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projected onto this ground plane so that the axis of rotation appears as a point. In this case, the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the body are scalars and the fact that they are vectors along the rotation axis is ignored. This is usually preferred for introductions to the topic. But in the case of moment of inertia, the combination of mass and geometry benefits from the geometric properties of the cross product. For this reason, in this section on planar movement the angular velocity and accelerations of the body are vectors perpendicular to the ground plane, and the cross product operations are the same as used for the study of spatial rigid body movement.
### Angular momentum.
The
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angular momentum vector for the planar movement of a rigid system of particles is given by
Use the center of mass formula_129 as the reference point so
and define the moment of inertia relative to the center of mass formula_131 as
then the equation for angular momentum simplifies to
The moment of inertia formula_131 about an axis perpendicular to the movement of the rigid system and through the center of mass is known as the "polar moment of inertia". Specifically, it is the second moment of mass with respect to the orthogonal distance from an axis (or pole).
For a given amount of angular momentum, a decrease in the moment of inertia results in an increase in the angular velocity. Figure
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skaters can change their moment of inertia by pulling in their arms. Thus, the angular velocity achieved by a skater with outstretched arms results in a greater angular velocity when the arms are pulled in, because of the reduced moment of inertia. A figure skater is not, however, a rigid body.
### Kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy of a rigid system of particles moving in the plane is given by
Let the reference point be the center of mass formula_129 of the system so the second term becomes zero, and introduce the moment of inertia formula_131 so the kinetic energy is given by
The moment of inertia formula_131 is the "polar moment of inertia" of the body.
### Newton's laws.
Newton's laws
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for a rigid system of formula_114 particles, formula_115, can be written in terms of a resultant force and torque at a reference point formula_116, to yield
where formula_125 denotes the trajectory of each particle.
The kinematics of a rigid body yields the formula for the acceleration of the particle formula_145 in terms of the position formula_116 and acceleration formula_147 of the reference particle as well as the angular velocity vector formula_40 and angular acceleration vector formula_30 of the rigid system of particles as,
For systems that are constrained to planar movement, the angular velocity and angular acceleration vectors are directed along formula_34 perpendicular to the plane
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of movement, which simplifies this acceleration equation. In this case, the acceleration vectors can be simplified by introducing the unit vectors formula_152 from the reference point formula_116 to a point formula_125 and the unit vectors formula_126, so
This yields the resultant torque on the system as
where formula_158, and formula_159 is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane for all of the particles formula_145.
Use the center of mass formula_129 as the reference point and define the moment of inertia relative to the center of mass formula_131, then the equation for the resultant torque simplifies to
# Motion in space of a rigid body, and the inertia matrix.
The scalar moments
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of inertia appear as elements in a matrix when a system of particles is assembled into a rigid body that moves in three-dimensional space. This inertia matrix appears in the calculation of the angular momentum, kinetic energy and resultant torque of the rigid system of particles.
Let the system of formula_114 particles, formula_115 be located at the coordinates formula_125 with velocities formula_117 relative to a fixed reference frame. For a (possibly moving) reference point formula_116, the relative positions are
and the (absolute) velocities are
where formula_40 is the angular velocity of the system, and formula_172 is the velocity of formula_116.
## Angular momentum.
Note that the cross
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product can be equivalently written as matrix multiplication by combining the first operand and the operator into a, skew-symmetric, matrix, formula_174, constructed from the components of formula_175:
The inertia matrix is constructed by considering the angular momentum, with the reference point formula_116 of the body chosen to be the center of mass formula_129:
where the terms containing formula_172 (formula_181) sum to zero by the definition of center of mass.
Then, the skew-symmetric matrix formula_182 obtained from the relative position vector formula_183, can be used to define,
where formula_185 defined by
is the symmetric inertia matrix of the rigid system of particles measured
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relative to the center of mass formula_129.
## Kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy of a rigid system of particles can be formulated in terms of the center of mass and a matrix of mass moments of inertia of the system. Let the system of formula_114 particles formula_115 be located at the coordinates formula_125 with velocities formula_117, then the kinetic energy is
where formula_183 is the position vector of a particle relative to the center of mass.
This equation expands to yield three terms
The second term in this equation is zero because formula_129 is the center of mass. Introduce the skew-symmetric matrix formula_182 so the kinetic energy becomes
Thus, the kinetic energy of the rigid
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system of particles is given by
where formula_185 is the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass and formula_200 is the total mass.
## Resultant torque.
The inertia matrix appears in the application of Newton's second law to a rigid assembly of particles. The resultant torque on this system is,
where formula_202 is the acceleration of the particle formula_145. The kinematics of a rigid body yields the formula for the acceleration of the particle formula_145 in terms of the position formula_116 and acceleration formula_206 of the reference point, as well as the angular velocity vector formula_40 and angular acceleration vector formula_30 of the rigid system as,
Use the center of mass
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formula_129 as the reference point, and introduce the skew-symmetric matrix formula_211 to represent the cross product formula_212, to obtain
The calculation uses the identity
obtained from the Jacobi identity for the triple cross product as shown in the proof below:
Thus, the resultant torque on the rigid system of particles is given by
where formula_185 is the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass.
## Parallel axis theorem.
The inertia matrix of a body depends on the choice of the reference point. There is a useful relationship between the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass formula_129 and the inertia matrix relative to another point formula_116. This relationship
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is called the parallel axis theorem.
Consider the inertia matrix formula_219 obtained for a rigid system of particles measured relative to a reference point formula_116, given by
Let formula_129 be the center of mass of the rigid system, then
where formula_224 is the vector from the center of mass formula_129 to the reference point formula_116. Use this equation to compute the inertia matrix,
Distribute over the cross product to obtain
The first term is the inertia matrix formula_185 relative to the center of mass. The second and third terms are zero by definition of the center of mass formula_129. And the last term is the total mass of the system multiplied by the square of the skew-symmetric
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matrix formula_231 constructed from formula_224.
The result is the parallel axis theorem,
where formula_224 is the vector from the center of mass formula_129 to the reference point formula_116.
Note on the minus sign: By using the skew symmetric matrix of position vectors relative to the reference point, the inertia matrix of each particle has the form formula_237, which is similar to the formula_1 that appears in planar movement. However, to make this to work out correctly a minus sign is needed. This minus sign can be absorbed into the term formula_239, if desired, by using the skew-symmetry property of formula_240.
