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Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in Nov, 1973?
|
November 02, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Pennsylvania State University"
]
}
|
L2_Q15460084_P108_2
|
John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962.
John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983.
|
John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995.
|
[
"University of California, Davis",
"University of Kentucky"
] |
|
Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in 1973-11-02?
|
November 02, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Pennsylvania State University"
]
}
|
L2_Q15460084_P108_2
|
John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962.
John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983.
|
John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995.
|
[
"University of California, Davis",
"University of Kentucky"
] |
|
Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in 02/11/1973?
|
November 02, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Pennsylvania State University"
]
}
|
L2_Q15460084_P108_2
|
John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962.
John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983.
|
John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995.
|
[
"University of California, Davis",
"University of Kentucky"
] |
|
Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in Nov 02, 1973?
|
November 02, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Pennsylvania State University"
]
}
|
L2_Q15460084_P108_2
|
John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962.
John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983.
|
John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995.
|
[
"University of California, Davis",
"University of Kentucky"
] |
|
Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in 11/02/1973?
|
November 02, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Pennsylvania State University"
]
}
|
L2_Q15460084_P108_2
|
John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962.
John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983.
|
John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995.
|
[
"University of California, Davis",
"University of Kentucky"
] |
|
Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in 02-Nov-197302-November-1973?
|
November 02, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Pennsylvania State University"
]
}
|
L2_Q15460084_P108_2
|
John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962.
John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983.
|
John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995.
|
[
"University of California, Davis",
"University of Kentucky"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Derrig hold in Sep, 1921?
|
September 29, 1921
|
{
"text": [
"Teachta Dála"
]
}
|
L2_Q945705_P39_0
|
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from Sep, 1939 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Education and Skills from Mar, 1932 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Teachta Dála from Aug, 1921 to Jun, 1922.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment from Sep, 1939 to Jul, 1943.
|
Thomas DerrigThomas Derrig (; 26 November 1897 – 19 November 1956) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Lands from 1939 to 1943 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Education from 1932 to 1939 and 1940 to 1948 and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs in September 1939. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923 and 1927 to 1957.Derrig was born on 26 November 1897, in Westport, County Mayo. He was educated locally and later at University College Galway. During his time in college he organised a corps of the Irish Volunteers. After the 1916 Easter Rising he was arrested and imprisoned, and sent to the prisons of Woking, Wormwood Scrubs and Frongoch internment camp. He was arrested in 1918, and was accused of attempting to disarm a soldier. He was sentenced to five months imprisonment by a court in Belfast. When he was released, he supported Joseph MacBride at the 1918 Irish general election. After his release, he graduated from college and became headmaster in a technical college in Mayo.During the Irish War of Independence he was the commander of the Westport Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, before being captured and interned at the Curragh Camp. While there he was elected a Sinn Féin TD for Mayo North and West.Derrig took the Republican/Anti-treaty side during the Irish Civil War. During the Civil War, he was an auxiliary assistant to Liam Lynch. He was later captured by the Irish Free State army. While in custody of the Criminal Investigation Department he was severely injured, having an eye shot out by CID detectives.At the June 1927 general election he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD for Carlow–Kilkenny. In Éamon de Valera's first government in 1932 Derrig was appointed Minister for Education. Derrig initiated a review of industrial and reformatory schools and the rules under the Children Act 1908, resulting in the critical 1936 Cussen Report that followed which he shelved , and a report in 1946-48 by the Irish-American priest Father Flanagan, which was also shelved. His lack of action was noted in 2009 when the Ryan Report examined the subsequent management of these "residential institutions"; Derrig was the first Minister to seek a report that could have resulted in much-needed reforms. It has been suggested that he did not want to follow British law reforms in the 1920s and 1930s, because of his strong anti-British views, and that Irish children had suffered needlessly as a result. From 1939 to 1943, he served as Minister for Lands. He was re-appointed to Education in 1943 until 1948. During this period a bitter teachers' strike, involving the Irish National Teachers Organisation (INTO), took place, lasting from 20 March to 30 October. Between 1951 and 1954, he became Minister for Lands again.Thomas Derrig died in Dublin on 19 November 1956, seven days before his 59th birthday.
|
[
"Minister for Education and Skills",
"Minister for Posts and Telegraphs",
"Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Derrig hold in 1921-09-29?
|
September 29, 1921
|
{
"text": [
"Teachta Dála"
]
}
|
L2_Q945705_P39_0
|
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from Sep, 1939 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Education and Skills from Mar, 1932 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Teachta Dála from Aug, 1921 to Jun, 1922.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment from Sep, 1939 to Jul, 1943.
|
Thomas DerrigThomas Derrig (; 26 November 1897 – 19 November 1956) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Lands from 1939 to 1943 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Education from 1932 to 1939 and 1940 to 1948 and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs in September 1939. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923 and 1927 to 1957.Derrig was born on 26 November 1897, in Westport, County Mayo. He was educated locally and later at University College Galway. During his time in college he organised a corps of the Irish Volunteers. After the 1916 Easter Rising he was arrested and imprisoned, and sent to the prisons of Woking, Wormwood Scrubs and Frongoch internment camp. He was arrested in 1918, and was accused of attempting to disarm a soldier. He was sentenced to five months imprisonment by a court in Belfast. When he was released, he supported Joseph MacBride at the 1918 Irish general election. After his release, he graduated from college and became headmaster in a technical college in Mayo.During the Irish War of Independence he was the commander of the Westport Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, before being captured and interned at the Curragh Camp. While there he was elected a Sinn Féin TD for Mayo North and West.Derrig took the Republican/Anti-treaty side during the Irish Civil War. During the Civil War, he was an auxiliary assistant to Liam Lynch. He was later captured by the Irish Free State army. While in custody of the Criminal Investigation Department he was severely injured, having an eye shot out by CID detectives.At the June 1927 general election he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD for Carlow–Kilkenny. In Éamon de Valera's first government in 1932 Derrig was appointed Minister for Education. Derrig initiated a review of industrial and reformatory schools and the rules under the Children Act 1908, resulting in the critical 1936 Cussen Report that followed which he shelved , and a report in 1946-48 by the Irish-American priest Father Flanagan, which was also shelved. His lack of action was noted in 2009 when the Ryan Report examined the subsequent management of these "residential institutions"; Derrig was the first Minister to seek a report that could have resulted in much-needed reforms. It has been suggested that he did not want to follow British law reforms in the 1920s and 1930s, because of his strong anti-British views, and that Irish children had suffered needlessly as a result. From 1939 to 1943, he served as Minister for Lands. He was re-appointed to Education in 1943 until 1948. During this period a bitter teachers' strike, involving the Irish National Teachers Organisation (INTO), took place, lasting from 20 March to 30 October. Between 1951 and 1954, he became Minister for Lands again.Thomas Derrig died in Dublin on 19 November 1956, seven days before his 59th birthday.
|
[
"Minister for Education and Skills",
"Minister for Posts and Telegraphs",
"Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Derrig hold in 29/09/1921?
|
September 29, 1921
|
{
"text": [
"Teachta Dála"
]
}
|
L2_Q945705_P39_0
|
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from Sep, 1939 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Education and Skills from Mar, 1932 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Teachta Dála from Aug, 1921 to Jun, 1922.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment from Sep, 1939 to Jul, 1943.
|
Thomas DerrigThomas Derrig (; 26 November 1897 – 19 November 1956) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Lands from 1939 to 1943 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Education from 1932 to 1939 and 1940 to 1948 and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs in September 1939. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923 and 1927 to 1957.Derrig was born on 26 November 1897, in Westport, County Mayo. He was educated locally and later at University College Galway. During his time in college he organised a corps of the Irish Volunteers. After the 1916 Easter Rising he was arrested and imprisoned, and sent to the prisons of Woking, Wormwood Scrubs and Frongoch internment camp. He was arrested in 1918, and was accused of attempting to disarm a soldier. He was sentenced to five months imprisonment by a court in Belfast. When he was released, he supported Joseph MacBride at the 1918 Irish general election. After his release, he graduated from college and became headmaster in a technical college in Mayo.During the Irish War of Independence he was the commander of the Westport Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, before being captured and interned at the Curragh Camp. While there he was elected a Sinn Féin TD for Mayo North and West.Derrig took the Republican/Anti-treaty side during the Irish Civil War. During the Civil War, he was an auxiliary assistant to Liam Lynch. He was later captured by the Irish Free State army. While in custody of the Criminal Investigation Department he was severely injured, having an eye shot out by CID detectives.At the June 1927 general election he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD for Carlow–Kilkenny. In Éamon de Valera's first government in 1932 Derrig was appointed Minister for Education. Derrig initiated a review of industrial and reformatory schools and the rules under the Children Act 1908, resulting in the critical 1936 Cussen Report that followed which he shelved , and a report in 1946-48 by the Irish-American priest Father Flanagan, which was also shelved. His lack of action was noted in 2009 when the Ryan Report examined the subsequent management of these "residential institutions"; Derrig was the first Minister to seek a report that could have resulted in much-needed reforms. It has been suggested that he did not want to follow British law reforms in the 1920s and 1930s, because of his strong anti-British views, and that Irish children had suffered needlessly as a result. From 1939 to 1943, he served as Minister for Lands. He was re-appointed to Education in 1943 until 1948. During this period a bitter teachers' strike, involving the Irish National Teachers Organisation (INTO), took place, lasting from 20 March to 30 October. Between 1951 and 1954, he became Minister for Lands again.Thomas Derrig died in Dublin on 19 November 1956, seven days before his 59th birthday.
|
[
"Minister for Education and Skills",
"Minister for Posts and Telegraphs",
"Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Derrig hold in Sep 29, 1921?
|
September 29, 1921
|
{
"text": [
"Teachta Dála"
]
}
|
L2_Q945705_P39_0
|
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from Sep, 1939 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Education and Skills from Mar, 1932 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Teachta Dála from Aug, 1921 to Jun, 1922.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment from Sep, 1939 to Jul, 1943.
|
Thomas DerrigThomas Derrig (; 26 November 1897 – 19 November 1956) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Lands from 1939 to 1943 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Education from 1932 to 1939 and 1940 to 1948 and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs in September 1939. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923 and 1927 to 1957.Derrig was born on 26 November 1897, in Westport, County Mayo. He was educated locally and later at University College Galway. During his time in college he organised a corps of the Irish Volunteers. After the 1916 Easter Rising he was arrested and imprisoned, and sent to the prisons of Woking, Wormwood Scrubs and Frongoch internment camp. He was arrested in 1918, and was accused of attempting to disarm a soldier. He was sentenced to five months imprisonment by a court in Belfast. When he was released, he supported Joseph MacBride at the 1918 Irish general election. After his release, he graduated from college and became headmaster in a technical college in Mayo.During the Irish War of Independence he was the commander of the Westport Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, before being captured and interned at the Curragh Camp. While there he was elected a Sinn Féin TD for Mayo North and West.Derrig took the Republican/Anti-treaty side during the Irish Civil War. During the Civil War, he was an auxiliary assistant to Liam Lynch. He was later captured by the Irish Free State army. While in custody of the Criminal Investigation Department he was severely injured, having an eye shot out by CID detectives.At the June 1927 general election he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD for Carlow–Kilkenny. In Éamon de Valera's first government in 1932 Derrig was appointed Minister for Education. Derrig initiated a review of industrial and reformatory schools and the rules under the Children Act 1908, resulting in the critical 1936 Cussen Report that followed which he shelved , and a report in 1946-48 by the Irish-American priest Father Flanagan, which was also shelved. His lack of action was noted in 2009 when the Ryan Report examined the subsequent management of these "residential institutions"; Derrig was the first Minister to seek a report that could have resulted in much-needed reforms. It has been suggested that he did not want to follow British law reforms in the 1920s and 1930s, because of his strong anti-British views, and that Irish children had suffered needlessly as a result. From 1939 to 1943, he served as Minister for Lands. He was re-appointed to Education in 1943 until 1948. During this period a bitter teachers' strike, involving the Irish National Teachers Organisation (INTO), took place, lasting from 20 March to 30 October. Between 1951 and 1954, he became Minister for Lands again.Thomas Derrig died in Dublin on 19 November 1956, seven days before his 59th birthday.
|
[
"Minister for Education and Skills",
"Minister for Posts and Telegraphs",
"Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Derrig hold in 09/29/1921?
|
September 29, 1921
|
{
"text": [
"Teachta Dála"
]
}
|
L2_Q945705_P39_0
|
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from Sep, 1939 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Education and Skills from Mar, 1932 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Teachta Dála from Aug, 1921 to Jun, 1922.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment from Sep, 1939 to Jul, 1943.
|
Thomas DerrigThomas Derrig (; 26 November 1897 – 19 November 1956) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Lands from 1939 to 1943 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Education from 1932 to 1939 and 1940 to 1948 and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs in September 1939. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923 and 1927 to 1957.Derrig was born on 26 November 1897, in Westport, County Mayo. He was educated locally and later at University College Galway. During his time in college he organised a corps of the Irish Volunteers. After the 1916 Easter Rising he was arrested and imprisoned, and sent to the prisons of Woking, Wormwood Scrubs and Frongoch internment camp. He was arrested in 1918, and was accused of attempting to disarm a soldier. He was sentenced to five months imprisonment by a court in Belfast. When he was released, he supported Joseph MacBride at the 1918 Irish general election. After his release, he graduated from college and became headmaster in a technical college in Mayo.During the Irish War of Independence he was the commander of the Westport Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, before being captured and interned at the Curragh Camp. While there he was elected a Sinn Féin TD for Mayo North and West.Derrig took the Republican/Anti-treaty side during the Irish Civil War. During the Civil War, he was an auxiliary assistant to Liam Lynch. He was later captured by the Irish Free State army. While in custody of the Criminal Investigation Department he was severely injured, having an eye shot out by CID detectives.At the June 1927 general election he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD for Carlow–Kilkenny. In Éamon de Valera's first government in 1932 Derrig was appointed Minister for Education. Derrig initiated a review of industrial and reformatory schools and the rules under the Children Act 1908, resulting in the critical 1936 Cussen Report that followed which he shelved , and a report in 1946-48 by the Irish-American priest Father Flanagan, which was also shelved. His lack of action was noted in 2009 when the Ryan Report examined the subsequent management of these "residential institutions"; Derrig was the first Minister to seek a report that could have resulted in much-needed reforms. It has been suggested that he did not want to follow British law reforms in the 1920s and 1930s, because of his strong anti-British views, and that Irish children had suffered needlessly as a result. From 1939 to 1943, he served as Minister for Lands. He was re-appointed to Education in 1943 until 1948. During this period a bitter teachers' strike, involving the Irish National Teachers Organisation (INTO), took place, lasting from 20 March to 30 October. Between 1951 and 1954, he became Minister for Lands again.Thomas Derrig died in Dublin on 19 November 1956, seven days before his 59th birthday.
|
[
"Minister for Education and Skills",
"Minister for Posts and Telegraphs",
"Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment"
] |
|
Which position did Thomas Derrig hold in 29-Sep-192129-September-1921?
|
September 29, 1921
|
{
"text": [
"Teachta Dála"
]
}
|
L2_Q945705_P39_0
|
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from Sep, 1939 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Education and Skills from Mar, 1932 to Sep, 1939.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Teachta Dála from Aug, 1921 to Jun, 1922.
Thomas Derrig holds the position of Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment from Sep, 1939 to Jul, 1943.
|
Thomas DerrigThomas Derrig (; 26 November 1897 – 19 November 1956) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Lands from 1939 to 1943 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Education from 1932 to 1939 and 1940 to 1948 and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs in September 1939. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923 and 1927 to 1957.Derrig was born on 26 November 1897, in Westport, County Mayo. He was educated locally and later at University College Galway. During his time in college he organised a corps of the Irish Volunteers. After the 1916 Easter Rising he was arrested and imprisoned, and sent to the prisons of Woking, Wormwood Scrubs and Frongoch internment camp. He was arrested in 1918, and was accused of attempting to disarm a soldier. He was sentenced to five months imprisonment by a court in Belfast. When he was released, he supported Joseph MacBride at the 1918 Irish general election. After his release, he graduated from college and became headmaster in a technical college in Mayo.During the Irish War of Independence he was the commander of the Westport Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, before being captured and interned at the Curragh Camp. While there he was elected a Sinn Féin TD for Mayo North and West.Derrig took the Republican/Anti-treaty side during the Irish Civil War. During the Civil War, he was an auxiliary assistant to Liam Lynch. He was later captured by the Irish Free State army. While in custody of the Criminal Investigation Department he was severely injured, having an eye shot out by CID detectives.At the June 1927 general election he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD for Carlow–Kilkenny. In Éamon de Valera's first government in 1932 Derrig was appointed Minister for Education. Derrig initiated a review of industrial and reformatory schools and the rules under the Children Act 1908, resulting in the critical 1936 Cussen Report that followed which he shelved , and a report in 1946-48 by the Irish-American priest Father Flanagan, which was also shelved. His lack of action was noted in 2009 when the Ryan Report examined the subsequent management of these "residential institutions"; Derrig was the first Minister to seek a report that could have resulted in much-needed reforms. It has been suggested that he did not want to follow British law reforms in the 1920s and 1930s, because of his strong anti-British views, and that Irish children had suffered needlessly as a result. From 1939 to 1943, he served as Minister for Lands. He was re-appointed to Education in 1943 until 1948. During this period a bitter teachers' strike, involving the Irish National Teachers Organisation (INTO), took place, lasting from 20 March to 30 October. Between 1951 and 1954, he became Minister for Lands again.Thomas Derrig died in Dublin on 19 November 1956, seven days before his 59th birthday.
|
[
"Minister for Education and Skills",
"Minister for Posts and Telegraphs",
"Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in Sep, 1943?
|
September 11, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
}
|
L2_Q98364_P108_0
|
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
|
Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14).
|
[
"University of Vienna",
"University of Münster",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in 1943-09-11?
|
September 11, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
}
|
L2_Q98364_P108_0
|
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
|
Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14).
|
[
"University of Vienna",
"University of Münster",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in 11/09/1943?
|
September 11, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
}
|
L2_Q98364_P108_0
|
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
|
Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14).
|
[
"University of Vienna",
"University of Münster",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in Sep 11, 1943?
|
September 11, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
}
|
L2_Q98364_P108_0
|
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
|
Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14).
|
[
"University of Vienna",
"University of Münster",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in 09/11/1943?
|
September 11, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
}
|
L2_Q98364_P108_0
|
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
|
Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14).
|
[
"University of Vienna",
"University of Münster",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfram von Soden work for in 11-Sep-194311-September-1943?
|
September 11, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
}
|
L2_Q98364_P108_0
|
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Münster from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1976.
Wolfram von Soden works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1945.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Göttingen from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1954.
