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An optical fiber-based nanobiosensor, for advanced detection of [Ca 2+ ]i (i.e. intracellular Ca 2+ concentration) changes in sub-plasma membrane microdomains in a single living smooth muscle cell and a single living cardiomyocyte, was successfully prepared by coating silver and then immobilizing Calcium Green-1 Dextra... | [
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J. Agric. Genomics, 5 ABSTRACT Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries have become invaluable tools in plant genetic research. However, it is difficult for new practitioners to create plant BAC libraries de novo because published protocols are not particularly detailed, and plant cells possess features that mak... | [
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In mammals, the canonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway activated in response to infections is based on degradation of IκB inhibitors. This pathway depends on the IκB kinase (IKK), which contains two catalytic subunits, IKKα and IKKβ. IKKβ is essential for inducible IκB phosphorylation and degradation, wh... | [
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Sri Lankan black pepper with symptoms of yellow mottle disease contained a mixture of viruses: Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) particles (30 × 130 nm), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, 30 nm diameter isometric particles), and unidentified, isometric virus-like particles (30 nm diameter). An effective purification procedure... | [
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Individuals affected with developmental disorders of speech and language have substantial difficulty acquiring expressive and/or receptive language in the absence of any profound sensory or neurological impairment and despite adequate intelligence and opportunity1. Although studies of twins consistently indicate that a... | [
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Researches on the cultivation of the parasites of malaria in Liverpool were commenced some time ago at my suggestion by Dr. Sinton, and then, with better success, by Drs. J. G. Thomson and McLellan, and by Dr. D. Thomson. We are greatly obliged to Sir Edwin Durning-Lawrence, Bart., for giving us the services of Dr. J. ... | [
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The murine response to Listeria monocytogenes has long been considered a paradigm of T-cell-mediated immunity. There is, however, substantial evidence that T-cell-deficient mice are capable of surviving a L. monocytogenes challenge. Recently, advances have been made in our understanding of the cell biology and pathogen... | [
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Three commonly used measures of diversity, Simpson's index, Shannon's entropy, and the total number of species, are related to Renyi's definition of a generalized entropy. A unified concept of diversity is presented, according to which there is a continuum of possible diversity measures. In a sense which becomes appare... | [
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This volume and its companion, Volume 350, are specifically designed to meet the needs of graduate students and postdoctoral students as well as researchers, by providing all the up-to-date methods necessary to study genes in yeast. Procedures are included that enable newcomers to set up a yeast laboratory and to maste... | [
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When small RNA is sequenced on current sequencing machines, the resulting reads are usually longer than the RNA and therefore contain parts of the 3' adapter. That adapter must be found and removed error-tolerantly from each read before read mapping. Previous solutions are either hard to use or do not offer required fe... | [
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Preface 1. Historical introduction 2. Breeding biology of marsupials by family 3. Sexual differentiation and development 4. Male anatomy and spermatogenesis 5. The female urogenital tract and oogenesis 6. Ovarian function and control 7. Pregnancy and parturition 8. Lactation 9. Neuroendocrine control of seasonal breedi... | [
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Summary Signals transduced by Notch receptors are indispensable for T cell specification and differentiation of αβ T lineage cells. However, the role of Notch signals during αβ versus γδ T lineage decision remains controversial. Here, we addressed this question by employing a clonal analysis of CD4 − CD8 − (DN) progeni... | [
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Recent studies indicate that many introns, as well as the complex spliceosomal mechanism to remove them, were present early in eukaryotic evolution. This study examines intron and exon characteristics from annotations of whole genomes to investigate the intron recognition mechanism. Exon definition uses the exon as the... | [
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5247 Constitutive ERK signaling is common in human cancer and is often the result of activating mutations of BRAF, RAS and upstream receptor tyrosine kinases. Missense BRAF kinase domain mutations are frequently observed in melanoma, colon and thyroid cancers and less frequently in lung and other cancer types. The vast... | [
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SUMMARY The ways in which the numbers of tropical sea-birds might be limited are considered; it is argued that food is the only factor likely to be generally effective in limiting numbers, but it seems improbable that food shortage could exert a density-dependent control of the mortality of the birds outside the bre... | [
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer allows trans-acting factors present in the mammalian oocyte to reprogram somatic cell nuclei to an undifferentiated state. We show that four factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28) are sufficient to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells that exhibit the essential character... | [
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Among the spices that are esoteric food adjuncts being used to enhance flavoring and color, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) also modifies the texture of food. This seed spice is also employed for medicinal purpose in many traditional systems as antibacterial, gastric stimulant, against anorexia, antidiabetic agen... | [
