations initiated in March 2012 and inter-governmental negotiations from July 2014 to March 2015, supported by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction at the request of the UN General Assembly.
The Sendai Framework is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. The HFA was conceived to give further impetus to the global work under the International Framework for Action for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction of 1989, and the Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World: Guidelines for Natural Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation and its Plan of Action, adopted in 1994 and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction of 1999.]]]
The question which we tend to ask each 13 October is: to what extent Disaster Resilience is achieved by those who govern us? Natural Hazards from land, ocean and atmosphere continue to cause losses of life, economic gains and of livelihoods. There may be a small reduction in frequency, yet intensity regarding these calamities continues, especially oceanic and atmospheric.
Thus the saying goes that, except a very few, the Policy Makers seem to be ‘Part-Timers, Amateurs and Illiterate in Disaster Management’. Many countries are in this situation, wherein Early Warning Systems (EWS) are defective or inexistent. Some Member States of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) still do not have Satellite and Radar services. Mauritius became a member of WMO in 1969, just a year after attaining independence. A Radar was fixed in 1977 and it became obsolete in 2002, after 25 years of service. Since 2008 until 2013, in which period there was no Meteorological Radar, the rate of loss of live reached 275% within a short lapse of five years: 4 in 2008 and 11 in 2013. Besides, lots of Heavy Rainfalls and Flash Floods continued. However, a new Doppler Radar has been introduced with the financial assistance of Japan and was activated on 08 April 2019.
In addition, the Mauritius Meteorological Services Act was passed by the National Assembly of Mauritius on 13 September 2019. The Acting President of Republic affixed his Assent on 02 October and the Document was made available, unfortunately on 10 October, nearly after one month.
It is noticeable that the Policy Makers who presented their respective debate in the Assembly was no doubt lamentably very poor and unprofessional. Furthermore, as at date, there is no such campaign or event that has been organized in view of marking this 13 October 2019. It is really very sad. ‘How dare you?’ In fact, as from Sunday 06 October 2019, there is a ‘care-taker-government’ until the general elections due for 07 November 2019.
Unfortunately, Japan is currently under the influence of Super Typhoon HAGIBIS whose impacts have caused the life of 11 citizens. This Typhoon is the strongest after 60 years with unprecedented Rains entailing landslides.
Last month we heard about the Hurricane DORIAN which broke seven decades of record with wind force reaching 350 kph and wiped out Bahamas while disrupting also South-East of USA.
UN SG Antonio Guterres states that ‘Climate Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction’ must be central to this investment. Watch this video-
http://webtv.un.org/search/ant%C3%B3nio-guterres-secretary-general-on-the-international-day-for-disaster-risk-reduction-13-october-2019/6093800862001/?term=&lan=english&page=3
The United Nations Global Assessment Report has also published a report which is equally raising concern as to the extent to which the Sendai Framework has been properly implemented by the different countries. See below:
{{{This fifth edition of the United Nations Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) is being issued four years after the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (Sendai Framework). Now is a time of heightened global urgency, and the need for ambitious collective
action to reduce disaster risk, build resilience and achieve sustainable development has never been greater.
At no point in human history have we faced such an array of both familiar and unfamiliar risks, interacting in a hyper connected, rapidly changing world. New risks and correlations are emerging. Decades-old projections about climate change have come true much sooner than expected. With that come changes in the intensity and frequency of hazards. Risk really is systemic, and requires concerted and urgent effort to reduce it in integrated and innovative ways.
Countries adopted the Sendai Framework in 2015 to address a broader scope of hazards and risks. The Sendai Framework charts a clear policy pathway for governments and citizens to prevent and mitigate shocks caused by natural and man-made hazards, as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks. In making the logical connection between reducing risk and building resilience, the Sendai Framework provides the connecting tissue for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement, the New Urban Agenda, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the Agenda for Humanity.
This edition of GAR is the first punctuation mark in the implementation of the Sendai Framework. It offers an update on progress made in implementing the outcome, goal, targets and priorities of the Sendai Framework and disaster-related Sustainable Development Goals. It provides an analysis of how risk science is changing, presents areas for additional endeavour, and explores aspects of understanding and managing systemic risk. It presents innovative research and practice for pursuing risk-informed sustainable development, and provides an introduction to the wider scope and nature of hazards and related risks to be considered.
This report represents a major step towards a twenty-first century view of risk and its reduction – an understanding that is imperative in our collective efforts to craft a sustainable future. We are fast approaching the point where we may not be able to mitigate or repair impacts from realized cascading and systemic risk, particularly those due to climate change. The urgency is evident. It demands much greater ambition around the speed and magnitude of the changes the global community needs to make; changes that must be proportionate to the scale of threat. Above all, we cannot let inertia and short-sightedness impede action. As we have been reminded recently by Greta Thunberg (the Swedish climate change activist).
“There are no grey areas when it comes to survival. Now we all have a choice. We can create transformational action that will safeguard the future living conditions for humankind, or we can continue with our business as usual and fail. That is up to you and me.”}}}(etd)....
Foreword: Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction Head of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Mrs Mami Mizutori.
https://gar.unisdr.org/sites/default/files/reports/2019-05/full_gar_report.pdf
Suggestions for Global Challenges
The basis for building a Disaster Resilient Society rests on three main pillars.
It is the utmost duty of the Policy Makers to introduce ‘Country-Driven- Mechanisms’ through legislation with a philosophy of ‘Putting-People-First’ or ‘People-Centred’. Early Warning Systems (EWS) form part of the ‘Mechanisms’;
Education is the second one in which school curriculums which provide appropriate guidelines towards Resilience. This is also known as Sensitization whose chronological and gradual steps are: ‘Awareness, Preparedness, Adaptation, Mitigation, Response, Rescue, Relief and Rehabilitation’. No doubt school textbooks must be ‘Teacher-Friendly’, ‘Student-Friendly’ and ‘Up-to-date’ in data, information and photographs/videography. See below my ‘Disaster Resilience Campaign’ during my Mission in India 10 December 2018-12 June 2019 and
The civil society must challenge the Policy Makers by making them accountable in Providing Protection and Safety to their respective population. Moreover, NGOs, Campaigners and Well-Wishers are other Stakeholders who are eligible for support by the government and authorities. So, the ‘Top-Down’ concept until the grass roots of all sectors of society is crucial for reducing vulnerability and for building Resilience.
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In the Bay of Plenty most of the region has moved to the orange light, but some businesses have chosen to do things differently.
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The Apache HTTP Server is a modular program where the administrator can choose the functionality to include in the server by selecting a set of modules. Modules will be compiled as Dynamic Shared Objects (DSOs) that exist separately from the main httpd binary file. DSO modules may be compiled at the time the server is built, or they may be compiled and added at a later time using the Apache Extension Tool (apxs).
Alternatively, the modules can be statically compiled into the httpd binary when the server is built.
This document describes how to use DSO modules as well as the theory behind their use.
Implementation
Usage Summary
Background
Advantages and Disadvantages
See also
Comments
Implementation
Related Modules
Related Directives
mod_so
LoadModule
The DSO support for loading individual Apache httpd modules is based on a module named mod_so which must be statically compiled into the Apache httpd core. It is the only module besides core which cannot be put into a DSO itself. Practically all other distributed Apache httpd modules will then be placed into a DSO. After a module is compiled into a DSO named mod_foo.so you can use mod_so's LoadModule directive in your apache2.conf file to load this module at server startup or restart.
The DSO builds for individual modules can be disabled via configure's --enable-mods-static option as discussed in the install documentation.
To simplify this creation of DSO files for Apache httpd modules (especially for third-party modules) a support program named apxs (APache eXtenSion) is available. It can be used to build DSO based modules outside of the Apache httpd source tree. The idea is simple: When installing Apache HTTP Server the configure's make install procedure installs the Apache httpd C header files and puts the platform-dependent compiler and linker flags for building DSO files into the apxs program. This way the user can use apxs to compile his Apache httpd module sources without the Apache httpd distribution source tree and without having to fiddle with the platform-dependent compiler and linker flags for DSO support.
Usage Summary
To give you an overview of the DSO features of Apache HTTP Server 2.x, here is a short and concise summary:
Build and install a distributed Apache httpd module, say mod_foo.c, into its own DSO mod_foo.so:
$ ./configure --prefix=/path/to/install --enable-foo
$ make install
Configure Apache HTTP Server with all modules enabled. Only a basic set will be loaded during server startup. You can change the set of loaded modules by activating or deactivating the LoadModule directives in apache2.conf.
$ ./configure --enable-mods-shared=all
$ make install
Some modules are only useful for developers and will not be build. when using the module set all. To build all available modules including developer modules use reallyall. In addition the LoadModule directives for all built modules can be activated via the configure option --enable-load-all-modules.
$ ./configure --enable-mods-shared=reallyall --enable-load-all-modules
$ make install
Build and install a third-party Apache httpd module, say mod_foo.c, into its own DSO mod_foo.so outside of the Apache httpd source tree using apxs:
$ cd /path/to/3rdparty
$ apxs -cia mod_foo.c
In all cases, once the shared module is compiled, you must use a LoadModule directive in apache2.conf to tell Apache httpd to activate the module.
See the apxs documentation for more details.
Background
On modern Unix derivatives there exists a mechanism called dynamic linking/loading of Dynamic Shared Objects (DSO) which provides a way to build a piece of program code in a special format for loading it at run-time into the address space of an executable program.
This loading can usually be done in two ways: automatically by a system program called ld.so when an executable program is started or manually from within the executing program via a programmatic system interface to the Unix loader through the system calls dlopen()/dlsym().
In the first way the DSO's are usually called shared libraries or DSO libraries and named libfoo.so or libfoo.so.1.2. They reside in a system directory (usually /usr/lib) and the link to the executable program is established at build-time by specifying -lfoo to the linker command. This hard-codes library references into the executable program file so that at start-time the Unix loader is able to locate libfoo.so in /usr/lib, in paths hard-coded via linker-options like -R or in paths configured via the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH. It then resolves any (yet unresolved) symbols in the executable program which are available in the DSO.
Symbols in the executable program are usually not referenced by the DSO (because it's a reusable library of general code) and hence no further resolving has to be done. The executable program has no need to do anything on its own to use the symbols from the DSO because the complete resolving is done by the Unix loader. (In fact, the code to invoke ld.so is part of the run-time startup code which is linked into every executable program which has been bound non-static). The advantage of dynamic loading of common library code is obvious: the library code needs to be stored only once, in a system library like libc.so, saving disk space for every program.
In the second way the DSO's are usually called shared objects or DSO files and can be named with an arbitrary extension (although the canonical name is foo.so). These files usually stay inside a program-specific directory and there is no automatically established link to the executable program where they are used. Instead the executable program manually loads the DSO at run-time into its address space via dlopen(). At this time no resolving of symbols from the DSO for the executable program is done. But instead the Unix loader automatically resolves any (yet unresolved) symbols in the DSO from the set of symbols exported by the executable program and its already loaded DSO libraries (especially all symbols from the ubiquitous libc.so). This way the DSO gets knowledge of the executable program's symbol set as if it had been statically linked with it in the first place.
Finally, to take advantage of the DSO's API the executable program has to resolve particular symbols from the DSO via dlsym() for later use inside dispatch tables etc. In other words: The executable program has to manually resolve every symbol it needs to be able to use it. The advantage of such a mechanism is that optional program parts need not be loaded (and thus do not spend memory) until they are needed by the program in question. When required, these program parts can be loaded dynamically to extend the base program's functionality.
Although this DSO mechanism sounds straightforward there is at least one difficult step here: The resolving of symbols from the executable program for the DSO when using a DSO to extend a program (the second way). Why? Because "reverse resolving" DSO symbols from the executable program's symbol set is against the library design (where the library has no knowledge about the programs it is used by) and is neither available under all platforms nor standardized. In practice the executable program's global symbols are often not re-exported and thus not available for use in a DSO. Finding a way to force the linker to export all global symbols is the main problem one has to solve when using DSO for extending a program at run-time.
The shared library approach is the typical one, because it is what the DSO mechanism was designed for, hence it is used for nearly all types of libraries the operating system provides.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The above DSO based features have the following advantages:
The server package is more flexible at run-time because the server process can be assembled at run-time via LoadModule apache2.conf configuration directives instead of configure options at build-time. For instance, this way one is able to run different server instances (standard & SSL version, minimalistic & dynamic version [mod_perl, mod_php], etc.) with only one Apache httpd installation.
The server package can be easily extended with third-party modules even after installation. This is a great benefit for vendor package maintainers, who can create an Apache httpd core package and additional packages containing extensions like PHP, mod_perl, mod_security, etc.
Easier Apache httpd module prototyping, because with the DSO/apxs pair you can both work outside the Apache httpd source tree and only need an apxs -i command followed by an apache2ctl restart to bring a new version of your currently developed module into the running Apache HTTP Server.
DSO has the following disadvantages:
The server is approximately 20% slower at startup time because of the symbol resolving overhead the Unix loader now has to do.
The server is approximately 5% slower at execution time under some platforms, because position independent code (PIC) sometimes needs complicated assembler tricks for relative addressing, which are not necessarily as fast as absolute addressing.
Because DSO modules cannot be linked against other DSO-based libraries (ld -lfoo) on all platforms (for instance a.out-based platforms usually don't provide this functionality while ELF-based platforms do) you cannot use the DSO mechanism for all types of modules. Or in other words, modules compiled as DSO files are restricted to only use symbols from the Apache httpd core, from the C library (libc) and all other dynamic or static libraries used by the Apache httpd core, or from static library archives (libfoo.a) containing position independent code. The only chances to use other code is to either make sure the httpd core itself already contains a reference to it or loading the code yourself via dlopen().
Available Languages: en | fr | ja | ko | tr
Comments
Notice:
This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our mailing lists.
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I have a variable array declared called "floattext" (see below) in the <Head> of my ASP web page that includes a file name, but I need to parameterize the file name (shown in red) in some way, perhaps by some function.
var floattext=new Array()
floattext[0]='<img src="Images/AA801400.JPG" style="width: 288px; \
height: 216px; float: top; margin-left: 5px; border:1px solid black" </div>'
If this were VB, it would probably be something like:
Public Function GetPicture(Filename as String) as Image
but I'm having a tough time trying to figure out how to do this in Javascript.
Please help, and Thanks!
mwinter
05-18-2007, 05:56 PM
If this were VB, it would probably be something like:
Public Function GetPicture(Filename as String) as Image
What exactly would you expect this function to return? An img element as a string with the given source URL? Assuming so:
function getPicture(uri) {
return '<img alt="" src="' + uri
+ '" style="width: 288px; height: 216px; float: left; margin-left: 5px; border: 1px solid #000000;">';
}
There is no value, top, for the float property. I assumed above that you meant "left".
mattgb1
05-18-2007, 05:58 PM
I want to set a control's image to the selected JPG
mattgb1
05-18-2007, 06:00 PM
I'm not trying to return a string. I want to pass in the string that names the file and then return the actual image that I can place on the web page
Trinithis
05-19-2007, 10:35 PM
(EDITED: code syntax, and yeah, I forgot to remove the extra stuff for the with statement.)
First things, first, you used a closing div tag to close your img, which is wrong.
For your own sake and others, it is recommended that the first letter of each word in a variable is capitalized except for the first word in the variable. For example: floattext becomes floatText. For object variables, I like the Java convention of capitalizing the first word as well, ie: MyObject.
Also, try not to use backslashes (\) to run more of a string into a variable. Instead use the += operator for reasons of usefulness and to avoid some bugs in some browsers.
Here's two ideas that I think might be what you are trying to get at.
#1:
var floatText = []; //The "[]" is shorthand for "new Array()"
function setFloatText(index, uri) {
floatText[index] = "<img src='"+uri+"'";
floatText[index] += " style='width:288px;height: 216px; float: top;";
floatText[index] += " margin-left: 5px; border:1px solid black' />";
}
#2:
var floattext = [];
function setFloatText(index, uri) {
floatText[index] = document.createElement("img");
with(floatText[index]) {
src = uri;
style.width = "288px";
style.height = "216px";
style.cssfloat = "top";
style.marginLeft = "5px";
style.borderWidth = "1px";
style.borderStyle = "solid";
style.borderColor = "#000000";
}
}
With #2, to use the img element the code created, you would want to use the insertBefore() built-in function DOM provided. The syntax is:
parentElement.insertBefore(newElement, referenceElement)
where the newElement, in this case your img, would be inserted before the referenceElement.
In the case where you want to add the newElement to after all other elements within the parentElement, use the appendChild(). The syntax is:
parentElement.appendChild(newElement)
The #2 code is more versitile, and is the better way of going, but if you don't understand it, try #1.
A working example for#2 could be like:
/* Assume above #2 code is in here */
setFloatText(3, "http://www.google.com/intl/xx-hacker_ALL/images/logo.gif");
var x = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];
x.insertBefore(floatText[3], x.firstChild);
Twey
05-20-2007, 10:32 AM
For your own sake and others, it is recommended that the first letter of each word in a variable is capitalized except for the first word in the variable. For example: floattext becomes floatText.A nice thought, but hardly a pressing matter.
For object variables, I like the Java convention of capitalizing the first word as well, ie: MyObject.This is not any convention of which I know. Object variables are capitalised exactly the same in Java as any other variable. Only for a class or interface is the first letter capitalised. In Javascript, we usually do this with constructor functions.
Also, try not to use backslashes (\) to run more of a string into a variable. Instead use the += operator for reasons of usefulness and to avoid some bugs in some browsers.This is inefficient. Use + instead:
var str = "some very" +
"long string" +
"with bits" +
"on the end."Note, however, that this won't include linebreaks into the string as using a backslash there will; you'd have to add them in manually as \n.
floatText[index] = document.createElement("img");Wouldn't it be more logical to return the image?
with(floatText[index]) {with is deprecated, and
floatText[index].src = uri;... you're missing the point of it anyway.
floatText[index].stylewidth = "288px";You've missed a dot.
floatText[index].style.float = "top";For script access it's called cssFloat, since "float" is a reserved word in ECMAScript.
floatText[index].style.marginLeft = "5px";
floatText[index].style.borderWidth = "1px";
floatText[index].style.borderStyle = "solid";
floatText[index].style.borderColor = "#000000";It would be easier to use the original border declaration...
I have a variable array declared called "floattext" (see below) in the <Head> of my ASP web page that includes a file name, but I need to parameterize the file name (shown in red) in some way, perhaps by some function.Do you mean this code is actually running server-side? If so, you'd want mwinter's code: only strings can be inserted into a webpage on the server, where it's still treated as text (by ASP, at least). If not, you want an improved version of Trinithis' code:
function getImage(uri) {
var img = document.createElement("img"), l;
img.src = uri;
l = img.style;
l.width = "288px";
l.height = "216px";
l.cssFloat = "left";
l.marginLeft = "5px";
l.border = "1px solid black";
return img;
}
mwinter
05-20-2007, 01:44 PM
For object variables, I like the Java convention of capitalizing the first word as well, ie: MyObject.
This is not any convention of which I know.
Indeed. The Java coding conventions (http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/) only suggest initial capitals in three cases: class names, interface names, and constants. For the latter, all characters are upper-case.
[Using +=] is inefficient. Use + instead:
var str = "some very" +
"long string" +
"with bits" +
"on the end."
That can be inefficient for long strings, too. In such cases, it's quicker to construct an array and then call the join method.
Note, however, that this won't include linebreaks into the string as using a backslash there will; you'd have to add them in manually as \n.
Using a backslash as it occurs in the OP won't include line breaks, either. It acts as a continuation sequence, however such sequences are forbidden in ECMAScript.
with is deprecated
I believe Douglas Crockford expresses that opinion, but only because it's often misused and can lead to confusion or broken code. It isn't deprecated, though and can be useful on vary rare occasions.
Bob90
05-20-2007, 03:22 PM
Do you mean this code is actually running server-side? If so, you'd want mwinter's code: only strings can be inserted into a webpage on the server, where it's still treated as text (by ASP, at least). If not, you want an improved version of Trinithis' code:
function getImage(uri) {
var img = document.createElement("img"), l;
img.src = uri;
l = img.style;
l.width = "288px";
l.height = "216px";
l.cssFloat = "left";
l.marginLeft = "5px";
l.border = "1px solid black";
return l;
}
Improved! - Like one that returns the img object not it's style? ;)
Twey
05-20-2007, 05:00 PM
Whoops! :o Edited.
That can be inefficient for long strings, too. In such cases, it's quicker to construct an array and then call the join method.Truly? I would have thought an array would have been less cost-efficient than an array. Are strings in ECMAScript immutable?
I believe Douglas Crockford expresses that opinion, but only because it's often misused and can lead to confusion or broken code. It isn't deprecated, though and can be useful on vary rare occasions.I was under the opinion that it was going to be removed at some point fairly soon. I guess I was wrong. What advantages does it offer over storing a reference?
mwinter
05-20-2007, 06:57 PM
That can be inefficient for long strings, too. In such cases, it's quicker to construct an array and then call the join method.
Truly?
Yes. A large number of concatenations would perform badly in MSIE - as much as twice the time. The example in this thread is insignificant, but if one were to construct a large block of text - a list or table, perhaps, for inclusion with the write method or innerHTML property - it could be beneficial to use an array and the push method rather than string concatenation.
Are strings in ECMAScript immutable?
How interpreters perform concatenation is implementation-defined, though String objects, as well as all other primitive wrappers, certainly are immutable.
Other than concatenation, there are no other operations that can mutate a string value.
I was under the opinion that it was going to be removed at some point fairly soon. I guess I was wrong.
Firefox used to issue warnings that the with statement was deprecated, but Brendan Eich himself (the creator of JavaScript) logged a bug report in Bugzilla and the warning has since been removed.
What advantages does it offer over storing a reference?
It modifies the scope chain. This means that one can augment the scope chain of a function created using a function expression by placing the expression within a with statement block.
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Also you may use masks. Character '?' in a mask means any single character, and character '*' means sequence of any characters.
For example: UKR* (Ukraine, ukrainian, ...), S?IE* (science, shield, skied, ...)
Translate a word:
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If you suffer from a severe case of acne that has failed to respond to conventional treatments such as antibiotics, then your dermatologist may recommend the use of the popular Accutane or Isotretinoin. Accutane is a potent oral drug from Hoffman-LaRoche that has been proven highly effective for reducing acne symptoms dramatically after only one course of 15-20 weeks.
With its undoubting success at battling even the toughest cases of acne and ever-growing popularity among teens as a miracle drug, why is Accutane still considered the most controversial pharmaceutical on the market? The answer: a documented list of severe and sometimes permanent side effects.
Although some of the side effects associated with the use of Isotretinoin are mild and tolerable (dry lips, dry eyes, nosebleeds, extremely dry skin, increased sensitivity to the sun, and thinning hair) there is in fact a long list of serious side effects that have been reported due to the use of Accutane which persisted even after the drug therapy was stopped. Among those are Severe aches and pains in the lower back and large joints, severe allergic reactions that include moderate rashes and difficulty to breath, vision problems, hearing loss, permanent liver damage, persistent migraines and headaches, and skeletal hyperostosis which is an excessive bone growth that occurs along the sides of the spine.
But perhaps, the two most bothersome of all Accutane side effects are its potential to cause severe birth defects if taken by pregnant women or women that became pregnant while taking the drug and the suggested link between the intake of Accutane and the changes in mood, severe depression, and suicidal thoughts.
Since Isotretinoin can be harmful to the fetus, it should not be used during pregnancy and women should avoid pregnancy for at least a month after the use of Accutane. Additionally, because of its severe side effects, nursing mothers must avoid the drug completely.
Although researchers still argue whether Isotretinoin causes depression or not, Roche the manufacturer of Accutane openly shares information claiming that Accutane and its generic, isotretinoin, can alter mood: “Synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, can negatively impact brain chemicals such as dopamine and serotonin.”
The FDA website warns: “All patients treated with isotretinoin should be observed closely for symptoms of depression or suicidal thoughts, such as sad mood, irritability, acting on dangerous impulses, anger, loss of pleasure … mood disturbance, psychosis, or aggression.”
Moreover, statistics show that between 1989 and 2003, there were 216 reported drug-linked suicides among U.S. teens younger than 18. Of these, 72 suicides were linked to Accutane (isotretinoin). The next highest number of suicides in that time period — 55 — involved Prozac (fluoxetine).
Accutane works by reducing the size and output of the sebaceous glands and thus stops excess oil production. The problem is that Accutane damages your skin’s sebum glands and liver function in the process. By the time you stop taking the drug, your skin oil glands will return to function but your liver will not be able to properly balance your hormones and prevent the overproduction of sebum.
Isotretinoin also normalizes your keratinization (the shedding of dead skin cells), improves fat metabolism, and reduces inflammation. But all of these benefits can be easily achieved using all-natural dietary, supplementation, and skin care alternatives and without the side effects. For example, Foods that are rich in Vitamin A and Beta Carotene can help reduce the secretion of oil by the sebaceous glands. Simple home made peels made of Papaya can easily replace the peeling action of Isotrerinoin and sleep optimization, and regular exercising including vitamin, C, E, Zinc, and Colostrum can boost the immune abilities of the body and thus reduce inflammation.
Accutane is not the solution to acne. Not only does it treat the symptoms of the disease and not the internal cause, stopping your skin’s natural oil production, can in most cases, result in extra dryness combined with the acceleration of the skin’s aging process (yes! your skin will look older). Moreover, Accutane severely damages your liver function among other side effects, which in turn destroys your delicate inner balance and your natural healing abilities. Hence, it is doing the opposite of curing.
A long-term acne solution should address the internal cause of acne by tackling all acne contributing factors and neutralizing the acne environment – the only, safe, natural, and effective way you could ever achieve lasting acne freedom.
Mike Walden is a certified nutritionist, independent medical researcher, natural health consultant, and author of the #1 best-selling e-book, “Acne No More- Open The Door To An Acne Free Life.” Mike has written dozens of holistic health articles and has been featured in ezines and print magazines, as well as on hundreds of websites worldwide.
For information on Mike’s Holistic Clear Skin program: Click here!
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The IOCCC, International Obfuscated C Code Contest, is a competition which goal is to create the most obscure C program. In 1986, Jim Hague won the contest with his (almost) undecipherable morse encryptor. Today, we are going to try and understand how his program works, step by step. Here’s what it looks like:
#define DIT (
#define DAH )
#define __DAH ++
#define DITDAH *
#define DAHDIT for
#define DIT_DAH malloc
#define DAH_DIT gets
#define _DAHDIT char
_DAHDIT _DAH_[]="ETIANMSURWDKGOHVFaLaPJBXCYZQb54a3d2f16g7c8a90l?e'b.s;i,d:"
;main DIT DAH{_DAHDIT
DITDAH _DIT,DITDAH DAH_,DITDAH DIT_,
DITDAH _DIT_,DITDAH DIT_DAH DIT
DAH,DITDAH DAH_DIT DIT DAH;DAHDIT
DIT _DIT=DIT_DAH DIT 81 DAH,DIT_=_DIT
__DAH;_DIT==DAH_DIT DIT _DIT DAH;__DIT
DIT'\n'DAH DAH DAHDIT DIT DAH_=_DIT;DITDAH
DAH_;__DIT DIT DITDAH
_DIT_?_DAH DIT DITDAH DIT_ DAH:'?'DAH,__DIT
DIT' 'DAH,DAH_ __DAH DAH DAHDIT DIT
DITDAH DIT_=2,_DIT_=_DAH_; DITDAH _DIT_&&DIT
DITDAH _DIT_!=DIT DITDAH DAH_>='a'? DITDAH
DAH_&223:DITDAH DAH_ DAH DAH; DIT
DITDAH DIT_ DAH __DAH,_DIT_ __DAH DAH
DITDAH DIT_+= DIT DITDAH _DIT_>='a'? DITDAH _DIT_-'a':0
DAH;}_DAH DIT DIT_ DAH{ __DIT DIT
DIT_>3?_DAH DIT DIT_>>1 DAH:'\0'DAH;return
DIT_&1?'-':'.';}__DIT DIT DIT_ DAH _DAHDIT
DIT_;{DIT void DAH write DIT 1,&DIT_,1 DAH;}
First things first: what happens when we try to compile it with gcc? We see a lot of errors and warnings popping up, mostly about undeclared variables and implicit declarations. This means that the program doesn’t follow C standards in terms of function or variable declarations. Let’s take a closer look.
One of the first things we can see in the program is a long list of preprocessor directives “#define”. The preprocessor is the part of the compiler that gets rid of comments, includes header files and expands macros. What is a macro? it’s an identifier that will be replaced by a piece of code. In our program, for example, we have #define DIT (, this means that every time we will type the macro DIT later on in the program, it will be replaced by the character ‘(‘. We can see there is A LOT of macros in this program, and that’s what makes it messy.
What is source of code obfuscation?
Code obfuscation is the act of deliberately obscuring source code, making it very difficult for humans to understand, and making it useless to hackers who may have ulterior motives. it may also be used to deter the reverse-engineering of software.
Essentially, obfuscation completely alters the source code; nonetheless, it remains functionally equivalent to the original code.
Obfuscation is NOT the same as encryption. The purpose of encryption is to transform data in order to keep it secret from others. The purpose of obfuscation is to make it difficult for humans to understand the data. Encrypted code always needs to be decrypted before execution, while obfuscation does not require that code undergo de-obfuscation to execute it.
What does this code?
Code obfuscation consists of several techniques, each building on top of the other, thus rendering the code unintelligible. Following are a few of the obfuscation techniques that are used.
Rename Obfuscation: Renaming basically modifies the variable and method names, making the code difficult for a human to understand. However, it still maintains the program execution behavior. This basic technique is most commonly used for Android, Java and IOS obfuscators.
String Encryption: While the renaming technique simply alters the variable and method names, string encryption intends to encrypt all the strings that are clearly readable. (You should take note that with this technique, decrypting strings at runtime may incur a minor runtime performance penalty.)
Dummy Code Insertion: This has to do with inserting code into the executable. This technique makes it very difficult for reverse-engineered code to be analyzed. However, the insertions do not affect the logic and/or execution of the program.
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The Present — March 12, 2021
Plastic pollution from face masks could devastate the environment
Masks are great, but what happens when we try to throw out a billion masks at once?
Credit: DS stories / Pexels
Key Takeaways
A new study suggests that the huge numbers of disposable masks we're using may end up polluting the environment.
The materials used to make some of these masks may be especially disposed to break down into microplastic bits.
Once those plastic bits get into the environment they end up everywhere, including inside people.
Scotty Hendricks
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The face mask might be the quintessential image of this pandemic. Required attire for almost every activity taking place outside your home, masks are now made by high-end fashion companies in a variety of colors and will likely continue to be worn by many people even after COVID-19 is brought under control.
For those of us who aren’t willing to shell out for a Louis Vuitton face mask, cheaper and often disposable options have become the norm. Many of these surgical masks are made of a combination of absorbent fabrics, polyester, and common plastics such as polypropylene or polystyrene.
Despite their life-saving qualities, the incredible consumption of these masks is likely to create a new problem: what to do with the plastics in them as we toss them aside after use. A new study suggests that this might be a bigger problem than we expect.
Gary Stokes, founder of the environmental group Oceans Asia, poses with discarded face masks he found on a beach in the residential area of Discovery Bay on the outlying Lantau island in Hong Kong.Credit: ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP via Getty Images
According to recent studies, humanity is going through 129 billion face masks a month, which works out to three million a minute. While we go through a lot of plastics in a month, the number of plastic bottles we use has been estimated at 43 billion a month, a large fraction of those have well-known guidelines around them promoting recycling.
Such information doesn’t exist for masks, making it likely that most of them are ending up in the trash.
Like any other object with plastic in it, improper disposal can cause the plastic to enter the environment. Where the tiny bits of plastics spread into water and soil before eventually working their way into animals. The authors of this study, doctors Elvis Genbo Xu of the University of Southern Denmark and Zhiyong Jason Ren of Princeton, argue that the specifications of these masks make them particularly likely to contribute to plastic pollution:
“A newer and bigger concern is that the masks are directly made from microsized plastic fibers (thickness of ~1 to 10 micrometers). When breaking down in the environment, the mask may release more micro-sized plastics, easier and faster than bulk plastics like plastic bags. Such impacts can be worsened by a new-generation mask, nanomasks, which directly use nano-sized plastic fibers (with a diameter smaller than 1 micrometer) and add a new source of nanoplastic pollution.”
At the moment, no data on how much masks have contributed to the amount of plastic in the environment exists.
The authors suggest that there are steps to be taken to prevent this problem from getting out of control. They include helping people switch from disposable plastic masks to reusable cloth ones, inventing biodegradable masks, designating special disposal areas for masks, and standardizing waste processing procedures concerning these plastics.
Plastic pollution is pretty terrible for the environment. Animals can confuse small bits of plastic for food, consuming it instead of something nourishing and starving to death as their stomachs fill. The chemicals in plastics can also cause various ailments if consumed, even if the amount eaten isn’t enough to kill the animal.
Before you say that you don’t care about fish, birds, or any other kind of wildlife, remember that studies are finding ever-increasing amounts of plastic in people, too. Many of the chemicals in these plastics are associated with health risks, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
The benefits of face masks are beyond debate, but the side effects of throwing out so many disposable masks may prove to be quite terrible if we’re not careful.
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coronavirusCurrent Eventsenvironmentplasticpollution
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10 retail checkout counter ideas to help improve the customer experience - Clover Blog <") .replace(/>/g, ">\n") .replace(/\n\n/g, "\n") .replace(/^\n/g, "") .replace(/\n$/g, "") .split("\n"); var sum = 0, row, cut, add, tagMatch, tagName, tagStack = [], more = false; for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) { row = arr[i]; // count multiple spaces as one character rowCut = row.replace(/[ ]+/g, " "); if (!row.length) { continue; } if (row[0] !== "<") { if (sum >= limit) { row = ""; } else if (sum + rowCut.length >= limit) { cut = limit - sum; if (row[cut - 1] === " ") { while (cut) { cut -= 1; if (row[cut - 1] !== " ") { break; } } } else { add = row.substring(cut).split("").indexOf(" "); // break on half of word if (!wordBreak) { if (add !== -1) { cut += add; } else { cut = row.length; } } } row = row.substring(0, cut) + suffix; if (moreLink) { row += '»'; } sum = limit; more = true; } else { sum += rowCut.length; } } else if (!preserveTags) { row = ""; } else if (sum >= limit) { tagMatch = row.match(/[a-zA-Z]+/); tagName = tagMatch ? tagMatch[0] : ""; if (tagName) { if (row.substring(0, 2) !== " footerPos) && (postsCounter < maxNumberOfPosts)) { if ($('.centil-infinite-scroll').first().hasClass('working')) { return false; } else { $('.centil-infinite-scroll').first().addClass('working'); } let centilNextPostId = $('.centil-infinite-scroll').first().text(); // console.log(centilNextPostId); const data = { action: 'centil_is', centilNextPostId: centilNextPostId, }; // since 2.8 ajaxurl is always defined in the admin header and points to admin-ajax.php jQuery.post( 'https://blog.clover.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php', data, function(response) { //console.log(response); postsCounter++; let trim = trimHtml(response, { limit: 1000 }); let parse = $.parseHTML(response); let nextUrl = $(parse).eq(1).attr('url'); let nextPostId = $(parse).last().first().text(); trim.html += '
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Full service dining Run your restaurant with easy-to-use solutions, from touchless dining to tableside ordering to online ordering
Quick service dining Stay ahead of the rush with systems that engage customers and simplify tasks from order to pickup
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Point of sale system Track sales, accept payments, and more with our all-in-one-system
Payment processing Accept popular forms of payment quickly and securely
Hardware devicesSell in person with our fast and powerful point of sale devices
Online selling Take your business online with eCommerce and restaurant online ordering solutions
Invoicing Send professional invoices and accept online payments to get paid faster
Virtual Terminal Manage your business and accept payments even when you're on-the-go
Tracking & reporting Get real-time insights and sales trends to keep track of your business
Inventory management Streamline operations, build menus, and oversee inventory with a single system
Cash flow Take control of your sales and access to your funds in minutes
Customer engagement Understand, engage, and delight your customers with built-in tools
Employee management Schedule staff and manage payroll efficiently from one integrated system
Customer loyalty Create loyalty programs to help keep customers coming back and driving sales
Gift cards Drive sales, create loyalty, get new customers with digital and physical gift cards
Clover Capital Turn future credit card sales into working capital with flexible financing
Apps & Integrations Extend your Clover system to do even more with best-in-class apps
Full service dining Run your restaurant with easy-to-use solutions, from touchless dining to tableside ordering to online ordering
Quick service dining Stay ahead of the rush with systems that engage customers and simplify tasks from order to pickup
Retail stores Boost sales in-store and online while seamlessly managing your inventory with an intuitive POS system
Service businesses Never miss a sale with integrated invoicing, scheduling, and management tools built for your business
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HOME Retail Customer service
10 retail checkout counter ideas to help improve the customer experience
Editorial Team
5 min read
Given the ease, speed, and flexibility of online shopping, brick-and-mortar retailers may struggle to get customers through the door. This was true before the pandemic, but lockdown restrictions and capacity limits have made it even more challenging today.