## Scalar moment of inertia in a plane.
The scalar moment of inertia,
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formula_241, of a body about a specified axis whose direction is specified by the unit vector formula_34 and passes through the body at a point formula_116 is as follows:
where formula_219 is the moment of inertia matrix of the system relative to the reference point formula_116, and formula_182 is the skew symmetric matrix obtained from the vector formula_169.
This is derived as follows. Let a rigid assembly of formula_114 particles, formula_115, have coordinates formula_125. Choose formula_116 as a reference point and compute the moment of inertia around a line L defined by the unit vector formula_34 through the reference point formula_116, formula_255. The perpendicular vector from this
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line to the particle formula_145 is obtained from formula_257 by removing the component that projects onto formula_34.
where formula_260 is the identity matrix, so as to avoid confusion with the inertia matrix, and formula_261 is the outer product matrix formed from the unit vector formula_34 along the line formula_5.
To relate this scalar moment of inertia to the inertia matrix of the body, introduce the skew-symmetric matrix formula_264 such that formula_265, then we have the identity
noting that formula_34 is a unit vector.
The magnitude squared of the perpendicular vector is
The simplification of this equation uses the triple scalar product identity
where the dot and the cross products
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have been interchanged. Exchanging products, and simplifying by noting that formula_257 and formula_34 are orthogonal:
Thus, the moment of inertia around the line formula_5 through formula_116 in the direction formula_34 is obtained from the calculation
where formula_219 is the moment of inertia matrix of the system relative to the reference point formula_116.
This shows that the inertia matrix can be used to calculate the moment of inertia of a body around any specified rotation axis in the body.
# Inertia tensor.
The inertia matrix is often described as the inertia tensor, which consists of the same moments of inertia and products of inertia about the three coordinate axes. The inertia
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tensor is constructed from the nine component tensors, (the symbol formula_279 is the tensor product)
where formula_281 are the three orthogonal unit vectors defining the inertial frame in which the body moves. Using this basis the inertia tensor is given by
This tensor is of degree two because the component tensors are each constructed from two basis vectors. In this form the inertia tensor is also called the "inertia binor".
For a rigid system of particles formula_283 each of mass formula_284 with position coordinates formula_285, the inertia tensor is given by
where formula_260 is the identity tensor
In this case, the components of the inertia tensor are given by
The inertia tensor
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for a continuous body is given by
where formula_28 defines the coordinates of a point in the body and formula_292 is the mass density at that point. The integral is taken over the volume formula_87 of the body. The inertia tensor is symmetric because formula_294.
Alternatively it can also be written in terms of the angular momentum operator formula_295:
The inertia tensor can be used in the same way as the inertia matrix to compute the scalar moment of inertia about an arbitrary axis in the direction formula_297,
where the dot product is taken with the corresponding elements in the component tensors. A product of inertia term such as formula_299 is obtained by the computation
and can be
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interpreted as the moment of inertia around the formula_90-axis when the object rotates around the formula_91-axis.
The components of tensors of degree two can be assembled into a matrix. For the inertia tensor this matrix is given by,
It is common in rigid body mechanics to use notation that explicitly identifies the formula_90, formula_91, and formula_89-axes, such as formula_307 and formula_308, for the components of the inertia tensor.
# Inertia matrix in different reference frames.
The use of the inertia matrix in Newton's second law assumes its components are computed relative to axes parallel to the inertial frame and not relative to a body-fixed reference frame. This means that as
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the body moves the components of the inertia matrix change with time. In contrast, the components of the inertia matrix measured in a body-fixed frame are constant.
## Body frame.
Let the body frame inertia matrix relative to the center of mass be denoted formula_309, and define the orientation of the body frame relative to the inertial frame by the rotation matrix formula_147, such that,
where vectors formula_312 in the body fixed coordinate frame have coordinates formula_313 in the inertial frame. Then, the inertia matrix of the body measured in the inertial frame is given by
Notice that formula_147 changes as the body moves, while formula_309 remains constant.
## Principal axes.
Measured
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in the body frame the inertia matrix is a constant real symmetric matrix. A real symmetric matrix has the eigendecomposition into the product of a rotation matrix formula_317 and a diagonal matrix formula_318, given by
where
The columns of the rotation matrix formula_317 define the directions of the principal axes of the body, and the constants formula_322, formula_323, and formula_324 are called the principal moments of inertia. This result was first shown by J. J. Sylvester (1852), and is a form of Sylvester's law of inertia.
For bodies with constant density an axis of rotational symmetry is a principal axis.
## Ellipsoid.
The moment of inertia matrix in body-frame coordinates is a quadratic
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form that defines a surface in the body called Poinsot's ellipsoid. Let formula_318 be the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass aligned with the principal axes, then the surface
or
defines an ellipsoid in the body frame. Write this equation in the form,
to see that the semi-principal diameters of this ellipsoid are given by
Let a point formula_313 on this ellipsoid be defined in terms of its magnitude and direction, formula_331, where formula_297 is a unit vector. Then the relationship presented above, between the inertia matrix and the scalar moment of inertia formula_333 around an axis in the direction formula_297, yields
Thus, the magnitude of a point formula_313 in the direction
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formula_333 around an axis in the direction formula_297, yields
Thus, the magnitude of a point formula_313 in the direction formula_297 on the inertia ellipsoid is
# See also.
- Central moment
- List of moments of inertia
- Rotational energy
# External links.
- Angular momentum and rigid-body rotation in two and three dimensions
- Lecture notes on rigid-body rotation and moments of inertia
- The moment of inertia tensor
- An introductory lesson on moment of inertia: keeping a vertical pole not falling down (Java simulation)
- Tutorial on finding moments of inertia, with problems and solutions on various basic shapes
- Notes on mechanics of manipulation: the angular inertia tensor
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Battle of Rivoli
The Battle of Rivoli (14–15 January 1797) was a key victory in the French campaign in Italy against Austria. Napoleon Bonaparte's 23,000 Frenchmen defeated an attack of 28,000 Austrians under General of the Artillery Jozsef Alvinczi, ending Austria's fourth and final attempt to relieve the Siege of Mantua. Rivoli further demonstrated Napoleon's brilliance as a military commander and led to French occupation of northern Italy.
# Forces.
See Rivoli 1797 Campaign Order of Battle.
# Prelude.
Alvinczi's plan was to rush and overwhelm Barthélemy Joubert in the mountains east of Lake Garda by concentrating 28,000 men in five separate columns, and thereby gain access to the open
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country north of Mantua where Austrian superior numbers would be able to defeat Bonaparte's smaller Army of Italy. Alvinczi attacked Joubert's 10,000 men on January 12. However Joubert held him off and was subsequently joined by Louis-Alexandre Berthier and, at 2 a.m. on January 14, by Bonaparte, who brought up elements of André Masséna's division to support Joubert's efforts to form a defensive line on favorable ground just north of Rivoli on the Trambasore Heights. The battle would be a contest between Alvinczi's efforts to concentrate his dispersed columns versus the arrival of French reinforcements.