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The preceding editions made "The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates" the second most cited book in science. This Fifth Edition is the result of years of research providing the user with the drawings of the completely new set of coronal sections, now from one rat, and with significantly improved resolution by adding a... | [
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INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 POLLINATION AND POLLEN TUBE GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | [
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Protein modification by the ubiquitin-like SUMO protein contributes to many cellular regulatory mechanisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both sumoylating and desumoylating activities are essential for viability. Of its two known desumoylating enzymes, Ubl-specific protease (Ulp)1 and Ulp2/Smt4, Ulp1 is specifically req... | [
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The mucin profiles of the gastric mucosa in Lundehunds suffering from intestinal lymphangiectasia were examined and compared to the mucin profiles in control dogs from other breeds. A previous study performed on this material had shown that all examined Lundehunds had gastritis and about 30% had gastric carcinoma. Neut... | [
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Key PointsMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of ∼21–25-nucleotide small RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The founding members of the miRNA family, lin-4 and let-7, were identified through genetic screens for defects in the temporal regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans larval... | [
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Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions with a matrix degradation activity formed by invasive cancer cells. We have studied the molecular mechanisms of invadopodium formation in metastatic carcinoma cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor kinase inhibitors blocked invadopodium formation in the presence of... | [
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All else being equal, polyploids are expected to have larger C-values (amount of DNA in the unreplicated gametic nucleus) than their diploid progenitors, increasing in direct proportion with ploidy. This expectation is observed in some polyploid series, especially those newly formed, but there are examples suggesting t... | [
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SummaryA plant expression vector pBIA9-AMF containing an antisense fragment of the CYP86MF gene and the tapetum-specific A9 promoter was constructed. Plasmid vectors were introduced by floral-dipping and pollen-tube transformation methods to Chinese cabbage pak-choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino var. ... | [
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Stem cells are defined as cells able to both extensively self-renew and differentiate into progenitors. Research data show that more resistant stem cells than common cancer cells exist in cancer patients. To identify unrecognized differences between cancer stem cells and cancer cells might be able to develope effective... | [
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Objective To explore the in vitro maintenance and characterization of human embryonic stem cells(hESCs).Methods hESCs were cultured on feeder layer with ES culture medium,which consists of 20% Knockout Serum Replacement,Knockout DMEM and 10 ng/mL bFGF.Undifferentiated status of hESCs was identified by cell morphology,a... | [
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Sugarcane bacilliform virus(SCBV) was detected by PCR from sugarcane showing chlorosis and mottle symptom from Kaiyuan,Yunnan Province. Part sequence of replicase gene of the isolate SCBV-Kaiyuan was determined. Sequence analysis indicated that the 589 bp of SCBV-Kaiyuan shared identities of 73.2%-74.0% and 83.1%-84.1%... | [
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During mitosis, chromosomes fold into compacted rod shaped structures. We combined imaging and Hi-C of synchronous DT40 cell cultures with polymer simulations to determine how interphase chromosomes are converted into compressed arrays of loops characteristic of mitotic chromosomes. We found that the interphase organiz... | [
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The world is running out of antibiotics. Between 1940 and 1962, more than 20 new classes of antibiotics were marketed. Since then, only two new classes of antibiotics were marketed. Now, not enough analogues are reaching the market to stem the tide of antibiotic resistance, particularly among gram-negative bacteria whi... | [
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In this work, an innovated Si3N4 as an out-diffusion barrier layer to Au/Zn/Au contact system for p-type InP has been proposed. Before the contacts were annealed, Si3N4 layer was deposited on the Au(200Å)/Zn(700Å)/Au(200Å), then the Si3N4 was removed by HF and a 2000A layer of pure gold was deposited to facilitate wire... | [
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Abstract Some techno-economical analyses and environmental impact evaluation have proved that bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is feasible for the reclamation of industrial saline water. However, to date, the technology cannot be put into practice due to some unsolved application-oriented problems, such as the r... | [
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Abstract Several processes for the production and recovery of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) by Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, Methylobacterium organophilum, and recombinant Escherichia coli were designed based on the previously reported data and analyzed by computer-aided bioprocess design. PHB productivity,... | [