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Fortunately, there are strategies you can adopt to help make shopping in your physical store every bit as appealing as shopping from the comfort of one’s couch. Below are 10 retail checkout counter ideas to help improve the in-store customer experience.
1. Prioritize safety
COVID-19 turned practically everyone into armchair epidemiologists, with many consumers understandably wary about transmissible illnesses. Shopping from home enables customers to purchase the items they need or want without having to share space in an aisle, maintain six feet of distance in line, or touch the POS card reader.
While you can’t eliminate contact completely at your brick-and-mortar location, you can help minimize unnecessary touching by offering contactless payment options. With the right POS terminal, customers only need to wave their card or mobile device across the reader – without having to sign any receipts or touch any keypads.
If you don’t already offer contactless payments, this one change could help make a huge difference. Additionally, consider installing plexiglass to minimize contact between cashiers and customers, and place hand sanitizer on or near the counter so shoppers can easily disinfect their hands.
2. Run discounts and promotions
It’s hard to beat online prices, but as a brick-and-mortar retailer, you have one advantage: You don’t have to worry about shipping costs. This cost savings allows you the flexibility to run deals and promotions that make your prices competitive with those of eCommerce merchants in the same space. Advertise your promotions with engaging signage on your checkout counter or on TV screens behind you.
3. Invest in employee training
Another advantage you have over online retailers is interacting face to face with customers. You have opportunities to build relationships, which is something online merchants can’t easily do with their mostly anonymous customers.
Better customer service training is essential for fostering those relationships. All customers deserve a smile. Remember, each sale represents a vote of confidence in your business. Ask your employees to show gratitude in return.
Customer service training can also include upselling and meaningful marketing. No one likes to be sold to, but cashiers should always be on the lookout for ways in which they can help solve whatever problems your customers might be facing. When done correctly, cashier marketing benefits both sides of every transaction.
4. Accept more payment types
Brick-and-mortar retailers have another competitive advantage over eMerchants: They can accept more payment types. While both types of stores can take credit cards, debit cards, and gift cards, online retailers can’t easily process cash, checks, or mobile wallets. Consider adding and promoting as many payment types as you can to help attract more customers.
5. Increase payment speeds
Customers don’t like to wait in line, especially if they’re trying to minimize contact with other shoppers. Invest in a payment solution that can process transactions as quickly as possible. Your customers might not directly thank you, but they may indirectly express their gratitude by repeatedly visiting your store.
6. Expand the retail checkout counter
Another strategy involves expanding your definition of a checkout counter. With a portable POS device, for example, you can quickly process payments anywhere in the store – which helps to shorten lines even more.
This portability also allows you to begin offering curbside pickup, off-site delivery, and online ordering capabilities – all of which move you closer to the shopping experiences that eCommerce retailers provide.
7. Install a better checkout counter display
Even with ultra-fast payment processing, long lines are sometimes inevitable. You can help make these wait times less painful by installing entertaining displays at the checkout counter. From trivia quizzes to engaging photos to digital screens, there are many ways to distract customers so that the time passes more quickly.
8. Tap into impulses
Another strategy to engage customers involves installing your best-selling items as close to the cashier as possible. Although this tactic benefits you more than the customer, there’s a reason why supermarkets add gossip magazines, candy, and other temptations to the cash wrap experience. These additions help generate last-minute impulse purchases.
9. Launch a loyalty program
Want customers to return? Give them a reason to do so by offering loyalty perks that accumulate with each successive visit. Just be sure to add this upselling technique to your employee training. Add signage promoting your program, or display a number they can text to join your program and receive a discount on their current purchase.
10. Sell more gift cards
Accepting gift cards is another method for helping to increase foot traffic. Gift cards help attract new customers that may not have otherwise shopped at your store. You can customize them with your brand, logo, and colors, and display them right on your counter.
A retail POS solution that does it all
At Clover, our retail POS solutions include a range of powerful features designed to help make the checkout process as fast, convenient, and secure as possible, including:
Contactless payment capabilities
Loyalty program management
Support for digital and physical gift cards
Portable and countertop POS terminals
Optional barcode scanners and accessories
PCI-compliant payment security
eCommerce solutions
To learn how our POS and payment solutions can help improve the customer experience at checkout, schedule a free and personalized demo with our sales team today.
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The first step to optimizing your site for search engine marketing is the SEO audit. It is comprised of two separate steps. The first step is the evaluation of your current search engine optimization strategy. This is achieved by analyzing the keywords and meta tags on your web pages and identifying where changes are needed to be made. Next, a report will give you a comprehensive overview of all areas of your site and overall organic search presence that were analyzed and analyze during the SEO audit.
After the evaluation of your current strategy, the second step of the SEO audit is to identify any areas that may need to be improved in order to achieve your business goals. In addition, the SEO consultant should identify the keywords and phrases that bring your web pages closer to the top of the search engines results page (SERPs). During the audit, the SEO consultant should also identify any link building techniques that can be applied to improve your web pages rankings. Finally, the SEO consultant should conduct an external link analysis that identifies the best external directories that link with your web pages.
The next step in the SEO audit involves conducting an on-site analysis. During this step, the SEO consultant should identify areas of optimization that require the most attention and improve in order to achieve your business goals. Some of the areas that SEO consultants focus on during this phase include on-page optimization, off-page optimization, and link analysis. On-page optimization is focused on optimizing your web pages and includes things like keyword research, title optimization, meta tagging, URL creation, content creation and other on-page elements such as alt tags. Off-page optimization focuses on things such as link building, directory submission, article writing and other off-page factors. Link analysis identifies the number of quality inbound links, competitor analysis, and other data that can help you improve your links.
Once the SEO firm has identified the optimization areas that they need to address, they should then research these areas. SEO firms commonly conduct a variety of methods to conduct this research. Some firms use search engine optimization tools while others rely on internal research and testing. However, most SEO firms conduct their own research because it allows them to make changes more quickly, as well as save money. In addition, conducting your own research allows you to customize your seo strategy to meet your specific needs and goals. Lastly, conducting your own research allows you to identify key influencers and other external factors that can help you implement your seo strategy.
An off-site SEO audit involves several things. During this phase, the SEO consultant will identify any areas of risk or concern within your website’s design and content. For example, if your web pages are not optimized for the type of audience you are trying to reach, you will need to make changes to your site’s content to reach a different audience. If your pages are not search engine friendly, you may need to perform some type of content research to find ways to optimize your pages. The consultant will also identify any opportunities for improving your website’s on-page elements.
The goal of an on-site seo audit is to identify and resolve any issues that may be affecting your current search engine optimization strategy. You may want to perform an on-site audit as part of an overall SEO consolidation process, in which you make all of your changes at once. This can help you avoid making changes to your site that may be counterproductive. Instead of working on changing one element of your site, you can focus on improving all elements of it at once.
On-site audits are not the only way to identify problems with your current SEO strategy. Search engine rank reports, which include organic search engine ranking and other elements, are another option. Organic search engine ranking is the value given to websites by search engines based on their content and behavior, whereas other organic search engine ranking reports such as the popular supplemental index are used to provide an outside opinion about a site’s effectiveness. These reports are more subjective and may be influenced by search engine algorithms, so they are not as reliable as an on-site audit.
When you are first starting out with your search engine optimization strategy, it is often helpful to work with an SEO consulting firm. These companies offer a range of services from on-site audits to training and other aspects of web marketing. If you are having some difficulties with your current strategy, a good SEO consulting firm can help you work through the problems and come up with a workable plan. With their help, you will be able to develop an effective search engine optimization strategy that works for you.
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Brains2B.org is an open source initiative to share software and components for use in other software or to help software developers be more efficient. It publishes software under the modified BSD license which basically means you are free to use the software as you see fit and you are not required to make software based on any software found at brains2b.org open source as well.
The idea to share my javacode or at least large parts of it were born somewhere around 2001, for all the normal reasons: I wrote it, it worked and I could use it again, so why not anybody else, open source code leads to better code and it might actually prevent a developer from reinventing the wheel.
In 2002 I decided to start my own business designing and developing software, which is named Brains2B. While the original name for the open source site was already taken and my new company was to be the main sponsor for this open source initiative, I decided to link the two names. Making even more clear the new company has taken open source and component based development serious.
The open source part en business are however seperated and eventually brains2b.org will be moved in a seperate trust. The software published on brains2b.org will always be available under the modified BSD license and other commiters will hopefully be joining as this site develops. I will keep using these components in commercial activities as I have done for StrongHold. Brains2B will keep investing time and resources in this initiative
What's in a name
Who comes up with a name like Brains2B? Well, I did. There are actually two common meanings for it:
Brains-to-Business, a little word play on Business-to-Business, meaning my main target for both the open source and the commercial side of things is the business use of software and not so much the end user.
Brains-to-Be. It took some of my friends just seconds to come up with an alternative meaning: There might be a slim chance my brain might actually grow out to be a full size brain after all. Thanks!
Contact information
general:
[email protected]
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Each project has it's own email account. If your interest is for a specific project just try {projectname}@brains2b.org
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Brains2B.org
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If you require assistance in implementing or using brains2b.org components, applications and cannot find the information on the site. If you are in need a good software designer or if you require someone who can help you underway with open source or component based development please contact us at Brains2B
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Got annoyed by trying to figure out which version of a jar was used, so @test was born to look into a Manifest file from my right mousebutton
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How I went from being a staunch anti-vaxxer to hoping for my COVID vaccine | TODAY.com '); mps.adloadCallback = function(adData) { var slot = '#' + adData._mps.adslot, $slotLabel = $(slot).parent(); isEmpty = adData.isEmpty; if (!isEmpty) { console.log("Showing ad unit for slot " + slot); $slotLabel.show(); $('.sidebar-ad iframe').css("height", $('.sidebar-ad iframe').attr('height')); } else { console.log("Hiding ad unit for slot " + slot); $slotLabel.hide(); } };
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How I went from being a staunch anti-vaxxer to hoping for my COVID vaccine
Published by Heather Simpson on February 9, 2021
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This essay was originally posted on VoicesforVaccines.org before being shared with the TODAY Parenting Team.
I am a nobody to most people, but back in 2019 and the beginning of 2020, I was a viral anti-vaccine “influencer.” Was? Let me explain.
I was fully vaccinated as a child. Shots for my brothers and me were just an expected and dreaded routine. They hurt, but then they were done.
In 2011, after I barely poked myself with antique jewelry, I ran to my doctor’s office to get a tetanus shot. I took a flu shot for school in 2015 without much concern at all, except for the needle part. (The needle freaked me out so much that I started to black out!)
I would say that I was pro-vaccine in that I didn’t give them much thought. I was raised to accept vaccines, and that was that. Vaccines were safe and effective and everyone I knew was vaccinated (at least to my knowledge).
And then one day, fear crept in.
It was innocent enough. It came in the form of an advertisement dedicated to an anti-vaccine documentary series. My husband and I wanted kids, and I knew this subject was important, so we gave in and dumped $200 into the series. Their ad was extremely persuasive. They emphasized how important it was to watch their documentary if you cared at all about your children. Needless to say, I feIl for the guilt trip.
In the documentary series, those interviewed declared how they believe vaccines are linked to nearly every single medical condition you can imagine: autism, SIDS, allergies, ADHD, anxiety, OCD, etc. Quite literally, everything.
And, as a young woman preparing to enter motherhood, I didn’t know any better. They fed me fear and I ate it for breakfast, lunch and dinner. I was, from that point on, convinced vaccines could and would cause autism, SIDS, autoimmune diseases, and death. And, like most mothers, I was determined to keep my future children safe.
I continued to study anti-vaccine writings. You can find anything you want to support your claim if only you set your mind to it. And boy, did I find an abundance of stories that terrified me. I decided I was never letting a vaccine near my child or I. Ever.
I was convinced that if a vaccine was injected into her, I would lose her to SIDS that night. I was absolutely convinced. That fear paralyzed me. I can’t speak for every anti-vaxxer, but that fear of vaccines was tangible. I was horrified at the very thought of even one vaccine being given to her. The words “vaccine” and “death” were interchangeable in my mind.
So when my child was born in 2017, we gave her the Vitamin K shot (which I was scolded by some anti-vaxxers for and was told it caused her to have health issues), but we opted to give her no vaccines. My husband and I were confident in our decision.
When she was about 18 months old, in the winter of 2019, I started posting on Facebook about my vaccine hesitancy. To be honest, that was a lie, as I was not “hesitant.” I KNEW I didn’t like vaccines. But I figured looking “hesitant” would make me seem less crazy. When I first posted my views and hesitations on vaccines, my post got shared several hundred times.
I was shocked. Friend requests started pouring in. I didn’t know what was happening. I kept posting my views on vaccines, people kept sharing my posts, and my “audience” grew. It was wild and completely unexpected. I had no idea that this world of anti-vaccine moms and dads existed on social media.
They were so supportive and I made close friends that I will always treasure.
Fast forward to October of 2019, when I dressed as the measles because I was “trying to think of the least scary thing I could be for Halloween.” I am taking this moment to openly tell you that I was the worst.
The. Actual. Worst.
And then it went viral. Like, real viral.
It blew up on both Facebook and Reddit, and several national news outlets picked it up. I got death threats and people begged me to kill myself. It was bad. I was shaken up quite a bit from the whole experience.
A few months later, however, February of 2020 arrived. I started to feel different about things. I was relying on western medicine to treat my endometriosis, I had just had surgery, and had been studying vaccines from a different viewpoint. I started to soften my anti-vax views. But when I posted about this softening of my views, a lot of the anti-vax crowd lost it on me. They were furious and just plain cruel.
It was then I realized a lot of them are very cult-like because they will cast you out if you don’t have an identical belief system as they do. Don’t get me wrong, there are MANY of them that are not this way, whom I love and adore. But a LOT of them are militant about their anti-vax beliefs. They claim to be “pro-medical freedom” but will tear you apart if you make a different medical decision than they would.
They bullied me so hard that I ended up in the ER with a panic attack. It was one of the worst weeks of my life, all because I was softening my views on vaccines.
And then they turned their back on me and condemned me. If I’m being honest, it turned out to be one of the biggest blessings because I then had time to read, think, study and grow on my own without the groupthink influencing me.
And here I am now, having gotten a flu shot this week. I will also be getting my COVID-19 vaccine. We will also be following our pediatrician’s advice for vaccines and our child.
HOW DID I GET HERE?!
That’s really why you’re reading this article, after all. So, allow me to explain the magic that happened in those months after being expelled from the anti-vaccine movement.
First of all, when approaching an anti-vaxxer, you have to realize that there are usually three types: one is a conspiracy theorist, one is scared, and one is an “ex-vaxxer.” Sometimes they are all three. Sometimes they are none of these. Determining what category they fall into is going to help you to know how to approach them.
My category? I was scared. Terrified. I did not want to inject something into my child if I thought it was going to kill her. I wanted to protect my baby with my life. This describes most anti-vaxxers I know. They are fiercely protective of their children, just like pro-vaxxers, and only want to keep them safe. To clarify, this is not a bad person versus good person debate. There are incredible parents who accept and who decline vaccines.
I kept reading horrifying anecdotes from moms who would say that their baby died the day after vaccines. Or that their baby stopped talking the week later. Or that their baby stopped walking the month after.
I finally questioned my anti-vax beliefs when I started digging into each of these anecdotes to find the real truth, instead of blindly trusting stories. I found some of them seemed true. But I started to see that a lot of the “vaccine deaths” were actually due to co-sleeping accidents or other underlying conditions. The timing was just very, very unfortunate. The whole situation was sad. But vaccines inevitably took the blame.
Sometimes the vaccine does cause a serious problem such as anaphylaxis. Vaccines have never claimed to be 100% safe. Sometimes your person is one of the rare statistics and has a severe allergic reaction. Which makes it even harder not to be overcome with fear.
I got to a point where I was so engulfed in every anecdote that I lost my ability to critically think about a situation past my emotions. I would read a story, feel sick to my stomach, and swear to never vaccinate my child.
I was told that my child’s sleep apnea was due to her Vitamin K shot, and that her heart arrhythmia was due to the vaccines I received in my childhood. If someone develops an autoimmune disease 15 years after their vaccines, some anti-vaxxers will still blame the vaccines. People need a reason to explain why they are sick. People need a reason their kid is sick. Vaccines are the perfect scapegoat, no matter how long it has been since they received them.
The next thing that started pulling me away from the anti-vaccine movement was VAERS (the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System). There was something like 48,000 events registered in 2019 alone. But here’s the deal: anyone can report anything — with literally no proof. Causation does not have to be established to make the list.
For example, these are real events listed on VAERS:
Gunshot wound, fight in school, frostbite, infection of mites, electric shock from a hair straightener, drowning, damaged hair from incorrect hair bleach mixture, sunburn, tested positive for an STD, sports injury (dodge ball), sports injury (football), suicidal ideation due to breakup with boyfriend, murder, motor vehicle accident, and many, many more.
Some anti-vaxxers use VAERS as one of their strongest arguments, but as you can see, by doing this they are able to claim that a sunburn is a vaccine injury. Which, it’s just—not.
The next thing I started studying, and again what many anti-vaxxers use in their arguments, is the vaccine package inserts. They use it as a “gotcha” argument. I used this argument too, and was very confident in it.
The problem, however, is that the package insert is a legal document, one that has to list any adverse event that occurred subsequent to the vaccine or during clinical trials or post-marketing studies. No causal relationship has to be proven, but they legally have to list everything that happens. The Gardasil vaccine insert, for example, lists gunshot wounds, car wrecks, and suicide as an adverse event.
But really, the ingredients were the biggest thing that caused me fear.
The ingredients are a lot less scary to me now that I have put them in context. Looking at aluminum: babies receive about 10 mg of aluminum their first six months of life if they are breastfed and 30 mg if they are formula fed, but they only receive 4 mg of aluminum from vaccines in their first six months of life on the current vaccine schedule.
I forced myself to examine formaldehyde. Everyone has detectible formaldehyde in their bloodstream, or about 2.5 micrograms per milliliter of blood. If you take an average weight of a 2 month old (11 pounds) with an average blood volume of 85 milliliters per kilogram, the total quantity found naturally in that infant’s blood would be about 1 milligram. 1 milligram of formaldehyde is ten times that which is in a vaccine.
Ultimately, what finally changed my mind was having people reach out, listen to my fears, and talk to me. The thousands of mean comments didn’t change my mind. In fact, those comments made me think I was even more in the right. If I had enemies, after all, then I must be doing something right. Those awful comments had the opposite effect of the pro-vaccine person’s intentions.
But when friends calmly and patiently explained the science to me, showing they cared more about me than about changing my mind, my mind started to open up to the fact that I could be wrong. I started reading books instead of Facebook posts. One book that really helped was "Vaccines and Your Child" by Paul Offit and Charlotte A Moser.
Things started seeming less scary and making more sense.
But the final straw that broke the camel’s back was when I was hospitalized due to bruising everywhere and endometriosis. The care I received from the medical team was amazing. The western medicine they gave me helped me so much. I realized many anti-vaxxers are anti-vax based on the theory that scientists and doctors are in on a conspiracy to kill or maim children for money.
It dawned on me that I definitely don’t believe that and am not a conspiracy theorist at all. There is no way that thousands of doctors and scientists are out to kill or maim our kids. It’s statistically impossible. Most of them are amazing people with huge hearts for kids.
I want to apologize for anybody I hurt during my anti-vax days. I was harsh, sarcastic, and extremely hurtful. I know that there is a lot of ableism in the anti-vax movement, so just know this: your autistic child was born perfectly. Do not let anyone tell you that they need to be cured or fixed. I am so sorry that I ever promoted ableism. I would like to ask the pro-vaccine and medical community’s forgiveness for my flippant attitude, the Dunning Kruger effect that I put on like a a pair of shoes daily, and my measles costume that downplayed that disease. I am so sorry.
To sum it up, I will leave you with two suggestions from my own experience as a dedicated anti-vaxxer.
Because they have seen a rise in autism and health issues over the past several decades, and because no one has offered an answer as to why that is the case, anti-vaxxers jump to vaccines. Because, after all, there has also been a rise in vaccines.
They do not typically seem to understand that correlation does not equal causation. According to Buzzfeed, if correlation did equal causation, then ice cream consumption leads to murder and eating organic food causes autism. It can get really ridiculous, really quickly.
But until another answer for the rise in health issues and autism is offered to anti-vaxxers (an answer they accept), then they will always blame vaccines.
When you ask an anti-vaxxer questions, be ready to listen. Listen to them as a whole person with a unique mind and unique life experiences different from your own. Try to find the root of why they are anti-vax. It is easy to name call and jump to defensiveness, but that will just make the gap bigger and stronger. Gentleness and addressing their real, actual root concerns, are what is going to make change possible.
So, here I am, having just confidently received my flu shot. Planning to trust doctors and scientists from here on out. Wish me luck on my journey — I am looking forward to seeing where it will lead me.
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This post comes from the TODAY Parenting Team community, where all members are welcome to post and discuss parenting solutions. Learn more and join us! Because we're all in this together.
Heather Simpson
> See my posts
Heather Simpson is a mom to a 3 year old dinosaur loving, wild child little girl. She used to work in film and television, but now writes from experience in her free time.
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A swimsuit is a clothing item that is specially designed to be worn by people engaging in a water-based activity or water sports, such as swimming, diving and surfing, or sun-orientated activities, such as sun bathing. There are different types of swim suits worn by men, women, and children. Here in this article you will find how much does a swimsuit cost.
A swimsuit can be described by different names; some of them are used only in particular locations, including swimwear, bathing suit, swimming costume, bathing costume, swimming suit, swimmers, swimming togs, bathers, cossie (short for “costume”), or swimming trunks for men.
Uses
You can wear a swimsuit as an undergarment in sports that require a wetsuit such as water skiing, scuba diving, surfing, and wakeboarding. Swimsuits are also worn to showcase the wearer’s physical attributes, as in the case of beauty pageants or bodybuilding contests, and glamour photography and magazines like the annual Sports. Depending on the uses the cost of a swimsuit varies.
Types
There is a huge range of styles of modern swimsuits available, which may vary as to body coverage and materials. The choice of style is completely dependent on community standards of modesty, as well as current fashions, and personal preferences.
The choice is also dependent on the occasion, for instance whether it is to be worn for a passive occasion like sunbathing or for an activity such as surfing or swimsuit competition.
There are various types of swim wears that include:
Unisex styles: This type of swim costume can be worn by both male and females. Hence, they have a typical structure.
Women’s swim wear: These are only meant for women and structured accordingly. Sometimes they come in single piece and sometimes in two pieces that is popularly known as a bikini.
Men’s swim wear: Mens’ swim wear these days come in one bottom piece where the chest usually remains exposed.
Swim wear for competition: These swim costumes are meant for swimming competitions and can be of different types depending on the wearer’s preferences.
Swim Wear for Beauty Pageant: Women who participate in beauty pageant, wear these types of costumes. They are specially designed by the well known designers and are really very costly. These swim suits often come with embellishments and fancy designs.
The Fabric
Rayon was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits, but its durability, especially when it becomes wet, proved problematic. Silk was also sometimes being used in swim wears in earlier days.
The main purpose of the swimsuit fabric is to stretch to fit all those gorgeous curves and to allow for a comfortable and safe swim. The fabric is required to be able to both hold its shape when wet and to dry easily and quickly. For this reason, almost every type of swimwear fabric these days contains elastane fibers.
Elastane is a synthetic fiber, manufactured specially with elastic qualities, developed in the 1960s. Elastane is also the generic name for Lycra or Spandex. Lycra, Spandex, and elastane are all basically belong to the same category.
Elastane is also blended with other synthetic fibers to provide a comfortable stretch. The blend may vary depending on the manufacturer and the desired qualities of the fabric, but usually it is made with around 10%-20% elastane to 80%-90% other fiber(s). So, the cost of a swimsuit also vary as per the materials.
How much does a swim suit cost?
If you want to purchase from online stores, the swim wear may cost you around $8-$10 for bottoms, $9-$11 for tops and around $24 for one-piece. However, we have not added the shipping charges. For these swim wears, you may expect a nice fabric quality, thick with good elasticity that doesn’t stretch out of shape or fade easily.
Swim suits from popular brands may cost you around $250-$400, depending on the material and quality of the swim wear. You may ask, are they worth it? Well, we have an answer to it. If you are a beginner, you can choose the cheap ones, while as a swimming enthusiast, you can buy costly ones. However, a few pro swimmers choose to buy less costly swim wears as they will be hidden under the water. Moreover, you will not use them anywhere else except during swimming.
The professional swim wears may cost you $300-$400 for both men and women. The swim wears meant for beauty pageants are way too costly and can range over $400.
The fluctuation in price is due to the manufacturing brands and the style you choose. These swim wears are meant for the competition and completely worth the price. Another reason why professional swimmers choose high-end costly swim suits is, they are comfortable on the skin and hugs the body by facilitating fast and convenient swimming.
Factors Affecting Swim suit Cost
There are different factors that affect the cost of a swim suit. So, let us discuss all the factors that determine the price of a swim wear and also understand why the cost varies from one swim wear to other.
Material
The cost of a swim wear is highly dependent on the material used in it. If you purchase a swim wear featuring elastane material, you may expect to pay more than the ones made of rayon material. You can also experience more comfort and ease to learn with elastane rather than rayon or other material. They also tend to dry quickly and takes the shape of the body easily.
Manufacturing brands
There are different brands available worldwide that manufacture swim wears; we can give a few instances such as Hoaka Swimwear, To Dive For, Kopper And Zinc, Khassani Swimwear, Love Stories Swimwear, Alix Swimwear, Moiess Swimwear, Sea Folly, B Fyne Swimwear, White Fox Swimwear etc. The swim wears from the most popular brands will cost to higher than the less popular ones.
Quality
Quality of the material also plays a vital role in deciding the price of a swim wear. You can expect to buy a high quality swim suit in higher price range, while low quality ones will cost you comparatively lesser. However, we recommend you to go for good quality swim suits that are comfortable and safe on your skin. Moreover, you can have a good swimming experience with a high-end swim suit. The cost of a swimsuit depends on the above factors.
Conclusion
There are a lot of swim wears available in the market manufactured by different brands. But as a beginner, we will recommend you to go for cheap ones. If you are a pro swimmer and practice swimming regularly, you can go for fancy ones with higher price range.
If you want us to suggest you online stores where you can purchase swim wears, we will recommend you to choose amazon.com. Here, you can get a wide range of options at an affordable price range. Moreover, amazon.com offers attractive offers, which may save a few more bucks. But, remember you may have to pay shipping charges, which may vary depending on your location.
We recommend you to read the reviews of the related swim wear and check the dimensions thoroughly before purchasing one for you. If you are not interested in online shopping and do not want to pay the shipping charges, you can visit the nearby stores to purchase your favourite ones.
If you are visiting a high-end swimming pool, you can rent a swim wear instead of purchasing a fancy one with higher price range. The rented swim costumes may range between $50-$250, depending on the brand and the quality of the same. Last not but least now you have a clear idea about how much does a swimsuit cost.
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Cryptocurrency Transaction Fees (Transaction Commission) can be included in any transaction in the Bitcoin network[1].
Contents
1 Description
2 Reference Implementation
2.1 Sending transactions
2.2 Inclusion in blocks
2.3 Transaction relaying
2.4 Transaction settings
2.5 Technical details
3 Fee Plotting Sites
4 External links
5 See also
6 References
Description[edit]
Bitcoin transaction fees
Currently a large amount of transactions is processed in a way that commission isn't necessary. At the same time in case if transaction has a lot of entry points (e.g. it carries large amounts of data) a small commission is not uncommon.
Any miner can be the one who processes the transaction and earns the commission fee. When the network finds a new block it includes all information about transactions including their commission. Thus any user of group of users who find that block will gain both the reward for the block and the commission fees for every transaction included in it.
Including commission in a transaction is a voluntary decision but a user who finds a block can attach any transactions he wants to the said block. That way transactions with 0 commission have the lowest priority when transactions with even the minimal possible commission (~0.0001 BTC at the current moment) have standard priority and will more probably be included in the block[2].
In the future along with lowering of reward for each block the main source of miners' income will become commission for transactions. Even when block reward will disappear altogether there will still be point in mining because users will gain commission for all the transactions when they find a block.
Traditionally, the sender pays the full Bitcoin network fee; deducting the fee from the amount received by the recipient will often be considered an incomplete payment, although some wallets have a "sender-pays-fee" feature where the miner fee is deduced from send amount.
Transaction fees are voluntary on the part of the person making the bitcoin transaction, as the person attempting to make a transaction can include any fee or none at all in the transaction. On the other hand, nobody mining new bitcoins necessarily needs to accept the transactions and include them in the new block being created. The transaction fee is therefore an incentive on the part of the bitcoin transactor to make sure that a particular transaction will get included into a block[3].
Because of deep technical reasons, bitcoin block space is a scarce commodity, getting a transaction mined can be seen as purchasing a portion of it. The price of block space is set by supply and demand, although in the real world the supply of space for transactions is extremely noisy, because more becomes available (and has to be immediately consumed or it’s lost forever) every time a block is mined, and block mined is an intentionally random process, that randomness being essential for bitcoin's operation. Demand is random and cyclical. Random because each transaction is generated individually so the total amount is noisy (although that averages out to be somewhat smooth at scale) and has both daily and weekly cycles, with more transactions done during the day than at night. Demand can also be affected by speculative movements in the exchange rate. Bram Cohen blog post with helpful background to the market for block space;
Therefore the market for block space asks users to make a tradeoff between confirmation time and cost. Users with high time requirements may pay a higher than average miner fee to be confirmed quickly, while more patent users under less time pressure can save money by being prepared to wait longer.
Reference Implementation[edit]
The following sections describe the behavior of the reference implementation as of version 0.12.0. Earlier versions treated fees differently, as do other popular implementations (including possible later versions).
Sending transactions[edit]
Transaction with 0 commission can be successfully sent if following conditions are met:
Its size is lower than 1000 bytes[4]
Its exit points have value of 0.01 BTC or higher
Its priority is high enough
In other cases the transaction will be rounded down to 1000 bytes and the commission of 0.0001 BTC will be added. For every following 1000 bytes in that transaction another 0.0001 BTC of commission will be added.
Thus for a transaction of 750 bytes the commission will be 0.0001 BTC and for a transaction of 1001 bytes it will be 0.0002 BTC. Standard Bitcoin wallets always ask their users for approval of commission and if user declines it the transaction can be cancelled. At the current moment an average transaction amounts to roughly 500 bytes which corresponds to a commission of 0.0001 BTC.
Users can decide to pay a predefined fee rate by setting `-paytxfee=<n>;`(or `settxfee <n>` rpc during runtime). A value of `n=0` signals Bitcoin Core to use floating fees. By default, Bitcoin Core will use floating fees.
Based on past transaction data, floating fees approximate the fees required to get into the `m`th block from now. This is configurable with `-txconfirmtarget=<m>` (default: `2`).
Sometimes, it is not possible to give good estimates, or an estimate at all. Therefore, a fallback value can be set with `-fallbackfee=<f>;` (default: `0.0002` BTC/kB).
At all times, Bitcoin Core will cap fees at `-maxtxfee=<x>;` (default: 0.10) BTC.
Furthermore, Bitcoin Core will never create transactions smaller than the current minimum relay fee.
Finally, a user can set the minimum fee rate for all transactions, which defaults to 1000 satoshis per kB.
Note that a typical transaction is 500 bytes.
Inclusion in blocks[edit]
In this part of the article the current principle of inclusion of transactions into blocks will be discussed. This setting is flexible for every miner if they want to have blocks of lower or higher size that include lower or higher amount of transactions accordingly.
30 000 bytes are reserved for highest priority transactions and they don't depend on commission in any way. After that all transactions with lower than highest priority are added to the block. The higher the commission the higher the priority. A block's maximum size is 300 000 bytes. Transactions that weren't included in their blocks will remain in miners' memory storage and can be included in next blocks.
Then transactions that pay a fee of at least 0.00001 BTC/kb are added to the block, highest-fee-per-kilobyte transactions first, until the block is not more than 750,000 bytes big.
The remaining transactions remain in the miner's "memory pool", and may be included in later blocks if their priority or fee is large enough.
For Bitcoin Core 0.12.0 zero bytes relay-and-mining-priority-transactions in the block are set aside for the highest priority transactions. Transactions are added highest-priority-first to this section of the block.
Transaction relaying[edit]
The reference implementation's rules for relaying transactions across the peer-to-peer network are very similar to the rules for sending transactions, as a value of 0.00001 BTC is used to determine whether or not a transaction is considered "Free". However, the rule that all outputs must be 0.01 BTC or larger does not apply. To prevent "penny-flooding" denial-of-service attacks on the network, the reference implementation caps the number of free transactions it will relay to other nodes to (by default) 15 thousand bytes per minute.
Transaction settings[edit]
Settings
Default value (unit)
paytxfee 0.0000 (BTC)
limitfreerelay 15 (thousand bytes per minute)
mintxfee 0.0001 (BTC)
blockmaxsize 300000 (bytes)
blockminsize 0 (bytes)
blockprioritysize 30000 (bytes)
Technical details[edit]
Transaction priority is calculated as following:
priority = sum * (input_value_in_base_units * input_age) / size_in_bytes
In order to avoid limitation the transaction's priority has to be no less than 57,600,000. Limit is written in code as COIN * 144 / 250 which implies that transaction has a "coin" with the age of one day (144 is estimated number of blocks mined per day) and the size of transaction is 250 bytes.
Let's provide an example of a transaction that has 2 entry points one of which is 5 BTC with 10 approvals and the other one is 2 BTC with 2 approvals. Transaction's size is 500 bytes and thus its priority is equal to
(500000000 * 10 + 200000000 * 3) / 500 = 11,200,000
Fee Plotting Sites[edit]
As of May 2016, the following sites seem to plot the required fee, in satoshi per (kilo)byte, required to get a transaction mined in a certain number of blocks. Note that all these algorithms work in terms of probabilities.
https://bitcoinfees.21.co/
https://bitcoinfees.github.io/
https://statoshi.info/dashboard/db/fee-estimates
http://p2sh.info/dashboard/db/fee-estimation
https://www.bitcoinqueue.com/2d.html
External links[edit]
https://anduck.net/bitcoin/fees/ - Shows what kind of fees filled up recent blocks
https://btc.com/stats/unconfirmed-tx - the state of the website's mempool broken down by fee rate
https://jochen-hoenicke.de/queue/#1w - another mempool broken down by fee rate site
https://esotericnonsense.com/ - yet another mempool site, also very good
http://mempool.us.to/tx.html - Tells you where a unconfirmed txid is in the queue based on its fee rate (Note that not all miners use the same algorithm)
https://estimatefee.com/ - You can click any of the transactions in that graph to get more info (like its "effective fee rate" which uses recursive ancestors/descendants for CPFP) and an estimated amount of blocks it'll take to confirm. It works with any transaction in the top 100MB of the bitcoin mempool. And you can enter in any transaction txid for info when you'er wondering why it doesn't confirm.
