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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792720
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Zac Alexander
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Zac Alexander (born 11 February 1989) is an Australian professional squash player. He reached a career-high PSA ranking of World No. 36 in September 2012 and has won a total of 26 PSA titles. In 2025, Zac began coaching PSA world number one ranked women's player Nouran Gohar
Zac won a men's doubles squash gold medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast, teamed up with David Palmer defeating Daryl Selby and Adrian Waller of England (11–9, 3-11, 11-6). Zac also won a silver medal at the World Doubles in Darwin in 2016 and a gold medal at the Malaysian Open Doubles Championships later the same year. This has been a very successful period for Zac who made the Australian doubles team for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. However, he was forced to leave the games early when the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled the higher-ranked singles player (Matthew Karwalski) should take his spot.
In the lead up to the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast, Zac dominated squash tournaments for the 2016-2017 season in Australia:
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9945971
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792725
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National Route 14 (Argentina)
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The Ruta Nacional 14 General José Gervasio Artigas (Decree Law 26859/10 jun 2013) is a major road in Argentina. It has its starting point in the small city of Ceibas, in the Entre Ríos province. Route 14 diverges from Ruta Nacional 12, following the río Uruguay coast and ending in the city of Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones. It is one of the most transited roads of the country, mainly because of tourists going to Brazil and Uruguay, and because it receives most of the former's trade.
The road is being widened between Gualeguaychú and Paso de los Libres. Almost the entire route is fully paved, except for the Gramado (near San Pedro) and Dos Hermanas stretch, which is due to be paved in February 2011. The road's length is 1.127 km.
Lately, this road has gained a bad reputation due to frequent car accidents, being colloquially dubbed "La Ruta de la Muerte" (The Road of Death).
This route passes by the El Palmar National Park, which is known for its Yatay Palm trees, whose entrance is 6 km south of Ubajay, in the Entre Ríos province. It also passes by the Parque Provincial Cruce Caballero northeast from the city of San Pedro in the Misiones province.
Destinations.
These are some of the cities with 5000 inhabitants or more that RN 14 passes by:
Entre Ríos Province.
Stretch: 343 km (km 0 to 343)
Corrientes Province.
Stretch: 441 km (km 343 to 784)
Misiones Province.
Stretch: 343 km (km 784 to 1127).
Toll booths and services.
References:
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48865058
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792732
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Annals of the Later Han
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Annals of the Later Han or Hou Hanji (後漢紀) is a Chinese history book of the Eastern Han dynasty. It was written by Yuan Hong (328–376) during the Jin dynasty (266–420). Yuan spent eight years to complete his Annals. The annals contain 30 books with some 210 thousand Chinese characters. It covers the period from the farmers' revolts of the later years of Wang Mang to the years when Cao Pi, and Liu Bei became emperors; therefore it covers roughly 200 years. The annals were written 50 years earlier than Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han", and it is one of two surviving history books of Eastern Han dynasty.
* 光武皇帝 Emperor Guangwu
* 光武皇帝
* 光武皇帝
* 光武皇帝
* 光武皇帝
* 光武皇帝
* 光武皇帝
* 光武皇帝
* 孝明皇帝 (1/2) Emperor Ming
* 孝明皇帝 (2/2)
* 孝章皇帝 (1/2) Emperor Zhang
* 孝章皇帝 (2/2)
* 孝和皇帝 (1/2) Emperor He
* 孝和皇帝 (2/2)
* 孝殤皇帝 Emperor Shang
* 孝安皇帝 (1/2) Emperor An
* 孝安皇帝 (2/2)
* 孝順皇帝 (1/2) Emperor Shun
* 孝順皇帝 (2/2)
* 孝質皇帝 Emperor Zhi
* 孝桓皇帝 (1/2) Emperor Huan
* 孝桓皇帝 (2/2)
* 孝靈皇帝 (1/3) Emperor Ling
* 孝靈皇帝 (2/3)
* 孝靈皇帝 (3/3)
* 孝獻皇帝 Emperor Xian
* 孝獻皇帝
* 孝獻皇帝
* 孝獻皇帝
* 孝獻皇帝
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36792748
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37991216
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792748
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History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and the Barbarians
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New Zealand and the Barbarians have played each other 11 times. The first encounter was in February 1954 and saw New Zealand win 19–5 at Cardiff Arms Park, while the last was in November 2017, when New Zealand won 31–22 at Twickenham. All the matches have been played at Cardiff Arms Park or Twickenham. New Zealand have won 8 of the 11 matches.
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16669243
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792774
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2012 Women's Junior NORCECA Volleyball Championship
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The 2012 Girls' Youth NORCECA Volleyball Championship was the eighth edition of the bi-annual women's volleyball tournament, played by nine countries from August 21–26, 2012 in Managua, Nicaragua. The event served as qualifier to the 2013 Women's Junior World Championship
Pool standing procedure.
Match won 3–0: 5 points for the winner, 0 point for the loser<br>
Match won 3–1: 4 points for the winner, 1 points for the loser<br>
Match won 3–2: 3 points for the winner, 2 points for the loser<br>
In case of tie, the teams were classified according to the following criteria:<br>
points ratio and sets ratio
"All times are CST, Nicaragua Standard Time (UTC -06)"
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36792809
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7903804
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792809
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Georgina Cassar
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Georgina Cassar (born 9 September 1993) is a Gibraltarian/British rhythmic gymnast. She represented Gibraltar at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India and competed for Team GB at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom.
Early life.
Cassar was born on 9 September 1993 in Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom to Maltese father Franco and English mother Jackie. The family settled in Gibraltar in 1996 when her father took up a senior post at a local bank. She was mainly educated in Gibraltar having attended Governor's Meadow Primary School, Bishop Fitzgerald Middle School and Westside School.
Gymnastics career.
Cassar began training in ballet at the age of three.
Cassar represented Gibraltar at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India. She came 16th in the overall competition. In 2012, she travelled to Bath to train full-time with the Olympic team. While there, she studied A-levels in psychology, biology and PE at King Edward's School. She planned on remaining in Bath for her second year of A-levels following the games.
Olympic debut.
Cassar competed for Team GB at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. She could not represent her native Gibraltar because the Gibraltar Olympic Committee is not recognised by the International Olympic Committee; however, using a similar by-law to Anguillan long jumper Shara Proctor and Turks and Caicos Islander Delano Williams, Cassar was eligible to represent the United Kingdom as Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and so she holds a British passport. She is the first athlete from Gibraltar to compete at the Olympic Games.
Cassar appeared on 10 August with the rest of Team GB. They came in 12th and failed to make the finals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792826
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I Like Girls That Drink Beer
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"I Like Girls That Drink Beer" is a song recorded by American country music singer Toby Keith and co-written with Bobby Pinson. It was released in July 2012 and is the first single from his album "Hope on the Rocks", released on October 30, 2012.
Content.
Matt Bjorke of Roughstock.com states that the chorus of this uptempo break-up song, "feels distinctly country and what's good about it is that it's a song that's not really about beer. The hook "I like girls that drink beer" is more about finding a down to earth, regular woman instead of a high society, high-maintenance woman.” He goes on to say that, "Clearly contemporary, the song still has loads of fiddle, audible steel guitars and a downright country melody that makes it one of the most 'traditional' sounding songs to hit country radio."
Critical reception.
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country rates the song 3.5 stars out of 5. He states, "the new song – presumably from an upcoming album — is closer to the 2003 hit ‘I Love This Bar’ than it is ‘Red Solo Cup’ or ‘Beers Ago.’ All of his best bar room cuts (including ‘Whiskey Girl’ and ‘As Good as I Once Was’) work because Keith sounds like he could easily fill in for Norm on ‘Cheers,’ albeit a more gruff and successful version of the famous television character."
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A. Coyne states that this song is, "An awesome throwback that recalls the great class-crossed lovers anthems without borrowing too heavily from them." He goes on to say, "...Keith isn’t just one of the genre’s greatest singers and songwriters. He’s also one of its smartest. When he’s at his best, we get songs that celebrate the working man and the country boy without a whiff of condescension or pandering." He ends with saying, "This is Toby Keith at his best."
Music video.
The music video was directed by Michael Salomon and premiered on September 7, 2012. It was filmed at a concert in San Bernardino, California and features a cameo from Guy Fieri.
The video features Keith and his band—including a small brass band—performing the song. Keith begins by playing along with his guitar prior to dispensing with the charade and putting it behind his back as he holds a beer instead while he sings. The video highlights several women enjoying both the song and their own beers. A slew of homemade signs are depicted in the audience that reference the title, including multiple ones misstating the name of the song as "I Like Girls "Who" Drink Beer".
Chart performance.
"I Like Girls That Drink Beer" debuted at number 28 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of August 11, 2012, Keith's second-best debut behind "Stays in Mexico", which debuted at number 27 in August 2004. It also debuted at number 86 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and debuted at number 18 on the US "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart for the same week of August 11, 2012.
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36792834
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6383155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792834
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Ayman Saied Joumaa
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Ayman Saied Joumaa is a Colombian/Lebanese national and alleged drug kingpin. The US Treasury Department alleges that his organization launders money and traffics illicit drugs in the Americas, Middle East, Europe, and Africa, and that he has ties to Hezbollah and the Los Zetas cartel.
Criminal activities and link to Hezbollah.
On January 26, 2011, the US Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) listed him as a Specially Designated Narcotics Trafficker under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act. This was due to Joumaa’s money-laundering operations supporting Hezbollah’s activities, as investigated during Project Cassandra.
Legal proceedings.
On November 23, 2011, a federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia, indicted Joumaa for distributing tens of thousands of kilograms of cocaine from Colombia through Central America to Los Zetas in Mexico and for laundering millions of dollars' worth of drug money from Mexico, Europe, and West Africa to Colombia and Venezuela.
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28779459
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792841
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Memory Mucherahowa
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Memory Mucherahowa (born 19 June 1968) is a Zimbabwean former footballer. He captained Dynamos F.C. to the 1998 CAF Champions League final and was named the 1994 Soccer Star of the Year.
In his 2017 autobiography he claimed that the national team used juju magic.
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36792855
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753665
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792855
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Taylor Peak (Grand County, Colorado)
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Taylor Peak, elevation , is a summit in the Front Range of north central Colorado. The peak is in Rocky Mountain National Park at the head of Loch Vale and just north of Taylor Glacier.
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36792861
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18872885
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792861
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Ludwig Cohn
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Ludwig Cohn (1873 – 1935) was a German naturalist.
Beginning in 1904 he worked as a zoological assistant at the "Städtischen Museum für Natur-, Völker- und Handelskunde" (Municipal Museum of natural history, ethnology and trade history) in Bremen, under the direction of Hugo Schauinsland (1857–1937). In 1920 he was promoted to head of the natural history department at the museum. He is known for two scientific trips to what is now part of Papua New Guinea, being sponsored by the Bremen museum.
His first journey (1908/09) was to the Solomon Islands. With explorer Karl Nauer (1874–1962), he performed scientific research on Buka and Bougainville, collecting an array of natural and ethnographic objects. As a result of the expedition, a "Junggesellenhaus" (bachelor dwelling) from the island of Tijob, and a "Familienwohnhaus" (family house) from the settlement of Toboroi, became centerpieces at the opening of the South Seas Exhibition (1911) at the Bremen museum.
His second expedition (1911/12) was to the Admiralty Islands, where along with zoological items, he acquired a number of ethnographic objects, including a collection of carvings that became an important part of the ethnographic "Oceania collection" at the museum. Many of Cohn's museum artifacts were lost during World War II.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792863
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335th Airlift Squadron
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The 335th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force Reserve unit. It was last active with the 514th Operations Group at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, where it was inactivated on 30 September 1995
The squadron was first organized in 1949 as the 335th Troop Carrier Squadron. It trained with Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft and was called to active duty for the Korean War until 1953, when it returned to reserve duty.
History.
Activation in the reserve and mobilization.
The squadron was first activated at Birmingham Municipal Airport in June 1949, when it replaced the 323d Troop Carrier Squadron in the 514th Troop Carrier Group as part of a reorganization of reserve units by Continental Air Command (ConAC) to implement the wing base organization. There, it began training under the supervision of the 2587th Air Force Reserve Training Center. However, ConAC decided that Birmingham would be home to a light bomber unit and in October, the 514th Troop Carrier Wing was replaced by the 319th Bombardment Wing. The 335th moved with its parent wing on paper to Mitchel Air Force Base, where it was partially manned by reservists of the 84th Fighter Wing, which departed Mitchel the same day.
At Mitchel, the squadron equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commando transports and began training with the 2233d Air Force Reserve Training Center. The squadron was called to active duty for the Korean War on 1 May 1951 and participated in airlift operations and exercises. It transported troops and cargo and dropped paratroopers until 1 February 1953, when it was relieved from active duty and turned its personnel and equipment over to the 29th Troop Carrier Squadron, which replaced it as the active duty troop carrier wing at Mitchel. Shortly before inactivation, the squadron began to convert to the Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar.
Return to the reserves.
Two months later, the squadron was activated again in the reserves, taking over the resources of the partially manned 2d Troop Carrier Squadron, part of the 65th Troop Carrier Wing, which had been activated at Mitchel to train reservists who had completed their Korean War tours of active duty. Its return to the reserves was accompanied by a return to flying the Curtiss Commando, but by August 1954 was once again flying the C-119, becoming part of the first reserve wing to operate the Flying Boxcar. It initially trained with the 2233d Air Reserve Flying Center, but in 1958, the center was inactivated and some of its personnel were absorbed by the squadron. In place of active duty support for reserve units, ConAC adopted the Air Reserve Technician program, in which a cadre of the unit consisted of full-time personnel who were simultaneously civilian employees of the Air Force and held rank as members of the reserves.
In the summer of 1956, the squadron participated in Operation Sixteen Ton during its two weeks of active duty training. Sixteen Ton was performed entirely by reserve troop carrier units and moved United States Coast Guard equipment from Floyd Bennett Naval Air Station to Isla Grande Airport in Puerto Rico and San Salvador Island in the Bahamas. After the success of this operation, the squadron began to use inactive duty training periods for Operation Swift Lift, transporting high priority cargo for the air force and Operation Ready Swap, transporting aircraft engines, between Air Materiel Command’s depots.
In 1959, the reserves adopted the dual deputy organization and the squadron was assigned directly to the 514th Troop Carrier Wing when the 514th Group was inactivated. At this time, the reserve flying force consisted of 45 troop carrier squadrons assigned to 15 troop carrier wings. The squadrons were not all located with their parent wings, but were spread over thirty-five Air Force, Navy and civilian airfields under what was called the Detached Squadron Concept. However, under this concept, support organizations remained with the wing. The squadron was the only one of the 514th Wing's three flying squadrons that moved to McGuire Air Force Base with wing headquarters in 1961 as the Detached Squadron Concept was implemented.
Although this concept was not a problem if an entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing a single flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult. To resolve this, at the start of 1962 ConAC determined to reorganize its reserve wings by establishing troop carrier groups with support elements for each of its troop carrier squadrons. This reorganization would facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed. However, the mobilization of a number of reserve wings for the Cuban Missile Crisis delayed this reorganization until 1963. On 17 January, the 903d Troop Carrier Group and support elements were activated at McGuire and the squadron was reassigned to the new group. In 1967, along with other troop carrier units, the squadron was renamed the 335th Tactical Airlift Squadron. It was inactivated in April 1970 as part of the phaseout of Flying Boxcars.
Associate unit.
The squadron was redesignated the 335th Military Airlift Squadron and reactivated in July 1973 at McGuire as an associate unit of the active duty 438th Military Airlift Wing. The associate unit program began in 1968 when the obsolete Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, still flown by the reserves, was retired. The Air Force Reserve (AFRES) formed associate units, which flew and maintained aircraft owned by the associated regular unit, to carry out its share of the strategic airlift mission. The 335th flew the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter heavy transport aircraft owned by the 438th Wing. The squadron performed worldwide airlift of personnel, equipment and supplies.
The squadron was assigned to the 903d Military Airlift Group until 1973, when AFRES inactivated its groups located on bases where a wing was also stationed, and the squadron was once again assigned directly to the 514th Wing. When the Objective Wing organization was implemented in 1992, the squadron was reassigned to its original unit, which was now titled the 514th Operations Group. The 335th was inactivated in September 1995 as the C-141 was phased out of operation with the active duty force.
Organized on 26 June 1949
Ordered to Active Service on 1 May 1951
Inactivated on 1 February 1953
Redesignated 335th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 July 1967
Redesignated 335th Military Airlift Squadron (Associate) on 25 September 1968
Inactivated on 1 April 1970
Redesignated 335th Airlift Squadron on 1 February 1992
Inactivated on 30 September 1995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792865
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Michael Comyn
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Michael Comyn (6 June 1871 – 6 October 1952) was an Irish barrister, Fianna Fáil Senator and later a judge on the Circuit Court. He was also a member of the British Civil Service, geologist, discoverer and operator of mines, and finally "litigant in one of the longest cases ever heard in the Irish courts". As a lawyer-turned litigant, he recounted that "it was his last case, and he won it: a far cry from his first case as a young barrister...it was a bad case and I did it badly".
Early life.
Comyn was born at Clareville, Ballyvaughan, County Clare, in 1871, the eldest son and the second of seven children of James Comyn of Kilshanny, a tenant farmer and secretary of the local branch of the Land League. His mother was Ellenora, daughter of Thomas Quin, of Fanta Glebe, Kilfenora, County Clare. In 1879, the Comyn family were evicted from their home by Lord Clanricarde's agent and the family moved to Gortnaboul in Kilshanny parish, County Clare. Comyn attended the local school and was taught by Vere Ryan, father of the republican Frank Ryan. Later he attended Hugh Brady's school in Ruan, County Clare. This school had a reputation for tutoring its students successfully for civil service examinations. He boarded with his aunt (married to Casey) in Ruan during the week.
Legal career.
At the age of 19, Comyn sat for an examination to be an excise officer; 2,500 people entered and 50 were selected. He was assigned to Powers' Distillery, Dublin, for a six-week introduction course. He was later assigned to Lancaster, where he both worked in excise and attended Preston College. He returned to Dublin to study law at University College Dublin. He attended King's Inns while continuing to work during the day. Despite being transferred to Burton Salmon, Yorkshire, in his last year at the King's Inns, which meant he was not able attend the required lectures, he persisted. He was one lecture short at the time of the final examination. He put himself forward for the Victoria Prize, which he won and it enabled him to complete his studies. Comyn was called to the Irish bar in 1898 and joined the Munster Circuit in 1900. He built up a successful practice and he became a King's Counsel in June 1914. ""A barrister at last, but a civil servant still. With no legal back ground, no solicitor acquaintances and no influential friends, the bar looked a particularly hazardous profession"." He decided to join the Munster circuit and presented himself at quarter sessions in his home county Clare.
Comyn was active in nationalist politics. During the 1916 Easter Rising he was in Kansas City, USA, with Arthur Griffith, founder of Sinn Féin. When he returned from the US he became involved in the defense of republican prisoners and was introduced to the Military Courts regime. He would argue several cases before the House of Lords in his time.
"Re. Clifford and O'Sullivan".
In "Re. Clifford and O'Sullivan"', 1921 Comyn represented two of the 42 men under sentence of death from a military tribunal for possession of arms. It was a solicitor named James G. Skinner from Mitchelstown, County Cork, who approached Comyn and his brother James with the words: "Do anything but do something"..."Invent something if necessary". It was Michael Comyn who decided to apply for Prohibition (an old and seldom used remedy) which would be new to the authorities. The case proceeded forward to the House of Lords.
Initially, the application was made to the Chancery Division in Ireland. In 1920, two proclamations were announced, one by Viscount French, the Lord Lieutenant, putting certain areas including County Cork under martial law and the second by the British Commander-in-Chief in Ireland Sir Nevil Macready requiring all civilians who did not hold a permit to surrender all arms, ammunition and explosives by 27 December of that year. Failure to comply meant that any unauthorised person found in possession of arms, ammunition or explosives, would become liable to trial by Military Court and on conviction the sentence was death. General Sir E.P. Strickland was appointed by the Commander-in-Chief Macready to be military governor of the martial law area. It was his duty to establish and organise the Military Courts. In April 1921, 42 individuals, including Clifford and O'Sullivan, were arrested near Mitchelstown. On 3 May 1921, 42 civilians were tried by a military court on a charge of being in possession of arms and ammunition. They were sentenced to death "subject to confirmation".
Ten days later, 10 May 1921, Mr. Justice Powell sought a Writ of Prohibition against Sir Nevil Macready and General Strickland to prohibit them; "(1) from further proceeding the trial of applicants, (2) from pronouncing or confirming any judgment upon them, (3) from carrying any judgment upon them into execution and (4) from otherwise interfering with them". The Prohibition sought was that the Military Court was in fact illegal and therefore had no jurisdiction to try the applicants or to adjudicate in any matter related to them. Mr. Justice Powell listened to this unusual application in his division but "felt constrained to dismiss it". In the appeal to the Court of Appeal - the Crown's case was that the Preliminary objection that Mr. Justice Powell's order was "made in a criminal cause or matter within s.50 of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1877, therefore no appeal lay. "This contention succeeded with O'Connor, M.R., and Lord Justices Ronan and O'Connel, and the appeal was duly dismissed". On 16 June 1921 (just six weeks after the verdict of the Military Court) the case appeared before the House of Lords in London for hearing on the Preliminary objection. Sir John Simon, KC, led Michael Comyn, James Comyn (Michael's nephew), their colleague, Joe McCarthy (later appointed a judge) and Richard O'Sullivan of the English court appeared before the House.
The House of Lords heard the argument but then decided to adjourn the preliminary objection hearing until the hearing of the case on its merits. This hearing over five days took place in July. Delay and elaborate review of the law throughout history, taking account of other wars, civil wars and revolutions was a tactic specifically used. A most detailed review of the conditions in which prisoners were held in custody was cited. A red herring by Comyn drew mention to a link to Comyns' Digest of the 18th century and where to place the apostrophe. On 28 July 1921 (only 10 weeks from the original trial by Military Court), Their Lordships, 4 from Scotland and Lord Atkinson from Ireland, gave judgment, which was most unsatisfactory. James Comyn writes "On the strongly argued Preliminary objection that no appeal lay from Mr. Justice Powell or to them, they ruled against and against the unanimous judgment of the Court of Appeal... They went on to hold that Prohibition was inappropriate because first, the Military Court was not a judicial tribunal and secondly, the officers constituting it were "functi officio". They refrained from saying too much about the merits of the case because the use of habeas corpus 'might be attempted'".
James Comyn cites the Clifford and O'Sullivan case as a leading authority in the field of constitutional law. The lives of 42 men were at stake. Michael Comyn revealed later that King George V became aware of the details about the 42 men facing the death penalty. He was reported to be shocked and personally "interfered" to ensure that the sentences of death were not carried out. None of the 42 men were executed. Shortly after the Anglo-Irish Treaty, these men received their freedom.
"In Michael Comyn's view the case had been brought to an end through the intervention of King George V, who, he said, secured a promise from the prime minister that no executions would take place and that Peace would be made". It also notes that no republican prisoner whose case Comyn took up during the "troubles" suffered the death penalty. Other notable cases included his appeal to the House of Lords on behalf of the suffragette Georgina Frost.
After the truce in 1921 it is stated that Comyn met with Arthur Griffith and Austin Stack in London. He is said to have revealed "intelligence" from a highly placed British source that Lloyd George (Prime Minister) "would negotiate on lines that would satisfy Smuts and would go to the country rather than to war if those negotiations failed".
Civil War.
During the Irish War of Independence, Comyn was involved in the defense of Irish republican prisoners at the High Court and before the Military Courts. He also defended Republican prisoners during the Irish Civil War. He also took part in some significant inquests notably the two that arose with the deaths of Cathal Brugha and Harry Boland with the intention to disrupt them on behalf of the IRA. Erskine Childers was one of the principal secretaries to the Irish mission when the Treaty was being negotiated in London. The split between the pro- and the anti-treaty factions resulted in the former becoming the government and the latter under (de Valera) engaged in the hostilities.
In the Irish Civil War in Cork in 1922, Erskine Childers operated the printing press turning out anti-Treaty propaganda. In October 1922, Éamon de Valera made Childers secretary of his shadow "government" so he returned to Dublin. He returned with his typewriter and a small Colt automatic revolver (given to him by Michael Collins). While staying with his cousin Robert Barton (one of the signatories of the treaty) in Wicklow, he was captured by the forces of the Irish Free State Government. His capture made headlines and it is reported that it was noted with satisfaction by Winston Churchill who said he was a "mischief making renegade" and added "Such as he is may all who hate us be". The charge against him was the "illegal possession of arms - the Colt revolver". Erskine Childers was due to stand trial before a Military Court on 17 November 1922. He was imprisoned in Portobello Barracks and ask his long-time friend Michael Comyn to defend him. He had often hidden in Comyn's home in Leeson Park.
At his trial, which was in camera, Childers was convicted. Then with Patrick Lynch, Comyn went to the High Court, presided over by Sir Charles O'Connor, and conducted a spirited fight based purely on technical grounds. It failed and they appealed. Before the appeal was heard, news came in an announcement from London, that Childers had been shot at dawn on 24 November at Beggar's Bush Barracks. It appears that measures to rescue him were known to the Free State authorities and thus forestalled.
The Judges of the Court of Appeal echoed this when the case was held a few days later. It had a profound impact on Comyn when Childers was executed while the case was on appeal. He said "It was a complete negation of justice, the worst I have ever known, to execute a man whose case for life or death was actually under argument and awaiting judgment".
Comyn knew Michael Collins but Comyn decided to take the anti-treaty side during the Civil War. After the Civil War, he became principal legal adviser to de Valera and Fianna Fáil, advising on the formation of the party and the founding of "The Irish Press" newspaper. It is said that on the advice of Gavan Duffy and Comyn to the Irish Free State that they could withhold payment of the land annuities to Britain.
In 1924, Comyn married Marcella Blake-Forster, of Ballykeal House, Kilfenora, County Clare. They had two daughters; Marcella and Eleanor Rose; and a son who died in infancy.
Political career.
In 1926 he became a founder member of Fianna Fáil and in 1928 he was elected as one of six Fianna Fáil Senators to the Free State Seanad under the leadership of Joseph Connolly for three years. He served as senator between 1928 and 1936 and was Leas-Chathaoirleach (deputy chairperson) of the house (1934–1936). "He was a keen debater, he was a hard-working and able legislator, if unforgiving of political opponents. On de Valera's accession to power, he expected to be made attorney general but was passed over in favour of Conor Maguire."