# Battle.
The morning of Saturday January 14, found Alvinczi engaging the division of Joubert.
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He had united three Austrian columns between Caprino on the right and the chapel of San Marco on the left; the brigade of Franz Josef de Lusignan was advancing to the north of Monte Baldo; and the troops of Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich and Josef Philipp Vukassovich were pouring down the roads on either side of the Adige. Before daybreak as the French were moving on the road from Rivoli to Incanale Joubert attacked and drove the Austrians from the chapel of San Marco.
At 9 a.m., the Austrian brigades of Samuel Koblos and Anton Lipthay counterattacked the French forces on the Trambasore Heights. Another column under Prince Heinrich of Reuss-Plauen attempted to turn the French right via the Rivoli
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gorge. Meanwhile, on the French right flank, Vukassovich had advanced down the east bank of the Adige and had established batteries opposite Osteria. The fire of his guns and the pressure from Quosdanovich forced the French out of the village of Osteria and onto the Rivoli plateau. By about 11 a.m. the position of Bonaparte was becoming desperate: an Austrian column under Lusignan was cutting off his retreat south of Rivoli. To reopen his line of retreat Bonaparte turned to Massena's 18th Demi-brigade ("the Brave"), newly arrived from Lake Garda. Meanwhile, Alvinczi was on the Trambasore Heights urging his victorious battalions forward, though they were unformed by combat and rough terrain.
With
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the 18th dispatched to check Lusignan, Bonaparte turned all his attention to Quosdanovich. He understood the defeat of this column was the key to the battle. Unfortunately the French had very few reserves left and mostly had to accomplish this with troops already at hand. Making the best of interior lines and his advantage in artillery, Bonaparte thinned out Joubert's lines facing the Austrians frontally at the Trambasore Heights as much as possible and concentrated them before the gorge. A battery of 15 French guns were massed and poured canister shot at point blank range into the advancing Austrian column that was emerging from the gorge. This devastating firepower struck first on the advancing
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Austrian dragoons who broke and stampeded through their own infantry causing mass chaos. At this juncture the brigade of Charles Leclerc assaulted the column frontally while Joubert laid down heavy flanking fire from San Marco. Here Antoine Charles de Lasalle with just 26 horseman of the 22nd Horse Chasseurs charged into the melee. Lasalle's men captured a whole Austrian battalion and seized 5 enemy flags.
In the centre the battle was not yet won; Joseph Ocskay renewed his attack from San Marco and drove back the brigade of Honoré Vial. But at midday French cavalry under Joachim Murat charged the flanks of Ocskay's troops, which were driven back to the positions they occupied in the morning.
Quosdanovich
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realized he could not force the defile and ordered his troops to fall back out of artillery range. Meanwhile, while Lusignan was being engaged frontally by the brigade of Guillaume Brune, the division of Gabriel Rey, coming up from Castelnuovo and the brigade of Claude Victor (reserve) began to arrive. They crushed the Austrian column of Lusignan who fled west with less than 2,000 men remaining.
The French lost 3,200 killed and wounded and 1,000 captured, while the Austrians suffered 4,000 killed and wounded, plus 8,000 men and 40 guns captured. One authority gives the French 5,000 and the Austrians 14,000 total losses.
# Aftermath.
The next day Joubert and Ray began a successful pursuit
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of Alvinczi, all but destroying his columns, the remnants of which fled north up into the Adige Valley in confusion. The Battle of Rivoli was Bonaparte's greatest victory at the time. After that he turned his attention to Giovanni di Provera. On January 13, his corps (9,000 men) had crossed north of Legnano and driven straight for the relief of Mantua which was besieged by French forces under Jean Sérurier. At night on January 15, Provera sent a message to Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser to break out in a concerted attack. On January 16, when Wurmser attacked he was driven back into Mantua by Sérurier. The Austrians were attacked from the front by Masséna (who had force marched from Rivoli) and
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from the rear by the division of Pierre Augereau, and were thus forced to surrender the entire force. The Austrian army in North Italy had ceased to exist. On February 2, Mantua surrendered with its garrison of 16,000 men, all that remained of an army of 30,000. The troops marched out with the 'honours of war', and laid down their arms. Wurmser with his staff and an escort were allowed to go free. The remainder were sent to Austria after swearing an oath to not serve against the French for a year, 1,500 guns were found in the fortress. On February 18, Bonaparte proceeded with 8,000 men to Rome, determined to come to a settlement with the Papal States, which had shown covert hostility so long
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as the campaign had proceeded with uncertainty as to the fate of Italy. But with the fall of Mantua the Austrians were finally driven from Italian soil, and Pope Pius VI agreed to an armistice dictated by Bonaparte in Tolentino. Snow had closed the Alpine passes, but Austria still refused Bonaparte terms of a peace agreement. He prepared one last campaign to the east, into the heartland of Austria to the gates of Vienna itself.
## Legacy.
The Rue de Rivoli, a street in central Paris, is named after the battle.
# References.
- Boycott-Brown, Martin. "The Road to Rivoli." Cassell; New Ed edition, 2002.
- Chandler, David. "Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars." New York: Macmillan, 1979.
# External
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ate of Italy. But with the fall of Mantua the Austrians were finally driven from Italian soil, and Pope Pius VI agreed to an armistice dictated by Bonaparte in Tolentino. Snow had closed the Alpine passes, but Austria still refused Bonaparte terms of a peace agreement. He prepared one last campaign to the east, into the heartland of Austria to the gates of Vienna itself.
## Legacy.
The Rue de Rivoli, a street in central Paris, is named after the battle.
# References.
- Boycott-Brown, Martin. "The Road to Rivoli." Cassell; New Ed edition, 2002.
- Chandler, David. "Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars." New York: Macmillan, 1979.