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0.998019 |
The Cuban Project, also known as Operation Mongoose, was an extensive campaign of terrorist attacks against civilians, and covert operations, carried out by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in Cuba.[10] It was officially authorized on November 30, 1961 by American President John F. Kennedy. The name Operation Mongoose had been agreed at a prior White House meeting on November 4, 1961. The operation was run out of JM/WAVE, a major secret United States covert operations and intelligence gathering station established a year earlier in Miami, Florida,[11][12] and led by United States Air Force General Edward Lansdale on the military side and William King Harvey at the CIA and went into effect after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Operation Mongoose was a secret program against Cuba aimed at removing the Communists from power, which was a prime focus of the Kennedy administration.[4] A document from the United States Department of State confirms that the project aimed to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime," including its leader Fidel Castro, and it aimed "for a revolt which can take place in Cuba by October 1962". US policymakers also wanted to see "a new government with which the United States can live in peace".[13]
Contents
1 Origins
1.1 Formal authorization for action
2 Planning
3 Execution
4 Assassination proposals
4.1 Prior to August 1960
4.2 August 1960 to April 1961
4.3 April 1961 to late 1961
4.4 Late 1961 to late 1962
4.5 Late 1962 until well into 1963
5 Legacy
6 Media portrayals
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Origins[edit]
Fidel Castro's rise to power had been watched by the CIA since 1948.[14] As he rose to power, the CIA became increasingly concerned with his actions and political views. In the late 1950s, the CIA began gathering more intelligence on Castro, suspecting that he was a communist. The organization could not initially discover hard evidence that Castro was a communist. However, the CIA remained concerned with how Castro's government took pro-communist stances. CIA intelligence concluded that Castro's close confidants, Ernesto Che Guevara and Raul Castro Ruz, both had communist tendencies.[14] General C. P. Cabell noted in November 1959 that while Castro was not a communist he allowed free opportunity to the communist party in Cuba to grow and spread its message. Nonetheless, by December plans were already being tossed around between high ranking US Foreign Policy Officials that called for overthrowing the Castro government.[15] An official report from the CIA states that, by March 1960, the United States had already decided that Fidel Castro must be displaced. Due to the United States' fear of repercussions from the United Nations, the plan was kept at the highest level of secrecy, and as thus, "plausible deniability" was made a key focal point in American clandestine service policy.[16]
Formal authorization for action[edit]
The government formally authorized the operation on March 17, 1960, when President Eisenhower signed off on a CIA paper entitled “A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime.”[17] A declassified report by the Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick details the history of the operation, and states that the presidential order gave the agency authorization to create an organization of exiled Cubans to manage opposition programs, begin a “propaganda offensive” to draw support for the movement, create an intelligence gathering network inside Cuba, and to “develop a paramilitary force to be introduced into Cuba to organize, train and lead resistance groups against the Castro regime.[17] The propaganda offensive employed the use of radio broadcasts and leaflets to be passed around. This measure was solely aimed at propagating support for the provisional government.[18] The CIA’s budget estimation for this covert operation was approximately $4.4 million.[17] The paper signed by Eisenhower was also the sole report issued by the government throughout the entire project. This highlights the U.S. Government’s secrecy in carrying out the operation as well as its policy of plausible deniability. This program required the agency to work around the clock and collect a large amount of detail-specific information, as well as to cooperate with other agencies.[17] To secure the needed financial backing, the “Bender Group” was developed as an organization that would provide American businessmen a secret avenue through which to trade with Cuban groups.[17] On May 11, 1960, the Bender Group came to an agreement with group called Frente Revolucionario Democratico (FRD).[17] Propaganda activities included using print and radio mediums to broadcast anti-Castro messages. These programs were launched all over Latin America.[17] Large amounts of real estate were purchased by the agency for use in this operation. A base of operations was established in Miami on May 25, by using a “New York career and development firm” and “a Department of Defense contract” as covers.[17] A communications station was also established on June 15 by using an Army operation as a cover.[17] The agency also obtained safe houses all over Miami for different “operational purposes.”[17] The CIA also acquired properties in different US cities and abroad for various reasons.
From March through August 1960, the CIA had plans aimed at undermining Castro and his appeal to the public by sabotaging his speeches.[19] The schemes thought up were aimed at discrediting Castro by influencing his behavior and by changing his appearance.[20] One plan discussed was to spray his broadcast studio with a compound similar to LSD, but was scrapped because the compound was too unreliable. Another plot was to lace a box of Castro's cigars with a chemical known to cause temporary disorientation. The CIA's plans to undermine Castro's public image went so far as to even line his shoes with thallium salts which would cause his beard to fall out. The plan was to lace his shoes with the salts while he was on a trip outside Cuba. He was expected to leave his shoes outside his hotel room to be polished, at which point the salts would be administered. The plan was abandoned because Castro cancelled the trip.[19]
The United States' opposition to Castro was based on the U.S. government's position that coercion inside Cuba was severe and that the government was serving as a model for allied anti-colonial movements elsewhere in the Americas.[21] A month after the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the CIA proposed a program of sabotage and terrorist attacks against civilian and military targets in Cuba.[9] In November 1961, Robert Kennedy and Richard Goodwin suggested to President Kennedy that the U.S. government begin this campaign, and it was authorized by the President.[22] They believed that a centralized effort led by senior officials from the White House and other government agencies to remove Fidel Castro and overthrow the Cuban government was the best course of action. Following a meeting in the White House on November 3, 1961, this initiative became known as Operation Mongoose and would be led by Air Force Brigadier General Edward Lansdale on the military side and William King Harvey at the CIA.[22]
Other agencies were brought in to assist with the planning and execution of Operation Mongoose. After Eisenhower's decision, it is noted in an official history of the invasion of the Bay of Pigs that "immediately following the Eisenhower decision to promote the anti-Castro program, there was a considerable degree of cooperation between the CIA and other of the concerned agencies – the Department of Defense, the Department of State, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Immigration and Naturalization Service, and others."[23] Representatives from the State Department, the Defense Department, and the CIA were assigned larger roles in implementing the operation's activities, while representatives from the US Information Agency and the Department of Justice were also called on occasionally to assist with the operation.[22] As the operation's leader, Brigadier General Lansdale received briefings and updates from these agencies and reported directly to a group of high-ranking government officials, known as Special Group-Augmented (SG-A). Under Eisenhower, four major forms of action were to be taken to aid anti-communist opposition in Cuba at the time. These were to: (1) provide a powerful propaganda offensive against the regime, (2) perfect a covert intelligence network within Cuba, (3) develop paramilitary forces outside of Cuba and (4) get the necessary logistical support for covert military operations on the island. At this stage, it was still not clear that these efforts would end up leading to the Bay of Pigs invasion.[24]
Some of the outlined goals of the operations included intelligence collection and the generation of a nucleus for a popular Cuban movement, along with exploiting the potential of the underworld in Cuban cities and enlisting the cooperation of the Church to bring the women of Cuba into actions that would undermine the Communist control system.[22] The Departments of State, Defense, and Justice were responsible for a combination of these objectives. Kennedy and the rest of SG-A hoped to dispose of the Castro regime and bring change to Cuba's political system.
President Kennedy, the Attorney General, CIA Director John McCone, Richard Goodwin, and Brigadier General Lansdale met on November 21, 1961, to discuss plans for Operation Mongoose. Robert Kennedy stressed the importance of immediate dynamic action to discredit the Castro regime in Cuba.[22] He remained disappointed from the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion just a few months prior. By the end of November, President Kennedy had finalized details for Operation Mongoose. Lansdale remained in charge of the operation, and access to knowledge of Operation Mongoose remained strictly confidential and limited. As was common throughout the Kennedy presidency, decision making would be centralized and housed within the secret Special Group (SG-A).[22] At this time, Operation Mongoose was underway.
Planning[edit]
The U.S. Defense Department's Joint Chiefs of Staff saw the project's ultimate objective to be to provide adequate justification for U.S. military intervention in Cuba. They requested that the Secretary of Defense assign them responsibility for the project, but Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy retained effective control.
On January 8, 1960 General Cabell, the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI), held a joint briefing on Cuba for the Department of State and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[25] During this meeting Colonel L. K. White had mentioned that Fidel Castro was going to need to be dealt with. At this time the DDCI also discussed the need to increase covert and semi-covert programs aimed at Castro.[25] These programs included psychological warfare, political action, economic action, and para-military action.[25] By the 18th of January, the DDCI had come up with various Cuban operations.[26] Later it was discussed that a separate branch should be created to handle everything about the anti-Castro movement. The White House division organized Branch 4 (WH/4)as the new task force to run Cuban Operations.[25] The task force included 40 personnel, with 18 at headquarters, 20 at the Havana station, and two at Santiago base.[25] The state department was concerned that if Castro were overthrown, then the people to come after him would be worse than him – primarily Che Guevara and Raul Castro. So they proposed a way of getting a better leader that they approved of in his place. The CIA began to worry that their involvement with the anti-Castro movement would lead to an anti-US movement.[26] On March 14 of 1960, Dulles presented a “General Covert Action Plan for Cuba” that would focus only on the Cuban problems. Guerrilla capacity in the anti-Castro groups both in and out of Cuba was discussed.[26]
Richard Bissell, Deputy Director for Plans, asked Sheffield Edwards, Director of Security, if Edwards could establish contact with the U.S. gambling syndicate that was active in Cuba. The objective clearly was the assassination of Castro although Edwards claims that there was a studied avoidance of the term in his conversation with Bissell. Bissell recalls that the idea originated with J.C. King, then Chief of WH Division, although King now recalls having had only limited knowledge of such a plan and at a much later date – about mid-1962.[27]
The Anti-Castro Revolutionary Council, consisting of a group of Cubans, released a press statement at a conference in New York City on March 22, 1961. The press statement announced the unification of forces against Castro and outlining the platform of their mission. The objectives consisted of overthrowing the “Communist tyranny which enslaves the people of Cuba.” The press statement listed the prerogatives for agrarian policy, economic policy, systems of law, education reform, military structure, etc. It was a comprehensive plan. The press statement was implemented as another propaganda tool that the CIA felt could further their mission.[18]
There were prerequisites for those recruited and enlisted by the CIA: they must be pro-Western, anti-Communist, politically neutral and capable of gathering other Cuban support. Specific goals were identified for Cubans on-boarded to the Cuban Opposition Front, the principal goal is to restore the 1940 Cuban constitution. The Cuban Opposition Front's purpose can be summarized as 1) to act as a beacon to attract other anti-Castro groups, 2) to serve as a scapegoat in case covert operations were discovered, and 3) to act as a potential replacement to Castro after his fall.[17] For the Cuban Operation, the CIA made a list of potential guerilla fighters within the Cuban provinces. There were seven groups consisting each of anywhere between 180 and over 4,000 possible defectors. They consisted of political prisoners and guerillas that the CIA believed could be convinced to enlist in the operations against Castro.[18] In response to the Soviet Union's increasing amount of weaponry as well as a growing influence of the Communist Party in Cuba, as early as June 1960, there were 500 Cuban exiles being trained as paramilitary members in order to execute the Bay of Pigs invasion, with some of those exiles being trained in Panama.[28] Due to a recent declassification of thousands of pages from the CIA in 2011 (50th anniversary of the Bay of Pigs Invasion), it is now known that the CIA task force in charge of the paramilitary assault knew the operation could not succeed without becoming an open invasion supported by the U.S. military. According to Peter Kornbluh, this was the most important revelation of the declassification of the official history of the CIA.[29]
On April 12, 1961 the CIA prepared a full report on the Cuban Operation that outlined its orientation and concept. The plot against Castro would be characterized by the appearance of a “growing and increasingly effective internal resistance, helped by the activities of defeated Cuban aircraft and by the infiltration of weapons and small groups of men.” (Cuban Operation) The report further emphasized particular steps to be taken to achieve the appearance of internal revolution. Miro Cardona would give public statements accentuating that the U.S. Government was not involved and that any operations were performed by Cubans.[18]
Just days later on April 16, there were initially 11 targets that were scheduled to be attacked. The list of targets later was narrowed down to 4. These 4 included the San Antonio Air Base, the Campo Liberated Air Base, and finally the naval bases located at Batabano and Nueca Gerona.[30] Additionally, the number of B-26 crafts to be used in the strike was reduced from 15 to 5, which ultimately limited the US air coverage. The CIA's Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation notes that limited air cover left the Brigade air force open to attacks by Castro's forces. The document states that "There is no doubt that if there had been more JMATE aircraft and more aircrews, constant air cover would have been possible."[31] Both Kennedys ignored the fact that limited air strikes would prevent the Brigade air force from being effective because of the risk of counterattack by the Cuban air force. A White House staffer was quoted as saying, "...the plan was to destroy Castro's air force on the ground before the battle began and then provide air support, with an anti-Castro "Air Force" consisting of some two dozen surplus planes flown by Cuban exiles. That plan failed."[31] On the 18 April there was an air transport scheduled from the USAF and that was the best day for the Brigade B-26’s mobilization to occur. During this strike there were no aircraft lost and there was a successful strike made on the Castro column moving from Playa Larga to Playa Giron.[30] The Official History of this operation notes that there were several uncertainties as to the outcomes of various operations between April 17–19, 1961, including the number and identities of casualties of both pilots and Cuban civilians, as well as a question over the possible use of napalm by Acting Chief of the US Air section Garfield Thorsrud's aircraft on April 17, 1961. The Official History notes that the use of napalm had not been officially approved until the next day, April 18, 1961. 10 days later TIDE dropped 5 B-26 bombs.[32]
U.S. Air Force Major General Edward Lansdale, head of Operation Mongoose on the military side of the operation, with William Harvey leading the CIA effort
Mongoose was led by Edward Lansdale at the Defense Department and William King Harvey at the CIA. Lansdale was chosen due to his experience with counter-insurgency in the Philippines during the Hukbalahap Rebellion, as well as because of his experience supporting Vietnam's Diem regime. Samuel Halpern, a CIA co-organizer, conveyed the breadth of involvement: "CIA and the US Army and military forces and Department of Commerce, and Immigration, Treasury, God knows who else – everybody was in Mongoose. It was a government-wide operation run out of Bobby Kennedy's office with Ed Lansdale as the mastermind."[33]
During the planning of "OPERATION MONGOOSE" a March 1962 CIA Memorandum sought a brief, but precise description of pretexts which the Joint Chiefs of Staff considered would provide justification for American military intervention in Cuba. The formerly classified memorandum depicts the way in which the CIA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff sought a reason to invade the island of Cuba that would be acceptable to the American people. The document states, "such a plan would enable a logical build-up of incidents to be combined with other seemingly unrelated events to camouflage the ultimate objective and create the necessary impression of Cuban rashness and irresponsibility on a large scale, directed at other countries as well as the United States." It proceeds to state, "The desired resultant from the execution of this plan would be to place the United States in the apparent position of suffering defensible grievances from a rash and irresponsible government of Cuba and to develop an international image of a Cuban threat to peace in the Western Hemisphere."[34] Another significant consideration was that any US military intervention in Cuba should not involve the Soviet Union.[35] Given that Cuba was not a part of the Warsaw pact, and there had yet to be any significant evidence of a connection between Cuba and the Soviet Union, military intervention was believed to be able to take place without major consequences from the Soviet Union still.[35]
There were 32 tasks[36] or plans[37] (just as there are 33[38] living species of mongooses) considered under the Cuban Project, some of which were carried out. The plans varied in efficacy and intention, from propagandistic purposes for effective disruption of the Cuban government and economy. Plans included the use of U.S. Army Special Forces, destruction of Cuban sugar crops, and mining of harbors.
There was a meeting of the Special Group (Augmented) in Secretary of State David Rusk's conference room on August 10, 1962 at which Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara broached the subject of the liquidation of Cuban leaders. The discussion resulted in a Project MONGOOSE action memorandum prepared by Edwards Landsdale.[27]
On October 4, 1962, a Special Group on Operation Mongoose met to discuss proceedings. The Attorney General, Mr. Johnson, and General Lansdale were there amongst others. While they discussed some self-interests in acquiring Cuban waters for mining rights, planning military contingency plans, and attacking Guantanamo, these beliefs and ideas were not shared by all participants. By the end of the meeting, they determined four main objectives. (1) They needed more intelligence on Cuba to determine how to proceed. This would likely involve further probes by the CIA into Cuba. (2) They needed to increase the amount of sabotage their agents were involved in. The line "there should be considerably more sabotage" is underlined. (3) That regulations and restrictions needed to be realized so that the CIA as an agency and their operation agents could take some shortcuts in training and preparations. (4) That the CIA would do anything they could to dispose of Castro and stop the spread of communism into the Western Hemisphere. The 4th point reads: "All efforts should be made to develop new and imaginative approaches to the possibility of getting rid of the Castro regime."[39]
On October 26, 1962, Castro wrote a letter to Khrushchev outlining his beliefs pertaining to what would happen in the act of aggression, and told him to rest assured that Cuba would resist and act with opposing forces of aggression.[40]
Operation Northwoods was a plan proposed in 1962, which was signed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and presented to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara for approval, that intended to use false flag operations to justify intervention in Cuba. Among courses of action considered were real and simulated attacks on US or foreign soil which would be blamed on the Cuban government. These would have involved attacking or reporting fake attacks on Cuban exiles, damaging U.S. bases and ships, "Cuban" aircraft attacking Central American countries such as Haiti or the Dominican Republic, having shipments of arms found on nearby beaches, faking a Cuban military plane destroying an American civilian aircraft, and the possible development of other false-flag terror campaign on U.S. soil.[1] The operation was rejected by Kennedy and never carried out. By 1962 it was shown that other nations were funding Castro's revolution.[41]
The Cuban Project played a significant role in the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The Project's six-phase schedule was presented by Edward Lansdale on February 20, 1962; it was overseen by Attorney General Robert Kennedy. President Kennedy was briefed on the operation's guidelines on March 16, 1962. Lansdale outlined the coordinated program of political, psychological, military, sabotage, and intelligence operations as well as assassination attempts on key political leaders. Each month since his presentation, a different method was in place to destabilize the communist regime. Some of these plans included the publication of Anti-Castro political propaganda, armaments for militant opposition groups, the establishment of guerrilla bases throughout the country, and preparations for an October military intervention in Cuba. Many individual plans were devised by the CIA to assassinate Castro. However, none were successful.
Execution[edit]
CIA covert operations and intelligence gathering station JM/WAVE in Miami was established as the operations center for Task Force W, the CIA's unit dedicated to Operation Mongoose.[11]/[12] Agency activities were also based at the Caribbean Admission Center at Opa-Locka, Florida,[42] and even at one point enlisted the aid of the Mafia (who were eager to regain their Cuban casino operations) to plot an assassination attempt against Castro; William Harvey was one of the CIA case officers who directly dealt with mafioso John Roselli.[43] The mafioso John Roselli was introduced to the CIA by former FBI Agent Robert Mahue. Mahue had known Roselli since the 1950s and was aware of his connection to the gambling syndicate. Under the alias "John Rawlson," Roselli was tasked with recruiting Cubans from Florida to help in the assassination of Castro.[44]
Church Committee report
Historian Stephen Rabe writes that "scholars have understandably focused on…the Bay of Pigs invasion, the US campaign of terrorism and sabotage known as Operation Mongoose, the assassination plots against Fidel Castro, and, of course, the Cuban Missile Crisis. Less attention has been given to the state of US-Cuban relations in the aftermath of the missile crisis." Rabe writes that reports from the Church Committee reveal that from June 1963 onward, the Kennedy administration intensified its war against Cuba while the CIA integrated propaganda, "economic denial," and sabotage to attack the Cuban state as well as specific targets within.[5] One example cited is an incident where CIA agents, seeking to assassinate Castro, provided a Cuban official, Rolando Cubela Secades, with a ballpoint pen rigged with a poisonous hypodermic needle.[5] At this time, the CIA received authorization for 13 major operations in Cuba, including attacks on an electric power plant, an oil refinery, and a sugar mill.[5] Rabe has argued that the "Kennedy administration... showed no interest in Castro's repeated request that the United States cease its campaign of sabotage and terrorism against Cuba. Kennedy did not pursue a dual-track policy toward Cuba... The United States would entertain only proposals of surrender." Rabe further documents how "Exile groups, such as Alpha 66 and the Second Front of Escambray, staged hit-and-run raids on the island... on ships transporting goods…purchased arms in the United States and launched...attacks from the Bahamas."[5]
Harvard Historian Jorge Domínguez states that Operation Mongoose's scope included sabotage actions against a railway bridge, petroleum storage facilities, a molasses storage container, a petroleum refinery, a power plant, a sawmill, and a floating crane. Domínguez states that "only once in [the] thousand pages of documentation did a US official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to US government-sponsored terrorism."[4] Actions were subsequently carried out against a petroleum refinery, a power plant, a sawmill, and a floating crane in a Cuban harbor to undermine the Cuban economy.
The Cuban Project was originally designed to culminate in October 1962 with an "open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime." This was at the peak of the Cuban Missile Crisis, wherein the U.S. and the USSR came alarmingly close to nuclear war over the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba, verified by low flying aircraft on photographic missions and ground surveillance photography.[citation needed] The operation was suspended on October 30, 1962, but 3 of 10 six-man sabotage teams had already been deployed to Cuba.
Dominguez writes that Kennedy put a hold on Mongoose's actions as the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated (as pictures of Soviet nuclear weapons stationed on the North shore of Cuba were obtained by American intelligence via satellite reconnaissance), but "returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba as the confrontation with the Soviet Union lessened."[4] However, Noam Chomsky has argued that "terrorist operations continued through the tensest moments of the missile crisis", remarking that "they were formally canceled on October 30, several days after the Kennedy and Khrushchev agreement, but went on nonetheless". Accordingly, "the Executive Committee of the National Security Council recommended various courses of action, "including ‘using selected Cuban exiles to sabotage key Cuban installations in such a manner that the action could plausibly be attributed to Cubans in Cuba’ as well as ‘sabotaging Cuban cargo and shipping, and [Soviet] Bloc cargo and shipping to Cuba."[45]
Operation Mongoose consisted of a program of covert action, including sabotage, psychological warfare, intelligence collection, and the creation of an internal revolution against the communist government.[22] The U.S. still lacked the capability of effectively getting information to the majority of the Cuban people. They had a trade embargo, denial of bunkering facilities, increased port security, and control procedure on transshipment, technical data, and customs inspection. The U.S. also used diplomatic means to frustrate Cuban trade negotiations in Israel, Jordan, Iran, Greece, and possibly Japan.[42] From the outset, Lansdale and fellow members of the SG-A identified internal support for an anti-Castro movement to be the most important aspect of the operation. American organization and support for anti-Castro forces in Cuba was seen as key, which expanded American involvement from what had mostly been economic and military assistance of rebel forces. Therefore, Lansdale hoped to organize an effort within the operation, led by the CIA, to covertly build support for a popular movement within Cuba. This was a major challenge. It was difficult to identify anti-Castro forces within Cuba and there lacked a groundswell of popular support that Cuban insurgents could tap into.[22] Within the first few months, an internal review of Operation Mongoose cited the CIA's limited capabilities to gather hard intelligence and conduct covert operations in Cuba. By January 1962, the CIA had failed to recruit suitable Cuban operatives that could infiltrate the Castro regime.[22] The CIA and Lansdale estimated that they required 30 Cuban operatives. Lansdale criticized the CIA effort to ramp up their activities to meet Operation Mongoose's expedient timelines. Robert McCone of the CIA complained that Lansdale's timeline was too accelerated and that it would be difficult to achieve the tasks demanded in such a short timeframe.
Cuban Missile Crisis: Reconnaissance picture showing the missiles
In February, Lansdale offered a comprehensive review of all Operation Mongoose activities to date. His tone was urgent, stating that "time is running against us. The Cuban people feel helpless and are losing hope fast. They need symbols of inside resistance and of outside interest soon. They need something they can join with the hope of starting to work surely towards overthrowing the regime."[22] He asked for a ramp-up of efforts from all agencies and departments to expedite the execution of the Cuban Project. He laid out a six-part plan targeting the overthrow of the Castro government in October 1962.
In March 1962, a key intelligence report, written by the CIA, was produced for Lansdale. It showed that although roughly only a quarter of the Cuban population stood behind the Castro regime, the rest of the population was both disaffected and passive. The report writes that the passive majority of Cubans had "resigned to acceptance of the present regime as the effect government in being."[22] The conclusion was that an internal revolt within Cuba was unlikely.
The lack of progress and promise of success through the first couple of months of the operation strained relationships within the SG-A. McCone criticized the handling of the operation, believing that "national policy was too cautious" and suggested a US military effort to train more guerrillas, and large-scale amphibious landing military exercises were conducted off the coast of North Carolina in April, 1962.[22]
By July, the operation still showed little progress. Phase I of Operation Mongoose drew to a close. The Special Group provided plans on March 14, 1962, for the first phase of the operation until the end of July 1962. There were four main objectives for Phase 1; a. was to gather hard intelligence on the target area, b. Undertake all other political, economic, and covert actions short of creating a revolt in Cuba or the need for U.S. armed intervention, c. Be consistent with U.S. overt policy and be in the position to pull away with a minimum loss of assets in U.S. prestige, d. Continue JCS planning and essential preliminary actions for a decisive U.S. capability for intervention.[42] During Phase I the Punta del Este conference was a major U.S. political action to isolate Castro and neutralize his influence in the Hemisphere. President Kennedy's successful visit to Mexico was another major U.S. political action with an impact upon the operation but was not directly tied to the operation. Two political operations were performed in Phase I: counter Castro-Communist propaganda exploitation of May Day and to arouse strong Hemisphere reaction to Cuban military suppression of the hunger demonstration at Cardenas in June.[46] Another key interest for Operation Mongoose was the Cuban refugees as it was thought they wanted to overthrow the Communist regime in Havana and recapture their homeland. The refugees were given open U.S. assistance to remain in the country, yet were involved in covert actions in a limited way. Policy limitations of audibility and visibility were taken into consideration for the handling and use of the refugee potential.[42] As Phase 1 drew to a close Phase II projected plan was written up and considered four possibilities. The first option was to cancel operational plans and treat Cuba as a Bloc nation and protect Hemisphere from it. The next possibility was to exert all possible diplomatic, economic, psychological, and other pressures to overthrow the Castro-Communist regime without overt employment of U.S. military. Another possibility was to help the Cubans overthrow the Castro-Communist regime with a step-by-step phase to ensure success including the use of military force if required. The last possibility was to use a provocation and overthrow the Castro-Communist regime by U.S. military force.[42] In his July review, Lansdale recommended a more aggressive short-term plan of action. He believed that time was of the essence, especially given intensified Soviet military build-up in Cuba. New plans were drawn to recruit more Cubans to infiltrate the Castro regime, to interrupt Cuban radio and television broadcasts, and to deploy commando sabotage units.[22]
However, by late August, the Soviet military build-up in Cuba disgruntled the Kennedy administration. The fear of open military retaliation against the United States and Berlin for the US covert operations in Cuba slowed down the operation. By October, as the Cuban Missile Crisis heated up, President Kennedy demanded the cessation of Operation Mongoose. Operation Mongoose formally ceased its activities at the end of 1962.[22]
Assassination proposals[edit]
The CIA allegedly recruited Mob bosses Sam Giancana (pictured), Santo Trafficante and other mobsters to assassinate Fidel Castro.[47]
In April 1967, the Inspector General issued a report on the various plots conceived to assassinate Fidel Castro. The report separates plots out into several time frames starting with “prior to August 1960” and ending with “Late 1962 until well into 1963”. While confirmed, the assassination plots are an “imperfect history”, and due to the “sensitivity of the operations being discussed”, “no official records were kept regarding planning, authorizations, or the implementation of such plots”. A key form of documentation used to construct the timeline of plots was oral testimony collected years after the plots were originally planned.[20]
Prior to August 1960[edit]
The Inspector General report details “at least three, and perhaps four, schemes that were under consideration” during a time range between March and August 1960. It is speculated that all of the schemes considered at this time could have been in the planning process at the same time. The first plan in this time frame involved an attack on the radio station Castro used to “broadcast his speeches with an aerosol spray of a chemical that produced reactions similar to those of lysergic acid (LSD)”. Nothing came of this plot, because the chemical could not be relied on to produce the intended effects.[48]
Jake Esterline claimed that a box of cigars, which was treated with chemicals, was also considered in the plot to assassinate Castro. The scheme was that the chemical would produce “temporary personality disorientation”, and having “Castro smoke one before making a speech” would result in Castro making a “public spectacle of himself.” Esterline later admitted that even though he couldn't exactly recall what the cigars were intended to do, he didn't believe they were lethal.[48] The lethality of the cigars is contradicted by Sidney Gottlieb who “remembers the scheme…being concerned with killing”. The CIA even tried to embarrass Castro by attempting to sneak thallium salts, a potent depilatory, into Castro's shoes, causing "his beard, eyebrows, and pubic hair to fall out". The idea for this plan revolved around “destroying Castro’s image as ‘The Beard’”. The only person with memory of this plot, only identified by the alias [03], concluded “that Castro did not make the intended trip, and the scheme fell through”.[48]
A 2011 declassified CIA volume titled "Air Operations, March 1960–April 1961" from the comprehensive "Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation," made the indication that "it was clear from the outset that air operations would play a key role in the CIA program to oust the Cuban leader." By the summer of 1960, the JMATE, a unit under the direct command of Richard M. Bissell and the DPD, strove to acquire "aircraft for infiltration, propaganda, and supply drops to dissent groups within Cuba." By July 1960, it became clear that "tactical air operations with combat aircraft would play a major role in JMATE plans.".[49]
August 1960 to April 1961[edit]
In August 1960, the CIA initiated the first phase of a plan entitled “Gambling Syndicate”. Richard Bissell had CIA contact Robert Maheu pull in Johnny Roselli, a member of the syndicate of Las Vegas.[48] Maheu, disguised as a personal relations executive for a company suffering severe financial losses in Cuba due to Castro's actions, offered Roselli $150,000 for the successful assassination of Castro.[48] Roselli provided involved a co-conspirator, “Sam Gold”, later to be identified as Chicago gangster Sam Giancana and “Joe, the courier”, identified later as Santos Trafficante, the Cosa Nostra chieftain of Cuba.
Additionally, Dr. Edward Gunn recalled receiving a box of cigars that he was tasked with poisoning; however, the cigars were destroyed by Gunn in 1963.
Several schemes, in regard to the best way to deliver the syndicate poison, that were considered during this time included “(1) something highly toxic… to be administered with a pin… (2) bacterial material in liquid form; (3) bacterial treatment of a cigarette or cigar; and (4) a handkerchief treated with bacteria”. According to Bissell, the most viable option presented was bacterial liquids. The final product, however, was solid botulin pills that would dissolve in liquid.
Roselli, along with associate “Sam Gold”, used their connection to coerce Cuban official Juan Orta to perform the assassination through his gambling bills.[20] Orta, after being provided several pills of "high lethal content", reportedly attempted the assassination multiple times but eventually pulled out after getting “cold feet”.[48] The Inspector General's report asserts that Orta had lost his access to Castro prior to him receiving the pills and thus could not complete the task. Roselli did find another officer, Dr. Anthony Verona, to perform the assassination.
April 1961 to late 1961[edit]
The plan to assassinate Castro by poison pill was canceled after the Bay of Pigs; Furthermore, the Inspector General's report speculates that this attempt failed because Castro no longer visited the restaurant where the pill was supposed to be administered to him.[48]
The second phase of the Gambling Syndicate operation began in May 1961 with Project ZRRIFLE, which was headed by Harvey. Harvey was responsible for eight assassination attempts on Castro but none of these attempts were proficient at accomplishing any foreign policy objectives. This portion of the scheme contained “an Executive Action Capability (assassination of foreign leader), a general stand-by capability to carry out assassinations when required”. Project ZRRIFLE main purpose was to spot potential agents and research assassination techniques that might be used.[48] Project ZRRIFLE and the agency's operations in Cuba funneled into on program in November 1961 when Harvey became the head of the task force for Cuba.
Late 1961 to late 1962[edit]
Conflicting accounts in the Inspector General's report of how later events during this time period played out make it difficult to discern the path of how the Cuba task force handled its operations. However, there was a consensus that Roselli again became involved with the agency along with Verona.[48]
Late 1962 until well into 1963[edit]
As the months of 1962 went by, Verona constructed a team of three men to strike at Castro; however, the plans were cancelled twice with the Inspector General's report citing “’conditions inside’... then the October missile crisis threw plans awry”. The conclusion Harvey drew to this is that “the three militia never did leave for Cuba”. The connections between Roselli and the CIA fell apart once Harvey had been notified that Roselli was on the FBI's watch list.
In his 1987 Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis, Raymond L. Garthoff wrote that, “By November 8 the United States had begun perceptibly to stiffen its insistence” on various issues not resolved by the October 28 Kennedy-Khrushchev agreement, “including what the Soviets could only see as an effort to backpedal on what was, for them, the key question remaining: American assurances not to attack Cuba. On that date, a Cuban covert action sabotage team dispatched from the United States successfully blew up a Cuban industrial facility.” Garthoff said that sabotage had been planned before the October 28 agreement and was beyond recall when the Kennedy administration realized it was still in progress, However, “To the Soviets, this was probably seen as a subtle American reminder of its ability to harass and attempt to subvert the Castro regime.”[50] Chomsky says this sabotage killed “four hundred workers, according to a Cuban government letter to the UN secretary general.[51]
That certainly may be Garthoff's view, but such direct provocations of the Cubans and Soviets ran at odds with both JFK's Missile Crisis-defusing pledge to remove US Jupiter missiles from Turkey in exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba,[52] and efforts made towards rapprochement with Castro in the aftermath of the crisis.[53] The missile swap had been seen by many as an even trade that saved face for both sides when considering the capabilities of each to deliver a serious strike to the other.[54] Kennedy had subsequently sought dialogue with Castro to reverse the two nations' acrimonious relationship.[53] As a result of the CIA's continued defiance, tensions between the President and the Agency, festering since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, continued to escalate.
In early 1963, The CIA devised a plot to provide Castro with a diving suit contaminated with fungus and “contaminating the breathing apparatus with tubercle bacilli”. The plan was never implemented but it is speculated that a diving suit had been purchased with the intention of giving it to Castro.