Wolfram von Soden works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1961.
|
Wolfram von SodenWolfram Theodor Hermann Freiherr von Soden (19 June 1908 in Berlin – 6 October 1996 in Münster) was the most notable German Assyriologist of the post–World War II era.Born in Berlin, Wolfram von Soden was a student of the ancient Semitic languages who studied under the Jewish Assyriologist, Benno Landsberger at Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1931 at age 23 with his thesis "Der hymnisch-epische Dialekt des Akkadischen" ("The Hymnic-Epic Dialect of Akkadian"). In 1936, he was appointed a professor of Assyriology and Arabic studies, a new position at the University of Göttingen. When his mentor, Landsberger, was forced to leave Germany due to National-Socialist racial policy, von Soden joined the Sturmabteilung in 1934. He was a fervent German nationalist. He joined the NSDAP in 1937From 1939 to 1945, von Soden served in the military, primarily as a translator, and in 1940 this work prevented him accepting the offer of a chair in Ancient Near Eastern studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Von Soden published works that implicitly supported Nazi cultural and racial policy.Following the Second World War, von Soden's former activities as an involuntary member of the Nazi Party initially barred his reentry to the teaching profession. Because of his extraordinary abilities, however, and thanks to his Doktorvater, Benno Landsberger, who wrote in his support, von Soden was appointed to an academic position at the University of Vienna in 1954. In 1961, he accepted the offer of a professorship at Münster, where he served as director of the Oriental Seminar until his retirement in 1976. At his death in 1996, he left his scholarly library to the newly revived Institute for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Leipzig, where he had earned his doctorate.After World War II, von Soden became a prominent scholar in the world in ancient Semitic languages, and his scholarship greatly influenced his field the post World War II era. He was an integral member of the "history of religions" (Religionsgeschichte) school at Goettingen, and disproved the long-standing claim that the Babylonians had believed in their creator god, Marduk, as a "dying, rising god". Instead, he was able to show that the texts that purveyed this view were polemical Assyrian works deriding the chief god of their chief rival state. Von Soden's philological works, particularly the "Akkadisches Handwörterbuch" (AHW), in which the Dutch scholar Rykle Borger assisted, laid the basis for the detailed philological contributions that later appeared in the "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary". His "Grundriss Akkadischer Grammatik" (GAG) and the AHW remain the definitive foundational works of Assyriology today and establish von Soden as the dean of ancient Near Eastern Studies in the world.His work has been alleged to promote the Nazi ideology. His early works, especially 'Der Aufstieg des Assyrreiches als geschichtliches Problem' from 1937, do promote "racist concepts of Aryan superiority" over the influence of Semitic culture. Another example is 'Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft' (1936). In the 1965 edition, page 122, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes nur unter den bei den indogermanischen Griechen und Indern gegebenen besonderen Voraussetzungen Gestalt gewinnen konnte”. In the 1936 edition, page 556, the conclusion is: “daß Wissenschaft im strengen Sinn des Wortes etwas ist, das nur von den durch die nordischen Rasse bestimmten Indogermanen geschaffen werden konnte”. His "Einführung in die Altorientalistik" (1985) also contains an obsession with skincolour: "über die vermutlich immer hellhäutigen Bewohner Vorderasiens während der Kupfersteinzeit" (p. 14).
|
[
"University of Vienna",
"University of Münster",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Which team did Juan Fernando Quintero play for in Nov, 2009?
|
November 07, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Envigado Fútbol Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q2092409_P54_0
|
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Atlético Nacional from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia national soccer team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Real Madrid CF from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia U20 soccer team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia Olympic football team from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Envigado Fútbol Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Orsomarso S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Stade Rennais F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Juan Fernando QuinteroJuan Fernando Quintero Paniagua (born 18 January 1993) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Shenzen and the Colombia national team.He has been mentioned among the more coveted young players in European football by "The Times" of London. At the age of 19, Quintero already started to receive praise for his impressive performances during his time in Italy. During his time of the 2013 South American Youth Championship, he has been recognized as not only one of the most promising youth aspects from only South America, but the world.Quintero has represented Colombia since he was 19, making his official debut in 2012 against Cameroon. At the 2013 South American Youth Championships, he led Colombia to their third title while voted as the tournament's MVP for contributing more than any other player for his respective nation. He also took part in the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey where he gained more praise for his talents after creating a huge impact in the tournament. Quintero went on to represent Colombia in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, where he scored his first world cup goal against Côte d'Ivoire in a group stage match on 19 June 2014. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup he scored against Japan, becoming the first Colombian to score in two FIFA World Cup competitions.His overall size and style of play as well as his left-foot has led him to be compared to Lionel Messi.Born in Medellín, Colombia, he joined the youth squad for Envigado after an impressive performance during a youth tournament that took place in Medellin.Quintero joined the ranks of Atlético Nacional during 2011.He then joined the ranks of Serie A Pescara months after joining Nacional, wasting no time in impressing European scouts.It was reported in early 2013 that Inter Milan and Udinese have confirmed their bidding interest. Although Udinese is the only club to have made an official bid.In early April 2013, it was reported that Quintero suffered an injury and would be out for a month.In mid May 2013, Quintero posted on Twitter 'good bye and thank you' to Pescara, hinting that he was to leave in the Italian side in the summer. While Pescara claimed that he has not been 'sold', it hinted Quintero's desire to leave the club overall.Quintero joined Porto from Pescara for €5 million, with the Italian club retaining 50% of the economic rights. Quintero signed a four-year contract with a release clause of €40 million.Quintero made his first full debut appearance in the 2013 Emirates Cup against Napoli. He assisted Porto's first goal.Quintero's first 'official' match with Porto began with the 2013 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, where he came on as a sub after 76 minutes when Porto were already ahead by 3-0. Porto went on to win the match, thus giving Quintero's very first silverware not only in Europe, but in his club career.Quintero debut in his first league match for the club against Vitoria Setubal, coming on as a sub and scoring less than a minute later. Quintero provided his first assist for the club two weeks later against P. Ferreira in a 1–0 victory. In a match against Vitória de Guimarães, Quintero drew a penalty that was successfully converted, thus granting him an assist in a 1–0 home victory. Quintero came in on the 90th minute against F.C. Arouca where he was then fouled near the box. He then converted an impressive free kick goal, seconds after only coming in.In late October, Quintero suffered a hamstring injury, expecting to be out for a month.Following his return in December, Quintero requested to play with the B-squad in order to keep his fitness up if he's not to get guarantee minutes with the A-squad.After a long period of matches spent solely on the bench, or coming on as a late substitute during Paulo Fonseca's time as manager, averaging around 20 minutes per game in the league, Quintero found his way back into the team under new manager Luís Castro. Quintero's next significant performance was against Napoli in the Europa League, where he came close to scoring his first goal in European competition, when a Napoli defender's clearance rebounded off his leg and hit the post.Quintero scored his third goal of the season against Belenenses, coming on as a half time substitute and setting up several opportunities for teammate and fellow countryman Jackson Martínez, but eventually it would be Quintero who decided the game with the only goal in a 1–0 victory. Teammate Líca provided a low cross which was parried out by Belenenses goalkeeper Matt Jones, and Quintero came in for the rebound, driving a low shot underneath Matt Jones and in the back of the net.Quintero made his first 90-minute appearance for Porto on 6 April 2014, in a home match against Académica. He provided somewhat of an assist, again for Jackson Martinez, when he was fouled in the box in the 38th minute, which resulted in a converted Jackson Martínez penalty. Quintero then scored his fourth goal of the season a week later, in the 91st minute in a 3–1 victory over S.C. Braga, after a counterattack which he started.On 21 April, Quintero came on as a second-half substitute against fellow northerners Rio Ave and made a significant impact to the match. He was involved in all three of the goals, but only got one direct assist. A chipped through ball to Jackson Martinez resulted in him being brought down for a penalty, which Martínez scored. Next, another chipped through ball to Héctor Herrera resulted in a headed goal. The third goal of the game came from FC Porto right back Danilo, who scored a deflected free kick after Quintero had been fouled just outside the box.Quintero missed Porto's first league game of the season due to a death in the family, but returned to the Porto squad for the next league match versus Paços de Ferreira. Coming on for the injured Cristian Tello, he provided the assist, yet again for fellow Colombian Jackson Martínez, for the only goal in a 1–0 victory for Porto.Quintero scored his first goal of the season against F.C. Arouca from long distance, Porto ended up winning 0-5.On 16 December 2014, Porto purchased the remaining 50% economic rights of Quintero from Pescara for €4.5 million, giving them complete ownership of him.Quintero signed a one-season length loan with Ligue 1 side Rennes. Quintero made his debut against OGC Nice, coming on as a sub and providing an assist in a 1–4 loss. Quintero would eventually score his first goal for the club in the match against SM Caen, resulting in a 1–1 draw.Quintero stated in an interview that he intended to return to Porto after his loan ended despite rumors linking him to a stay.On 13 September 2016 it was reported that Quintero would return to the top flight Colombian league on loan to Independiente Medellín from Porto on a contract through December 2017.On 24 January 2018, Quintero joined Argentine club River Plate on loan for one year. The deal reportedly was settled in €300,000 and included a buyout clause of €5 million. He got the number 8, and scored the winning goal for River Plate against Boca Juniors. He also made the famous pass to Pity Martinez to seal the deal 3-1. He's got a tattoo on the calf of his leg commemorating the occasion: River Plate's 4th Copa Libertadores.River Plate made the transfer for Quintero for the amount of €3.5 million. Then, JuanFer took the number 10 after the departure of Pity Martinez to the MLS. He renewed his contract to June 2022 and included a buyout clause of €22 million. In August 2019, he was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award for his goal scored against Racing Club. His goal eventually finished third, behind second place Lionel Messi, and winner Dániel Zsóri.Quintero was called to represent Colombia wearing the number 10 jersey at the 2013 South American Youth Championship. In the first match against Paraguay, he was voted man of the match after an impressive display setting up the 1–0 victory goal. In the match against a powerful Chile team, Quintero scored a penalty although Colombia lost 2–1. In the match against Bolivia, Quintero assisted four of the six goals in a 6–0 victory. In the final group stage match against Argentina, Colombia had already qualified thus he did not play until the second half where he scored with an amazing 50 yard free kick despite losing the match 2–3.In the first match of the final round, Quintero scored again from an impressive distance in a 2–1 victory over Ecuador. This brought his goal tally to three and his assist tally to four. Quintero scored with a penalty against Peru in a 1–0 allowing Colombia to qualify for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. In the final match against Paraguay who were also Colombia's very first opponent in the U20 South American Youth Championships, he scored a goal in a 2–1 victory where Colombia won the Youth Championships in South America for the third time. In total, Quintero had scored 5 goals and assisted 4 making him MVP of the championship for contributing more than any other player in the tournament.Quintero was set to join the U20 squad again for the 2013 Toulon Tournament, but Pescara refused to allow him to his call-up. Prior to the U-20 World Cup, Quintero scored with an impressive free kick in a friendly against the U-20 squad of France.Quintero played an entertaining opening match performance of the U-20 FIFA World Cup that was held in Turkey. He made impressive shots with his free kicks as well as creating impressive chances. He set up Colombia's goal in the 78th minute where the game ended 1–1. In the match against host nation Turkey, Quintero scored a wonderful goal from outside the box (20 yards), winning the game 1–0 and allowing Colombia to top the group. In the last group match against El Savador, Quintero assisted the first goal and sealed the victory with an amazing 25 yard goal, allowing Colombia to win 3–0 and win the group. Quintero then played in the next match against South Korea, and managed to save Colombia into extra time with an impressive free kick in the last few seconds of full-time. However, Colombia went on to lose on penalties eventually where he scored one in a 7–8 loss. Despite Colombia failing to progress, Quintero was praised as the best player in the group stages.His goal against El Salvador was later voted as best goal of the tournament.Quintero expressed great interest in representing Colombia in 2016 for the Olympics in Brazil.In February 2016, Quintero was called up to play back to back friendlies against Honduras. He made his debut in the first match resulting in a 1–1 draw. Days later in the second match, he scored with a free kick in a 2-2 draw.In 2012, Quintero was called for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Peru and Ecuador, without making an appearance. He made his international debut in a friendly match against Cameroon later in the same year.On 2 June 2014, Quintero was named in Colombia's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and assigned the number 20 shirt.He made his World Cup debut against Ivory Coast in the group stage, coming on for Victor Ibarbo in the 53rd minute, and scored his first international goal to decide the 2–1 win for "Los Cafeteros".In a friendly against Bahrain, Quintero assisted Radamel Falcao's first goal in a 6–0 victory.In May 2018, he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 19 June 2018, he scored in the opening game against Japan with a free kick under the wall to tie the match 1–1 that ended in a 2–1 defeat. On 24 June 2018, Quintero played 73 minutes in Colombia's 3–0 victory over Poland and assisted to Radamel Falcao's goal in the 70th minute of the game. Four days later on 28 June 2018, he played 90 minutes of Colombia's final game in the group stage and provided the winning assist to Yerry Mina's goal off of a corner kick to secure first place in group H. On 3 July 2018, he played 88 minutes in the round of 16 game against England. He did not provide any goals or assists and Colombia went on to lose the game 3–4 on penalties. His goal against Japan was voted the second best goal of the tournament, after Benjamin Pavard's goal against Argentina.Quintero is well known for his creativity for playmaking and as a supportive player in general. His ball control and dribbling has stood him out from most players his age as well as his free kicks, which he has shown to be profound in. Left footed, Quintero is sometimes considered to be another 'James Rodríguez' due to their similar traits (as well as being only 2 years younger, while also playing for the youth national squads of Colombia after Rodriguez's time), although Rodriguez plays more of a forward midfielder/winger whereas Quintero plays more in a neutral mid-center position. This means that he fully commits to a playmaker role, although he does contain remarkable dribbling ability and carries high accuracy with shots on goalDue to his size, Quintero naturally has a lower center of gravity allowing him to have higher balance, agility, and speed similar to that of Lionel Messi. Despite many other young talents drawing comparisons to Messi as well, Quintero is highlighted to be a very 'close replica' to the point where he also been referenced to a 'Diego Maradona' as well. Although all these are natural comparisons due to the fact that he can also effectively run with the ball in limited spaces, and maintain a very sharp technical mindset to that of the Argentinean legends themselves. However, despite the comparisons, Quintero does not carry the strength of Maradona nor is he balanced with his weak foot like Messi.Although, Quintero states that his main inspiration was from watching Brazilian legend Rivaldo as a child."Scores and results lists Colombia's goal tally first."PortoRiver PlateColombia U20Individual
|
[
"Stade Rennais F.C.",
"Colombia Olympic football team",
"Atlético Nacional",
"Real Madrid CF",
"Colombia national soccer team",
"Delfino Pescara 1936",
"Colombia U20 soccer team",
"Orsomarso S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Juan Fernando Quintero play for in 2009-11-07?