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Abstract In this paper, growth and characterization of CdS thin films by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) technique using the reaction between CdCl 2 , (NH 2 ) 2 CS and NH 3 in an aqueous solution has been reported. The parameters actively involved in the process of deposition have been identified. A commonly available C... | [
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Small-angle X-ray scattering for macromolecules in solution is now widely used in structural biology to complement high-resolution structure determination obtained by X-ray crystallography or NMR. In the context of third-generation synchrotron sources, this increasing interest leads to developments in sample environmen... | [
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Abstract Within some data limitations, the paper provides a first assessment of areas in Australia with potential for implementing desalination technologies to supply agricultural water. At the national scale, these areas were identified based on a set of selected criteria: distance from land currently used for irrigat... | [
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ABSTRACTA specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) against apramycin (AP) was produced and used to develop an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (idcELISA) and a rapid testing strip for the detection of AP residues in foods. MAb exhibited negligible cross-reactivity with other aminoglycosides. Under optim... | [
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As global desalination capacity continues its rapid growth, the impetus for reducing the adverse environmental impacts of brine discharge grows concurrently. Although modern brine outfall designs have significantly limited such impacts, they are costly. Recovering valuable components and chemical derivatives from brine... | [
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The goal of this research is to train children seated on mobile robots to purposefully and safely drive indoors. Our previous studies show that in about six weeks of training, infants can learn to drive directly to a goal using conventional joysticks. However, they are unable to acquire the advanced skill to avoid obst... | [
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According to the Web site of the Association for Automatic Identification and Data Capture Technologies [http://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid], "radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is an automatic way to collect product, place, and time or transaction data quickly and easily without human interventio... | [
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Reverse osmosis (RO) is a widely used and rapidly growing desalination technology. A major disadvantage of this process is that the concentrate from the RO process, which could be as much as 25% of the feed stream, represents a polluting stream. This waste stream could pose a significant challenge to the implementation... | [
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Exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been shown to exert homology-dependent effects at the level of both target mRNA stability and chromatin structure. Using C. elegans undergoing RNAi as an animal model, we have investigated the generality, scope and longevity of dsRNA-targeted chromatin effects and their depende... | [
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BACKGROUND Little information is available on physician characteristics and patient presentations that may influence compliance with evidence-based guidelines for acute low back pain. OBJECTIVE To assess whether physicians' management decisions are consistent with the Agency for Health Research Quality's guideline and ... | [
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The Mahalanobis distance is a well-known criterion which may be used for detecting outliers in multivariate data. However, there are some discrepancies about which critical values are suitable for this purpose. Following a comparison with Wilks's method, this paper shows that the previously recommended {p(n-1)/(n-p)}F ... | [
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Researcher must calculate the sample size before starting of any animal study. It should be adequate enough to detect a small significant difference between the groups. Small sample size is not only responsible for the insignificant result but also for the less power of the study. Calculation of sample size involves co... | [
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This paper gives a formal definition of the biological concept of evolutionary distance and an algorithm to compute it. For any set S of finite sequences of varying lengths this distance is a real-valued function on $S \times S$, and it is shown to be a metric under conditions which are wide enough to include the biolo... | [
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A two-terminal monolithic InGaP/GaAs tandem solar cell with a new efficiency record of 30.28% is realized with a practical large area of 4 cm2 under one-sun air-mass 1.5 global illumination. We report improvements of the tandem cell performance by introducing a double-hetero (hereafter DH) structure InGaP tunnel juncti... | [
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High-quality indium–tin–oxide (ITO) thin films (200–850 nm) have been grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on glass substrates without a postdeposition annealing treatment. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of these films have been investigated as a function of target composition, substrate depositio... | [
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The paper offers first a brief historical overview of disaster management planning. Second, it reviews Australian and American research findings and show that they urge the field of disaster management to shift its focus from response and recovery to sustainable hazard mitigation. It is argued that in order for this sh... | [
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[1] This study presents a second generation of homogenized monthly mean surface air temperature data set for Canadian climate trend analysis. Monthly means of daily maximum and of daily minimum temperatures were examined at 338 Canadian locations. Data from co-located observing sites were sometimes combined to create l... | [