Various other methods of assassination that had been thought of by the CIA included exploding seashells, having a former lover slip him poison pills,[55] and exposing him to various other poisoned items such as a fountain pen and even ice cream.[56] Along plans to assassinate Castro was one to eliminate Rolando Cubela, a Cuban revolutionary hero. The plot for Cubela began as an operation to recruit someone close to Castro to launch a coup.[57]
The US Senate's Church Committee of 1975 stated that it had confirmed at least eight separate CIA run plots to assassinate Castro.[58] Fabian Escalante, who was long tasked with protecting the life of Castro, contends that there have been 638 separate CIA assassination schemes or attempts on Castro's life.[55]
Because the assassination of Castro seemed to be an important goal of the Kennedy administration, a myth has been created in American history that Kennedy was obsessed with the idea of killing Castro. However, this is not true. An article entitled "Castro Assassination Plots" states, "CIA plots to kill Castro began before John Kennedy won the presidency and they continued after he was dead.".[59] In a report written by the CIA's inspector general in 1967, he admits that this is the reason behind the fanciful nature of many of the assassination attempts. He also said he warned that assassinating Castro would not necessarily destabilize the government in the manner that is desired. He didn't think the assassination of Castro would do much to free Cuba from communist control. He mentions that people became too focused on the idea of killing Castro when "getting rid of Castro" doesn't have to mean killing him. Due to this micro-focus, broader, more complex plans with greater chances of success were not made.[46]
Many assassination ideas were floated by the CIA during Operation Mongoose.[56] The most infamous was the CIA's alleged plot to capitalize on Castro's well-known love of cigars by slipping into his supply a very real and lethal "exploding cigar."[60][61][62][63][64] While numerous sources state the exploding cigar plot as fact, at least one source asserts it to be simply a myth,[65] and another dismisses it as mere supermarket tabloid fodder.[66] Another suggests that the story does have its origins in the CIA, but that it was never seriously proposed by them as a plot. Rather, the plot was made up by the CIA as an intentionally "silly" idea to feed to those questioning them about their plans for Castro, in order to deflect scrutiny from more serious areas of inquiry.[67]
Another attempt at Castro's life was by way of a fountain pen loaded with the poison Black Leaf 40 and passed to a Cuban asset in Paris the day of President Kennedy's assassination, November 22, 1963. Notably, the evidence also indicates that these two events occurred simultaneously, in the same moment.[68][69] Rolando Cubela, the potential assassin, contests this account, saying Black Leaf 40 was not in the pen. U.S. Intelligence later responded to say that Black Leaf 40 was merely a suggestion, but Cubela thought that there were other poisons that would be much more effective. Overall he was unimpressed with the device.[70] The inventor understood that Cubelo rejected the device altogether.[71]
Legacy[edit]
After Operation Mongoose was ended the Kennedy Administration made some attempts to mend relations with the Cuban government. As some documents released by the National Security Archive reveal, this happened fairly soon after the project ended.[53] One document comes in the form of an options paper from a Latin American specialist about how to fix relations. The document begins by suggesting that, through the CIA's attempts to assassinate Castro and topple the government, they had "been looking seriously only at one side of the coin" and that they could try the reverse side and try "quietly enticing Castro over to us." The document goes on to push for further studies into how exactly they would go about improving relations.[72] The document also states the two possible outcomes that would come along with a better relationship with Cuba. The document states, "In the short run, we would probably be able to neutralize at least two of our main worries about Castro: the reintroduction of offensive missiles and Cuban subversion. In the long run, we would be able to work on eliminating Castro at our leisure and from a good vantage point."[73] The effort to mend the relationships would be framed heavily by the negative relations formed due to Operation Mongoose.[citation needed]
One issue that caused distrust between the relations of US-supported Cubans and the Agency was a "shaky" front due to no real agreement among the Cubans and the Agency. "The Cuban leaders wanted something to say about the course of paramilitary operations" according to an inspection done by Inspector General Pfeiffer.[74] Questions arose within this inspection that included, "If the project had been better conceived, better organized, better staffed and better managed, would that precise issue ever had to be presented for Presidential decision at all?"[74] Further investigation proved that the 1,500 men would not have been enough from the start against Castro's large military forces, as well as Agencies' lack of "top-flight handling," which altogether led to the complete failure of Operation Mongoose as well as the Bay of Pigs invasion.[citation needed]
A commission led by General Maxwell Taylor, known as the Taylor Committee, investigated the failures of the Bay of Pigs invasion. The objective was to find out who was responsible for the disaster. In one of his volumes of an internal report written between 1974 and 1984, CIA Chief Historian Jack Pfeiffer criticized the Taylor Committee's investigation, as it held the CIA primarily responsible for the Bay of Pigs fiasco. At the end of the fourth volume, Pfeiffer laments that Taylor had a hand in perpetuating the idea that "President Kennedy was a white knight misled by overconfident, if not mischievous, CIA activists."[citation needed]
In 1975, a Senate committee lead by Senator Frank Church (Idaho-Democrat), investigating alleged abuses perpetrated by the United States intelligence community, issued the first in a total of fourteen reports entitled "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders." The Church Committee traced documented plots against Castro to have originated in 1962. The documents cited the contact had by the CIA with American mafioso and contract killer, John Roselli. Roselli, a firebrand, salivated to eliminate Castro to return Cuba back to the "good old days." Another even more bizarre plot involved a Cuban revolutionary hero by the name of Rolando Cubela, code-named AMLASH by the CIA. The CIA sought Cubela's participation in an assassination operation. In the fall of 1963, Desmond Fitzgerald, a high-ranking official once under the tutelage of Frank Wisner and a good friend of future CIA Director William Colby, who had served in CIA stations across the Far East during the 1950s, pursued Cubela's clandestine services. In their meetings, Fitzgerald duplicitously presented himself as US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy's personal representative. Some scholars saw this plan-of-attack as a "carrot and stick" approach of Kennedy in dealing with Castro. Other historians, however, see these efforts by the CIA as the means to undermine President John F. Kennedy's peace initiative toward Castro. Some revisionist historians claim attempts to eliminate Castro represented a facet of a "Kennedy obsession" purportedly unshared by the rest of Washington. This notion has since been easily dispelled for two reasons: 1) Castro was not the only target of political assassination on Kennedy's agenda and 2) CIA plots to kill Castro existed both before and after Kennedy's presidential tenure.[75]
The Cuban Project, as with the earlier Bay of Pigs invasion, is widely acknowledged as an American policy failure against Cuba. According to Noam Chomsky, it had a budget of $50 million per year, employing 2,500 people including about 500 Americans, and remained secret for 14 years, from 1961 to 1975. It was revealed in part by the Church Commission in the U.S. Senate and part "by good investigative journalism." He said that "it is possible that the operation is still ongoing [1989], but it certainly lasted throughout all the '70s."[76]
Media portrayals[edit]
In the Oliver Stone film JFK, Operation Mongoose is portrayed in flashback sequences as a training ground where, among others, Lee Harvey Oswald becomes versed in anti-Castro militia tactics.
See also[edit]
Cuba portal
Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
Church Committee
Cuba–United States relations
Foreign interventions by the United States
Latin America–United States relations
NSC 5412/2 Special Group
Operation 40
Operation Northwoods
United States and state-sponsored terrorism
United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
References[edit]
^ Bacevich, Andrew (2010). Washington rules : America's path to permanent war (First ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 77–80. ISBN 9781429943260. Retrieved 2 February 2020. In its determination to destroy the Cuban Revolution, the Kennedy administration heedlessly embarked upon what was, in effect, a program of state-sponsored terrorism... the actions of the United States toward Cuba during the early 1960s bear comparison with Iranian and Syrian support for proxies engaging in terrorist activities against Israel
^ Franklin, Jane (2016). Cuba and the U.S. empire : a chronological history. New York: New York University Press. pp. 45–63, 388–392, et passim. ISBN 9781583676059.
^ Prados, John; Jimenez-Bacardi, Arturo, eds. (October 3, 2019). Kennedy and Cuba: Operation Mongoose. National Security Archive (Report). Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020. The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks.
^ a b c d Domínguez, Jorge I. (April 2000). "The @#$%& Missile Crisis" (PDF). Diplomatic History. Oxford/Malden: Blackwell Publishers/Oxford University Press. 24 (2): 305–316. doi:10.1111/0145-2096.00214. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2019. On the afternoon of 16 October... Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy convened in his office a meeting on Operation Mongoose, the code name for a U.S. policy of sabotage and related covert operation aimed at Cuba... The Kennedy administration returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba as the confrontation with the Soviet Union lessened... Only once in these nearly thousand pages of documentation did a U.S. official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to U.S.-government sponsored terrorism.
^ a b c d e Rabe, Stephen (December 2000). "After the Missiles of October: John F. Kennedy and Cuba". Presidential Studies Quarterly. Wiley-Blackwell. 30 (4): 714–726. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00140.x.
^ International Policy Report (Report). Washington, D.C.: Center for International Policy. 1977. pp. 10–12. To coordinate and carry out its war of terror and destruction during the early 1960s, the CIA established a base of operations, known as JM/WAVE
^ Miller, Nicola (2002). "The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba". In Carter, Dale; Clifton, Robin (eds.). War and Cold War in American foreign policy, 1942–62. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 211–237. ISBN 9781403913852.
^ Erlich, Reese (2008). Dateline Havana : the real story of U.S. policy and the future of Cuba. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 26–29. ISBN 9781317261605. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Officially, the United States favored only peaceful means to pressure Cuba. In reality, U.S. leaders also used violent, terrorist tactics... Operation Mongoose began in November 1961... U.S. operatives attacked civilian targets, including sugar refineries, saw mills, and molasses storage tanks. Some 400 CIA officers worked on the project in Washington and Miami... Operation Mongoose and various other terrorist operations caused property damage and injured and killed Cubans. But they failed to achieve their goal of regime change.
^ a b Schoultz, Lars (2009). "State Sponsored Terrorism". That infernal little Cuban republic : the United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 170–211. ISBN 9780807888605. Retrieved 2 February 2020. What more could be done? How about a program of sabotage focused on blowing up "such targets as refineries, power plants, micro wave stations, radio and TV installations, strategic highway bridges and railroad facilities, military and naval installations and equipment, certain industrial plants and sugar refineries." The CIA proposed just that approach a month after the Bay of Pigs, and the State Department endorsed the proposal... In early November, six months after the Bay of Pigs, JFK authorized the CIA's "Program of Covert Action", now dubbed Operation Mongoose, and named Lansdale its chief of operations. A few days later, President Kennedy told a Seattle audience, "We cannot, as a free nation, compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror, assassination, false promises, counterfeit mobs and crises." Perhaps – but the Mongoose decision indicated that he was willing to try.
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^ Jack Anderson (1971-01-18). "6 Attempts to Kill Castro Laid to CIA". The Washington Post.
^ https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83-01042R000200090002-0.pdf
^ Chomsky, Noam. Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance, Henry Holt and Company, 80.
^ a b "History Matters Archive – 00/00/67 Report on Plots to Assassination Fidel Castro, pg". www.history-matters.com. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
^ Snow, Anita (June 27, 2007). "CIA Plot to Kill Castro Detailed". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. AP.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Castro Assassination Plots". www.maryferrell.org. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
^ https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/bop-vol1-part1.pdf
^ Raymond L. Garthoff (1987), Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis, Brookings Institution, Wikidata Q86291856 , pp. 78-79.
^ Noam Chomsky (May 2016), Who Rules the World?, Picador, OL 20029949W, Wikidata Q86247233 , pp. 108-109. In this passage, Chomsky cites Garthoff but erroneously cites the wrong work by Garthoff. Chomsky also cites Sheldon M. Stern, Averting 'The Final Failure': John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings, Stanford University Press, Wikidata Q86292535 , p. 406.
^ Evans, Michael. "The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: Anatomy of a Controversy". Retrieved 1 May 2017.
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^ "The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: Anatomy of a Controversy". nsarchive2.gwu.edu.
^ a b Campbell, Duncan (April 3, 2006). "638 ways to kill Castro". The Guardian Unlimited. London. Retrieved 2006-05-28.
^ a b Stewart Brewer and Michael LaRosa (2006). Borders and Bridges: A History of US-Latin American Relations. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 123. ISBN 0-275-98204-1.
^ Chomsky, Noam. Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance, Henry Holt and Company, 80.[verification needed]
^ Campbell, Duncan (April 3, 2006). "638 ways to kill Castro". The Guardian Unlimited. London. Retrieved 2006-05-28. [verification needed]
^ "Castro Assassination Plots". Mary Ferrell Foundation.
^ Malcolm Chandler and John Wright (2001). Modern World History. Oxford: Heinemann Education Publishers. p. 282. ISBN 0-435-31141-7.
^ Joseph J. Hobbs, Christopher L. Salter (2006). Essentials Of World Regional Geography (5th ed.). Toronto: Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. 543. ISBN 0-534-46600-1.
^ Derek Leebaert (2006). The Fifty-year Wound: How America's Cold War Victory Shapes Our World. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 302. ISBN 0-316-51847-6.
^ Fred Inglis (2002). The People's Witness: The Journalist in Modern Politics. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0-300-09327-6.
^ BBC News (2008-02-19). "Castro: Profile of the great survivor". Retrieved 2008-06-03.
^ David Hambling (2005). Weapons Grade: How Modern Warfare Gave Birth to Our High-Tech World. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 391. ISBN 0-7867-1769-6.
^ Charles R. Morris (1984). A Time of Passion: America, 1960–1980. New York: Harper & Row. p. 210. ISBN 0-06-039023-9.
^ Lamar Waldron; Thom Hartmann (2005). Ultimate Sacrifice: John and Robert Kennedy, the Plan for a Coup in Cuba, and the Murder of JFK. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 409. ISBN 0-7867-1832-3.
^ REPORT ON PLOTS TO ASSASSINATE FIDEL CASTRO (1967 INSPECTOR GENERAL'S REPORT)pg. 14 web
^ REPORT ON PLOTS TO ASSASSINATE FIDEL CASTRO (1967 INSPECTOR GENERAL'S REPORT) pg. 15 web
^ REPORT ON PLOTS TO ASSASSINATE FIDEL CASTRO (1967 INSPECTOR GENERAL'S REPORT) pg. 104 web
^ REPORT ON PLOTS TO ASSASSINATE FIDEL CASTRO (1967 INSPECTOR GENERAL'S REPORT) pg. 103 web
^ "Cuba Policy April 11, 1963". National Security Archives. Retrieved 1 March 2017. [permanent dead link]
^ "Cuba Policy April 11, 1963". National Security Archives. Retrieved 3 March 2017. [permanent dead link]
^ a b Pfeiffer (1992). "Inspector General's Survey of Cuban Operation". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Castro Assassination Plots". www.maryferrell.org.
^ Noam Chomsky, Peter Mitchell, Understanding Power, 2002, The New Press
External links[edit]
Media related to Operation Mongoose at Wikimedia Commons
Operation Mongoose: The Cuba Project, Cuban History Archive, 20 Feb 1962.
The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962, The National Security Archive.
Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba, CIA minutes, 19 January 1962.
Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 13 March 1962.
Minutes of Meeting of the Special Group on Operation Mongoose, 4 October 1962.
CIA Inspector General's Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro, CIA Historical Review Program, 23 May 1967. (HTML version)
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Samsi College Malda 1st Year Admission 2020-21: Samsi College is affiliated to the University of Gour Banga has released an admission for three-year UG Courses in B.A, B.Com Hons & Gen Session 2020. Minimum 12th or its equivalent examination passed students can eligible for online application proforma through the college official website samsicollege.ac.in on or before the last date of admission. More information are given below in following paragraphs.
Samsi College 1st Year Admission 2020-21
College Name: Samsi College
Affiliated University: University of Gour Banga
Organization Website: samsicollege.ac.in
Academic Session: 2020-21
Departments: Arts & Commerce
Location of Samsi College: Samsi, West Bengal
Starting Date of Online Form Submission:
Last Date of Online Form Submission:
All information of Courses:
Bachelor of Arts & Commerce: Accountancy, Bengali, English, Arabic, Sanskrit, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Geography, Sociology, Economics.
Information of Samsi College:
Samsi College is an undergraduate college in Samsi, West Bengal, India. It is in Malda, India. It is affiliated with the University of Gour Banga.
Educational Qualification:
Candidates who have passed 12th or equivalent examinations in 2020 are eligible to apply. A candidate can apply for a maximum of 3-years Honours Courses. The minimum marks criteria for application to Honours Courses are 55% in aggregate or 60% marks in relevant subject opted for Honours & 50% marks in aggregate for General & OBC-A&B category candidates. The same for SC/ST category candidates is 50% marks in aggregate or 60% marks in relevant subject opted for Honours & 45% marks in aggregate.
Application Fee:
Students should have paid their application fees through online payment using by Debit / Credit Cards / Net Banking etc.
Reservation of Seats:
The percentage of seats in all courses for SC/ST and Physically Handicapped candidates as per W.B. Govt. rules is SC candidates 22%, ST candidates 6%, OBC-A candidates 5%, OBC-B candidates 4% and Physically Handicapped candidates 1%.
Samsi College UG Courses Counselling Date 2020:
Counselling will be held on the basis of Merit list. Merit listed candidates are advised to bring their print copy of Application Form, Application Fee receipt, HS & Madhyamik Mark Sheets (original & Xerox) & Caste Certificate at the time of Counselling cum Admission.
Samsi College Malda 1st year Admission 2020:
Grand Total can be obtained by adding the Aggregate with the score of the opted subject in which the applicant is willing to get admission as Honours Subject. Aggregate % will be calculated by the system automatically taking best four (4) subjects.
Application process:
Eligible Students who have passed 12th Examination or its equivalent & eagerly waiting for the admission can apply online through official website pakuahatcollege.com from starting to the closing date of admission.
Important Link:
Click here ➤ Samsi College Malda 1st Year BA, B.Com Admission Notice 2020
Click here ➤ Organization Website Of Samsi College
Important Dates:
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Publication of Merit List of all applications (Hons. and Gen.):
Counselling Dates:
Samsi College Merit List 2020 for UG Course Admission
Samsi College Merit List For B.A,B.COM UG Courses Admission 2020: Admission for UG courses at Samsi College will be held depending on the Merit List. In that case, willing students are hereby informed that the College Governing Body has the full right to use direction in any cases related to the admission issue. Students willing to get admission in the General Stream can join the direct admission process on the mentioned date.
Click Here => To Check Merit List 2020
**N.B: The content given above are meant for informational purpose only in the interest of Educational seekers. http://www.examupdate.org is not a recruitment agency and do not carry any recruiting process. http://www.examupdate.org is a news media which provides first-hand basic info of various recruitment’s going all over India. Job seekers are requested to go through the official website of the company/department for complete details & application process.
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Campbeltown (Scottish Gaelic: "Ceann Loch Chille Chiarain") is a town and former royal burgh in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, located by Campbeltown Loch on the Kintyre peninsula. Originally known as Kinlochkilkerran (Eng: The head of the loch by the kirk of St. Kieran) - this form is still used in Gaelic. It was renamed in the 17th century as 'Campbell's town', Archibald Campbell, Earl of Argyle, having been granted the site in 1667 for the erection of a burgh of barony [3]. Campbeltown became an important centre for shipbuilding and Scotch whisky, and a busy fishing port.
Contents
1 Whisky
2 Culture
3 Transport
4 Language
5 Notable people
6 References
7 External links
Whisky[]
Campbeltown is one of the handful of areas in Scotland categorised as a distinct whisky producing region, and is home to the Campbeltown Single Malts, at one point having 34 distilleries and proclaiming itself "the whisky capital of the world". However, a focus on quantity rather than quality, and the combination of prohibition and the Great Depression in the United States, led to most distilleries going out of business. Today only three active distilleries remain in Campbeltown, which have, or in one case is expected to have, an excellent reputation for their quality.
The well known folk song titled Campbeltown Loch, I wish you were whisky is based on the town's history in this industry.
Culture[]
Apart from the distilleries, Campbeltown boasts a museum and a heritage centre. The museum has a varied collection of items from Campbeltown's past, and prehistoric items excavated from sites around Kintyre, such as axeheads, jewellery and combs. The 19th century building also houses the library and has plaques or exhibits related to famous Kintyre people: for example, William McTaggart and William Mackinnon. Near the museum is the Wee Picture House, a small but distinctive Art Deco cinema dating from 1913 and believed to be the oldest surviving purpose-built cinema in Scotland. These buildings are on the waterfront, as is a 14th century Celtic cross that also served as a mercat cross.[4] St. Kieran lived in this area before the town existed. A cave named after him can be visited at low tide, as can the cave on nearby Davaar Island where pilgrims and tourists go to see a 19th century crucifixion painting.
Campbeltown also hosts the annual Mull Of Kintyre Music Festival, which has seen acts ranging from up-and-coming local bands to well-established groups such as Deacon Blue, The Stranglers and Idlewild perform.[5]
A recent addition to the varied cultural landscape of Campbeltown has been the Kintyre Songwriter's Festival, a fairly low key annual gathering aimed at promoting the wealth and variety of original music across the area. The structure of the event is expanding every year and is open to anyone interested in performing.
On Friday 16 June 2006, First Minister Jack McConnell flew to Campbeltown to officially open Campbeltown's new 'Aqualibrium' Centre. Aqualibrium replaced the old Campbeltown swimming pool, which closed 7 years ago due to safety reasons, and houses Campbeltown's library (with the old building being the museum only), swimming pool, gym, conference centre and 'Mussel Ebb' Cafe.
The Kintyre Camanachd are a local shinty team that belongs to the Camanachd Association.
Argyll FM is a local radio station based in Campbeltown on 106.5, 107.1 & 107.7
Transport[]
Campbeltown Airport lies near the burgh, and a scheduled service[6] runs between here and Glasgow Airport on weekdays, but not weekends.
Due to the town's isolated location near the far end of a long peninsula, in many ways it resembles sizeable communities on the islands of the Inner Hebrides in that transport by sea is particularly important, although nonetheless it is linked to the rest of Scotland by the A83 (to Tarbet) and A82 (from Tarbet to Glasgow).
Davaar Island at the mouth of Campbeltown Loch
Ferries once sailed from Campbeltown to Ballycastle in Northern Ireland, but the service was suspended in June 2002 until further notice. According to the Campbeltown Courier, the Scottish Executive repeatedly gives the message "not this year, maybe next" about this ferry service.
In 2006 a foot passenger ferry, The Kintyre Express, ran between Campbeltown and Troon every Monday, Wednesday and Friday with a crossing time of one hour in calm weather. By 2007 this ferry no longer ran, although the vessel can be chartered privately.[7]
Campbeltown was linked to Machrihanish by a canal (1794-mid 1880s) that was superseded by the Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway that closed in 1932.
Language[]
Campbeltown is traditionally one of the few communities in the Scottish Highlands where the Scots language has predominated, rather than the previously widespread Scottish Gaelic. This was due to the plantation of lowland merchants to the burgh in the Middle Ages. Today the English language, in the form of the Scottish English dialect, is the predominant language in the town.
Notable people[]
Jill McGown, British writer of mystery novels
Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet, Scottish ship-owner and businessman
James C. Russell, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Norman MacLeod, Scottish clergyman and author
Paul McCartney, musician and singer leader of Wings and member of the Beatles owns a farm near the town
Duncan McNab McEachran, Canadian veterinarian and academic
Hugh Henry Brackenridge, American writer, lawyer, judge, and justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court[8]
Rodney Pattisson, sailor, Olympic gold medalist at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics and 1972 Munich Olympics along with a silver medal at the 1976 Montreal Olympics
Dan McIntyre, Served on the last Campbeltown Town Council before the formation of Strathclyde Region, radio presenter on Argyll FM for many years.[9]
References[]
^ "Comparative Population Profile: Campbeltown Locality". Scotland's Census Results Online. 2001-04-29. http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=campbeltown&mainLevel=Locality. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "General Register Office for Scotland - Statistics - Publications and Data". Gro-scotland.gov.uk. 2008-07-31. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ "Campbeltown" in A Dictionary of British Place-Names, A. D. Mills, Oxford University Press, 2003. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. University of Hull. 12 December 2009 <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t40.e2717>
^ "Campbeltown Cross". Kintyremag.co.uk. 1950-12-28. http://www.kintyremag.co.uk/1998/15/page7.html. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ "Mull of Kintyre Music Festival". Mokfest.com. http://www.mokfest.com/. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ "Flybe". Flybe. 2009-02-25. http://www.flybe.com. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ Plan B - The Creative Edge. "Kintyre Express". Kintyre Express. http://www.kintyreexpress.com/. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ "Scotland's Mark on America". Scotlands.com. 2007-05-28. http://www.scotlands.com/usa/21.html. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ http://www.mediauk.com/radio/13/argyll-fm
External links[]
Come to Campbeltown - Campbeltown information and links for travellers and newcomers.
Campbeltown Website
Kintyre Portal Website
Campbeltown and South Kintyre Website
Campbeltown Courier - source for local news
Campbeltown Grammar School - Campbeltown Grammar School is a secondary comprehensive school, taking all children between the ages of 12 and 18 from the South Kintyre area
Mull Of Kintyre Music Festival- official site
[1]
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Campbeltown. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
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Rocks are naturally-occurring aggregates of minerals and mineraloids. There are three main classifications of rocks based on how they were formed.
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The Ultimate UPCAT Reviewer
Table of Contents
1. Igneous rocks.
2. Sedimentary rocks.
a. Clastic sedimentary rocks.
b. Non-clastic sedimentary rocks.
3. Metamorphic rocks.
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1. Igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks (from Latin word ignis meaning “fire”) are formed when molten material cools and solidifies.
When igneous rocks formed below the surface of the Earth, they are called intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks. When they form on the surface, they are called extrusive igneous rocks or volcanic rocks.
Intrusive and extrusive rocks can generally be distinguished using the size of their mineral grains. Intrusive rocks have bigger or coarser grain crystals, while extrusive rocks have smaller or finer crystals. This is because higher temperatures beneath the Earth’s surface slow down the cooling rate of minerals, giving more time for larger crystals to form.
The composition of igneous rocks largely depends on what type of magma or lava they form from. The composition of magma is dependent on the amount of silica (SiO2), which affects its viscosity, and the temperature.
Komatiite is a very rare type of extrusive igneous rock which forms when extremely hot lava cools rapidly and was common during the Archean eon. However, current surface conditions do not allow komatiite to form anymore.
Other more common types of extrusive rocks are obsidian (formed when lava rapidly cools; also known as volcanic glass), bombs (rounded solidified lava fragments), blocks (angular solidified lava fragments), and volcanic ash.
2. Sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from loose material called sediments that have been eroded in a process called weathering and then buried and compacted in a process called diagenesis.
The sediments that make up sedimentary rocks can come from pre-existing rocks and materials or from the remains of living things. Because of this, there are two main classifications of sedimentary rocks:
a. Clastic sedimentary rocks.
Sediments come from pre-existing rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified based on the characteristics of their clasts such as size, angularity/roundedness, and sorting.
b. Non-clastic sedimentary rocks.
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed when water evaporates, leaving behind dissolved minerals. Common examples include halite or rock salt, rock gypsum, flint, chert, travertine, umber, and some limestone rocks.
Another type called biochemical or organic sedimentary rocks are composed of the remains of living things (shells, bones, plant fragments, etc.). Common examples include some fossiliferous limestone (contains fossils), chalk (composed of very tiny marine organisms called coccolithophores and foraminifera), coquina (composed of >2 mm shell fragments and grains), and coal (altered rock from remains of plant life).
3. Metamorphic rocks.
When a rock is subjected to certain chemical (addition or removal of chemicals) or physical (change in temperature or pressure) processes that alter its chemical composition, mineralogy, and/or texture, a metamorphic rock is formed.
The original rock or “parent rock” that was altered is called a protolith. Metamorphic rocks are divided into two types based on their texture.
The first type is characterized by the appearance of planar arrangement of mineral grains called foliation or foliated rocks.
Foliation in rock is the result of deformation and the more foliated a rock, the higher the grade of metamorphism.
Nonfoliated rocks usually develop in environments where deformation is minimal and other factors such as chemically-active fluids play a larger part in altering the rock. Some common examples of nonfoliated rocks are marble, hornfels, quartzite, metapelite, and others.
Rocks continually go through changes that alter its characteristics, ultimately changing it into a different rock.
Here’s a good illustration of the rock cycle which shows what kind of processes can happen to a rock over spans of geological time:
Credit: Mineralogical Society of America
Next topic: Depositional Environments, Landforms, and Waterforms
Previous topic: Minerals
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Ruth Raganit
Ruth Raganit obtained her Bachelor of Science degree in Geology from the University of the Philippines – Diliman. Her love affair with Earth sciences began when she saw a pretty rock and wondered how it came to be. She also likes playing video games, doing digital art, and reading manga.
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Knowing macular degeneration causes is important for you to prevent or slow down progression. Macular degeneration (MD) is one of the top reasons for vision loss, affecting over 10 million people in the U.S. That’s more than glaucoma and cataracts combined. There are a number of macular degeneration causes and currently an incurable eye disease.
Macular Degeneration Causes, Symptoms, And Prevention
In this article:
Macular Degeneration Causes
Causes of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Causes of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Macular Degeneration Diagnosis
Macular Degeneration Prevention
Macular Degeneration Causes
Research shows macular degeneration causes could be due to environmental and heredity factors. The disease also develops as your eye ages. This means the older an individual gets, the higher the likelihood of MD to develop.
Causes of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
As you age, the macula light-sensitive cells begin breaking down. Waste products may also start building up in your retina and form drusen (small deposits). Drusen increase in size as the disease progresses.
With the progression of AMD, your macular will have fewer light-sensitive cells. As a result, you will experience deterioration of your central vision.
You may experience wet or dry macular degeneration symptoms such as:
Decreased central vision in one or both eyes
Visual distortions like straight lines appearing bent
Decreased brightness or intensity of colors
The need to have a brighter light when doing close work or reading
Difficulty remembering faces
Increased printed word blurriness
More trouble adapting to low light levels like walking in a dim lit restaurant
Dry AMD typically affects both your eyes. If it affects only one eye, your good eye will compensate for the affected eye. The disease doesn’t affect your peripheral vision. It hardly ever leads to total blindness.
Causes of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
With wet AMD, you begin growing small new blood vessels underneath the macula. When blood vessels develop in the wrong area, it causes harm. They may leak fluid and blood into your eye, leading to damage and scarring to your macula.
The scarring and damage can lead to other more serious symptoms such as:
Reduced central vision in both eyes or just one
Distortions in vision like straight lines appearing bent
Haziness in your vision
A well-defined blind or blurry spot in your vision field
Decreased brightness or intensity of colors
Sudden onset and quick worsening of symptoms
AMD rarely causes blindness and doesn’t affect the peripheral vision.
Macular Degeneration Diagnosis
Your physician will review your family and medical history to help them make a diagnosis. They’ll also give you a complete eye exam and possibly perform other tests.
They’ll look at the back of your eye and then test your center vision for defects. If there are defects, they may refer you to a low vision rehabilitation specialist. This person will then work with you to help you adapt to your new vision change.
Because there’s no cure, the best thing you can do is try to prevent MD in the first place. Macular degeneration may occur less in individuals who don’t smoke. On the other hand, people who exercise and eat nutritious food are less likely to develop it.
Macular Degeneration Prevention
There are things you can do to reduce symptoms. Knowing macular degeneration causes is already the first step. Here is a list of what you can do to reduce or slow down the progression of this eye disease.
Eat plenty of leafy, dark green vegetables like raw spinach.
Don’t smoke.
Take fish oil supplements or eat fish.
Take a balanced multimineral/multivitamin supplement.
Eat nuts and fruits daily.
Exercise routinely.
Keep a healthy weight.
Wear sunglasses outside.
Keep your cholesterol and blood pressure under control.
Have regular eye exams.
See what diet you can follow to prevent age-related macular degeneration:
Now that you know macular degeneration causes, are you likely to experience difficulty in your vision? If so, there are vision devices available to use. These can help with specific visual tasks and mobility. Be sure to visit your eye care professional if you are experiencing macular degeneration symptoms trouble with your eyes or vision.
If you have been diagnosed with or have a family history of macular degeneration, share your experiences in the comments section below.
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0.722252 |
Arrange the data into a stem-and-leaf plot. (Refer to the glossary in the eBook if you need a reminder of what a stem-and-leaf plot is.)
Find the mean and median.
If the value was replaced with , which measure(s) of central tendency would change and which would not? Explain.
Hint:
stem-and-leaf plot A frequency distribution that arranges data so that all digits except the last digit in each piece of data are in the stem, the last digit of each piece of data are the leaves, and both stems and leaves are arranged in order from least to greatest. The example at right displays the data:
and .
Stem
Leaf
Stem4
Leaf9
Stem5
Leaf2
4
8
Stem6
Leaf1
1
7
8
Stem7
Leaf2
3
3
3
8
Stem8
Leaf2
3
Stem9
No leaf
Stem10
Leaf8
Stem11
Leaf2
7
mean The mean, or average, of several numbers is one way of defining the “middle” of the numbers. To find the average of a group of numbers, add the numbers together then divide by the number of numbers in the set. For example, the average of the numbers , , and is . The mean is generally the best measure of central tendency when there are not outliers in the data set. See average.
median The middle number of an ordered set of data. If there is no distinct middle, then the average of the two middle numbers is the median. The median is generally more accurate than the mean as a measure of central tendency when there are outliers in the data set.
measure of central tendency Mean and median are measures of central reflecting special statistical information about a set of data.
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0.999994 |
0GB93ZX is a billable procedure code used to specify the performance of excision of para-aortic body, percutaneous approach, diagnostic. The code is valid for the year 2022 for the submission of HIPAA-covered transactions.
The procedure code 0GB93ZX is in the medical and surgical section and is part of the endocrine system body system, classified under the excision operation. The applicable bodypart is para-aortic body.
ICD-10-PCS Details
Position
Designation
Character
Label
Notes
1 Section 0 Medical and Surgical
2 Body System G Endocrine System
3 Operation B Excision
Involves:
Cutting out or off, without replacement, a portion of a body part
Explanation:
The qualifier DIAGNOSTIC is used to identify excision procedures that are biopsies
Includes:
Partial nephrectomy, liver biopsy
4 BodyPart 9 Para-aortic Body
5 Approach 3 Percutaneous
Involves:
Entry, by puncture or minor incision, of instrumentation through the skin or mucous membrane and any other body layers necessary to reach the site of the procedure
6 Device Z No Device
Explanation:
The value Z is used for the sixth character to indicate that a specific device does not apply to the procedure.
7 Qualifier X Diagnostic
Diagnostic Related Groups - MS-DRG Mapping
The Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs) are a patient classification scheme which provides a means of relating the type of patients a hospital treats. The procedure code 0GB93ZX is grouped in the following groups for version MS-DRG V38.0 applicable from 10/01/2021 through 09/30/2022.
MS-DRG
MS-DRG Title
MCD
Relative Weight
252 OTHER VASCULAR PROCEDURES WITH MCC 05 3.3257
253 OTHER VASCULAR PROCEDURES WITH CC 05 2.6536
254 OTHER VASCULAR PROCEDURES WITHOUT CC/MCC 05 1.8159
The relative weight of a diagnostic related group determines the reimbursement rate based on the severity of a patient's illness and the associated cost of care during hospitalization.
Convert 0GB93ZX to ICD-9-PCS
The following crosswalk between ICD-10-PCS to ICD-9-PCS is based based on the General Equivalence Mappings (GEMS) information:
ICD-9-PCS: 3989 (Approximate Flag) Approximate Flag
The approximate flag is on, indicating that the relationship between the code in the source system and the code in the target system is an approximate equivalent.
What is ICD-10-PCS?
The ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) is a catalog of procedural codes used by medical professionals for hospital inpatient healthcare settings. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) maintain the catalog in the U.S. releasing yearly updates. These 2022 ICD-10-PCS codes are to be used for discharges occurring from October 1, 2021 through September 30, 2022.
Each ICD-10-PCS code has a structure of seven alphanumeric characters and contains no decimals. The first character defines the major "section". Depending on the "section" the second through seventh characters mean different things.
Previous Code: 0GB90ZZ
Related Codes
Next Code: 0GB93ZZ
2021 ICD-10 Lookup | 2021 ICD-10-PCS Lookup
ICD-10 Advanced Lookup | ICD-10 Diseases and Injuries Lookup
ICD-10 Index | ICD-10-PCS Index | ICD-9 Index
ICD-10 Guidelines | ICD-10 PCS Guidelines
ICD-9 Look Up
New ICD-10 Codes | Revised ICD-10 Codes | Deleted ICD-10 Codes
ICD-10 Clinical Concepts | ICD-10 Diagnostic Related Groups
ICD-10 Present on Admission Exempt Codes
ICD-10 Quality Payment Program Measures
Contact Us | Data Files | Privacy | Terms of Service | ICD List 2021
All contents of this website are provided on an "as is" and "as available" basis without warranty of any kind for general information purposes only. The contents of the ICD List website are for informational purposes only. Reliance on any information provided by the ICD List website or other visitors to this website is solely at your own risk. If you think you may have a medical emergency, please call your doctor or 911 immediately.
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0.998292 |
One of the most commonly utilized resources in the stacking process is individual scores. It's one of the only data sources that Mock Trial is able to provide. These scores can then be normalized over the average judge score for a round to adjust for judges that are considered too harsh (3s and 4s only) and those that are considered too kind (9s and 10s only, "I thought you were law students"). However, this method makes a key assumption that all competitor teams are equal in strength. Obviously, this is not the case.
The question then becomes how to adjust scores for the difference in the strength of opposing teams. The easiest way to determine a team's potential strength is through its TPR. Typically, TPR provides a fairly accurate depiction of the likelihood of a team to succeed at ORCS or Nationals in a given year. However, these tournaments are after stacking and the scores they provide would not be of use to a team that wants to use scores for their stacking process. The question then posed is if there is any correlation between a team's unstacked performance in a round at an Invitational and the TPR of the team. In order to test this, I analyzed the data from the Fordham Invitational and calculated the TPR score differential for each round's pairings and compared that data to the PD for each round's pairings. This is admittedly a small quantity of data; however, I'm in the middle of midterms and didn't want to spend time pulling more. Performing a regression analysis on the two lets me know that I wasted my time. There is no meaningful correlation between differential team TPR and the PD of the round.
If anyone has any other ideas on how to potentially adjust for competitor strength or if anyone wants to pull more data and prove me wrong, I'd appreciate any input.
TLDR: TPR gives no indication for the PD of the round
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0.999999 |
Cargue el logotipo de su empresa para personalizar sus facturas de Infusionsoft, páginas opt-in, pantallas de inicio de sesión y más.Las dimensiones del logotipo se controlan mediante los siguientes parámetros:
Logo de Páginas Externas - Esta imagen será restringida a una altura máxima de 150px. La anchura será escalada por el navegador.
Sign-in Pages Logo - Esta imagen será restringida a una altura máxima de 60px. La anchura será escalada por el navegador.
Todos los otros logotipos - Todas las demás imágenes de logotipo serán limitadas a una altura máxima de 40px. La anchura será escalada por el navegador.
El tamaño de la imagen está limitado a 100kb. Si sube una imagen mayor de 100 KB, Infusionsoft volverá a revisar la imagen para cumplir con el tamaño máximo del archivo. Si Infusionsoft no puede volver a revisar una imagen, será rechazada. Esto suele deberse a una imagen demasiado grande (varios megabytes). Si se rechaza la imagen, intente reducir el tamaño del archivo a menos de 1 MB.