|
November 07, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Envigado Fútbol Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q2092409_P54_0
|
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Atlético Nacional from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia national soccer team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Real Madrid CF from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia U20 soccer team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia Olympic football team from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Envigado Fútbol Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Orsomarso S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Stade Rennais F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Juan Fernando QuinteroJuan Fernando Quintero Paniagua (born 18 January 1993) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Shenzen and the Colombia national team.He has been mentioned among the more coveted young players in European football by "The Times" of London. At the age of 19, Quintero already started to receive praise for his impressive performances during his time in Italy. During his time of the 2013 South American Youth Championship, he has been recognized as not only one of the most promising youth aspects from only South America, but the world.Quintero has represented Colombia since he was 19, making his official debut in 2012 against Cameroon. At the 2013 South American Youth Championships, he led Colombia to their third title while voted as the tournament's MVP for contributing more than any other player for his respective nation. He also took part in the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey where he gained more praise for his talents after creating a huge impact in the tournament. Quintero went on to represent Colombia in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, where he scored his first world cup goal against Côte d'Ivoire in a group stage match on 19 June 2014. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup he scored against Japan, becoming the first Colombian to score in two FIFA World Cup competitions.His overall size and style of play as well as his left-foot has led him to be compared to Lionel Messi.Born in Medellín, Colombia, he joined the youth squad for Envigado after an impressive performance during a youth tournament that took place in Medellin.Quintero joined the ranks of Atlético Nacional during 2011.He then joined the ranks of Serie A Pescara months after joining Nacional, wasting no time in impressing European scouts.It was reported in early 2013 that Inter Milan and Udinese have confirmed their bidding interest. Although Udinese is the only club to have made an official bid.In early April 2013, it was reported that Quintero suffered an injury and would be out for a month.In mid May 2013, Quintero posted on Twitter 'good bye and thank you' to Pescara, hinting that he was to leave in the Italian side in the summer. While Pescara claimed that he has not been 'sold', it hinted Quintero's desire to leave the club overall.Quintero joined Porto from Pescara for €5 million, with the Italian club retaining 50% of the economic rights. Quintero signed a four-year contract with a release clause of €40 million.Quintero made his first full debut appearance in the 2013 Emirates Cup against Napoli. He assisted Porto's first goal.Quintero's first 'official' match with Porto began with the 2013 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, where he came on as a sub after 76 minutes when Porto were already ahead by 3-0. Porto went on to win the match, thus giving Quintero's very first silverware not only in Europe, but in his club career.Quintero debut in his first league match for the club against Vitoria Setubal, coming on as a sub and scoring less than a minute later. Quintero provided his first assist for the club two weeks later against P. Ferreira in a 1–0 victory. In a match against Vitória de Guimarães, Quintero drew a penalty that was successfully converted, thus granting him an assist in a 1–0 home victory. Quintero came in on the 90th minute against F.C. Arouca where he was then fouled near the box. He then converted an impressive free kick goal, seconds after only coming in.In late October, Quintero suffered a hamstring injury, expecting to be out for a month.Following his return in December, Quintero requested to play with the B-squad in order to keep his fitness up if he's not to get guarantee minutes with the A-squad.After a long period of matches spent solely on the bench, or coming on as a late substitute during Paulo Fonseca's time as manager, averaging around 20 minutes per game in the league, Quintero found his way back into the team under new manager Luís Castro. Quintero's next significant performance was against Napoli in the Europa League, where he came close to scoring his first goal in European competition, when a Napoli defender's clearance rebounded off his leg and hit the post.Quintero scored his third goal of the season against Belenenses, coming on as a half time substitute and setting up several opportunities for teammate and fellow countryman Jackson Martínez, but eventually it would be Quintero who decided the game with the only goal in a 1–0 victory. Teammate Líca provided a low cross which was parried out by Belenenses goalkeeper Matt Jones, and Quintero came in for the rebound, driving a low shot underneath Matt Jones and in the back of the net.Quintero made his first 90-minute appearance for Porto on 6 April 2014, in a home match against Académica. He provided somewhat of an assist, again for Jackson Martinez, when he was fouled in the box in the 38th minute, which resulted in a converted Jackson Martínez penalty. Quintero then scored his fourth goal of the season a week later, in the 91st minute in a 3–1 victory over S.C. Braga, after a counterattack which he started.On 21 April, Quintero came on as a second-half substitute against fellow northerners Rio Ave and made a significant impact to the match. He was involved in all three of the goals, but only got one direct assist. A chipped through ball to Jackson Martinez resulted in him being brought down for a penalty, which Martínez scored. Next, another chipped through ball to Héctor Herrera resulted in a headed goal. The third goal of the game came from FC Porto right back Danilo, who scored a deflected free kick after Quintero had been fouled just outside the box.Quintero missed Porto's first league game of the season due to a death in the family, but returned to the Porto squad for the next league match versus Paços de Ferreira. Coming on for the injured Cristian Tello, he provided the assist, yet again for fellow Colombian Jackson Martínez, for the only goal in a 1–0 victory for Porto.Quintero scored his first goal of the season against F.C. Arouca from long distance, Porto ended up winning 0-5.On 16 December 2014, Porto purchased the remaining 50% economic rights of Quintero from Pescara for €4.5 million, giving them complete ownership of him.Quintero signed a one-season length loan with Ligue 1 side Rennes. Quintero made his debut against OGC Nice, coming on as a sub and providing an assist in a 1–4 loss. Quintero would eventually score his first goal for the club in the match against SM Caen, resulting in a 1–1 draw.Quintero stated in an interview that he intended to return to Porto after his loan ended despite rumors linking him to a stay.On 13 September 2016 it was reported that Quintero would return to the top flight Colombian league on loan to Independiente Medellín from Porto on a contract through December 2017.On 24 January 2018, Quintero joined Argentine club River Plate on loan for one year. The deal reportedly was settled in €300,000 and included a buyout clause of €5 million. He got the number 8, and scored the winning goal for River Plate against Boca Juniors. He also made the famous pass to Pity Martinez to seal the deal 3-1. He's got a tattoo on the calf of his leg commemorating the occasion: River Plate's 4th Copa Libertadores.River Plate made the transfer for Quintero for the amount of €3.5 million. Then, JuanFer took the number 10 after the departure of Pity Martinez to the MLS. He renewed his contract to June 2022 and included a buyout clause of €22 million. In August 2019, he was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award for his goal scored against Racing Club. His goal eventually finished third, behind second place Lionel Messi, and winner Dániel Zsóri.Quintero was called to represent Colombia wearing the number 10 jersey at the 2013 South American Youth Championship. In the first match against Paraguay, he was voted man of the match after an impressive display setting up the 1–0 victory goal. In the match against a powerful Chile team, Quintero scored a penalty although Colombia lost 2–1. In the match against Bolivia, Quintero assisted four of the six goals in a 6–0 victory. In the final group stage match against Argentina, Colombia had already qualified thus he did not play until the second half where he scored with an amazing 50 yard free kick despite losing the match 2–3.In the first match of the final round, Quintero scored again from an impressive distance in a 2–1 victory over Ecuador. This brought his goal tally to three and his assist tally to four. Quintero scored with a penalty against Peru in a 1–0 allowing Colombia to qualify for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. In the final match against Paraguay who were also Colombia's very first opponent in the U20 South American Youth Championships, he scored a goal in a 2–1 victory where Colombia won the Youth Championships in South America for the third time. In total, Quintero had scored 5 goals and assisted 4 making him MVP of the championship for contributing more than any other player in the tournament.Quintero was set to join the U20 squad again for the 2013 Toulon Tournament, but Pescara refused to allow him to his call-up. Prior to the U-20 World Cup, Quintero scored with an impressive free kick in a friendly against the U-20 squad of France.Quintero played an entertaining opening match performance of the U-20 FIFA World Cup that was held in Turkey. He made impressive shots with his free kicks as well as creating impressive chances. He set up Colombia's goal in the 78th minute where the game ended 1–1. In the match against host nation Turkey, Quintero scored a wonderful goal from outside the box (20 yards), winning the game 1–0 and allowing Colombia to top the group. In the last group match against El Savador, Quintero assisted the first goal and sealed the victory with an amazing 25 yard goal, allowing Colombia to win 3–0 and win the group. Quintero then played in the next match against South Korea, and managed to save Colombia into extra time with an impressive free kick in the last few seconds of full-time. However, Colombia went on to lose on penalties eventually where he scored one in a 7–8 loss. Despite Colombia failing to progress, Quintero was praised as the best player in the group stages.His goal against El Salvador was later voted as best goal of the tournament.Quintero expressed great interest in representing Colombia in 2016 for the Olympics in Brazil.In February 2016, Quintero was called up to play back to back friendlies against Honduras. He made his debut in the first match resulting in a 1–1 draw. Days later in the second match, he scored with a free kick in a 2-2 draw.In 2012, Quintero was called for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Peru and Ecuador, without making an appearance. He made his international debut in a friendly match against Cameroon later in the same year.On 2 June 2014, Quintero was named in Colombia's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and assigned the number 20 shirt.He made his World Cup debut against Ivory Coast in the group stage, coming on for Victor Ibarbo in the 53rd minute, and scored his first international goal to decide the 2–1 win for "Los Cafeteros".In a friendly against Bahrain, Quintero assisted Radamel Falcao's first goal in a 6–0 victory.In May 2018, he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 19 June 2018, he scored in the opening game against Japan with a free kick under the wall to tie the match 1–1 that ended in a 2–1 defeat. On 24 June 2018, Quintero played 73 minutes in Colombia's 3–0 victory over Poland and assisted to Radamel Falcao's goal in the 70th minute of the game. Four days later on 28 June 2018, he played 90 minutes of Colombia's final game in the group stage and provided the winning assist to Yerry Mina's goal off of a corner kick to secure first place in group H. On 3 July 2018, he played 88 minutes in the round of 16 game against England. He did not provide any goals or assists and Colombia went on to lose the game 3–4 on penalties. His goal against Japan was voted the second best goal of the tournament, after Benjamin Pavard's goal against Argentina.Quintero is well known for his creativity for playmaking and as a supportive player in general. His ball control and dribbling has stood him out from most players his age as well as his free kicks, which he has shown to be profound in. Left footed, Quintero is sometimes considered to be another 'James Rodríguez' due to their similar traits (as well as being only 2 years younger, while also playing for the youth national squads of Colombia after Rodriguez's time), although Rodriguez plays more of a forward midfielder/winger whereas Quintero plays more in a neutral mid-center position. This means that he fully commits to a playmaker role, although he does contain remarkable dribbling ability and carries high accuracy with shots on goalDue to his size, Quintero naturally has a lower center of gravity allowing him to have higher balance, agility, and speed similar to that of Lionel Messi. Despite many other young talents drawing comparisons to Messi as well, Quintero is highlighted to be a very 'close replica' to the point where he also been referenced to a 'Diego Maradona' as well. Although all these are natural comparisons due to the fact that he can also effectively run with the ball in limited spaces, and maintain a very sharp technical mindset to that of the Argentinean legends themselves. However, despite the comparisons, Quintero does not carry the strength of Maradona nor is he balanced with his weak foot like Messi.Although, Quintero states that his main inspiration was from watching Brazilian legend Rivaldo as a child."Scores and results lists Colombia's goal tally first."PortoRiver PlateColombia U20Individual
|
[
"Stade Rennais F.C.",
"Colombia Olympic football team",
"Atlético Nacional",
"Real Madrid CF",
"Colombia national soccer team",
"Delfino Pescara 1936",
"Colombia U20 soccer team",
"Orsomarso S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Juan Fernando Quintero play for in 07/11/2009?
|
November 07, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Envigado Fútbol Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q2092409_P54_0
|
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Atlético Nacional from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia national soccer team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Real Madrid CF from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia U20 soccer team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia Olympic football team from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Envigado Fútbol Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Orsomarso S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Stade Rennais F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Juan Fernando QuinteroJuan Fernando Quintero Paniagua (born 18 January 1993) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Shenzen and the Colombia national team.He has been mentioned among the more coveted young players in European football by "The Times" of London. At the age of 19, Quintero already started to receive praise for his impressive performances during his time in Italy. During his time of the 2013 South American Youth Championship, he has been recognized as not only one of the most promising youth aspects from only South America, but the world.Quintero has represented Colombia since he was 19, making his official debut in 2012 against Cameroon. At the 2013 South American Youth Championships, he led Colombia to their third title while voted as the tournament's MVP for contributing more than any other player for his respective nation. He also took part in the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey where he gained more praise for his talents after creating a huge impact in the tournament. Quintero went on to represent Colombia in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, where he scored his first world cup goal against Côte d'Ivoire in a group stage match on 19 June 2014. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup he scored against Japan, becoming the first Colombian to score in two FIFA World Cup competitions.His overall size and style of play as well as his left-foot has led him to be compared to Lionel Messi.Born in Medellín, Colombia, he joined the youth squad for Envigado after an impressive performance during a youth tournament that took place in Medellin.Quintero joined the ranks of Atlético Nacional during 2011.He then joined the ranks of Serie A Pescara months after joining Nacional, wasting no time in impressing European scouts.It was reported in early 2013 that Inter Milan and Udinese have confirmed their bidding interest. Although Udinese is the only club to have made an official bid.In early April 2013, it was reported that Quintero suffered an injury and would be out for a month.In mid May 2013, Quintero posted on Twitter 'good bye and thank you' to Pescara, hinting that he was to leave in the Italian side in the summer. While Pescara claimed that he has not been 'sold', it hinted Quintero's desire to leave the club overall.Quintero joined Porto from Pescara for €5 million, with the Italian club retaining 50% of the economic rights. Quintero signed a four-year contract with a release clause of €40 million.Quintero made his first full debut appearance in the 2013 Emirates Cup against Napoli. He assisted Porto's first goal.Quintero's first 'official' match with Porto began with the 2013 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, where he came on as a sub after 76 minutes when Porto were already ahead by 3-0. Porto went on to win the match, thus giving Quintero's very first silverware not only in Europe, but in his club career.Quintero debut in his first league match for the club against Vitoria Setubal, coming on as a sub and scoring less than a minute later. Quintero provided his first assist for the club two weeks later against P. Ferreira in a 1–0 victory. In a match against Vitória de Guimarães, Quintero drew a penalty that was successfully converted, thus granting him an assist in a 1–0 home victory. Quintero came in on the 90th minute against F.C. Arouca where he was then fouled near the box. He then converted an impressive free kick goal, seconds after only coming in.In late October, Quintero suffered a hamstring injury, expecting to be out for a month.Following his return in December, Quintero requested to play with the B-squad in order to keep his fitness up if he's not to get guarantee minutes with the A-squad.After a long period of matches spent solely on the bench, or coming on as a late substitute during Paulo Fonseca's time as manager, averaging around 20 minutes per game in the league, Quintero found his way back into the team under new manager Luís Castro. Quintero's next significant performance was against Napoli in the Europa League, where he came close to scoring his first goal in European competition, when a Napoli defender's clearance rebounded off his leg and hit the post.Quintero scored his third goal of the season against Belenenses, coming on as a half time substitute and setting up several opportunities for teammate and fellow countryman Jackson Martínez, but eventually it would be Quintero who decided the game with the only goal in a 1–0 victory. Teammate Líca provided a low cross which was parried out by Belenenses goalkeeper Matt Jones, and Quintero came in for the rebound, driving a low shot underneath Matt Jones and in the back of the net.Quintero made his first 90-minute appearance for Porto on 6 April 2014, in a home match against Académica. He provided somewhat of an assist, again for Jackson Martinez, when he was fouled in the box in the 38th minute, which resulted in a converted Jackson Martínez penalty. Quintero then scored his fourth goal of the season a week later, in the 91st minute in a 3–1 victory over S.C. Braga, after a counterattack which he started.On 21 April, Quintero came on as a second-half substitute against fellow northerners Rio Ave and made a significant impact to the match. He was involved in all three of the goals, but only got one direct assist. A chipped through ball to Jackson Martinez resulted in him being brought down for a penalty, which Martínez scored. Next, another chipped through ball to Héctor Herrera resulted in a headed goal. The third goal of the game came from FC Porto right back Danilo, who scored a deflected free kick after Quintero had been fouled just outside the box.Quintero missed Porto's first league game of the season due to a death in the family, but returned to the Porto squad for the next league match versus Paços de Ferreira. Coming on for the injured Cristian Tello, he provided the assist, yet again for fellow Colombian Jackson Martínez, for the only goal in a 1–0 victory for Porto.Quintero scored his first goal of the season against F.C. Arouca from long distance, Porto ended up winning 0-5.On 16 December 2014, Porto purchased the remaining 50% economic rights of Quintero from Pescara for €4.5 million, giving them complete ownership of him.Quintero signed a one-season length loan with Ligue 1 side Rennes. Quintero made his debut against OGC Nice, coming on as a sub and providing an assist in a 1–4 loss. Quintero would eventually score his first goal for the club in the match against SM Caen, resulting in a 1–1 draw.Quintero stated in an interview that he intended to return to Porto after his loan ended despite rumors linking him to a stay.On 13 September 2016 it was reported that Quintero would return to the top flight Colombian league on loan to Independiente Medellín from Porto on a contract through December 2017.On 24 January 2018, Quintero joined Argentine club River Plate on loan for one year. The deal reportedly was settled in €300,000 and included a buyout clause of €5 million. He got the number 8, and scored the winning goal for River Plate against Boca Juniors. He also made the famous pass to Pity Martinez to seal the deal 3-1. He's got a tattoo on the calf of his leg commemorating the occasion: River Plate's 4th Copa Libertadores.River Plate made the transfer for Quintero for the amount of €3.5 million. Then, JuanFer took the number 10 after the departure of Pity Martinez to the MLS. He renewed his contract to June 2022 and included a buyout clause of €22 million. In August 2019, he was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award for his goal scored against Racing Club. His goal eventually finished third, behind second place Lionel Messi, and winner Dániel Zsóri.Quintero was called to represent Colombia wearing the number 10 jersey at the 2013 South American Youth Championship. In the first match against Paraguay, he was voted man of the match after an impressive display setting up the 1–0 victory goal. In the match against a powerful Chile team, Quintero scored a penalty although Colombia lost 2–1. In the match against Bolivia, Quintero assisted four of the six goals in a 6–0 victory. In the final group stage match against Argentina, Colombia had already qualified thus he did not play until the second half where he scored with an amazing 50 yard free kick despite losing the match 2–3.In the first match of the final round, Quintero scored again from an impressive distance in a 2–1 victory over Ecuador. This brought his goal tally to three and his assist tally to four. Quintero scored with a penalty against Peru in a 1–0 allowing Colombia to qualify for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. In the final match against Paraguay who were also Colombia's very first opponent in the U20 South American Youth Championships, he scored a goal in a 2–1 victory where Colombia won the Youth Championships in South America for the third time. In total, Quintero had scored 5 goals and assisted 4 making him MVP of the championship for contributing more than any other player in the tournament.Quintero was set to join the U20 squad again for the 2013 Toulon Tournament, but Pescara refused to allow him to his call-up. Prior to the U-20 World Cup, Quintero scored with an impressive free kick in a friendly against the U-20 squad of France.Quintero played an entertaining opening match performance of the U-20 FIFA World Cup that was held in Turkey. He made impressive shots with his free kicks as well as creating impressive chances. He set up Colombia's goal in the 78th minute where the game ended 1–1. In the match against host nation Turkey, Quintero scored a wonderful goal from outside the box (20 yards), winning the game 1–0 and allowing Colombia to top the group. In the last group match against El Savador, Quintero assisted the first goal and sealed the victory with an amazing 25 yard goal, allowing Colombia to win 3–0 and win the group. Quintero then played in the next match against South Korea, and managed to save Colombia into extra time with an impressive free kick in the last few seconds of full-time. However, Colombia went on to lose on penalties eventually where he scored one in a 7–8 loss. Despite Colombia failing to progress, Quintero was praised as the best player in the group stages.His goal against El Salvador was later voted as best goal of the tournament.Quintero expressed great interest in representing Colombia in 2016 for the Olympics in Brazil.In February 2016, Quintero was called up to play back to back friendlies against Honduras. He made his debut in the first match resulting in a 1–1 draw. Days later in the second match, he scored with a free kick in a 2-2 draw.In 2012, Quintero was called for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Peru and Ecuador, without making an appearance. He made his international debut in a friendly match against Cameroon later in the same year.On 2 June 2014, Quintero was named in Colombia's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and assigned the number 20 shirt.He made his World Cup debut against Ivory Coast in the group stage, coming on for Victor Ibarbo in the 53rd minute, and scored his first international goal to decide the 2–1 win for "Los Cafeteros".In a friendly against Bahrain, Quintero assisted Radamel Falcao's first goal in a 6–0 victory.In May 2018, he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 19 June 2018, he scored in the opening game against Japan with a free kick under the wall to tie the match 1–1 that ended in a 2–1 defeat. On 24 June 2018, Quintero played 73 minutes in Colombia's 3–0 victory over Poland and assisted to Radamel Falcao's goal in the 70th minute of the game. Four days later on 28 June 2018, he played 90 minutes of Colombia's final game in the group stage and provided the winning assist to Yerry Mina's goal off of a corner kick to secure first place in group H. On 3 July 2018, he played 88 minutes in the round of 16 game against England. He did not provide any goals or assists and Colombia went on to lose the game 3–4 on penalties. His goal against Japan was voted the second best goal of the tournament, after Benjamin Pavard's goal against Argentina.Quintero is well known for his creativity for playmaking and as a supportive player in general. His ball control and dribbling has stood him out from most players his age as well as his free kicks, which he has shown to be profound in. Left footed, Quintero is sometimes considered to be another 'James Rodríguez' due to their similar traits (as well as being only 2 years younger, while also playing for the youth national squads of Colombia after Rodriguez's time), although Rodriguez plays more of a forward midfielder/winger whereas Quintero plays more in a neutral mid-center position. This means that he fully commits to a playmaker role, although he does contain remarkable dribbling ability and carries high accuracy with shots on goalDue to his size, Quintero naturally has a lower center of gravity allowing him to have higher balance, agility, and speed similar to that of Lionel Messi. Despite many other young talents drawing comparisons to Messi as well, Quintero is highlighted to be a very 'close replica' to the point where he also been referenced to a 'Diego Maradona' as well. Although all these are natural comparisons due to the fact that he can also effectively run with the ball in limited spaces, and maintain a very sharp technical mindset to that of the Argentinean legends themselves. However, despite the comparisons, Quintero does not carry the strength of Maradona nor is he balanced with his weak foot like Messi.Although, Quintero states that his main inspiration was from watching Brazilian legend Rivaldo as a child."Scores and results lists Colombia's goal tally first."PortoRiver PlateColombia U20Individual
|
[
"Stade Rennais F.C.",
"Colombia Olympic football team",
"Atlético Nacional",
"Real Madrid CF",
"Colombia national soccer team",
"Delfino Pescara 1936",
"Colombia U20 soccer team",
"Orsomarso S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Juan Fernando Quintero play for in Nov 07, 2009?