# External links.
- Photographs of the battlefield of Rivoli
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Battle of Novi (1799)
The Battle of Novi (15 August 1799) saw a combined army of Habsburg Austrians and Imperial Russians under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov attack a Republican French army under General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert. After a prolonged and bloody struggle, the Austro-Russians broke through the French defenses and drove their enemies into a disorderly retreat. Joubert was killed while French division commanders Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon and Emmanuel Grouchy were captured. Novi Ligure is in the province of Piedmont in Italy a distance of north of Genoa. The battle occurred during the War of the Second Coalition which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
In 1799,
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Russian and Austrian forces swept across the Po River valley, recapturing lands taken by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796. The French troops in Italy were badly defeated at the major battles of Magnano, Cassano and the Trebbia. Subsequently, French and Cisalpine Italian troops retreated into Genoa and the Ligurian Republic. A new French government placed Joubert in command of the reformed "Army of Italy" and ordered him to take the offensive. Accordingly, the French army moved north across the mountain crests and assembled on high ground at Novi Ligure on 14 August. To Joubert's dismay, it was clear that large Coalition forces were nearby. The next morning Paul Kray's Austrian corps assaulted the
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French left flank and the battle was on. After a delay, Suvorov committed a Russian corps to attack the center and Michael von Melas' Austrian corps to attack the French right flank. Kray's troops suffered heavy losses but by evening the French army was badly beaten and the French hold on the Italian Riviera was gravely weakened. However, the Coalition planners proceeded to throw away their advantage by sending Suvorov's Russians to Switzerland, a change of strategy that ended badly.
# Background.
The 1799 campaign in Italy began with the Battle of Verona, a series of costly but indecisive clashes around Verona on 26 March. At the Battle of Magnano on 5 April, the Habsburg Austrian army of
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Paul Kray triumphed over the Republican French army of Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer. While suffering losses of 4,000 killed and wounded and 2,000 captured, Kray's Austrians inflicted casualties of 3,500 killed and wounded and captured 4,500 men, 18 artillery pieces and seven colors from the French. Two days later, a distraught Schérer begged to be relieved of command. Michael von Melas arrived to take command of the Austrian army from Kray on 9 April. Hearing that 12,000 Austrians were approaching from the Tyrol to the north, Schérer abandoned the line of the Mincio River on 12 April. Leaving 12,000 troops in the fortress of Mantua and 1,600 more in Peschiera del Garda, the demoralized French
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commander ordered his crippled army to withdraw. As the soldiers fell back, the skies opened up and turned the retreat into a sodden nightmare.
On 15 April 1799, the veteran Russian field marshal Alexander Suvorov formally took command of the combined Austro-Russian army in Italy. On 27 April Suvorov defeated the French, now under Jean Victor Marie Moreau, at the Battle of Cassano. The Allies suffered 2,000 casualties while the French sustained losses of 2,500 killed and wounded plus 5,000 soldiers, 27 guns and three colors captured. The next day a 3,000-man French division was trapped and surrendered at Verderio Superiore. The next major action was the Battle of Trebbia from 17 to 20 June
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where Suvorov's 37,000-strong Austro-Russian army mauled Jacques MacDonald's 33,000-man French army. The Allies suffered 5,500 casualties while inflicting 16,500 on the French including the taking of 7,000 prisoners. Meanwhile, Coalition forces successfully besieged a number of key fortresses. Peschiera fell on 6 May, Milan was captured on 24 May and Turin fell on 20 June after a nine-day siege. Suvorov and his Austrian allies had evicted the French from almost all of Italy, while Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen beat André Masséna's French army at the First Battle of Zurich on 4–6 June.
A day after defeating MacDonald at the Trebbia, the Allies captured the 17th Light Demi Brigade, 1,099
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men, six guns and three colors. On 22 June Suvorov halted pursuit by his army, exhausted by continuous marching and fighting. At first a division was allowed to follow the French, but this was soon reduced to an Austrian advanced guard under Johann von Klenau which went on to clear the Grand Duchy of Tuscany of enemy forces. On 20 June, Moreau and 14,000 French troops left the security of the mountains to defeat Count Heinrich von Bellegarde and 11,000 Austrians in the Second Battle of Marengo. Bellegarde withdrew to the west after suffering 2,260 casualties but Moreau soon scampered back to the safety of the Apennines after hearing news of the Trebbia. French casualties numbered 1,000 killed
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and wounded in this encounter.
By 27 June, Suvorov moved his main army west to cover the sieges of Alessandria and Tortona while Kray was still reducing Mantua. Suvorov and his Austrian chief of staff Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles planned to evict the weakened and battered French forces from Genoa and the Italian Riviera. However, instructions soon arrived from Vienna squelching any notion of offensive operations. Emperor Francis and his foreign minister Johann Amadeus Francis de Paula, Baron of Thugut insisted that the Italian fortresses must first be captured. In fact the emperor and Thugut were suspicious of Russian designs on Genoa and Tuscany, areas which they considered to be
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in Austria's sphere of influence. For his part, Suvorov was annoyed with Viennese officials for trying to direct the war from long distance.
Repeated military defeats shook the public's faith in the French Directory. The Coup of 30 Prairial VII occurred on 18 June which pushed Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès and Paul Barras into leading roles and elevated Jean Baptiste Bernadotte to the post of Minister of War. There were two major forces in Italy, the 19,000-strong "Army of the Alps" under Jean Étienne Championnet and 40,713 men of the "Army of Italy". The French government placed its hopes on Barthélemy Catherine Joubert to retrieve the situation as the new commander of the "Army of Italy". Not only
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was Joubert a talented general, but he was believed to be lacking political ambitions and thus not a threat to the government. When Joubert arrived in the theater on 4 August, Moreau gracefully stepped aside and offered his assistance.
The Allies successfully wrapped up the siege of Alessandria on 21 July and the Siege of Mantua on 30 July. These important events released 30,000 Coalition troops for field operations. Suvarov placed Konrad Valentin von Kaim with 14,000 Austrians to guard the west of Piedmont and Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak with 11,000 more to observe the alpine passes into Switzerland to the north. Klenau with 5,000 troops at Sarzana was watching the southeast side of Genoa.
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Kray was ordered to join the main army as quickly as possible. The rest of Suvorov's army was deployed in the area of Alessandria and Tortona. In the meantime, Chasteler was seriously wounded by a canister shot on 17 July during the siege of Alessandria and replaced by another Austrian, Anton von Zach. Despite the pain of his injury, Chasteler produced a new plan for ousting the French from the Ligurian mountains. This plan was put on indefinite hold when the news of the impending French offensive became known.