In 1931 he was re-elected for nine years. After the 1934 Seanad election, there was a contest on 12 December 1934 to decide who would be elected Cathaoirleach. Senator MacKean was absent for the vote but all other members were present. General Sir William Hickie chaired the election. The two candidates were the outgoing Cathaoirleach, Thomas Westropp Bennett, and the Fianna Fáil candidate, Comyn. Neither of the two candidates voted and so fifty-six Senators voted in the election, which resulted in a tie of twenty-eight votes each. Westropp Bennett received the votes of all twenty-one members of Fine Gael and seven independents. Comyn received the votes of his eighteen Fianna Fáil colleagues, all the votes of the seven Labour Party Senators and the votes of three independents: Sir Edward Bellingham, Thomas Linehan and Laurence O'Neill. Hickie then gave his casting vote for Westropp Bennett saying he would have done so had he had the opportunity in the division. The following week, however, Comyn defeated the outgoing Leas-Chathaoirleach, Michael F. O'Hanlon of Fine Gael, by twenty-six votes to twenty-five.
In 1932 he took a successful action against de Valera's government for the recovery of £20,000 of IRA fund.
On 24 February 1936, he resigned his seat in the Seanad as he had been appointed a judge on the Eastern Circuit Court. He died in 1952 aged 81 years.
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36792882
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10239913
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792882
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Mark Edwards (harpsichordist)
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Mark Edwards (born 1986) is a Canadian harpsichordist and organist from Toronto. He is first-prize winner of the 2012 Musica Antiqua Bruges International Harpsichord Competition and is assistant professor of harpsichord at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio.
Biography.
Mark Edwards studied piano and organ at the Interlochen Arts Academy in Michigan with Thomas Lymenstull and Thomas Bara. He continued his organ studies with David Higgs at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, where he also followed courses in organ improvisation and harpsichord with renowned historical keyboards specialist, William Porter. He was organist at the Episcopal Church of the Ascension in Rochester and played continuo at the Eastman School with Paul O'Dette and Christel Thielmann. He graduated as a Bachelor of Music with highest distinction. He completed his further studies with William Porter (organ and improvisation) and Hank Knox (harpsichord) at the Schulich School of Music and the Department of Early Music at McGill University, where in 2011 he obtained Master in organ and harpsichord. He attended master classes with Ton Koopman, Pierre Hantaï, Skip Sempé, Kenneth Weiss, Harald Vogel and Jacques Oortmerssen. In 2012 he continued his studies with Robert Hill at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg, Germany.
His harpsichord playing has been described in "La Libre Belgique" as "bringing the listener to new and unpredictable regions, using all of the resources of his instrument, of his virtuosity, and of his imagination [...]."
In addition to his prize at the Bruges competition, Mark won third prize at the 2012 Jurow International Harpsichord Competition, and second prize in the 2011 Concours d'Orgue de Québec.
He is also a founding member of Ensemble 1729. He has appeared on American Public Media's radio program Pipedreams, as well as on La Société Radio-Canada's program Soirées classiques.
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36792883
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27823944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792883
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Arctic Apples
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Arctic apple is the trademark for a group of patented apples that contain a nonbrowning trait (when the apples are subjected to mechanical damage, such as slicing or bruising, the apple flesh remains as its original color) introduced through biotechnology. They were developed through a process of genetic engineering by Okanagan Specialty Fruits Inc. Specifically, gene silencing reduces the expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), thus delaying the onset of browning. It is the first genetically engineered apple to be approved for commercial sale. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015, and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.
Nonbrowning method.
Developing nonbrowning Arctic apples relies upon a technique called RNA interference (RNAi). This approach enables silencing of PPO expression to less than 10% of its normal expression, but does not change other aspects of the apple. The RNAi process is accomplished through the use of a transgene that uses gene sequences that control PPO production. Promoter and terminator gene sequences are used to support the implementation of PPO suppression genes, as is a marker gene which produces a protein (called NPTII) that makes the plant tissue resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin, allowing transformed plants to metabolize neomycin and kanamycin antibiotics. This step is used to confirm that silencing PPO was successful.
Regulatory approval and safety.
Okanagan Specialty Fruits received regulatory approval for two apple varieties in Canada from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Health Canada and in the US from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), part of the United States Department of Agriculture. Varieties that have received U.S. approval include Arctic Golden (called GD743) and Arctic Granny (GS784) in 2015, and Arctic Fuji (NF872) in 2016. Arctic Golden and Arctic Granny varieties were both approved in Canada in 2015. The Arctic Fuji (NF872) was approved in Canada in 2018. Approval of the apple was opposed by GE Free BC and the Canadian Biotechnology Action Network. Approval of the apples was opposed by some tree fruit associations, such as the BC Fruit Growers' Association and Northwest Horticultural Council (Washington State). Opposition of associations was based on concern about market backlash, not on safety of the product.
The US FDA stated that the safety evaluation of Arctic apples "ensures that food safety issues were resolved prior to commercial distribution", and the Government of Canada stated "that the genetically modified 'Arctic apple' is as safe for humans, livestock and the environment as conventional apples."
Commercialization.
As of late 2017, the Arctic Golden variety began retail sales as packaged, preservative-free apple slices. Packaging bears Arctic branding including their "snowflake" logo and a QR code that can be scanned with a smartphone to inform consumers about the safety and non-browning benefits via the company website.
As of 2020, there were of Arctic apple orchards in Washington state, with 17 million lbs (7.7 million kg) harvested in 2021.
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36792900
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10962546
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792900
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Ondobe Yomunghudi
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Ondobe Yomunghudi is a village situated in northern Namibia in the Ohangwena Region. The village is named after tree species called "Omunghudi" that was in pan nearby during its discovery, an elderly revealed. Situated on the very edge of the Owambo region (sometimes called/previously the 4 O's region). The first thing that unique about this village is the abundance of people, unlike the rest of the country. People, livestock, shebeens (bars) and markets are everywhere, seemingly all existing harmoniously in unplanned order.
It is 42.4 km, 43 minutes driving north of Oshakati, approximately 36.6 km, 39 minutes driving west of Oshikango and approximately 9 km from the Angolan-Namibia border (9 minutes driving). The village falls under Oukwanyama Traditional Authority in Ohaingu section and it is part of the Ongenga constituency.
The village hosts about 1,000 inhabitants. There is one school: Okamukwa Primary School which serves most of the lower primary and junior secondary students. Entrepreneurs established businesses such as sheebens, bottle Stores and other minor developments like pounding machines. Essential services like clinic and church services ELCIN are found at Okambebe and Omungwelume a nearby 8 km Settlement.
Several houses in Ondobe Yomunghudi are electrified with NORED electricity and Namwater rural water.
This area was also affected by the South African War 1966 to 1989 between South Africa and Plan and later UNITA (with the Angolan government)
The village is surrounded by the neighboring villages of Oshali, Ohadiwa, Eengwena, Okambebe and Oshindobe.
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36792933
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20483999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792933
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Ivan Artobolevsky
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Ivan Ivanovich Artobolevsky (; September 26 (9 October), 1905, Moscow, Russian Empire – 21 September 1977, Moscow, Soviet Union) was a Soviet scientist and engineer, academic of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, and Hero of Socialist Labour.
Biography.
Artobolevsky was born into a clerical family in 1905. In 1938, at the time of the Great Purge, his father was shot. In 1926, he graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Academy Timiryazev. In 1927, he graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow State University, and afterwards worked in teaching. Between 1932 and 1949 he was a professor at Moscow State University, first working in the Department of Theoretical Mechanics. In 1941, with Boris Bulgakov, Artobolevsky established the Department of Applied Mechanics, and served as its head from 1941 to 1944. From 1937, he also worked at the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, and from 1942 was also a professor at the Moscow Aviation Institute.
In 1939, Artobolevsky was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, and in 1946 became a full member.
During World War II, he was chairman of the All-Union Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineers (VNITOMASh).
Since 1947 - Deputy Chairman of the All-Union Society "Knowledge", in 1966 - Chairman of the All-Union Society "Knowledge".
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 7th-9th convocation.
Honors and awards.
He also was awarded the Order of Lenin (1954, 1965, 1967, 1969), two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour (1945), as well as medals "For the Defense of Moscow (1944)," For heroic trud. V commemorate the 100th anniversary of Lenin (1970), "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." (1975)
Scientific Activities.
Was a founder of the IFToMM - International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science.
Research interests.
Theory of machines and mechanisms problems of theoretical and experimental methods for studying the dynamics of working machines.
Scientific results.
Developed a classification of spatial mechanisms and gave methods for kinematic analysis created methods of kinematic analysis of complex multi-tier mechanism (1939).
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36792950
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18872885
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792950
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Gender-affirming hormone therapy
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Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), also called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or transgender hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy in which sex hormones and other hormonal medications are administered to transgender or gender nonconforming individuals for the purpose of more closely aligning their secondary sexual characteristics with their gender identity. This form of hormone therapy is given as one of two types, based on whether the goal of treatment is masculinization or feminization:
Eligibility for GAHT may require an assessment for gender dysphoria or persistent gender incongruence; many medical institutions now use an informed consent model, which ensures patients are informed of the procedure process, including possible benefits and risks, while removing many of the historical barriers needed to start hormone therapy. Treatment guidelines for therapy have been developed by several medical associations.
Non-binary people may also engage in hormone therapy in order to achieve a desired balance of sex hormones or to help align their bodies with their gender identities. Many transgender people obtain hormone replacement therapy from a licensed health care provider, while others obtain and self-administer hormones.
Requirements.
The formal requirements to begin gender-affirming hormone therapy vary widely depending on geographic location and specific institution. Gender-affirming hormones can be prescribed by a wide range of medical providers including, but not limited to, primary care physicians, endocrinologists, and gynecologists. Requirements to be prescribed these hormones generally include a minimum age: according to the Endocrine Society, there has been little research on taking cross-sex hormones before the age of about 14.
Historically, many health centers required a psychiatric evaluation and/or a letter from a therapist before beginning hormone replacement therapy. Many centers now use an informed consent model that does not require any routine formal psychiatric evaluation, but rather focuses on reducing barriers to care while ensuring a person can understand the risks and benefits of treatment. Some LGBT health organizations, including Chicago's Howard Brown Health Center and Planned Parenthood, advocate for this type of informed consent model.
The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care, 7th edition, note that both of these approaches to care are appropriate.
Gender dysphoria.
Many international guidelines and institutions require persistent, well-documented gender dysphoria as a pre-requisite to starting gender-affirmation therapy. Gender dysphoria refers to the psychological discomfort or distress that an individual can experience if their sex assigned at birth is incongruent with that person's gender identity. Signs of gender dysphoria can include comorbid mental health stressors such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and social isolation. Not all gender nonconforming individuals experience gender dysphoria, and measuring a person's gender dysphoria is critical when considering medical intervention for gender nonconformity.
Treatment options.
Guidelines.
For transgender youth, the Dutch protocol existed as among the earlier guidelines for hormone therapy by delaying puberty until age 16. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and the Endocrine Society later formulated guidelines that created a foundation for health care providers to care for transgender patients. UCSF guidelines are also sometimes used. There is no generally agreed-upon set of guidelines, however.
Delaying puberty in adolescents.
Adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria may opt to undergo puberty-suppressing hormone therapy at the onset of puberty. The Standards of Care set forth by WPATH recommend individuals pursuing puberty-suppressing hormone therapy wait until at least experiencing Tanner Stage 2 pubertal development. Tanner Stage 2 is defined by the appearance of scant pubic hair, breast bud development, and/or slight testicular growth. WPATH classifies puberty-suppressing hormone therapy as a "fully reversible" intervention. Delaying puberty allows individuals more time to explore their gender identity before deciding on more permanent interventions and prevents the physical changes associated with puberty.
The preferred puberty-suppressing agent for both individuals assigned male at birth and individuals assigned female at birth is a GnRH Analogue. This approach temporarily shuts down the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis, which is responsible for the production of hormones (estrogen, testosterone) that cause the development of secondary sexual characteristics in puberty.
According to a study by JAMA Pediatrics published in January of 2025, less than 0.1% of adolescents covered by private medical insurance in the US take gender-affirming medication to treat gender dysphoria.
Feminizing hormone therapy.
Feminizing hormone therapy is typically used by transgender women, who desire the development of feminine secondary sex characteristics. Individuals who identify as non-binary may also opt-in for feminizing hormone treatment to better align their body with their desired gender expression. Feminizing hormone therapy usually includes medication to suppress testosterone production and induce feminization. Types of medications include estrogens, antiandrogens (testosterone blockers), and progestogens. Most commonly, an estrogen is combined with an antiandrogen to suppress and block testosterone. This allows for demasculinization and promotion of feminization and breast development. Estrogens are administered in various modalities including injection, transdermal patch, and oral tablets.
The desired effects of feminizing hormone therapy focus on the development of feminine secondary sex characteristics. These desired effects include: breast tissue development, redistribution of body fat, decreased body hair, reduction of muscle mass, and more. The table below summarizes some of the effects of feminizing hormone therapy in transgender women:
Masculinizing hormone therapy.
Masculinizing hormone therapy is typically used by transgender men, who desire the development of masculine secondary sex characteristics. Masculinizing hormone therapy usually includes testosterone to produce masculinization and suppress the production of estrogen. Treatment options include oral, subcutaneous injections or implant, and transdermal (patches, gels). Dosing is patient-specific, depending on the patient's rate of metabolism, and is discussed with the physician. The most commonly prescribed methods are intramuscular and subcutaneous injections. This dosing can be daily, weekly or biweekly depending on the route of administration and the individual patient.
Unlike feminizing hormone therapy, individuals undergoing masculinizing hormone therapy do not usually require additional hormone suppression such as estrogen suppression. Therapeutic doses of testosterone are usually sufficient to inhibit the production of estrogen to desired physiologic levels.
The desired effects of masculinizing hormone therapy focus on the development of masculine secondary sex characteristics. These desired effects include: increased muscle mass, increased bone turnover, development of facial hair, voice deepening, increase and thickening of body hair, and more.
Safety.
Hormone therapy for transgender individuals has been shown in medical literature to be generally safe, when supervised by a qualified medical professional. There are potential risks with hormone treatment that will be monitored through screenings and lab tests such as blood count (hemoglobin), kidney and liver function, blood sugar, potassium, and cholesterol. Taking more medication than directed may lead to health problems such as increased risk of cancer, heart attack from thickening of the blood, blood clots, and elevated cholesterol. Hormone therapy has been shown to improve the psychosocial well-being among transgender individuals. It's been seen to lower levels of distress in transgender individuals.
Feminizing hormone therapy.
The Standards of Care published by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) summarize many of the risks associated with feminizing hormone therapy (outlined below). For more in-depth information on the safety profile of estrogen-based feminizing hormone therapy visit the feminizing hormone therapy page.
Masculinizing hormone therapy.
The Standards of Care published by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) summarize many of the risks associated with masculinizing hormone therapy (outlined below). For more in-depth information on the safety profile of testosterone-based masculinizing hormone therapy visit the masculinizing hormone therapy page.
Fertility consideration.
GAHT may limit fertility potential. Should a transgender individual choose to undergo gender-affirming surgery, their fertility potential is lost completely. Before starting any treatment, individuals may consider fertility issues and fertility preservation. Options include semen cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation.
A study presented at ENDO 2019 (the Endocrine Society's conference) shows that even after one year of treatment with testosterone, a transgender man can preserve his fertility potential.
Counterfeit products.
Some online scammers have been targeting trans consumers with products that do not contain any hormones or contain ones that are opposite of what is advertised. This can happen when legislations outlaw or restrict access to treatments by legitimate medical professionals.
Treatment eligibility.
Many providers use informed consent, whereby someone seeking hormone therapy can sign a statement of informed consent and begin treatment without much gatekeeping. For other providers, eligibility is determined using major diagnostic tools such as ICD-11 or the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM) to classify a patient with gender dysphoria. The Endocrine Society requires physicians that diagnose gender dysphoria and gender incongruence to be trained in psychiatric disorders with competency in ICD-11 and DSM-5. The healthcare provider should also obtain a thorough assessment of the patient's mental health and identify potential psychosocial factors that can affect therapy.
WPATH Standards of Care.
The WPATH Standards of Care, most recently published in 2022, outlines a series of guidelines which should be met before a patient should be allowed gender-affirming hormone therapy:
The WPATH standards of care distinguish between gender-affirming hormone therapy, and hormone replacement therapy, with the latter referring to the replacement of endogenous hormones after a gonadectomy to prevent cardiovascular and musculoskeletal issues.
Readiness.
Some organizations—but fewer than in the past—require that patients spend a certain period of time living in their desired gender role before starting hormone therapy. This period is sometimes called real-life experience (RLE).
In Sweden, for instance, patients seeking to access gender affirming healthcare must first undergo extended evaluations with psychiatric professionals, during which they must—without any form of medical transition—successfully live for one full year as their desired gender in all professional, social, and personal matters. Gender clinics are recommended to provide patients with wigs and breast prostheses for the endeavor. The evaluation additionally involves, if possible, meetings with family members and/or other individuals close to the patient. Patients may be denied care for any number of "psychosocial dimensions", including their choice of job or their marital status.
Transgender and gender non-conforming activists, such as Kate Bornstein, have asserted that RLE is psychologically harmful and is a form of "gatekeeping", effectively barring individuals from transitioning for as long as possible, if not permanently.
In September 2022, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC) Version 8 were released and removed the requirement of RLE for all gender-affirming treatments, including gender-affirming surgery.
Accessibility.
Some transgender people choose to self-administer hormone replacement medications, often because doctors have too little experience in this area, or because no doctor is available. Others self-administer because their doctor will not prescribe hormones without an approval letter from a psychotherapist. Many therapists require extended periods of continuous psychotherapy and/or real-life experience before they will write such a letter. Because many individuals must pay for evaluation and care out-of-pocket, costs can be prohibitive.
Access to medication can be poor even where health care is provided free. In a patient survey conducted by the United Kingdom's National Health Service in 2008, 5% of respondents acknowledged resorting to self-medication, and 46% were dissatisfied with the amount of time it took to receive hormone therapy. The report concluded in part: "The NHS must provide a service that is easy to access so that vulnerable patients do not feel forced to turn to DIY remedies such as buying drugs online with all the risks that entails. Patients must be able to access professional help and advice so that they can make informed decisions about their care, whether they wish to take the NHS or private route without putting their health and indeed their lives in danger." Self-administration of cross-gender hormones without medical supervision may have untoward health effects and risks.
A number of private companies have attempted to increase accessibility for hormone replacement medications and help transgender people navigate the complexities of access to treatment.
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36792958
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1951353
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792958
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Butch Glass
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Carl Lee "Butch" Glass (February 26, 1898 – October 19, 1972) was an American baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues. He played from 1923 to 1930 with several teams, playing mostly for the Memphis Red Sox.
External links.
and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads
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36792960
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44466778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792960
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Adobe BrowserLab
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Adobe BrowserLab was a service that enabled cross-browser testing by producing screenshots of websites from various web browsers across different platforms (Windows and OS X are currently supported). Screenshots could be compared side-by-side or overlaid upon one another, with diagnostic tools to help discover cross-browser differences.
The service could access dynamic pages across the web, or local content via Firebug or Adobe Dreamweaver CS5. The BrowserLab for Firebug extension allowed Firebug users to preview their page (live URL, or local edited source) in BrowserLab. With this procedure, it is possible to use BrowserLab with website material that has not yet been made available online or is protected by a firewall.
History.
In 2006, a team of Chicago-based designers and developers, Dean Vukas, Josh Hatwich, Ted Billups and Charles Stevenson conceived and invented MeerMeer, a web site testing tool for web developers and designers. The MeerMeer SaaS application and patent was sold to Adobe Systems, Inc. in December 2007.
BrowserLab was released worldwide in Free Preview June 2009.
On March 13, 2013, BrowserLab was shut down.
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36792966
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40379458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792966
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J. E. Mitchell
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Joseph Everett Mitchell (August 1, 1876 – December 17, 1952) was an American journalist known as a publisher, editor, and founder of the "St. Louis Argus", a newspaper that advocated for the African-American community in St. Louis. Mitchell was also a co-founder of the Citizen's Liberty League.
Early years and personal life.
The fourth of eight children, Mitchell was born on August 1, 1876, in Coosa County, Alabama, to a farming family. As a child, he often worked in his father's sawmill. In 1898, he joined the United States Army and served with the 24th Infantry Regiment until 1901. That same year, after returning home, he married Mattie Elizabeth Thomas.
In 1904, in part because of the World's Fair, the Mitchells relocated to St. Louis, Missouri, where J. E. completed school by taking night classes. His brother and his wife, William and Nannie Mitchell, joined the couple that year, and Nannie, Mattie, and J.E. worked in a hotel hosting the World's Fair tourists. In the 1930s, Mattie Mitchell died and, in 1940, J. E. married Edwina Wright, a St. Louis public school teacher and the daughter of banker Richard R. Wright.
Career.
Soon after settling in St. Louis, Mitchell began employment with the Western Union Relief Association, an insurance company where he worked as general manager by 1905. Mitchell grew increasingly focused on the company's newsletter, which eventually grew into the "St. Louis Argus" newspaper. After the insurance company failed, Mitchell, along with his brother William, registered the "St. Louis Argus" with the Post Office in 1912. In 1916, they incorporated the St. Louis Argus Publishing Company. Mitchell served as publisher and managing editor.
Outside of the "Argus", Mitchell was involved in politics and education. In 1919, he was a founding member of the Citizen's Liberty League, a political organization established to advance the interests of African-Americans in the Republican Party. He was a presidential elector during the Roosevelt administration and served on the Missouri State Board of Education. He also served as the president of the St. Louis NAACP during the early 1930s.
Mitchell retired in 1950 in the wake of health concerns.
Death and honors.
Mitchell died December 17, 1952. Upon his death, of the many people who reached out to his widow, President Truman telegraphed to express his sympathies.
In 1954, Mitchell was posthumously honored by Lincoln University, which renamed its Journalism Building to Mitchell Hall. In 1964, St. Louis Public Schools opened Mitchell Elementary School, named for Joseph and his brother William. Mitchell was enshrined in the National Newspaper Publishers Association in 1978.
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36792977
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24902
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36792977
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Rhina Toruño Haensly
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Rhina Toruño-Haensly was a scholar and teacher. She earned two doctorates: one in philosophy and a second in Latin American literature. She began her career as a professor of philosophy in El Salvador. Prior to the onset of the Salvadoran Civil War, she immigrated to the United States and began a new career in academics in the field of Spanish language and Latin American literature. She published several books, wrote many scholarly papers, and delivered numerous presentations about 20th century Latin American writers. Her best-known scholarly work is about Elena Garro. In 1995, Toruño-Haensly was inducted into the Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua (Salvadoran Academy of Language), which is a branch of the Royal Academy of Spanish in Spain. She earned numerous other honors for her teaching and scholarship over her life.
Education and early scholarship in philosophy.
Rhina Toruño-Haensly was born in San Salvador, the capital city of El Salvador in 1940 and grew up there with her five brothers and sisters. Her parents were Juan Felipe Toruño and Juana Contreras de Toruño. Her father was an author, poet, and journalist, first in Nicaragua and later in El Salvador.
Toruño-Haensly attended high school at Colegio Santa Inés from which she received her teaching certification. She taught at Colegio Sagrado Corazón, a private Catholic elementary school for three years, and then at Colegio La Asunción, a private secondary school.
Toruño-Haensly began her scholarly career in philosophy by earning a Bachelors of Art in Philosophy in 1971 from the University of El Salvador, or Universidad de El Salvador, the most prominent university in El Salvador. She pursued her graduate studies at the Catholic University of Louvain, or Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, a major research university in the city of Leuven, Belgium. She earned a Masters of Art in Philosophy in 1973 and a Ph.D. in French Contemporary Philosophy in 1978. Her dissertation was, “Emmanuel Mounier's Idea of Society.” Toruño-Haensly received the Emmanuel Mounier International Prize, which was awarded to support doctoral research in philosophy. In addition, her studies were supported by a scholarship for postgraduate studies awarded jointly by University of El Salvador and the Catholic University of Louvain. During her studies in Europe, she became fluent in French.
Toruño-Haensly returned to El Salvador in 1976 (while also working to complete her dissertation) to teach philosophy at the University of El Salvador. Over the period 1975 through 1978, she published five scholarly papers in philosophy. (See the subsection, "Scholarly papers in philosophy," in the Publications section below.) She taught courses in modern philosophy, existentialism, contemporary French philosophy, ethics, and social and political philosophy. Her academic accomplishments led to promotion to the rank of Professor at the University of El Salvador.
Transition to a career in Latin American literature.
The Salvadoran Civil War (1979 through 1992) disrupted Toruño-Haensly's academic career in El Salvador. She was a member of the Salvadoran University Catholic Action (ACUS), a social Christian organization. While the majority of members of ACUS, including Toruño-Haensly, were not sympathizers of the leftist guerilla organizations that formed the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), some members were. Hence, members of ACUS became targets of the state security forces and paramilitary death squads. When Toruño-Haensly learned that she was on a death list, she decided to leave El Salvador for the safety of herself and her two sons.
Toruño-Haensly was awarded an international fellowship from the Fédération Internationale des Femmes Diplomées des Universités (International Association of University Women) based in Geneva, Switzerland. This fellowship was awarded for post-doctoral multidisciplinary research combining Latin American literature and philosophy. The one year fellowship provided the financial support for scholarly work as a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, a private research university near Palo Alto, California, where Toruño-Haensly moved in fall 1981. Toruño-Haensly and her sons learned English from scratch on moving to the U.S. Thus, she added fluency in a third language to her linguistic skills.
Toruño-Haensly's scholarly interest in Latin American literature began earlier while she was studying philosophy at the Catholic University of Louvain. She commuted from Louvain to Paris to take graduate classes at the University of Paris-Sorbonne in France. She earned a Master of Arts in Latin American literature in 1976.
When her fellowship at Stanford University ended, Toruño-Haensly began graduate work in Latin American literature at the University of California-Irvine, where she received the Regents’ Fellowship for Outstanding Doctoral Student and also taught Spanish as a teaching assistant from 1982 through 1983. Toruño-Haensly's future second husband, Héctor-Neri Castañeda, whom she met while he was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, persuaded her to continue her graduate work at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. She moved there with her two sons in 1983. While working on a doctorate in Latin American literature, she taught courses in Spanish and Latin American literature at Indiana University, first as an Associate Instructor from 1983 through 1989 and then as a Lecturer from 1990 through 1993. In fall 1989, she was invited to deliver seminars on Latin American literature and culture at the Collegium Pro America Latina at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium.
In 1987, Toruño-Haensly married Héctor-Neri Castañeda, who became her second husband. She traveled with Héctor when he delivered lectures in philosophy in Europe. When Héctor was diagnosed with brain cancer in 1990, Toruño-Haensly suspended her graduate studies to care for him. She took Héctor to his home country of Guatemala a few weeks before his death to receive his country's highest award, the Order of the Quetzal, in honor of his scholarly accomplishments in philosophy. Héctor passed away on September 7, 1991, in Bloomington, Indiana. While Héctor still could speak, he urged Toruño-Haensly to become a citizen of the United States. She became a naturalized citizen of the U.S. shortly before Héctor passed away.