|
November 07, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Envigado Fútbol Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q2092409_P54_0
|
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Atlético Nacional from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia national soccer team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Real Madrid CF from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia U20 soccer team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia Olympic football team from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Envigado Fútbol Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Orsomarso S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Stade Rennais F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Juan Fernando QuinteroJuan Fernando Quintero Paniagua (born 18 January 1993) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Shenzen and the Colombia national team.He has been mentioned among the more coveted young players in European football by "The Times" of London. At the age of 19, Quintero already started to receive praise for his impressive performances during his time in Italy. During his time of the 2013 South American Youth Championship, he has been recognized as not only one of the most promising youth aspects from only South America, but the world.Quintero has represented Colombia since he was 19, making his official debut in 2012 against Cameroon. At the 2013 South American Youth Championships, he led Colombia to their third title while voted as the tournament's MVP for contributing more than any other player for his respective nation. He also took part in the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey where he gained more praise for his talents after creating a huge impact in the tournament. Quintero went on to represent Colombia in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, where he scored his first world cup goal against Côte d'Ivoire in a group stage match on 19 June 2014. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup he scored against Japan, becoming the first Colombian to score in two FIFA World Cup competitions.His overall size and style of play as well as his left-foot has led him to be compared to Lionel Messi.Born in Medellín, Colombia, he joined the youth squad for Envigado after an impressive performance during a youth tournament that took place in Medellin.Quintero joined the ranks of Atlético Nacional during 2011.He then joined the ranks of Serie A Pescara months after joining Nacional, wasting no time in impressing European scouts.It was reported in early 2013 that Inter Milan and Udinese have confirmed their bidding interest. Although Udinese is the only club to have made an official bid.In early April 2013, it was reported that Quintero suffered an injury and would be out for a month.In mid May 2013, Quintero posted on Twitter 'good bye and thank you' to Pescara, hinting that he was to leave in the Italian side in the summer. While Pescara claimed that he has not been 'sold', it hinted Quintero's desire to leave the club overall.Quintero joined Porto from Pescara for €5 million, with the Italian club retaining 50% of the economic rights. Quintero signed a four-year contract with a release clause of €40 million.Quintero made his first full debut appearance in the 2013 Emirates Cup against Napoli. He assisted Porto's first goal.Quintero's first 'official' match with Porto began with the 2013 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, where he came on as a sub after 76 minutes when Porto were already ahead by 3-0. Porto went on to win the match, thus giving Quintero's very first silverware not only in Europe, but in his club career.Quintero debut in his first league match for the club against Vitoria Setubal, coming on as a sub and scoring less than a minute later. Quintero provided his first assist for the club two weeks later against P. Ferreira in a 1–0 victory. In a match against Vitória de Guimarães, Quintero drew a penalty that was successfully converted, thus granting him an assist in a 1–0 home victory. Quintero came in on the 90th minute against F.C. Arouca where he was then fouled near the box. He then converted an impressive free kick goal, seconds after only coming in.In late October, Quintero suffered a hamstring injury, expecting to be out for a month.Following his return in December, Quintero requested to play with the B-squad in order to keep his fitness up if he's not to get guarantee minutes with the A-squad.After a long period of matches spent solely on the bench, or coming on as a late substitute during Paulo Fonseca's time as manager, averaging around 20 minutes per game in the league, Quintero found his way back into the team under new manager Luís Castro. Quintero's next significant performance was against Napoli in the Europa League, where he came close to scoring his first goal in European competition, when a Napoli defender's clearance rebounded off his leg and hit the post.Quintero scored his third goal of the season against Belenenses, coming on as a half time substitute and setting up several opportunities for teammate and fellow countryman Jackson Martínez, but eventually it would be Quintero who decided the game with the only goal in a 1–0 victory. Teammate Líca provided a low cross which was parried out by Belenenses goalkeeper Matt Jones, and Quintero came in for the rebound, driving a low shot underneath Matt Jones and in the back of the net.Quintero made his first 90-minute appearance for Porto on 6 April 2014, in a home match against Académica. He provided somewhat of an assist, again for Jackson Martinez, when he was fouled in the box in the 38th minute, which resulted in a converted Jackson Martínez penalty. Quintero then scored his fourth goal of the season a week later, in the 91st minute in a 3–1 victory over S.C. Braga, after a counterattack which he started.On 21 April, Quintero came on as a second-half substitute against fellow northerners Rio Ave and made a significant impact to the match. He was involved in all three of the goals, but only got one direct assist. A chipped through ball to Jackson Martinez resulted in him being brought down for a penalty, which Martínez scored. Next, another chipped through ball to Héctor Herrera resulted in a headed goal. The third goal of the game came from FC Porto right back Danilo, who scored a deflected free kick after Quintero had been fouled just outside the box.Quintero missed Porto's first league game of the season due to a death in the family, but returned to the Porto squad for the next league match versus Paços de Ferreira. Coming on for the injured Cristian Tello, he provided the assist, yet again for fellow Colombian Jackson Martínez, for the only goal in a 1–0 victory for Porto.Quintero scored his first goal of the season against F.C. Arouca from long distance, Porto ended up winning 0-5.On 16 December 2014, Porto purchased the remaining 50% economic rights of Quintero from Pescara for €4.5 million, giving them complete ownership of him.Quintero signed a one-season length loan with Ligue 1 side Rennes. Quintero made his debut against OGC Nice, coming on as a sub and providing an assist in a 1–4 loss. Quintero would eventually score his first goal for the club in the match against SM Caen, resulting in a 1–1 draw.Quintero stated in an interview that he intended to return to Porto after his loan ended despite rumors linking him to a stay.On 13 September 2016 it was reported that Quintero would return to the top flight Colombian league on loan to Independiente Medellín from Porto on a contract through December 2017.On 24 January 2018, Quintero joined Argentine club River Plate on loan for one year. The deal reportedly was settled in €300,000 and included a buyout clause of €5 million. He got the number 8, and scored the winning goal for River Plate against Boca Juniors. He also made the famous pass to Pity Martinez to seal the deal 3-1. He's got a tattoo on the calf of his leg commemorating the occasion: River Plate's 4th Copa Libertadores.River Plate made the transfer for Quintero for the amount of €3.5 million. Then, JuanFer took the number 10 after the departure of Pity Martinez to the MLS. He renewed his contract to June 2022 and included a buyout clause of €22 million. In August 2019, he was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award for his goal scored against Racing Club. His goal eventually finished third, behind second place Lionel Messi, and winner Dániel Zsóri.Quintero was called to represent Colombia wearing the number 10 jersey at the 2013 South American Youth Championship. In the first match against Paraguay, he was voted man of the match after an impressive display setting up the 1–0 victory goal. In the match against a powerful Chile team, Quintero scored a penalty although Colombia lost 2–1. In the match against Bolivia, Quintero assisted four of the six goals in a 6–0 victory. In the final group stage match against Argentina, Colombia had already qualified thus he did not play until the second half where he scored with an amazing 50 yard free kick despite losing the match 2–3.In the first match of the final round, Quintero scored again from an impressive distance in a 2–1 victory over Ecuador. This brought his goal tally to three and his assist tally to four. Quintero scored with a penalty against Peru in a 1–0 allowing Colombia to qualify for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. In the final match against Paraguay who were also Colombia's very first opponent in the U20 South American Youth Championships, he scored a goal in a 2–1 victory where Colombia won the Youth Championships in South America for the third time. In total, Quintero had scored 5 goals and assisted 4 making him MVP of the championship for contributing more than any other player in the tournament.Quintero was set to join the U20 squad again for the 2013 Toulon Tournament, but Pescara refused to allow him to his call-up. Prior to the U-20 World Cup, Quintero scored with an impressive free kick in a friendly against the U-20 squad of France.Quintero played an entertaining opening match performance of the U-20 FIFA World Cup that was held in Turkey. He made impressive shots with his free kicks as well as creating impressive chances. He set up Colombia's goal in the 78th minute where the game ended 1–1. In the match against host nation Turkey, Quintero scored a wonderful goal from outside the box (20 yards), winning the game 1–0 and allowing Colombia to top the group. In the last group match against El Savador, Quintero assisted the first goal and sealed the victory with an amazing 25 yard goal, allowing Colombia to win 3–0 and win the group. Quintero then played in the next match against South Korea, and managed to save Colombia into extra time with an impressive free kick in the last few seconds of full-time. However, Colombia went on to lose on penalties eventually where he scored one in a 7–8 loss. Despite Colombia failing to progress, Quintero was praised as the best player in the group stages.His goal against El Salvador was later voted as best goal of the tournament.Quintero expressed great interest in representing Colombia in 2016 for the Olympics in Brazil.In February 2016, Quintero was called up to play back to back friendlies against Honduras. He made his debut in the first match resulting in a 1–1 draw. Days later in the second match, he scored with a free kick in a 2-2 draw.In 2012, Quintero was called for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Peru and Ecuador, without making an appearance. He made his international debut in a friendly match against Cameroon later in the same year.On 2 June 2014, Quintero was named in Colombia's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and assigned the number 20 shirt.He made his World Cup debut against Ivory Coast in the group stage, coming on for Victor Ibarbo in the 53rd minute, and scored his first international goal to decide the 2–1 win for "Los Cafeteros".In a friendly against Bahrain, Quintero assisted Radamel Falcao's first goal in a 6–0 victory.In May 2018, he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 19 June 2018, he scored in the opening game against Japan with a free kick under the wall to tie the match 1–1 that ended in a 2–1 defeat. On 24 June 2018, Quintero played 73 minutes in Colombia's 3–0 victory over Poland and assisted to Radamel Falcao's goal in the 70th minute of the game. Four days later on 28 June 2018, he played 90 minutes of Colombia's final game in the group stage and provided the winning assist to Yerry Mina's goal off of a corner kick to secure first place in group H. On 3 July 2018, he played 88 minutes in the round of 16 game against England. He did not provide any goals or assists and Colombia went on to lose the game 3–4 on penalties. His goal against Japan was voted the second best goal of the tournament, after Benjamin Pavard's goal against Argentina.Quintero is well known for his creativity for playmaking and as a supportive player in general. His ball control and dribbling has stood him out from most players his age as well as his free kicks, which he has shown to be profound in. Left footed, Quintero is sometimes considered to be another 'James Rodríguez' due to their similar traits (as well as being only 2 years younger, while also playing for the youth national squads of Colombia after Rodriguez's time), although Rodriguez plays more of a forward midfielder/winger whereas Quintero plays more in a neutral mid-center position. This means that he fully commits to a playmaker role, although he does contain remarkable dribbling ability and carries high accuracy with shots on goalDue to his size, Quintero naturally has a lower center of gravity allowing him to have higher balance, agility, and speed similar to that of Lionel Messi. Despite many other young talents drawing comparisons to Messi as well, Quintero is highlighted to be a very 'close replica' to the point where he also been referenced to a 'Diego Maradona' as well. Although all these are natural comparisons due to the fact that he can also effectively run with the ball in limited spaces, and maintain a very sharp technical mindset to that of the Argentinean legends themselves. However, despite the comparisons, Quintero does not carry the strength of Maradona nor is he balanced with his weak foot like Messi.Although, Quintero states that his main inspiration was from watching Brazilian legend Rivaldo as a child."Scores and results lists Colombia's goal tally first."PortoRiver PlateColombia U20Individual
|
[
"Stade Rennais F.C.",
"Colombia Olympic football team",
"Atlético Nacional",
"Real Madrid CF",
"Colombia national soccer team",
"Delfino Pescara 1936",
"Colombia U20 soccer team",
"Orsomarso S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Juan Fernando Quintero play for in 11/07/2009?
|
November 07, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Envigado Fútbol Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q2092409_P54_0
|
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Atlético Nacional from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia national soccer team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Real Madrid CF from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia U20 soccer team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia Olympic football team from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Envigado Fútbol Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Orsomarso S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Stade Rennais F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Juan Fernando QuinteroJuan Fernando Quintero Paniagua (born 18 January 1993) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Shenzen and the Colombia national team.He has been mentioned among the more coveted young players in European football by "The Times" of London. At the age of 19, Quintero already started to receive praise for his impressive performances during his time in Italy. During his time of the 2013 South American Youth Championship, he has been recognized as not only one of the most promising youth aspects from only South America, but the world.Quintero has represented Colombia since he was 19, making his official debut in 2012 against Cameroon. At the 2013 South American Youth Championships, he led Colombia to their third title while voted as the tournament's MVP for contributing more than any other player for his respective nation. He also took part in the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey where he gained more praise for his talents after creating a huge impact in the tournament. Quintero went on to represent Colombia in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, where he scored his first world cup goal against Côte d'Ivoire in a group stage match on 19 June 2014. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup he scored against Japan, becoming the first Colombian to score in two FIFA World Cup competitions.His overall size and style of play as well as his left-foot has led him to be compared to Lionel Messi.Born in Medellín, Colombia, he joined the youth squad for Envigado after an impressive performance during a youth tournament that took place in Medellin.Quintero joined the ranks of Atlético Nacional during 2011.He then joined the ranks of Serie A Pescara months after joining Nacional, wasting no time in impressing European scouts.It was reported in early 2013 that Inter Milan and Udinese have confirmed their bidding interest. Although Udinese is the only club to have made an official bid.In early April 2013, it was reported that Quintero suffered an injury and would be out for a month.In mid May 2013, Quintero posted on Twitter 'good bye and thank you' to Pescara, hinting that he was to leave in the Italian side in the summer. While Pescara claimed that he has not been 'sold', it hinted Quintero's desire to leave the club overall.Quintero joined Porto from Pescara for €5 million, with the Italian club retaining 50% of the economic rights. Quintero signed a four-year contract with a release clause of €40 million.Quintero made his first full debut appearance in the 2013 Emirates Cup against Napoli. He assisted Porto's first goal.Quintero's first 'official' match with Porto began with the 2013 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, where he came on as a sub after 76 minutes when Porto were already ahead by 3-0. Porto went on to win the match, thus giving Quintero's very first silverware not only in Europe, but in his club career.Quintero debut in his first league match for the club against Vitoria Setubal, coming on as a sub and scoring less than a minute later. Quintero provided his first assist for the club two weeks later against P. Ferreira in a 1–0 victory. In a match against Vitória de Guimarães, Quintero drew a penalty that was successfully converted, thus granting him an assist in a 1–0 home victory. Quintero came in on the 90th minute against F.C. Arouca where he was then fouled near the box. He then converted an impressive free kick goal, seconds after only coming in.In late October, Quintero suffered a hamstring injury, expecting to be out for a month.Following his return in December, Quintero requested to play with the B-squad in order to keep his fitness up if he's not to get guarantee minutes with the A-squad.After a long period of matches spent solely on the bench, or coming on as a late substitute during Paulo Fonseca's time as manager, averaging around 20 minutes per game in the league, Quintero found his way back into the team under new manager Luís Castro. Quintero's next significant performance was against Napoli in the Europa League, where he came close to scoring his first goal in European competition, when a Napoli defender's clearance rebounded off his leg and hit the post.Quintero scored his third goal of the season against Belenenses, coming on as a half time substitute and setting up several opportunities for teammate and fellow countryman Jackson Martínez, but eventually it would be Quintero who decided the game with the only goal in a 1–0 victory. Teammate Líca provided a low cross which was parried out by Belenenses goalkeeper Matt Jones, and Quintero came in for the rebound, driving a low shot underneath Matt Jones and in the back of the net.Quintero made his first 90-minute appearance for Porto on 6 April 2014, in a home match against Académica. He provided somewhat of an assist, again for Jackson Martinez, when he was fouled in the box in the 38th minute, which resulted in a converted Jackson Martínez penalty. Quintero then scored his fourth goal of the season a week later, in the 91st minute in a 3–1 victory over S.C. Braga, after a counterattack which he started.On 21 April, Quintero came on as a second-half substitute against fellow northerners Rio Ave and made a significant impact to the match. He was involved in all three of the goals, but only got one direct assist. A chipped through ball to Jackson Martinez resulted in him being brought down for a penalty, which Martínez scored. Next, another chipped through ball to Héctor Herrera resulted in a headed goal. The third goal of the game came from FC Porto right back Danilo, who scored a deflected free kick after Quintero had been fouled just outside the box.Quintero missed Porto's first league game of the season due to a death in the family, but returned to the Porto squad for the next league match versus Paços de Ferreira. Coming on for the injured Cristian Tello, he provided the assist, yet again for fellow Colombian Jackson Martínez, for the only goal in a 1–0 victory for Porto.Quintero scored his first goal of the season against F.C. Arouca from long distance, Porto ended up winning 0-5.On 16 December 2014, Porto purchased the remaining 50% economic rights of Quintero from Pescara for €4.5 million, giving them complete ownership of him.Quintero signed a one-season length loan with Ligue 1 side Rennes. Quintero made his debut against OGC Nice, coming on as a sub and providing an assist in a 1–4 loss. Quintero would eventually score his first goal for the club in the match against SM Caen, resulting in a 1–1 draw.Quintero stated in an interview that he intended to return to Porto after his loan ended despite rumors linking him to a stay.On 13 September 2016 it was reported that Quintero would return to the top flight Colombian league on loan to Independiente Medellín from Porto on a contract through December 2017.On 24 January 2018, Quintero joined Argentine club River Plate on loan for one year. The deal reportedly was settled in €300,000 and included a buyout clause of €5 million. He got the number 8, and scored the winning goal for River Plate against Boca Juniors. He also made the famous pass to Pity Martinez to seal the deal 3-1. He's got a tattoo on the calf of his leg commemorating the occasion: River Plate's 4th Copa Libertadores.River Plate made the transfer for Quintero for the amount of €3.5 million. Then, JuanFer took the number 10 after the departure of Pity Martinez to the MLS. He renewed his contract to June 2022 and included a buyout clause of €22 million. In August 2019, he was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award for his goal scored against Racing Club. His goal eventually finished third, behind second place Lionel Messi, and winner Dániel Zsóri.Quintero was called to represent Colombia wearing the number 10 jersey at the 2013 South American Youth Championship. In the first match against Paraguay, he was voted man of the match after an impressive display setting up the 1–0 victory goal. In the match against a powerful Chile team, Quintero scored a penalty although Colombia lost 2–1. In the match against Bolivia, Quintero assisted four of the six goals in a 6–0 victory. In the final group stage match against Argentina, Colombia had already qualified thus he did not play until the second half where he scored with an amazing 50 yard free kick despite losing the match 2–3.In the first match of the final round, Quintero scored again from an impressive distance in a 2–1 victory over Ecuador. This brought his goal tally to three and his assist tally to four. Quintero scored with a penalty against Peru in a 1–0 allowing Colombia to qualify for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. In the final match against Paraguay who were also Colombia's very first opponent in the U20 South American Youth Championships, he scored a goal in a 2–1 victory where Colombia won the Youth Championships in South America for the third time. In total, Quintero had scored 5 goals and assisted 4 making him MVP of the championship for contributing more than any other player in the tournament.Quintero was set to join the U20 squad again for the 2013 Toulon Tournament, but Pescara refused to allow him to his call-up. Prior to the U-20 World Cup, Quintero scored with an impressive free kick in a friendly against the U-20 squad of France.Quintero played an entertaining opening match performance of the U-20 FIFA World Cup that was held in Turkey. He made impressive shots with his free kicks as well as creating impressive chances. He set up Colombia's goal in the 78th minute where the game ended 1–1. In the match against host nation Turkey, Quintero scored a wonderful goal from outside the box (20 yards), winning the game 1–0 and allowing Colombia to top the group. In the last group match against El Savador, Quintero assisted the first goal and sealed the victory with an amazing 25 yard goal, allowing Colombia to win 3–0 and win the group. Quintero then played in the next match against South Korea, and managed to save Colombia into extra time with an impressive free kick in the last few seconds of full-time. However, Colombia went on to lose on penalties eventually where he scored one in a 7–8 loss. Despite Colombia failing to progress, Quintero was praised as the best player in the group stages.His goal against El Salvador was later voted as best goal of the tournament.Quintero expressed great interest in representing Colombia in 2016 for the Olympics in Brazil.In February 2016, Quintero was called up to play back to back friendlies against Honduras. He made his debut in the first match resulting in a 1–1 draw. Days later in the second match, he scored with a free kick in a 2-2 draw.In 2012, Quintero was called for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Peru and Ecuador, without making an appearance. He made his international debut in a friendly match against Cameroon later in the same year.On 2 June 2014, Quintero was named in Colombia's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and assigned the number 20 shirt.He made his World Cup debut against Ivory Coast in the group stage, coming on for Victor Ibarbo in the 53rd minute, and scored his first international goal to decide the 2–1 win for "Los Cafeteros".In a friendly against Bahrain, Quintero assisted Radamel Falcao's first goal in a 6–0 victory.In May 2018, he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 19 June 2018, he scored in the opening game against Japan with a free kick under the wall to tie the match 1–1 that ended in a 2–1 defeat. On 24 June 2018, Quintero played 73 minutes in Colombia's 3–0 victory over Poland and assisted to Radamel Falcao's goal in the 70th minute of the game. Four days later on 28 June 2018, he played 90 minutes of Colombia's final game in the group stage and provided the winning assist to Yerry Mina's goal off of a corner kick to secure first place in group H. On 3 July 2018, he played 88 minutes in the round of 16 game against England. He did not provide any goals or assists and Colombia went on to lose the game 3–4 on penalties. His goal against Japan was voted the second best goal of the tournament, after Benjamin Pavard's goal against Argentina.Quintero is well known for his creativity for playmaking and as a supportive player in general. His ball control and dribbling has stood him out from most players his age as well as his free kicks, which he has shown to be profound in. Left footed, Quintero is sometimes considered to be another 'James Rodríguez' due to their similar traits (as well as being only 2 years younger, while also playing for the youth national squads of Colombia after Rodriguez's time), although Rodriguez plays more of a forward midfielder/winger whereas Quintero plays more in a neutral mid-center position. This means that he fully commits to a playmaker role, although he does contain remarkable dribbling ability and carries high accuracy with shots on goalDue to his size, Quintero naturally has a lower center of gravity allowing him to have higher balance, agility, and speed similar to that of Lionel Messi. Despite many other young talents drawing comparisons to Messi as well, Quintero is highlighted to be a very 'close replica' to the point where he also been referenced to a 'Diego Maradona' as well. Although all these are natural comparisons due to the fact that he can also effectively run with the ball in limited spaces, and maintain a very sharp technical mindset to that of the Argentinean legends themselves. However, despite the comparisons, Quintero does not carry the strength of Maradona nor is he balanced with his weak foot like Messi.Although, Quintero states that his main inspiration was from watching Brazilian legend Rivaldo as a child."Scores and results lists Colombia's goal tally first."PortoRiver PlateColombia U20Individual
|
[
"Stade Rennais F.C.",
"Colombia Olympic football team",
"Atlético Nacional",
"Real Madrid CF",
"Colombia national soccer team",
"Delfino Pescara 1936",
"Colombia U20 soccer team",
"Orsomarso S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Juan Fernando Quintero play for in 07-Nov-200907-November-2009?