The "Army of Italy" was fortunate in having capable generals. Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon led the left wing while Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr directed the right wing. Both became Marshals
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of France under Napoleon along with Joubert's chief of staff Louis Gabriel Suchet and division commander Emmanuel Grouchy. Joubert's generals wished to wait for Championnet's army to come up on their left around 20 August before advancing. However, Joubert believed that his orders to attack from the Directory were imperative and refused to delay. Saint-Cyr's wing moved north through the Bocchetta Pass and Gavi. At Serravalle Scrivia they besieged a castle held by four companies of Austrians. This position had been captured by Pyotr Bagration's 2,100-man Russian advance guard as recently as 9 August. Pérignon's wing had farther to march. This French column pushed some of Bellegarde's troops out
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of Terzo then swung east through Acqui Terme, Rivalta Bormida and Capriata d'Orba. Saint-Cyr arrived alone at Novi Ligure on 13 August, but Suvorov declined to attack, hoping to lure the French into the plains where his superior cavalry and artillery might prove decisive. That same day contact was established with Pérignon's approaching troops.
Kray's troops reached Alessandria on 12 June and Suvorov planned to launch them into an attack on Pérignon's wing early on the 14th. This proved to be impossible, but Kray managed to join Bellegarde's force and he promised to attack on 15 August. Meanwhile, the division of François Watrin moved down from the hills in the direction of Tortona, giving
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every indication that the French offensive was still in full swing. Joubert had hoped that he was facing only 8,000 enemies. But he was stunned to see that he was facing at least 36,000 enemies including Kray's corps in the plains below. Both Pérignon and Saint-Cyr counseled retreat, but Joubert put off a final decision until the next day. Meanwhile, Suvorov assumed that the French army would soon descend into the plains. When the French came forward, Kray and 27,000 soldiers would cut into their left flank while Bagration's 5,700-man Russian advance guard would turn their right flank. With luck the two forces would link hands behind the French. Once the turning movements were well developed,
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Wilhelm Derfelden's 9,850 Russians and Melas' 8,800 Austrians would join the battle. Farther north, Johann Baptist Alcaini's 5,260-strong force besieged Tortona, covered by Andrei Grigorevich Rosenberg's 8,270 Russians.
# Forces.
Kray's corps was divided into two Austrian divisions under Bellegarde and Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz. The brigade commanders were Friedrich Joseph Anton von Bellegarde, Friedrich Heinrich von Gottesheim, Ferdinand Minckwitz and Alexander Friedrich von Seckendorff. Except for the last-named, it is not clear in which division the brigadiers served. Ott's left division included three battalions each of the "Deutschmeister" Nr. 4, "Terzy" Nr. 16 and "Mittrowsky" Nr.
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40 Infantry Regiments, two battalions of the "Vukassovich" Nr. 48 Infantry Regiment, one battalion of the "Szluiner" Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 4, and six squadrons of the "Archduke John" Dragoon Regiment Nr. 3. Ott commanded 9,979 infantry and 906 cavalry for a total of 10,885.
Bellegarde's division consisted of three battalions each of the "Sztáray" Nr. 33 and "Nádasdy" Nr. 39 Infantry Regiments, two battalions each of the "Huff" Nr. 8, "Kheul" Nr. 10, "Gyulai" Nr. 32 and "Lattermann" Nr. 45 Infantry Regiments, six squadrons of the "Kaiser" Dragoon Regiment Nr. 1 and eight squadrons of the "Archduke Joseph" Hussar Regiment Nr. 2. This force numbered 11,796 foot and 1,724 horse or a strength
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of 13,520 troops. To Bellegarde's right was a screening force under Seckendorff which was made up of two battalions of the "Oranien" Nr. 15 Infantry Regiment, one battalion of the "Szluiner" Grenz and three squadrons of the Hussar Regiment Nr. 5. The screening force counted 2,491 infantry and 524 cavalry or a total of 3,015 soldiers. Kray wielded a total of 27,420 troops in his large corps.
On the Allied left, Melas commanded Michael von Fröhlich's 8,575-strong Austrian division. The division consisted of more than 3,660 grenadiers in nine battalions, six squadrons each of the "Lobkowitz" Nr. 10 and "Levenehr" Nr. 14 Dragoon Regiments, 1,258 sabers, three battalions of the "Fürstenberg" Infantry
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Regiment Nr. 36, 2,081 men, and two battalions of the "Stuart" Infantry Regiment Nr. 18, 1,576 troops. One brigadier was Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein, though the troops under his command are not given. Franz Joseph, Marquis de Lusignan led the "Fürstenberg", "Morzin", "Paar", "Pertusi" and "Weber" Grenadier Battalions and Johann Ludwig Alexius von Loudon commanded the "Hohenfeld", "Goeschen", "Schiaffinatti" and "Weissenwolff" Grenadier Battalions. Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky directed two of the "Fürstenberg" infantry battalions and two squadrons of the "Lobkowitz" Dragoons while Johann Benedikt Nobili led the two "Stuart" infantry battalions and two more squadrons of the "Lobkowitz"
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Regiment.
Derfelden's 15,552-man Russian corps was divided into a division under Derfelden himself, a second division led by Mikhail Miloradovich and an Advance Guard led by Bagration. The Advance Guard consisted of two battalions each of the "Bagration" and "Miller" Jäger Regiments, 1,189 foot, the "Dendrygin", "Lomonosov", "Sanaev" and "Kalemin" Combined Grenadier Battalions, 1,728 foot, the "Denisov", "Sychov", "Grekov" and "Semernikov" Cossack Regiments, 1,948 horse, and six squadrons of the Austrian "Karaczay" Dragoon Regiment Nr. 4, 840 horse. Altogether, the 5,705-man Advance Guard counted 2,917 infantry and 2,788 cavalry. Derfelden's 6,127-strong infantry division included two battalions
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each of the "Schveikovsky", "Förster", "Tyrtov" and "Baranovsky" Musketeer Regiments and two battalions of the "Rosenberg" Grenadier Regiment. Miloradovich's 3,720-man infantry division had two battalions each of the "Jung-Baden", "Dalheim" and "Miloradovich" Musketeer Regiments. The strength of Suvorov's Austro-Russian army was 44,347 foot and 7,200 horse, a total of 51,547 soldiers, not counting gunners and sappers.