In 1994, Toruño-Haensly earned her Ph.D. in Latin American Literature from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. Toruño-Haensly's dissertation was "Tiempo, destino y opresión en la obra de Elena Garro" "(Time, Destiny and Oppression in the work of Elena Garro)". Toruño-Haensly did groundbreaking work on the writings of Elena Garro, who is now recognized as one of the leading 20th century women writers in Mexico. This recognition is in part due to Toruño-Haensly's books and other scholarly papers that Toruño-Haensly wrote about Elena Garro. Toruño-Haensly's work was based on a series of interviews that she conducted with Elena Garro in Mexico. Toruño-Haensly's dissertation was published as a book in 1996 with an updated edition in 1998.
In 1995, Toruño-Haensly was inducted into the Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua (Salvadoran Academy of Language), which is a branch of the Royal Academy of Spanish in Spain. She was the first woman to receive this honor.
Scholar and teacher of Latin American literature.
After teaching for a year at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida, in 1995 Toruño-Haensly joined the faculty of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin (UTPB) in Odessa, Texas, as an assistant professor of Spanish. Her experience and outstanding scholarly work lead to early promotions, first to associate professor after two years and then to the rank of Professor in 2001. She also became a Fellow in the Kathlyn Cosper Dunagan Professorship in Humanities in 2000 and held this fellowship until she retired in August 2013.
Toruño-Haensly was an energetic and accomplished scholar. Highlights of her career while at UTPB include a stint as a Visiting Scholar at the Institute for Latin American Studies at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, in summer 2002, as well as active participation in the Academia Norteamérica de la Lengua Española (ANLE), the Latin American Studies Association (LASA), and the Modern Language Association (MLA). Toruño-Haensly was recognized early at UTPB for her scholarly work with her induction into the La Mancha Society at UTPB in 2002.
Toruño-Haensly's other scholarly work about the writings of the Mexican author, Elena Garro, includes three editions of "Cita con la memoria; Elena Garro cuenta su vida a Rhina Toruño" ["Encounter With Memory; Elena Garro Recounts her Life to Rhina Toruño"]. Toruño-Haensly published two books about the writings of her father, who was a prominent poet, author, and journalist in Central America: "Juan Felipe Toruño in Two Worlds; Critical Analysis of his Works" (2006) and a critical edition of the novel "El Silencio", by Juan Felipe Toruño, that Toruño-Haensly co-edited with Ardis Nelson (2010). Toruño-Haensly strived to promote the writings of other Latin American and Mexican-American authors in her books, "A viva voz: Las escritoras y escritores latinos hablan de sus vidas y obras" "(In Their Own Voices: Latino Writers Talk About Their Lives and Works", published in 2009);, "Cruzando culturas: Autores hispanos en los Estados Unidos y sus desafíos superados" ("Crossing Cultures; Hispanic Authors in the United States and the Challenges They Overcame", published in 2011); and "Voces de Escritores Latinoamericanos. Análisis critico de sus obras" ("Voices of Latin American Writers; Critical Analysis of Their Works", published in 2015).
Toruño-Haensly was a prolific scholar. In addition to the books that she wrote, Toruño-Haensly published 34 scholarly papers. (See the subsection, “Scholarly papers in Latin American literature,” in the Publications section below.) She also wrote nine chapters in anthologies on Latin American literature. (See the subsection, "Chapters contributed to anthologies and encyclopedias about Latin American literature," in the Publications section below.) She gave numerous presentations at academic conferences in the U.S., Mexico, Argentina, France, Costa Rica, Columbia, Ecuador, Panama, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Her presentations included seven keynote speeches and over 20 invited lectures. During her career, Toruño-Haensly also was active in organizing conference programs and chairing panel presentations.
Toruño-Haensly's enthusiasm for scholarship was matched by her passion for teaching. Beginning with her teaching at Sagrado Corazon, an elementary school in El Salvador to her teaching at UTPB, Toruño-Haensly delighted in sharing her knowledge and motivating her students to learn. At UTPB, she developed many new undergraduate and graduate courses in Spanish and created a robust Masters of Arts program in Spanish in 2004 with the help of her colleagues. Among the courses that she developed and taught were courses on contemporary Mexican literature, 20th century Spanish American prose, Central American literature, and Spanish for health care workers. She was especially proud of her course in Hispanic children's literature that she developed for graduate students who were planning to teach at primary schools. Toruño-Haensly served as Graduate Head for Spanish from 2004 through her retirement in 2013. Toruño-Haensly's teaching has been recognized by nomination many times for the President's or Chancellor's Award for Outstanding Teacher at UTPB. She has been listed eight times in Who's Who Among America's Teachers. In 2015, her recognition culminated with the award by the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) for Best Hispanic Educator in Odessa.
Toruño-Haensly strived to share her love of literature with the community. She organized many guest speaker presentations in Odessa, Texas. One of her most outstanding contributions was to found the Odessa-Midland Spanish Literary Club shortly after arriving in Odessa. She served as its president until 2015, and the club continues to host monthly book presentations.
Toruño-Haensly's community service extended beyond literature. For example, she spearheaded a clothing drive to help victims of the January 2001 El Salvador earthquake, which was the worst earthquake in the modern history of El Salvador. In 2004, she received the Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Volunteerism from the Midland Independent School District. In 2005, Toruño-Haensly and her Spanish Literature Club were active in fund raising with the Red Cross for victims of Hurricane Katrina, the Category 5 hurricane that devastated New Orleans.
In 2013, Toruño-Haensly was recognized in El Salvador for her accomplishments. Her biography was included in "Las 100 historias que siempre quise saber; Personas exitosas de El Salvador" ("The 100 Stories That I Always Wanted to Know; Successful Persons of El Salvador"), and she was honored in the related ceremony in July 2013 in the capital city of San Salvador. In addition, Toruño-Haensly is listed in Marquis "Who's Who in America, 21st Century Edition; The Chronicle of Human Achievement, 2001-2008"; "Who's Who in the World" (2004 through 2009); and the "International Who's Who of Professional & Business Women," 7th Ed. (2000).
While at UTPB, Toruño-Haensly met Paul Haensly, her third husband, who was teaching finance at the university. In June 2005, they were married at St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Catholic Church in Odessa, Texas, where she served as a Eucharistic Minister.
Toruño-Haensly was diagnosed with a rare motor neuron disease called progressive apraxia of speech in 2014. Even though she began losing her ability to speak (and, later on, the ability to write or type), she continued her scholarly work as long as possible. She wrote two more scholarly papers and delivered two more presentations at conferences (“Elena Garro fue pionera del realismo mágico, activista política y defensora de los campesinos [Elena Garro was a pioneer in magical realism, political activist, and defender of the peasants],” at the First Symposium on Garro, sponsored by Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, 24-26 Sept. 2014; and “Rubén Darío: Luminosidad de nuestra lengua y critico del intervencionismo americano en Nicaragua [Rubén Darío: luminary of our language and critic of American intervention in Nicaragua],” presented at the International Symposium on Rubén Darío at the Centennial of His Death sponsored by Movimiento Mundial Dariano in Miami, Florida, 6-13 Feb. 2016). Toruño-Haensly also published the third edition of her book, "Cita con la memoria. Elena Garro cuenta su vida a Rhina Toruño" ["Encounter With Memory; Elena Garro Recounts her Story Life to Rhina Toruño"] in 2014 and her final book, "Voces de Escritores Latinoamericanos. Análisis critico de sus obras" ["Voices of Latin American Writers; Critical Analysis of Their Works"], an anthology in which she celebrated the contributions of several 20th century Latin American authors.
Toruño-Haensly passed away from complications due to her motor neuron disease in November 2022.
Publications.
Toruño-Haensly also published as Rhina Toruño.
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36793001
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753665
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793001
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Jamie Richards (cyclist)
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James Blake "Jamie" Richards (born 2 March 1957) is a cyclist from New Zealand.
Richards was born in Pukekohe, Auckland, in 1957. Mike Richards is his younger brother.
Richards competed in the individual road race event at the 1976 Summer Olympics; he did not finish the race.
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36793002
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49452562
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793002
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Jim Fenlon
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James Shaquelle Christopher Fenlon (born 15 March 1994) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays for Combined Counties Premier Division club Walton & Hersham as a full-back.
An AFC Wimbledon youth product, he made 41 first-team appearances before a move to Ross County in July 2014. Upon his release, he joined Hayes & Yeading United in January 2015, before a move to Leatherhead in September 2016. He joined Walton Casuals in December 2016 and signed for local rivals Walton & Hersham in July 2017.
Career.
Youth.
Living in Australia for six years, Fenlon played for Western Australia state and Stirling Lions - a club that competed in the West State League, one stage lower than the Australian A-League. Upon his return to England he joined AFC Wimbledon U16s.
AFC Wimbledon.
On 18 May 2012, Fenlon signed his first professional contract with the Dons. His first involvement came as an unused substitute in a 3-1 League Cup First Round defeat at Stevenage on 14 August.
On 21 August, he made his Football League debut as a half-time substitute for Warren Cummings in a 6–2 defeat to Burton Albion. He made his first start for the club four days later in a 5–1 defeat at Bradford City. Fenlon scored his first professional goal in a 3–2 defeat to Oxford United on 2 October.
On 6 June 2014, it was announced that Fenlon had been offered a new contract but could not come to an agreement with the club. Manager Neal Ardley revealed the Fenlon was offered reduced terms due to the club's budget situation and, according to Ardley, Fenlon's attitude.
Ross County.
In July 2014, Fenlon signed for Scottish Premiership club Ross County. He made his debut on 10 in a 2–1 defeat to St Johnstone on 10 August. With County struggling in the league, Fenlon also featured in defeats to Partick Thistle, Dundee United and Aberdeen while being named as an unused substitute on two occasions.
On 26 August, he recorded his first victory for the club in a 2-1 Scottish League Cup win at Stranraer. His final appearance for the club came in a 2-0 League Cup defeat to Hibernian on 23 September.
On 28 November, Fenlon's contract was terminated by mutual consent.
Hayes & Yeading United.
In January 2015, Fenlon signed for Conference South club Hayes & Yeading United. In May 2015, he was named Player's Player of the Year at the club's annual award ceremony.
Leatherhead.
In September 2016, Fenlon completed a move to Isthmian League Premier Division outfit Leatherhead. On 14 September, he made his debut in an Isthmian League Cup First Round victory over Walton Casuals.
Fenlon made his league debut a week later in a 1–1 draw with Needham Market. Making 14 appearances in all competitions for the Tanners, his final outing came in a 3–1 victory at Hendon on 10 December.
Walton Casuals.
On 30 December 2016, Fenlon joined Isthmian League Division One South side Walton Casuals. He made his debut the following day a 1–0 victory against Carshalton Athletic.
Fenlon scored his first goal in almost five years, and his only for the club, in a 5–1 defeat at Faversham Town on 4 February 2017. He left the club at the end of the season.
Walton & Hersham.
In July 2017, he joined local rivals Walton & Hersham in the Combined Counties Premier Division. Fenlon made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 7–0 FA Cup win against Mile Oak.
On 10 October 2017, Fenlon became the club's first player to score at the Elmbridge Xcel Sports Hub – their new ground shared with Walton Casuals – in a 6–1 Combined Counties Challenge Cup victory against Badshot Lea. Five days later, he scored against from the penalty spot in a 2–0 win at Horley Town. On 21 October, Fenlon scored his third penalty of the season in a 3–3 draw against Balham.
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36793010
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27823944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793010
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Beautiful Target
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"Beautiful Target" is a song released by the South Korean boy band B1A4. The song is the lead single from the group's second mini album "It B1A4", released on September 16, 2011. The song was re-recorded in Japanese and used as the group's debut single in Japan, released on June 27, 2012.
Composition.
The song was composed by the members CNU and Baro and composed by 우리형과 내동생. In the mini album "It B1A4", the song is listed as the track 1.
Promotions.
The group started promoting the song on September 16, 2011, on KBS' "Music Bank". It was also promoted on the shows "Show! Music Core", "Inkigayo", "M! Countdown" and "MTV The Show". The promotions of the song ended in November 2011 on SBS' "Inkigayo" and followed by the song "My Love". The song "Chu Chu Chu", from "It B1A4", was used as an intro for the comeback week performances.
Music video.
A teaser of the music video was released on September 9, 2011. The full video was released one week after, on September 16, 2011, along with the EP digital release. Another version of the music video, called "Zoom Zoom" version, was released on October 7, 2011.
Chart performance.
The song debuted at the position number 86 in Gaon's Weekly singles chart, on the week of September 25, with 4,030,414 points. On the following week the song climbed nineteen positions and charted at number 67, which is the current peak of the song.
Japanese version.
Almost one year after its original release, the group's agency, WM Entertainment announced that the song was re-recorded in Japanese and will be used as their debut single in Japan. The single was released on June 27, 2012, in three different editions: CD+DVD, CD+Goods and a Regular edition.
Composition.
The song was translated in Japanese by Shoko Fujibayashi. The b-side "Chu Chu Chu" was originally written by Song Bong-jo and Song Jae-won and translated in Japanese by MEG.ME. The song "Bling Girl", included as a bonus track of the CD+Goods edition, was originally written by the members Jinyoung and Baro and translated in Japanese by MEG.ME. The song is originally in Korean and it was released on their debut EP "Let's Fly". The song "Ready to Go", included as a bonus track of the Regular edition, is an original Japanese song written by Yuki Shirai.
Music video.
The music video of the Japanese version of the song was released on June 3, 2012, in Pony Canyon's YouTube account. Although this version has different studios and looks, the music video follows the same concept of the Korean version.
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36793030
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1077900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793030
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Firoozbakht's conjecture
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In number theory, Firoozbakht's conjecture (or the Firoozbakht conjecture) is a conjecture about the distribution of prime numbers. It is named after the Iranian mathematician Farideh Firoozbakht who stated it in 1982.
The conjecture states that formula_1 (where formula_2 is the "n"th prime) is a strictly decreasing function of "n", i.e.,
formula_3
Equivalently:
formula_4
formula_5
formula_6
see , .
By using a table of maximal gaps, Farideh Firoozbakht verified her conjecture up to 4.444. Now with more extensive tables of maximal gaps, the conjecture has been verified for all primes below 264 ≈ .
If the conjecture were true, then the prime gap function formula_7 would satisfy:
formula_8
Moreover:
formula_9
see also . This is among the strongest upper bounds conjectured for prime gaps, even somewhat stronger than the Cramér and Shanks conjectures. It implies a strong form of Cramér's conjecture and is hence inconsistent with the heuristics of Granville and Pintz and of Maier which suggest that
formula_10
occurs infinitely often for any formula_11 where formula_12 denotes the Euler–Mascheroni constant.
Three related conjectures (see the comments of ) are variants of Firoozbakht's. Forgues notes that Firoozbakht's can be written
formula_13
where the right hand side is the well-known expression which reaches Euler's number in the limit formula_14, suggesting the slightly weaker conjecture
formula_15
Nicholson and Farhadian give two stronger versions of Firoozbakht's conjecture which can be summarized as:
formula_16
where the right-hand inequality is Firoozbakht's, the middle is Nicholson's (since formula_17; see ), and the left-hand inequality is Farhadian's (since formula_18; see ).
All have been verified to 264.
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36793059
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1230143147
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793059
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West and East Mitten Buttes
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The West and East Mitten Buttes (also known as the Mittens) are two buttes in the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park in northeast Navajo County, Arizona. When viewed from the south, the buttes appear to be two giant mittens with their thumbs facing inwards.
The Mittens are about from the Arizona–Utah state line and West Mitten Butte is northeast of the park headquarters. The summit of West Mitten Butte is and East Mitten Butte is in elevation. The Mittens form a triangle with Merrick Butte about to the south and, with Sentinel Mesa, a more extensive plateau, towards the northwest. At the end of March and mid-September, for a few days only at sunset, the Mitten Shadow occurs, when the West Mitten shadow appears on the East Mitten.
The buttes are made of three principal rock layers. The lowest layer is Organ Rock Shale, the middle is de Chelly Sandstone, and the top layer is the Moenkopi Formation, capped by Shinarump Conglomerate.
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36793077
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2842084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793077
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Garry Bell
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Garry David Bell (born 4 January 1952) is a former New Zealand cyclist, cycling administrator and coach.
Early life and family.
Bell was born in Hamilton on 4 January 1952, the son of Jean Lois and George Lewis Bell, and was educated at Hamilton Boys' High School. In 1978, he married Jennifer Mary Hirst, and the couple went on to have two children.
Cycling career.
Bell represented New Zealand internationally in road cycling from 1973 to 1980. At the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, he finished fifth in the men's road race. At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, he was 15th in the men's road race, and at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, he won the bronze medal in the men's road race. Bell also raced for New Zealand at the World Cycling Championships between 1975 and 1979.
Beginning in 1982, Bell was active as a cycling selector and coach. He coached the New Zealand cycling team at the 1990 Commonwealth Games, the 1990 World Championships, the 1992 Summer Olympics, the 1994 Commonwealth Games, and 2000 Summer Olympics.
In 1990, Bell was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.
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36793089
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7903804
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793089
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Operation UNICORD
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The Operation UNICORD (July 2 – July 12, 1967) was an offensive launched by the Nigerian Army at the beginning of the Nigerian Civil War. It involved the capture of 6 major Biafran towns near their northern border.
Background.
When Nigeria became an independent state in October 1960 the newly formed government consisted mainly of northern politicians from the Hausa-Fulani ethnic group. Early on, the Nigerian government became corrupt with various politicians swindling public funds and rigging votes. By 1965, the Nigerian government became so corrupt that uprisings against the government sprang up all across Nigeria with various politicians attempting to gain more power. This resulted in rioting and mass arrests in the cities of Lagos and Ibadan.
The politician Obafemi Awolowo was blamed for causing the riots and was sentenced to 10 years in a Nigerian prison. All of the chaos that occurred in the political realm gave was to the 1966 Nigerian coup d'etat in which 11 senior politicians were killed by soldiers led by the Army Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna.
The Nigerian Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa was one of the 11 politicians assassinated during the coup of January 15. Nzeogwu's soldiers were forced to retreat to Kaduna after General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was able to assemble a force of soldiers in Lagos to combat the rebellious soldiers.
Ironsi was made Supreme Commander of Nigeria on January 16, 1966.
Many northern generals and politicians were angry at Ironsi for two reasons, because he did not execute Major Nzeogwu and because he was giving more and more political power to southern politicians.
On July 29, 1966, Ironsi was assassinated by mutinous soldiers which included William Walbe after they wrestled command from Theophilus Danjuma and installed Colonel Yakubu Gowon as Head of State.
The counter-coup resulted in the 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom and caused the brutal massacre of 50,000 Igbo civilians living in various northern cities such as Kano and Kaduna. These massacres angered many Igbo civilians and a inadvertently led to easterns calling for secession. Ojukwu met with President Gowon in Aburi, Ghana in December 1966 to discuss the situation that was occurring in Nigeria.
An apparent vote was held by a consultative assembly appointed by Ojukwu, and they approved of a secession of a secular Igbo state. It is said that from all indications the decision to secede had already been made around late 1966 by Ojukwu and his closest confidants which included Louis Chude-Sokei, Christopher Okigbo, and the very influential CC Mojekwu.
On May 30, 1967 Ojukwu officially seceded the Eastern Region and proclaimed the new Republic of Biafra. Ojukwu managed to assemble a 3,000 man guerrilla force to defend Biafra's front lines. In early July 1967 Nigerian President Gowon ordered the Nigerian Army high command to regain control of the Eastern Region.
Battle.
On July 2, 1967 the Nigerian Army opened its offensive operations from the Northern sector.
The First Area Command NA, supported by an artillery brigade consisting of reconnaissance vehicles, Saladin armored cars and Ferrets, was divided into two brigades.
The 1st brigade under Maj. Sule Apollo advanced down the Ogugu-Ogunga-Nsukka road while the 2nd brigade under Maj. Martin Adamu advanced down the Gakem-Obudu-Ogoja road. Defending Biafran soldiers under Brig. H.M. Njoku managed to repel the attack, however, the Nigerian Army began recruiting guides and informants to report on the disposition of Biafran troops, their strength, and other crucial information.
For 10 days the Nigerian Army fought its way southward and managed to capture the towns of Nsukka, Ogugu, Ogunga, Ogoja, Gakem, and Obudu while also forcing defending Biafran troops to retreat in disarray.
Many Biafran soldiers complained of malaria, headache, and other ailments. Thousands of Biafran civilians fled their homes, in fear of being massacred by Nigerian soldiers, and headed for the Biafran capital, Enugu.
Aftermath.
16 days after the Biafrans retreated Nzeogwu attempted to regain control of Nsukka on July 30 but was killed by Nigerian soldiers while driving down a road.
The Nigerian Army were successful in their conquest of Nsukka, and then continued their onslaught towards Enugu though at a slower pace because of the invasion of the mid-western region.
After the Biafran officers led by Victor Banjo invaded Nigeria's Mid-Western Region. Murtala Mohammed was put in charge of fending off all Biafran soldiers within Nigeria's boundaries. Victor Banjo got within 135 miles of the Nigerian capital Lagos before he was intercepted by Mohammed's men.
After over a month of bloody fighting the Biafrans retreated to Onitsha and released their hold over the Mid-Western Region. With the Midwest Invasion over, the Nigerians returned to Nsukka and began planning an invasion of the Biafran Capital Enugu.
Due to Nsukka's proximity to Enugu, it was a strategic stronghold. Nigerian forces invaded the area around Enugu in mid-September 1967 with the knowledge that Enugu would not fall easily if attacked head-on, so it was decided to surround the city and begin a siege.
On September 30, Nigerian forces were able to break through the Biafran defensive lines around Enugu and enter the city. After 6 days of bloody fighting the Biafran forces retreated to the outskirts, and relocated their capital south to Umuahia.
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36793092
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41865877
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793092
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2012 Rose of Tralee
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The 2012 Rose of Tralee was the 53rd edition of the annual Irish international festival, held on 20–21 August 2012 at the Festival Dome, in Tralee, County Kerry. Dáithí Ó Sé returned as host for the third time, just a matter of weeks after marrying the 2008 New Jersey Rose, Rita Talty. 32 contestants participated in the 2012 pageant, with Nicola McEvoy, representing Luxembourg, ultimately crowned the winner. Going into the show, the Dublin and Mayo Roses were tipped as the favourites to win with McEvoy not far behind them. The background music for the event was composed by the Garda Síochána Orchestra.
The judges for the 2012 Rose of Tralee were; RTÉ's Mary Kennedy, Michael Kearney, CAO of The Carlton Hotel Group, Denise Murphy O'Sullivan, the 1991 Rose of Tralee, Paul Neeson, Retail Director of Dublin Airport Authority, Jan Dowling, Motivation Weight Management and Tom Curran, Kerry County manager.
Ireland and Munster rugby player Ronan O'Gara was present on the final night and presented the winning Rose with her sash and tiara. Irish band The Coronas also performed their song "Addicted to Progress" during the show.
2012 was the first year that the Denver Rose and the Tyrone Rose made it onto the televised Rose Selection.
A. Each Rose is accompanied by an Escort whose job it is to look after their Rose and to ensure that her time at the Festival is a memorable and enjoyable experience. Every year the Roses & the Escorts vote on who they believed was the best Escort throughout the festival, the person with the most votes is then crowned Escort of the Year.
Broadcasting.
The 2012 Rose of Tralee was broadcast live on RTÉ One and it was also streamed live on the RTÉ website for viewers all over the globe. The show received an audience share of 45%, the first time the audience share has dipped below 50% since 2008.
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36793127
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45853341
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793127
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Gerard Flaitel
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Gerard Flaitel († ) was a Norman knight and a " 'most powerful lord in Normandy at the time of the Richards' " according to Orderic Vitalis.
Life.
Gerard was a Norman baron with substantial estates in the Pays de Caux, the Hiemois, the Evrecin and Risle valley. He was a vassal of William of Talou in Arques.
In 1035, when Robert I, Duke of Normandy left on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Gerard Flaitel was one of his companions. In the spring of 1035 the group left Normandy probably taking the favored route through the Danube river basin to Constantinople. Duke Robert obtained permission for him and his retinue to continue on to Muslim-controlled Jerusalem. In Turkey Robert paid the required "mussella" (pilgrim tax). They arrived in time to spend Holy Week in Jerusalem. On their return through Asia Minor, Duke Robert fell ill while they were in Nicaea, and died there about 2 July. As he lay dying, Gerard was asked to take possession of a Holy relic which Robert had acquired in Jerusalem, reputedly a finger-bone of Saint Stephen, and to make a gift of it to the abbey or monastery of his choosing. Gerard returned to Normandy and became a monk at the Abbey of St. Wandrille taking the relic with him. He died after 1047.
Family.
While the name of his wife (or wives) is not known Gerard Flaitel had at least the following children:
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36793130
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410653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793130
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Life imprisonment in Israel
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Life imprisonment in Israel is legal and the most severe punishment available under Israeli law during peacetime.
Overview.
The death penalty is applicable for certain crimes in Israel, but has only been used twice, once illegally during the 1948 Palestine war, and once legally against Adolf Eichmann in 1962, with another four convictions in cases of political violence being commuted or overruled on appeal. Life imprisonment is mandatory in all cases of murder, except in certain circumstances when the sentence is sometimes reduced. Life imprisonment is also used in cases of terrorism, as well as kidnapping and attempted murder. Israeli law also allows life sentences for juveniles under age 18 if convicted of murder. Israel is one of the few countries that allows this.
As a matter of tradition, the President reduces most life sentences to a determinate sentence, usually within the range of 20-30 years, with parole eligibility after two-thirds of that sentence is served. Those convicted of terrorist offenses are not typically granted clemency or parole, and are usually only released in prisoner exchanges.
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36793136
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263192
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793136
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The Muppets Go Hollywood
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The Muppets Go Hollywood is a one-hour television special that promoted "The Muppet Movie", the first theatrical film in "The Muppets" franchise. It first aired May 16, 1979 on CBS, six weeks before the American release of "The Muppet Movie".
Plot.
Kermit the Frog throws a glamorous party at the Cocoanut Grove night club to celebrate the release of "The Muppet Movie". Among the highlights of this special are:
After the musical number, Kermit the Frog and the rest of the Muppets clean up the Cocoanut Grove upon Kermit stating that they can save money by cleaning it up themselves.
Notes.
Later syndicated alongside "The Muppet Show".
Cast.
Muppet performers.
Additional Muppets performed by Steve Whitmire and Kathryn Mullen.
Special guest appearances.
The following celebrities appeared at the party:
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36793143
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1292629333
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793143
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Merrick Butte
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Merrick Butte is a butte located in Monument Valley and is part of the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park, similar to its neighbors West and East Mitten Buttes just to the north. It was named after silver miner Jack Merrick, killed by Native Americans in 1880.
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36793144
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27015025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793144
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Tryonicidae
|
The Tryonicidae are a family of cockroaches.