|
November 07, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Envigado Fútbol Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q2092409_P54_0
|
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Atlético Nacional from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia national soccer team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Real Madrid CF from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia U20 soccer team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Colombia Olympic football team from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Envigado Fútbol Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Orsomarso S.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Juan Fernando Quintero plays for Stade Rennais F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Juan Fernando QuinteroJuan Fernando Quintero Paniagua (born 18 January 1993) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Shenzen and the Colombia national team.He has been mentioned among the more coveted young players in European football by "The Times" of London. At the age of 19, Quintero already started to receive praise for his impressive performances during his time in Italy. During his time of the 2013 South American Youth Championship, he has been recognized as not only one of the most promising youth aspects from only South America, but the world.Quintero has represented Colombia since he was 19, making his official debut in 2012 against Cameroon. At the 2013 South American Youth Championships, he led Colombia to their third title while voted as the tournament's MVP for contributing more than any other player for his respective nation. He also took part in the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey where he gained more praise for his talents after creating a huge impact in the tournament. Quintero went on to represent Colombia in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, where he scored his first world cup goal against Côte d'Ivoire in a group stage match on 19 June 2014. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup he scored against Japan, becoming the first Colombian to score in two FIFA World Cup competitions.His overall size and style of play as well as his left-foot has led him to be compared to Lionel Messi.Born in Medellín, Colombia, he joined the youth squad for Envigado after an impressive performance during a youth tournament that took place in Medellin.Quintero joined the ranks of Atlético Nacional during 2011.He then joined the ranks of Serie A Pescara months after joining Nacional, wasting no time in impressing European scouts.It was reported in early 2013 that Inter Milan and Udinese have confirmed their bidding interest. Although Udinese is the only club to have made an official bid.In early April 2013, it was reported that Quintero suffered an injury and would be out for a month.In mid May 2013, Quintero posted on Twitter 'good bye and thank you' to Pescara, hinting that he was to leave in the Italian side in the summer. While Pescara claimed that he has not been 'sold', it hinted Quintero's desire to leave the club overall.Quintero joined Porto from Pescara for €5 million, with the Italian club retaining 50% of the economic rights. Quintero signed a four-year contract with a release clause of €40 million.Quintero made his first full debut appearance in the 2013 Emirates Cup against Napoli. He assisted Porto's first goal.Quintero's first 'official' match with Porto began with the 2013 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, where he came on as a sub after 76 minutes when Porto were already ahead by 3-0. Porto went on to win the match, thus giving Quintero's very first silverware not only in Europe, but in his club career.Quintero debut in his first league match for the club against Vitoria Setubal, coming on as a sub and scoring less than a minute later. Quintero provided his first assist for the club two weeks later against P. Ferreira in a 1–0 victory. In a match against Vitória de Guimarães, Quintero drew a penalty that was successfully converted, thus granting him an assist in a 1–0 home victory. Quintero came in on the 90th minute against F.C. Arouca where he was then fouled near the box. He then converted an impressive free kick goal, seconds after only coming in.In late October, Quintero suffered a hamstring injury, expecting to be out for a month.Following his return in December, Quintero requested to play with the B-squad in order to keep his fitness up if he's not to get guarantee minutes with the A-squad.After a long period of matches spent solely on the bench, or coming on as a late substitute during Paulo Fonseca's time as manager, averaging around 20 minutes per game in the league, Quintero found his way back into the team under new manager Luís Castro. Quintero's next significant performance was against Napoli in the Europa League, where he came close to scoring his first goal in European competition, when a Napoli defender's clearance rebounded off his leg and hit the post.Quintero scored his third goal of the season against Belenenses, coming on as a half time substitute and setting up several opportunities for teammate and fellow countryman Jackson Martínez, but eventually it would be Quintero who decided the game with the only goal in a 1–0 victory. Teammate Líca provided a low cross which was parried out by Belenenses goalkeeper Matt Jones, and Quintero came in for the rebound, driving a low shot underneath Matt Jones and in the back of the net.Quintero made his first 90-minute appearance for Porto on 6 April 2014, in a home match against Académica. He provided somewhat of an assist, again for Jackson Martinez, when he was fouled in the box in the 38th minute, which resulted in a converted Jackson Martínez penalty. Quintero then scored his fourth goal of the season a week later, in the 91st minute in a 3–1 victory over S.C. Braga, after a counterattack which he started.On 21 April, Quintero came on as a second-half substitute against fellow northerners Rio Ave and made a significant impact to the match. He was involved in all three of the goals, but only got one direct assist. A chipped through ball to Jackson Martinez resulted in him being brought down for a penalty, which Martínez scored. Next, another chipped through ball to Héctor Herrera resulted in a headed goal. The third goal of the game came from FC Porto right back Danilo, who scored a deflected free kick after Quintero had been fouled just outside the box.Quintero missed Porto's first league game of the season due to a death in the family, but returned to the Porto squad for the next league match versus Paços de Ferreira. Coming on for the injured Cristian Tello, he provided the assist, yet again for fellow Colombian Jackson Martínez, for the only goal in a 1–0 victory for Porto.Quintero scored his first goal of the season against F.C. Arouca from long distance, Porto ended up winning 0-5.On 16 December 2014, Porto purchased the remaining 50% economic rights of Quintero from Pescara for €4.5 million, giving them complete ownership of him.Quintero signed a one-season length loan with Ligue 1 side Rennes. Quintero made his debut against OGC Nice, coming on as a sub and providing an assist in a 1–4 loss. Quintero would eventually score his first goal for the club in the match against SM Caen, resulting in a 1–1 draw.Quintero stated in an interview that he intended to return to Porto after his loan ended despite rumors linking him to a stay.On 13 September 2016 it was reported that Quintero would return to the top flight Colombian league on loan to Independiente Medellín from Porto on a contract through December 2017.On 24 January 2018, Quintero joined Argentine club River Plate on loan for one year. The deal reportedly was settled in €300,000 and included a buyout clause of €5 million. He got the number 8, and scored the winning goal for River Plate against Boca Juniors. He also made the famous pass to Pity Martinez to seal the deal 3-1. He's got a tattoo on the calf of his leg commemorating the occasion: River Plate's 4th Copa Libertadores.River Plate made the transfer for Quintero for the amount of €3.5 million. Then, JuanFer took the number 10 after the departure of Pity Martinez to the MLS. He renewed his contract to June 2022 and included a buyout clause of €22 million. In August 2019, he was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award for his goal scored against Racing Club. His goal eventually finished third, behind second place Lionel Messi, and winner Dániel Zsóri.Quintero was called to represent Colombia wearing the number 10 jersey at the 2013 South American Youth Championship. In the first match against Paraguay, he was voted man of the match after an impressive display setting up the 1–0 victory goal. In the match against a powerful Chile team, Quintero scored a penalty although Colombia lost 2–1. In the match against Bolivia, Quintero assisted four of the six goals in a 6–0 victory. In the final group stage match against Argentina, Colombia had already qualified thus he did not play until the second half where he scored with an amazing 50 yard free kick despite losing the match 2–3.In the first match of the final round, Quintero scored again from an impressive distance in a 2–1 victory over Ecuador. This brought his goal tally to three and his assist tally to four. Quintero scored with a penalty against Peru in a 1–0 allowing Colombia to qualify for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. In the final match against Paraguay who were also Colombia's very first opponent in the U20 South American Youth Championships, he scored a goal in a 2–1 victory where Colombia won the Youth Championships in South America for the third time. In total, Quintero had scored 5 goals and assisted 4 making him MVP of the championship for contributing more than any other player in the tournament.Quintero was set to join the U20 squad again for the 2013 Toulon Tournament, but Pescara refused to allow him to his call-up. Prior to the U-20 World Cup, Quintero scored with an impressive free kick in a friendly against the U-20 squad of France.Quintero played an entertaining opening match performance of the U-20 FIFA World Cup that was held in Turkey. He made impressive shots with his free kicks as well as creating impressive chances. He set up Colombia's goal in the 78th minute where the game ended 1–1. In the match against host nation Turkey, Quintero scored a wonderful goal from outside the box (20 yards), winning the game 1–0 and allowing Colombia to top the group. In the last group match against El Savador, Quintero assisted the first goal and sealed the victory with an amazing 25 yard goal, allowing Colombia to win 3–0 and win the group. Quintero then played in the next match against South Korea, and managed to save Colombia into extra time with an impressive free kick in the last few seconds of full-time. However, Colombia went on to lose on penalties eventually where he scored one in a 7–8 loss. Despite Colombia failing to progress, Quintero was praised as the best player in the group stages.His goal against El Salvador was later voted as best goal of the tournament.Quintero expressed great interest in representing Colombia in 2016 for the Olympics in Brazil.In February 2016, Quintero was called up to play back to back friendlies against Honduras. He made his debut in the first match resulting in a 1–1 draw. Days later in the second match, he scored with a free kick in a 2-2 draw.In 2012, Quintero was called for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Peru and Ecuador, without making an appearance. He made his international debut in a friendly match against Cameroon later in the same year.On 2 June 2014, Quintero was named in Colombia's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and assigned the number 20 shirt.He made his World Cup debut against Ivory Coast in the group stage, coming on for Victor Ibarbo in the 53rd minute, and scored his first international goal to decide the 2–1 win for "Los Cafeteros".In a friendly against Bahrain, Quintero assisted Radamel Falcao's first goal in a 6–0 victory.In May 2018, he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 19 June 2018, he scored in the opening game against Japan with a free kick under the wall to tie the match 1–1 that ended in a 2–1 defeat. On 24 June 2018, Quintero played 73 minutes in Colombia's 3–0 victory over Poland and assisted to Radamel Falcao's goal in the 70th minute of the game. Four days later on 28 June 2018, he played 90 minutes of Colombia's final game in the group stage and provided the winning assist to Yerry Mina's goal off of a corner kick to secure first place in group H. On 3 July 2018, he played 88 minutes in the round of 16 game against England. He did not provide any goals or assists and Colombia went on to lose the game 3–4 on penalties. His goal against Japan was voted the second best goal of the tournament, after Benjamin Pavard's goal against Argentina.Quintero is well known for his creativity for playmaking and as a supportive player in general. His ball control and dribbling has stood him out from most players his age as well as his free kicks, which he has shown to be profound in. Left footed, Quintero is sometimes considered to be another 'James Rodríguez' due to their similar traits (as well as being only 2 years younger, while also playing for the youth national squads of Colombia after Rodriguez's time), although Rodriguez plays more of a forward midfielder/winger whereas Quintero plays more in a neutral mid-center position. This means that he fully commits to a playmaker role, although he does contain remarkable dribbling ability and carries high accuracy with shots on goalDue to his size, Quintero naturally has a lower center of gravity allowing him to have higher balance, agility, and speed similar to that of Lionel Messi. Despite many other young talents drawing comparisons to Messi as well, Quintero is highlighted to be a very 'close replica' to the point where he also been referenced to a 'Diego Maradona' as well. Although all these are natural comparisons due to the fact that he can also effectively run with the ball in limited spaces, and maintain a very sharp technical mindset to that of the Argentinean legends themselves. However, despite the comparisons, Quintero does not carry the strength of Maradona nor is he balanced with his weak foot like Messi.Although, Quintero states that his main inspiration was from watching Brazilian legend Rivaldo as a child."Scores and results lists Colombia's goal tally first."PortoRiver PlateColombia U20Individual
|
[
"Stade Rennais F.C.",
"Colombia Olympic football team",
"Atlético Nacional",
"Real Madrid CF",
"Colombia national soccer team",
"Delfino Pescara 1936",
"Colombia U20 soccer team",
"Orsomarso S.C."
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in Aug, 1798?
|
August 26, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_8
|
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in 1798-08-26?
|
August 26, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_8
|
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in 26/08/1798?
|
August 26, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_8
|
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in Aug 26, 1798?
|
August 26, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_8
|
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in 08/26/1798?
|
August 26, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_8
|
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in 26-Aug-179826-August-1798?
|
August 26, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_8
|
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Which team did Mehdi Sabeti play for in Sep, 2009?
|
September 14, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Tractor Sazi"
]
}
|
L2_Q6809363_P54_2
|
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Tractor Sazi from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Rah Ahan F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for F.C. Aboomoslem from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Mehdi SabetiMehdi Sabeti (born February 1, 1975) is an Iranian retired football goalkeeper and Goalkeeper coach.Mehdi Sabeti on instagramMehdi Sabeti at Soccerway Sabeti joined Tractor Sazi in 2009, after spending the previous season at Aboomoslem. On 26 February 2013 Sabeti made his AFC Champions League debut, at 38 years of age, in a 3–1 Victory over Al Jazira Club.
|
[
"F.C. Aboomoslem",
"Rah Ahan F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mehdi Sabeti play for in 2009-09-14?
|
September 14, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Tractor Sazi"
]
}
|
L2_Q6809363_P54_2
|
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Tractor Sazi from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Rah Ahan F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for F.C. Aboomoslem from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Mehdi SabetiMehdi Sabeti (born February 1, 1975) is an Iranian retired football goalkeeper and Goalkeeper coach.Mehdi Sabeti on instagramMehdi Sabeti at Soccerway Sabeti joined Tractor Sazi in 2009, after spending the previous season at Aboomoslem. On 26 February 2013 Sabeti made his AFC Champions League debut, at 38 years of age, in a 3–1 Victory over Al Jazira Club.
|
[
"F.C. Aboomoslem",
"Rah Ahan F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mehdi Sabeti play for in 14/09/2009?
|
September 14, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Tractor Sazi"
]
}
|
L2_Q6809363_P54_2
|
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Tractor Sazi from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Rah Ahan F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for F.C. Aboomoslem from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Mehdi SabetiMehdi Sabeti (born February 1, 1975) is an Iranian retired football goalkeeper and Goalkeeper coach.Mehdi Sabeti on instagramMehdi Sabeti at Soccerway Sabeti joined Tractor Sazi in 2009, after spending the previous season at Aboomoslem. On 26 February 2013 Sabeti made his AFC Champions League debut, at 38 years of age, in a 3–1 Victory over Al Jazira Club.
|
[
"F.C. Aboomoslem",
"Rah Ahan F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mehdi Sabeti play for in Sep 14, 2009?
|
September 14, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Tractor Sazi"
]
}
|
L2_Q6809363_P54_2
|
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Tractor Sazi from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Rah Ahan F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for F.C. Aboomoslem from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Mehdi SabetiMehdi Sabeti (born February 1, 1975) is an Iranian retired football goalkeeper and Goalkeeper coach.Mehdi Sabeti on instagramMehdi Sabeti at Soccerway Sabeti joined Tractor Sazi in 2009, after spending the previous season at Aboomoslem. On 26 February 2013 Sabeti made his AFC Champions League debut, at 38 years of age, in a 3–1 Victory over Al Jazira Club.
|
[
"F.C. Aboomoslem",
"Rah Ahan F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mehdi Sabeti play for in 09/14/2009?
|
September 14, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Tractor Sazi"
]
}
|
L2_Q6809363_P54_2
|
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Tractor Sazi from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Rah Ahan F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for F.C. Aboomoslem from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Mehdi SabetiMehdi Sabeti (born February 1, 1975) is an Iranian retired football goalkeeper and Goalkeeper coach.Mehdi Sabeti on instagramMehdi Sabeti at Soccerway Sabeti joined Tractor Sazi in 2009, after spending the previous season at Aboomoslem. On 26 February 2013 Sabeti made his AFC Champions League debut, at 38 years of age, in a 3–1 Victory over Al Jazira Club.
|
[
"F.C. Aboomoslem",
"Rah Ahan F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mehdi Sabeti play for in 14-Sep-200914-September-2009?
|
September 14, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Tractor Sazi"
]
}
|
L2_Q6809363_P54_2
|
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Tractor Sazi from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for Rah Ahan F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Mehdi Sabeti plays for F.C. Aboomoslem from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Mehdi SabetiMehdi Sabeti (born February 1, 1975) is an Iranian retired football goalkeeper and Goalkeeper coach.Mehdi Sabeti on instagramMehdi Sabeti at Soccerway Sabeti joined Tractor Sazi in 2009, after spending the previous season at Aboomoslem. On 26 February 2013 Sabeti made his AFC Champions League debut, at 38 years of age, in a 3–1 Victory over Al Jazira Club.
|
[
"F.C. Aboomoslem",
"Rah Ahan F.C."