Instrucciones paso a paso
1 - Ir a Admin> Centro de marcado en el menú de navegación principal
2 - Haga clic en la pestaña Logos
Hay varios tipos de logotipo diferentes para elegir:
- Default Logo - Sus clientes y prospectos verán el logotipo maestro. Se muestra en las facturas, las páginas de descarga de productos digitales y las páginas de confirmación opt-in / out.
- Snippet del logotipo: el fragmento del logotipo está disponible en los formularios de correo electrónico y web.
- Páginas externas: se muestran a su audiencia en pantallas opt-in / opt-out, facturas y productos digitales.
- Páginas de inicio de sesión: se muestran en la pantalla de inicio de sesión de sus usuarios y socios de referencia.
- Centro de clientes: se muestra en las páginas en las que los clientes se han conectado.
3 - Haga clic en el enlace Editar debajo del logotipo que desea actualizar.
4 - Haga clic en el botón Agregar nueva imagen para cargar una nueva imagen desde su computadora o (opcional) seleccione una imagen existente en el menú desplegable.
Back to Lección
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Strategies For A Issues Cost-free Trip Each Time Vacation is surely an remarkable journey that allows you to learn more about the entire world and their selves. Traveling gives individuals a chance to satisfy exciting men and women although escaping the everyday grind. Keep in mind specific food items allergy symptoms when going to a international land or new spot. In case you are allergic to specific meals, make sure to express this with their words. This allows you the cabability to alert your waiter or waitress of the foods you have an allergy to so they can be maintained away from your dishes. Be wary of individuals who let you know that they can be law enforcement officials provides or federal government authorities within a odd metropolis. Tend not to enable any individual have your real passport. Do not get in a vehicle with other people both at home and in foreign countries. In the event you arrive through a small air-port if you vacation, look online before hand to learn what solutions are provided there. Record your most significant information and facts and products near to you all the time. Tend not to carry a case with zippers that offer easy access to the wallets. Be sure to consider this assistance into mind when buying a dependable traveling travelling bag. When traveling, it’s smart to wear fall on footwear which are gentle and comfortable. You are going to need to take your shoes off of during security investigations. Flick-flops or move-on footwear is perfect air flow vacation boots. Often you wind up in a poor accommodation.Bring along a silicone doorstop to keep secure. You can put it below your door immediately in conjunction with the sequence and secure. These dessert linens can be a level surface area to set cards or coloration in shading publications. Always keep travel necessities in a area. Prevent squandered time searching through your traveling essentials jointly. Purchase a plastic material container to keep your entire traveling demands in just one place. A box is great since it might be hidden and retrieved rapidly when you want the items. Although you should be 18 to rent payments most vehicles, other folks require that the individuals be twenty-five years older. You may pay out more and need to use credit cards along with you. Older persons aren’t capable to lease vehicles in many towns.Check out all age groups issues before you appear. There are many actions to take which means that your traveling practical experience is not among headache, only one of rest and satisfaction, as we discussed from the report. Start assessing destinations and building a listing to bring along for your forthcoming holiday.
1 año ago
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Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.|
1 año ago
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1 año ago
Chauncey Pai
Touring is surely an satisfying expertise or it may be a nerve-racking one. It depends on you to determine which sort of experience you would like to have. By studying the details in the following article, you are and helps to make your after that traveling experience an enjoyable and tension-free 1. When you are traveling internationally, usually do not always keep all your valuables in one place. Different your passport, figuring out information and facts and cash and travelers assessments from each other. Unfortunately, tourists have a tendency to maintain these products together, and in the event that they misplace a bag or would be the sufferer of robbery, they drop each of their crucial papers. Make preparations to your household pets whilst you will certainly be away. Have a neighbor or good friend appear over to feed, walk and look in on them, at least once every day. They will really feel less risky knowing that they may have new water and food and will also be a lot less stir nuts than once they have been still left by yourself for a long time of energy. Flying with a group? Try to give up on the best places to take in and what to do. If you opt to be self-centered, the remainder of the group will resent you for causing them to get a bad time. By reducing, most people are pleased at some point so you are required to attempt to practical experience interesting things. Having a train is surely an appealing mode of vacation for most good reasons. For just one it does not require hard work through the person over and above placed in their seat. One is free to do whichever they need to do as they are en route. There are various other reasons why touring by teach is pleasant. Don’t get carried away with taking lots of pictures on your trip. Many people get so distracted by taking photos of all things which they neglect to experience the culture and landmarks. Require a number of photographs, but also ensure that you commit enough time outside the zoom lens to savor your trip towards the maximum. Substitute the fasten on your own travel luggage using a combination lock. Several components of baggage include fastens and tactics. Secrets go missing. Not too it concerns. The hair are extremely inexpensively manufactured, they can be cracked proper away. It would stop being a bad idea to discard them fully and change them a sturdier mixture secure. When you are concerned about the protection of your own pocket in your following vacation venture, consider utilizing another type of storage for the important items including your money and personal personal identity cards. Many different types of pocket storing are offered that stay conveniently concealed below your garments, coming from a belted squander pouch into a zippered wristband. Every single vacationer should know presently that joking around isn’t the brightest course of action while waiting under control in and protection facial lines anymore. Airport terminal employees are merely way too worried about terrorism to consider humor lightly. Advancement through these facial lines nicely and in a businesslike approach. You’re very likely to be taken care of appropriately. Travelling doesn’t really need to be a complicated thing when you know the best way to strategy it. Take the time to go through useful content articles like these along with your following getaway could be prepared minus the common hassle. If you’re willing to commit enough time and focus in your travel programs, that you can do the dirty function at the start and savor a worry-free of charge holiday.
1 año ago
Holidays blog
Many people are finding that traveling right now is becoming far more accessible, however they aren’t positive they may have every little thing taken care of with regards to traveling. Just like anything at all in daily life, you have to generally search for far more knowledge on ways to understand how to successfully traveling, so have a look at this informative article since it works as a great place to get exactly that. For almost any trip, seasoned travellers will package some outfits they could thoroughly clean them selves with lowest hard work. Furthermore easily-cleanable clothing lessen the overall amount of clothes a traveler must take coupled, they are able to supply a comfortable safety net in the event of unexpected delays. Apparel that can be rinsed and dried up in the hotel drain can be a godsend by using an unpredicted layover. To acquire the best assistance when traveling, tip generously at the outset of the journey. If the bellboy or steward is aware that you tip well, they will be very likely to have a tendency to your expections. Specifically on cruise trips, you’ll acquire a lot more personalized attention and better assistance through the employees if you’re regarded as generous. When you are traveling by air flow from the You.S. you can get via stability more quickly in the event you wear move-on shoes or boots. Considering that you must remove your shoes or boots when experiencing stability it is far better to obtain footwear which come away from and continue easily so that you can get your other valuables swiftly. When you are concerned about traveling with a big have-on travelling bag, prepare yourself. Airlines normally table in categories of five to ten lines, so select a seating in row 11 or 21, not row 19. Also, as soon as the air travel cell phone calls the seating obstruct prior to you, go be in line. By doing this you’re holding out at the front end as opposed to the back. With a little luck you are now obtaining a greater notion of exactly where you need to go to after looking at this informative article. This article offers just a part of the information that’s on the market regarding how to travel successfully. Implement all you have learned today and all of that you’ll understand later on, and you will be well on your way to flying with accomplishment.
1 año ago
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1 año ago
When you travel
If you discover the thought of journey overwhelming, give attention to a spot that interests you, and get info that targets that spot exclusively. There are many locations to view, that you can go missing from the ocean of real information. After you pick a target destination, reduce the research minimizing your stress. Use plenty of plastic-type material when loading. Putting your clothes, toiletries, and also other items in very clear plastic material luggage is definitely a brilliant method to load up when you are traveling. Furthermore it help you organize, furthermore, it helps to keep your belongings risk-free. In case the bag ought to be in contact with the elements around the tarmac, the items in your bag will continue to be free of moisture. Make the suitcases vibrant and obvious. Attempt to avoid carrying bags that happen to be one matte coloration and match with all the current other components of luggage from the airport terminal. Getting unusual-hunting baggage is likely to make your handbag easier to spot and will intimidate thieves from stealing it inside a active air-port. If you intend to choose a evening airline flight or maybe a really extended airline flight generally, it could be advisable to provide some sort of sleeping aid. It’s very difficult to rest on aeroplanes anyways, but by taking a slumbering support right before takeoff, you may get to your location clean and able to take on the planet! Use social media as a device to assist you to find out each of the invisible gemstones within the metropolis that you are currently planing a trip to. Wondering your family and friends associates questions about your location may be valuable not just before heading, but also while you are there. You’ll be amazed at the great tips you get, starting from accommodation referrals to great purchasing possibilities. For any anxiety-cost-free trip, make sure people can make contact with you. Consider your cell phone along with you while keeping it billed. Take your laptop along with you when you know you will have a web connection your location staying. In the event of emergency, individuals can tell you what is happening and also you won’t have any terrible excitement when you revisit. They are only a number of the strategies out there to help make your trip inconvenience-free. In the event that you could utilize some other, the world wide web is stuffed with valuable recommendations which can help you. But with a little luck, at least a few of the suggestions supplied in this article, have really helped you.
1 año ago
Rex Thole
Even when you feel as if you are an expert when it comes to journey, you will always find far more items to understand. That is certainly the location where the pursuing write-up is needed. You will be given information that one could take on the after that getaway, may it be for enterprise or pleasure. Make sure to build a list for loading. As soon as you know you’ll be vacationing, start off a list of almost everything you will have to load. Even last second packing won’t be as stressful, in case you have a listing to reference point. It is going to consider the worry out from forgetting anything. When traveling by air flow, there is not any lengthier any purpose to carry an independent toiletries handbag. All your fluids and gels should go with a Ziplock case regardless. That case will already be closed, and you will be more compact and lighter weight than any case chosen to the project. Flying with a team? Try to compromise on where to consume and what to do. If you choose to be selfish, the other class will resent you for causing them to possess a bad time. By reducing, everyone is pleased sooner or later and you also are forced to try and encounter new things. Make preparations for your personal pets whilst you will certainly be aside. Possess a next door neighbor or good friend can come onto supply, stroll and check in to them, at least one time each day. They will likely sense less risky understanding that they may have clean food and water and are less stir nuts than if they had been remaining alone for a long time of your energy. Luckily, the ideas from the earlier mentioned report have assisted you intend your next getaway. You absolutely desire to experience as exciting as you can while you are aside. Utilize the details over anytime you travel. Touring the entire world can be a fantastic venture. Appreciate your upcoming getaway!
1 año ago
Holidays abroad
Often, you might want to take a break from the same holiday towards the beachfront that you simply get each and every year. This coming year, why not try a haunted holiday. There are numerous travel destinations that serve the supernatural. This post will give you methods for finding the best spooky travel destinations. In the event you package electronic products while traveling, sometimes get rid of the electric batteries or change them close to. Some tiny gadgets can easily be switched on. You actually do not would like them flipping on with your case through the trip. There exists a pretty good possibility the battery could be drained when they can be unpacked. To completely get yourself a feel for where you are travelling, keep to the local people. Several leading vacation spots learn to really feel general and touristy. By requesting around and getting in which those who reside there hang out, you will definately get a far more traditional sense of the area, so when a bonus, prevent the cost markups that affect vacationer warm spots. Prior to buying a traveling guidebook, search the web. A lot of the info offered in costly guidebooks is likewise online for free. You may print out these details and take it together with you, conserving equally money and body weight in your baggage. This process also lets you select which components of details are crucial to suit your needs, and simply carry individuals. When taking a journey, make sure you split up your financial institution credit cards, a credit card, checks and funds. Place them all into various secret wallets of your purses and handbags and journey totes. Following this straightforward idea will assure that should you do get robbed, you simply will not be stuck without the cash. So if you are arranging a getaway for one person or for the entire clan, chances are good that you could work with a small assistance in creating agreements which will go off without a hitch. Keep in mind the suggestions in the following paragraphs to maintain things going easily during the duration of your trips.
1 año ago
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1 año ago
Emanuel Freudenberger
Throughout one year, thousands to billions of folks journey worldwide. Traveling might be a quite fun and exciting expertise, but there are a few items to note when determining to traveling. In the event you follow the journey suggestions located in this post, you’ll be prepared for your vacation. Look at choice areas to keep. You don’t also have in which to stay a motel to feel good on holiday. There are lots of «house-swapping» sites readily available, which allow you to be in someones empty home. Try looking for cabins or bed furniture and breakfasts. Alternative lodging might be probably the most interesting and fun elements of vacationing, so be sure to give it a look! In order to save cash on journey, be adaptable if you are arranging your airfare. Many times, less expensive costs can be found if you are not devoted to a certain departure and arrival day. In addition, often costs are cheaper when you take flight in to a in close proximity metropolis rather than the main one in the area. For a vacation to wines country or maybe a beachfront retreat, if there’s the opportunity you’ll be enjoying red wine, pack a waiter’s corkscrew. This device comes in useful for the bottles you purchase with the winery and will make picnics and hotel drinks much simpler. A corkscrew could be especially challenging to get when you are traveling in another country, so make plans and throw one in your suitcase to make lifestyle easier. Should you be traveling with dogs, be sure to clean your dog just before in the auto. This helps to minimize the quantity of head of hair you need to cope with. Also, try and plan ahead by finding out a couple of spots to avoid for potty pauses. Your pet must stretch and ease him or her self every couple of hrs. For those who have numerous concerns for the motel, give them a call at nighttime. Most main lodges always keep their top workplace manned round the clock. When you have questions regarding booking your living space or particular needs you need to go over, phoning late into the evening assures that you are a lot less probably going to be disrupted for the attendant to usually a invitee. You must not have issues making plans once you journey which are a greater distance. You might even head to spots you’ve never imagined of. You may now proceed to prepare with confidence a fantastic getaway. Have a good time and don’t ignore sending post cards!
1 año ago
June Hovda
Traveling may be one of the very best activities in life. There are numerous places to travel and what you should see. This article can aid you to widen your perspectives and to become a vacationer. Traveling is an essential part of daily life as you meet new people and practical experience something totally new. When you are traveling with young children, a rucksack or some other bag filled with new and exciting toys and games and activities is a great idea. Be sure that these are typically stuff they are certainly not typically able to enjoy, or special points for outings only. It would allow them to have something to look forward to and they can be occupied much longer. Keeping yourself quiet and obtained aboard your plane can help you prevent a significant breeding ground for vacation pressure. Circumstances are confined and unpleasant, most flights are dull, and everyone is anxious to have the experience around with. How you can always keep these pressure aspects from progressing to you is to concentrate on the fact that they can be expected. Once you ultimately arrive at your destination they will likely melt away try not to obsess more than them on the way there. Make plans for your holiday by using for credit cards which includes commitment details, ensuring to always be worthwhile the credit card completely. This plan can assist you earn a totally free air travel or a free hotel to use for your holiday. Soon after you’ve gained your compensate, conserve up for your getaway. In case you are vacationing with kids, it really is very best is that they could have a baggage with wheels. By doing this, they can help together with the baggage and it’s quite simple to drag. They are going to also truly feel a feeling of self-sufficiency and you will be delighted to help with the baggage. You may be thinking you realize almost everything about vacationing, but odds are you can find stuff you almost certainly have no idea. When you vacation, go ahead and take details about vacation provided to you on this page, and then use it to your advantage.
1 año ago
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1 año ago
Jermaine Depue
Travel could be a great pastime and passion. You are able to traveling where by at any time you need to. You could always find something new to discover and discover new adventures. This information will help you get the most from your moves. Should you rent an automobile while traveling, demand an additional essential. In a new location, inside a new automobile, your brain is likely to be engaged with other stuff. For people who already have a negative duration of securing their keys within their motor vehicle, trying to keep an extra established on you always a very good idea. Select a chair at the earliest opportunity. Should your flight allows you to pick a seat in the course of booking, make sure to do this. To get the best decision, use airline chairs websites to look up info on seats themes and details for your personal specific kind of aeroplane on the internet. Airlines frequently demand extra for get out of lines plus more roomy seats, the need for that you simply need to decide depending on the air travel duration and expense. Flying with a team? Work to undermine on where you should try to eat and where to go. If you opt to be self-centered, all of those other team will resent you for resulting in them to experience a bad time. By compromising, everybody is delighted at some time so you are forced to try and experience interesting things. When you are traveling international to other places it could be really vital to be aware of customs of the location one particular will. This data can protect against conditions that may be akward, embarrassing, or perhaps totally dangerous. Prospective disasters could be averted and one will have a greater exposure to the folks in the region they can be driving. Many people want to traveling and feel passionate about experiencing the planet. There are many different spots an individual may go and check out. If you go to a similar spot twice, it will probably be various each time. By utilizing the suggestions on this page, it is possible to take full advantage of your touring and locate satisfying methods to make it easier than ever.
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The Maradona Turn is a dribbling skill that players can use to take the ball past a defender, particularly one coming at them from an angle. The player uses their body to shield the ball from the defender, while dragging the ball into the direction they want to go.
Is soccer easy to learn?
Easy to Learn Soccer is a relatively simple game to learn. The object of kicking the ball into a goal is easy to grasp, the rules are not too difficult and the scoring system is straightforward, making it a perfect game for kids of any age.
What is the soccer juggling world record?
The farthest distance covered juggling a football (soccer ball) in one hour (male) is 7.20 km (4.47 mi) and was achieved by Thomas Ruiz (USA) in Saline, Michigan, USA, on 30 August 2020.
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B.1.1.529 has multiple mutations and it could help it evade the body’s immune response and make it more transmissible, South African scientists said on Thursday.
While the delta variant has two mutations and the beta variant has three — the B.1.1.529 variant has at least 32 spike protein mutations.
Younger people appear to be contracting and spreading the newly identified variant, but the next weeks will be key in determining how severe the variant is, scientists said.
Israel finds case of variant
Israel’s Health Ministry said it had detected its first case of the new coronavirus variant in a person returning from Malawi.
In a statement Friday, the ministry said the individual and two other individuals with suspected cases of the variant were all in quarantine. All three were fully vaccinated.
Prime Minister Naftali Bennett held consultations with health experts Friday regarding the variant. On Thursday, authorities announced travel to southern Africa from Israel for citizens was banned and foreign nationals from the region would be denied entry.
“We are currently on the verge of a state of emergency,” Bennett said.
Officials sound the alarm
Scientists are studying the variant that was first detected in South Africa earlier in the week. The National Institute for Communicable Diseases in South Africa said 22 cases of the new B.1.1.529 variant, as it is known, had been detected in the country but that it expected more cases as genomic analysis is ongoing.
The WHO’s COVID-19 technical lead Maria Van Kerkhove said there are currently fewer than 100 whole genome sequences of the strain available. She said it would take a few more weeks of scientific work to determine whether the variant would be considered a “variant of interest” or a “variant of concern.”
“Everybody that’s out there needs to understand that the more this virus circulates, the more opportunities the virus has to change, the more mutations we will see,” Van Kerkhove said.
The UK Health Security Agency reports the new variant has also been detected in Botswana and Hong Kong. Germany’s health ministry moved to declare South Africa a virus variant area.
The WHO convenes emergency talks
The WHO convened an emergency meeting set for early Friday afternoon to discuss the new variant.
Scientists are concerned about the high number of mutations within the variant and worry it could be resistant to vaccines and more easily passed on to others.
The working group meeting Friday will determine whether to officially label the variant “of concern,” a distinction only four variants to date have received.
Countries move to close air traffic from southern Africa
Countries in Asia and Europe including Germany, the Czech Republic, Italy and the UK quickly imposed restrictions Friday after the emergence of a potentially vaccine-resistant COVID-19 variant was detected in South Africa.
The EU moved to halt air travel from the entire southern African region amid concerns over the newly detected South African variant, the European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen said.
She said the Commission will propose “to activate the emergency brake to stop air travel from the southern African region” due to the emergence of the new variant.
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Ramesh Ponnuru has a new Bloomberg article where he responds to the FOMC's discussion on nominal GDP Targeting. Some excerpts:
NGDP targeting seeks to stabilize expectations about the future path of the economy, making it easier for people to make long-term plans. Keeping nominal spending, and thus nominal income, on a relatively predictable path is especially important because most debts, such as mortgages, are contracted in nominal terms. If nominal incomes swing wildly, so does the ability to service those debts.
[...]
From the standpoint of macroeconomic stability, then, NGDP targeting is superior because it allows inflation to accelerate and slow to counteract fluctuations in productivity. It moves the money supply only in response to changes in the demand for money balances, and not to supply shocks that mimic the effect of these changes on prices but call for a different monetary response.
If only the Fed would listen to Ramesh Ponnuru and start targeting some pre-crisis trend path for nominal GDP. Not only would it be good for the U.S. economy, it would also do wonders for the Eurozone economy.
Posted by David Beckworth at 5:15 PM 3 comments:
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Maybe He Should Try the ECB Tranquilizer Gun
Posted by David Beckworth at 12:28 PM No comments:
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Sunday, November 27, 2011
The Fateful Decision to Tighten ECB Monetary Policy
Paul Krugman notes that the Eurozone crisis began rearing its ugly head again back in April, the very time the ECB decided to tighten monetary policy. Krugman thinks these two developments are probably related:
By itself, that rate hike — although it was obviously, obviously a big mistake — should not have mattered that much. But maybe it acted as a signal of the ECB’s bloody-mindedness, and that’s what set off the panic.
I agree. The market saw this interest rate hike as indicating the ECB would allow further weakening of aggregate demand in the Eurozone. Consequently, the market lowered its forecast of nominal spending and, as a result, expected inflation started declining, the Euro began weakening, and sovereign spreads started increasing. Here is the 10-year breakeven inflation expectation series for the Eurozone:
Here is the nominal effective exchange rate for the Euro:
Finally, from Rebecca Wilder here are the surging spreads:
These figures show that these asset prices all took a marked change in trajectory at about the time the ECB tightened in April. And all these asset price changes have been indicating tight monetary policy since that time, but no one at the ECB seems to be listening. No one at the ECB seems to appreciate that by allowing aggregate demand to continue to weaken they are passively tightening monetary policy. The Europeans seem to be repeating monetary history.
Posted by David Beckworth at 11:22 PM 8 comments:
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Tuesday, November 22, 2011
We Now Know What "Interesting Conversation" Means
Ben Bernanke said in his last post-FOMC press conference that the committee had an "interesting discussion" on nominal GDP targeting. The FOMC minutes released today shed some light on this discussion:
The Committee also considered policy strategies that would involve the use of an intermediate target such as nominal gross domestic product (GDP) or the price level. The staff presented model simulations that suggested that nominal GDP targeting could, in principle, be helpful in promoting a stronger economic recovery in a context of longer-run price stability. Other simulations suggested that the single-minded pursuit of a price-level target would not be very effective in fostering maximum sustainable employment; it was noted, however, that price-level targeting where the central bank maintained flexibility to stabilize economic activity over the short term could generate economic outcomes that would be more consistent with the dual mandate. More broadly, a number of participants expressed concern that switching to a new policy framework could heighten uncertainty about future monetary policy, risk unmooring longer-term inflation expectations, or fail to address risks to financial stability. Several participants observed that the efficacy of nominal GDP targeting depended crucially on some strong assumptions, including the premise that the Committee could make a credible commitment to maintaining such a strategy over a long time horizon and that policymakers would continue adhering to that strategy even in the face of a significant increase in inflation. In addition, some participants noted that such an approach would involve substantial operational hurdles, including the difficulty of specifying an appropriate target level. In light of the significant challenges associated with the adoption of such frameworks, participants agreed that it would not be advisable to make such a change under present circumstances.
So there was a substantive discussion on nominal GDP targeting. And it appears the staff and FOMC recognized the fatal flaw with price level targeting is supply shocks. Good.
Still, some members of the FOMC remained concerned that such an approach may unmoor long-run inflation expectations and not be flexible enough to handle financial crisis. A nominal GDP level target, however, would anchor long-run inflation expectations given a stable long-run real growth rate, something that has happened in the United States over the past century. That is, over the long-run real GDP growth has averaged around 3%. Thus, a 5% nominal GDP target growth rate would lead over the long-run to 2% inflation. There may be deviations in the short-run--for example, when a positive technology shock temporarily lowers inflation and increases real GDP growth--and maybe the optimal target nominal GDP growth rate is different than 5%. But a truly credible nominal GDP level target presents no problems for long-run inflation expectations.
Also, if a nominal GDP level target is explicit and widely understood it would actually serve to mitigate the effects of financial shocks. If the public understood the Fed would always return nominal GDP to its trend path, public expectations would be better anchored and thus be less susceptible to wide swings. That means velocity (i.e. real money demand) would be more stable. For these reasons, it is reasonable to conclude that had the Fed been targeting nominal GDP during the 2008-2009 financial crisis, the outcome would have been far milder. And for the same reasons, the Fed should be targeting nominal GDP now given the looming financial threat coming from the Eurozone crisis.
Update: See Scott Sumner for a more thorough assessment of the FOMC's discussion of nominal GDP level targeting.
Posted by David Beckworth at 5:08 PM No comments:
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If the Germans Were Serious About Stabilizing Aggregate Demand
Then they would be doing exactly what they are doing now, if their only concern were Germany. Last week the Federal Statistics Office of Germany released third quarter nominal GDP data where we find relatively robust growth in aggregate demand:
This above-trend growth is entirely consistent with the reluctance of the Germans to open up the ECB monetary spigot. Doing so would only serve to further raise aggregate demand above trend growth. The Germans are probably concerned that the additional nominal spending stimulus would raise inflation uncomfortably high and create a positive output gap. Maybe the Germans are hardcore nominal GDP targeters.
But are the Germans really focusing on just their own aggregate demand growth? It is a strange argument to make since the ongoing collapse in Eurozone aggregate demand (see figure below) will ultimately affect the German economy too. Nonetheless, it is hard not to wonder these thoughts given the Eurozone seems to have been serving German interests all along and the recent reluctance of the Germans to meaningfully address the Eurozone crisis. It is also not hard to think these thoughts when one comes across statements such as the rather cheery press release accompanying the third quarter GDP numbers (my bold):
Gross domestic product in 3rd quarter of 2011: upswing continues
WIESBADEN – The German economy continues its growth: In the third quarter of 2011, the gross domestic product (GDP) rose 0.5% – upon price, seasonal and calendar adjustment – on the second quarter. In addition, the result for the second quarter of 2011 has been corrected upwards to +0.3%, as reported by the Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). This means that, following the strong growth at the beginning of the year (+1.3% in the first quarter), the upswing of the German economy continued in the course of 2011, with the growth rate slightly increasing in the reference quarter compared with the previous quarter.
In a year-on-year comparison, too, the GDP grew strongly, although not as strongly as in the first half of the year: In the third quarter of 2011, the price-adjusted GDP was up 2.5% on a year earlier (calendar-adjusted: +2.6%).
And lest you think this is an isolated case, below is a recent AP story on consumer confidence in Germany:
BERLIN (AP) — A survey finds that consumer confidence in Germany, Europe's biggest economy, is holding up despite increasing worries about the economic outlook. The GfK research institute said Tuesday that its forward-looking consumer confidence indicator for November stands at 5.3 points — up from 5.2 points in October. GfK says that consumers "remain very optimistic" about income expectations and that their willingness to buy also is being helped by low unemployment and rising salaries.
Really? German consumers remain very optimistic about income expectations and future spending despite the onward march to Eurogeddon? Do they know something we do not know? Or, are they so caught up in the relative successes of the German economy that they fail to fully appreciate what is happening in the rest of the Eurozone?
In case there were any questions, what has happened to aggregate demand in the rest of the Eurozone can be seen below. First, nominal spending has never recovered from its collapse in 2008 and 2009:
Moreover, nominal spending has actually fallen over the past two quarters:
Now maybe the German public does appreciate what is going on in the Eurozone, but simply are not fazed by it. One reason for this might be their belief that they can force the rest of the Eurozone to become more German-like as this "we have them by the balls" comment indicates. A second reason is that in a worst-case scenario the Eurozone breaks up and they return to their beloved Deutsche Mark with a relatively resilient German economy. Whatever the motivation may be, what we do know is that the Germans are doing a fine job stabilizing aggregate demand in Germany.
Posted by David Beckworth at 11:35 AM 6 comments:
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Monday, November 14, 2011
The ECB Needs the Fed Now More Than Ever
And it is not because the ECB needs more currency swaps. It is because the ECB needs the Fed for cover. Here is why. The Fed is a monetary superpower. It manages the world's main reserve currency and many emerging markets are formally or informally pegged to dollar. As a result, its monetary policy gets exported to much of the emerging world. This means that the other two monetary powers, the ECB and Japan, have to be mindful of U.S. monetary policy lest their currencies becomes too expensive relative to the dollar and all the other currencies pegged to the dollar. So, to some extent U.S. monetary policy also gets exported to the Eurozone and Japan too.
This exporting of Fed policy to the Eurozone can be seen in the figures below. The first figure shows the targeted policy interest rates for both the Fed and the ECB since the Euro's inception in 1999. The figure shows that the ECB adjusted its target interest rate in a manner that seems to follow movements in the targeted federal funds rate, a response consistent with the Fed being a monetary superpower. Even the ECB's attempt to break away and tighten in 2011 appears to be conforming to the irresistible pull of the Fed's power.
The next figure shows the year-on-year growth rate for NGDP across the two regions. The arrows highlight what appear here too to be a leading relationship for the USA: nominal spending first takes off in the USA then in Europe and then slows down in that order too.
As a robustness check, the figure below shows the effect across both regions' NGDP growth rates of an unexpected change or shock to the US NGDP growth rate.* The figure reveals that the typical shock to US NGDP during the 1999-2011 period created similar responses across both regions.
Again, an easy way to explain these relationships is that the Fed is a monetary superpower and influences monetary policy in both the United States and the Eurozone. Thus, when the Fed was too easy in the early-to-mid 2000s it fueled rapid nominal spending growth in both regions. Likewise, when the Fed became passively too tight in 2008 it stalled nominal spending growth in both places too.
The Fed, therefore, should be able to help spur nominal spending growth in the Eurozone by do something radical, like adopting a NGDP level target that would return U.S. NGDP to its pre-crisis trend. This would imply aggressive monetary easing by the Fed that, in turn, would put downward pressure on the dollar. This would create the incentive for the reluctant Germans--who seem to care as much about their exports as they do about inflation--and the ECB to get serious about opening their monetary spigots. In other words, a sufficiently aggressive Fed would provide the cover for the ECB to do what it needs to have done all along.
Of course, a more efficient way to do this would be a coordinated effort, such as the plan suggested by Lars Christensen, where the major central banks of the world work together to raise their nominal spending to pre-crisis trend levels. But since this type of coordination does not seem likely anytime soon, it seems natural for the reigning monetary superpower to take the lead and start a global nominal spending recovery.
*These impulse response functions come from a VAR with just the two NGDP growth rates and a constant. Five lags are used along with a Cholesky decompostion.
Posted by David Beckworth at 4:37 PM 2 comments:
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Conservatives for NGDP Targeting
Goldman Sachs has another research note out on NGDP targeting and, among other things, has this to say:
NGDP target[ing] enjoys growing support from economists on both sides of the political aisle. Several prominent economists who have recently advocated NGDP targeting, including Paul Krugman, Christina Romer, and Bradford DeLong, lean toward the Democratic side. However, many of the long-standing “market monetarist” supporters of NGDP targeting such as Scott Sumner and David Beckworth identify themselves as political conservatives. Beckworth recently wrote an article advocating NGDP targeting with political journalist Ramesh Ponnuru in the conservative National Review. Gregory Mankiw, an adviser to Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney, has in the past also published research favorable to NGDP targeting, although he has to our knowledge not weighed in on the current debate.
Actually, Greg Mankiw in a recent Brookings Paper argued for macroeconomic policy that amounts to a NGDP target. In his own words:
This policy might be interpreted, for example, as the central bank targeting a higher level of nominal GDP growth.
Other long-time, right-of-center proponents include Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok--their Modern Principles of Macroeconomics textbook has an innovative AD-AS model that is conducive to making the case for a NGDP target--as well as the recently deceased William Niskanen of Cato Institute. National Review Senior Editor Ramesh Ponurru could also be considered a long-time advocate since he has supported George Selgin's NGDP target for some time. More recently, though, he has become very vocal in his calls for the loosening of monetary policy via a NGDP target (see here, here, here, and here) and has opened the pages of the National Review to us Market Monetarists (see here, here, here, and here). More recent endorsements for a NGDP target come the CATO Institute's Tim Lee. Bruce Bartlett and the folks at FrumForum are also in favor of something like a nominal GDP target. And then there is all the blogging by the Market Monetarists who tend to be right-of-center. So yes, there is growing political support from both sides. The problem, though, is that on the right we have a uphill battle against the hard-money view.
Posted by David Beckworth at 2:23 PM 2 comments:
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Sunday, November 13, 2011
There Are Things Worse Than Inflation
Like an economic collapse in Europe, or worse. Here is Ambrose Evans-Pritchard on the latter possibility:
Chancellor Angela Merkel tells us that peace in Europe can no longer be taken for granted, and she is right. Her own Gothic actions and her inflexible imposition of 1930s Gold Standard contraction and debt-deflation on Southern Europe is itself preparing the ground for Europe’s civil war (hopefully pacific), a rebellion by the South against the North.
His point is that preserving the Eurozone in the way it is currently being done will only lead to a Eurozone rebellion that cannot end well. In particular, he is appalled at the "great Euro Putsch" rolling over two European democracies:
The Greeks were ordered to drop their referendum on measures that reduce their country to a sort of Manchukuo, with EU commissars "on the ground", installed in each ministry, drawing up lists of state assets to be liquidated to pay foreign creditors. Europe had the monetary and fiscal means to contain the EMU debt crisis long enough for Greeks to give or withhold their crucial assent to this ultimatum in December. It chose - under German-Dutch pressure - not deploy those means. Instead it forced Greece to capitulate by cutting off an agreed loan payment. In Italy, the European Central Bank has engineered the downfall of Silvio Berlusconi by playing the bond markets, switching purchases on and off to enforce compliance with its written dictates ("La Lettera"), and ultimately allowing 10-year yields to spike to 7.45pc to drive him out.
What a sobering interpretation of recent events. It brings to mind the famous 1997 Martin Feldstein article titled "EMU and International Conflict." Here is the first paragraph:
To most Americans, European economic and monetary union seems like an obscure financial undertaking of no relevance to the United States. That perception is far from correct. If EMU does come into existence, as now seems increasingly likely, it will change the political character of Europe in ways that could lead to conflicts in Europe and confrontations with the United States.
There is an easier and more peaceful way to save the Eurozone. It is letting loose the true firepower of the ECB. Doing so would reduce the risk premium on troubled sovereign debt, raise inflation, and restore nominal incomes. The first of these would give breathing room to sovereigns needing to work out their debt problems, the second would correct the real exchange rate imbalance within the currency union, and the last would reduce the drag of the debt burden. The problem is that the Germans seem more concerned about inflation than the fallout that will come from staying on the Eurozone's current path. If only there were a way to incentivize the Germans and the ECB to turn on the monetary spigot. Actually, I think there is a way, but it will have to wait for another post.
Posted by David Beckworth at 7:25 PM No comments:
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Wednesday, November 9, 2011
The Fed Needs To Get Ahead of the Eurozone Crisis
Brad DeLong says what I have been thinking for some time:
Where is my fed announcement that it will not let chaos in Europe cause a double dip here?
Exactly. The Fed needs to be proactive not reactive, otherwise it risks making the same mistakes it made in 2008. Here is what I said along these same lines earlier this year:
Nick Rowe is concerned that the collapse of the Eurozone could lead to another Lehman-type event for the global financial system. He is also wondering what central banks should be doing in preparation for such an event. Nick is not the only one concerned. Others have expressed concerned that financial contagion could arise from credit default swaps on Greek bonds or U.S. money market funds that are indirectly linked to the Greek economy through investments in the core Eurozone countries. Even Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke expressed concern in his last press conference about the indirect exposure the U.S. economy has to Greek crisis:
Answering a question during Wednesday's press conference about the U.S. financial system's exposure to Greece's problems, Bernanke went to great lengths to explain how U.S. institutions had very little "direct exposure" to Greece but considerable "indirect exposure" via their loans to European banks that have loaned to Greece. He drew attention to U.S. money market funds' "very substantial" holdings of European bank-issued commercial paper, which others have estimated to represent a whopping 40% of their assets
...