Biodiversity and distribution.
Two genera containing 17 species are currently confirmed as belonging to this family.
Table 1: Number of species of Tryonicidae in each region in which it is present (A=adventive, E=endemic, I=indigenous)
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36793177
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36112485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793177
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The Moonshine Feud
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The Moonshine Feud is a 1920 American silent Western film starring Texas Guinan. An abridged 1929 rerelease version is preserved.
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36793202
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7903804
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793202
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Papaschase
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The Papaschase ( from Cree ᐹᐦᐹᐢᒉᐢ ("Woodpecker")) are a group of Cree people descended from Chief Papaschase's Band of the 19th century, who were a party to Treaty 6 with Canada. A modern-day group of Papaschase descendants are working to advance their treaty rights and reclaim their reserve's land or get compensation for its loss. They claim the reserve was surrendered unlawfully in 1888, but they have not been recognized yet by the Canadian Government, however they are recognized as a nation by the Assembly of First Nations Alexander First Nation #134 #134a #134b #143
Historical Papaschase.
Chief Papaschase (also known as Passpasschase, Papastew, Pahpastayo, and John Gladieu-Quinn) and his family and community lived around Fort Edmonton, Fort Assiniboia and Slave Lake in Alberta in the mid-1800s and often traded furs with the Hudson Bay Company. They settled permanently in the Edmonton area in the 1850s on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River. Chief Papaschase and his brother Tahkoots signed on to Treaty 6 on August 21, 1877. However, they were not allocated a reserve until three years later, in 1880: reserve (I.R. 136), far from the land along the riverbanks in what later became southeast Edmonton, Alberta including all of Mill Woods. The boundaries in modern terms would be: 51 Avenue on the north, 119 Street on the west, 30 Avenue SW on the south, and 17 Street NW on the east.
Many settlers did not want the reserve near the growing settlement of Edmonton. Frank Oliver, in particular, advocated in his local newspaper, the Edmonton Bulletin, for the removal of the Papaschase Cree from their reserve and for the land to become available to settlers. A meeting was held in 1881 to petition John A. Macdonald to relocate the Papaschase Cree and I.R. 136 away from Edmonton.
In 1886, around 80 Papaschase members remained on the reserve, as many had taken Métis scrip due to starvation, broken treaty promises, and lack of assistance from the government. The Papaschase people who took scrip lost their treaty status. The last remaining members left the reserve in 1887 after instruction from Assistant Indian Commissioner, Mr. Reed; many moved to closeby reserves such as the Enoch Cree and the Alexander First Nation. Chief Papaschase died at Elinor Lake in Northern Alberta in 1918.
According to Olson (n.d.), "the Papaschase band lost its entire reserve in South Edmonton under highly questionable circumstances when three men signed a surrender document on November 19, 1888, at a meeting called with four days notice by the government agent. The federal government subdivided the reserve, and sold most of the land at auctions in 1891 and 1893, Land speculators bought most of it, and resold it to settlers. Railway companies also bought some of the lands they needed at auction or from speculators".
The reserve land was partly used for the Canadian Pacific Railway's Calgary and Edmonton Railway, whose arrival in 1891 caused the birth of a southside hamlet that later became the City of Strathcona. The former reserve, located in Strathcona County, was incrementally absorbed in its entirety by the City of Edmonton over a series of seven annexations between December 30, 1959, and January 1, 1982.
Modern Papaschase.
In August 2006, at least 31 Papaschase ancestral remains were repatriated – some that were being held at the Medical Examiner’s Office and the University of Alberta’s Anthropology Department – and a reburial ceremony took place at the Epcor’s Rossdale site, which had been recognized as a historic cemetery and is protected by law. Furthermore, with construction projects such as the Walterdale bridge in 2012 and the Terwillegar footbridge, Papaschase people and other local Indigenous peoples demanded that the government gain consent before construction took place on their lands and burial sites. Now, construction projects on their lands should have archeologists on site, as well as monitors from Indigenous bands present. These are important examples of self-determination.
, around 1,000 people claim to be descendants of the Papaschase band, who they argue was illegally evicted from their reserve to make way for settlement and to give the railway access to their land.
Their lawsuit against the Canadian government to recover their lands was dismissed in 2008 on the grounds that the Papaschase are not a recognized band and therefore could not make a claim against the government, and that too much time had passed.
Since that time, the group has instead focused its efforts on becoming a recognized band through the Federal Claims Commission, and via political pressure. The current Papaschase website states that "the Chief and council’s mandate is to govern the Papaschase descendants affairs, to defend and advance their treaty rights and legitimate interests of the Papaschase Descendants, and to take all necessary steps to obtain a just settlement of the unlawful surrender of Papaschase IR 136 in 1888. Many descendants have come forward to join our cause but we continue to search for the lost members who have been scattered to the four winds and call them home".
A group representing the Papaschase held a partial blockade and information picket on the Queen Elizabeth II portion of Alberta Highway 2 – Alberta's busiest highway – on January 16, 2013, as part of the wider Idle No More movement.
In 2018, the Papaschase Band was recognized as a member of the Assembly of First Nations.
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Kronprinzenpalais
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The Kronprinzenpalais (English: "Crown Prince's Palace") is a former Royal Prussian residence on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic centre of Berlin. It was built in 1663 and renovated in 1857 according to plans by Heinrich Strack in Neoclassical style. From 1919 to 1937, it was home to the modern art collection of the National Gallery. Damaged during the Allied bombing in World War II, the Kronprinzenpalais was rebuilt from 1968 to 1970 by Richard Paulick as part of the Forum Fridericianum. In 1990, the German Reunification Treaty was signed in the listed building. Since then, it has been used for events and exhibitions.
Earliest uses.
Johann Arnold Nering created the building in 1663–69 as the private residence of Cabinet Secretary Johann Martitz, converting an existing middle-class house. From 1706 to 1732, it was the official residence of the governor of Berlin.
Remodelling and use as a royal palace.
In 1732, Philipp Gerlach remodelled the building in baroque style with a protruding central bay and a carriage drive rising to the front entrance, to serve as a residence for the Crown Prince, the future King Frederick II. He and his wife Elisabeth Christine stayed there only intermittently before his accession to the throne in 1740, after which he took up residence in part of the royal palace. He gave the Kronprinzenpalais to his brother Augustus William; after Augustus William's death in 1758, his widow continued to use it until 1780.
The building was then renovated and refurnished in Neoclassical style (with furniture from Prussia rather than France) and became the residence of Crown Prince Frederick William (the future Frederick William III) and his wife Louise, who lived there with their children and Countess Voss, who had an apartment near the entrance. They remained there after he became king and the Palace was now called "Königliches Palais" (Royal Palace). Johann Gottfried Schadow created his double statue of Crown Princess Louise and her sister Frederica, the "Prinzessinnengruppe", in the palace in 1795–97. The future Emperor William I was born there on 22 March 1797. In the early 19th century, Karl Friedrich Schinkel renovated several rooms in the palace; he also designed an extension over the Oberwallstraße connecting the palace to the "Kronprinzessinnenpalais" (Crown Princesses' Palace), where the king's three daughters were living; this was built in 1811 by Heinrich Gentz in association with his remodelling of the exterior of the Prinzessinenpalais. After Louise's early death, Frederick William maintained a family shrine to her in the palace. The main building was known as the "Königliches Palais" (Royal Palace) until 1840; after 1840, when the king died, it was known as the former Royal Palace, and was not used by any members of the royal family; during the reign of Frederick William IV, it housed court officials, and Rudolf Lepke, who founded a major auction house, grew up there.
In 1856–57, Johann Heinrich Strack extensively rebuilt the palace for William I's son, Prince Frederick William (the future Kaiser Frederick III), giving it substantially its present appearance. Strack replaced the mansard roof with a third storey with Corinthian pillars, and added neo-classical details to the façade, whose columns he changed from Tuscan to Corinthian. The four statues above the entrance remained, but he added a tall columned portico surmounted by a balcony. He also built a setback addition on the east side of the building, with a colonnade on its Unter den Linden and Niederlagstraße sides. After 1861, when Frederick William's father acceded to the throne and he became Crown Prince, the building was once again known as the Kronprinzenpalais; he resided there with his wife Princess Victoria, daughter of England's Queen Victoria.
Their eldest son, who would be the last German Emperor as Wilhelm II, was born in the palace on 27 January 1859. Princess Victoria welcomed artists and scholars to the palace, including Heinrich von Angeli, Anton von Werner and Adolph von Menzel. However, after Frederick III's death in 1888 following a 99-day reign, she was usually at her new residence, Schloß Friedrichshof, and the palace was rarely used. Beginning in 1905, it was used as a winter residence by Wilhelm II's heir, Crown Prince Wilhelm, and his wife Crown Princess Cecilie. During the November revolution in Berlin in 1918, revolutionary leaders addressed the crowd from the entrance ramp of the palace.
Modern annexe of the National Gallery.
After the dissolution of the monarchy, the palace became a possession of the State of Prussia, which gave it to the National Gallery in 1919 to house its drawing collection. The director, Ludwig Justi, used this annexe to the existing building (now known as the Alte Nationalgalerie) to house a new department devoted to living artists, the "Galerie der Lebenden", something which he had proposed the previous year and which contemporary artists themselves had been demanding. This opened on 4 August 1919 with approximately 150 paintings and sculptures including naturalistic and French Impressionist works, a sculpture by Rodin (in a room retaining the old palace décor, which also featured paintings by Cézanne, Van Gogh, and Manet), works representing both the establishment "Verein Berliner Künstler" and the Berlin Secession, and on the top floor in a temporary display, works by members of Die Brücke and other Expressionists. This was the first state promotion in Germany of Expressionist works, which were unpopular with large numbers of the public. The gallery was a pioneer of the museum of contemporary art; in the judgement of the assistant director of the National Gallery at the time, the collection was superior to that of all other German galleries then collecting modern art. It served as a model for later institutions, notably the Museum of Modern Art in New York, which opened two years after its first director, Alfred H. Barr Jr., visited the Kronprinzenpalais in 1927. On the other hand, the art critic Karl Scheffler, who favoured Impressionism and disliked Expressionism, attacked Justi for opening the contemporary art gallery, publishing a book in 1921 with the title "Berliner Museumskrieg" (Berlin Museum War).
After the Nazis came to power in 1933, there was an initial period of tolerance of modern art, but then Hitler ordered the galleries to be "cleansed" of it, in particular the Kronprinzenpalais. In May 1936, works from the Ismar Littmann collection of Expressionist art which had been confiscated by the Gestapo from a Berlin auction house were burnt in the furnace. Eberhard Hanfstaengl, the then director of the National Gallery, was ordered to set aside only a few "historically valuable" works and saved five paintings and ten drawings. The Expressionist gallery was closed in October 1936, after the Berlin Olympics had ended, as a "hotbed of cultural Bolshevism".
In the 1937 Nazi operation against "Entartete Kunst" (degenerate art), the National Gallery lost a total of 435 works. The Kronprinzenpalais contributed far more works than any other institution to the exhibition by that name which opened in Munich on 19 July. The majority of the Expressionist works were officially labelled "Verfallskunst" (art of decay) the same month. National Gallery Director Justi had been forced out in the 1933 purge of ideologically suspect academics and civil servants; his successor, Alois Schardt, was forced to resign after Bernhard Rust, the Nazi Minister of Education for Prussia, who had responsibility for museums, visited the modern art gallery; he was in turn succeeded by Hanfstaengl, who was also forced to resign after refusing to meet with Adolf Ziegler and his commission charged with identifying and removing the "degenerate" artworks. The commission made two "cleansing" visits to the Kronprinzenpalais: on 7 July before the exhibition opened and again in August. Some members of the commission were at first reluctant to purge the works of August Macke and Franz Marc, both of whom had died fighting in the First World War; they were ultimately also removed, but works by Marc including "Tower of Blue Horses" were removed from the "Entartete Kunst" exhibition before it moved from Munich to Berlin. The National Gallery was compensated RM 150,000 for "The Garden of Daubigny" by Van Gogh and RM 15,000 for four paintings by Paul Signac and Edvard Munch by Göring, who took a group of 13 modern paintings to offer them privately for sale through an art dealer he knew, and roughly one sixth of its total loss of over RM 1 million after the official auctions of "degenerate art" in Switzerland.
Later in 1937, the building became the seat of the Prussian Academy of Arts, whose building in Pariser Platz had been requisitioned by Albert Speer's office. The Director of the Schauspielhaus theatre in the Gendarmenmarkt, Gustaf Gründgens, also temporarily had his office in the building.
In March 1945, the Kronprinzenpalais was gutted in an Allied bomb attack. Until 1958, a ballet school used a remaining rear section, but the site was entirely cleared in 1961.
Reconstruction and postwar uses.
In 1968–69, to complete the restoration of the south side of Unter den Linden and make a suitable visual transition to the newly completed Foreign Ministry skyscraper (since demolished) and the rest of the East German government district immediately to the east, the Kronprinzenpalais was rebuilt with approximately the same exterior appearance as after Strack's work by Richard Paulick, a former associate of Walter Gropius who had already rebuilt the Kronprinzessinnenpalais and the State Opera, and Werner Prendel. (Paulick had originally intended to rebuild it as it had been in 1733, for use as a modern museum, music school, or performance space, but conceptions of the role of the area changed in the 1960s.) However, the top floor was extended to include the east wing to improve the building's proportions, and the interior (1968–70) was modern. As the "Palais Unter den Linden", it was used as a guest house by the Magistrat, the governing executive of East Berlin. The Unification Agreement was signed there on 31 August 1990, after which the Senate of Berlin took possession of the building.
The garden, which extends from Oberwallstraße to Niederlagstraße and has underground parking garages under part of it, was newly laid out in 1969–70 by W. Hinkefuß and descends in terraces to a central lawn, and then rises again in further terraces to a restaurant called the Schinkelklause, which incorporates pieces of terracotta and an entrance from Schinkel's Bauakademie, which was partially destroyed in World War II and demolished around 1960. The sculptures in the garden are by , Gerhard Thierse and .
From 1998 to 2003, the Kronprinzenpalais was used as temporary exhibit space by the Deutsches Historisches Museum while its primary building, the Zeughaus across the street, was under renovation. It continues to be used for exhibitions and other cultural events. For example, in 2005 it housed an exhibition on Albert Einstein, and in spring 2006 Joshua Sobol's polydrama "Alma", on Alma Mahler, played scenes simultaneously in various rooms, which required temporarily reconstructing the historical appearance of the interior. In 2006 the building housed "Erzwungene Wege—Flucht und Vertreibung im Europa des 20. Jahrhunderts", a controversial exhibition on expulsions of Germans in 20th-century Europe organised by the Federation of Expellees, and in March–June 2012 it housed a three-part exhibition dealing more broadly with forced exile and including "Erzwungene Wege" as one of its components. The building is a Berlin historic landmark.
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Why (Mary J. Blige song)
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"Why" is a song performed by American recording artist Mary J. Blige, from her tenth studio album, "My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)" (2011). It was written by Blige along with Dave Young, Eric Hudson, and William Roberts II, with Hudson producing the song and Rick Ross having featured vocals. A soulful R&B song that makes use of hip hop soul influences and a beat-heavy, strings–led production, the song initially impacted on US radios on April 10, 2012 as the album's third single.
Music video.
The song's accompanying music video was directed by Colin Tilley and debuted on May 9, 2012. In the video, Blige finds herself up late worrying about a troubled relationship. It begins a dimly lit bedroom where she sings next to her sleeping lover. Moving on, she hits an extravagant lounge. There, Rick Ross is surrounded by women with a drink in one hand and an expensive cigar in the other. Blige joins Rick Ross for a final performance at the lounge. The two, both dressed in white, complement each other as they perform under a chandelier. The video ends with a final toast and falling confetti.
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)".
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Don't Mind (Mary J. Blige song)
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"Don't Mind" is a song by American singer Mary J. Blige, recorded for her tenth studio album, "My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)" (2011). It was written by Blige along with Priscilla Renea and Jerry "Wonda" Duplessis, while production helmed by the latter. The song was released by Matriarch Records and Geffen Records as the album's fourth and final single on June 19, 2012 in the United States, where it reached number 35 on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart.
Background.
"Don't Mind" was written by Blige, Priscilla Renea and Jerry Duplessis. Production on the track was also handled by Duplessis under his pseudonym Wonda. Blige's vocals were recorded by Serge "Sergical" Tsai, while Jaycen Joshua mixed the track.
Music video.
The music video for "Don't Mind" was directed by Colin Tilley. It features Blige dressed in a black catsuit singing about how she doesn’t mind telling her man she loves him. Singing straight to camera, she is seen performing in front of a graffiti laced wall.
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)".
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Container deposit schemes in Australia
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A container deposit scheme (CDS), also known as container deposit legislation (CDL), is a scheme that refunds consumers for returning empty beverage containers for recycling. A scheme was first implemented in South Australia in 1977 and taken up by the Northern Territory in 2012, New South Wales in 2017, the Australian Capital Territory in June 2018, Queensland in November 2018, Western Australia in October 2020, Victoria in November 2023 and Tasmania in May 2025.
A 2012 Newspoll survey found a majority of people in Australia support a deposit scheme, and a national scheme has also been proposed many times over the years. The NSW scheme had been strongly opposed by the beverage industry before its introduction.
The value of deposits and the scope of their application have been influenced by the Australian federal constitution's guarantee of free trade between the states. The defining case in this issue was the attempt to introduce a differential between reusable and recyclable bottle deposits. The issue was taken to the High Court of Australia in the "Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia" court case. State-based schemes need to be exempted from the Commonwealth Mutual Recognition Act which guarantees products can be sold in any jurisdiction without requiring any special labelling. This formed the basis of legal action against the Northern Territory's scheme until an exemption was granted. The value of a container deposit is 10 cents for an eligible container.
Historical.
Through the early 20th century, when the cost of producing glass bottles was higher, a natural industry of glass bottle collectors and merchants performed a similar function to the modern CDS. Bottle accumulators, a licensed and unionized workforce commonly known as "bottle-ohs" from their street cries, travelled by cart around the streets buying empty bottles from households and businesses. They would then sell the bottles to a bottle yard, which would store and sort the bottles before selling them in bulk to brewers and other bottlers. It was an industry from which a bottle-oh could make a good living; in 1904, they could buy a dozen beer bottles for 6d., sell them to the bottle yard for 9d., who could sell them to brewers for 1s.
Soft drink and other beverage bottles were still collected in Queensland and returned for deposits up to the late 1960s. In Western Australia soft drink bottles could be exchanged for 10 cents and beer bottles for 2 cents until around 1982.
CDS by state and territory.
South Australia.
CDL in South Australia was put in place under the Beverage Container Act 1975 (SA) and came into operation in 1977. Environment Protection Act 1993 (SA) now governs the levying and refund of deposits.
There is a refund of 10 cents per can or bottle (raised from 5 cents in late 2008). In the 1970s, deposits ranged from 20c for a 30oz bottle and 10c for a 10oz and 6½oz bottle. With the introduction of plastic and non-re-usable bottles, the deposit was reduced to 5c (including aluminium cans). This amount remained unchanged till late 2008.
Around 600 people are employed in the recovery of bottles in South Australia with community groups such as the Scouts to operate container refund depots. While there are professional collectors who collect on an arranged basis from particular venues (e.g. pubs and restaurants), usually operating small trucks for the job, there are also many socially marginalised collectors who forage in spots such as refuse bins for discarded deposit bottles; these collectors often travel by bicycle, sometimes with relatively elaborate and inventive modifications to allow them to carry bulky loads of bottles.
Until 2008, every beverage container in Australia bore the words "5c refund at SA collection depots in state of purchase". This changed to "10c refund at SA collection depots in state of purchase" in late 2008. Since the Northern Territory started their own scheme in 2012, this message has changed again. With other jurisdictions implementing their own schemes a common label has been developed. The new label reads: "10c refund at collection depots/points in participating State/Territory of purchase".
Northern Territory.
The Northern Territory introduced a container deposit scheme similar to South Australia's from 3 January 2012. The introduction was challenged in the Federal Court by Coca-Cola Amatil, Schweppes Australia and Lion Pty Ltd using the Commonwealth Mutual Recognition Act and the scheme ceased on 4 March 2013. Immediately after the Federal Court loss, the NT government personally stepped in to keep the scheme going until a permanent exemption to the Mutual Recognition Act could be secured. On 7 August 2013 the Federal Executive Council (ExCo) ratified the permanent exemption making the NT container deposit scheme completely legal and permanent.
Due to this, soft drink containers sold in Australia bore the words "10c refund at SA/NT collection depots in state/territory of purchase". With other jurisdictions implementing their own schemes a common label was developed: "10c refund at collection depots/points in participating State/Territory of purchase"
New South Wales.
In the 1960s and 1970s Sydney had a bottle return scheme whereby retailers returned bottles to the manufacturer for refunds. If the retailer supported it, members of the general public could return bottles to the point of sale for refunds.
In the 2000s the New South Wales government indicated it wished to push ahead with a container deposit scheme as part of a raft of new policies aimed at protecting the environment and preventing litter. The scheme has strong backing from the public, various politicians, NSW councils, and various environmental groups such as Cleanup Australia, Boomerang Alliance, and Total Environment Centre. At the time the proposal was opposed by major beverage manufacturers, which mounted a sustained but ultimately unsuccessful lobbying campaign.
On 8 May 2016 the government announced a ten-cent container deposit scheme for packaged drinks between 150 ml and three litres. Wine bottles and milk cartons were excluded, as were beverages packaged in paper or cardboard. The scheme was initially proposed to begin in July 2017 but was delayed until December 2017 following requests from environment groups and industry bodies. In July 2017 the NSW Environment Protection Agency announced the scheme coordinator would be a joint venture called Exchange for Change, comprising major beverage manufacturers Asahi, Carlton & United Breweries, Coca-Cola Amatil, Coopers Brewery and Lion. The announcement was opposed by the NSW Greens party, as some of the manufacturers had not previously supported container deposit schemes.
Initial implementation of the scheme – named "Return and Earn" – generated substantial returns of containers along with some community criticism for increasing drink prices, litter around container collection centres and insufficient return points in regional areas. By February 2025, 13 billion containers had been returned via the scheme, $1.3 billion have been returned to New South Wales residents, and $72 million donated to charity. There are 650 return points across NSW.
Australian Capital Territory.
The ACT Container Deposit Scheme legislation was passed into law on 9 November 2017 and a public consultation period was conducted ahead of the scheme's implementation in 2018. The scheme began on 30 June 2018 and operates under the "Return and Earn" scheme in neighbouring New South Wales.
Queensland.
An opinion poll in 2013 indicated public support for a Queensland container deposit scheme. Despite this, it was opposed by the Newman government on the grounds that it might increase the cost of living. In February 2015 the newly elected Palaszczuk government gave in-principle support for the scheme and established a public consultation process on structure and operations. On 22 July 2016 the government announced the introduction of a Container Deposit Scheme "to get drink cans and bottles off our beaches, and out of our parks and public areas". Legislation implementing the scheme was introduced in 2017 along with a statewide plastic bag ban.
Queensland's container refund scheme, known as "Containers for Change", began on 1 November 2018. The scheme is administered by the non-profit company COEX, with collection points operated by Envirobank or TOMRA. The Queensland Productivity Commission was commissioned to review the scheme's impact on prices, with submissions closing on 12 June 2019 and a draft report due on 1 August 2019.
Western Australia.
In 2011, opposition Labor and Greens MPs called for the introduction of a container deposit scheme. The Minister for Environment, Bill Marmion, said that WA would wait for a national "consultation regulatory impact statement" to be completed at the end of 2011 before taking any action.
In August 2016, the WA Government announced a state container deposit scheme commencing in 2018. Minister for the Environment Albert Jacob said that efforts to pursue a national scheme had "fallen by the wayside" but that Western Australia's policy should be aligned with recent changes in Queensland and New South Wales. After a change of government at the March 2017 election, the new Environment Minister Stephen Dawson said he wanted to make a container deposit scheme a priority. In August 2017 the new WA Government held public consultation, and it will start a container deposit scheme in 2020 in a bid to lift the State's low recycling rates. The scheme launched under the banner "Containers for Change" on 1 October 2020.
Victoria.
The state of Victoria once had a container deposit scheme in the 1980s called "Cash for Cans" but was rescinded in 1989.
In 2009 the Victorian Greens introduced a bill for a 10c deposit scheme, which was passed in the upper house but the government quashed the bill in the lower house, allegedly on constitutional grounds, by refusing to allow it to be debated. Despite supporting the Greens' bill when in opposition, when it later became the government the Coalition decided it would not back a bottle refund scheme. Instead, it said it would support a national scheme if one were created.
In 2012/2013, the Napthine government indicated its strong support for a state-based scheme possibly in partnership with NSW.
In February 2015, then Environment Minister, Lisa Neville, under the Andrews government, had publicly said she was not in favour of a container deposit scheme for Victoria. She believed the recycling programs at that time were good enough, even though Clean-up Australia claimed beverage-related rubbish in Victoria outnumbered cigarette-related rubbish.
In July 2017 her successor Lily D'Ambrosio confirmed the state's continuing opposition to a state scheme on the basis that the costs would outweigh the environmental benefits.
In February 2020, as part of a recycling policy overhaul, D'Ambrosio announced that the state would introduce a container deposit scheme which commenced on 1 November 2023, after consulting with industry and local government. This made Victoria the latest Australian jurisdiction to support introducing a container deposit scheme.
Tasmania.
In December 2014 a state-based deposit scheme was rejected by the government, citing costs and the need to ship containers to the Australian mainland for processing. Various environmental organisations, including The Greens and many Tasmanian local councils have been pushing for a scheme in Tasmania for many years. Most people are in favour of a scheme according to various studies that have been conducted over the years.
In June 2019 the Tasmanian government announced the goal of introducing a refund scheme by 2022. After several delays, the scheme, named Recycle Rewards, was launched on 1 May 2025.
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Face Off season 3
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The third season of the Syfy reality television series Face Off premiered on August 21, 2012 and ended October 31, 2012. The season featured twelve prosthetic makeup artists competing against each other to create makeup effects. In the finale, they were voted on by the public in a live broadcast on Halloween. The grand prize for the third season was a position as a guest lecturer at the Make Up for Ever Academies in New York and Paris, a 2012 Toyota Prius v, and .
The season was won by Nicole Chilelli of Stayton, Oregon, who holds four "Face Off" records for being the first female to win, the first contestant to be eliminated and then come back in the same season, the first returning contestant to win the season, and being the only champion chosen by the audience.
Production.
Season 1 and 2 judge Patrick Tatopoulos stepped down from his position after the first episode in order to work on "", but later returned as a guest judge for the foundation challenge in episode 7 and in the final two episodes of the season. He is replaced by concept designer Neville Page, who has previously worked on "Avatar" as lead creature designer, "Prometheus" as character designer and "Star Trek" as lead creature and character designer. Ve Neill and Glenn Hetrick remain as judges, with McKenzie Westmore remaining as the show's host. A pair of fraternal twins will compete against each other this season.