] |
|
Which employer did Grace Hopper work for in Jan, 1984?
|
January 03, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Naval Sea Systems Command"
]
}
|
L2_Q11641_P108_5
|
Grace Hopper works for Vassar College from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1943.
Grace Hopper works for Bureau of Ships from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1949.
Grace Hopper works for Digital Equipment Corporation from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
Grace Hopper works for Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1971.
Grace Hopper works for Naval Sea Systems Command from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1986.
Grace Hopper works for Sperry Corporation from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1966.
Grace Hopper works for Remington Rand from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1955.
|
Grace HopperGrace Brewster Murray Hopper ( December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II but was rejected because she was 34 years old. She instead joined the Navy Reserves. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by Howard H. Aiken. In 1949, she joined the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers. She believed that a programming language based on English was possible. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0 System. During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1.In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. In 1966, she retired from the Naval Reserve, but in 1967 the Navy recalled her to active duty. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and found work as a consultant for the Digital Equipment Corporation, sharing her computing experiences.The U.S. Navy guided-missile destroyer was named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC. During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.Hopper was born in New York City. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Scottish and Dutch descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.Hopper was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Hopper was initially rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930.In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale under the direction of Øystein Ore. Her dissertation, "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria", was published that same year. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.She was married to New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976) from 1930 until their divorce in 1945. She did not marry again, but chose to retain his surname.Hopper had tried to enlist in the Navy early in World War II. She was rejected for a few reasons. At age 34, she was too old to enlist, and her weight to height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort. During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the United States Navy Reserve; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the WAVES. She had to get an exemption to enlist; she was below the Navy minimum weight of . She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the Mark I computer programming staff headed by Howard H. Aiken. Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols," she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0.In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic." She goes on to say that her compiler "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing."In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date. Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was Mount Holyoke College alumna Jean E. Sammet.From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. She developed the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander at age 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.After Republican Representative Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of "60 Minutes", he championed , a joint resolution originating in the House of Representatives, which led to her promotion on 15 December 1983 to commodore by special Presidential appointment by President Ronald Reagan. She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress. Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed rear admiral (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals.Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, 1986. At a celebration held in Boston on the to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, nine months and 23 days). Admirals William D. Leahy, Chester W. Nimitz, Hyman G. Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to their promotions to the rank of fleet admiral. Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time senior consultant. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations. She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992.At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy."The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler," she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington, Virginia; she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.
|
[
"Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation",
"Sperry Corporation",
"Vassar College",
"Bureau of Ships",
"Digital Equipment Corporation",
"Remington Rand"
] |
|
Which employer did Grace Hopper work for in 1984-01-03?
|
January 03, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Naval Sea Systems Command"
]
}
|
L2_Q11641_P108_5
|
Grace Hopper works for Vassar College from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1943.
Grace Hopper works for Bureau of Ships from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1949.
Grace Hopper works for Digital Equipment Corporation from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
Grace Hopper works for Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1971.
Grace Hopper works for Naval Sea Systems Command from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1986.
Grace Hopper works for Sperry Corporation from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1966.
Grace Hopper works for Remington Rand from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1955.
|
Grace HopperGrace Brewster Murray Hopper ( December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II but was rejected because she was 34 years old. She instead joined the Navy Reserves. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by Howard H. Aiken. In 1949, she joined the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers. She believed that a programming language based on English was possible. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0 System. During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1.In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. In 1966, she retired from the Naval Reserve, but in 1967 the Navy recalled her to active duty. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and found work as a consultant for the Digital Equipment Corporation, sharing her computing experiences.The U.S. Navy guided-missile destroyer was named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC. During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.Hopper was born in New York City. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Scottish and Dutch descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.Hopper was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Hopper was initially rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930.In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale under the direction of Øystein Ore. Her dissertation, "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria", was published that same year. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.She was married to New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976) from 1930 until their divorce in 1945. She did not marry again, but chose to retain his surname.Hopper had tried to enlist in the Navy early in World War II. She was rejected for a few reasons. At age 34, she was too old to enlist, and her weight to height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort. During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the United States Navy Reserve; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the WAVES. She had to get an exemption to enlist; she was below the Navy minimum weight of . She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the Mark I computer programming staff headed by Howard H. Aiken. Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols," she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0.In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic." She goes on to say that her compiler "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing."In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date. Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was Mount Holyoke College alumna Jean E. Sammet.From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. She developed the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander at age 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.After Republican Representative Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of "60 Minutes", he championed , a joint resolution originating in the House of Representatives, which led to her promotion on 15 December 1983 to commodore by special Presidential appointment by President Ronald Reagan. She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress. Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed rear admiral (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals.Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, 1986. At a celebration held in Boston on the to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, nine months and 23 days). Admirals William D. Leahy, Chester W. Nimitz, Hyman G. Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to their promotions to the rank of fleet admiral. Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time senior consultant. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations. She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992.At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy."The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler," she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington, Virginia; she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.
|
[
"Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation",
"Sperry Corporation",
"Vassar College",
"Bureau of Ships",
"Digital Equipment Corporation",
"Remington Rand"
] |
|
Which employer did Grace Hopper work for in 03/01/1984?
|
January 03, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Naval Sea Systems Command"
]
}
|
L2_Q11641_P108_5
|
Grace Hopper works for Vassar College from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1943.
Grace Hopper works for Bureau of Ships from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1949.
Grace Hopper works for Digital Equipment Corporation from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
Grace Hopper works for Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1971.
Grace Hopper works for Naval Sea Systems Command from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1986.
Grace Hopper works for Sperry Corporation from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1966.
Grace Hopper works for Remington Rand from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1955.
|
Grace HopperGrace Brewster Murray Hopper ( December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II but was rejected because she was 34 years old. She instead joined the Navy Reserves. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by Howard H. Aiken. In 1949, she joined the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers. She believed that a programming language based on English was possible. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0 System. During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1.In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. In 1966, she retired from the Naval Reserve, but in 1967 the Navy recalled her to active duty. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and found work as a consultant for the Digital Equipment Corporation, sharing her computing experiences.The U.S. Navy guided-missile destroyer was named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC. During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.Hopper was born in New York City. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Scottish and Dutch descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.Hopper was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Hopper was initially rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930.In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale under the direction of Øystein Ore. Her dissertation, "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria", was published that same year. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.She was married to New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976) from 1930 until their divorce in 1945. She did not marry again, but chose to retain his surname.Hopper had tried to enlist in the Navy early in World War II. She was rejected for a few reasons. At age 34, she was too old to enlist, and her weight to height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort. During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the United States Navy Reserve; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the WAVES. She had to get an exemption to enlist; she was below the Navy minimum weight of . She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the Mark I computer programming staff headed by Howard H. Aiken. Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols," she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0.In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic." She goes on to say that her compiler "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing."In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date. Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was Mount Holyoke College alumna Jean E. Sammet.From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. She developed the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander at age 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.After Republican Representative Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of "60 Minutes", he championed , a joint resolution originating in the House of Representatives, which led to her promotion on 15 December 1983 to commodore by special Presidential appointment by President Ronald Reagan. She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress. Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed rear admiral (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals.Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, 1986. At a celebration held in Boston on the to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, nine months and 23 days). Admirals William D. Leahy, Chester W. Nimitz, Hyman G. Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to their promotions to the rank of fleet admiral. Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time senior consultant. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations. She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992.At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy."The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler," she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington, Virginia; she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.
|
[
"Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation",
"Sperry Corporation",
"Vassar College",
"Bureau of Ships",
"Digital Equipment Corporation",
"Remington Rand"
] |
|
Which employer did Grace Hopper work for in Jan 03, 1984?
|
January 03, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Naval Sea Systems Command"
]
}
|
L2_Q11641_P108_5
|
Grace Hopper works for Vassar College from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1943.
Grace Hopper works for Bureau of Ships from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1949.
Grace Hopper works for Digital Equipment Corporation from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
Grace Hopper works for Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1971.
Grace Hopper works for Naval Sea Systems Command from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1986.
Grace Hopper works for Sperry Corporation from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1966.
Grace Hopper works for Remington Rand from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1955.
|
Grace HopperGrace Brewster Murray Hopper ( December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II but was rejected because she was 34 years old. She instead joined the Navy Reserves. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by Howard H. Aiken. In 1949, she joined the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers. She believed that a programming language based on English was possible. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0 System. During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1.In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. In 1966, she retired from the Naval Reserve, but in 1967 the Navy recalled her to active duty. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and found work as a consultant for the Digital Equipment Corporation, sharing her computing experiences.The U.S. Navy guided-missile destroyer was named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC. During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.Hopper was born in New York City. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Scottish and Dutch descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.Hopper was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Hopper was initially rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930.In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale under the direction of Øystein Ore. Her dissertation, "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria", was published that same year. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.She was married to New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976) from 1930 until their divorce in 1945. She did not marry again, but chose to retain his surname.Hopper had tried to enlist in the Navy early in World War II. She was rejected for a few reasons. At age 34, she was too old to enlist, and her weight to height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort. During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the United States Navy Reserve; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the WAVES. She had to get an exemption to enlist; she was below the Navy minimum weight of . She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the Mark I computer programming staff headed by Howard H. Aiken. Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols," she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0.In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic." She goes on to say that her compiler "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing."In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date. Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was Mount Holyoke College alumna Jean E. Sammet.From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. She developed the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander at age 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.After Republican Representative Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of "60 Minutes", he championed , a joint resolution originating in the House of Representatives, which led to her promotion on 15 December 1983 to commodore by special Presidential appointment by President Ronald Reagan. She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress. Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed rear admiral (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals.Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, 1986. At a celebration held in Boston on the to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, nine months and 23 days). Admirals William D. Leahy, Chester W. Nimitz, Hyman G. Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to their promotions to the rank of fleet admiral. Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time senior consultant. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations. She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992.At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy."The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler," she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington, Virginia; she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.
|
[
"Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation",
"Sperry Corporation",
"Vassar College",
"Bureau of Ships",
"Digital Equipment Corporation",
"Remington Rand"
] |
|
Which employer did Grace Hopper work for in 01/03/1984?
|
January 03, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Naval Sea Systems Command"
]
}
|
L2_Q11641_P108_5
|
Grace Hopper works for Vassar College from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1943.
Grace Hopper works for Bureau of Ships from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1949.
Grace Hopper works for Digital Equipment Corporation from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
Grace Hopper works for Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1971.
Grace Hopper works for Naval Sea Systems Command from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1986.
Grace Hopper works for Sperry Corporation from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1966.
Grace Hopper works for Remington Rand from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1955.
|
Grace HopperGrace Brewster Murray Hopper ( December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II but was rejected because she was 34 years old. She instead joined the Navy Reserves. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by Howard H. Aiken. In 1949, she joined the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers. She believed that a programming language based on English was possible. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0 System. During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1.In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. In 1966, she retired from the Naval Reserve, but in 1967 the Navy recalled her to active duty. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and found work as a consultant for the Digital Equipment Corporation, sharing her computing experiences.The U.S. Navy guided-missile destroyer was named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC. During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.Hopper was born in New York City. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Scottish and Dutch descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.Hopper was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Hopper was initially rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930.In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale under the direction of Øystein Ore. Her dissertation, "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria", was published that same year. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.She was married to New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976) from 1930 until their divorce in 1945. She did not marry again, but chose to retain his surname.Hopper had tried to enlist in the Navy early in World War II. She was rejected for a few reasons. At age 34, she was too old to enlist, and her weight to height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort. During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the United States Navy Reserve; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the WAVES. She had to get an exemption to enlist; she was below the Navy minimum weight of . She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the Mark I computer programming staff headed by Howard H. Aiken. Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols," she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0.In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic." She goes on to say that her compiler "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing."In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date. Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was Mount Holyoke College alumna Jean E. Sammet.From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. She developed the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander at age 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.After Republican Representative Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of "60 Minutes", he championed , a joint resolution originating in the House of Representatives, which led to her promotion on 15 December 1983 to commodore by special Presidential appointment by President Ronald Reagan. She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress. Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed rear admiral (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals.Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, 1986. At a celebration held in Boston on the to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, nine months and 23 days). Admirals William D. Leahy, Chester W. Nimitz, Hyman G. Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to their promotions to the rank of fleet admiral. Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time senior consultant. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations. She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992.At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy."The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler," she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington, Virginia; she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.
|
[
"Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation",
"Sperry Corporation",
"Vassar College",
"Bureau of Ships",
"Digital Equipment Corporation",
"Remington Rand"
] |
|
Which employer did Grace Hopper work for in 03-Jan-198403-January-1984?
|
January 03, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Naval Sea Systems Command"
]
}
|
L2_Q11641_P108_5
|
Grace Hopper works for Vassar College from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1943.
Grace Hopper works for Bureau of Ships from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1949.
Grace Hopper works for Digital Equipment Corporation from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
Grace Hopper works for Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1971.
Grace Hopper works for Naval Sea Systems Command from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1986.
Grace Hopper works for Sperry Corporation from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1966.
Grace Hopper works for Remington Rand from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1955.
|
Grace HopperGrace Brewster Murray Hopper ( December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II but was rejected because she was 34 years old. She instead joined the Navy Reserves. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by Howard H. Aiken. In 1949, she joined the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers. She believed that a programming language based on English was possible. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0 System. During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1.In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. In 1966, she retired from the Naval Reserve, but in 1967 the Navy recalled her to active duty. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and found work as a consultant for the Digital Equipment Corporation, sharing her computing experiences.The U.S. Navy guided-missile destroyer was named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC. During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.Hopper was born in New York City. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Scottish and Dutch descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.Hopper was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Hopper was initially rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930.In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale under the direction of Øystein Ore. Her dissertation, "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria", was published that same year. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.She was married to New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976) from 1930 until their divorce in 1945. She did not marry again, but chose to retain his surname.Hopper had tried to enlist in the Navy early in World War II. She was rejected for a few reasons. At age 34, she was too old to enlist, and her weight to height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort. During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the United States Navy Reserve; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the WAVES. She had to get an exemption to enlist; she was below the Navy minimum weight of . She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the Mark I computer programming staff headed by Howard H. Aiken. Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols," she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0.In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic." She goes on to say that her compiler "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing."In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date. Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was Mount Holyoke College alumna Jean E. Sammet.From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. She developed the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of commander at age 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.After Republican Representative Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of "60 Minutes", he championed , a joint resolution originating in the House of Representatives, which led to her promotion on 15 December 1983 to commodore by special Presidential appointment by President Ronald Reagan. She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress. Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed rear admiral (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals.Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, 1986. At a celebration held in Boston on the to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, nine months and 23 days). Admirals William D. Leahy, Chester W. Nimitz, Hyman G. Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to their promotions to the rank of fleet admiral. Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time senior consultant. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations. She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992.At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy."The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler," she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington, Virginia; she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.
|
[
"Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation",
"Sperry Corporation",
"Vassar College",
"Bureau of Ships",
"Digital Equipment Corporation",
"Remington Rand"
] |
|
Which team did Aleksandr Samedov play for in Oct, 2015?
|
October 09, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Russia national association football team",
"FC Lokomotiv Moscow"
]
}
|
L2_Q2416149_P54_4
|
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national association football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Moscow from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Lokomotiv Moscow from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Znamya Noginsk from Aug, 2019 to Oct, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Dinamo Moscow from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2019 to Jun, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Spartak Moscow from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Aleksandr SamedovAleksandr Sergeyevich Samedov (; ; born 19 July 1984) is a Russian professional football official and a former player who played as a right winger. He works as a scout with FC Lokomotiv Moscow. He has played for the Russia national football team since 2011 and was selected for the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup.Samedov was born in Moscow, Soviet Union, his father is Azerbaijani and his mother is Russian. He is a Christian and is married to Yuliya.He was a student of the Spartak Moscow academy and was considered one of their most talented youngsters. He was a regular in the first team under Nevio Scala but when Aleksandrs Starkovs came he lost his place in the first team. Spartak Moscow then purchased Vladimir Bystrov, and in the summer of 2005 Samedov left for Lokomotiv Moscow for €3.4 million. However, Samedov failed to succeed in Loko, and in 2008 joined FC Moscow. Having shown great progress under direction of Miodrag Božović, he chose to become part of a bigger club and went to Dynamo Moscow during the 2009–10 winter transfer period. On 27 June 2012, Samedov moved to Lokomotiv, where he played earlier. According to the source close to the club, Lokomotiv paid about 8.2 million € for his services.During his second spell at Lokomotiv, Samedov established himself as starting XI fixture at right wing. In May 2013, when he added some goals to his usual good amount of assistances, he managed to win monthly poll among Loko fans in the social networks for the best player of the month. He won this poll for the second time in April 2014. After the end of 2013–14 season, club organized new poll among Loko fans in the social networks to name the best player of the season. The award went to Samedov with 32.3 percent of votes.On 16 January 2017, he returned to FC Spartak Moscow, winning the Russian Premier League title at the end of the season. He was released from his Spartak contract by mutual consent on 5 January 2019.On 13 January 2019, he signed with Krylia Sovetov Samara.On 28 August 2019, he signed with semi-professional side Znamya Noginsk.On 27 October 2019, he retired from football. He restarted his career after Znamya Noginsk was promoted to the third-tier Russian Professional Football League for the 2020–21 season. He retired again in January 2021 and was appointed scout by FC Lokomotiv Moscow.In 2003, Samedov first visited Baku to hold discussions on representing the Azerbaijan national football team. He rejected the offer as it would have meant he had to rescind his Russian passport.At international level Samedov has played for the Russia U-21s. He was called up to the Russia national football team in late September 2011 for the first time. On 7 October 2011, Samedov made his debut for the senior national team of Russia after coming on as a last-minute substitute for Alan Dzagoev in the 1–0 away win against Slovakia in a Euro 2012 qualifier.On 2 June 2014, he was included in Russia's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad.On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. He started Russia's every game in the World Cup, but was substituted in the second half in 3 out of 5, including both knock-out stage games.Following Russia's 2018 FIFA World Cup quarterfinal loss to Croatia, he announced his retirement from the national team. (Russia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Samedov goal)
|
[
"Russia national under-21 football team",
"FC Moscow",
"Spartak Moscow",
"FC Znamya Noginsk",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"FC Dinamo Moscow"
] |
|
Which team did Aleksandr Samedov play for in 2015-10-09?