According to one authority Joubert's army numbered 32,843 infantry and 2,087 cavalry for a total of 34,930 men. Saint-Cyr stated the army was 34,000-strong but in another place gave a strength of 35,487 foot and 1,765 horse, or a total of 37,252 men not counting artillery. According
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to Spencer C. Tucker, the total French force amounted 35,000. The French supply arrangements had collapsed and the troops were tired, thirsty and starving. Some soldiers were reduced to eating grass and leaves. Pérignon's wing consisted of the infantry divisions of Grouchy and Louis Lemoine plus a two-brigade infantry reserve and Antoine Richepanse's cavalry reserve. All demi brigades had two battalions each except where otherwise noted. Grouchy's 5,620-man division had a first brigade under Charles Louis Dieudonné Grandjean made up of the 39th and 92nd Line Infantry Demi Brigades and one battalion of the 26th Light Infantry Demi Brigade. The second brigade of Henri François Marie Charpentier
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consisted of the 93rd and 99th Line Demi Brigades. Lemoine's 6,410-strong division included a first brigade under Louis Gareau with the 26th Line and 80th Line and one battalion of the 5th Light and a second brigade under Jean Mathieu Seras counting the 20th Light and 34th Line. The three squadron strong 1st Hussar Regiment was attached to Lemoine. The 4,875-man reserve included Bertrand Clausel's brigade with the 29th Light and 74th Line and Louis Partouneaux's brigade with the 105th Line and one battalion of the 26th Light. Richepanse commanded 1,002 sabers in the 2nd Chasseurs à Cheval, 12th Dragoon, and the 1st, 3rd and 18th Cavalry Regiments. Each regiment counted two squadrons.
Saint-Cyr's
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wing comprised the infantry divisions of Pierre Garnier de Laboissière, François Watrin and Jean Henri Dombrowski, a strong independent brigade under Louis Léonard Colli-Ricci, plus infantry and cavalry reserves. Laboissière's division numbered between 3,645 and 3,976 men in six battalions and had the three squadron strong 6th Hussar Regiment attached. François Jean Baptiste Quesnel's brigade included the 17th Light and 63rd Line Demi Brigades while Gaspard Amédée Gardanne's brigade counted the 18th Light and 21st Line Demi Brigades. Watrin's division had between 4,535 and 6,040 soldiers in 10 battalions including the attached 25th Chasseurs à Cheval of two squadron strength. André Calvin's
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advanced guard counted the 8th, 15th and 27th Light and 2nd Line, Antoine Arnaud's brigade consisted of the 12th and 30th Light and Pierre Étienne Petitot's brigade had the 62nd and 78th Line. Dombrowski's division counted between 2,130 and 2,340 troops in seven battalions. Dombrowski's units were the 17th and 55th Line, the Polish Legion including a cavalry squadron and two battalions of the 1st (Italian) Cisalpine. Colli commanded from 3,878 to 4,260 men consisting of two battalions each of the 14th, 24th and 68th Line plus a battalion of Poles. The infantry reserve had 2,420 soldiers in four battalions of the 3rd and 106th Line. François Guérin d'Etoquigny's cavalry reserve numbered 425 sabers
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in five squadrons of the 16th and 19th Dragoons and 19th Chasseurs à Cheval.
# Battle.
Joubert did not plan on fighting at Novi Ligure, but the position that his troops held was well-suited for a defensive battle. Facing north, the French held an arc of high ground from Serravalle on the right to Pasturana on the left. In the center, Novi was surrounded by a wall and ditch dating to the Middle Ages. One weakness of the position was that the deep ravines of the Riasco and Braghena streams cut across the rear, obstructing any retreat. Kray had the Allied right wing in movement before dawn with Bellegarde on the right and Ott on the left. Seckendorf on the far right aimed for the place where
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the Riasco stream emerged from its ravine. The crackle of muskets began at 3:20 am as the Austrian columns bumped into French picket lines. This provoked a great racket in the French camps as their surprised troops rushed into formation. At first light, the Allies saw that the heights were crowned by the blue lines of French infantry. Instead of striking the flank of an enemy army on the move, the Austrians of the right wing were making a frontal attack on a strong position.
On the extreme French right, Dombrowski's division blockaded the Austrians in Serravalle Castle. Next in line was Watrin's division which was still deployed in the low ground to the east of Novi. Gardanne's brigade held
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Novi while the rest of Laboissière's division lined the heights behind the town. Farther to the left was Lemoine's division and then Grouchy's division on the far left. The left was braced by the reserves of Clausel, Partouneaux and Richepanse.
At the foot of the plateau, Ott and Bellegarde deployed from marching columns into lines. At first their assault enjoyed some success against their sleep-groggy opponents. However, the slopes were steep and obstructed by vineyards, forcing the Austrians to redeploy into column. Pérignon brought Clausel and Partouneaux to the assistance of Grouchy, while Saint-Cyr sent Colli's brigade from the right wing to help Lemoine. Moreau took charge of the French
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center in the contest against Ott. In this phase of the battle Joubert was fatally hit while leading a counterattack by the 26th Light Demi Brigade. Despite mounting losses, the Austrian infantry bravely and repeatedly struggled forward in columns. As they reached the top of the slope and tried to redeploy into line, they were struck by French counterattacks and forced back. At last, Ott's columns were overthrown by the 26th Light and 105th Line and Kray's entire wing fell back to the bottom of the heights to reform.
By 9:00 am Kray and his officers managed to reorganize their troops when an order arrived from Suvorov to renew the attack. Once more the Austrians attacked the heights and once
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more they were defeated with loss. While Clausel and Richepanse helped repulse Bellegarde's division, Partouneaux counterattacked Ott. Encouraged by his success, Partouneaux unwisely charged down into the plain where his troops were scattered by four squadrons of the "Archduke Joseph" Hussars and "Kaiser" Dragoons. Partouneaux was among those captured. After the repulse of his second attack, Kray massed a 40-gun battery with which he bombarded any French troops who dared to line the crest. But the Austrian general refused to launch more attacks until the rest of the army joined the fight. Suvorov had planned to encircle a French army in motion. The unexpected circumstances threw the Allied plan
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out of gear.
Suvorov realized that every man must be thrown into the battle. Bagration's command belatedly attacked Novi at 10:00 am. As the Russians moved forward they were subjected to an intense artillery barrage. Bagration's troops were able to press back the French skirmish lines but were foiled when they encountered Novi's city wall. Moving to their right, they ran into Quesnel's brigade of Laboissière's division defending the heights. As the Russians pushed forward they were attacked in flank by Gardanne's men from Novi and even by Watrin's troops from the French right flank. Miloradovich's division was sent into the fray but every Russian assault on the French center came to grief.
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Bagration's Cossacks found employment by luring French skirmishers into the plain and then killing or capturing them.
In due course, Derfelden's division arrived at the front and was hurled into a new attack near Novi. Kray's wing attacked once more and his attack stalled. Around 11:30 am Suvarov directed the Allied left wing under Melas to advance. However, Melas declined to attack Novi as ordered. Instead, he carefully reconnoitered the ground and decided to assault the French right flank. The Austrian sent Nobili's two battalions and two squadrons south along the east bank of the Scrivia River toward Serravalle to guard against any French threat from that direction. The remainder of the
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left wing moved down the west bank of the river with Mittrowsky's brigade on the left and the grenadier brigades on the right. Melas instructed Lusignan's brigade to attack to the east of Novi while Loudon's brigade made a wider sweep to the east.