Guests that appeared this season include Sean Astin, Brian Grazer, Kevin Smith, Gale Anne Hurd, Matthew Wood, Paul W. S. Anderson, Laila Ali and Barney Burman.
The contestant won "Face Off".
The contestant was a runner-up.
The contestant won a Spotlight Challenge.
The contestant was part of a team that won the Spotlight Challenge.
The contestant was in the top in the Spotlight Challenge.
The contestant was in the bottom in the Spotlight Challenge.
The contestant was a teammate of the eliminated contestant in the Spotlight Challenge.
The contestant was eliminated.
The contestant was disqualified from the competition.
The contestant returned to the competition.
‡ The contestant won the Foundation Challenge.
Episodes.
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Norman J. Levy
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Norman J. Levy (January 24, 1931 – February 7, 1998) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He served in the New York State Senate for 27 years, and was the sponsor of the first legislation in the United States mandating seat belt usage.
Biography.
Levy was born on January 24, 1931, in Rockville Centre, Nassau County, New York. He graduated from Bucknell University in 1952, and then served in the U.S. Army. He graduated from Brooklyn Law School in 1958, was admitted to the bar, and practiced law.
He entered politics as a Republican. In 1959, he was appointed as an Assistant D.A. of Nassau County, and in 1962 became Chief of the Nassau County Rackets Bureau which prosecuted organized crime. He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1971 until his death in 1998, sitting in the 179th, 180th, 181st, 182nd, 183rd, 184th, 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st and 192nd New York State Legislatures. Levy was Chairman of the Committee on Transportation. In that capacity, he helped to secure state funding for projects related to Long Island's parkways and the Long Island Rail Road.
Levy sponsored New York's mandatory seatbelt law, which was the first one in the United States. He also sponsored zero tolerance legislation that prohibited drivers under the age of 21 from operating a motor vehicle after consuming any amount of alcohol.
In June 1997, Levy had emergency brain surgery. He died in Albany, New York, of complications from a brain tumor.
Legacy.
In August 1998, signs were installed along the Meadowbrook State Parkway dedicating the road in honor of Levy for his role in sponsoring seat belt legislation. The new signs were unveiled in a ceremony in the median of the parkway just south of Merrick Road. Dignitaries at the honoring ceremony included then-Governor George Pataki, Senator Charles Fuschillo and Levy's widow, Joy Levy. Signs were erected at both ends of the Meadowbrook Parkway and at a point near the Babylon Turnpike interchange.
The Norman J. Levy Park and Preserve and Norman J. Levy Lakeside elementary school located in Merrick, New York are both named after him. The park can be reached off an exit on the Meadowbrook Parkway. The park was opened to the public on October 22, 2000.
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36793332
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753665
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793332
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Marcos García
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Marcos García Fernández (born 4 December 1986) is a Spanish former road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional from 2009 to 2022.
Career.
Born in San Martín de Valdeiglesias, García has competed as a professional since the start of the 2009 season, riding as a member of the and squads before joining for the 2012 season. On the fourth stage of the 2012 Vuelta a España, he put on a great performance by finishing fourth of the mountain stage, taking first place of his group. He exulted on the finish line, throwing kisses to the crowd; he thought he had won, but he had not, as three escapees had crossed the line before him.
He has competed in four Grand Tours: three Vuelta a Españas and a Giro d'Italia.
1st Stage 6
1st Overall
1st Stage 2
1st Stage 4
3rd Overall Bizkaiko Bira
1st Overall Bizkaiko Bira
3rd Circuito Deputación de Pontevedra
2nd Gran Premio de Llodio
3rd Vuelta a La Rioja
7th Overall Tour of Slovenia
7th Subida al Naranco
3rd Gran Premio de Llodio
9th Road race, National Road Championships
6th Vuelta a la Comunidad de Madrid
8th La Roue Tourangelle
9th Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
10th Overall Vuelta a Asturias
2nd Overall Vuelta a Castilla y León
9th Giro dell'Emilia
4th Overall Vuelta a Asturias
7th Overall Vuelta a la Comunidad de Madrid
10th Clássica Loulé
2nd Overall Tour of Japan
3rd Oita Cycle Road Race
7th Overall Tour de Singkarak
10th Overall Tour de Kumano
1st Overall Tour de Hokkaido
1st Stage 3
1st Stage 7 Tour of Japan
3rd Overall Tour de Kumano
1st Overall Tour of Japan
1st Stage 6
8th Overall Tour de Kumano
1st Overall Tour of Peninsular
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 4
1st Mountains classification Tour de Kumano
2nd Overall Tour of Thailand
10th Overall Tour de Ijen
10th Road Race, National Road Championships
3rd Overall Tour de Taiwan
7th Overall Tour de Hokkaido
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36793369
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35936988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793369
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Papal Concert of Reconciliation
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The Papal Concert of Reconciliation was a historic musical event in the pontificate of Pope John Paul II. The concert took place in the Paul VI Auditorium at the Vatican on January 17, 2004, in the presence of the Pontiff, Rav Elio Toaff, the Emeritus Chief Rabbi of Rome, and Abdulawahab Hussein Gomaa, the Imam of the Mosque of Rome, and an audience of 7,000 invited guests. The concert also followed the first visit to the Vatican of Israel's two chief rabbis, both of whom attended the concert. It was conceived, created, and conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine, whose previous musical collaborations with the Pope, including the Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah in 1994 with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the Concert for the Pope's 80th Birthday in 2000 with the Philharmonia Orchestra, among others, had earned him the sobriquet "The Pope's Maestro." In realizing the concert, Levine sought to fulfill the Pontiff's wish to reach out to the followers of the Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), as part of the celebrations dedicated to the 25th anniversary of his pontificate.
The concert was webcast and broadcast on PBS and internationally, as well as released on DVD. It brought together performers from across the globe, including the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, which became the first American orchestra to perform at the Vatican for a Pope, the London Philharmonic Choir, the Krakow Philharmonic Choir, the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir, and members of the Mendelssohn Choir of Pittsburgh, as well as vocal soloists Ruth Ziesak and Birgit Remmert, both from Germany.
The Pittsburgh Symphony, which Levine selected for the occasion, has described the Papal Concert of Reconciliation as an "unprecedented opportunity which remains one of the most significant events in the PSO's history." The concert also marked that orchestra's first known appearance on PBS after an absence of more than 20 years, dating back to the "Previn and the Pittsburgh" PBS series, which ran from 1977-1980.
In an effort to sustain the extraordinary level of enthusiasm shown by Pittsburgh natives for the Vatican performance, the Pittsburgh Symphony, at Levine's initiative, subsequently developed a concert series called "Music for the Spirit." Levine conducted the first three concerts in this series: Verdi Requiem in Heinz Hall, Haydn "Creation" in Cathedral of Saint Paul (Pittsburgh), and Mahler Symphony No. 3 in Heinz Hall. The Pittsburgh Symphony has continued the series in subsequent years.
Program.
The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, with the support of the Knights of Columbus, commissioned American composer John Harbison, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Music, to write a sacred motet "Abraham," for double chorus and brass, which received its world premiere at this concert. The major work on the program was Mahler Symphony No. 2, "Resurrection."
Harbison dedicated the work "to His Holiness Pope John Paul II in honor of his pontificate-long dedication to fostering reconciliation of the people of Abraham -- Jews, Christians, and Muslims -- and with deep gratitude to Maestro Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG, for his 15-year-long creative collaboration with His Holiness, which led to the great honor of this commission." The text of the piece, taken from Genesis 17 reads: "And when Abraham was ninety years old and nine, the Lord appeared to Abraham and said unto him, 'I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect...and thou shalt be a father of many nations.'"
As the Pittsburgh Catholic reported, "Levine selected the Mahler piece because it focuses on the soul's path to resurrection. The pope agreed, because of its theme of 'where the soul is reaching to everlasting life, an idea common to all three religions.' Levine and the Vatican also considered the symphony particularly appropriate because of the first movement's "special meaning for the pope," stemming from its likely connection to the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz's epic 'Funeral Rites,' which "resonated with John Paul not only generally as the first Polish pope, but also personally, because as a young, aspiring actor, the future pope acted in a Mickiewicz play and memorized his poetry." Following the finale of the symphony, the Pope requested an encore—an unprecedented act for a papal concert. Because Vatican protocol then restricted all concerts to a duration of 72 minutes, only movements 1, 4, and 5 of the Mahler were performed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793375
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Alex Naddour
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Alexander Michael Naddour (born March 4, 1991) is a former American artistic gymnast. He was a member of the United States men's national artistic gymnastics team and part of the bronze medal team at the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Naddour was an alternate for Team USA at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He also won a bronze medal in the pommel horse individual event competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He announced his retirement from gymnastics on March 26, 2021, via Instagram.
Early life and education.
Naddour was born on March 4, 1991, to Mike and Sandy Naddour in Gilbert, Arizona. He attended Highland High School before enrolling at the University of Oklahoma to pursue gymnastics.
Gymnastics career.
Naddour was a member of the U.S. men's national team for the 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2017 World Championships. Pommel horse is considered his strongest event. He is a five-time national champion, three-time World finalist and Olympic bronze medalist in the pommel horse.
On June 20, 2018, Alex Naddour was suspended by USA Gymnastics following allegations of sexual misconduct. The USA Gymnastics officials were presented with the first allegations in 2012. Additional allegations were made against Naddour around 2016. Naddour tweeted in response: "I have no idea what is happening or why, we are trying to contact safe sport for any information." Naddour was cleared of a sexual misconduct allegation by the United States Center for SafeSport and removed from the USA Gymnastics suspended list in November 2018.
Olympics.
On June 25, 2016, Naddour was named to the 2016 U.S. men's gymnastics team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. Naddour had been named as an alternate for the U.S. in 2012. On August 14, 2016, Naddour won a bronze medal in the pommel horse at the Rio Olympics, the first medal of that Olympiad for the U.S. male gymnasts and the first pommel horse medal for Team USA since Peter Vidmar and Tim Daggett in 1984.
Personal life.
In 2015, Naddour married fellow gymnast Hollie Vise. The couple have a daughter, Lilah, born in February 2016, and a son, Crew, born in June 2018.
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36793399
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31547016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793399
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Latifa Labida
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Latifa Labida ( – born 1953, Ouazzane) is a Moroccan politician. Between 2007 and 2012, she was Secretary of State for Education in the cabinet of Abbas El Fassi.
Latifa Labida started her career as a schoolteacher in Rabat's primary schools between 1973 and 1977, then in secondary schools between 1977 and 1985, when she changed career joining the Ministry of Economy and Finance in Rabat as a "finance inspector".
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36793538
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2842084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793538
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Tracy Robertson
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Tracy Floyd Robertson (born September 26, 1989) is an American former professional football defensive tackle. He played college football at Baylor. He signed with the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent in 2012.
Early life.
Robertson attended Lamar High School in Houston, Texas. Robertson was selected to the first team All-District 20-5A honors. Robertson finished high school with 83 tackles, 11 sacks along with 2 fumble recoveries. Robertson was named one of state's Top 25 defensive linemen by Texas Football magazine.
College career.
He played college football at Baylor University. During his tenure in Baylor, he recorded 44 tackles and 7.5 sacks. He played in 44 games and started 27 of them.
In his freshman year, he played 9 games coming off bench. On October 4, 2008, he recorded a season high 2 Tackles against the No.1 ranked Oklahoma but Baylor lost in a blowout 49-17. On November 1, 2008, he had just one tackle against Missouri but Baylor lost 31-28.
In his sophomore year, he played in all 12 games, and started at defensive end. He finished the season with 22 tackles, including 5 tackles for loss, 3 sacks. On October 17, 2009, he recorded a career high 5 tackles against Iowa State but Baylor lost 10-24. On November 7, 2009, he recorded 5 tackles and 2 sacks against Missouri and Baylor won 40-32. On November 28, 2009, in the season finale against Texas Tech, he recorded 2 tackles and one sack but Baylor lost 20-13. Baylor finished the 2009 season with a 4-8 record.
In his junior year, he played 10 games and started 9 of them. He started the season as a defensive tackle until the fourth game. He missed the next three games due to injury. On September 11, 2010, he recorded 3 tackles, including two tackles, and three QB hurries against Buffalo in which Baylor won 34-6. On October 16, 2010, he just recorded 2 tackles against Colorado and Baylor won 31-25. On October 23, 2010, he recorded 4 tackles Kansas State contributing to Baylor winning the game by the final score of 47-42.
In his senior year, he played in 13 games and started 11 games and he recorded 23 tackles and 4.5 sacks. On October 1, 2011, he recorded 4 tackles and 2 sacks against Kansas State but Baylor lost 36-35. In next game against Iowa State, he recorded one sack while Baylor won 49-26.
Professional career.
Houston Texans.
After going undrafted in the 2012 NFL draft, he was signed by the Houston Texans. On July 30, 2012, he was released.
Detroit Lions.
On August 2, 2012, he signed with the Detroit Lions. On August 31, 2012, he was released on the final day of roster cuts.
New England Patriots.
On January 1, 2013, Robertson was signed to the New England Patriots practice squad. On April 29, 2013, the Patriots released Robertson.
Miami Dolphins.
On June 13, 2013, he signed with the Miami Dolphins. On August 31, 2013, he was released by the Dolphins.
Chicago Bears.
On October 14, 2013, he was signed to the Chicago Bears practice squad. On November 22, he was promoted to the active roster, making his debut in week twelve against the St. Louis Rams, but was released on November 29. He returned to the practice squad on December 3. On August 30, 2014, he was part of the final cuts by the Bears.
Toronto Argonauts.
On February 5, 2014, it was announced that Robertson had signed with the Toronto Argonauts.
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36793560
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13696749
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793560
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Real-life experience
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The real-life experience (RLE), sometimes called the real-life test (RLT), is a period of time or process in which transgender individuals live full-time in their identified gender role in order to be eligible to receive gender-affirming treatment. The purpose of the RLE has been to confirm that a given transgender person could function successfully as a member of said gender in society, as well as to confirm that they are sure they want to live as said gender for the rest of their life. A documented RLE was previously a requirement of many physicians before prescribing gender-affirming hormone therapy, and a requirement of most surgeons before performing gender-affirming surgery.
In September 2022, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC) Version 8 were released and removed the requirement of RLE for all gender-affirming treatments, including gender-affirming surgery. Previous versions of the WPATH SOC had required completion of RLE for initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy (3 months) and gender-affirming surgery (12 months).
Criteria.
Standards of Care.
Version 6.
The sixth version of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's (WPATH) Standards of Care (SOC), published in 2001, listed the parameters of the RLE as follows:
Version 7.
The seventh version of the SOC, which was published in 2011, was more ambiguous, and did not list any specific parameters for the RLE. Instead, they merely stated that the individual should be living full-time in their preferred gender role continuously for the duration of the RLE. They also stated that documentation of a name and/or gender marker change can be presented as a way of providing proof that the RLE has been completed, but did not state that a name and/or gender marker change was a requirement for completion of the RLE. These changes may have been signs of WPATH moving away from gatekeeping, which the SOC had been criticized for.
The seventh version of the SOC state that medical professionals should clearly document a patient's RLE in their medical chart, including the start date of living full-time for those preparing for GRS. Sometimes surgeons may require proof that the RLE has been completed. The SOC state that, if applicable, proof may be provided in the form of communication with individuals who have related to the patient in a gender identity-congruent role (such as, presumably, the patient's physician, therapist, boss, or a teacher), or as documentation of a legal name and/or gender marker change.
Version 8.
The eighth version of the SOC, published in 2022, removed all requirement of RLE for gender-affirming treatments, including gender-affirming surgery.
Necessity.
The SOC are followed by most medical professionals who specialize in the care of transgender individuals, and are the most widely followed clinical guidelines for the treatment of transgender persons in use. Hence, the SOC criteria for HRT and GRS, including completion of an RLE when applicable, must usually be met for one who seeks such treatments to receive them.
As of the seventh version of the SOC, a three-month minimum requirement of RLE is no longer part of WPATH's recommended criteria for HRT. A referral letter alone from a qualified mental health professional now suffices. The SOC state:
With respect to mastectomy/chest reconstruction and breast augmentation, the seventh version of the SOC do not require an RLE for these procedures; nor is an RLE required for hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, or orchiectomy, or for other procedures such as facial feminization surgery and voice feminization surgery. However, for GRS, including metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, and vaginoplasty, one year of continuous RLE is a listed requirement.
Previous versions of the SOC stated that an RLE for GRS was an absolute requirement that could not be skipped or ignored. However, the seventh version of the SOC appears to be less stringent, and does not contain any such statements. In addition, WPATH emphasizes that the SOC are merely clinical "guidelines", and are intended to be both flexible and modifiable to meet the circumstances of the patient and the preferences and judgement of the clinician. Hence, the latest version of the SOC appears to allow for, in certain circumstances, the RLE to be skipped.
Clinical practice in many places may be more or less stringent. In the United Kingdom, most National Health Service trusts will require two years of RLE before surgery, whereas in countries such as Thailand and Mexico, some surgeons may not require the completion of any RLE at all.
Criticism.
Though the WPATH SOC's one-year RLE requirement prior to GRS has been widely followed by surgeons in the past, it has not gone without criticism. Like the previous three-month RLE requirement for hormone therapy, many transgender people have expressed displeasure with it and have declared that it is unnecessary. Alongside this, some private providers did not require RLE to prescribe hormone therapy. Supporting such claims, physician and sexologist Anne Lawrence, in a paper presented at the XVII Harry Benjamin International Symposium on Gender Dysphoria in 2001, stated that there is little scientific evidence that a one-year RLE is necessary or sufficient for favorable outcomes following GRS. In addition, she presented the results of a study she conducted on a group of trans women in which she showed that GRS without a prior one-year RLE could be undergone without the subsequent expression of regret. She concluded that her results did not support the SOC requirement of a one-year RLE as an absolute requirement for GRS.
The real life experience requirement for hormone therapy has also been described by some as "unreasonable" and "dangerous", due to the patient's physical appearance often not matching their declared gender prior to starting hormone therapy.
Further in support of the idea that a one-year RLE requirement prior to GRS is unnecessary, regret, as well as suicide, appear to be very rare in post-operative transgender people in general. In another study conducted by Anne Lawrence and published in 2003, she found that in a group of 232 post-operative trans women, none expressed outright regret, and only a few expressed even occasional regret. In addition, a 2002 review of the literature reported that there is less than a 1% rate of regret, and a little more than a 1% rate of suicide, among post-operative transgender people; for comparison, the rate of suicide in the general population is only about 1%, while the suicide attempt rate of the transgender population as a whole was around 41% per a 2013 publication.
Amnesty International emphasized in 2017 that the RLE has been criticized by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women for promoting stereotypical gender roles.
Perhaps in response to such criticisms, the WPATH SOC Version 8 removed the requirement of RLE for all gender-affirming treatments.
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36793578
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12416903
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793578
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Sarah Bradford
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Sarah Mary Malet Bradford, Viscountess Bangor ("née" Hayes; born 3 September 1938) is an English author who is best known for her royal biographies.
Early life and education.
Bradford was born in Bournemouth in 1938, the daughter of Brigadier Hilary Anthony Hayes . She was educated at St Mary's School, Shaftesbury, Dorset. She won a State scholarship to Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford, but met Anthony Bradford, a real estate developer, at Oxford, and abandoned her degree to marry him. The couple lived in Barbados, Lisbon, and Sardinia; they had two children, but divorced.
Sarah Bradford then worked for the manuscript department of the auctioneer Christie's in London, where she met her second husband, William Maxwell David Ward, Viscount Bangor; the two married in 1976.
Writing career.
Her first book, "The Englishman's Wine", was written while she lived in Portugal. She has published more than a dozen books. Her husband became 8th Viscount Bangor in 1993. The couple live in London. Bradford was interviewed in connection with the 1994 edition of the PBS video "The Windsors: A Royal Family", with the 2007 BBC documentary "Gladstone and Disraeli", and assisted with screenwriting for "The Borgias", a 2011 television series. In 2012, she was working on a biography of Queen Victoria.
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36793619
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5839411
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793619
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Acrolepiopsis orchidophaga
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Acrolepiopsis orchidophaga is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Sigeru Moriuti in 1982. It is found in Japan.
The wingspan is 8.5–10 mm.
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36793628
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35936988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793628
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Digitivalvopsis
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Digitivalvopsis paradoxa is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Sigeru Moriuti in 1982. It is found in Japan and the Russian Far East.
The wingspan is about 10 mm.
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36793649
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5839411
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793649
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Acrolepiopsis persimilis
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Acrolepiopsis persimilis is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Sigeru Moriuti in 1974. It is found in Japan.
The wingspan is 9–12 mm.
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36793748
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40600116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793748
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Acrolepia rungsella
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Acrolepia rungsella is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Daniel Lucas in 1943. It is found in Morocco.
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36793755
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40600116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793755
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Acrolepia seraphica
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Acrolepia seraphica is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in Argentina.
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36793767
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1279242405
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793767
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Kastler–Brossel Laboratory
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The Kastler–Brossel Laboratory, (formerly the Laboratory of Hertzian Spectroscopy) located in Paris, France, is a research laboratory specializing in fundamental physics of quantum systems. Founded in 1951 by Alfred Kastler and Jean Brossel, it is a joint research unit (French UMR 8552) operated by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the École normale supérieure, the Sorbonne University and the Collège de France.
Brief history.
The laboratory was founded in 1951 by Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize in Physics in 1966) and Jean Brossel on the theme of the interaction between light and matter. The initial name of laboratory was the « Laboratoire de spectroscopie Hertzienne de l'ENS » (Laboratory of Hertzian Spectroscopy). It is located in the Department of Physics of École normale supérieure.
In 1967, a second site opened on the Jussieu campus.
In 1994, the laboratory changed its name to « Laboratoire Kastler Brossel » in honor of its two founders.
Now, the Kastler Brossel Laboratory (LKB) is one of the main actors in the field of fundamental physics of quantum systems.
Research activity.
Many new themes have appeared recently in the field of fundamental physics of quantum systems, like quantum entanglement or Bose–Einstein condensation in gases, which leads to a constant renewal of the research carried out in the laboratory. Presently its activity takes several forms: cold atoms (bosonic and fermionics systems), atom lasers, quantum fluids, atoms in solid helium; quantum optics, cavity quantum electrodynamics; quantum information and quantum theory of measurement; quantum chaos; high-precision measurements. These themes lead not only to a better understanding of fundamental phenomena, but also to important applications, like more precise atomic clocks, improvement of detectors based on atomic interferometry or new methods for biomedical imaging.
The laboratory also has an important activity in the field of measurement of fundamental constants and tests of fundamental physical theories (quantum electrodynamics, gravitation, strong interaction). It holds records of precision in the measurement of certain fundamental constants. The LKB is also a leader in the PHARAO/ACES1 mission which will send into space a cold atomic clock of unprecedented accuracy to test Einstein's equations of gravitational frequency shift.
People.
Amongst current and past research staff there are :
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36793775
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753665
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793775
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KJTF
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KJTF is a Christian radio station licensed to North Platte, Nebraska, broadcasting on 89.3 MHz FM. The station is owned by Tri-State Broadcasting Association.
KJTF plays a variety of Christian Music, as well as Christian talk and teaching programming including: "Turning Point with David Jeremiah, Insight for Living with Chuck Swindoll, Back to the Bible, Focus on the Family, Truth for Life with Alistair Begg, Love Worth Finding with Adrian Rogers, the Moody Church hour with Erwin Lutzer", and "In Touch with Charles Stanley".
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36793809
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2842084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793809
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Chiquinho (footballer, born 1989)
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Francisco Sousa dos Santos, (born 27 July 1989) is a Brazilian footballer. Mainly a left back, he can also play as a midfielder or forward. He currently plays for Santa Cruz.
Club career.
Born in Caxias, Maranhão, Chiquinho was spotted by Atlético Mineiro's youth setup in 2004, aged 15. He made his first team – and Série A – debut on 21 June 2009, starting in a 3–2 away win against Santos.
However, Chiquinho was rarely used by "Galo", and subsequently served loan spells at Tupi, Ipatinga and Nova Iguaçu. He was released by Atlético in May, and immediately returned to Ipatinga.
On 21 August 2012 Chiquinho signed an 18-month deal with Corinthians. He was rarely used by the club, and moved to Ponte Preta on 13 December.
Chiquinho scored his first goal in the top division on 5 June 2013, netting the first in a 3–4 home loss against Atlético Paranaense. He was also a regular during Ponte's Copa Sudamericana run, scoring one goal in eight appearances.
On 10 January 2014 Chiquinho joined Fluminense, in a one-year deal. He was a regular starter during his spell, being mostly used as a left back and overtaking longtime incumbent Carlinhos.
On 8 January 2015 Chiquinho signed for Santos, after agreeing to a one-year contract. He made his debut for the club on 1 February, starting and scoring the second in a 3–0 home win against Ituano.
On 17 January 2017 Chiquinho signed for Shonan Bellmare.
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36793813
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27015025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793813
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W. Chew 'Chewie' Chan
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W. Chew "Chewie" Chan is a professional storyboard and comic book artist known for his contributions to various projects, including Iron Man, Buckaroo Banzai, and Cthulhu Tales. His work has extended into the realm of film, with substantial involvement in productions like Superman Returns and Happy Feet.
Chan presently holds the position of Cnomics Consultant at Kinokuniya Bookstores in Australia. Previously, he served as the Graphic Novels Supervisor at Kennedy Miller Mitchell, where he played a significant role in the development of Warner Bros' Justice League Mortal and Astonishing Tales.
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36793827
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23646674
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793827
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The Muppets Go to the Movies
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The Muppets Go to the Movies is a one-hour television special starring Jim Henson's Muppets. It first aired May 20, 1981 on ABC as promotion for "The Great Muppet Caper", which was released in the United States a month later.
Plot.
With the aid of Dudley Moore and Lily Tomlin, Kermit the Frog and the Muppets show spoofs of different movies at the Muppet Theatre.
During the credits, the Muppets leave the Muppet Theatre as Kermit secures the stage door, unaware that he has locked Dudley Moore and Lily Tomlin in.
Muppet performers.
Additional Muppets performed by Kathryn Mullen, Brian Muehl, Bob Payne, and Rollie Krewson.
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36793832
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41294494
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793832
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The Evolution of Man
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The Evolution of Man is the fourth studio album by English musician Example, released on 19 November 2012 through Ministry of Sound.
Background and development.
Example tweeted that on the plane to Sydney, he planned on writing some songs for a new album and he would be listening to Kasabian's album Velociraptor! for lyrical inspiration. Whilst in Australia for 2 months, the singer planned to write the entire album in the time he spent there.
On 25 July 2012 Example announced via Twitter that the name of the lead single from his fourth album was "Say Nothing" – produced by Dirty South, also revealing it would premiere Monday 30 July 2012 on Capital FM. The track, alongside "Perfect Replacement" (produced by Feed Me), received its live debut on 18–19 August 2012 at the V Festival.