|
October 09, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Russia national association football team",
"FC Lokomotiv Moscow"
]
}
|
L2_Q2416149_P54_4
|
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national association football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Moscow from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Lokomotiv Moscow from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Znamya Noginsk from Aug, 2019 to Oct, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Dinamo Moscow from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2019 to Jun, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Spartak Moscow from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Aleksandr SamedovAleksandr Sergeyevich Samedov (; ; born 19 July 1984) is a Russian professional football official and a former player who played as a right winger. He works as a scout with FC Lokomotiv Moscow. He has played for the Russia national football team since 2011 and was selected for the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup.Samedov was born in Moscow, Soviet Union, his father is Azerbaijani and his mother is Russian. He is a Christian and is married to Yuliya.He was a student of the Spartak Moscow academy and was considered one of their most talented youngsters. He was a regular in the first team under Nevio Scala but when Aleksandrs Starkovs came he lost his place in the first team. Spartak Moscow then purchased Vladimir Bystrov, and in the summer of 2005 Samedov left for Lokomotiv Moscow for €3.4 million. However, Samedov failed to succeed in Loko, and in 2008 joined FC Moscow. Having shown great progress under direction of Miodrag Božović, he chose to become part of a bigger club and went to Dynamo Moscow during the 2009–10 winter transfer period. On 27 June 2012, Samedov moved to Lokomotiv, where he played earlier. According to the source close to the club, Lokomotiv paid about 8.2 million € for his services.During his second spell at Lokomotiv, Samedov established himself as starting XI fixture at right wing. In May 2013, when he added some goals to his usual good amount of assistances, he managed to win monthly poll among Loko fans in the social networks for the best player of the month. He won this poll for the second time in April 2014. After the end of 2013–14 season, club organized new poll among Loko fans in the social networks to name the best player of the season. The award went to Samedov with 32.3 percent of votes.On 16 January 2017, he returned to FC Spartak Moscow, winning the Russian Premier League title at the end of the season. He was released from his Spartak contract by mutual consent on 5 January 2019.On 13 January 2019, he signed with Krylia Sovetov Samara.On 28 August 2019, he signed with semi-professional side Znamya Noginsk.On 27 October 2019, he retired from football. He restarted his career after Znamya Noginsk was promoted to the third-tier Russian Professional Football League for the 2020–21 season. He retired again in January 2021 and was appointed scout by FC Lokomotiv Moscow.In 2003, Samedov first visited Baku to hold discussions on representing the Azerbaijan national football team. He rejected the offer as it would have meant he had to rescind his Russian passport.At international level Samedov has played for the Russia U-21s. He was called up to the Russia national football team in late September 2011 for the first time. On 7 October 2011, Samedov made his debut for the senior national team of Russia after coming on as a last-minute substitute for Alan Dzagoev in the 1–0 away win against Slovakia in a Euro 2012 qualifier.On 2 June 2014, he was included in Russia's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad.On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. He started Russia's every game in the World Cup, but was substituted in the second half in 3 out of 5, including both knock-out stage games.Following Russia's 2018 FIFA World Cup quarterfinal loss to Croatia, he announced his retirement from the national team. (Russia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Samedov goal)
|
[
"Russia national under-21 football team",
"FC Moscow",
"Spartak Moscow",
"FC Znamya Noginsk",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"FC Dinamo Moscow"
] |
|
Which team did Aleksandr Samedov play for in 09/10/2015?
|
October 09, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Russia national association football team",
"FC Lokomotiv Moscow"
]
}
|
L2_Q2416149_P54_4
|
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national association football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Moscow from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Lokomotiv Moscow from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Znamya Noginsk from Aug, 2019 to Oct, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Dinamo Moscow from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2019 to Jun, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Spartak Moscow from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Aleksandr SamedovAleksandr Sergeyevich Samedov (; ; born 19 July 1984) is a Russian professional football official and a former player who played as a right winger. He works as a scout with FC Lokomotiv Moscow. He has played for the Russia national football team since 2011 and was selected for the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup.Samedov was born in Moscow, Soviet Union, his father is Azerbaijani and his mother is Russian. He is a Christian and is married to Yuliya.He was a student of the Spartak Moscow academy and was considered one of their most talented youngsters. He was a regular in the first team under Nevio Scala but when Aleksandrs Starkovs came he lost his place in the first team. Spartak Moscow then purchased Vladimir Bystrov, and in the summer of 2005 Samedov left for Lokomotiv Moscow for €3.4 million. However, Samedov failed to succeed in Loko, and in 2008 joined FC Moscow. Having shown great progress under direction of Miodrag Božović, he chose to become part of a bigger club and went to Dynamo Moscow during the 2009–10 winter transfer period. On 27 June 2012, Samedov moved to Lokomotiv, where he played earlier. According to the source close to the club, Lokomotiv paid about 8.2 million € for his services.During his second spell at Lokomotiv, Samedov established himself as starting XI fixture at right wing. In May 2013, when he added some goals to his usual good amount of assistances, he managed to win monthly poll among Loko fans in the social networks for the best player of the month. He won this poll for the second time in April 2014. After the end of 2013–14 season, club organized new poll among Loko fans in the social networks to name the best player of the season. The award went to Samedov with 32.3 percent of votes.On 16 January 2017, he returned to FC Spartak Moscow, winning the Russian Premier League title at the end of the season. He was released from his Spartak contract by mutual consent on 5 January 2019.On 13 January 2019, he signed with Krylia Sovetov Samara.On 28 August 2019, he signed with semi-professional side Znamya Noginsk.On 27 October 2019, he retired from football. He restarted his career after Znamya Noginsk was promoted to the third-tier Russian Professional Football League for the 2020–21 season. He retired again in January 2021 and was appointed scout by FC Lokomotiv Moscow.In 2003, Samedov first visited Baku to hold discussions on representing the Azerbaijan national football team. He rejected the offer as it would have meant he had to rescind his Russian passport.At international level Samedov has played for the Russia U-21s. He was called up to the Russia national football team in late September 2011 for the first time. On 7 October 2011, Samedov made his debut for the senior national team of Russia after coming on as a last-minute substitute for Alan Dzagoev in the 1–0 away win against Slovakia in a Euro 2012 qualifier.On 2 June 2014, he was included in Russia's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad.On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. He started Russia's every game in the World Cup, but was substituted in the second half in 3 out of 5, including both knock-out stage games.Following Russia's 2018 FIFA World Cup quarterfinal loss to Croatia, he announced his retirement from the national team. (Russia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Samedov goal)
|
[
"Russia national under-21 football team",
"FC Moscow",
"Spartak Moscow",
"FC Znamya Noginsk",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"FC Dinamo Moscow"
] |
|
Which team did Aleksandr Samedov play for in Oct 09, 2015?
|
October 09, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Russia national association football team",
"FC Lokomotiv Moscow"
]
}
|
L2_Q2416149_P54_4
|
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national association football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Moscow from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Lokomotiv Moscow from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Znamya Noginsk from Aug, 2019 to Oct, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Dinamo Moscow from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2019 to Jun, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Spartak Moscow from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Aleksandr SamedovAleksandr Sergeyevich Samedov (; ; born 19 July 1984) is a Russian professional football official and a former player who played as a right winger. He works as a scout with FC Lokomotiv Moscow. He has played for the Russia national football team since 2011 and was selected for the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup.Samedov was born in Moscow, Soviet Union, his father is Azerbaijani and his mother is Russian. He is a Christian and is married to Yuliya.He was a student of the Spartak Moscow academy and was considered one of their most talented youngsters. He was a regular in the first team under Nevio Scala but when Aleksandrs Starkovs came he lost his place in the first team. Spartak Moscow then purchased Vladimir Bystrov, and in the summer of 2005 Samedov left for Lokomotiv Moscow for €3.4 million. However, Samedov failed to succeed in Loko, and in 2008 joined FC Moscow. Having shown great progress under direction of Miodrag Božović, he chose to become part of a bigger club and went to Dynamo Moscow during the 2009–10 winter transfer period. On 27 June 2012, Samedov moved to Lokomotiv, where he played earlier. According to the source close to the club, Lokomotiv paid about 8.2 million € for his services.During his second spell at Lokomotiv, Samedov established himself as starting XI fixture at right wing. In May 2013, when he added some goals to his usual good amount of assistances, he managed to win monthly poll among Loko fans in the social networks for the best player of the month. He won this poll for the second time in April 2014. After the end of 2013–14 season, club organized new poll among Loko fans in the social networks to name the best player of the season. The award went to Samedov with 32.3 percent of votes.On 16 January 2017, he returned to FC Spartak Moscow, winning the Russian Premier League title at the end of the season. He was released from his Spartak contract by mutual consent on 5 January 2019.On 13 January 2019, he signed with Krylia Sovetov Samara.On 28 August 2019, he signed with semi-professional side Znamya Noginsk.On 27 October 2019, he retired from football. He restarted his career after Znamya Noginsk was promoted to the third-tier Russian Professional Football League for the 2020–21 season. He retired again in January 2021 and was appointed scout by FC Lokomotiv Moscow.In 2003, Samedov first visited Baku to hold discussions on representing the Azerbaijan national football team. He rejected the offer as it would have meant he had to rescind his Russian passport.At international level Samedov has played for the Russia U-21s. He was called up to the Russia national football team in late September 2011 for the first time. On 7 October 2011, Samedov made his debut for the senior national team of Russia after coming on as a last-minute substitute for Alan Dzagoev in the 1–0 away win against Slovakia in a Euro 2012 qualifier.On 2 June 2014, he was included in Russia's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad.On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. He started Russia's every game in the World Cup, but was substituted in the second half in 3 out of 5, including both knock-out stage games.Following Russia's 2018 FIFA World Cup quarterfinal loss to Croatia, he announced his retirement from the national team. (Russia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Samedov goal)
|
[
"Russia national under-21 football team",
"FC Moscow",
"Spartak Moscow",
"FC Znamya Noginsk",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"FC Dinamo Moscow"
] |
|
Which team did Aleksandr Samedov play for in 10/09/2015?
|
October 09, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Russia national association football team",
"FC Lokomotiv Moscow"
]
}
|
L2_Q2416149_P54_4
|
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national association football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Moscow from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Lokomotiv Moscow from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Znamya Noginsk from Aug, 2019 to Oct, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Dinamo Moscow from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2019 to Jun, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Spartak Moscow from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Aleksandr SamedovAleksandr Sergeyevich Samedov (; ; born 19 July 1984) is a Russian professional football official and a former player who played as a right winger. He works as a scout with FC Lokomotiv Moscow. He has played for the Russia national football team since 2011 and was selected for the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup.Samedov was born in Moscow, Soviet Union, his father is Azerbaijani and his mother is Russian. He is a Christian and is married to Yuliya.He was a student of the Spartak Moscow academy and was considered one of their most talented youngsters. He was a regular in the first team under Nevio Scala but when Aleksandrs Starkovs came he lost his place in the first team. Spartak Moscow then purchased Vladimir Bystrov, and in the summer of 2005 Samedov left for Lokomotiv Moscow for €3.4 million. However, Samedov failed to succeed in Loko, and in 2008 joined FC Moscow. Having shown great progress under direction of Miodrag Božović, he chose to become part of a bigger club and went to Dynamo Moscow during the 2009–10 winter transfer period. On 27 June 2012, Samedov moved to Lokomotiv, where he played earlier. According to the source close to the club, Lokomotiv paid about 8.2 million € for his services.During his second spell at Lokomotiv, Samedov established himself as starting XI fixture at right wing. In May 2013, when he added some goals to his usual good amount of assistances, he managed to win monthly poll among Loko fans in the social networks for the best player of the month. He won this poll for the second time in April 2014. After the end of 2013–14 season, club organized new poll among Loko fans in the social networks to name the best player of the season. The award went to Samedov with 32.3 percent of votes.On 16 January 2017, he returned to FC Spartak Moscow, winning the Russian Premier League title at the end of the season. He was released from his Spartak contract by mutual consent on 5 January 2019.On 13 January 2019, he signed with Krylia Sovetov Samara.On 28 August 2019, he signed with semi-professional side Znamya Noginsk.On 27 October 2019, he retired from football. He restarted his career after Znamya Noginsk was promoted to the third-tier Russian Professional Football League for the 2020–21 season. He retired again in January 2021 and was appointed scout by FC Lokomotiv Moscow.In 2003, Samedov first visited Baku to hold discussions on representing the Azerbaijan national football team. He rejected the offer as it would have meant he had to rescind his Russian passport.At international level Samedov has played for the Russia U-21s. He was called up to the Russia national football team in late September 2011 for the first time. On 7 October 2011, Samedov made his debut for the senior national team of Russia after coming on as a last-minute substitute for Alan Dzagoev in the 1–0 away win against Slovakia in a Euro 2012 qualifier.On 2 June 2014, he was included in Russia's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad.On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. He started Russia's every game in the World Cup, but was substituted in the second half in 3 out of 5, including both knock-out stage games.Following Russia's 2018 FIFA World Cup quarterfinal loss to Croatia, he announced his retirement from the national team. (Russia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Samedov goal)
|
[
"Russia national under-21 football team",
"FC Moscow",
"Spartak Moscow",
"FC Znamya Noginsk",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"FC Dinamo Moscow"
] |
|
Which team did Aleksandr Samedov play for in 09-Oct-201509-October-2015?
|
October 09, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Russia national association football team",
"FC Lokomotiv Moscow"
]
}
|
L2_Q2416149_P54_4
|
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national association football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Moscow from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Lokomotiv Moscow from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Znamya Noginsk from Aug, 2019 to Oct, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Dinamo Moscow from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2019 to Jun, 2019.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Spartak Moscow from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2018.
Aleksandr Samedov plays for Russia national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Aleksandr SamedovAleksandr Sergeyevich Samedov (; ; born 19 July 1984) is a Russian professional football official and a former player who played as a right winger. He works as a scout with FC Lokomotiv Moscow. He has played for the Russia national football team since 2011 and was selected for the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup.Samedov was born in Moscow, Soviet Union, his father is Azerbaijani and his mother is Russian. He is a Christian and is married to Yuliya.He was a student of the Spartak Moscow academy and was considered one of their most talented youngsters. He was a regular in the first team under Nevio Scala but when Aleksandrs Starkovs came he lost his place in the first team. Spartak Moscow then purchased Vladimir Bystrov, and in the summer of 2005 Samedov left for Lokomotiv Moscow for €3.4 million. However, Samedov failed to succeed in Loko, and in 2008 joined FC Moscow. Having shown great progress under direction of Miodrag Božović, he chose to become part of a bigger club and went to Dynamo Moscow during the 2009–10 winter transfer period. On 27 June 2012, Samedov moved to Lokomotiv, where he played earlier. According to the source close to the club, Lokomotiv paid about 8.2 million € for his services.During his second spell at Lokomotiv, Samedov established himself as starting XI fixture at right wing. In May 2013, when he added some goals to his usual good amount of assistances, he managed to win monthly poll among Loko fans in the social networks for the best player of the month. He won this poll for the second time in April 2014. After the end of 2013–14 season, club organized new poll among Loko fans in the social networks to name the best player of the season. The award went to Samedov with 32.3 percent of votes.On 16 January 2017, he returned to FC Spartak Moscow, winning the Russian Premier League title at the end of the season. He was released from his Spartak contract by mutual consent on 5 January 2019.On 13 January 2019, he signed with Krylia Sovetov Samara.On 28 August 2019, he signed with semi-professional side Znamya Noginsk.On 27 October 2019, he retired from football. He restarted his career after Znamya Noginsk was promoted to the third-tier Russian Professional Football League for the 2020–21 season. He retired again in January 2021 and was appointed scout by FC Lokomotiv Moscow.In 2003, Samedov first visited Baku to hold discussions on representing the Azerbaijan national football team. He rejected the offer as it would have meant he had to rescind his Russian passport.At international level Samedov has played for the Russia U-21s. He was called up to the Russia national football team in late September 2011 for the first time. On 7 October 2011, Samedov made his debut for the senior national team of Russia after coming on as a last-minute substitute for Alan Dzagoev in the 1–0 away win against Slovakia in a Euro 2012 qualifier.On 2 June 2014, he was included in Russia's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad.On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. He started Russia's every game in the World Cup, but was substituted in the second half in 3 out of 5, including both knock-out stage games.Following Russia's 2018 FIFA World Cup quarterfinal loss to Croatia, he announced his retirement from the national team. (Russia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Samedov goal)
|
[
"Russia national under-21 football team",
"FC Moscow",
"Spartak Moscow",
"FC Znamya Noginsk",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"FC Dinamo Moscow"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Royal Excel Mouscron in Jan, 2019?
|
January 19, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Bernd Storck"
]
}
|
L2_Q2195773_P286_2
|
Bernd Storck is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Sep, 2018 to Jun, 2019.
Enzo Scifo is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Da Cruz is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Arnaud Dos Santos is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jorge Simão is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Oct, 2020 to Jun, 2021.
Bernd Hollerbach is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2019 to Jun, 2020.
Frank Defays is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Feb, 2018 to Aug, 2018.
|
Royal Excel MouscronRoyal Excel Mouscron (, ), commonly known as Mouscron or familiarly as REM, is a Belgian professional football club based in Mouscron, currently playing in the First Division B.The team was formed as "Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz" in the spring of 2010 as a result of the merging between bankrupt R.E. Mouscron and R.R.C. Peruwelz. Its current name was adopted in the summer of 2016.Following the liquidation and break-up of R.E. Mouscron, whose registration number was removed by the Royal Belgian Football Association, the city of Mouscron began negotiations with leaders of R.R.C. Peruwelz about a possible merge. After weeks of hesitation and uncertainty, an agreement was reached. The agreement was officially signed and announced on 11 March 2010. Debts of about €100,000 in R.R.C. Peruwelz's name were cleared while the city agreed to maintain the training center known as "Futurosport". The newly merged club, Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, took on the history of R.R.C. Peruwelz, receiving matricule number 216 and keeping red and blue as its main colors. In its first season, it participated in Belgian Promotion A, the 4th level of Belgian football. After a strong season, they were promoted to the Belgian Third Division for the 2011–12 season, playing in Division A. They had reached Round 6 of the 2011–12 Belgian Cup before losing narrowly to Belgian Pro League club Beerschot AC on penalties 4–3. They finished first in their division in league play, and thus were promoted to the Belgian Second Division. The next season Mouscron-Péruwelz finished 2nd and qualified for the promotion play-offs but lost. In the 2014 play-offs Mouscron-Péruwelz wound up 4th and qualified yet again; this time they won the play-offs, promoting them to the highest division of Belgian football for the first time in their history, bringing back top tier football to Mouscron after a 5-year absence. In 2016, the name of the club was changed to "Royal Excel Mouscron".
|
[
"Frank Defays",
"Fernando Da Cruz",
"Enzo Scifo",
"Bernd Hollerbach",
"Arnaud Dos Santos",
"Jorge Simão"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Royal Excel Mouscron in 2019-01-19?
|
January 19, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Bernd Storck"
]
}
|
L2_Q2195773_P286_2
|
Bernd Storck is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Sep, 2018 to Jun, 2019.
Enzo Scifo is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Da Cruz is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Arnaud Dos Santos is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jorge Simão is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Oct, 2020 to Jun, 2021.
Bernd Hollerbach is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2019 to Jun, 2020.