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BACKGROUND Radiographic contrast agents can cause a reduction in renal function that may be due to reactive oxygen species. Whether the reduction can be prevented by the administration of antioxidants is unknown. METHODS We prospectively studied 83 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (mean [+/-SD] serum creatinin... | [
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Summary Sample-size determination is often an important step in planning an epidemiological study. There are several approaches to determining sample size. It depends on the type of the study. Descriptive, observational and randomized controlled studies have different formulas to calculate sample size. In this article,... | [
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Preface Introduction 1. Are Inuit Indians?: Relief, Jurisdiction, and Government Responsibility 2. Social Welfare and Social Crisis in the Eastern Arctic 3. Planning for Relocation in the Eastern Arctic 4. Recolonizing the Arctic Islands: The 1953 Relocations to Resolute Bay and Craig Harbour 5. The Ennadai Lake Reloca... | [
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Ever since the groundbreaking work of George Williams, W. D. Hamilton, and Richard Dawkins, evolutionary biologists have recognized that natural selection generally does not operate for the good of the group, but rather for the good of lower-level units such as the individual, the cell, even the gene. One of the fundam... | [
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This article provides psychometric information on the second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II; A. T. Beck, R. A. Steer, & G. K. Brown, 1996), with respect to internal consistency, factorial validity, and gender differences. Both measures demonstrated high internal reliability in the full student sample.... | [
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Prior studies have found only a modest relationship between objective and subjective crowding, defying logic and commonsensical notions of why people feel crowded. Using data from a representative sample of Bangkok, Thailand, where the level of household crowding is four times that in western societies, we explore seve... | [
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Memory complaints have not correlated well with tests of memory. However, given self-report questions, which tap processes of everyday remembering. sixty volunteers aged 21-84 years adequately rated their memory competence. Categorized into four memory processes, self-report and six tests of verbal, faces, story and no... | [
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Inner-city black America is often defined by random, senseless street violence. In fact, although violence is a salient feature, its use is far from random; it is regulated through an informal but well-known code of the street. How you dress, how you talk, whether you make eye-contact, your understanding of the pecking... | [
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The variety of interpersonal relationships in contemporary society necessitates the development of brief, reliable measures of satisfaction that are applicable to many types of close relationships. This article describes the development of such a measure. In Study I, the 7-item Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) was a... | [
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As in other countries, suburbanization in China occurred after the cities had experienced a period of sustained industrial and population growth. This study examines suburbanization in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Dalian. As a result of economic restructuring, the urban core registered net population loss from 1982... | [
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In this article, selected findings are presented from a study of the experiences of 71 African American women who have become the sole caregivers for at least one grandchild or great-grandchild as a result of the involvement of the parent in use of crack cocaine. Despite the unique circumstances of each situation, thre... | [
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The effects of product information on responses to frankfurter sausages and chocolate bars were studied by comparing sensory and hedonic ratings in two conditions: blind tasting and tasting with information present. Furthermore, the effect of information alone was investigated by having the subjects rate the expected s... | [
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Transnationalism and identity are concepts that inherently call for juxtaposition. This is so because many peoples' transnational networks of exchange and participation are grounded upon some perception of common identity; conversely, the identities of numerous individuals and groups of people are negotiated within soc... | [
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Considerable empirical evidence substantiates the importance of social networks and support to health and well-being among the elderly. But considerably more research is necessary before successful interventions can be more generally implemented to positively alter an elder's network. In this article, the authors discu... | [
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore consumers’ perceptions and beliefs in the health benefits of wine and the relationship with wine consumption patterns. Design/methodology/approach – In store face-to-face survey results from 402 wine consumers were elaborated with two-step cluster analysis. ANOVA confir... | [
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Abstract Overcrowding has increased in the U.S. after decades of decline—dramatically so in some locales and for some ethnic groups. The nature of the problem and its very definition for policy purposes are also changing. We examine the special characteristics of the overcrowded, where they are located, why the inciden... | [
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Abstract An evolutionarily stable strategy (Maynard Smith and Price, Nature (London) 246 (1973), 15–18) is a strategy which is robust against a tiny invasion of mutants. Best response dynamics is a dynamic process in which the frequency of a strategy increases only if it is a best response to the present strategy distr... | [