After fans' complaints about the lack of dubstep influence in "Say Nothing", Example responded to a comment on Facebook, saying "wait for the album, I'm not gonna fill the album with the same sounding song, and I'm not gonna keep releasing the same 'dubstep' or 'electro' record".
The promotional video for "Come Taste the Rainbow" premiered on 19 October 2012 on Hunger TV. This was also uploaded later to Example's official YouTube channel.
"Close Enemies", produced by Alex Smith, was released as the second single from the album on 11 November 2012, entering the UK Singles Chart at No. 37.
On 15 November, Greg James at BBC Radio 1 had the exclusive first play of "Perfect Replacement", with Example claiming that he "wanted it to be a single" but that there were "five or six" tracks that could be chosen as the third single. On 24 November, Example confirmed "Perfect Replacement" as the third single. Previous tweets had hinted towards "Queen of Your Dreams" becoming a future single. During a live hangout on Google+, he revealed that he struggles to reach the high notes and so he doesn't perform "Queen of Your Dreams" live.
From 11 February to 1 March 2013, Example and his live band completed their second UK arena tour. He performed six tracks from "The Evolution of Man" along with songs from his previous two albums "Playing in the Shadows" and "Won't Go Quietly". The band consists of Gleave, Sheldrake, Johnny "Drummachine" and Kaikai (who replaced David Stewart as guitarist). He was supported by Benga on all dates and Micky Slim, Sway, Baller B and P Money on selected dates.
Reception.
The album received mostly mixed to positive reviews from music critics.
Track listing.
Notes
Personnel.
Production
Additional personnel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36793834
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Piers Flanagan
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Piers Flanagan (born 31 March 1992) is a professional Australian rules football player at the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was recruited by the club as an underage priority pick in 2010. He made his debut in Round 21, 2012, against at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.
Statistics.
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
! colspan=3| Career
! 3
! 0
! 0
! 12
! 8
! 20
! 5
! 5
! 0.0
! 0.0
! 4.0
! 2.7
! 6.7
! 1.7
! 1.7
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Battle of Määritsa
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The Battle of Määritsa (), or the Battle of Osula (), took place in Osula village, at that time in Võru County, Estonia. It began on the night of 31 March 1946, involving members of the Forest Brothers and Soviet occupation forces. Seven Estonian fighters based at the Hindrik farmhouse were besieged by up to 300 Soviet soldiers. The battle lasted about seven hours before the farmhouse caught fire and the Soviets demanded that the rebels surrender. Only two fighters managed to escape alive from the farmhouse, but were subsequently killed in battle with the besiegers.
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Microsoft mobile services
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Microsoft mobile services are a set of proprietary mobile services created specifically for mobile devices; they are typically offered through mobile applications and mobile browser for Windows Phone platforms, BREW, and Java. Microsoft's mobile services are typically connected with a Microsoft account and often come preinstalled on Microsoft's own mobile operating systems while they are offered via various means for other platforms. Microsoft started to develop for mobile computing platforms with the launch of Windows CE in 1996 and later added Microsoft's Pocket Office suite to their Handheld PC line of PDAs in April 2000. From December 2014 to June 2015, Microsoft made a number of corporate acquisitions, buying several of the top applications listed in Google Play and the App Store including Acompli, Sunrise Calendar, Datazen, Wunderlist, Echo Notification Lockscreen, and MileIQ.
Bing Mobile.
Bing Mobile (previously Live Search Mobile) is a mobile website and collection of applications that serves as a central hub for Bing services and websites in the form of "cards" that present information in a similar manner as Google Now and enables Bing Rewards for US-based users. The Bing Mobile homepage shows the most popular search results in the form of a card, and can be personalised to show headlines based on the user's personal settings.
Bing for mobile browser - m.bing.com.
Mobile browsing allows users to access Bing on their mobile devices through WAP or GPRS connection. The interface is optimized for viewing on mobile handsets. Users can:
In the US on HTML-ready mobile devices such as iPhone, Android, and touch-screen Windows phones, further features are available:
The Bing for mobile browser is available in 31 markets worldwide.
Bing for mobile application.
The Mobile Application is available as a Java ME application for non-Windows phones, as a richer .NET Framework application for Windows Phones, and as an application for BlackBerry OS, Android, iOS, and Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW). It provides local listings, maps (road and aerial satellite), driving directions, and traffic conditions. Other features include:
The Bing app for iOS (iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad) includes these further features:
The Bing app is available in the US on a variety of Windows phones, Android platform devices, all BlackBerry devices, several BREW devices, iPhone and iPod Touch, and Sidekick devices.
Bing 411.
In the United States, Microsoft operated a toll-free number (1-800-BING-411 or 1-800-CALL-411) for directory assistance called Bing 411. This service used voice search technologies powered by Tellme. Users are able to find and connect for free to local shops and restaurants and obtain driving directions, traffic reports, sports scores, stock quotes, weather reports through this service. These numbers were discontinued on June 1, 2012.
As a replacement for the above numbers, a non-toll-free number was set up at 330-247-7411. This number has also since been discontinued, with callers directed to dial 408-752-8052 instead.
Cortana.
In 2014 Microsoft launched Cortana with the Windows Phone 8.1 operating system, Cortana is a digital personal assistant with music searching capabilities and has the ability to tell jokes, show the latest headlines, predict sports events, enable "quiet hours" and show relevant local data using Foursquare.
Groove Mobile.
Groove Music was launched with Windows Phone 8 and Windows 8 as Xbox Music, a rebranded version of Zune, in Windows Phone 8 the service was included in the Music + Videos Hub and allows users to download the content they've bought via the Xbox Music Pass and stream it to their PCs. Originally Xbox Music was a Windows and Windows Phone exclusive application, but was launched in iTunes and Google Play in 2013 though the Windows Phone application did have more features than its counterparts but was criticised for unbundling several core features from the service such as podcasts and FM radio (which got their own applications) with the launch of Windows Phone 8.1.
In 2015 Microsoft enabled OneDrive integration that allows users to stream the songs they've stored on OneDrive via Groove Music. The service works only if the files are in a OneDrive folder named "Music" and otherwise can't detect any other songs. It currently only supports MP3, M4A (AAC), and WMA files.
JobLens and Internships Lens.
JobLens (previously Nokia JobLens), Boston University JobLens and Internships Lens are augmented reality applications, JobsLens was originally launched in 2013 and largely features the same user interface as the CityLens application, it uses the Here maps' LiveSight technology to visualise the possible employment options of the user, JobLens offers filters for specific jobs based on the user's preferences and jobs recommended by people in the user's social networks. JobLens gathers data from LinkedIn, Salary.com, and Zillow. JobLens users may use Microsoft OneDrive to store their CVs on.
Internships Lens is an augmented reality application developed by Microsoft Mobile (previously Nokia) in cooperation with Internships.com and works similar to JobLens. It also uses the Here Maps' LiveSight technology to augment possible employment information. Unlike JobLens, Internship Lens offers the ability to research employers. It has over 75,000 internships by over 40,000 but is largely limited to geography and offers mostly American information. The service doesn't function outside of the United States. Like JobLens, Internships Lens is powered by Nokia's HERE Maps service and can be launched from both the Microsoft Camera's lens feature and from the app launcher. Despite most Here powered services being owned by Nokia, Microsoft got the JobLens and Internships Lens after the acquisition.
Microsoft announced that they will retire the applications on June 1, 2015, from the Windows Phone Store.
Lumia Beta Apps.
Lumia Beta Apps (previously the Nokia Beta Labs) facilitates beta applications being developed by Microsoft or select 3rd party developers for Lumia products. The applications are of reasonably good quality, but may have rough edges and occasional service breaks, not commercialized yet, not guaranteed to be published, not officially supported, under active development, free of charge, not be used for commercial purposes.
Applications may "graduate" to become commercial offerings, or they will be "archived" along with the lessons learnt based on user feedback. Microsoft collects feedback through UserVoice and has since launched several new applications such as Cinemagraph Beta and Gestures. Originally the site was operated by Nokia but Microsoft moved the development to a more feedback-orientated design in August 2014 to allow more users to add their feedback rather than just Nokia-developers. Microsoft has discontinued the Nokia Camera Beta trial and re-released the Beta app as "Lumia Camera Classic" while implementing the new features in the Lumia Camera app, and has added OneDrive integration to Lumia Cinemagraph (formerly Nokia Cinemagraph) after first trialing it in the Lumia Beta Apps site. On 25 February 2015, Join Conference (previously Nokia Conference) was made public for all Windows Phones but republished under the Microsoft Garage, and reduced the number of markets it was available in.
Lumia imaging applications.
Lumia imaging apps (earlier the Nokia imaging apps) are a series of imaging applications formerly by Nokia and now by Microsoft Mobile, which are bundled with its Lumia line of Windows Phone smartphones. Lumia imaging applications were originally based on technology from the Nokia acquisition of Scalado. Some software e.g. the Lumia Cinemagraph app enables the creation of subtle animated GIFs (or Cinemagraphs) from images.
With the launch of Windows 10 Mobile Microsoft would include the Lumia Camera application as a part of the system and would no longer become a Lumia exclusive application unlike the other imaging apps. With the launch of the Lumia Imaging SDK 3.0 Microsoft announced that the Lumia Imaging SDK would support the Windows 10 Universal Application Platform and could be written in the same languages as other Windows 10 applications such as C#, C++, JavaScript, and Visual Basic. Other than that the Lumia Imaging SDK would also be able to be implemented for form factors other than just Nokia and Microsoft Lumia smartphones as the SDK could now be used for tablets and computers.
Mail Mobile.
In Windows Phone Microsoft bundled a preinstalled email client that supports Outlook.com, Exchange, Yahoo! Mail, iCloud, IBM Notes Traveler and Gmail natively and supports many other services via the POP and IMAP protocols (the latter was added with Windows Phone 8.1). Contacts and calendars can be synchronized from other services as well. Users can also search through their email by searching in the subject, body, senders, and receivers, previously opened attachments can also found through the search function. Emails are shown with threads, and multiple email inboxes can be combined into a single view (a feature commonly referred to as "combined inbox") or can viewed separately.
Microsoft Community.
Microsoft Community (previously known as the Microsoft Mobile Community, Nokia Support Discussions, Nokia Discussions, and Ovi Support Discussions) is a discussion board where users can ask questions about Microsoft Mobile devices and services and contribute by giving insight and information. The website hosts information about Symbian (including non-Nokia Symbian devices by other OEMs), MeeGo, S30, S40, Asha and Lumia devices, and also serves as a forum for news and updates on Microsoft Mobile's online services and applications.
On June 27, 2015, Microsoft launched Microsoft Mobile Devices Community by merging the existing Nokia with the Windows Phone Community and making it a collection of categories in the Microsoft Community. The ranks and points earned by users of the Microsoft Mobile Community migrated, as well as all the articles and discussions, discussions concerning "legacy Nokia-branded Microsoft devices" (Symbian, Maemo, MeeGo, S30, S30+, S40, etc.) were also migrated to the Microsoft Community, and the Mobile Devices Community also offered a place for non-Lumia Windows-based devices. It was further renamed to Microsoft Community in 2016.
Microsoft Data Gathering.
Microsoft Data Gathering (previously Nokia Data Gathering) is an application designed for NGOs and charities originally launched on Symbian and Series 40 devices and launched for Windows Phone 7 in 2012. Microsoft Data Gathering enables organisations to create questionnaires that they can send over to fieldworkers via WiFi and mobile networks, the application has had several past successes such as in Brazil where the Nokia Data Gathering application was used by the Health Vigilance Foundation to track the spread of dengue fever. The software was originally developed by the Instituto Nokia de Tecnologia, a Brazilian research centre founded by Nokia.
Microsoft Devices Blog.
Microsoft Devices Blog (originally Nokia Conversations, launched in 2008, and later Lumia Conversations) and Lumia Conversations UK (formerly NokNok.TV) are news blogs by Microsoft that deliver the latest information about Lumia phones, Windows Phone applications and corporate life at Microsoft while also offering news about other Microsoft services and Nokia branded feature phones. The sites are also used to host videos of Microsoft Lumia related events such as the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Catalonia. Lumia Conversations UK operates a podcast service known as The Nok where they discuss the latest news on Microsoft Lumia related topics and technologies, discuss the products in depth and review applications for Lumia handsets.
On September 30, 2015, Microsoft announced that they would merge Lumia Conversations with Microsoft Surface Blog to form the new Microsoft Devices Blog. All old Nokia and Surface articles were migrated to the new site. This move reflected the larger reorganisation where Microsoft would put all their commercial hardware teams into a single division. Other than Lumia and Surface devices, the blog would also feature news on other Microsoft hardware devices such as the Microsoft Band and Microsoft HoloLens.
Microsoft Education Delivery.
Microsoft Education Delivery (previously Nokia Education Delivery, and alternatively called Text2Teach) is a service operated by Microsoft (and earlier by Nokia) in developing countries to deliver education material over mobile telephones. It operates in countries like the Philippines where it is used in over 38,000 public schools and has been running for 10 years, debuting on the Nokia 3310 device.
Microsoft Maths.
Microsoft Maths, also known as "Microsoft Mathematics" or "Microsoft Maths Solver", is a freely downloadable educational program, designed for Microsoft Windows, and mobile platforms, that allows users to solve math and science problems. Developed and maintained by Microsoft, it is primarily targeted at students as a learning tool. Microsoft Math app is also available on iPhones and iPads. On Android, it is available as a Math Helper feature within the Bing app.
Microsoft Software Updater.
Microsoft Software Updater (earlier Nokia Software Updater and Ovi Suite Software Updater) is a Windows utility launched in 2007, that enables customers to update and recover their mobile device firmware of a S40, S60 or Lumia device from any Internet enabled access point. The service was launched in beta in 2006, and the Nokia Software Updater's beta phase ended at 25 August 2011, and started offering a similar service named Nokia Download!, a utility for downloading content to mobile phones. Nokia Software Updater 3.0.495 was released in 2011. After acquisition by Microsoft, the utility was renamed to Microsoft Software Updater. The service can be used to restore the firmware on "bricked" phones which previously could only be done at local Nokia Care customer service centers.
MixRadio.
MixRadio (formerly Nokia MixRadio, Nokia Music Store, and OVI Music Store) is a music service that was launched as Nokia Ovi Store on 29 August 2007 by Nokia. MixRadio allows free streaming of playlists without any subscriptions or ads. It is available in 31 countries, including the US, Brazil, India and China. Microsoft sold the service to the LINE Corporation in 2015 and it now operates as a subsidiary called MixRadio Ltd.
Motion Data.
Motion Data (previously the Nokia Motion Monitor) is a SensorCore based activity tracker included in Microsoft Lumia devices that collects data on a user's steps and physical location for usage in third party applications. Motion Data is included under settings in newer Microsoft Lumia devices and displays user information such as recent insights on physical activity in a timeline. It can be organised for intensity and shows data averages for daily, weekly, and monthly activity. Motion Data also maps the route where the device has been and lists the applications that have access to the Lumia SensorCore.
In November 2015 Microsoft updated Motion Data's user interface to match that of Windows 10 Mobile, added more detailed data collection, and added a list of applications that can utilize the Motion Data service.
Movies & TV.
Originally Movies & TV was known as Xbox Video, which was rebranded from Zune alongside Xbox Music with the launch of Windows 8 in 2012. Despite being included in Windows Phone 8 and Microsoft stating that Windows Phone 8 could use Xbox Video in the operating system on their websites and press releases, the service itself didn't allow for the downloading and streaming of content until the launch of Windows Phone 8.1.
Movies & TV ais a video streaming service that allows streaming content on multiple devices but lacks the ability to save playback. It integrates with Xbox SmartGlass and can be accessed from the web.
MSN Mobile.
MSN Mobile (previously Pocket MSN) includes mobile information and communications services for mobile devices from Microsoft as part of their MSN, Windows Live, and Bing range of services. Many MSN sites can be directly accessed from mobile devices. MSN applications and services come either pre-installed and bundled with Windows Mobile, Windows Phone, and Windows. More recently Microsoft has also started bundling their services with their Nokia-branded feature phones.
MSN Mobile product offerings originate from two mobile-focused groups within Microsoft's online services division. The oldest group, named Windows Live Mobile, primarily delivers SMS and WAP-based services. The newer group, MSN Mobile, started in August 2006 focused on bringing MSN premium and user generated content to mobile devices via both mobile browse and client applications. In 2014 Microsoft rebranded their Bing suite of applications to the MSN and subsequently released their MSN suite of applications for other platforms.
Nokia Mail and Nokia Chat.
Nokia Mail and Nokia Chat (earlier Nokia Messaging and Ovi Mail) was launched on 13 August 2008 as a beta release of "Nokia Email service", a push e-mail service, later incorporated into Nokia Messaging. Nokia Messaging operated as a centralized, hosted service that acts as a proxy between the Messaging client and the user's e-mail server. The phone does not connect directly to the e-mail server, but instead sends e-mail credentials to Microsoft's servers. Microsoft discontinued the service for Microsoft Lumia devices and advised its users to migrate to Microsoft Skype. Microsoft officially discontinued the service alongside Nokia Mail on 9 March 2015 and Nokia accounts on April 19, 2015, in favour of Microsoft's own instant messaging service, Skype and Microsoft's own e-mailing service, Outlook.com.
Nokia Store.
Nokia Store (formerly the Ovi Store) was the application store for the Nokia Asha platform and the Nokia X platform. Customers could download mobile games, applications, videos, images, and ringtones to their Asha and X devices, the store also listed Symbian and MeeGo applications, though developers could no longer launch nor update them. In January 2015 Microsoft announced that they'll encourage developers to migrate their apps to the Opera Mobile Store and Microsoft will officially close down the Nokia Store on 31 March 2015. Microsoft officially stopped accepting new applications to the Nokia Publish service and new registrations to the Nokia Publish and Nokia Developer websites since 18 February 2015, and officially retired the Nokia Developer site on 31 March 2015 and encouraged developers to go to the MSDN, TechNet and Windows Developer sites (where Nokia Developer's content was migrated) to develop applications for Windows Phone and Windows. The Nokia Store was officially closed on 31 March 2015.
Office Mobile.
Microsoft Office Mobile (previously Pocket Office) was originally launched in 1998 with Windows CE v1.0, it is a suite of applications that comes bundled with the Windows Phone and has separately downloadable versions for iOS and Android, and was previously available for Windows Mobile and Symbian.
Microsoft Office Mobile has 4 core applications which are Microsoft Word Mobile, Microsoft Excel Mobile, Microsoft PowerPoint Mobile, and Microsoft OneNote Mobile, besides the core applications Office Mobile offers separately downloadable versions of Teams, SharePoint, the Microsoft Lens(Formerly Office Lens), the Office Remote, and Microsoft Office 365 apps.
In 2014, Microsoft acquired Acompli, a company that developed an email and calendar application for Android and iOS which was rebranded as Outlook Mobile. In October 2015 Microsoft announced that another acquisition, Sunrise Calendar would be integrated into the Outlook Mobile application. After Sunrise Calendar's features are integrated Microsoft announced that it would discontinue the application but that it is still available for download in Google Play, and the App Store before its official discontinuation.
Office Sway currently has an iOS and Windows 10 app, with a Windows 10 Mobile in development.
Microsoft Lens.
Microsoft Lens (formerly Microsoft Office Lens) is a OneNote companion app designed to capture, scan and enhance images of whiteboards and printed documents, including traditional business cards, and store them in various formats including PDF, JPG, Word, OneNote, PowerPoint as well as contact address-book databases (e.g.for business cards). The application was limited in its ability to capture multi page documents. From later updates it can capture multipage documents. It has smart intelligent actions eg: Scanning QR codes for detecting links, Extract text from documents, Scan table, Read aloud text etc.
Office Remote.
Office Remote was originally launched by Microsoft Research in November 2013 to control Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint documents using a device running Android or a Windows Phone. It required Microsoft Office 2013 (except for Office 2013 RT) or an Office 365 subscription to work. As of September 2019, the required mobile apps were no longer available. Office Remote had the following capabilities:
Office 365 Video.
In April 2015, Microsoft launched Office 365 Video, a private video sharing service for the subscribers of Office 365 Academic or Enterprise license. Office 365 Video can be used for training, promotional and informative videos for employees of companies whose intranets do not support video sharing capabilities. The service comes with a mobile app for iPhone.
Outlook Groups.
Outlook Groups was a mobile collaboration application that can be used with Office 365 domains, Microsoft accounts, work accounts or school accounts, despite its name it's not related to Outlook 365 Groups and these two similarly named services do not share many features and Outlook Groups does not integrate with either Yammer and Office 365 Groups. Though the application is free to download the service can exclusively be used by Office 365 subscribers and further integrates with Microsoft Office's other services like OneNote (with which users can collaborate in "notebook") and the core services like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. In October 2015 Microsoft added Admin functions which added the ability to create groups, manage members of a group, mention full names, highlight and deep link to a user's profile card. Outlook Groups was retired by Microsoft on May 1, 2018
The functionality was replaced by adding the "Groups node" to the folder list within the Outlook mobile app.
Photosynth.
Microsoft Photosynth is a discontinued digital photo analyser from the Microsoft Live Labs and the University of Washington that can generate three-dimensional models and point clouds of photographs.
Users have the option to geotag their digital shots on sites such as Flickr and then upload them to the online Photosynth web service. Images uploaded on Photosynth give people the ability to seamlessly view landmarks, public spaces and objects from all sides. The web service can walk or fly through a scene to see photos from any angle, zoom in or out of a photo, see where pictures were taken in relation to one another, smoothly change viewing angle between nearby photos, smoothly zoom in and out of high-resolution photos and find similar photos to the one displayed.
In July 2015 Microsoft announced that they would discontinue the mobile applications for Photosynth from their mobile software distribution platforms but that they will continue to support the application for users who already installed it and that the service would exclusively act as a web service. In February 2017, Microsoft discontinued the service altogether.
Remote Desktop.
Microsoft launched the remote desktop service for several mobile platforms starting in 2013 with the service's launch on iPhones, iPads and Android tablets, the service features multi-touch capabilities, and thanks to compressing technology can also stream video and audio files, connect to external monitors and display presentations from their mobile device. A year after the Remote Desktop service's initial launch Microsoft expanded it to the Windows Phone platform, which later got Azure RemoteApp support.
Mobile browsing.
Mobile Browsing allows users to access MSN content and services optimized for their mobile devices. Users can:
Mobile applications.
MSN Mobile client software is preloaded on many newer PDA and phones. Some carriers charge a premium to access this service. The client software usually allows IM and email access; some versions provide access to Spaces and Search as well. This application is available on Android, Windows Phone BlackBerry, and later on iPad. in 2014 Microsoft rebranded Bing's suite of mobile applications to the MSN brand renaming their Windows Phone and Windows Store clients from Bing to MSN, these new applications are MSN Money (formerly Bing Finance), MSN Weather, MSN News, MSN Sport, MSN Food & Drink, and MSN Health & Fitness (which absorbed MSN Healthy Living). Later these applications were launched on iOS and Android. The redesign of the applications and site proved positive and helped increase traffic with an additional 10.000.000 of daily visitors. Sections include MSN News, MSN Entertainment, MSN Sports, MSN Money & Finance, MSN Lifestyle, MSN Videos, MSN Autos, MSN Travel, msnNOW, MSN Online Safety & Security, MSN Career, Family & Living, MSN Education, MSN Shopping, MSN Health, My MSN, and Wonderwall. Though MSN mobile applications have evolved into full featured standalone versions bringing together multiple MSN sections into specialised applications, historical MSN apps were mere readers for the website and often didn't include any features other than the ability to read articles.
Skype Mobile.
Skype has mobile applications for most mobile operating systems and comes pre-installed on Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows RT 8.1, Skype Mobile is popular among enterprises who use it for business communications but has been criticized for its lackluster and whimsical video quality, in 2014 Microsoft started improving on the quality Skype's mobile applications and fixed a notification bug that would notify users on various devices they've signed into with their Skype account even if they are actively using it on one of their devices.
After Microsoft acquired Skype they also got their mobile services including GroupMe and Qik.
GroupMe.
GroupMe is a mobile group messaging service for Windows Phone, Android and iOS, GroupMe allows users to send text messages to anyone in their contact lists and notifies users of planned events in their calendars. The service was launched in May 2010. When Microsoft announced their plans to acquire Skype in May 2011 Skype, Skype acquired GroupMe in August 2011 as the Microsoft-Skype merger wasn't passed through regulations, GroupMe was then just a year old startup company at the time of their acquisition by Skype Technologies.
Skype Qik.
Qik, Inc. was originally a video messaging company, it was acquired by Skype Technologies in 2011, and was eventually integrated into Skype's features with the original Qik client being retired by Microsoft in April 2014.
Later in 2014 Microsoft relaunched Qik as a video message sharing application for Windows Phone, Android and iOS that requires users to register their mobile telephone numbers and send and receive messages to and from contacts in their phonebooks. Videos created via Skype Qik can't be shared or saved in any way or form and will be automatically deleted after a short period of time.
On February 22, 2016, Microsoft announced their plans to retire the Skype Qik app on March 24 citing low usage. Many features from the app have been integrated into the Skype app.
Skype WiFi.
Skype WiFi (previously known as Skype Access) is a service designed to provide cheap WiFi all over the world which is accessible through an iPhone and Android app, when the service launched Skype offered the service free of charge for an entire weekend. In 2012 the service was expanded to the United Kingdom and provided it in the form of routers and would be gratis for owners of a Skype account during the entire month of October. In 2013 Microsoft launched the Skype WiFi app in the Windows Store and at the time Microsoft claimed that the service works with over a million hotspots around the world. In June 2015, Microsoft announced that they were in the process of rebranding Skype WiFi into Microsoft WiFi.
Skype for Business.
In 2015 Microsoft rebranded the Lync messaging service to Skype for Business, a move accompanied by the fact that the Microsoft Lync team and Skype Technologies were moved into a single business unit. Alongside the rebranding Microsoft added several features from Skype such as video conferencing and calling alongside several new features and graphical user interface changes such as searching contacts, full-screen videos, and call managing. IT admins can use Active Directory Authentication Library-based authentication to configure multi-factor authentication for the Skype for Business mobile application. The Skype for Business application was first rebranded on Windows Phone in July 2015 and was gradually introduced to other platforms.
Despite its branding Skype for Business is a part of Microsoft Office and can only be used by Microsoft Office 365 subscribers and users of Microsoft Office Professional Plus.
TechRewards.
TechRewards (previously DVLUP) is a developer programme by Microsoft Mobile (originally Nokia) that encourages developers to make Windows Phone Store and Windows Store (and formerly Nokia Asha, and Nokia X) applications and rewards developers who update and create applications. The DVLUP platform exists to increase visibility and quality of the applications by its users and functions as a pilot programme which allows users to create, book and manage their own application's promotion and marketing. Under Microsoft the Nokia Developer Ambassador program was abolished. The service is currently available in over 192 markets.