[M]emories of the chaos that followed the demise of Lehman Brothers in 2008 are strong and tend to color how investors, including U.S. money funds, respond to troubling events, such as the Greek crisis...The fear is that a default by Greece or a disorderly restructuring of the nation's debt could create contagion in the bond markets of other troubled sovereigns, thereby doing damage to the balance sheets of banks that have loaned to those governments. This could then raise fears about counterparty credit risks in short-term lending markets and, in a worst-case scenario, the paralysis of this vital source of bank funding.
So what can the Fed do? Here is a suggestion: the Fed could say if total current dollar spending begins to plummet because concerns about the financial system are causing investors to rapidly buy up safe money-like assets (time and saving accounts, money market accounts, treasuries, etc.) then the Fed would begin buying up less-safe and less-liquid assets until the investors' demand for money-like assets is satiated such that they return total current dollar spending to its previous level. The Fed would need to stress the "until" part means it would purchase as many trillions of dollars of assets as necessary to restore total current dollar spending. Since this process would take place over time, the Fed would also want to set a target growth rate for where it wanted the level of total current dollar spending to go.
If the above sounds reasonable to you, then you should be a fan of nominal GDP level targeting. It is exactly what the U.S. economy needed in early 2008 when inflation expectations and velocity started falling. And it is exactly what the U.S. economy needs now.
We now have two good reasons for the Fed to adopt a nominal GDP level target: one, it would restore robust nominal spending growth to the U.S. economy and two, it would better insulate the U.S. economy from the Eurozone crisis. Time is of the essence, act now!
Posted by David Beckworth at 6:58 PM 2 comments:
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Tuesday, November 8, 2011
Scott Sumner Is Live At the WSJ
Posted by David Beckworth at 6:39 PM No comments:
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Supply Shocks and Nominal GDP Targeting
Adam P is a bit irritated with all the attention being given to nominal GDP targeting and has been tossing some "volatility critique" and "optimality critique" grenades our way. Fortunately, the volatility critique grenade was a dud, though I am still am holding and sizing up the optimality one. Hopefully, it doesn't blow up. Where is the love Adam P?
His latest bombardment on the nominal GDP camp comes in an attempt to critique what I think is one of the biggest benefits of nominal GDP targeting: how it deals with supply shocks. This latest bombardment, however, is not a dud but ironically ends up blowing apart inflation targeting rather nominal GDP targeting.
Here is why. Inflation is the result or symptom of underlying shocks to aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS). Monetary policy, however, can only meaningfully influence AD so that is where its focus should be. This cannot happen with strict inflation targeting because it requires the central bank to respond to any change in inflation, regardless of whether it is caused by AD or AS shocks. In other words, inflation targeting causes the central bank to respond to AS shocks when it should only be responding to AD shocks. A nominal GDP target acknowledges this distinction and appropriately focuses monetary policy on the cause (AD shock) not the symptom (inflation).
Adam P., therefore, is therefore right to claim that monetary policy cannot "fix" a supply shock, but he has it completely backward when he claims that this does not happen with inflation targeting:
[T]he thing about supply shocks is that there really isn't anything monetary policy can do to "fix" the problem, one of the reasons that inflation or price level targeting is better [than nominal GDP targeting] is exactly because there is no attempt to fix a problem that is not amenable to a monetary solution.
On the contrary, a strict inflation-targeting central bank is forced to respond to AS shocks when they occur. For example, assume a new technology makes computers significantly faster. All else equal, this productivity-enhancing AS shock would create disinflation and put upward pressure on the natural (i.e. equilibrium) interest rate. A central bank adhering to a strict inflation target would be forced to respond to the disinflation by lowering its target interest rate. This response, however, would push the target interest rate down just as the natural interest rate was increasing, a destabilizing development. Stated differently, this response would add unwarranted monetary stimulus to an existing boom. A nominal GDP target, on the other hand, would allow the inflation rate to fall and the target interest rate to rise with the natural interest rate.
To make this example concrete, assume a nominal-GDP growth-rate target of 5 percent. This technology shock might temporarily result in 5 percent real economic growth and 0 percent inflation under this regime. In contrast, a rigid inflation target of say 2 percent in conjunction with the 5 percent real economic growth would require 7 percent nominal-GDP growth, or a potentially destabilizing surge in spending. Better to ignore the supply shock and allow the temporary disinflation than to have an unsustainable boom in spending.
Now consider a negative AS shock caused by a super-virus that temporarily shuts down most computer systems. This negative shock would decrease productivity and increase prices. This might, for example, result in 0 percent real economic growth and 5 percent inflation. Here, a 2 percent inflation target would require a tightening of monetary policy that would further constrict an already weakened economy. A Federal Reserve that was targeting nominal GDP would not face this dilemma. It would simply keep total current-dollar spending stable at 5 percent growth and allow the supply shock to work itself out. Yes, there would still be a recession and rise in unemployment, but nowhere near as pronounced as a central banking choosing to further strangle an economy just to maintain an inflation target.
Though not explicitly arguing for nominal GDP targeting, Lawrence Christiano, Roberto Motto, and Massimo Rostagno in this NBER paper raise the same criticism of inflation targeting. They formally show that focusing "too narrowly on inflation may inadvertently contribute to welfare-reducing boom-bust cycles in real and financial variables." The authors show that if (1) there are positive productivity innovations and (2) monetary policy follows a standard Taylor rule that responds to deviations of inflation from its target then boom bust cycles can be generated. The authors explain that in
the equilibrium with the Taylor rule, the real wage falls, while efficiency dictates that it rise [following a productivity shock]. In effect, in the Taylor rule equilibrium the markets receive a signal that the cost of labor is low, and this is part of the reason that the economy expands so strongly. The ‘correct’ signal would be sent by a high real wage, and this could be accomplished by allowing the price level to fall. However, in the monetary policy regime governed by our Taylor rule this fall in the price level is not permitted to occur: any threatened fall in the price level is met by a proactive expansion in monetary policy.
In other words, these authors are arguing that by forcing monetary authorities to respond to changes in inflation that come from AS shocks, inflation targeting becomes destabilizing. Now these authors say nothing about nominal GDP targeting, but their point above that the price level should be allowed to fall in response to a positive AS shock implies nominal GDP targeting--which allows for this very thing--would be better.
This flaw with inflation targeting--treating all changes in inflation the same--is a big reason why the Fed added too much stimulus in the early-to-mid 2000s. It misread the disinflationary pressures then as indicating weak AD rather than rapid productivity gains. This flaw also explains why the Fed failed to add monetary stimulus at its September, 2008 FOMC even when all signs where indicating a sharp collapse in AD. As I said before, it is better to target the cause than to target the symptom.
Posted by David Beckworth at 6:34 PM 12 comments:
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Friday, November 4, 2011
A Win-Win for Conservatives and Liberals
Ramesh Ponnuru and I have a new article in The New Republic where we argue that conservatives should embrace more aggressive monetary policy while liberals should not fear budget tightening. Our point is that the Fed could be doing far more to restore robust nominal spending and if it did so, it would be possible to do fiscal consolidation without harming the economy. For example, if the Fed were targeting nominal GDP and government spending cuts proved to be contractionary, then the Fed would offset them so as to maintain a stable nominal GDP growth rate. It is a win-win situation. Conservatives get fiscal consolidation and liberals get a meaningful boost to aggregate demand.
Joe Weisenthall objects by arguing the following:
The biggest problem facing the economy is that the private sector is in too much debt. Americans are trapped in their homes, where they owe huge mortgages, and are generally paying off the big credit boom from the last few decades...If you can accept that this needs to come down, it seems ludicrous to think that the answer to the debt crisis is: cheaper loans!
Two responses. First, nowhere have we argued that indebted households should take on additional borrowing. Rather, monetary easing via a nominal GDP level target would make its biggest impact, in our view, via changes in expectations that would cause households to rebalance their portfolios in a way that would stimulate spending. Bank lending and borrowing are not key to this story. And yes, there is ample evidence that expectations do affect spending decisions.
Second, while the buildup of household debt is a drag for debtors it does not have to be for the economy as a whole. If the monetary authority is able to maintain stable nominal spending expectations--that is minimize uncertainty about future nominal income growth--then the creditors should provide a boost to spending that offsets the debtors' reduction in spending. The "balance sheet recession" view ignores this possibility and ignores the historical examples where this actually happened. Moreover, a closer look at household balance sheets reveals that the real problem constraining aggregate demand is on the asset side, not the liability side. That is, what best explains in a systematic manner spending changes is the household share of liquid assets not its debt to income ratio. But even so, a rise in nominal income from adopting a nominal GDP target would make it easier for indebted households to service their liabilities.
Finally, Joe Wiesenthall is troubled with our claim that the fiscal policy multiplier is zero. Let me explain this claim using this analogy I made in the past:
Scott Sumner once compared arm wrestling with his daughter to the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy. Scott explained that no matter how hard his daughter tried to win the arm-wrestling contest he would always apply just enough pressure to offset her efforts and keep her in check. Likewise, no matter how hard fiscal policy may attempt to stimulate aggregate spending the Fed has the ability to offset such actions and place aggregate demand where it so chooses. In other words, the size of the fiscal multiplier ultimately depends on the stance of monetary policy.
Since the Fed could do more by its own admission and yet seems content doing nothing at the moment, it stands to reason that a fiscal policy stimulus that lead to enough rapid nominal spending growth to close the output gap would be quickly arrested by the Fed. The problem, then, is with the Fed. A nominal GDP level target would change the Fed's perspective so that it would allow enough nominal spending growth to return nominal GDP to some pre-crisis trend. Fiscal policy in such a setting would be more effective, but then it wouldn't be needed because the Fed itself would be pushing nominal GDP to its target growth path.
For further comments on our article see Rameh Ponnuru's comments here and here.
Posted by David Beckworth at 4:57 PM 6 comments:
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Thursday, November 3, 2011
The Fed Gets Schooled Again: Swiss Central Bank Edition
I once argued that all incoming Fed officials should spend six months interning at the Swedish central bank given their relative success in stabilizing nominal GDP. I was wrong. What I should have said is that all incoming Fed officials should spend six months interning at the Swiss central bank. Lars Christensen explains why:
Here is from The Street Light:
“You may recall that in September the Swiss National Bank (SNB) announced that it was going to intervene as necessary in the currency markets to ensure that the Swiss Franc (CHF) stayed above a minimum exchange rate with the euro of 1.20 CHF/EUR. How has that been working out for them?
It turns out that it has been working extremely well. Today the SNB released data on its balance sheet for the end of September. During the month of August the SNB had to spend almost CHF 100 billion to buy foreign currency assets to keep the exchange rate at a reasonable level. But in September — most of which was after the announcement of the exchange rate minimum — the SNB’s foreign currency assets only grew by about CHF 25 billion. Furthermore, this increase in the CHF value of the SNB’s foreign currency assets likely includes substantial capital gains that the SNB reaped on its euro portfolio (which was valued at about €130 bn at the end of September), as the CHF was almost 10% weaker against the euro in September than in August. Given that, it seems likely that the SNB’s purchases of new euro assets in September after the announcement of the exchange rate floor almost completely stopped.”
This is a very strong demonstration of the power of monetary policy when the central bank is credible. This is the Chuck Norris effect of monetary policy: You don’t have to print more money to ease monetary policy if you are a credible central bank with a credible target. (Nick Rowe and I like this sort of thing…) And now to the (not so) crazy idea – if the SNB can ease monetary policy by announcing a devaluation why can’t the Federal Reserve and the ECB do it?
Exactly. Instead of having a central bank that sets an explicit target and commits to doing whatever is necessary to hit it, we have a central bank that at best has a fuzzy inflation target and operates in a manner that does little to create certainty about the future path of monetary policy. This lack of clarity was on display yesterday at the post-FOMC news conference when journalist pointed out to Bernanke that the Fed's forecast is worsening yet the Fed wants to wait for further information before acting. These journalists wanted to know what would trigger the Fed to act and Bernanke could not give a clear answer. This is because he is simply unable to make a conditional forecast of future monetary policy with no explicit target. This is crazy. Here we have the most powerful central bank in the world stumbling, tripping, and occasionally getting lost as it moves forward because it chooses not to set a clear, explicit path of where it wants to go. If only we could learn from the Swiss...
Posted by David Beckworth at 9:28 AM 6 comments:
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Wednesday, November 2, 2011
Greg Ip Takes on Nominal GDP Targeting
Greg Ip has a long post criticizing nominal GDP targeting. This is not the first time he has expressed skepticism about nominal GDP targeting so his response is not entirely surprising. What is surprising is some of the arguments he makes. Ip does not seem to understand the theory or evidence for nominal GDP targeting. Fortunately, Ryan Avent, Nick Rowe, Scott Sumner, and Bill Woosley provide replies to many of Ip's criticisms. I hope Ip reads them.
Now let me add a few more points to the discussion. One thing Greg Ip asks for is "evidence linking NGDP targeting to the behavior of private actors." Now there have not been any explicit nominal GDP targeters from which to draw lessons, but we do have evidence on the importance of nominal GDP expectations and actual nominal GDP performance. Based on this evidence it seems likely that Fed would pack quite a punch if it adopted a nominal GDP level target.
Greg Ip also claims that since "2007 the Fed has worked overtime to push employment higher and keep inflation from falling." If the Fed has been working overtime then why did total current dollar spending take its biggest postwar fall in late 2008, early 2009? The data clearly show that the Fed failed to fully respond to the fall in velocity starting in 2008. And it has failed to restored robust nominal spending ever since. What Ip fails to appreciate here is the notion of a passive tightening of monetary policy. Fed chairman Ben Bernanke takes it seriously. Ip should too.
Finally, Greg Ip cites one study by Laurence Ball (1999) that theoretically finds problems with NGDP targeting. What he failed to mention is that the results of this study have been shown to be fragile. Here is what I wrote before about this paper:
Laurence Ball (1999) demonstrated theoretically in a widely-cited paper that nominal GDP targeting can lead to increased volatility of output and inflation. Lars Svenson (1999) later reconfirmed Ball's findings. This made some observers questions whether nominal GDP had any future. Bennett McCallum (1999), however, said not so fast. He showed that their conclusions were based on special backward-looking IS and Phillip curve relations that are "theoretically unattractive" (because they are backward looking) and whose results fail to hold up with more general specifications. Richard Dennis (2001) later confirmed that Ball and Svenson's results were fragile. Finally, Kaushik Mitra (2003) showed that even with adaptive learning, nominal GDP targeting remains a desirable objective for monetary policy. Thus, there have been no robust studies that show nominal GDP targeting increases volatility.
I hope Greg Ip wrestles with these points and those made by the other commentators replying to him. If he does, I think he will better appreciate why more and more folks are becoming enamored with nominal GDP targeting. Who knows, maybe he too will catch the nominal GDP targeting bug!
Posted by David Beckworth at 8:25 AM No comments:
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Tuesday, November 1, 2011
Some Evidence on the Importance of Expectations
Modern macroeconomics tells us that expectations are crucial to economic decision making. It is not hard to see why. Imagine someone is going to get a big pay raise next year and it will be permanent going forward. It is highly likely that as a result of this change the person will increase his spending today, all else equal. I see this scenario every year with college students who have landed a job, but have yet to start working and get a paycheck. They feel more financially secure and start making bigger purchases such as a new car.
Now think about all those households that are being financially cautious because they are uncertain about their investments and job prospects in the future. If suddenly they feel more secure about their future incomes, they too will start spending more. Same thing for firms sitting on cash. Improve their forecast of sales and they will start hiring more workers and building more plants to meet that expected rise in demand for their goods.
This is why expectations is such a big part of modern macroeconomics. And it is why the Fed could pack more of punch if it did a better job managing expectations about future nominal spending (and by implication inflation) via a nominal GDP level target. Now the Fed would probably need to back up its announcement for higher nominal spending with additional asset purchases, but if taken seriously the public would do much of the heavy lifting. That is, households and firms would start rebalancing their portfolios away from safe, liquid assets toward riskier, higher yielding ones that would create positive balance sheet and wealth effects for spending. Some of the portfolio rebalancing would go toward capital assets that would directly affect spending. These developments would improve the economic outlook and that, in turn, would further reinforce the decision to spend more today.
But some folks are not convinced. They want more than stories. They want evidence that by changing expectations the Fed can change current nominal spending. Here is my attempt to provide some evidence on this question. It is brief and much more could be done, but I think it should be sufficient to give the skeptics pause.
First, many observers have documented that FDR changed nominal expectations at the depths of the Great Depression by talking up a price level target and backing it up by devaluing the gold content of the dollar. Gautti Eggertson probably has the best known piece on how expectations were crucial to this experience, but also see here for how the change in expectations influenced nominal spending. What is remarkable about this experience is that FDR was able to turn around expectations despite almost three and half years of deflation and economic collapse. That FDR could do this in such dire circumstances suggests it could be done today.
Second, it is fairly straightforward to empirically demonstrate that both inflation expectations and nominal spending expectations have been important to current nominal spending. This can be done using the quarterly Survey of Professional Forecasters from the Philadelphia Fed. This survey has inflation and nominal GDP forecasts for the next five quarters that go back to 1968:Q4. The next two figures show that if one takes the average forecast for the next four quarters and plots it against the actual subsequent nominal GDP growth that occurred over the next year there is a systematic relationship:
Now the relationship is not perfect--you wouldn't expect it to be because subsequent shocks could come along over the next year--but it is strong enough to suggest expectations about the future do influence current spending decisions. Plotting the forecasts against just the current quarter (whose value is unknown at the time of forecast) yields similar results.
Now since the above data is in growth rate form, we don't have to worry about spurious relationships emerging from trends. We might, however, wonder if these figures are picking up some kind of serial correlation coming from an omitted variable. In order to address this question, I ran ran a vector autoregression (VAR) that had as variables the forecasted nominal GDP growth rate for the next year (same as above) and the current quarter nominal GDP growth rate (annualized). Five lags were used since this many is sufficient to whiten the residuals and get rid of any serial correlation. The VAR also allows me to answer this important question: what happens to the current nominal GDP growth rate when there is an unexpected change in its forecasted growth rate over the next year? (These unexpected changes or shocks to the nominal GDP forecasts are those movements in the forecast that could not have been predicted by changes in its own past values or by changes in the past values of actual nominal GDP.)
The next two graphs answer this question. The first one shows what happens to the forecasted nominal GDP growth rate for the next year following a typical (i.e. one standard deviation) shock to the forecast. It reveals that, on average over the 1968:Q4-2011:Q3 period, such shocks cause the forecasted nominal GDP growth rate to increase about 0.73 percentage points upon impact and then slowly decline after that.
Now the above figure is not what we are really after. What we want to see is the response of actual nominal GDP. But the above figure is important because it provides a way for us to compare the size of the change in the forecasted nominal GDP growth rate to the size of the change in the actual nominal GDP growth rate following such a shock. So what does the typical, actual nominal GDP growth rate response look like? Here is the answer:
This figure shows that the typical forecast shock of 0.73 percentage points causes the actual nominal GDP growth rate to increase about 1.50 percentage points upon impact. In other words, current nominal spending is very sensitive to changes in forecasted nominal GDP. The actual nominal GDP growth rate response remains elevated for about two quarters after the shock and then gradually declines. The VAR was rerun with the GDP deflator inflation forecast instead of the nominal GDP forecast. Upon impact, the typical forecast shock caused expected inflation to increase 0.35 percent while the nominal GDP growth rate response increased 0.68 percentage points. Here to current nominal spending is very sensitive to changes in expected inflation.
To summarize, the evidence from the scatterplots and the vector autoregressions indicates that current dollar spending is very sensitive to changes in both expected inflation and expected nominal spending. These findings suggest, then, that if the Fed did adopt a nominal GDP level target--something that would definitely jolt expectations--it is likely that nominal spending would respond quickly and meaningfully.
Posted by David Beckworth at 10:09 PM 2 comments:
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David Beckworth is a Senior Research Fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and a former U.S. Treasury economist. This blog reflects his occasional musings on macroeconomic issues.
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Which would you rather have – Chavez or Cameron?
Isn’t it amazing, the amount of joy the right-wing press and its adherents can project over the death of a man who improved conditions in his country beyond all expectations?
That is what we are seeing after the death of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez.
But we should not be surprised – after all, these are the same newspapers (and their bosses) who support the nation-wrecking policies of David Cameron and the Coalition – an unelected dictator and a cadre of manipulators whose only linked interest is their own enrichment at the expense of anybody else.
Chavez was not perfect. There are some aspects of his personality that would give any reasonable person cause for second thoughts. His support for foreign dictators is one. Any man who can draw tributes from Ahmadinijad and Assad is questionable. The rise of violent crime in his country is another – and extremely worrying. Violent crime is linked with poverty, and yet…
And yet any criticism of his presidency on economic grounds is absurd. His nation’s wealth tripled during the first 12 years he was in office. Tripled!
As for his association with unelected dictators – this seems beyond strange as he was not one himself. In fact, his share of the popular vote at his last election was enough to turn every British Prime Minister since Winston Churchill pale with envy.
That last election was won under one of the fairest and most robust voting systems in the world – that was implemented by his own party. Former US President Jimmy Carter thinks its system is superior to that of the US. Turnout was more than 80 per cent, with 55.1 per cent of voters casting for Chavez. It’s notable that the 44.3 per cent of votes cast for rival Henrique Capriles would shame every single UK Prime Minister since Harold Wilson in 1966.
In other words, Venezuela’s former president was elected by one of the most democratically-sound systems in the world, and gained more support from his people than any British PM since Churchill.
Not a despot, then.
He has cut extreme poverty by two-thirds, and general poverty by almost half.
He has cut infant mortality and improved equality; and he has cut unemployment by almost half, to 8.2 per cent (strikingly close to the UK level).
He has improved his nations infrastructure and public services.
And he has proved that left-wing policies can improve prosperity and increase economic growth.
That’s why the right-wing press hate him. He shows there is a better alternative to the nightmare we are living through.
So let’s look at David Cameron, shall we?
Only 23.47 per cent of eligible voters supported David Cameron in the UK general election of 2010 (compared with 44.32 per cent for Chavez in January this year).
That election was marred by the fact that many voters were prevented from casting their vote at polling stations that closed at exactly 10pm. This was incorrect – all voters who had arrived and were queueing by 10pm should have been admitted to the building and allowed to cast their vote. So the UK election of 2010 was carried out in an improper way.
The result was a hung Parliament, with no single political party gaining power. The Con/Dem Coalition was formed in a backroom deal between Cameron and Nick Clegg, and had nothing to do with the will of the electorate. Therefore Cameron can be said to be unelected. Less than a quarter of the eligible voters wanted him and he did not win enough Parliamentary seats to justify taking office.
Then we come to dictatorship. How many unwanted policies have we had since this rabble slithered into government, determined to restrict our freedoms just as much as possible?
Policies like, for example, the cuts to Legal Aid?
Secret courts?
The Internet snooping Bill?
The plan to gerrymander the number of Parliamentary seats and the boundaries of constituencies, in order to deliver an unfair advantage to the Conservative Party in the next election (which, thankfully, failed)?
How many policies have been imposed on us with the intention of impoverishing the poorest in society?
The Welfare Reform Act?
The Localism Act, with its reintroduction of the hated Poll Tax (that’s the Council Tax Reduction Scheme, for those of you in England who have to deal with it)?
The Bedroom Tax?
AUSTERITY?
And then there’s the Health and Social Care Act, an attempt to ‘fix’ the National Health Service when it wasn’t broken, in order to let private operators get their hands on the huge cash opportunities it offers. Has anyone noticed that the nation’s health has worsened, according to many indicators, since the ConDems took over?
And there has been no mention yet of all the policies to put money in the pockets of the very rich, donors to the Conservative Party, bankers, people who park their money in offshore tax havens (thereby keeping it away from the taxman) and the many other corrupt ways this government’s members have been filling their own pockets with cash (and those of their friends and donors) when they should have been looking after the national interest.
Yet the right-wing press supports Mr Cameron and his cronies, despite the fact that they have been a worse disaster for the UK than the financial crisis that preceded their arrival.
Can we ever hope to have a champion like Chavez in this country?
Or is the British system now so badly corroded that it can only ever attract the worst that society has to offer?
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What exactly makes Guardians of the Galaxy so beloved within the overall Marvel Cinematic Universe? Aside from the soundtracks, the real driving forces behind Guardians of the Galaxy and the sequel are the protagonists. Guardians of the Galaxy: Vol. 2 gives everyone character development that takes them from being “Space Avengers” to stand-out individuals. It also introduced Mantis, Ego’s adopted daughter, played by Pom Klementieff. Mantis is a unique character compared to the others in the movie and even in the larger scope of all the Marvel Cinematic Universe characters.
Up to this point, the female characters in the Marvel Cinematic Universe have either been very stoic and efficient in battle (Black Widow, Gamora, Daisy Johnson) or love interests that are relegated to supporting roles (Pepper Potts, Jane Foster). Mantis, however, is neither a love interest nor an action girl. Instead, she connects to the Guardians of the Galaxy by her empathic abilities. The fact that her character arc centers on emotionally connecting with others and sharing her social awkwardness is a breath of fresh air when considering how often people want women in the media to either be tough, strong, and stoic or the emotional damsel in distress or just act as fanservice.
Mantis is the first character from the Marvel Cinematic Universe that I could say is the character who is most like me. Given that the MCU has been around since 2008, it’s hard to believe that it took almost a decade for Marvel to introduce a character like her. It’s not to say that I didn’t like The Avengers or the Guardians or the Agents of Shield or the Defenders. I love all of them to certain extents. However, something that made Marvel comics appealing was that it introduced characters that felt relatable, like an average teenage boy from Queens suddenly getting spider abilities or an average Muslim girl from New Jersey suddenly being able to stretch and shrink her body. While Mantis is by no means an average human being, she was based on a half-Asian human character from the comics. What makes her relatable to me is her social awkwardness and empathic abilities.
In an interview with Carson Daly, Pom Klementieff said:
In Marvel movies, we’re used to seeing badass and strong female characters, which I love…But it’s cool to show something else, you know, to show someone who’s less self-confident, who’s a bit weird.
Throughout the movie, Mantis connects to the other Guardians, especially Drax (played by Dave Bautista). It makes sense, given that they’re both socially awkward. However, what really seals their friendship is when she uses her empathic powers on Drax as he reflects on the loss of his wife and daughter. She breaks down in tears while he looks out at the beautiful scenery with a smile. It’s not certain whether Drax is at peace with what happened or if he happy that he’s just starting to move on. What is certain is that Drax finally found a friend who understands his grief.
Of course, my shipping radar went off the roof with how Drax and Mantis interacted with each other. I find relationships based on emotional connection and attraction very appealing. However, it’s made explicitly clear that Mantis and Drax find each other physically repulsive and do not want to pursue anything romantic. This averts any ideas of the emotional, empathetic one being anyone’s designated love interest. (Apologies to the Drax/Mantis shippers.)
In a world that’s trying to figure out the ideal heroic woman, having a character like Mantis is a step forward in the right direction. It’s important for young girls to know that there are times that call them to be strong, but they shouldn’t discard their ability to empathize with others. The purpose of stories is to create empathy for people we wouldn’t normally connect with. Mantis shows that there is a great strength in being empathetic. Having empathy allowed Mantis to find people who cared for her as a person, a new family beyond just Ego and her empathic abilities actually helped in the inevitable final battle. I seriously can’t wait to see what she does in the next movie the Guardians appear in!
Catholic Brotherhood Then and Now
June 29, 2016 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
From Batman and Robin to Abbot and Costello, dynamic duos have been an essential part of history. Friendships such as Jackie Robinson and Peewee Reese faced against all manner of hatred and bigotry.
It’s no surprise, then, that the Catholic Church has its own share of dynamic duos. We have David and Jonathan, Moses and Jonah, Elijah and Elisha…But the duo whose feast we celebrate today is that of Saints Peter and Paul.
Being a cradle Catholic, I had a soft spot for Saint Peter. I used to joke that Jesus changed Simon’s name to Peter not just because he’ll become the foundation of the Church, but also because Peter had a really thick head! Peter was always one to spit out whatever thought came into his mind, even if it didn’t make any sense or if it was the wrong thing to say. Yet, after Jesus’s resurrection, Peter changed. He took on the responsibility as being the head of Christ’s Church, which meant keeping order. One only needs to read about the incident with Ananias and Sapphira to see the difference between how Peter was before Jesus died and after.
In contrast, we have Paul of Tarsus. Paul started out as a young, zealous Pharisee who felt justified in persecuting Christians. After Jesus intervened, though, it became Paul’s mission to spread the Good News to the Gentiles since he had the advantage of being fluent in Greek and was welcomed in most cities in the Mediterranean area.
Bishop Robert Barron said that the Catholic Church needs to have the spirits of both Peter and Paul: “Without the Petrine discipline, the Pauline work would be unfocused and continually in danger of dissolution. Without the Pauline energy, the Petrine work would devolve into cold management and ecclesiastical bureaucracy.”
The spirits of Peter and Paul live on today, namely with these two popes:
Benedict and Francis have both Peter and Paul in them. Like Peter, Pope Francis has a tendency to speak off-the-cuff. His blunt remarks can be both refreshing and unsettling. And yet, like Paul, Pope Francis is also well-known for how often he reaches out to the poor and marginalized. He has an effect on people no matter where he goes.
Pope Benedict, on the other hand, carries on the Petrine discipline. He may not be in the public eye as often as he used to be, but he’s still praying for the Church. The way we pray in Church will forever be changed because of him. And yet, like Paul, he’s also intelligent and well-educated. Future theology students will probably be studying his works for class.
I’m tired of people pitting these two against each other. In reality, they are brothers in Christ and in what is essentially their shared papacy. I have no doubt that sometime in the future, these two will be canonized together, much in the same way Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were.
Match Made In Heaven: Tobit Bible Study Day 5
January 29, 2016 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
From Heart of Mary Women’s Fellowship:
In these days when we can find a date with the quickness of a swipe or a tap or a click, it seems like finding a genuine relationship is next to impossible. I think we can relate to the fear that Tobias has about entering into marriage with Sarah. Although most of us aren’t exactly afraid of dying on our wedding night, we always carry a small fear whenever we enter into a new relationship that something will go wrong. This can often lead to us sabotaging ourselves without even realizing it.
Read the rest here!
Gratitude For Friendship
November 24, 2015 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
From Sirach 6:14-17
Faithful friends are a sturdy shelter:
whoever finds one has found a treasure.
Faithful friends are beyond price;
no amount can balance their worth.
Faithful friends are life-saving medicine;
and those who fear the Lord will find them.
Those who fear the Lord direct their friendship aright,
for as they are, so are their neighbors also.
Read today’s reflection here!
A Different Kind of Tinder: The Differences Between The Hookup Culture, Friendship, Casual Dating, and True Love
August 28, 2015 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
I practically live on the internet. I wrote a post about how awesome it is to have friends on the internet. I love that I can be open about my faith online to friends and acquaintances who see themselves as atheist, agnostic or “spiritual but not religious” without having any kind of yelling or belittling of myself or my beliefs. But I still have friends in real life as well and while I have a lot of social networks, I haven’t signed up for any online dating sites or installed any kind of dating apps on my tablet. Hypothetically, if I were to ever go out on a date, I’d want to meet the guy in real life, have him ask for my number, and take me out to dinner. It sounds old-fashioned, I know.
One reason I don’t go on dating sites is for one thing, all the good ones are too expensive. I do know people who’ve met and even married people they met online, but as I said before, I’m an old-fashioned romantic. I want to get to know the guy I’m with as an actual person, not just chat with him on Facebook or talk via text messaging. It takes me completely out of my comfort zone, but hey, nothing safe is worth the drive.
There’s an article from Vanity Fair going around called “Tinder and the Dawn of the ‘Dating Apocalypse.'” It’s a pretty long article that comments on how fast and easy the hookup culture has become with the popularity of apps like Tinder which focus more on getting someone to spend the night with than getting to know a person. But honestly, I don’t see how that’s different from two strangers going to sleep with each other after meeting at a party or a bar. The hookup culture has been around for decades. It’s just that it’s happening faster now.
I don’t blame this so-called “dating apocalypse” on apps like Tinder. I blame the hookup culture. I get the desire of wanting to be with a person, but too many people are accepting of this idea that hookups are okay without thinking of the consequences, physical and emotional. There’s this dizzying, contradicting logic that people can have sex without consequences and yet somehow still find true love if the person is also someone you want to be with outside of the bedroom.
So why do I cultivate the majority of my friendships online but prefer to find my dates in the real world? To be honest, it’s because online, it’s easier to find people who share the same interests. I can talk about Buffy as much as I want to with my fellow online friends because we all understand our love for the show and the characters. But at the same time, I hope I can meet these friends at a convention. Eventually, even with online friendships, there’s a desire to know the person in the real world. The reason I want to find my dates in the real world is because I’m not just looking for someone I talk about Buffy or Doctor Who with. I’m looking for a future husband.
Casual dating about knowing what kind of person you like to be with and hopefully learning some emotional maturity in the process. Casual dating is not for everyone. For me, casual dating helps me to not get my expectations too high. Love doesn’t have to be all-or-nothing. While I’m okay with just getting to know guys and casually dating them without any expectations of a relationship or marriage right now, eventually, there will be a guy who will go the extra mile for me and I’ll want to get too know him more than any other guy. In other words, when it comes to dating, I’m cultivating love with a different kind of tinder.
The tinder that comes with authentic love is loving the other person as a person, not just as a means to an end. I’m not saying to go out on a date and talk about wedding bells and a white picket fence right away. I’m saying that you need to know the person you’re going out with as a legitimate and actual human being, created by God for a purpose. Eventually, the right person will come. But until then, there is no need for the instant gratification of a swipe and the ego boost that comes with a person thinking you look hot enough to spend the night with. I struggle with lonely nights just as much as anyone else, but I also know, that there are ways to deal with my loneliness that doesn’t require an app or an internet connection. I hope that others will come to realize that as well.
Nice Guy Syndrome, The Friendzone, and Entitlement Mentality
August 12, 2015 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
Whenever I scroll through my dashboard on Tumblr, one thing that keeps popping up is this thing called “Nice Guy Syndrome.” “Nice Guy Syndrome” is (according to the Tumblr hive mind) when your average guy complains about his lack of relationships even though he acts nice to women. Most guys with “nice guy syndrome” complain about being stuck in the friendzone.
A good example of “Nice Guy Syndrome” or being stuck in the friendzone can be seen in “Prophecy Girl” (Buffy season 1, episode 12). Ian AKA Passion of the Nerd analyzes this scene in his Buffy Episode Guide. The scene I’m talking about starts at the 2:23 mark and the analysis of said scene ends at 4:17 so if you haven’t seen Buffy the Vampire Slayer, I recommend you stop the video at that point to avoid spoilers.
I totally get Xander wanting to ask Buffy out, but at the same time, I understand why Buffy turns Xander down, too. It’s not even that she has a crush on Angel, which Xander complains about later, but she sees him as a friend, plain and simple. (Also, kudos to Willow for refusing to be Xander’s rebound.) Xander thinks with his passion, but he lacks clear judgment and empathy, an issue that continues on for the rest of the series. One major thing I hated about the show is that they never showed Xander getting over Buffy. Even when he moved onto relationships with other girls, Xander still interferes in Buffy’s life, namely pushing her to stay in a relationship with a guy named Riley even though they’re all wrong for each other. (Not to mention the crap that went down in Season 6 but that is a completely different blog post.)
Now while it’s true girls fantasize about bad boys (I’ve mentioned my drooling over Spike on here, right?), they also fantasize about having the perfect gentleman as a husband as well. (Exhibit A: Mister Darcy from Pride and Prejudice) I don’t like guys who only act nice just so they can get a girlfriend. Guys should be nice to girls because you should love your neighbor as yourself, not as a means to an end.
But unfortunately, girls are just as guilty of acting bitter over guys they can’t have. Trust me when I say I’ve been there and done that. My boy-crazy phase was basically like Taylor Swift’s “Blank Space.” I would see this cute guy and immediately think that I’ve fallen in love with him. I’d act all nice to him, doing my best to flirt (usually with spectacularly awkward failure), but the minute something goes wrong, I start panicking. I start seeing any girl he’s friends with as a rival. And yeah, I’d eventually write the guy off as all wrong for me, spend some time single and then boom, onto the next guy.