Around 3:00 pm the most recent Austro-Russian attack was repulsed from the line of heights. By this time Watrin had positioned his division on the heights to the east of Novi. Lusignan's grenadiers made three frontal attacks on Watrin without breaking through. Meanwhile, Loudon's grenadiers approached Watrin's right flank and Mittrowsky's command threatened an even deeper envelopment. In the face of the new attacks, Watrin's division crumbled. Saint-Cyr
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threw the 106th Line Demi Brigade into a counterattack which stopped the Austrians and captured Lusignan, who was wounded. By 5:00 pm, Watrin and the 106th were finally beaten by superior numbers and retreated. On the opposite flank Kray attacked again between 3:00 and 4:00 pm.
Around 5:30 pm the entire French position started to disintegrate. The "Paar" Grenadier Battalion drove Colli's 68th Line from the crest near Novi. The troops of Derfelden and Melas broke into Novi at about the same time, driving out most of Gardanne's men. Laboissière's division managed to follow Watrin's men in their escape. But at about this time the French army split into two halves which were not reunited until
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three days later. As the French left started to pull back, the Allies closed in for the kill, unleashing their cavalry. Earlier, Bellegarde had posted a battalion and four squadrons near Pasturana on the far right. Now, as the French retreated they had to negotiate the streets of Pasturana, the Braghena Gorge immediately to the south and Bellegarde's small force.
The entire French left wing had to squeeze through the blockage. The Russians took no prisoners, killing every Frenchman that they caught. If a French soldier survived as a prisoner, it was because he was taken by Kray's Austrians. In the melee Grouchy tried to rally his men but was cut down and captured. Pérignon was also taken prisoner
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after suffering three wounds including a deep saber cut above his left eye. Colli and at least 2,000 other French soldiers and 21 artillery pieces were captured, mostly in the bottleneck at Pasturana. As night fell, the French army streamed away and the exhausted Allies stopped. Near midnight, some of Gardanne's men were discovered hiding out in Novi and the Russians went through the town again. Having accomplished their purpose, they began looting and Suvorov ordered his drummers to beat assembly to stop the pillage.
# Results.
Historian Digby Smith called Novi, "one of the bloodiest battles of the era" and the casualties bear this out. Smith claimed that the Allies sustained about 900 killed,
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4,200 wounded and 1,400 captured or missing, plus three guns. Russian generals Aleksey Gorchakov, Tyrtoff and Tschubaroff were wounded. The French lost 1,500 killed, 5,500 wounded and 4,500 prisoners. The Allies also captured 37 guns, 40 munition wagons and eight colors. Christopher Duffy stated that one Austrian account admitted a sum of 799 killed, 3,670 wounded and 1,259 missing, though this add up to less than the 5,754 reported total. Kray's wing alone had 710 killed, 3,260 wounded and 1,175 missing. The Russians suffered 2,496 casualties. The two sets of figures add up to a total Allied loss of 8,250. Duffy gave French losses as 6,500 to 6,643; evidently this is only the killed and wounded.
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Gunther E. Rothenberg asserted that both sides lost 7,000 killed and wounded, while the Allies had 2,000 missing and the French had 4,000 prisoners or missing plus 37 guns. David G. Chandler rounded the casualties to 8,000 Allied and 11,000 French. According to Spencer C. Tucker, 11,000 were killed on the French side, and 9,000 on the Allied side. while Bagration was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky while Derfelden earned the Order of St. Andrew.
Once the soldiers of the French left wing got clear of the Braghena Gorge, they quickly left the battlefeld far behind. The right wing, however, was in a difficult spot because it was unable to withdraw through Gavi and Nobili's command blocked
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its escape route via Arquata Scrivia. Saint-Cyr was unable to dislodge the Austrians with Dombrowski's men and finally shoved Nobili out of the way by using Watrin's division. Suvorov brought up Rosenberg's corps to the battlefield but did not launch a pursuit. The Russian commander in chief still planned to evict the French from Genoa and the Italian Riviera, but orders soon arrived sending troops elsewhere. Klenau's command to the southeast of Genoa was diverted to secure Austrian control of Tuscany. A French offensive seized Valais in southwest Switzerland, routing some of Hadik's troops. Suvorov detached Kray to the north with 10,000 Austrians to help.
On 25 August, Suvorov's hopes to conquer
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Liguria were dashed forever when fresh instructions from Emperor Francis reached him. A new strategy put forward by the British and approved by Czar Paul and the Austrians directed Suvorov to take command of a new Russian army assembling in Switzerland. This army would be formed by joining the Russian troops in Italy to another Russian army in Germany under Alexander Korsakov. The army was to invade France through the Jura Mountains. When Korsakov arrived in Switzerland, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen immediately moved north into Germany with the main Austrian army. The strategy's timing failed. Charles left Switzerland too early and Suvorov reached Switzerland too late. André Masséna wrecked
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e Austrians directed Suvorov to take command of a new Russian army assembling in Switzerland. This army would be formed by joining the Russian troops in Italy to another Russian army in Germany under Alexander Korsakov. The army was to invade France through the Jura Mountains. When Korsakov arrived in Switzerland, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen immediately moved north into Germany with the main Austrian army. The strategy's timing failed. Charles left Switzerland too early and Suvorov reached Switzerland too late. André Masséna wrecked the Allied plan when he defeated Korsakov at the Second Battle of Zurich on 26 September 1799.
# See also.
- The map of the battle of Novi. Aug. 15, 1799
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Anti-Flag
Anti-Flag is an American punk rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The band is well known for politically charged lyrics and activism, focusing on anti-war activism, anti-imperialism, class struggle, human rights, and various sociopolitical sentiments. The line-up includes singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band; later members are guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker (#2) who replaced Jamie "Cock" Towns, who had replaced original bassist Andy Flag in 1997 following his departure one year prior. Anti-Flag is known also for their advocacy of progressive political action groups such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International.
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Most recently, the band has declared solidarity with the global Occupy Together movement.
# History.
## Early years (1988/1992–1996).
Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists moved in and out of the band, including
Justin's sister, Lucy Fester formerly of Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, and it fell apart after playing just one show.
In 1992, Justin and Pat reformed the band with Andy Flag on bass. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year.