In April 2015 Microsoft updated the DVLUP programme as a part of the Microsoft Developer Network and made it mandatory for new and existing users to have a Microsoft account, and would migrate all past content, history, points, and data during this move and added single-sign in for MSDN users and gave the platform a visual facelift to make it more aligned with the MSDN and other Microsoft properties. The new site was called the Windows Developer Rewards programme and has turned the site to resemble more like a game so that developers would have "more fun" while earning points.
Video games.
Microsoft develops a few video games for Microsoft Lumia handsets. The general trend in these games is saving the environment.
Xbox.
Windows Phone 7 was the first mobile operating system to have Xbox Live integration in a mobile app dubbed Xbox Live Extras, and with launch of Windows Phone 7.5 Microsoft included Xbox Live in the operating system's Games Hub. Xbox Live on Windows Phone enables users to edit their avatars, communicate with people from their Xbox Live friends list, and hosts the games installed on the device.
SmartGlass.
Xbox SmartGlass is a companion application for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One consoles that enables users to connect their mobile devices with their consoles. The Xbox SmartGlass enables users to launch applications, play their music and videos, and control a select number of games and interact with an additional layer of the Xbox's TV settings. SmartGlass has been dubbed Microsoft's answer to the Nintendo WiiU's second screen.
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Paula Woyzechowsky
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Paula Cristina Woyzechowsky Gutiérrez is a Venezuelan actress, who debuted on 1991 on "La Pandilla de los 7". She has worked on television, theater and film.
Biography.
Woyzechowsky was born in Caracas, Venezuela. At age 12 she debuted on the television series "La Pandilla de los 7", produced by RCTV, and on 2001 she participated on the sitcom "Planeta de 6", produced by Televen. Woyzechowsky has appeared on several telenovelas on Venevisión, starting on 2006 with "Ciudad Bendita", followed by "Arroz con leche" on 2007, "La vida entera" on 2008, "El árbol de Gabriel" on 2011, and "Mi ex me tiene ganas" on 2012.
Woyzechowsky starred in the movies "3 Hijos y un Vestido" in 2007, and "Días de Poder" in 2010.
On 2012 she participated in "La Ratonera", a Spanish adaptation of "The Mousetrap", produced by Nohely Arteaga and Catherina Cardozo.
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Opinion polling for the 2004 Spanish general election
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In the run up to the 2004 Spanish general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Spain during the term of the 7th Cortes Generales. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held on 12 March 2000, to the day the next election was held, on 14 March 2004.
Voting intention estimates refer mainly to a hypothetical Congress of Deputies election. Polls are listed in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" columns on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.
Electoral polling.
Nationwide polling.
Voting intention estimates.
The table below lists nationwide voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 176 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.
Voting preferences.
The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.
Victory preference.
The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a general election taking place.
Victory likelihood.
The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a general election taking place.
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Four Moons
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Four Moons () is a 2014 Mexican drama directed by Sergio Tovar Velarde.
It stars Antonio Velázquez, Alejandro de la Madrid, César Ramos, Gustavo Egelhaaf, Alonso Echánove, Alejandro Belmonte, Karina Gidi and Juan Manuel Bernal. It was one of fourteen films shortlisted by Mexico to be their submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards, but it lost out to "600 Miles". Alonso Echánove was nominated for an Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2015 for his role in "Cuatro Lunas".
Plot.
Four interwoven and complex stories of love and acceptance (of self and others): a boy who has secretly been attracted to his male cousin through life; two college students starting a secret relationship; a committed couple severely tested by the arrival of another man; and an old married man dazzled by a young married male who hustles to get back to his own family.
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Eminler, Karaman
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Eminler is a village in the Karaman District of Karaman Province, Turkey. Its population is 136 (2022). It is situated to the west of Karadağ, an extinct volcano. Its distance to Karaman is . A tumulus in the village indicate that the village was an ancient settlement which was abandoned. The present village was founded by Circassians from the Caucasus after the ethnic cleansing of Circassians by the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. The main economic activities of the village are agriculture and animal breeding. Main crops are cereals.
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New Music of Alec Wilder
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New Music of Alec Wilder is an album by American jazz guitarist Mundell Lowe and his orchestra featuring compositions by Alec Wilder recorded in 1956 for the Riverside label.
Reception.
Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars with its review by Scott Yanow calling it "A nice vehicle for an 11-piece group".
Track listing.
"All compositions by Alec Wilder"
References.
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Reformed Church, Nușfalău
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The Reformed Church (; ) is a church in Nuşfalău, Romania, built in the 15th century.
It is listed as a historic monument.
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Aleksandr Maksimov (ethnographer)
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Aleksandr Nikolayevich Maksimov (; 13 August 1872 – 24 April 1941) was a Soviet ethnographer who focused on the history of the family, the clan and the economy.
Career.
Aleksandr Maksimov was born in Oryol on 13 August 1872. He became a member of the circle formed by A.I. Ryazanov, although he did not immediately adopt the Marxist creeds of its leader. In 1894 he was arrested and deported to Arkhangelsk Governorate. There he became interested on ethnology. After returning to Moscow, Maksimov was made head of the ethnographic department of the Society of the Aficionados of the Natural Sciences, Anthropology and Ethnography (OLEAE), and for many years contributed book reviews to the "Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie", gaining recognition and respect among Russian ethnographers. Between 1900 and 1917 he published a number of papers that attacked the evolutionist view of the way in which kinship and social organizations had developed. He was a professor at Moscow State University from 1919 to 1930, and a bibliographer at the V. I. Lenin State Library from 1919 to 1935.
Maksimov died on 24 April 1941 in Moscow.
Views.
Maksimov belonged to the school of ethnologists in Russia that depended on foreign literature for information on hunter-gatherers in other parts of the world, as opposed to those who concentrated on a careful study of ethnic groups within the country. He rejected some aspects of evolutionism as applied to sociology. In this, he was out of step with Soviet ethnography, which followed the research line of evolutionism. Maksimov attended a major gathering of ethnologists in Moscow between 28 December 1909 and 6 January 1910, the largest such meeting in the Russian Empire, where he was a keynote speaker. Maksimov argued against evolutionism, going against the views of most of the leading ethnologists present. Although not a field researcher himself, he was suspicious of theoretical generalizations and praised careful, focused studies of specific institutions and peoples in the field.
In 1926 Maksimov was a consultant to the Council of Nationalities of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, involved in a debate over how to determine which "narodnost", or ethnic group, people belonged to in a forthcoming census. A census taker would interview the respondent, but what if the census taker did not believe the respondent's answer? Maksimov favored accepting the respondent's answer, and changing the question to say "what "narodnost" do you consider that you belong to?" He felt that this would allow for cases where people had changed their ethnic identification, rather than forcing an identification based on past history. Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev was a follower of Maksimov, who believed that an ethnologist should not restrict himself to "primitive" people, but should study people at all stages of development.
References.
Citations
Sources
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Sandsøy Church
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Sandsøy Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located in the village of Sandsøy on the island of Sandsøya. It is one of the churches for the Vågsfjord parish which is part of the Trondenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1888 using plans drawn up by the architect Ole Scheistrøen. The church seats about 200 people.
History.
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1350, but the church was likely built during the 1200s. The church was subordinate to the Trondenes Church parish for several centuries. Around the year 1640, a new church was built on the site. Historical records do not agree as to the reasons for the new church. Historians have two theories that are partially supported with evidence. One theory is that the old church was torn down around the year 1600 and a new church was built, but around the year 1633, the new church burned down and had to be replaced with a new building on the same site (around 1640). The other theory is that the old church was in poor condition, so around 1640, the church was torn down and replaced with a new building. Regardless which theory is accurate, a new church was built on the island around the year 1640.
In 1731, the church was separated from Trondenes to become a parish of its own. In 1750, the church was described as a log building with a cruciform design. That church was torn down in 1765 and its materials were sold in an auction. A new cruciform church was built on the site in 1766 to serve the parish. During the 1800s, the nearby Bjarkøy Church on the neighboring island of Bjarkøya was torn down and without a church. In the 1880s, it was decided to close Sandsøy Church and move the building to Bjarkøya. So in 1885–1886, the building was disassembled and moved to the neighboring island of Bjarkøya, where it is located in the village of Nergården and it is now called Bjarkøy Church. At that point, there was no longer a Sandsøy Church, but the residents wanted a church on their island, so they built a new Sandsøy Church in 1888. That building is still in use as the Sandsøy Church.
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Bjarkøy Church
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Bjarkøy Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located in the village of Nergården on the island of Bjarkøya. It is one of the churches for the Vågsfjord parish which is part of the Trondenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform style in 1766 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 350 people.
History.
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1309, but the church was likely built in the 1200s. The location of the church is unknown, but the leading theory is that it was in Øvergård, a short distance southwest of the present church building. Tradition states that the church stood until some time in the 1800s.
In 1814, this church served as an election church (). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet at Eidsvoll Manor later that year.
In the 1880s, it was decided to close the nearby Sandsøy Church and move that building to Bjarkøya. The wooden Sandsøy Church was originally built in 1766 on the island of Sandsøya. In July 1886, that church was disassembled and moved to the Nergården area on the island of Bjarkøya where it was reassembled. It became known as Bjarkøy Church after it was moved. The newly rebuilt church was consecrated on 8 December 1886. The island of Sandsøya received a new church in 1888.
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María Isabel Salvador
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María Isabel Salvador (born 28 January 1962) is an Ecuadorian politician, diplomat and professional in the tourism industry. Currently, she serves as the Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General for Haiti, appointed by UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres in March 2023. She has served in two administrations as Minister of Tourism, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Permanent Representative of Ecuador to the Organization of American States, Parliamentarian at the Andean Parliament, and President of the Governing Council of the Galápagos. Before the public service chapter of her life she worked in the tourism industry as CEO of Air France in Ecuador and vicepresident of the national tourism chamber of commerce CAPTUR.
Salvador was born in Quito, Ecuador into a family of politicians and writers. Her father, Jorge Salvador Lara was a lifelong politician and op-ed writer at newspaper El Comercio. Her mother, Teresa Crespo Toral was a poet and author of children's literature. Salvador grew up in Quito where she attended Cardinal Spellman School and Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador where she studied law. She subsequently obtained a degree in French Language and Civilization by the University of Geneva. Salvador also possesses degrees by Universidad San Francisco de Quito and Universidad Andrés Bello.
As Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2008, Salvador lead the Ecuadorian diplomatic strategy to address the Angostura Attack eventually managing to obtain a favorable vote for Ecuador at the OAS General Assembly condemning the military action by Colombia.
In 2023, she was selected to hold the dual position of Special Representative for Haiti of the United Nations Secretary-General and Head of the UN Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH).
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Electoral district of Fitzroy (Victoria)
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The electoral district of Fitzroy was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly in the British colony and later Australian state of Victoria, centred on the inner-Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy.
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Adrian R-III School District
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The Adrian R-III School District is a public school district in Bates County, Missouri, United States, based in Adrian, Missouri.
Schools.
The Adrian R-III School District has one elementary school and one middle school/high school.
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Kick It in the Sticks
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"Kick It in the Sticks" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Brantley Gilbert. It was originally released in 2010 and re-released in 2012 as a single from his album "Halfway to Heaven" via the Valory Music Group. The song was by Gilbert, along with Rhett Akins and Ben Hayslip.
Critical reception.
Billy Dukes of "Taste of Country" gave the song five stars out of five, writing that "while the aggressive guitars and spoken-word delivery can be intimidating, Gilbert's message couldn't be more welcoming."
T. Ballard Lesemann, writing for the Charleston City Paper, described the 2010 version as "an authentic redneck anthem that touches all the clichés", and compared it to grunge and nu-metal.
Music video.
The music video, which was made for the 2010 version, directed by Potsy Ponciroli, premiered on October 4, 2011. It depicts a rowdy party in the woods. T. Ballard Lesemann, writing for the Charleston City Paper, described as looking like "something Kid Rock might have directed."
Charts and certifications (2012 version).
The 2010 release of "Kick It in the Sticks" had failed to chart, but the 2012 rendition went to number 29 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart and number 38 on the Country Airplay chart.
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Pregnancy from rape
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Pregnancy is a potential result of rape. It has been studied in the context of war, particularly as a tool for genocide, as well as in other unrelated contexts, such as rape by a stranger, statutory rape, incest, and underage pregnancy. The scientific consensus is that rape is at least as likely to lead to pregnancy as consensual sexual intercourse, with some studies suggesting rape may actually result in higher rates of pregnancy than consensual intercourse.
Rape can cause difficulties during and after pregnancy, with potential negative consequences for both the victim and a resulting child. Medical treatment following a rape includes testing for, preventing, and managing pregnancy. A woman who becomes pregnant after a rape may face a decision about whether to have an abortion, to raise the child, or to make an adoption plan. In some countries where abortion is illegal after rape and incest, over 90% of pregnancies in girls age 15 and under are due to rape by family members.
The false belief that pregnancy can almost never result from rape was widespread for centuries. In Europe, from medieval times well into the 18th century, a man could use a woman's pregnancy as a legal defense to "prove" that he could not have raped her. A woman's pregnancy was thought to mean that she had enjoyed the sex and, therefore, consented to it. In recent decades, some anti-abortion organizations and politicians (such as Todd Akin) who oppose legal abortion in cases of rape have advanced claims that pregnancy very rarely arises from rape, and that the practical relevance of such exceptions to abortion law is therefore limited or non-existent.
Rape-pregnancy incidence.
Estimates of the numbers of pregnancies from rape vary widely. Recent estimates suggest that rape conception happens between 25,000 and 32,000 times each year in the U.S.
In a 1996 three-year longitudinal study of more than 4,000 American women, physician Melisa Holmes estimated from data from her study that forced sexual intercourse causes over 32,000 pregnancies in the United States each year. Physician Felicia H. Stewart and economist James Trussell estimated that the 333,000 assaults and rapes reported in the US in 1998 caused about 25,000 pregnancies, and up to 22,000 of those pregnancies could have been prevented by prompt medical treatment, such as emergency contraception. Other analyses indicate a much lower rate. The Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, a charity based in Washington, D.C., reached a much lower figure calculated using estimates from the Justice Department's 2005 National Crime Victimization Survey. The network took that survey's annual average of 64,080 rapes committed in 2004 and 2005 and applies the 5 percent pregnancy rate to reach an estimate of 3,204 pregnancies a year from rape.
Rate.
A 1996 study of 44 cases of rape-related pregnancy estimated that in the United States, the pregnancy rate is 5.0% per rape among victims of reproductive age (aged 12 to 45). A 1987 study also found a 5% pregnancy rate from rape among 18- to 24-year-old college students in the US. A 2005 study placed the rape-related pregnancy rate at around 3–5%.
A study of Ethiopian adolescents who reported being raped found that 17% subsequently became pregnant, and rape crisis centres in Mexico reported the figure the rate of pregnancy from rape at 15–18%. Estimates of rape-related pregnancy rates may be inaccurate since the crime is under-reported, resulting in some pregnancies from rape not being recorded as such, or alternately, social pressure may mean some rapes are not reported if no pregnancy results.
Most studies suggest that conception rates are independent of whether insemination is due to rape or consensual sex.
Some analysts have suggested that the rate of conception may be higher from insemination due to rape. Psychologist Robert L. Smith states that some studies have reported "unusually high rates of conception following rape". He cites a paper by C.A. Fox and Beatrice Fox, reporting that biologist Alan Sterling Parkes had speculated in personal correspondence that "there is a high conception rate in rape, where hormonal release, due to fear or anger, could produce reflex ovulation". Smith also cites veterinary scientist Wolfgang Jöchle, who "proposed that rape may induce ovulation in human females". Literary scholar Jonathan Gottschall and economist Tiffani Gottschall argued in a 2003 "Human Nature" article that previous studies of rape-pregnancy statistics were not directly comparable to pregnancy rates from consensual intercourse, because the comparisons were largely uncorrected for such factors as the use of contraception. Adjusting for these factors, they estimated that rapes are about twice as likely to result in pregnancies (7.98%) as "consensual, unprotected penile-vaginal intercourse" (2–4%). They discuss a variety of possible explanations and advance the hypothesis that rapists tend to target victims with biological "cues of high fecundity" or subtle indications of ovulation.
In contrast, psychologists Tara Chavanne and Gordon Gallup Jr., found that women in the ovulatory phase of their menstrual cycle reduce risk-taking behaviors, which could theoretically reduce the likelihood of rape during fertile periods. Anthropologist Daniel Fessler disputed these findings, saying, "analysis of conception rates reveals that the probability of conception following rape does not differ from that following consensual coitus".
Sociobiological theories of rape pregnancy.
Sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that causing pregnancy by rape may be a mating strategy in humans, as a way for males to ensure the survival of their genes by passing them on to future generations. Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer are key popularizers of this hypothesis. They assert that most rape victims are women of childbearing age and that many cultures treat rape as a crime against the victim's husband. They state that rape victims suffer less emotional distress when they are subjected to more violence, and that married women and women of childbearing age experience greater psychological distress after a rape than do girls, single women or post-menopausal women. Rape-pregnancy rates are crucial in evaluating these theories, because a high or low pregnancy rate from rape would determine whether such adaptations are favored or disfavored by natural selection.
Some anthropologists and evolutionary theorists have challenged the view that rape is an adaptive mating strategy. Feminist scholars argue that sexual violence is better understood as a byproduct of social structures rather than an evolved reproductive tactic. For example, anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday has documented significant cross-cultural variation in the prevalence of rape, suggesting that sexual violence correlates more strongly with social factors like male dominance and militarism than with evolutionary imperatives. In societies with egalitarian gender norms, she found rape to be rare or absent, undermining claims that it is a universal or biologically selected behavior.
Similarly, evolutionary biologist Sarah Blaffer Hrdy has emphasized the importance of female reproductive agency in human evolution, arguing that cooperative childrearing and mutual mate selection, rather than coercion, were central to early human reproductive success. These perspectives suggest that rape is not an evolved strategy, but a socially contingent behavior that arises under certain cultural and institutional conditions.
Statutory rape, incest and underage pregnancy.
In 1995–1996, the journal "Family Planning Perspectives" published a study by the Guttmacher Institute, a sexual health research and policy organization, on statutory rape (sexual intercourse with a minor) and resulting pregnancies. It drew on other research to conclude that "at least half of all babies born to minor women are fathered by adult men", and that "although relatively small proportions of 13–14-year-olds have had intercourse, those who become sexually active at an early age are especially likely to have experienced coercive sex: Seventy-four percent of women who had intercourse before age 14 and 60% of those who had sex before age 15 report having had a forced sexual experience". Because of difficulties in bringing such cases to trial, however, "data from the period 1975–1978 ... indicate that, on average, only 413 men were arrested annually for statutory rape in California, even though 50,000 pregnancies occurred among underage women in 1976 alone". In that state, it was found that two thirds of babies born to school-age mothers were fathered by adult men.
Sexual abuse early in life can lead young women to feel a lack of control over their sexual lives, decrease their future likelihood of using contraceptives such as condoms, and increase their chances of becoming pregnant or acquiring sexually transmitted infections. A 2007 paper by Child Trends examined studies from 2000 to 2006 to identify links between sexual abuse and teenage pregnancy, starting with Blinn-Pike et al.'s 2002 metastudy of 15 studies since 1989. It found that childhood sexual abuse has a "significant association" with adolescent pregnancy. Direct connections have been demonstrated both by retrospective studies examining antecedents to reported pregnancies and prospective studies, which track the lives of sex abuse victims and "can be helpful for determining causality". The more severe forms of abuse, such as rape and incest, entail a greater risk of adolescent pregnancy. Although some researchers suggest that pregnancy could be a choice made to escape a "bad situation", it may also be "a direct result of unwanted intercourse", which one study found to be the case for about 13% of participants in a Texas parenting program.
In Nicaragua, between 2000 and 2010, around 172,500 births were recorded for girls under 14, representing around 13% of the 10.3 million births during that period. These were attributed to poverty, laws forbidding abortion for rape and incest, lack of access to justice, and beliefs held in the culture and legal system. A 1992 study in Peru found that 90% of babies delivered to mothers aged 12–16 were conceived through rape, typically by a father, stepfather, or other close relative. In 1991 in Costa Rica, the figure was similar, with 95% of adolescent mothers under 15 having become pregnant through rape.
Many of the youngest documented birth mothers in history experienced precocious puberty and were impregnated as a result of rape, including incest. The youngest, Peruvian Lina Medina, was impregnated when she was four and had a live birth in 1939, at age five.
Rape in war and conflict.
Rape has been used as a weapon of psychological warfare for centuries, to terrorize, humiliate, and undermine the morale of the enemy. Rape was also used as an act of ethnic cleansing to produce babies that share the perpetrators' ethnicity. Forced pregnancy has been noted in places including Bangladesh, Darfur, and Bosnia. More broadly, pregnancy commonly results from wartime rape that was perpetrated without the intention of impregnating the enemy, as has been found in conflicts in East Timor, Liberia, Kosovo, and Rwanda. Gita Sahgal of Amnesty International commented that, rather than being primarily about "spoils of war" or sexual gratification, rape is often used in ethnic conflicts as a way for attackers to perpetuate social control and redraw ethnic boundaries. Children may be born to women and girls forced to "marry" abductors and occupiers; this happened in the Indonesian occupation of East Timor and in the Lord's Resistance Army's conflict in Uganda.
Rape during war is recognized under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 as a war crime and a crime against humanity. "Forced pregnancy" is specifically enumerated as a war crime and crime against humanity in the Rome Statute, which was the "first international criminal tribunal ever officially to criminalize forced pregnancy".
Children born as the result of wartime rape may be identified with the enemy and grow up stigmatized and excluded by their communities; they may be denied basic rights or even killed before reaching adulthood. Children are particularly at risk for such abuse when they are visibly identifiable as sharing half their ethnicity with the occupying forces, as in the case of half-Arab children of Darfuri women raped by janjaweed soldiers as part of the war in Darfur. Children of war rape are also at risk due to neglect by traumatized mothers unable to provide sufficient care.
Rape of Nanking.
In 1937 the Japanese army took over Nanking, which at the time was the capital of China. In the resulting seven-week occupation known as the Rape of Nanking, as many as 80,000 women were raped. Chinese women and girls of all ages were raped, mutilated, tortured, sexually enslaved, and killed; unknown numbers of them were left pregnant. Many pregnant Nanking women killed themselves in 1938, and others committed infanticide when their babies were born. During the rest of the 20th century there was no record of any Chinese woman acknowledging her child as having been born as a result of the Rape of Nanking.
Bosnian War.
During the 1992–1995 Bosnian War, pregnancy from rape was used to perpetrate genocide. There were reports of deliberately created "rape camps" intended to impregnate captive Muslim and Croatian women. Women were reported to have been kept in confinement until their pregnancies had advanced beyond a stage at which abortion would be safe. In the context of a patrilineal society, in which children inherit their father's ethnicity, such camps were intended to create a new generation of Serbian children. The women's group "Tresnjevka" claimed that more than 35,000 women and children were held in such Serb-run camps. Estimates range from 20,000 to 50,000 victims. Feryal Gharahi of Equality Now reported:
Families were separated, and women and children were kept in the gym, where all of the women and girls over ten years old were raped in the first few days... There are rape camps all over the country. Thousands of women are being raped and killed. Thousands of women are pregnant as a result of rape. Over and over again, everywhere I went in Bosnia-Herzegovina and in Croatian refugee camps, women told me stories of abomination – of being kept in a room, raped repeatedly and told they would be held until they gave birth to Serbian children.
After the Bosnian War, the International Criminal Court updated its statute to prohibit "confin[ing] one or more women forcibly made pregnant, with the intent of affecting the ethnic composition of any population".
Treatment and outcomes.
Immediate post-rape protocols call for medical professionals to assess the likelihood that a victim will become pregnant in their assessment of the physical damage done to the woman. Protocol for gaining a history of the use of contraceptives, as a woman's use of birth control pills or other contraceptives before a rape affect her chance of becoming pregnant. Treatment protocols also call for clinicians to provide access to emergency contraception and counseling on abortion in countries where it is legal. High-dose estrogen pills were tried as an experimental treatment after rape in the 1960s, and in 1972 Canadian physician A. Albert Yuzpe and his colleagues began systematic studies on the use of ethinylestradiol and norgestrel to provide emergency contraception after an assault. These treatments reduced the rate of pregnancy after rape by 84%. This method is now called the Yuzpe regimen. Before being treated with pregnancy prevention measures, a rape victim is given a HCG pregnancy test to determine whether she was already pregnant before the rape.
When being discharged from emergency care, clinicians provide information about pregnancy as well as other complications such as infection and emotional trauma. While a woman who has become pregnant during the past 48 hours will test negative for pregnancy in an HCG pregnancy test (unless she was already pregnant before the rape), pregnancy resulting from the rape can be detected at the two-week follow-up visit.
Decisions of whether to end a rape-related pregnancy or carry it to term, and whether to keep the child or place the child for adoption can be severely traumatizing for a woman.
Abortion rates for pregnancies due to rape vary significantly by culture and demographics; women who live in countries where abortion is illegal must often give birth to the child or secretly undergo a dangerous, unsafe abortion. Some women do not wish to get abortions for religious or cultural reasons. In a third of cases, rape-related pregnancies are not discovered until the second trimester of pregnancy, which may reduce a woman's options, particularly if she doesn't have easy access to legal abortion or is still recovering from the trauma of the rape itself.
In the United States, 1 percent of 1,900 women questioned in 1987 listed rape or incest as the reason for having an abortion; of these, 95 percent named other reasons as well.
A 1996 study of thousands of US women showed that, of pregnancies resulting from rape, 50% were aborted, 12% resulted in miscarriage, and 38% were brought to term and either placed for adoption or raised. Peer-reviewed studies have reported from 38% of American women to 90% of Peruvian adolescents carrying the pregnancy to term. In Lima, Peru, where abortion is illegal, 90% of girls aged 12 to 16 who became pregnant through rape carried the child to term.
Of all children born, 1% are placed for adoption; the number of children conceived from rape who are placed for adoption was found to be about 6% in one study and 26% in another.
When a mother commits neonaticide, killing an infant younger than 24 hours old, the child's birth being the result of rape is a main cause, although other psychological and situational factors are generally present. Some people turn to drugs or alcohol to cope with emotional trauma after a rape; use of these during pregnancy can harm the fetus.
Children of rape.
When a mother chooses to raise her child conceived in rape, the traumatic effect of the rape and the child's blood relationship to the rapist has the potential to create some psychological challenges, but the circumstance of conception is no guarantee to cause psychological problems.
If a woman decides to keep and raise the child, she may have difficulty accepting them, and both mother and child may face ostracism in some societies.
Mothers may also face legal difficulties. In most US states, the rapist maintains parental rights. Research by legal scholar Shauna Prewitt indicates that the resulting continued contact with the rapist is damaging for women who keep the child. She wrote in 2012 that in the US, 31 states allow rapists to assert custody and visitation rights over children conceived through rape.