Things have thankfully changed since then. I hang out with my friends, which consist of both guys and girls, but I don’t expect anything out of the guys. Even the cute ones. This is because I’ve accepted my life as a single person and don’t feel entitled to having a relationship just because I want one. Believe me when I say that I get lonely and I miss being in a relationship sometimes and I hope to have a good relationship sometime in the near future. The difference between now and then is that I recognize that the guys in my life are people too, not just means to an end.
The thing about the friendzone is that it comes from an entitlement mentality. People act nice as a means and think that they can have the perfect guy or girl if they act a certain way. But a relationship built on the expectations of getting everything you want isn’t healthy. A good example of that can be seen in Buffy and Riley’s relationship during Season 5.
Buffy is the Slayer, which means that she has super strength and speed and can kick a normal guy up and down the curb without breaking a sweat. Riley, being a normal guy, felt emasculated by the relationship. It eventually led to him seeking pleasure from prostitutes and giving Buffy an ultimatum when she finds out. Riley was never considerate of Buffy’s real life issues and constantly made her feel like she had to carry the weight of their relationship. In other words, he felt entitled to having a certain kind of relationship with Buffy that she couldn’t give him. He decided to return to the army and left Buffy picking up the pieces, thinking that his leaving was her fault.
America tends to have a major entitlement mentality when it comes to things. You can see that in prosperity gospel or in the Law of Attraction. But as the Rolling Stones said “You can’t always get what you want. But if you try sometimes, you find you get what you need.” I think if people realize that love isn’t something you’re entitled to, we can start treating each other with more respect.
Screenshots from Buffy the Vampire Slayer are copyright to Fox and Mutant Enemy and are used for editorial purposes only.
10 Tips on Learning How To Date Like An Adult
July 29, 2015 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
There’s this funny commercial from Match.com that kind of sums up the three paths people tend to go when it comes to dating.
The first extreme, as you can see in the commercial, is that people want sex and they want it now. Think Sex and the City or Girls (which is really a poor man’s Sex and the City, in my honest opinion). Teenagers especially are filled with lust. I still remember listening to Leah Darrow’s testimony about how her friends were pressuring her to have sex after Homecoming back when she was just fifteen years old. Many Catholic chastity speakers like Jason and Crystalina Evert preach about the importance of being chaste. Arleen Spenceley said that chastity isn’t abstinence but “a virtue that aims to integrate sexuality with the rest of the stuff that makes us human.” The thing is, though, learning how to be chaste is only the beginning.
The other extreme people go, and this applies to people who misunderstand chastity, is an overemphasis on marriage. Marriage is beautiful, marriage is important, and yes, young adults should date with the intention of eventually getting married. But marriage shouldn’t be a be-all, end-all when it comes to starting out. The way people meet will always be different and I can’t speak for everyone on how one should start out a relationship aside from the fact that you need to treat the other person with respect because they are your brother/sister in Christ, not the fulfillment of your fantasies or someone you’re entitled to have.
Dating as a young adult is vastly different from dating in high school or even dating in college. In this new stage in life, some young adults are already getting married and having babies while other young adults are searching for full-time work and binge-watching shows on Netflix and aren’t ready to settle down but are still going out on dates. I’m gonna be addressing the latter group here. This list is for those who are just starting out in the weird world we call “dating.”
1) Don’t stay stuck in the past. The first thing people need to learn when it comes to dating as an adult is that this will be an entirely new experience so don’t compare the person you’re dating to past relationships. You don’t want to compete with the ghosts of your significant other’s past so don’t put them through the same comparison process. Also don’t compare yourself to how you were in past relationships, either. Learn from the past, but move on from it.
2) Don’t be pressured to go the whole nine yards. If you’re just starting out, it’s good to go out on group dates where there’s less pressure or meet the person at events where there will be lots of people. You don’t have to start out with the whole flowers and dinner kind of date. Go bowling or play laser tag or volunteer together. If it doesn’t end up working out with them, at least you had a good time.
3) Don’t let your relationship define and consume you. Love as adults isn’t obsessing over the other person the way you would over your favorite TV show or sports team. Adult love means that we come into the relationship as ourselves and the best kind of love is one where we maintain our authenticity and integrity. You shouldn’t bend over backwards to try and please the person you’re with. Real love is the kind where the one we love stands beside us instead of making our choices for us or trying to take the parts of us that they like and putting the rest of us in a box. If the person you’re dating seems to be a control freak, get out of that relationship ASAP!
4) You are not entitled to have a relationship just because you want one. Let’s say that you have a crush on somebody and you’ve had feelings for them for a long time. Then you ask them out only for them to turn you down. As someone who’s been “friendzoned,” here’s some advice. When the person you want rejects you, you have to accept it and move on. Don’t beg or lash out at them or take your anger out on someone you see as “competition.” Your heart is going to break, but you can’t hate a person for not wanting you.
5) It’s okay to avoid exes. If you had a particularly awkward rejection or particularly sucky breakup, you do not have to talk to your ex if you run into them somewhere. On a related note, don’t stalk them on social media either. Defriend and unfollow ASAP from every social media you have connected with them. Delete their number. You can’t heal from the hurt if you keep thinking about the person who caused it.
6) Don’t put so much importance on being “official” right now. Give the relationship time to grow before anything becomes “Facebook official.” Chances are that you’re still getting to know the person you date. Take it easy on yourself and start out as friends. Life isn’t like a Nicholas Sparks or a Hallmark movie where you meet the right person right off the bat. Some relationships take time to grow.
7) Don’t be a perfectionist. Girls especially have a tendency to read into every minute detail and action that goes on during dates. I implore you to put aside the worry. There’s also a tendency for people to hold the one they’re dating to impossibly high standards. Don’t write off a person just because he showed up five minutes late or you don’t agree on everything. Focus on what’s important. It’s more important that the date showed up at all rather than promising something and not showing up without a very good reason for standing you up. It’s more important that you agree on, say, what beliefs you share and how much you actually value those beliefs than whether or not DC is better than Marvel.
8) Chastity is still important. You don’t have to hold hands or be touchy-feely with the person you’re dating if you are uncomfortable with that kind of affection. There are many ways that people can express their love for someone else. That being said, physical and emotional chastity are always going to be important when it comes to dating, even when you’re starting out. This is why you need to take things easy because putting your whole heart into something that’s just starting out will have major consequences later on.
9) If you’re dating someone who doesn’t share your beliefs, proceed with caution. While flirt and convert is a very popular catchphrase amongst Catholics, you don’t want to date someone with the sole mission of trying to change them. You can’t force someone to change unless they themselves want to change. The person your dating is still a person, not a project. It’s good to hope that the life you lead will inspire the person you’re dating and if you’re like me, your faith is probably part of everything that you do. But when you just start out with a person, it’s better to keep evangelizing off the table for the time being.
10) Pray through everything. When you first meet someone, pray. When you’re just starting out as friends, pray. And regardless of whether things progress into something more than friendship or if things stay platonic, you need to pray. God is the one who created your heart and He will get you through whatever happens. Offer your heart to Him so that if it breaks, He will fix it. Pray for the person you’re dating so that they will be led to whatever God wants from them.
The point I’m making from this list is that real, authentic, grown-up love isn’t about getting what we want all the time. It’s not about the emotional highs or kissing or being “Facebook official.” It’s about wanting the good for the other as other. It’s about learning more about who we are when we’re around other people. And when we start out in this weird world we call “dating,” we still have marriage in mind, but it’s not an urgent matter. The more important thing is to treat the person we’re dating as just that, a person, an equal.
In The Body of Christ, We Are Never Alone
June 18, 2015 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
The word “catholic” means “universal” and it always makes me happy to know that no matter where I go, I’ll find a church. It might take some driving, but there’s at least one Catholic Church in every state in the US and in every country. But what’s even better than that is that I know that I am never alone.
Even though I consider myself to be an introvert, I feel lonely very often. I may not feel comfortable making small talk or being in a room with loud, chatty people, but if I ever find a friend that I feel comfortable with, I like talking to that friend often. In fact, my deepest longing is for a friend that I can talk to about everything and nothing with. Someone I can ramble to about all of my crazy fandom-related stuff, but at the same time, I can just be with that person without having to talk.
But since I am Catholic, I am part of the Mystical Body of Christ, which means that I have God and a whole communion of saints that I can pray to whenever I feel lonely. It’s not the same as physically being with a person or hearing a voice, but it provides some solace. Being part of the Mystical Body of Christ also means that I can pray for my friends and I know that my friends are praying for me. Intercessory prayer is a very powerful thing and my life has shown evidence of that.
When I heard about Thomas Peters AKA American Papist’s accident almost two years ago, I felt a strong desire to pray for him because I didn’t want him to end up as a vegetable in the hospital. Whenever I prayed for him, I would hear some kind of news relating to his recovery and was happy to see that he recovered well enough to check out of the hospital a month after the accident. As of now, he is back to writing and undergoing regular physical therapy. Given what could’ve happened, I consider this to be a minor miracle.
I also feel like the Mystical Body of Christ applies to my own life as well, even when it comes to people I never met. When I was nursing my latest broken heart, I was browsing my social media feed when I saw a link to a music video to a song I’ve been anticipating for a long time. It brought me out of my misery. I later said to the artist “To say that your timing is impeccable is an understatement.” This wasn’t the first time that this particular artist would inadvertently save my day and inspire me and it won’t be the last. In fact, they share a lot of wonderful pieces of wisdom on their Instagram and Twitter, but they aren’t Catholic. In spite of our spiritual differences, I feel like they are part of the Mystical Body of Christ with me and everyone else. After all, we are all God’s creation.
The Mystical Body of Christ reminds us all that we are not alone. We can find friends in the saints, in our churches, and even in people we’ve yet to meet.
On the Nature of Internet Friendship
June 8, 2015 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
Picture licensed via corsairstw from everystockphoto.com
The way I make friends has changed since my days of wearing a school uniform and playing out in parking lots. I don’t have the safety net of a college campus and I don’t work in an office, so my circle of friends consists of two categories: People I meet through retreats and church-related activities and people I meet through the internet.
Internet friendship is a tricky thing. On the one hand, the internet gives off the illusion of safety. You don’t have to deal with small talk, it’s easier for you to find people who share a common interest, and since they don’t know the people in your real life, you can vent to them about anything. On the other hand, the internet is also forever and if a friendship goes wrong, it can backfire in the worst ways, such as rumors being spread about you, your secrets being leaked out to complete strangers, and your entire reputation being ruined by posting the wrong picture on the wrong social media outlet.
Usually, when I’m on the internet, I don’t talk about family issues or give away private information. But in spite of the dangers and risks, I still feel close to my internet friends as much as I do to my friends in real life. My fellow Patheos bloggers and I, for example, have an amazing camaraderie. They’re all willing to dispense of advice and I learn so much from them. I also know that I can always count on them to pray for me. The same goes for the Catholics I met through Tumblr and Facebook. Through them, I learn that even though we are Catholic, we may not agree on everything. I learn about forming my own opinion on things and not just go with the crowd the way I did in high school and college. If it wasn’t for the internet, I wouldn’t be writing on this blog or for the Heart of Mary Women’s Fellowship. I’m constantly challenge to learn more and write more through these new avenues.
But the strangest place I’ve found friendship is through my Instagram accounts. Yes, accounts. As in more than one. I’m such an Instagram addict that I have multiple accounts. Tumblr is okay, but I find myself spending less and less time on there because of the hive mind nature of the site. It’s through fan accounts on Instagram that I found a safer environment for expressing my love for my #1 fandom Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Most of the people I’m friends with on Instagram are younger than me and they live all over the world, but we all share a love for Buffy even though we may disagree on minor things. Mostly shipping.
Sometimes, I open up about my faith on there and everyone was surprisingly okay with it. Nobody judged me or saw me as being closed-minded. And I’ve even said that I was against gay marriage and followed all the teachings of the Church. In spite of whatever differences we have in our beliefs, I’m always there for my friends and whenever I need them, they come around for me.
It was through my internet friends that I managed to get out of an anxiety attack that I had a few months ago. Granted, Tumblr (and college campuses everywhere) have turned the phrase “trigger warning” into an excuse to make everything into a Political Correctness case, but many people talk about their serious and real anxieties on the internet because they have nowhere else to go. My anxiety got triggered because someone I used to consider my best friend tried contacting me again.
I used to think that having a best friend meant having someone you can talk to about everything and go places and do things with. But that’s not always the case. The person I used to consider my best friend had their own problems and ended up almost dragging me down with them. Worst of all, they act like everything’s fine and nothing ever happened even though I’m still left with the emotional scars.
It’s a bit like this awesome Taylor Swift song:
And yes, Taylor, band-aids don’t fix bullet holes. Real friends do.
When I had that anxiety attack (the first time in almost two years), my internet friends from Patheos and Instagram came to my rescue with prayers and reassurances. I prayed harder than ever in spite of my entire body shaking and knew that I wasn’t alone. Some of my fellow Patheos bloggers understood the pain because they’ve experienced it before. My Instagram friends said that I was brave to walk away from that toxic friendship. A few episodes of Buffy and a major stream of prayers later, I calmed down and found peace.
A few months later, one of my Instagram friends opened up about being cyber-bullied and shared a picture of himself crying. I gathered my fellow Instagram friends to show him our support and asked some of my friends online to pray for him. The prayers and emotional support paid off as my friend came back, undeterred by the cyber-bullies.
I don’t exactly evangelize on my fan Instagrams the way that other Catholic Instagrams do except for when I post on my personal Instagram, but I still feel like I’m reaching out to my internet friends in a way. The internet and our fandoms bring us together in a reflection of the Mystical Body of Christ and someday, I hope to see them, either in real life or in Heaven.
My Year In Photos: November
December 28, 2014 / msocampowrites / Leave a comment
November was a month that I really appreciated the friends I had. Back when I was younger, I always had this idea that in high school and college, I would have friends that I could hang out with all the time. Then, when I was about to finish college, I learned that real friendships, just like romantic relationships, need boundaries in order to stay healthy.
It wasn’t until I reached out of my comfort zone (and the internet) and started volunteering that I found the best friends a girl could ever ask for. These are the kind of friends I can call up about almost anything. The friendships I have with these people started with a shared faith, but it was also based on shared experiences as volunteers. We don’t agree on fandom related things, but we do agree on things we consider most important to us.
So even though November (and Thanksgiving) is centered more around family, I want to honor the metaphorical family I found. My brothers and sisters in Christ. The best friends I could ever ask for.
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<p>The Land Ordinance of 1785 set forth how the government of the United States would measure, divide and distribute the land it had acquired from Great Britain north and west of the Ohio River at the end of the American Revolution.</p>
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The '''Land Ordinance of 1785''' set forth how the government of the United States would measure, divide and distribute the land it had acquired from Great Britain north and west of the Ohio River at the end of the American Revolution.
+
<p>In the Treaty of Paris (1783), which formally ended the American Revolution, England relinquished the Ohio Country to the United States. However, the Confederation Congress faced numerous problems gaining control of the land. Native American tribes did not agree with the claim that the land belonged to the United States. Numerous states also claimed the land. These states, when they were still colonies of England, had received permission from the king to control all land between their colonies on the East Coast and the Pacific Ocean. The Confederation Congress faced hard financial times at the American Revolution's conclusion. The Articles of Confederation did not allow the federal government to tax its citizens. The Confederation Congress hoped to sell the land in the Ohio Country to raise funds. The government also feared the large number of illegal settlers or "squatters" in the Ohio Country. Some congressmen believed that these people might form their own country, since the Appalachian Mountains left them so isolated from the rest of the nation. The Confederation Congress immediately began to negotiate with the Indians and the states, so that the federal government could claim sole ownership of the land.</p>
−
+
<p>While these negotiations were underway, the Confederation Congress implemented the Ordinance of 1784. It called for the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into ten separate states. The Ordinance of 1784 established that the western territories would become states. However, it failed to establish how the government would distribute the land or how the territory would be settled.</p>
−
In the Treaty of Paris (1783), which formally ended the American Revolution, England relinquished the Ohio Country to the United States. However, the Confederation Congress faced numerous problems gaining control of the land. Native American tribes did not agree with the claim that the land belonged to the United States. Numerous states also claimed the land. These states, when they were still colonies of England, had received permission from the king to control all land between their colonies on the East Coast and the Pacific Ocean. The Confederation Congress faced hard financial times at the American Revolution's conclusion. The Articles of Confederation did not allow the federal government to tax its citizens. The Confederation Congress hoped to sell the land in the Ohio Country to raise funds. The government also feared the large number of illegal settlers or "squatters" in the Ohio Country. Some congressmen believed that these people might form their own country, since the Appalachian Mountains left them so isolated from the rest of the nation. The Confederation Congress immediately began to negotiate with the Indians and the states, so that the federal government could claim sole ownership of the land.
+
<p>The Land Ordinance of 1785 dealt with these issues. As the states and Indians relinquished lands, government surveyors were to divide the territory into individual townships. Each township was to be square. Each side of the square was to be six miles in length, and the completed square would include a total of thirty-six square miles of territory. The township would then be divided into one-square mile sections, with each section encompassing 640 acres. Each section received its own number. Section 16 was set aside for a public school. The federal government reserved sections eight, eleven, twenty-six, and twenty-nine to provide veterans of the American Revolution with land bounties for their service during the war. The government would sell the remaining sections at public auction. The minimum bid was 640 dollars per section or one dollar for each acre of land in each section.</p>
−
+
<p>The first portion of Ohio surveyed became known as the Seven Ranges. The northern boundary was an east to west line beginning where Pennsylvania's western border intersected the Ohio River. Pennsylvania's western border also served as the first north to south line. The surveyors plotted a total of eight lines, each six miles apart, in this first survey. The end result was seven north-to-south rows or "ranges" of townships open for settlement.</p>
−
While these negotiations were underway, the Confederation Congress implemented the Ordinance of 1784. It called for the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into ten separate states. The Ordinance of 1784 established that the western territories would become states. However, it failed to establish how the government would distribute the land or how the territory would be settled.
+
<p>The government had now opened up parts of the Ohio Country for settlement, but the Confederation Congress continued to face many of the same difficulties that existed prior to the Ordinance of 1784 and the Land Ordinance of 1785. Squatters continued to move into the Ohio Country and many of the Indians refused to leave.</p>
−
+
==See Also==
−
The Land Ordinance of 1785 dealt with these issues. As the states and Indians relinquished lands, government surveyors were to divide the territory into individual townships. Each township was to be square. Each side of the square was to be six miles in length, and the completed square would include a total of thirty-six square miles of territory. The township would then be divided into one-square mile sections, with each section encompassing 640 acres. Each section received its own number. Section 16 was set aside for a public school. The federal government reserved sections eight, eleven, twenty-six, and twenty-nine to provide veterans of the American Revolution with land bounties for their service during the war. The government would sell the remaining sections at public auction. The minimum bid was 640 dollars per section or one dollar for each acre of land in each section.
+
<div class="seeAlsoText">
−
+
*[[American Revolution]]
−
The first portion of Ohio surveyed became known as the Seven Ranges. The northern boundary was an east to west line beginning where Pennsylvania's western border intersected the Ohio River. Pennsylvania's western border also served as the first north to south line. The surveyors plotted a total of eight lines, each six miles apart, in this first survey. The end result was seven north-to-south rows or "ranges" of townships open for settlement.
+
*[[Appalachian Mountains]]
−
+
*[[Articles of Confederation]]
−
The government had now opened up parts of the Ohio Country for settlement, but the Confederation Congress continued to face many of the same difficulties that existed prior to the Ordinance of 1784 and the Land Ordinance of 1785. Squatters continued to move into the Ohio Country and many of the Indians refused to leave.
+
*[[Confederation Congress]]
−
[[Category:History Documents]]
+
*[[Ohio Country]]
−
[[Category:Exploration To Statehood]][[Category:Government and Politics]]
+
*[[Ohio River]]
+
*[[Ordinance of 1784]]
+
*[[Seven Ranges]]
+
*[[Squatters]]
+
*[[Township]]
+
*[[Treaty of Paris (1783)]]
+
</div>
+
==References==
+
<div class="referencesText">
+
#Carter, Clarence Edwin, ed. <em>The Territorial Papers of the United States</em>. Vol. I-III. New York, NY: AMS Press, 1973.
+
#Howe, Henry. <em>Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes</em>. Vol. II. Cincinnati, OH: C.J. Krehbiel & Co., Printers and Binders, 1902.
+
#Hurt, R. Douglas. <em>The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830</em>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996.
+
#Onuf, Peter S. <em>Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance</em>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
+
#Williams, Frederick D., ed. <em>The Northwest Ordinance: Essays on Its Formulation, Provisions, and Legacy</em>. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
+
</div>
+
[[Category:History Documents]][[Category:Exploration To Statehood]]
+
[[Category:Frontier Ohio]]
+
[[Category:Government and Politics]]
+
[[Category:Statehood]]
Revision as of 04:07, 18 May 2013
File:Land Ordinance of 1785.jpg
The Land Ordinance of 1785 set forth how the government of the United States would measure, divide and distribute the land it had acquired from Great Britain north and west of the Ohio River at the end of the American Revolution.
In the Treaty of Paris (1783), which formally ended the American Revolution, England relinquished the Ohio Country to the United States. However, the Confederation Congress faced numerous problems gaining control of the land. Native American tribes did not agree with the claim that the land belonged to the United States. Numerous states also claimed the land. These states, when they were still colonies of England, had received permission from the king to control all land between their colonies on the East Coast and the Pacific Ocean. The Confederation Congress faced hard financial times at the American Revolution's conclusion. The Articles of Confederation did not allow the federal government to tax its citizens. The Confederation Congress hoped to sell the land in the Ohio Country to raise funds. The government also feared the large number of illegal settlers or "squatters" in the Ohio Country. Some congressmen believed that these people might form their own country, since the Appalachian Mountains left them so isolated from the rest of the nation. The Confederation Congress immediately began to negotiate with the Indians and the states, so that the federal government could claim sole ownership of the land.
While these negotiations were underway, the Confederation Congress implemented the Ordinance of 1784. It called for the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into ten separate states. The Ordinance of 1784 established that the western territories would become states. However, it failed to establish how the government would distribute the land or how the territory would be settled.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 dealt with these issues. As the states and Indians relinquished lands, government surveyors were to divide the territory into individual townships. Each township was to be square. Each side of the square was to be six miles in length, and the completed square would include a total of thirty-six square miles of territory. The township would then be divided into one-square mile sections, with each section encompassing 640 acres. Each section received its own number. Section 16 was set aside for a public school. The federal government reserved sections eight, eleven, twenty-six, and twenty-nine to provide veterans of the American Revolution with land bounties for their service during the war. The government would sell the remaining sections at public auction. The minimum bid was 640 dollars per section or one dollar for each acre of land in each section.
The first portion of Ohio surveyed became known as the Seven Ranges. The northern boundary was an east to west line beginning where Pennsylvania's western border intersected the Ohio River. Pennsylvania's western border also served as the first north to south line. The surveyors plotted a total of eight lines, each six miles apart, in this first survey. The end result was seven north-to-south rows or "ranges" of townships open for settlement.
The government had now opened up parts of the Ohio Country for settlement, but the Confederation Congress continued to face many of the same difficulties that existed prior to the Ordinance of 1784 and the Land Ordinance of 1785. Squatters continued to move into the Ohio Country and many of the Indians refused to leave.
See Also
American Revolution
Appalachian Mountains
Articles of Confederation
Confederation Congress
Ohio Country
Ohio River
Ordinance of 1784
Seven Ranges
Squatters
Township
Treaty of Paris (1783)
References
Carter, Clarence Edwin, ed. The Territorial Papers of the United States. Vol. I-III. New York, NY: AMS Press, 1973.
Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes. Vol. II. Cincinnati, OH: C.J. Krehbiel & Co., Printers and Binders, 1902.
Hurt, R. Douglas. The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Onuf, Peter S. Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
Williams, Frederick D., ed. The Northwest Ordinance: Essays on Its Formulation, Provisions, and Legacy. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
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0.917295 |
What if I gave you the following assignment: you are to sit by this old-school wood stove and keep the fire roaring for 24 hours non stop. The only materials you can use to fuel the fire are gasoline, newspaper and tiny twigs.
You’d better have a BOATLOAD of gas, newspaper and twigs and don’t count on being able to get anything else done! You’ll be right by that wood stove allllll day long, constantly fueling it. Sure, the fire will burn hot but as soon as you stop adding fuel, it won’t last long, right? A ridiculously time-intensive and inefficient task, no?
That’s pretty much the equivalent of how we’re fueling our bodies when we eat diets rich in processed foods, wheat, grains and other garbage carbohydrates. There’s no question that carbohydrates provide fuel for our bodies. It’s true. They can increase our energy quickly just like gasoline, newspaper and twigs can provide quick, powerful fuel for a fire. However, as quickly as they provide fuel and energy, it’s gone. It burns hot and fast. Just like the fire burns out when that quick-burning fuel isn’t replenished, we start to burn out shortly after consuming these junk carbs and processed foods.
What does that feel like? Low energy. Hunger. Cravings, especially for carbohydrates. Mood swings. Irritability. Lack of focus. Sound familiar? So what do we do? We eat more junk carbs!! We feel that energy surge again and are momentarily satisfied until it fades and we’re back to feeling like trash.
To avoid this, we need to focus on fueling our body intelligently. I don’t know about you, but I don’t like being hungry and I certainly don’t like feeling overwhelmed by cravings. I purposefully choose foods that will satisfy my hunger, keep me satiated for hours and reduce the likelihood that I’ll experience cravings later. For me, that means emphasizing healthy fats, non-starchy vegetables and animal proteins. Fat is an incredibly energy-dense fuel, which means it’s going to curb my hunger and keep it at bay for a long time while maintaining my energy levels. Non-starchy vegetables are the “volume” component of my meals. I’ll often eat 3-4 cups of veggies like Brussels sprouts, greens, broccoli or cauliflower with a meal. I never walk away from the table feeling hungry!! Like fat, protein is a slow-burning fuel source so it’s going to fill me up and maintain my energy level for hours while also reducing the chances that I’ll experience cravings later.
If you want to burn fat and not be miserable (hungry, tired, cranky) while you do it, you’ve got to focus on fueling your body intelligently. That will look different for all of us, but some of the principles will be the same – especially as it relates to avoiding garbage carbohydrates from things like processed foods and grains. The other intricacies you’ll have to play around with. I limit my carbohydrates to either post workout or my evening meal. My breakfast meal is primarily fat. I get the majority of my protein at lunch and dinner.
Find what works for you. Pay attention to your hunger. What types of foods satisfy it? Pay attention to your cravings. When are you most likely to experience them? Can you reduce them with specific changes to your diet or exercise? Where is your perfect balance of sanity, satisfaction and success? Find that sweet spot and then tweak as you go.
I want to help you break out of this crazy carbohydrate cycle. I want to help you break your carb addiction. I want to help you overcome cravings and constant hunger. I want to help you beat the bloat that chronic carbs can cause and start to learn all the skills you’ll need to lose fat and KEEP IT OFF. And you know what? I don’t want to wait until the New Year. I want to start now. For free. I want to help you identify smart carbohydrate strategies and navigate the holidays without weight gain (and maybe even some fat loss!!).
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0.984554 |
Why was Gita spoken on the battlefield? Krishna could have spoken to Arjuna in a cave in the Himalayas or in an ashram or on the bank of a holy river. This is usually where people go to hear from sadhus. But Krishna spoke to Arjuna in the least likely place and time, in a battlefield on the brink of a war.
This is because the world is a battlefield and all of us are face to face with opposing forces.
On the one hand there is the propaganda of the scriptures to become detached, to become pure in heart, to become a servant of God , and to become the servant of all human beings. The real fulfillment of all the desires of the soul will come to the degree we accept this position that ‘I am the humble servant of the Lord and a humble servant of all my brothers and sisters in the world.’
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0.998992 |
I am proud to announce that there is a new edition of my novel A Jane Austen Daydream. Published by Dream’s Edge Publishing, this book is my fictional rendering of the life of Jane if she was to live, laugh, and love in one of her own novels. Here is the book description from the publisher:
The new cover for A Jane Austen Daydream
All her heroines find love in the end – but is there love waiting for Jane?
Jane Austen spends her days writing and matchmaking in the small countryside village of Steventon, until a ball at Godmersham Park propels her into a new world where she yearns for a romance of her own. But whether her heart will settle on a young lawyer, a clever Reverend, a wealthy childhood friend, or a mysterious stranger is anyone’s guess.
The novel, A Jane Austen Daydream, created in the style of Austen herself, ponders the question faced by many devoted followers over the years – did she ever find love? Weaving fact with fiction, the book re-imagines her life, using her own stories to fill in the gaps left by history and showing that all of us – to a greater or lesser degree – are head over heels for Jane.
This is one of my favorite of my books. I am extremely proud of it and the literary surprises inside of it. What more can I say? Check it out! It can be found on Amazon here.
Wait! There is also a Goodreads giveaway! That is what more I can say! 7 readers will win an autographed copy of the new edition! You can enter below!
Goodreads Book Giveaway
A Jane Austen Daydream
by Scott D. Southard
Giveaway ends October 15, 2021.
See the giveaway details at Goodreads.
Enter Giveaway
https://www.goodreads.com/giveaway/widget/332664
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Posted in Books, Fiction | Tagged A Jane Austen Daydream, Amazon, Autographed, Fiction, Giveaway, GoodReads, Historical Fiction, Humor, Jane Austen, Literary, New Book, Novel, Pride and Prejudice, reading, Romance, Signed | Leave a reply
BOOK GIVEAWAY! Four readers will win a copy of In Jerry’s Corner, my latest novel.
Posted on June 11, 2021 by Scott D. Southard
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From now until June 25th, there is a book giveaway for my latest novel In Jerry’s Corner on GoodReads. Four readers will win a copy of the signed novel. You can enter via the link below:
https://www.goodreads.com/giveaway/show/325858-in-jerry-s-corner
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In Jerry’s Corner! My latest novel is now available!
Posted on May 18, 2021 by Scott D. Southard
2
Published by Dream’s Edge Publishing, my latest work of fiction is now on the market!
In Jerry’s Corner is the story of a life under observation, and the mysterious person who is always with Jerry. Filled with humor, surprises and (frankly) humanity, In Jerry’s Corner is many things- magic realism, science fiction, post-modern, romance, comedy, family drama, etc. For me, it is at its heart my attempt to say through fiction what it means to be human and live a life here on this spinning planet.
Here is the back cover description:
Ever since Jerry Sleight was a baby, Bill was there.
Bill is tall, quiet, unblinking and green. He is in the northwest corner of every room Jerry visits and only Jerry can see him.
It might sound strange, but Bill is an alien from a planet without a name and his task is to watch a human life from beginning to end. But why he is observing Jerry, and what does he hope to see? Only Bill knows the true answers to the mystery.
Filled with laughter and surprises, Jerry’s days with Bill will represent all of humanity and the impact a life can have, not just on others but on an entire world and universe.
In Jerry’s Corner is about the importance of a single life… and the amazing green individual watching it all take place.
In Jerry’s Corner can be found now on Amazon both in paperback and eBook format!
Here are the links for the new version:
In Jerry’s Corner on Amazon USA
https://amzn.to/3bSctll
In Jerry’s Corner on Amazon UK
https://amzn.to/3ftTDBF
I hope you will check it out soon. Thanks for reading!
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Posted in Books, Fiction | Tagged Amazon, Comedy, Dream's Edge, eBook, Family, Fiction, Fiction writing, Humor, Kindle, Literature, magic, Magical Realism, New Book, post-modern fiction, Publishing, reading, Romance, Science Fiction, SciFi, Surprises, Witty, Writing | 2 Replies
The Art of Being Alone- a novella (5th installment)
Posted on June 28, 2020 by Scott D. Southard
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Inspired by the writing of Richard Brautigan and Kurt Vonnegut, The Art of Being Alone is a novella about a lost soul living on the Moon and what he found there. You can read the earlier installments here. Our narrator is a member of the 5%s, wealthy individuals that own a majority of all of the resources and economy on the Earth. The rest of the planet is in turmoil, with the environment and the poor (everyone else) struggling to live or fight back. It is under these conditions that our broken narrator moves as far away as a human possibly can…
18- I Am THE Selenite
Jules Verne and his two books about traveling to the Moon (From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon) always seem to get misremembered. This is mainly because people confuse it with the black-and-white silent film that was loosely based on the series, Le Voyage dans la Lune by Georges Melies.
In the film, our heroes land on the Moon and meet some Selenites, which is the name for moon dwellers in most scifi (the name comes from the Goddess Selene). They have an escape and bring one of the poor creatures back to Earth to show to all of us humans, traumatizing that poor creature forever for science. Hurrah!
In the actual book, this is not really how it works out. Our heroes never even land on the Moon!
In typical American fashion, they decide to solve the trip to the Moon problem with a giant gun. For what in an American’s mind is better for solving a problem than a gun? It’s certainly solved the problem of my grandmother. (More on that country and guns later.)
So the heroes of the story, who by the way are obsessed with the military because of the Civil War, shoot themselves out of this giant gun at the moon. Bang! And in the sequel of the book, it is described how they make their way back, I believe it is by using the gravitational pull of the Moon to pretty much fling themselves to the Earth. So at no point does a Selenite make an appearance.
There is a dog in it though. It, of course, dies, starting our grand tradition of killing cute animals for the sake of space travel. Continue reading →
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The Art of Being Alone- a novella (4th installment)
Posted on June 8, 2020 by Scott D. Southard
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Inspired by the writing of Richard Brautigan and Kurt Vonnegut, The Art of Being Alone is a novella about a lost soul living on the Moon and what he found there. You can read the earlier installments here. Our narrator is a member of the 5%s, wealthy individuals that own a majority of all of the resources and economy on the Earth. The rest of the planet is in turmoil, with the environment and the poor (everyone else) struggling to live or fight back. It is under these conditions that our broken narrator moves as far away as a human possibly can…
14- Moon Arrival
Everything was done so well. I am a little surprised, honestly. If someone hated me this would have been a great opportunity to get rid of me with little complication or comeuppance. For example, a simple miscalculation in my landing and I would have died, but I didn’t. Or in the design of my suit or my habitat. I could go on and on. So many ways to kill me and yet, here I am.
I landed perfectly by my already created habitat. My robots were standing outside and off since their jobs were done. Everything was waiting for me, as I ordered.
The first steps on the moon were difficult.
I was light and I was not used to it. They tried to get me to take some tests in the suit and in different environments that recreate the experience but I always said no.
And you could not argue with my no. Continue reading →
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Posted in Books, Fiction, Writing | Tagged Fiction, Kurt Vonnegut, Literature, novella, reading, Richard Brautigan, Science Fiction, Writing | Leave a reply
The Art of Being Alone- a novella (2nd installment)
Posted on May 22, 2020 by Scott D. Southard
1
Inspired by the writing of Richard Brautigan, The Art of Being Alone is a novella that strangely fits very well with this time in the world. I began it over a year ago and through this website and installments, I hope to force my hand in finishing it. I will be sharing 5 or so pages of it, each week. The first installment can be found here. I hope you enjoy it.–
6- The Quiet
When you read and/or watch stories about people living alone, they… do things.
They maybe sing little songs. They talk to themselves about important matters. They might even have friends (maybe just in their corrupted minds) or memories that give us glimpses into their psyche.
I wonder if that is a sign of human weakness. The fact that we need “something.”
We just can’t be alone as people, even in a story. I wonder if we feel too much and that is why the isolation and the silence becomes overbearing. It makes us look inside and we don’t want that! Heaven forbid! We want bangs, flashes, shouting, sex! A person can’t simply “be” in a tale.
For me, I am simply being. I am this and nothing else. I will prove it.
I get up when I get up. I have no sense of time here, but I can say that when the sun begins to spread across the ground and I feel it coming through the plastic glass of my dome and reach my feet, I rise. I stretch one part of my body and then the next. Somewhere I can hear the electronic buzzing of the mechanics that make my home a reality. I couldn’t tell you how the things work, I have no need to know. I simply asked for it and people completed the needed task. Transaction complete.
I then walk in my weighted slippers to the dispenser which takes the food that is grown in the greenhouses and makes it into designated dishes. I eat whatever I want and then I sit, write in this journal and look at the regolith.
There is no noise, no talking, no music, no wind. Just silence.