## First three albums (1996–1999).
In 1996, the band released their first album, "Die For the Government",
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on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band in the summer of 1996 because of personal disputes between himself and Justin. For a brief time after Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan of Pittsburgh band the Bad Genes filled in on bass. It was during this time that Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to the band.
In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, moving Chris Head over to second guitar, which he preferred. The current line-up finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.
In 1998, the band
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released their second full-length release, "Their System Doesn't Work For You". The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album "North America Sucks", as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and "Their System Doesn't Work For You" became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records.
In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album "A New Kind of Army" on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity within the American youth. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase "Too smart to
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fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army." In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover saying,"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity."
## Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004).
In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting spawned a friendship that would lead to Anti-Flag's release of two albums on the label.
In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album "Underground Network", released on Fat Wreck Chords. The release of the
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album is arguably the band's breakout from the hardcore underground to a more mainstream spotlight. The album continued to address the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the "hardcore scene") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.
In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album "Mobilize" on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for
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war with the album's title track "911 for peace". During this time, many music stores pulled Anti-Flag's records from shelves, as their music was labelled as "anti-American."
In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album "The Terror State" on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's handling of the War on Terrorism. Again, the album contained a booklet full of essays from the band as well as other political commentators. The album contains a song whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie entitled "Post-War Breakout." The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.
On October
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8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.
## RCA (2005–2009).
In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper "The Guardian", Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label:
The first of these two albums, "For Blood and Empire", was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the United States Government. The song 'This Is The End (For You My Friend)' from the album "For Blood and Empire" is featured in the video
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game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, and strays from the theme of war and back towards troubled youth. They finished their huge "War Sucks, Let's Party" United States headlining tour in April and work on some side projects like African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.
Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.
On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed on their homepage that their newest album was titled "The Bright Lights of America". Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and
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Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The single "The Bright Lights Of America" was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.
In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song "Turn Your Back" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.
In March 2009, Anti-Flag were forced to cancel a series of tour dates after Justin Sane broke his collar bone landing awkwardly whilst jumping off the stage at the UEA LCR in Norwich to stop a fan of another act throwing
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objects at the band./ref
## SideOneDummy (2009–2014).
Beginning on September 30, 2008, Chris#2 began to post on his blog, at nowarwithoutwarriors.blogspot.com , that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their record, starting with "The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die".
On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, "The People or the Gun", would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. On Anti-Flag.com, the first track of the album "Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)" can be listened to. On May 1, 2009, the band
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performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their home town of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence in the immediate vicinity of the venue. However the band continued to personally take part in the protests.
In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.
In January 2010,
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Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour, with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.
Throughout the summer of 2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock
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and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.
The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.
On June 21, 2011, frontman Justin Sane
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announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released that fall, with working title of "Magnum". Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk oriented solo material as well.
The band released the album, "The General Strike" on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song "1915" which is about Joe Hill.
In June 2014 it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled
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"". The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993–2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since "The Terror State" in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.
## "American Spring" and "American Fall" (2015–present).
On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled "American Spring", via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called "Cease Fires" which contains two previously unreleased songs from their "American Spring" recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their "20 Years of Hell" EP series. It was released on
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December 18, 2015. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right Rally, the band released a song titled "Racists" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017 the band announced a new album titled "American Fall" would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017 by premiering a song titled "American Attraction" from the upcoming album on the bands YouTube channel.
In Early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.
From July–September 2018 Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the "Mourning in Amerika" Tour.
# Name and criticism.
Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999
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release, "A New Kind of Army", saying "Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity."
Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records. Due to their signing to RCA Records, Anti-Flag were called "sell-outs" and people claimed the band would lose their passion and voice. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing
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to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Anti-Flag didn't tone down any of their messages with their major label debut
# Studio projects.
Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based off the Provo (movement) and The White Plans.
Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, "The A.K.A.'s" Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged
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from those sessions: "Oh No!" and "Capital Gains". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records.
# ANTIFest.
ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International,
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PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.br
ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.
# Activism.
Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.
They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against The Machine.
They
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performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against The Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against The Machine performed two songs using megaphones.
Most recently, the band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.
They also regularly support organizations which include:
- "Democracy Now!", the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage,.
- "PETA", who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.
- "Amnesty International", to
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which the band donated money from the sale of "The People and the Gun", have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.
- "Greenpeace", with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.
- "Useless", with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for "Useless".
The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.
The band's song "Die for Your Government"
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was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.
They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary "Sounds Like A Revolution", about new protest music in America.
# Symbol.
The "Gun Star" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album "Mobilize". It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of a number of broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on "Die for the Government" LP frequently.
# Band members.
Current members
- Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar
- Chris#2 (Chris Barker)
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– bass guitar, backing and lead vocals
- Chris Head – bass guitar , rhythm guitar, backing vocals
- Pat Thetic – drums, percussion
Former members
- Lucy Fester – bass guitar
- Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals
- Jamie "Cock" Towns – bass guitar
Touring members
- Erik Pitluga - drums
- Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar
- Brian Curran
- Sean Whealen
Timeline
# Discography.
- Studio albums
- "Die for the Government" (1996)
- "A New Kind of Army" (1999)
- "Underground Network" (2001)
- "Mobilize" (2002)
- "The Terror State" (2003)
- "For Blood and Empire" (2006)
- "The Bright Lights of America" (2008)
- "The People or the Gun" (2009)
-
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State" (2003)
- "For Blood and Empire" (2006)
- "The Bright Lights of America" (2008)
- "The People or the Gun" (2009)
- "The General Strike" (2012)
- "American Spring" (2015)
- "American Fall" (2017)
# Videography.
- "This is the End (For You My Friend)"
- "Broken Bones"
- "The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die"
- "The Press Corpse"
- "This is the New Sound"
- "The Bright Lights of America"
- "Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)"
- "When All the Lights Go Out"
- "Brandenburg Gate"
- "All of the Poison, All of the Pain"
- "Turncoat"
- "American Attraction"
# External links.
- Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog
- Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review
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Battle of Neresheim
The Battle of Neresheim (11 August 1796) saw a victory of Republican French army under Jean Victor Marie Moreau over the Habsburg Austrian army of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen. Pursued by Moreau's "Army of Rhin-et-Moselle", Charles launched an attack against the French. While the Austrian left wing saw some success, the battle degenerated into a stalemate and the archduke withdrew further into the Electorate of Bavaria. Neresheim is located in the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany a distance of northeast of Ulm. The action took place during the War of the First Coalition, part of a larger conflict called the French Revolutionary Wars.
In the Rhine Campaign of 1796,
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