History.
Infanticide.
Children whose births result from rape have been killed by their mothers at various times in history. During ancient and medieval times, such infanticide was not prohibited (however, penance was expected of these mothers in medieval Europe).
Beliefs about whether rape can result in pregnancy.
Beliefs that rape could not lead to pregnancy were widespread in both legal and medical opinion for centuries. Galen, an ancient Greek physician, believed that a woman must experience pleasure to release "seed" and become pregnant, and could not derive such pleasure from nonconsensual sex. Galen's thinking influenced understanding from medieval England to Colonial America. Aristotle disagreed, as he believed that "women's bodies were not hot enough to produce semen". Female reproduction was, in many ways, viewed through the lens of male reproductive processes, imagining that female organs functioned as inverted versions of male organs, and hence orgasm was required for conception.
Centuries later, in medieval Europe, the belief that pregnancy could not occur without consent was still standard; in fact, conception by a woman was considered a legitimate defense against charges of rape. The belief was codified in the medieval British law texts "Fleta" and "Britton". "Britton" states:
If the defendant confesses the fact, but says that the woman at the same time conceived by him, and can prove it, then our will is that it be adjudged no felony, because no woman can conceive if she does not consent.
Medieval literary scholar Corinne Saunders acknowledged a difficulty in determining how widely held was the belief that pregnancy implies consent, but concluded that it influenced "at least some justices", citing a 1313 case in Kent. Against this, in his popular 12th-century , the early Scholastic philosopher William of Conches noted the objection of Geoffrey of Plantagenetcount of Anjou in France and father of King HenryII of Englandto Galen's idea, stating that it was certain that some rape resulted in births; William acknowledged that this occurred but averred that it was merely proof that some or all women experienced involuntary carnal pleasure from the act despite their lack of rational consent. However, the same rationale was used as an explanation for the supposed infrequency of births among prostitutes.
By the late 1700s, scientists no longer universally accepted the view that pregnancy was impossible without pleasure, although this view was still common. A 1795 British legal text, "Treatise of Pleas of the Crown", disparaged the belief's legal utility and its biological veracity:
Also it hath been said by some to be no rape to force a woman who conceives at the time; for it is said, that if she had not consented, she could not have conceived, but this opinion seems very questionable, not only because the previous violence is no way extenuated by such a subsequent consent, but also because, if it were necessary to shew that the woman did not conceive, the offender could not be tried till such time as it might appear whether she did or did not, and likewise because the philosophy of this notion may very well be doubted of.
The 1814 British legal text "Elements of Medical Jurisprudence" by Samuel Farr claimed that conception "probably" could not occur without a woman's "enjoyment", so that an "absolute rape" was unlikely to lead to pregnancy. On the other hand, in the US in an 1820 court case in the Arkansas Territory a man pleaded not guilty to rape charges because the victim became pregnant, but the court rejected the argument:
The old notion that if the woman conceive, it could not be a rape, because she must have in such case have consented, is quite exploded. Impregnation, it is well known, does not depend on the consciousness or volition of the female. If the uterine organs be in a condition favorable to impregnation, this may take place as readily as if the intercourse was voluntary.In more recent times, opponents of legal abortion have argued that pregnancy resulting from rape is rare. In a 1972 article, physician and anti-abortion activist Fred Mecklenburg argued that pregnancy from rape is "extremely rare", adding that a woman exposed to the trauma of rape "will not ovulate even if she is 'scheduled' to". Blythe Bernhard wrote in "The Washington Post", "That article has influenced two generations of anti-abortion activists with the hope to build a medical case to ban all abortions without any exception."
Islamic law.
Historian Ian Talbot has written about how countries with Quran-based Islamic codes on rape and pregnancy use Sura An-Nur, verse 2, as a legal basis: "The law of evidence in all sexual crimes required either self-confession or the testimony of four upright ("salah") Muslim males. In the case of a man, self-confession involved a verbal confession. For women however medical examinations and pregnancy arising from rape were admissible as proof of self-guilt." Under Islamic law, a woman can kill her rapist.
Male victims.
Pregnancy from rape can also occur when the victim is male and the rapist is female. Many such cases involve the statutory rape of underage boys by adult women who subsequently became pregnant. In Kansas, "Hermesmann v. Seyer" established that a 13-year-old male victim of rape can be held liable to pay child support for a baby that results from the rape, and later cases in the United States have held likewise.
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Siege of Ceuta (1419)
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The siege of Ceuta of 1419 (sometimes reported as 1418) was fought between the besieging forces of the Marinid sultanate, led by Sultan Abu Said Uthman III, including allied forces from the Emirate of Granada, and the Portuguese garrison of Ceuta, led by Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real. After the loss of the city in a surprise attack in 1415 known as the Conquest of Ceuta, the Sultan gathered an army four years later and besieged the city. The Portuguese gathered a fleet under the command of Princes Henry the Navigator and John of Reguengos to relieve Ceuta. According to the chroniclers, the relief fleet turned out to be quite unnecessary. In a bold gambit, Pedro de Menezes led the Portuguese garrison in a sally against the Marinid siege camp and forced the lifting of the siege before the relief fleet even arrived.
Blamed for losing Ceuta, the Marinid sultan was assassinated in a coup in Fez in 1420, leaving only a child as his heir. the sultanate descended into anarchic chaos, as rival pretenders vied for the throne and local governors carved out regional fiefs for themselves, selling their support to the highest bidder. The political crisis released the pressure on Ceuta for the next few years.
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36794230
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40843939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794230
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Ottawa Ladies' College
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The Ottawa Ladies' College was a non-denominational Ottawa educational institution founded in 1869 for the purpose of providing a quality education to women. The private school operated on First Avenue in The Glebe from 1914 to 1942. During the Second World War, the Ladies College facilities were used by the Canadian Military. Later as Carleton College, the premises played a vital part in the establishment of Carleton University.
History.
Originally named the Presbyterian Ladies' College because of its association with the Presbyterian Church, the Ottawa Ladies' College was founded in Centretown in 1869 by Henry Franklin Bronson. The college was re-established in 1914 in a large building designed by Edgar Lewis Horwood located at 268 First Ave. In 1942, the college was expropriated for use as barracks for the Canadian Women's Army Corps. In 1947, the building served as the campus of the new Carleton College, which would evolve into Carleton University. The university used the facilities until it moved to its present site beside the Rideau River in 1959. The Ottawa Board of Education used the building for offices until 1998 when it was sold to a developer to create condominiums.
Purpose and courses of instruction.
The purpose of the college was the improvement of women's education. Grade levels were grade 1 to post-secondary. Courses included languages, mathematics, science, athletics, handicrafts, and household arts such as practical cooking, needlework and sewing. Horseback riding and pantomime courses were also offered.
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36794294
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17216044
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794294
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Donkey Punch
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Donkey punch is a slang term for punching someone hard on the back of their head whilst having sex with them
Donkey punch may also refer to:
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36794296
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1934512
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794296
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2012 Danmark Rundt
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The 2012 Danmark Rundt was a men's road bicycle race held from 22 to 26 August 2012. It was the 22nd edition of the men's stage race, which was established in 1985. The race was rated as a 2.HC event and formed part of the 2012 UCI Europe Tour.
The race was won by Dutch rider Lieuwe Westra of the Vacansoleil–DCM team, with Ramūnas Navardauskas of Garmin–Sharp second and Manuele Boaro of Saxo Bank–Tinkoff Bank third.
The 2012 race was moved to the end of August from its usual start date at the beginning of the month because of a clash with the 2012 Olympic Games. Organisers believe that this led to less spectators viewing the race than in the past and plan for the 2013 edition to start following the 2013 Tour de France.
Teams.
17 teams were invited to the 2012 Danmark Rundt: 8 teams from the UCI ProTeams, 4 UCI Professional Continental Teams, 4 UCI Continental Teams along with a Danish national team under the Team Post Danmark name.
Stages.
Stage 1.
22 August 2012 – Randers to Randers,
The stage started and ended in Randers, taking in a tour of the Djursland peninsula and passing through the town of Grenaa. A crash involving around half of the field occurred 3½km before the finish before being won by German rider André Greipel of the Lotto–Belisol team. Alexander Kristoff of Team Katusha finished second, with Theo Bos of Rabobank finishing third.
Organisers decided to award every rider the same time following the mass crash as the riders involved were part of the peloton at the time. This is usually only done if riders are within the 3 km mark at the end of the stage, a decision which attracted some criticism from Michael Rasmussen.
Stage 2.
23 August 2012 – Løgstør to Aarhus,
Stage two was the longest stage of the 2012 race, starting in Løgstør on the Limfjord and travelling generally south through Jutland. It passed through the town of Viborg before ending in Aarhus. It was described as a key stage with a possibly critical impact on the overall standings. The stage was won by André Greipel following a bunch sprint at the finish. Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator rider Michael Van Staeyen finished second with Steele Von Hoff of Garmin–Sharp third.
Stage 3.
24 August 2012 – Silkeborg to Vejle,
Stage three has been described as the toughest stage in the race and contained the most climbs. The route initially ran north from Silkeborg through Kjellerup, before turning southwards through Silkeborg again before heading towards Vejle. It finished after the traditional climb of Kiddesvej, a 350-metre climb with an average gradient of 12.5% and a maximum gradient of 21%. This climb has been included in the Danmark Rundt each year since 2004.
After a breakaway, which at one point reached eight minutes, most riders rejoined the peloton before the final climb of Kiddesvej led to a small group being able to complete the stage ahead of the main bunch. The stage winner was Lars Petter Nordhaug of Team Sky who took over the general classification lead from André Greipel. Wilco Kelderman of Rabobank came second with Ramūnas Navardauskas of Garmin–Sharp third.
Stage 4.
25 August 2012 – Ringe to Odense,
A short stage to allow for an individual time trial later in the same day, stage four saw the race move to Funen. Starting in Ringe, the route traveled south to Faaborg on the south coast, before passing north to Odense. Much of the route was wet and, again, produced a sprint finish which was won by Alexander Kristoff of Team Katusha ahead of Andrew Fenn of Omega Pharma–Quick-Step and Theo Bos of Rabobank. Lars Petter Nordhaug retained the yellow jersey with just a one-second lead over Kristoff ahead of the evening individual time trial around Kerteminde.
Stage 5.
25 August 2012 – Kerteminde to Kerteminde, individual time trial (ITT)
Stage five was a 14½km individual time trial around Kerteminde on Funen. The stage was identical to the time trial used in the 2002 and 2008 races. It was won by Lieuwe Westra of the Vacansoleil–DCM team who took the yellow jersey, leading the race by ten seconds from Ramūnas Navardauskas.
Stage 6.
26 August 2012 – Slagelse to Frederiksberg,
Stage six started in Slagelse on Sjælland and passed through Sorø and Roskilde before arriving in Frederiksberg. Ten laps of 6 km each led to the traditional race finish on Frederiksberg Allé. The stage was won by Team Sky rider Mark Cavendish in a bunch sprint, with Lieuwe Westra retaining the overall lead.
Final standings.
The general classification was won by Lieuwe Westra of Vacansoleil–DCM by ten seconds from Ramūnas Navardauskas of Garmin–Sharp with Manuele Boaro of Saxo Bank–Tinkoff Bank another four seconds back in third place. Team Katusha rider Alexander Kristoff won the points trophy by one point from Lotto–Belisol rider André Greipel.
The mountain classification was won by Danish rider Nikola Aistrup of Team Concordia Forsikring–Himmerland with Dutch rider Wilco Kelderman of Team Rabobank winning the young riders award. Glud & Marstrand–LRØ rider Sebastian Lander won the fighters award. The team race was won by Team Sky.
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36794316
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40600116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794316
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Nephopterix melanostyla
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Nephopterix melanostyla is a species of snout moth in the genus "Nephopterix". It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1879, and is known from Australia (including Parramatta, the type location).
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36794323
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40600116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794323
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Nephopterix piratis
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Nephopterix piratis is a species of snout moth in the genus "Nephopterix". It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1887. It is found in Australia.
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36794327
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40600116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794327
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Nephopterix placoxantha
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Nephopterix placoxantha is a species of snout moth in the genus "Nephopterix". It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1898. It is found in Australia.
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36794333
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27823944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794333
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Birch Creek Charcoal Kilns
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The Birch Creek Charcoal Kilns are a group of beehive-shaped clay charcoal kilns near Leadore, Idaho, built in 1886. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
The kilns were built in 1886 to produce charcoal to fuel the smelter at Nicholia, which smelted lead and silver ore from the Viola Mine about 10 miles east of the kilns. The Viola ore deposit was discovered in 1881 and was mined until 1888 when the ore was depleted and the price of lead had fallen. The Nicholia smelter, located about 3 miles west of the mines, had two blast furnaces, each with a daily capacity of of ore.
A Butte, Montana, man named Warren King built 16 kilns from brick made from local clay, possibly obtained from Jump Creek on the east side of the Birch Creek valley. The beehive-shaped kilns are each about tall and in diameter. When operating, each kiln used 30 to 40 cords of Douglas fir wood per load, producing about 1,500 to 2,000 bushels (70 cubic meters) of charcoal over a two-day burn. The kiln operation lasted for less than three years, employing 150 to 200 people at its peak, and had a monthly output estimated at 44,000 to 50,000 bushels (1550 to 1762 cubic meters) of charcoal.
The ruins of four kilns survive. They are located in the Caribou-Targhee National Forest, which operates the location as a public interpretive site. Nicholia is now a ghost town, with only a few ruins remaining. There are no surviving remains of the town of Woodland, a short distance south of the kilns, where the kiln workers lived. The kilns were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The listing included four contributing structures on . In 1987, a volunteer-assisted stabilization effort prevented one of the kilns from collapsing. The Forest Service undertook a restoration of the kilns in 2000.
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36794350
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44217690
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794350
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Goldbond, Virginia
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Goldbond is an unincorporated community in Giles County, Virginia, United States.
Goldbond is located on Stony Creek and State Route 635, 5.3 miles (8.5 km) northeast of Pearisburg. The name Goldbond derives from an earlier limestone processing works situated in the community, National Gypsum Company, which produced 'Gold Bond' gypsum wallboard. Prior to the company's presence, the area was known as Kerns, Virginia, after the Kern's Bread Company which once operated there.
Archaeological evidence collected by locals along with area history suggests the community that is now Goldbond saw military action or at least preparation during the Civil War; however, no official markers note this at present.
Notable landmarks in the area include two family cemeteries (those of the Moser and Reed Families), a covered mill, a former elementary school (now a private residence), and a former local store which also served as a community U.S. Post Office until its closing on July 30, 2005. Prior to moving to a community post office format Goldbond's post office, which opened February 21, 1923, was operated on land belonging to the Reed Family. This first office was later shifted to the home of Postmasters Irene Moser (née Reed) and Tyree Moser, Sr. in whose family postal operations of the community ran for more than 60 years as noted in an extensive article in the area's newspaper, the 'Virginian Leader,' on the occasion of the couple's retirement and the office's moving in the early 1990s.[1]
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36794355
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35936988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794355
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Torda County
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Torda County (, , ) was a county in Transylvania between the 11th century and 1876.
History.
Kingdom of Hungary.
Counties (districts formed around royal fortresses) were the basic units of royal administration in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11th century. The fortress initially serving as the seat of Torda County was located at a distance of about from modern Torda (now Turda, Romania), above the village Várfalva (now Moldovenești, Romania), on the river Aranyos (now Arieș in Romania). A cemetery near the castle was used from the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries.
The earliest royal charter mentioning the castle is from 1075, but only its interpolated version has been preserved. The earliest authentic charter referring to the same castle is dated to 1177. Although the county itself was only first mentioned in 1227, a reference in the charter of 1075 to taxes levied on salt at the castle implies the existence of a system of administration. Reference to an unnamed "ispán" of Torda was preserved in a charter from 1221. The "ispáns" of Torda were appointed by the "voivodes" of Transylvania, the representative of the kings of Hungary in the province.
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36794369
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473593
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794369
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Mitchey Greig
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Michelle "Mitchey" Greig (born 4 October 1988) is a freestyle skier from New Zealand. In the 2010 Winter Olympics at Vancouver, she came 30th in the woman’s ski cross.
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36794400
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322936
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794400
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J-TREC
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<ns>0</ns>
<revision>
<timestamp>2012-08-22T02:10:35Z</timestamp>
<contributor>
<username>DAJF</username>
</contributor>
<comment>New redirect from abbreviation of name</comment>
<origin>508552087</origin>
<model>wikitext</model>
<format>text/x-wiki</format>
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36794404
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40600116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794404
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Nephopterix scabida
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Nephopterix scabida is a species of snout moth in the genus "Nephopterix". It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1867 and is known from Egypt.
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36794413
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10202399
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794413
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Nephopterix thermalopha
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Nephopterix thermalopha is a species of snout moth in the genus "Nephopterix". It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1903. It is found in Australia.
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36794428
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35936988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794428
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Szolnok County
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Szolnok County (, , (modern spelling )) was a county in the Kingdom of Hungary between the 11th century and 1426. It was made up of two disconnected parts, one in what later became Transylvania and the , the other around the Tisza centred on the settlement of Szolnok. The county was eventually split and became:
A second iteration of Szolnok County, centred on the city of Szolnok and corresponding to the former Külső-Szolnok, was created in 1850 following the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire. It was created out of the south-eastern part of , separated from the other half – Heves County – mostly by the Tisza. As of 1854 Szolnok comprised the ('seat districts') of Tisza-Füred, Mező-Túr and Szolnok. It was part of the Pest-Ofen district, one of five districts of Hungary during this period. The 1850s changes to the counties were reversed in 1860, rendering this second Szolnok County defunct. Szolnok would again be separated from Heves in 1876, when it became part of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County, which also included the former Jászság and Nagykunság; Tisza-Füred however remained with Heves County until after World War II and the formation of the modern Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County.
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36794447
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1755837
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794447
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Nevacolima jaliscoensis
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Nevacolima jaliscoensis is a species of snout moth in the genus "Nevacolima". It is found in west-central Mexico.
The length of the forewings is .
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36794450
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46437444
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794450
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Nevacolima zodia
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Nevacolima zodia is a species of snout moth in the genus "Nevacolima". It is found in west-central Mexico.
The length of the forewings is about 7 mm.
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36794470
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753665
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794470
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The Burn with Jeff Ross
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The Burn with Jeff Ross is a comedy panel show hosted by comedian Jeff Ross that aired on Comedy Central. The show debuted on August 14, 2012, and was executive produced by Ross himself. The program featured Ross roasting a wide variety of targets, along with guest appearances by fellow comedians who make up a panel of roasters. The show was renewed for a second season by Comedy Central, which premiered January 8, 2013.
Format.
"The Burn with Jeff Ross" was presented in a humorous half-hour format, and was broadcast Tuesday nights at 10:30 EST (9:30 Central). The show was broken down into many segments. Examples of these segments included celebrity visits, public roasting, and panelist roasting. The first season contained an additional segment, known as "speed roasting", in which members of the audience volunteered to be roasted. As of the second season, the "speed roasting" segment is available only via the Internet.
The show usually featured several segments such as:
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36794479
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44217690
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794479
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Ripplemead, Virginia
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Ripplemead is an unincorporated community and census designated place (CDP) in Giles County, Virginia, United States. Ripplemead is located along the New River, east-northeast of Pearisburg. Ripplemead has a post office with ZIP code 24150.
Demographics.
Ripplemead first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.
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36794497
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35351935
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794497
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Nurnberg American High School
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Nürnberg American High School (NAHS) was a Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) system school located near Nürnberg, Germany. One of DoDDS original five high schools in Germany, the school served the children of American military, government and civilian personnel from 1946 until its closing in 1995.
History.
In October 1946, only a year and a half after the Allied forces defeated the German Third Reich, American dependents of high school age in the Nürnberg area began school in a former private residence in Erlangen, a university town nearby.
The freshmen met in the dining room, the sophomores in the living room, and the juniors and seniors had classes upstairs in bedrooms, according to Ed Thompson, who was there as a freshman student. About 70 students were enrolled. After Thanksgiving, classes were moved into the Science Building at Erlangen University.
Though textbooks and supplies were hard come by, the faculty of eight and a teaching principal offered the core curriculum of the time. The students responded to their straitened circumstances by writing a constitution for their student council, organizing student assemblies, and holding a number of dances, including that staple of American high schools, the junior-senior prom. Beginning in January 1947, the students had a weekly mimeographed newspaper and ended the year by publishing a mimeographed yearbook. During the spring some students had an unusual educational opportunity in that they took field trips to sessions of the Nürnberg War Trials.
In June, all the seniors in the five high schools in Germany (about 100) were given a cruise down the Rhine, a tradition that was to continue for several years. Eight students graduated that first year in a combined ceremony with Munich American High School held at the Haus der Kunst in Munich.
In the fall of 1947, the school moved to 19 Tannenstrasse in Fürth, a town approximately 6.5 miles from the Nürnberg main railway station, and changed its name to Nürnberg American High School.
A former German girls school built in 1906, the building on Tannenstrasse offered facilities superior to those in Erlangen. It had a gymnasium, a large assembly room, and a large basement with a dining hall and a combination library and study hall. Nearby requisitioned three-story private homes served as dormitories.
Other facilities available to the students were a Teen-Age Club housed in the Fürth Opera House; Linde Stadium, an ice skating and swimming facility built by Nazi Germany for the 1936 Olympics; and Stein Castle, requisitioned from the Faber-Castell family. It was the scene of the Junior-Senior Prom.
A German-American Youth Club encouraged interaction with the local populace. At one program in the Nürnberg Opera House, junior Don Hilty recited to a full house a speech given by Abraham Lincoln to a group of Germans in Ohio in 1861. Other programs included general knowledge quiz contests between the Americans and Germans and visits to each other's schools.
Enrollment remained low with approximately 70 students in grades 9-12. In June of its second year (1948) only four seniors graduated at the Haus der Kunst.
During the next three years while enrollment hovered around 100, interaction with the German populace continued to be a fairly important part of school life. The Nürnberg Opera House was the scene of a dance of 500 German and American youth and a forum discussing "World Federation." The Nürnberg Special Services, assisted by a number of NHS boys and girls, presented a musical production, “Rhapsody in Rhythm,” in a full opera house.
By the end of its fifth year, the Dependents School Service was able to claim that the courses of study, textbooks, and teaching supplies in the American schools in Germany compared favorably with the best in the United States.
Though the U.S. Army was still the army of occupation and MPs guarded the school doors and often rode buses and trains when American youth traveled to and from school, American young people moved about freely and without fear, so reports one NHS alumnus who was there in the 1950–51 school year
1952 was a transforming year for the Americans in Germany. With the signing of the "Deutschlandvertrag" the occupation ended, and Germany and the U.S. became allies. For the students at NHS the change in status meant a new school building. The requisitioned building at 19 Tannenstrasse was returned to the Germans, and the U.S. built a brand new school at 30 Fronmüllerstraße, complete with an adjacent dormitory. It opened January 3, 1952.
At the same time, American dependents began to leave their housing “on the economy” and move into newly built housing around schools or U.S. bases. By 1955 the Kalb Community had grown up around NHS, and the campus boasted five additional buildings, including a new gymnasium. After this year, interaction with the native populace became a minor part of school life and remained so throughout the rest of the time NHS was open.
Throughout the first decade of its existence, NHS enrollment averaged 120 and an average of 19 seniors graduated. In 1956-57 enrollment went over 200 for the first time (207) and there were 27 graduates A year later the enrollment had jumped another 100 students to 312.
In June 1995, the last graduating seniors were awarded their diplomas from Nürnberg American High School, and the school closed 49 years after its opening. The Cold War was over; American troops were being withdrawn from the Nürnberg area.
Military Communities Served.
The communities served varied from year to year as military bases and schools opened and closed. In 1946–47, the military communities served were Amberg, Ansbach, Bad Kissingen, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Giebelstadt, Grafenwohr, Kitzingen, Nürnberg, Regensburg, Schweinfurt, Straubing, Weiden, and Würzburg. In 1957-58 the communities served were Amberg, Ansbach, Bamberg, Bayreuth. Crailsheim, Erlangen, Fürth, Grafenwohr, Herzo, Hohenfels, Illesheim, Nürnberg, Rothenberg, Schwabach, Schwäbisch Hall, and Vilseck.
Dorm Life.
Any student who lived more than 50 miles from the school lived in nearby residence facilities during the school week and went home for the weekend.
Facilities for resident students were primitive that first year. According to freshman Ed Thompson, the boys lived in an old barracks at the Erlangen Air Force base, sleeping on GI cots. They had hot water but no other heat. During this time, senior Sherrill Fetzer became “renowned for starting a fire in a metal waste can in an effort to keep warm.” The boys were later moved into a private residence.
The girls lived in a private residence. Junior Peggy Segur Misch remembered the bitter cold of that first year. "Getting hot water for bathing was a problem. A gas heater had to be turned on to heat the bath water. Because there was danger of asphyxiation from the heater, the window in the bathroom had to be wide open while the water was being heated – so it was hot water but cold air." She said the girls bathed only twice a week.
Meals were also problematic. At first the resident students had their meals in the U.S. Army mess hall at Erlangen. Ed Thompson said, “The girls sure did get the once-over by all the GIs ...” Music for dining was often provided. At his first meal there, Thompson said a German girl sang “Sentimental Journey.” Later, meals were eaten in a German hotel, the Kaiserhof, whose food freshman Bub Kale described as “mostly just to look at – it looks good but doesn't always taste that way.”
Conditions were much improved with the move to Fürth in 1947. The dormitory students lived about three blocks from the school in two large three-story private homes, two to four persons to a room depending on the size of the room. They had a common social room and meals were served in the basement of the school building.
Both dormitories had supervisors, adults hired to keep order. Freshman Sara Davis Rodgers remembered her dorm supervisor vividly, Miss Margaret Mason, an English lady. She was known for insisting on open windows no matter the weather and a rigid bath schedule with each bather allotted “a certain time, in a certain amount of water, and for a specified time.” The morning get up call was especially memorable. The National Anthem was played over loudspeakers at full volume. “If your feet hadn't hit the floor and you weren't in an upright position immediately, Miss Mason was in your room berating you: 'Stand up you unpatriotic daughter of a rich American Army officer.' The loudspeakers then played 'I'm Looking over a Four Leaf Clover.'”
Later, the dorm was located on the school campus and was co-ed. Boys were housed on one side of the building, while girls were on the opposite side. The areas were separated by a large room with couches, stereo speakers, pool and foosball tables.
Fallen Eagles.
The following alumni were killed in the course of military service.
Class of 1959
Class of 1960
Class of 1962
Class of 1965
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36794500
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27199084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36794500
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Pampa News
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The Pampa News is a weekly newspaper serving Pampa, Texas. Established in 1906, it is published three times a week, excluding major holidays. As of 2012, its daily circulation was approximately 3,600 copies.
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