It is glorious and that is all I need in my story. Continue reading →
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Posted in Books, Fiction, Writing | Tagged Book, Fiction, Kurt Vonnegut, Literary, Literary Fiction, Literature, novella, reading, Richard Brautigan, Science Fiction, Writing | 1 Reply
The Art of Being Alone- a novella (1st installment)
Posted on May 15, 2020 by Scott D. Southard
2
Inspired by the writing of Richard Brautigan, The Art of Being Alone is a novella that strangely fits very well with this time in the world. I began it over a year ago and through this website and installments, I hope to force my hand in finishing it. I will be sharing 5 or so pages of it, each week. I hope you enjoy it.–
–
THE ART OF BEING ALONE
“I’m nobody! Who are you? Are you- Nobody- too?” – Emily Dickinson
“I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself.” ― Charlotte Brontë
“Everyone is a moon, and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody.” ― Mark Twain
1- What I Need You to Understand
I want you first to realize I am not here out of hate. I came here because I was done with humanity.
It wasn’t a sudden decision to leave Earth. I had been up for days watching screens (in front of me, at my fingers, on my wrist) and I began to wonder why am I still dealing with this shit. (By the way, that is the only time I am going to swear in this journal. My grandmother told me a long time ago that swear words were the vocabulary for those with not enough education to find other options. I am not sure that is true, but when I lived on Earth there was a lot of swearing.)
I also didn’t come here to hurt anyone. Yet, I know a lot of people were hurt by my decisions. When I was on Earth they called me one of the 5%s because we had everything. I couldn’t argue with that because it was true. I could buy anything, own anything, even sleep with anyone. Everything had a price and I could pay it. And I did… And I did again and again…
But I had reached a moment and…
I should talk about my grandfather first.
Grandpa Jones.
It begins with him. It all begins with him. He was the reason I was a 5%. Even as a child I could tell he was fighting for something, but I had no idea what. He would sit at his desk on the phone or pace on the phone and shout. He always shouted,
When I was young I had no idea what he was shouting about, but it worked. Our houses (for I lived with them, they had bought me from my parents by then) kept getting bigger and bigger until they stopped. Pools, servants (grandpa would call them slaves and barely paid them but they were still happy to take the money), land, pets. Everything.
When my grandfather finally reached 5% he found me in the pool taking swimming lessons from my swim coach (it was his job to teach me, he had won an Olympic medal once. I asked to see it, but he said he had to sell it for food a long time ago). I saw his shoes first on the water edge. I swam to the shoes, I was 9 so I had to hang onto the edge of the pool.
He was looking down at me with an expression I had never seen before. It was a smile. “Son (that is what he called me), I did it.” His smile got bigger. “I finally did it.”
It was then that he jerked, twitched and fell face down in the water next to me.
He died right there.
2- The Surface
You get used to the lack of things here. I don’t mean items and products (I have had enough of those). I mean things like oxygen and gravity. For example, I have become very good at bouncing.
There is no beauty here. The rocks everywhere are not beautiful. They are just rocks. It is a very rocky surface.
I remember the old photos of Earth taken from the moon surface, the Earth looked beautiful then. Now it is gray and sometimes red in spots from the burning lands, the areas too hot for anything.
People used to say 5%ers like my grandfather caused that with their greed. They are probably right. I was never taught to care or feel guilty about things. I just accept things as facts. So, yes, that is probably a fact. I would acknowledge it like that (if I have to). Acknowledging it though doesn’t change anything.
Another fact! They don’t have the resources or capital to fix the ugly earth. It is what it is and I do my best not to look at it when I can.
Another fact! The moon is cold, but the sunlight is warm. I have solar panels for all my needs here- food, heat, energy. So it could be said the sun is killing everyone on earth but saving me here.
I am sure my grandfather would have been happy about that.
3- When you have…
When you have all the money, you simply have to make a decision. It is not like “want”, it is not that overwhelming. It is a simple decision. You point at something in a store and they hand it to you. You don’t have time to feel.
So when I decided to leave the shouting and burning of the world, I simply made a call and then pointed at the Moon.
There were some nods, a bow, and it began.
4- The Filth of Man
When I decided I was done with humankind and ready to leave everything behind, I began to collect Moon facts. It was inspiring to me; I was a person preparing a move to a new land, except this one was farther away.
There was one fact that impacted me a great deal. And it really said to me everything about why I was leaving that destroyed burning planet with its failing mankind.
Did you know that during all of those amazing Apollo missions to the Moon, that the astronauts left their poop there?
See, they couldn’t take the remains with them (they had to consider the weight in the spaceships they were using; at least that is the excuse they used), but there… during the greatest achievement in history, we left 96 bags of filth behind. Think of that next time you imagine Armstrong’s great words. He left his footprint and his poop there.
Let me say that again, 96 bags of trash are scattered over the Moon surface. Astronaut poop, food waste, wrappers. They just left it there, like people littering at a park. And just like awful vacationers, they took pictures, and threw their trash around and left, not bothering to clean up. It is all so awful a concept, it makes me want to vomit.
There are family pictures, golf balls, and even a feather and a hammer around as well.
Again, we litter. We litter in places of beauty, we litter around our own homes, and we liter on the Moon.
When I was selecting the spot for my own lunar home, I demanded that it not be anywhere near the trash and Moon landing spots. Imagine having to deal with those American flags just hanging around in my backyard! Also, every telescope in the world points at those flags a few times a year, the last thing I wanted to be was a show for the people. All those people staring up at me, as I picked up old astronaut poop and raked away the footprints on the lunar regolith. (Of course, I would remove them. This is my home now, not theirs).
Exploring those famous Apollo locations would be like visiting a friend who has big dogs, carefully stepping to avoid a surprise under foot.
–
Consider how poetic this is (and here is the poet still lingering in my mind coming out again after a deep yawn)- If the world blows up (which will probably happen) and mankind dies away (which will most definitely happen in time), all that will remain to show we were even around are almost 100 bags of filth and flags.
5- The Moon Surface
The proper term for the Moon rocks and dust is “regolith.” It is incredibly inhospitable. It even contains glass that could do major physical damage.
It is as if the Moon is saying, “I don’t want you here. There is nothing here for you.” No air, no water, just a dirt that wants to damage anything you need.
This was all a great concern actually when they were designing my habitat. There were questions about what the lunar regolith would do to my equipment or even me, (If I breathed some in would the glass in it damage my lungs, etc.?).
The decision was made the create an entrance room that cleans the regolith off of my suit. It takes five minutes, but it is thorough. It is like standing in a hot wind for a while, strangely soothing. It reminds me of a time when I was young and my grandfather took me on his boat. (He worked the entire time, of course.) But I was able to lie on the boat and feel the sun rays hitting me.
I got very sunburnt and my tutor (who was supposed to be watching me) was fired. I was never allowed to experience that again, but I remember the feeling. I thought at the time it was like a kiss from the sun, a bit of happiness, but it really was the sun telling me I was unwanted here and was trying to give me pain.
Again, not surprising. Everything on Earth is pain.
–
Another fact! The astronauts of the Apollo missions brought back quite a bit of regolith. Almost 800 pounds of it, if you can believe it. But while that is a wonderful achievement, they also did not take very good care of it. Most of it had been exposed to air and was really unusable for scientists.
Honestly, they had one thing to do on those trips and they failed at it.
Hello, mankind, hello.
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Posted in Books, Fiction, Writing | Tagged Fiction, Kurt Vonnegut, literarture, Literary, novella, Ray Bradbury, reading, Richard Brautigan, Science Fiction, Writing | 2 Replies
My Problem With Doors to be released in April! Book cover reveal!
Posted on February 21, 2020 by Scott D. Southard
6
Hello everyone… so a little bit of big news…
I am pleased to announce that my novel My Problem With Doors is set to be released this April from KGHH Publishing!
My Problem With Doors is so many things and I can’t wait for you to discover it. It is unpredictable and in many ways the kind of book I love to discover when I go to the library. Here is the draft of the back cover description for the work. (I’ll share the cover after this bit, I promise).
This is a plea for help.
If you have found this manuscript and think it to be only a novel or an ancient piece of fiction, it is not. This is the story of my life and I hope in your reading you will be able to help me…
Jacob is lost in time.
He has been lost ever since he walked through a door as a toddler and ended up in the office of a British officer in 1870. My Problem With Doors is the exciting story of Jacob’s life as a time traveler.
Adventure, humor, romance, and surprises, Jacob never knows where he is going to end up or who he will meet next in his 30-year search for a home and purpose. From pirates to poets to even Jack the Ripper, Jacob will experience all of the best and worst of humanity in his journeys. My Problem With Doors is a book like no other, filled with both literary and adventurous twists and turns.
This is a most compelling book. It pulls you in to a fascinating concept from the beginning…. I give this book 5 stars. –The Voracious Reader
I will keep you updated as the publication date moves up. Until then, let me just add a “Yahoo!”
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Posted in Books, Fiction, Writing | Tagged Adventure, Amazon, Book, Book Cover, Books, eBook, Fiction, KGHH Publishing, Kindle, Literature, New Book, reading, Romance, Time Travel, Writing | 6 Replies
For a limited time. My latest novel In Jerry’s Corner is only 99 cents for ebook!
Posted on February 6, 2020 by Scott D. Southard
Reply
In a house on a dusty street, there was a quiet stranger.
Young Jerry Sleight never knew the stranger was there, nor did his parents. Of course, being only a few months old, little Jerry had no good reason to notice anything besides lights and the smile of his mother. For his parents though, the reason was basically that the stranger was invisible, hovering, and silent. And who looks for something unseen and unheard?
The stranger’s job was to observe and observe he did. He watched the parents feed, change, and fawn over the infant. He was there for each cry and each laugh. His time was passed floating in the northwest corner of the rooms, taking note of everything around Jerry (height, weight, reactions, etc.), watching as each day passed into another and another and another. Until a day came when the stranger decided to introduce himself…
Hey readers! Interested in reading something very new? Unpredictable? My latest novel In Jerry’s Corner is available as an ebook for only 99 cents for a limited time!
Published by KGGH Press, In Jerry’s Corner is the story of a life, but this is unlike anything else out there. I am really proud of this novel and the paths it takes. My aim in the book was to do something very different…and… well… you will have to check it out and see. And really for 99 cents, how can you say no? This is cheaper than most songs on iTunes, people!
On Amazon’s US Site– https://amzn.to/2OIxYbu
On Amazon UK Site– https://amzn.to/2U7zcCO
I can’t guarantee when this kind of sale will happen with the book again, but this is for a limited time. Grab a copy, buy it for a friend or a loved one. If you have read the book and liked it, please tell someone. I would love for more people to discover Jerry and Bill.
Here is the back cover description:
Ever since Jerry Sleight was a baby, Bill was there. Bill is tall, quiet, unblinking and green. He is in the northwest corner of every room Jerry visits and only Jerry can see him.
It might sound strange, but Bill is an alien from a planet without a name and his task is to watch a human life from beginning to end. But why he is observing Jerry, and what does he hope to see? Only Bill knows the true answers to the mystery.
Filled with laughter and surprises, Jerry’s days with Bill will represent all of humanity and the impact a life can have, not just on others but on an entire world and universe.
In Jerry’s Corner is about the importance of a single life… and the amazing green individual watching it all take place.
Thanks for reading and please snag a copy of my latest book! Cheers!
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Posted in Books, Fiction, Writing | Tagged Amazon, Amazonsale, Countdown, Drama, eBook, eBookSale, Fantasy, Fiction, GoodReads, Humor, Kindle, KindleCountdown, Life, Literary Fiction, Literature, Magical Realism, reading, Romantic, Sale, SciFi, Writing | Leave a reply
Only a few days left! Grab a copy of my new novel, In Jerry’s Corner, for only 99 cents on Amazon!
Posted on July 29, 2019 by Scott D. Southard
Reply
There are only a few days left to snag a copy of my book, In Jerry’s Corner, for just 99 cents. What are you waiting for? Get on it people! (Oh, let me say that nicer, it would be really smashing if you do grab a copy of it. Thank you!)
You can grab your copy here: https://amzn.to/2OIxYbu
Published by KGHH Press, In Jerry’s Corner is the story of a very special friendship and the power of an individual to impact not only the people around them, but the universe. I am really proud of this work and I am asking for you to give it a shot. I promise you will not be disappointed. It is unpredictable and very unique, not something often promised in today’s book world.
Here is the back cover description:
Ever since Jerry Sleight was a baby, Bill was there. Bill is tall, quiet, unblinking and green. He is in the northwest corner of every room Jerry visits and only Jerry can see him.
It might sound strange, but Bill is an alien from a planet without a name and his task is to watch a human life from beginning to end. But why he is observing Jerry, and what does he hope to see? Only Bill knows the true answers to the mystery.
Filled with laughter and surprises, Jerry’s days with Bill will represent all of humanity and the impact a life can have, not just on others but on an entire world and universe.
In Jerry’s Corner is about the importance of a single life… and the amazing green individual watching it all take place.
You can check out an excerpt on my website here, but why do that when you can just start reading now. Grab your copy on Amazon today!
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A Jane Austen Daydream
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Design a Visio basic flowchart by using Excel data with this basic flowchart template. This basic flowchart data diagram uses symbols to depict complex processes and includes sample data that makes it easy to get started. You can use this accessible flowchart template to create a cross-functional flowchart and organizational chart.
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In a way I feel a bit odd giving this book this symbol as I kind of feel an symbolism of girly Christian Fiction associated with the Christy symbol, and Ted Dekker is definitely not a Girly or even light-hearted Christian author. He is one of the few who manage to push the boundaries of edgy Christian fiction that little bit further than the average person and still manage to come out with a beautifully crafted novel.
Review: Immanuel's Veins - Ted Dekker- September 2010
Wow , where do I start with any of Ted Dekker's books they are the kind that are written in a way that gives the novel a sense of historicalness and also a feel of Christianity but on the other hand touches a side of fantasy , mystery and thrill with a hint of adventure chucked into the mix. It seems however that nobody is safe with the rise of Vampire Fiction as we see Christian author Ted Dekker touch ever so slightly into the realm of Supernatural.
In Immanuel's Veins we witness the release of two warriors Alek and Tomas who on the orders of Catherine the Great are to go forth and protect the twin daughters of a fellow monarch. It is upon the arrival to the castle that they are fully aware of how promiscuous one of the twins are and Alek ever the playboy falls for her. During the ball , we witness a group of Russians who we later down on the track in the novel notice that they slightly resemble what you and me may call Vampires.
As their time is spent looking after the twins Tomas the Warrior starts to develop feelings for Lucine but as he knows his place is to protect her and not take advantage his string values and morals shine through in the novel whereas Alek is a playboy through and through.
We read as further down in the track the Vampires come to claim Lucine and have Natasha and Alek under their spell . It is up to Tomas to go in and rescue them , with his love for Lucine burning strong -will this give Tomas a clear head or will it cloud his judgement in doing what is right ?
As always Ted Dekker's novels come complete with a story and a meaning and read as we discover the depth of Immanuel's Veins as a tale of one man's (Tomas's) journey to find redemptive love and that no matter who we are or what our past may have been - we can always find redemption and love.
Immanuel's Veins is a novel that should be on everybody's to read list whether you rate yourself as a Christian or an Non-Believer.
Posted by The Phantom Paragrapher at 7:50 PM
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1 comment:
Nomes November 10, 2010 at 8:34 PM
sounds intriguing. i haven't read ted dekker for a while now but own about 8 of his earlier books - which i loved. i'll have to add this to my christmas list.
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Here’s why wearing a mask is important
According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control, USA) Data from the outbreak in China suggests ⅓ of positive cases were asymptomatic cases in the early stages of the outbreak. These are people who showed no symptoms of Covid-19 but were infected and unknowingly infected others. This trend was evident in Iceland and the US.
Flat surgical masks, N95 masks or any cloth mask prevents people from touching their face which therefore reduces the chance of infection.
What should we do?
South Africans who are at the forefront of the battle against Covid-19 should wear official masks (essential service personnel) along with confirmed and suspected individuals.
The general public should also wear masks, preferably cloth masks to prevent a shortage to those who need it most and to prevent touching your face.
Do not stockpile masks, you are taking away the protection of those who are directly exposed to the virus on a daily basis.
Dispose of all masks after one use or when they become moist, do not reuse single-use masks from previous days.
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** If you think you have been exposed to the Covid-19 virus, please call the government's 24-hour hotline on 0800 029 999 or go to SA Coronavirus for more information.
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Will Toronto turn its residents into Alphabet’s experiment? The answer has implications for cities everywhere.
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Alphabet division Sidewalk Labs (a sister company to Google) is poised to spend $50,000,000 to redevelop a piece of Toronto waterfront called Quayside, filling it with "modular, dynamic" buildings that can be reconfigured as their uses change, data-gathering sensors that will help Sidewalk refine its own products and also allow Quayside to tune its zoning, usage, and management from moment to moment, as well as a new Google headquarters and a bunch of startups, and "affordable" micro-apartments starting at 162 square feet.
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Molly Sauter's excellent critical piece on the Sidewalk/Toronto deal in The Atlantic shows how masterfully Sidewalk played the process, presenting incredibly detailed plans for the development that wooed lawmakers and citizens, and then later quietly announcing that these plans were really just guidelines that may or may not be followed in the final build-out; they also managed to get their agreement with the City of Toronto declared a secret, so that virtually no one -- not even key city councillors -- have been allowed to see it.
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Sauter interrogates the promises of Sidewalk's smart city, raising the questions the city should have answered before greenlighting any action on the project, such as whether all those shiny startups will benefit Canada, or, as is customary, whether they will relocate to Silicon Valley as soon as they're successful enough to do so -- and also, how families are supposed to live in 162-square-foot apartments.
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https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/02/googles-guinea-pig-city/552932/
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==Google wants to run cities without being elected. Don't let it - The Guardian - 2017==
==Google wants to run cities without being elected. Don't let it - The Guardian - 2017==
Revision as of 13:58, 27 February 2018
Google’s Guinea-Pig City - The Atlantic - 2018
Will Toronto turn its residents into Alphabet’s experiment? The answer has implications for cities everywhere.
Alphabet division Sidewalk Labs (a sister company to Google) is poised to spend $50,000,000 to redevelop a piece of Toronto waterfront called Quayside, filling it with "modular, dynamic" buildings that can be reconfigured as their uses change, data-gathering sensors that will help Sidewalk refine its own products and also allow Quayside to tune its zoning, usage, and management from moment to moment, as well as a new Google headquarters and a bunch of startups, and "affordable" micro-apartments starting at 162 square feet.
Molly Sauter's excellent critical piece on the Sidewalk/Toronto deal in The Atlantic shows how masterfully Sidewalk played the process, presenting incredibly detailed plans for the development that wooed lawmakers and citizens, and then later quietly announcing that these plans were really just guidelines that may or may not be followed in the final build-out; they also managed to get their agreement with the City of Toronto declared a secret, so that virtually no one -- not even key city councillors -- have been allowed to see it.
Sauter interrogates the promises of Sidewalk's smart city, raising the questions the city should have answered before greenlighting any action on the project, such as whether all those shiny startups will benefit Canada, or, as is customary, whether they will relocate to Silicon Valley as soon as they're successful enough to do so -- and also, how families are supposed to live in 162-square-foot apartments.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/02/googles-guinea-pig-city/552932/
Google wants to run cities without being elected. Don't let it - The Guardian - 2017
"Alphabet, the parent company of Google, does not suffer from a lack of ambition. Its subsidiaries are tackling topics ranging from autonomous vehicles to smart homes, artificial intelligence to biotech life extension. So perhaps it shouldn’t be a surprise that Alphabet has decided it will plan, build, and run a city, too – well, part of a city. It’s a bit more surprising that a major city is happily handing Alphabet a neighborhood of prime real estate to call their own. .../... There’s no doubt that urban labs can help in the design of powerful, useful technologies. But building the smart urban future cannot also mean paving the way for tech billionaires to fulfill their dreams of ruling over cities. If it does, that’s not a future we should want to live in."
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/24/google-alphabet-sidewalk-labs-toronto
Google’s plan to revolutionise cities is a takeover in all but name - The Guardian - 2017
"Aside from the institutional investors shopping for entire city blocks, Alphabet understands the real audience for its cities: the global rich. For them, the narratives of data-driven sustainability and algorithmically produced artisanal lifestyles – Sidewalk Labs even promises “a next-gen bazaar” replenished by local communities of makers – are just another way to justify rising values of their property portfolios. That Alphabet’s “urbanism as a service” might not appeal to the residents of Toronto does not matter. As a real estate project, its chief goal is to impress its future missing residents –above all, millions of Chinese millionaires flocking to Canada’s housing markets. Doctoroff was not equivocating when he told the Globe and Mail that Alphabet’s Canadian venture “primarily is a real-estate play”."
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/21/google-urban-cities-planning-data
Retrieved from "https://wiki.fuckoffgoogle.de/index.php?title=Smart_City_by_Google_(Toronto,_Sidewalk_Labs)&oldid=316"
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0.979357 |
Shawn Vestal: The surge of 'mini-insurrections' reflects evolving pandemic extremism | 94.1 The Bear – KJRB
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Shawn Vestal: The surge of 'mini-insurrections' reflects evolving pandemic extremism
<p><p>The images from the anti-mask demonstration run amok last week in Coeur d’Alene were too familiar for comfort.</p></p><p><p>Glowering protesters banging on locked doors, demanding to enter and hollering at local cops. Crowds surrounding and shouting down officials, threatening to push their way inside. Police clearing out the public and journalists for their own safety, and district officials feeling personally threatened.</p></p><p><p>“Everyone’s safety was at issue, in my mind,” the school board president, Jennifer Brumley, wrote later in a message to district staff.</p></p><p><p>It was a tense scene, packed with aggression and the seeming potential for violence, and it’s been repeated over and over this year. Protesters have shut down city and county government meetings. School board meetings have become intense battlegrounds. Public health officials have been confronted, and vaccine clinics disrupted.</p></p><p><p>And, of course, there was Jan. 6. The differences between Jan. 6 in Washington, D.C., and Sept. 24 in Coeur d’Alene are manifest, of course. But the similarities – commonalities of belief and a commitment to using force over reason – are unmistakable.</p></p><p><p>“In a lot of respects, we’ve got a series of mini-insurrections playing out all across the country around issues of masks, vaccines and mandates,” said Devin Burghart, the executive director of the Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights.</p></p><p><p>The Seattle-based IREHR has just released a <a href=”https://www.irehr.org/reports/facebook-and-covid-denial” target=”_blank”>report</a>, “Facebook and Covid Denial,” examining the ways that COVID-19 denialism and vaccine opposition have become a unifying force for far-right movements – aligning formerly disparate movements and attracting new members via hundreds of Facebook-organized groups.</p></p><p><p>His team identified more than 1,700 Facebook groups built around COVID denialism, with almost 2.5 million members. The report provides a detailed examination of the way these groups interact with and draw upon many forms of extremism as they have moved toward more aggressive, threatening tactics.</p></p><p><p>This pandemic-conspiracy umbrella takes in paramilitary groups like the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers, whose members played significant roles on Jan. 6; white nationalists and racist organizations; alt-right YouTube provocateurs and old-school one-world order conspiracists; Stop the Stealers and critical-race-theory opponents; Christian nationalists and constitutionalists.</p></p><p><p>All have found common purpose in COVID denialism, fostered by Facebooks’ incredible power as a platform for false information and human connection.</p></p><p><p>New York University researchers examined the social media site from August 2020 to January and found that posts with misinformation drew six times more clicks than factual news articles. While there was nonsense posted on both sides of the political spectrum, 68% of the posts identified as misinformation came from the far right.</p></p><p><p>“The ranks of the far-right have swelled like I’ve never seen in my 30 years of doing this work,” Burghart said.</p></p><p><h3>‘Clear connections’</h3></p><p><p>Kate Bitz, a program manager and trainer/organizer in Spokane for the Western States Center, a Portland-based organization that tracks right-wing extremism, said the combination of anti-government and conspiratorial views, as well as the philosophical foundations of many on the far right, made a pandemic backlash predictable.</p></p><p><p>“After all, it requires a recognition of our vulnerability, interdependence, and the importance of stable, inclusive democratic institutions to respond,” she wrote in response to questions.</p></p><p><p>“That’s extremely unsettling to people whose values are based in rugged individualism and often a belief in their own invulnerability. It was almost inevitable that the right would downplay the severity of the COVID pandemic.”</p></p><p><p>Bitz said her organization has identified “clear connections” between those involved in the Jan. 6 insurrection and “groups that mobilized at school board meetings, hospitals, anti-vaccine rallies and other smaller events around the region this year. For example, an anti-mask protest at Central Valley School District this fall was advertised on a Proud Boys group’s social media, and at least one (Jan. 6) insurrectionist showed up at last week’s anti-vaccine rally in downtown Spokane.”</p></p><p><h3>‘A state of war’</h3></p><p><p>That rally, in Riverfront Park and throughout downtown on Sept. 25, was a representative sample of these changes.</p></p><p><p>It was organized by some of the usual suspects – Matt Shea, the former GOP representative who aided and abetted the Malheur occupation and now leads a Spokane Valley church, and Caleb Collier, the former Spokane Valley city councilman who is working for Understanding the Threat, a group specializing in Islamophobic conspiracies.</p></p><p><p>But it also bore many of the hallmarks of a routine family event in the park. Music. Face-painting. A job fair. An estimated 4,000 people attended – far more than the typical size of such patriot gatherings in the past – and for all the pleasant trappings, they were treated to a hodgepodge of conspiratorial fear-mongering, including threats the children would soon be raped and killed, and all the worst, most uninformed views of the pandemic.</p></p><p><p>Collier told the crowd, “It’s an event where we spread love, where we spread kindness, where we spread fellowship with our fellow Christian patriots.”</p></p><p><p>There was less talk of love and kindness when Collier and Shea spoke on a podcast a couple of days before the rally, as Collier talked about his new job, in which he plans to teach others how to stalk and harass political opponents.</p></p><p><p>“We are in a state of war,” Collier said. “It’s OK to go to a local coffee shop and watch as a city council member meets with a local leader of antifa, and it’s OK to take photographs of their license plates and run that down and see who else they’re meeting with.</p></p><p><p>“Those are tactics that are OK. It’s OK to stand in front of a mayor’s house and picket when they’re doing something that’s a violation of your natural, God-given rights … you can actually get them to pack up and leave town or resign.”</p></p><p><p>He also demonstrated the perfect fit between pandemic conspiracies and pre-existing paranoias.</p></p><p><p>“They have never been so close to being able to implement their globalist agenda,” Collier said. “They see this COVID-19, this engineered pandemic as a means to an end. They don’t care what the crisis is, so long as they can take total control of your life and ultimately establish their one-world government plan.”</p></p><p><h3>‘Deadly serious’</h3></p><p><p>Militarized, revolutionary talk has long been a feature of the far right, and a lot of the time that’s all it is. It’s impossible to ignore the fact, though, that there is a growing aggression in public life around pandemic issues – a sense among some people that the time has come to fight back, literally, against an evil adversary.</p></p><p><p>Berghart documented a lot of this in his report, citing example after example of people calling for civil war or insurrectionary actions on Facebook, as well as real-life disruptions of local government meetings.</p></p><p><p>“I think far too often we underestimate rhetoric and its ability to move people to reality,” he said. “People in this movement are deadly serious and they have deadly serious aims and the consequences of their actions are deadly” in terms of the pandemic.</p></p><p><p>Following Jan. 6, there was a shift toward more localized demonstrations, and the incidents of local government officials being bullied, threatened and harassed are now frequent. Bitz noted that a planned Washington, D.C., rally to celebrate the Jan. 6 insurrectionists flopped, but on the same day, a thousand anti-vaccine protesters marched through Salem, Oregon.</p></p><p><p>“A major factor in this localized organizing is that inclusive democracy is much easier to disrupt at the local level,” she wrote. “The U.S. Capitol is a much harder target than a local school administrative building, and far-right groups have unfortunately found success obstructing democratic practice at the local level by shutting down public meetings, intimidating local elected officials into resigning, and badgering frontline workers.”</p></p><p><h3>‘Spiral of mistrust’</h3></p><p><p>The connection between existing, pre-pandemic conspiracies – such as the old reliable “globalist agenda” – and pandemic conspiracies is strong. In March, researchers at Network Contagion Research Institute released a report estimating where in the country significant anti-vaccine and anti-mask protests might occur.</p></p><p><p>The most important correlations indicating anti-mask/vax activity were: counties that had experienced notable anti-Black Lives Matter counterprotests, that had stricter pandemic restrictions – and that had a high incidence of Google searches for “New World Order.”</p></p><p><p>On these metrics, Spokane County was one of the top 30 counties in the country where significant protests against public health measures were increasingly likely, along with King and Snohomish counties, and Idaho’s Ada County.</p></p><p><p>The researchers drew a direct ideological line between these movements and the events of Jan. 6, and pointed out the ways in which they could create a feedback loop that keeps the country trapped in a pandemic.</p></p><p><p>“The unwillingness to take the vaccine is grounded in the same distrust in leaders and institutions that led to the attack on the Capitol,” they wrote. “For anti-democratic actors, this offers the opportunity to create a spiral of distrust: The more distrust in leaders and institutions they sow, the longer it will take to vaccinate enough of the population to achieve herd immunity; the longer it takes to achieve herd immunity, the longer it will take for life to get back to normal; the longer it takes for life to get back to normal, the less credible leaders appear and the lower the public’s trust in institutions.”</p></p><p><h3>‘Chaos and fear’</h3></p><p><p>Burghart’s report includes recommendations for ways to address the thriving misinformation pandemic on Facebook. Chiefly, he writes, the platform should “de-platform COVID denial,” as it has tried, with mixed success, to do with other forms of misinformation. He further argues that Congress should investigate the role of the social media platform in spreading misinformation.</p></p><p><p>But there is another important group that needs to join the fight against COVID denial more forcefully, he said – the average non-COVID-denying citizen. People need to speak up, defend health care workers and government officials, support public health and safety measures, and not allow the conversation to be dominated by extremists.</p></p><p><p>“This is no longer a policy fight, it is an effort to push, by force if necessary, an agenda that threatens public health,” he said. “We live in a democracy, and it is not a spectator sport. It requires all of us to participate.”</p></p><p><p>Meanwhile, the incidents are having a pronounced effect on local government officials and the decisions they’re making.</p></p><p><p>The protest in Coeur d’Alene last week came as the school board was considering a temporary mask mandate, in response to the pandemic surging in the community and in classrooms. Doctors and medical professionals were scheduled to speak about the dire situation in the community and hospitals.</p></p><p><p>The meeting was canceled as a result of the protests, and demonstrators then moved on to the district offices, which was placed on lockdown. No mask mandate was discussed or implemented.</p></p><p><p>“This was not a laughable or funny situation,” Brumley, the board chairwoman wrote in her message to staff. “I was tearful and truly saddened. I was concerned for my safety, after the fact, in light of the anger over canceling the meeting.”</p></p><p><p>And the ongoing influence of the mini-insurrectionists is clear: Brumley and trustee Tambra Pickford have resigned. The next board meeting will be held over Zoom.</p></p><p><p>And masks are not on the agenda.</p></p>
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0.996287 |
Do you have planets in the first degrees of Cardinal (Aries, Cancer, Capricorn) or Fixed signs (Aquarius, Scorpio, Taurus)?
In the future we will experience a critical time in our lives with important planets shaping double or tripple whammies.
Please share your experience, and help figure out what to expect in my case:
My natal Neptune trines Sun, Mercury, and Chiron. Natal Uranus opposes Sun, Mercury, and Chiron. Natal Pluto quincunxes Sun, Mercury, and Chiron (yes, I am an author/researcher with plutonian, uranian, neptunian aspects).
In the near future Transiting Neptune will conjunct Sun, Mercury, and Chiron.
Also, Progressed Sun will oppose my natal Neptune.
At the same time, transiting Pluto will square my Moon and Jupiter in Scorpio), but also square Saturn and Mars in Taurus, and oppose Midheaven.
The weirdest thing is, my Progressed Sun will enter the 8th house (more Pluto and Scorpio influence) AND my Progressed Moon will conjunct Neptune.
All this would be scary, but there are some positive aspects too:
Transiting Pluto will sextile my Sun, Mercury and Chiron (what doesn't kill you makes you stronger?).
Transiting Uranus will conjunct my Progressed Sun in Gemini 8th house, AND trine my natal Uranus, AND sextile natal Sun. (Very Uranian, inspirational influence)
In short, the three slowest planets, Pluto, Neptune, and Uranus, which affect my natal Sun and Moon, will trigger all the oppositions I have in this SeeSaw (many oppositions) chart.
****
All of these planets changing signs will signify a major event - so I wonder if we should expect some geopolitical or covid-related events that will trigger action for a lot of us. In this case, as you see my chart, do you see me as a passive victim of circumstances, or an active player, e.g. more active in helping people through my work?
Please share your own experiences!
Thanks.
I'm a little confused. TR Neptune doesn't begin conjunction with your Sun until May 2026. I would not say this is the near-future, but maybe you consider it near enough. With Transits and progressions, we generally use 1 degree orbs.
Transits from Pluto, Neptune and Uranus are not always felt. Usaully, if we are doing what they ask of us, it can go smoothly. These are not squares or oppositions either. The squares or oppositions can be much more felt being hard and frictional in nature.
It's true that when we have a stellium or group of planets that transits can come along and stimulate them all in a short period of time - and a person might feel impacted all at once.
In December 2024 - TR Pluto will begin conjunction to your IC - and I think that is something you might feel - as it is your most inner, private self - and you might feel like moving or traveling - making a change - either internal or external. Other than that, these aspects are soft ones to your Sun stellium - except when Neptune conjuncts them. Neptune conjuncting them could truly give you inspiration, creativity, and a better connection with Soul-Spirit - as that what it asks of us. I think the big event is going to be Pluto on IC - at least with what I can see with a quick look at your chart.
__________________
I'm offering a new beginner's class entitled "How to Professionally Read a Natal Chart" beginning Tuesday, September 14, 2021, 5:30 - 7:30 pm Eastern Time. For more info visit: https://thesoulmustsing.weeblysite.c...uncement-32721I
I'm a western astrologer who reads by donation and gives classes on astrology, dream interpretation, meditation and mind-body healing. Sign up for my newsletter! My website: http://thesoulmustsing.weebly.com
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0.993074 |
Google constantly changes its search algorithms. By some estimates, those changes take place as many as 600 times a year. The result of this is a constant, fluid-like state of change in search rankings where nothing ever stands still. Most of these changes are small however, and usually have minimal direct effect on how Google views your website.
In addition to these small changes though, Google also implements major updates. These are a different matter as they can and do have a dramatic effect on the way websites appear in search. It's not uncommon to hear of a website that saw its traffic and ranking completely wiped out overnight because of a Google algorithm update.
Here are the major updates that have been applied since 2011.
Panda
Image source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Panda_Cub_from_Wolong,_Sichuan,_China.JPG
The Panda update marked the start of Google using animals as labels for its major algorithm updates. Implemented in February 2011, Panda is actually a search filter that has one primary aim—to stop sites with poor quality content from ranking well in search results.
The initial Panda update is estimated to have impacted 12% of searches. Periodic Panda updates continue to be released to catch sites with low quality content, and sites that scrap content.
Penguin
The Penguin update was rolled out in April 2012, targeting websites that were trying to game the system by getting lots of low quality links. Links are one of the ranking factors that Google uses in determining search results. The theory is that a link is a vote of confidence in a website, and if the website owners try to fake this by paying for links or using link farms, the quality of search results goes down. Penguin spots and penalizes websites that engage in these sorts of practices.
Hummingbird
Source: http://discoveringcastlepines.com/files/2015/05/hummingbird.jpg
Hummingbird was a different type of algorithm update as it was not designed to reduce the impact of search spam, which was the goal of Panda and Penguin. Instead, Hummingbird was about improving search results by doing more than focus on keywords. With the Hummingbird update, Google's search algorithm started to look at context, meaning and behavior, as well as keywords, in order to come up with more relevant results.
Pigeon
The Pigeon update was implemented in July 2014. Its focus was on local search with the aim of providing users with better results on local queries.
Mobile-Friendly
The mobile-friendly Google update marked a break from using animals to designate their updates. It is designed to boost websites that are mobile-friendly in mobile search results. By definition, that means that websites that aren't mobile-friendly suffer, which caused some people to dub the update mobilegeddon. As a large percentage of people use mobile search, this is a significant update.
Whenever Google releases a major update it is always a topic of debate among website owners, SEO professionals, and marketers. Most of those opinions are clouded by personal circumstances—like if a website has gained or lost because of the update. In the end, these updates are designed to achieve Google's ultimate objective, which is to give the best possible results to a user when they conduct a search.
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Postado 8 junho, 2015
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