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Governments have shown an interest in early intervention strategies to reduce youth homelessness, but critics say that early intervention programs lack clear outcomes. This paper investigates what happens when early intervention programs are not in place and young people progress to adult homelessness. The paper assess... | [
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This paper examines the characteristics of urban spatial development in Beijing and identifies the extent to which these characteristics can be attributed to the emerging land market in Beijing as well as the impact of land policy reform. Based on the observations of land use rights granted from 1993 to the first half ... | [
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Australia's housing policy discourse contains many orthodoxies. While orthodoxies are never totally accepted within a discourse, they are the dominant notions within them and as such carry significant symbolic authority. One orthodoxy that has particular authority in Australia is the notion that there is a 'mismatch' i... | [
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In April 1997, Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, experienced a disastrous flood. Both cities have been textbook examples of success according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency. They have an updated infrastructure, paid for largely by the federal government. Their downtowns are on the ... | [
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The detailed landscape pattern of the urban area within the 6th ring road in Beijing City was identified using airborne remote sensing data acquired between 1997 and 2002. The landscape indices at landscape level were computed using Fragstats 3.3, and changes in land use/cover types in Beijing from 1997 to 2002 were ex... | [
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This paper explores the reasons why consumers choose wine over other alcoholic beverages, with a focus upon the beliefs held by consumers towards the behaviour of wine drinking. The research findings show that attitudes are somewhat more predictive of the intention to drink wine than perceived social pressure. Neverthe... | [
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Anabolic steroids have been widely used in the beef cattle industry for over 50 years as safe and effective growth-promoting agents, and today, more than 90% of all feedlot cattle in the US receive some type of steroidal implant during their lifetime (NAHMS, USDA 2000). A list of approval of growth promotants by the FD... | [
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With the current and predicted increase in world population, growing global demand and consumption of food will result in increasing competition for land, water, and energy. In turn, this will severely affect our ability to produce food as will the urgent requirement to reduce the impact of food systems on the environm... | [
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Inadequate initial treatment and delayed hemodynamic stabilization (HDS) may be associated with increased risk of death in severe sepsis patients. In order to compare the hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% HES 130/0.4 and NaCl 0.9% for HDS in patients with severe sepsis, we designed a prospective, multicenter, activ... | [
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BACKGROUND Moderate differences in efficacy between adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer are plausible, and could affect treatment choices. We sought any such differences. METHODS We undertook individual-patient-data meta-analyses of the randomised trials comparing: any taxane-plus-anthracycline-based regim... | [
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Neutrophils are the main effector cells during inflammation, but they can also control excessive inflammatory responses by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanisms that modulate their plasticity remain unclear. We now show that systemic serum amyloid A 1 (SAA-1) controls the plasticity of neutroph... | [
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BACKGROUND The main associations of body-mass index (BMI) with overall and cause-specific mortality can best be assessed by long-term prospective follow-up of large numbers of people. The Prospective Studies Collaboration aimed to investigate these associations by sharing data from many studies. METHODS Collaborative a... | [
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A key aberrant biological difference between tumor cells and normal differentiated cells is altered metabolism, whereby cancer cells acquire a number of stable genetic and epigenetic alterations to retain proliferation, survive under unfavorable microenvironments and invade into surrounding tissues. A classic biochemic... | [
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A signaling pathway transmits information from an upstream system to downstream systems, ideally in a unidirectional fashion. A key obstacle to unidirectional transmission is retroactivity, the additional reaction flux that affects a system once its species interact with those of downstream systems. This raises the fun... | [
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AIMS Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a surrogate indicator of bone microarchitecture. The presenent study sought to examine the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and trabecular bone score (TBS) in adult Vietnamese men and women. METHODS The study was part of the Vietnam Osteoporosis Study, in which 2702 women an... | [
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Introduction: Among the inflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, the cell adhesion molecules Pselectin, E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and the chemokine MCP-1 stand out. They play a crucial role in adherence of cells to endothelial surfaces, in the integrity of the vascular wall and can be modulated ... | [
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