Frank Defays is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Feb, 2018 to Aug, 2018.
|
Royal Excel MouscronRoyal Excel Mouscron (, ), commonly known as Mouscron or familiarly as REM, is a Belgian professional football club based in Mouscron, currently playing in the First Division B.The team was formed as "Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz" in the spring of 2010 as a result of the merging between bankrupt R.E. Mouscron and R.R.C. Peruwelz. Its current name was adopted in the summer of 2016.Following the liquidation and break-up of R.E. Mouscron, whose registration number was removed by the Royal Belgian Football Association, the city of Mouscron began negotiations with leaders of R.R.C. Peruwelz about a possible merge. After weeks of hesitation and uncertainty, an agreement was reached. The agreement was officially signed and announced on 11 March 2010. Debts of about €100,000 in R.R.C. Peruwelz's name were cleared while the city agreed to maintain the training center known as "Futurosport". The newly merged club, Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, took on the history of R.R.C. Peruwelz, receiving matricule number 216 and keeping red and blue as its main colors. In its first season, it participated in Belgian Promotion A, the 4th level of Belgian football. After a strong season, they were promoted to the Belgian Third Division for the 2011–12 season, playing in Division A. They had reached Round 6 of the 2011–12 Belgian Cup before losing narrowly to Belgian Pro League club Beerschot AC on penalties 4–3. They finished first in their division in league play, and thus were promoted to the Belgian Second Division. The next season Mouscron-Péruwelz finished 2nd and qualified for the promotion play-offs but lost. In the 2014 play-offs Mouscron-Péruwelz wound up 4th and qualified yet again; this time they won the play-offs, promoting them to the highest division of Belgian football for the first time in their history, bringing back top tier football to Mouscron after a 5-year absence. In 2016, the name of the club was changed to "Royal Excel Mouscron".
|
[
"Frank Defays",
"Fernando Da Cruz",
"Enzo Scifo",
"Bernd Hollerbach",
"Arnaud Dos Santos",
"Jorge Simão"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Royal Excel Mouscron in 19/01/2019?
|
January 19, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Bernd Storck"
]
}
|
L2_Q2195773_P286_2
|
Bernd Storck is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Sep, 2018 to Jun, 2019.
Enzo Scifo is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Da Cruz is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Arnaud Dos Santos is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jorge Simão is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Oct, 2020 to Jun, 2021.
Bernd Hollerbach is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2019 to Jun, 2020.
Frank Defays is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Feb, 2018 to Aug, 2018.
|
Royal Excel MouscronRoyal Excel Mouscron (, ), commonly known as Mouscron or familiarly as REM, is a Belgian professional football club based in Mouscron, currently playing in the First Division B.The team was formed as "Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz" in the spring of 2010 as a result of the merging between bankrupt R.E. Mouscron and R.R.C. Peruwelz. Its current name was adopted in the summer of 2016.Following the liquidation and break-up of R.E. Mouscron, whose registration number was removed by the Royal Belgian Football Association, the city of Mouscron began negotiations with leaders of R.R.C. Peruwelz about a possible merge. After weeks of hesitation and uncertainty, an agreement was reached. The agreement was officially signed and announced on 11 March 2010. Debts of about €100,000 in R.R.C. Peruwelz's name were cleared while the city agreed to maintain the training center known as "Futurosport". The newly merged club, Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, took on the history of R.R.C. Peruwelz, receiving matricule number 216 and keeping red and blue as its main colors. In its first season, it participated in Belgian Promotion A, the 4th level of Belgian football. After a strong season, they were promoted to the Belgian Third Division for the 2011–12 season, playing in Division A. They had reached Round 6 of the 2011–12 Belgian Cup before losing narrowly to Belgian Pro League club Beerschot AC on penalties 4–3. They finished first in their division in league play, and thus were promoted to the Belgian Second Division. The next season Mouscron-Péruwelz finished 2nd and qualified for the promotion play-offs but lost. In the 2014 play-offs Mouscron-Péruwelz wound up 4th and qualified yet again; this time they won the play-offs, promoting them to the highest division of Belgian football for the first time in their history, bringing back top tier football to Mouscron after a 5-year absence. In 2016, the name of the club was changed to "Royal Excel Mouscron".
|
[
"Frank Defays",
"Fernando Da Cruz",
"Enzo Scifo",
"Bernd Hollerbach",
"Arnaud Dos Santos",
"Jorge Simão"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Royal Excel Mouscron in Jan 19, 2019?
|
January 19, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Bernd Storck"
]
}
|
L2_Q2195773_P286_2
|
Bernd Storck is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Sep, 2018 to Jun, 2019.
Enzo Scifo is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Da Cruz is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Arnaud Dos Santos is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jorge Simão is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Oct, 2020 to Jun, 2021.
Bernd Hollerbach is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2019 to Jun, 2020.
Frank Defays is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Feb, 2018 to Aug, 2018.
|
Royal Excel MouscronRoyal Excel Mouscron (, ), commonly known as Mouscron or familiarly as REM, is a Belgian professional football club based in Mouscron, currently playing in the First Division B.The team was formed as "Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz" in the spring of 2010 as a result of the merging between bankrupt R.E. Mouscron and R.R.C. Peruwelz. Its current name was adopted in the summer of 2016.Following the liquidation and break-up of R.E. Mouscron, whose registration number was removed by the Royal Belgian Football Association, the city of Mouscron began negotiations with leaders of R.R.C. Peruwelz about a possible merge. After weeks of hesitation and uncertainty, an agreement was reached. The agreement was officially signed and announced on 11 March 2010. Debts of about €100,000 in R.R.C. Peruwelz's name were cleared while the city agreed to maintain the training center known as "Futurosport". The newly merged club, Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, took on the history of R.R.C. Peruwelz, receiving matricule number 216 and keeping red and blue as its main colors. In its first season, it participated in Belgian Promotion A, the 4th level of Belgian football. After a strong season, they were promoted to the Belgian Third Division for the 2011–12 season, playing in Division A. They had reached Round 6 of the 2011–12 Belgian Cup before losing narrowly to Belgian Pro League club Beerschot AC on penalties 4–3. They finished first in their division in league play, and thus were promoted to the Belgian Second Division. The next season Mouscron-Péruwelz finished 2nd and qualified for the promotion play-offs but lost. In the 2014 play-offs Mouscron-Péruwelz wound up 4th and qualified yet again; this time they won the play-offs, promoting them to the highest division of Belgian football for the first time in their history, bringing back top tier football to Mouscron after a 5-year absence. In 2016, the name of the club was changed to "Royal Excel Mouscron".
|
[
"Frank Defays",
"Fernando Da Cruz",
"Enzo Scifo",
"Bernd Hollerbach",
"Arnaud Dos Santos",
"Jorge Simão"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Royal Excel Mouscron in 01/19/2019?
|
January 19, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Bernd Storck"
]
}
|
L2_Q2195773_P286_2
|
Bernd Storck is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Sep, 2018 to Jun, 2019.
Enzo Scifo is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Da Cruz is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Arnaud Dos Santos is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jorge Simão is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Oct, 2020 to Jun, 2021.
Bernd Hollerbach is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2019 to Jun, 2020.
Frank Defays is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Feb, 2018 to Aug, 2018.
|
Royal Excel MouscronRoyal Excel Mouscron (, ), commonly known as Mouscron or familiarly as REM, is a Belgian professional football club based in Mouscron, currently playing in the First Division B.The team was formed as "Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz" in the spring of 2010 as a result of the merging between bankrupt R.E. Mouscron and R.R.C. Peruwelz. Its current name was adopted in the summer of 2016.Following the liquidation and break-up of R.E. Mouscron, whose registration number was removed by the Royal Belgian Football Association, the city of Mouscron began negotiations with leaders of R.R.C. Peruwelz about a possible merge. After weeks of hesitation and uncertainty, an agreement was reached. The agreement was officially signed and announced on 11 March 2010. Debts of about €100,000 in R.R.C. Peruwelz's name were cleared while the city agreed to maintain the training center known as "Futurosport". The newly merged club, Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, took on the history of R.R.C. Peruwelz, receiving matricule number 216 and keeping red and blue as its main colors. In its first season, it participated in Belgian Promotion A, the 4th level of Belgian football. After a strong season, they were promoted to the Belgian Third Division for the 2011–12 season, playing in Division A. They had reached Round 6 of the 2011–12 Belgian Cup before losing narrowly to Belgian Pro League club Beerschot AC on penalties 4–3. They finished first in their division in league play, and thus were promoted to the Belgian Second Division. The next season Mouscron-Péruwelz finished 2nd and qualified for the promotion play-offs but lost. In the 2014 play-offs Mouscron-Péruwelz wound up 4th and qualified yet again; this time they won the play-offs, promoting them to the highest division of Belgian football for the first time in their history, bringing back top tier football to Mouscron after a 5-year absence. In 2016, the name of the club was changed to "Royal Excel Mouscron".
|
[
"Frank Defays",
"Fernando Da Cruz",
"Enzo Scifo",
"Bernd Hollerbach",
"Arnaud Dos Santos",
"Jorge Simão"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Royal Excel Mouscron in 19-Jan-201919-January-2019?
|
January 19, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Bernd Storck"
]
}
|
L2_Q2195773_P286_2
|
Bernd Storck is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Sep, 2018 to Jun, 2019.
Enzo Scifo is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Da Cruz is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Arnaud Dos Santos is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jorge Simão is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Oct, 2020 to Jun, 2021.
Bernd Hollerbach is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Jul, 2019 to Jun, 2020.
Frank Defays is the head coach of Royal Excel Mouscron from Feb, 2018 to Aug, 2018.
|
Royal Excel MouscronRoyal Excel Mouscron (, ), commonly known as Mouscron or familiarly as REM, is a Belgian professional football club based in Mouscron, currently playing in the First Division B.The team was formed as "Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz" in the spring of 2010 as a result of the merging between bankrupt R.E. Mouscron and R.R.C. Peruwelz. Its current name was adopted in the summer of 2016.Following the liquidation and break-up of R.E. Mouscron, whose registration number was removed by the Royal Belgian Football Association, the city of Mouscron began negotiations with leaders of R.R.C. Peruwelz about a possible merge. After weeks of hesitation and uncertainty, an agreement was reached. The agreement was officially signed and announced on 11 March 2010. Debts of about €100,000 in R.R.C. Peruwelz's name were cleared while the city agreed to maintain the training center known as "Futurosport". The newly merged club, Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, took on the history of R.R.C. Peruwelz, receiving matricule number 216 and keeping red and blue as its main colors. In its first season, it participated in Belgian Promotion A, the 4th level of Belgian football. After a strong season, they were promoted to the Belgian Third Division for the 2011–12 season, playing in Division A. They had reached Round 6 of the 2011–12 Belgian Cup before losing narrowly to Belgian Pro League club Beerschot AC on penalties 4–3. They finished first in their division in league play, and thus were promoted to the Belgian Second Division. The next season Mouscron-Péruwelz finished 2nd and qualified for the promotion play-offs but lost. In the 2014 play-offs Mouscron-Péruwelz wound up 4th and qualified yet again; this time they won the play-offs, promoting them to the highest division of Belgian football for the first time in their history, bringing back top tier football to Mouscron after a 5-year absence. In 2016, the name of the club was changed to "Royal Excel Mouscron".
|
[
"Frank Defays",
"Fernando Da Cruz",
"Enzo Scifo",
"Bernd Hollerbach",
"Arnaud Dos Santos",
"Jorge Simão"
] |
|
Which team did Karl Kodat play for in Sep, 1966?
|
September 04, 1966
|
{
"text": [
"FK Austria Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q698940_P54_0
|
Karl Kodat plays for Austria national association football team from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Karl Kodat plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967.
Karl Kodat plays for Royal Antwerp F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1977.
Karl Kodat plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
|
Karl KodatKarl Kodat (10 February 1943 – 29 February 2012) was an Austrian footballer who played at both professional and international levels, as a striker.Born in Vienna, Kodat played at professional level in Austria and Belgium for Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Royal Antwerp.He also earned five caps for Austria in 1971.Kodat died on 29 February 2012, at the age of 69.
|
[
"Royal Antwerp F.C.",
"FC Red Bull Salzburg",
"Austria national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Karl Kodat play for in 1966-09-04?
|
September 04, 1966
|
{
"text": [
"FK Austria Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q698940_P54_0
|
Karl Kodat plays for Austria national association football team from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Karl Kodat plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967.
Karl Kodat plays for Royal Antwerp F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1977.
Karl Kodat plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
|
Karl KodatKarl Kodat (10 February 1943 – 29 February 2012) was an Austrian footballer who played at both professional and international levels, as a striker.Born in Vienna, Kodat played at professional level in Austria and Belgium for Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Royal Antwerp.He also earned five caps for Austria in 1971.Kodat died on 29 February 2012, at the age of 69.
|
[
"Royal Antwerp F.C.",
"FC Red Bull Salzburg",
"Austria national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Karl Kodat play for in 04/09/1966?
|
September 04, 1966
|
{
"text": [
"FK Austria Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q698940_P54_0
|
Karl Kodat plays for Austria national association football team from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Karl Kodat plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967.
Karl Kodat plays for Royal Antwerp F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1977.
Karl Kodat plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
|
Karl KodatKarl Kodat (10 February 1943 – 29 February 2012) was an Austrian footballer who played at both professional and international levels, as a striker.Born in Vienna, Kodat played at professional level in Austria and Belgium for Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Royal Antwerp.He also earned five caps for Austria in 1971.Kodat died on 29 February 2012, at the age of 69.
|
[
"Royal Antwerp F.C.",
"FC Red Bull Salzburg",
"Austria national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Karl Kodat play for in Sep 04, 1966?
|
September 04, 1966
|
{
"text": [
"FK Austria Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q698940_P54_0
|
Karl Kodat plays for Austria national association football team from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Karl Kodat plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967.
Karl Kodat plays for Royal Antwerp F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1977.
Karl Kodat plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
|
Karl KodatKarl Kodat (10 February 1943 – 29 February 2012) was an Austrian footballer who played at both professional and international levels, as a striker.Born in Vienna, Kodat played at professional level in Austria and Belgium for Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Royal Antwerp.He also earned five caps for Austria in 1971.Kodat died on 29 February 2012, at the age of 69.
|
[
"Royal Antwerp F.C.",
"FC Red Bull Salzburg",
"Austria national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Karl Kodat play for in 09/04/1966?
|
September 04, 1966
|
{
"text": [
"FK Austria Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q698940_P54_0
|
Karl Kodat plays for Austria national association football team from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Karl Kodat plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967.
Karl Kodat plays for Royal Antwerp F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1977.
Karl Kodat plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
|
Karl KodatKarl Kodat (10 February 1943 – 29 February 2012) was an Austrian footballer who played at both professional and international levels, as a striker.Born in Vienna, Kodat played at professional level in Austria and Belgium for Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Royal Antwerp.He also earned five caps for Austria in 1971.Kodat died on 29 February 2012, at the age of 69.
|
[
"Royal Antwerp F.C.",
"FC Red Bull Salzburg",
"Austria national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Karl Kodat play for in 04-Sep-196604-September-1966?
|
September 04, 1966
|
{
"text": [
"FK Austria Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q698940_P54_0
|
Karl Kodat plays for Austria national association football team from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Karl Kodat plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967.
Karl Kodat plays for Royal Antwerp F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1977.
Karl Kodat plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
|
Karl KodatKarl Kodat (10 February 1943 – 29 February 2012) was an Austrian footballer who played at both professional and international levels, as a striker.Born in Vienna, Kodat played at professional level in Austria and Belgium for Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Royal Antwerp.He also earned five caps for Austria in 1971.Kodat died on 29 February 2012, at the age of 69.
|
[
"Royal Antwerp F.C.",
"FC Red Bull Salzburg",
"Austria national association football team"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Krull work for in Aug, 1963?
|
August 05, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"University of Bonn"
]
}
|
L2_Q65185_P108_2
|
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1967.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1939.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Freiburg from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
|
Wolfgang KrullWolfgang Krull (26 August 1899 – 12 April 1971) was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject.Krull was born and went to school in Baden-Baden. He attended the Universities of Freiburg, Rostock and finally Göttingen, where he earned his doctorate under Alfred Loewy. He worked as an instructor and professor at Freiburg, then spent a decade at the University of Erlangen. In 1939 Krull moved to become chair at the University of Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wolfgang Krull was a member of the NSDAP.His 35 doctoral students include Wilfried Brauer, Karl-Otto Stöhr and Jürgen Neukirch.
|
[
"University of Freiburg",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Krull work for in 1963-08-05?
|
August 05, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"University of Bonn"
]
}
|
L2_Q65185_P108_2
|
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1967.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1939.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Freiburg from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
|
Wolfgang KrullWolfgang Krull (26 August 1899 – 12 April 1971) was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject.Krull was born and went to school in Baden-Baden. He attended the Universities of Freiburg, Rostock and finally Göttingen, where he earned his doctorate under Alfred Loewy. He worked as an instructor and professor at Freiburg, then spent a decade at the University of Erlangen. In 1939 Krull moved to become chair at the University of Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wolfgang Krull was a member of the NSDAP.His 35 doctoral students include Wilfried Brauer, Karl-Otto Stöhr and Jürgen Neukirch.
|
[
"University of Freiburg",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Krull work for in 05/08/1963?
|
August 05, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"University of Bonn"
]
}
|
L2_Q65185_P108_2
|
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1967.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1939.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Freiburg from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
|
Wolfgang KrullWolfgang Krull (26 August 1899 – 12 April 1971) was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject.Krull was born and went to school in Baden-Baden. He attended the Universities of Freiburg, Rostock and finally Göttingen, where he earned his doctorate under Alfred Loewy. He worked as an instructor and professor at Freiburg, then spent a decade at the University of Erlangen. In 1939 Krull moved to become chair at the University of Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wolfgang Krull was a member of the NSDAP.His 35 doctoral students include Wilfried Brauer, Karl-Otto Stöhr and Jürgen Neukirch.
|
[
"University of Freiburg",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Krull work for in Aug 05, 1963?
|
August 05, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"University of Bonn"
]
}
|
L2_Q65185_P108_2
|
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1967.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1939.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Freiburg from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
|
Wolfgang KrullWolfgang Krull (26 August 1899 – 12 April 1971) was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject.Krull was born and went to school in Baden-Baden. He attended the Universities of Freiburg, Rostock and finally Göttingen, where he earned his doctorate under Alfred Loewy. He worked as an instructor and professor at Freiburg, then spent a decade at the University of Erlangen. In 1939 Krull moved to become chair at the University of Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wolfgang Krull was a member of the NSDAP.His 35 doctoral students include Wilfried Brauer, Karl-Otto Stöhr and Jürgen Neukirch.
|
[
"University of Freiburg",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Krull work for in 08/05/1963?
|
August 05, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"University of Bonn"
]
}
|
L2_Q65185_P108_2
|
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1967.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1939.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Freiburg from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
|
Wolfgang KrullWolfgang Krull (26 August 1899 – 12 April 1971) was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject.Krull was born and went to school in Baden-Baden. He attended the Universities of Freiburg, Rostock and finally Göttingen, where he earned his doctorate under Alfred Loewy. He worked as an instructor and professor at Freiburg, then spent a decade at the University of Erlangen. In 1939 Krull moved to become chair at the University of Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wolfgang Krull was a member of the NSDAP.His 35 doctoral students include Wilfried Brauer, Karl-Otto Stöhr and Jürgen Neukirch.
|
[
"University of Freiburg",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Krull work for in 05-Aug-196305-August-1963?
|
August 05, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"University of Bonn"
]
}
|
L2_Q65185_P108_2
|
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1967.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1939.
Wolfgang Krull works for University of Freiburg from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
|
Wolfgang KrullWolfgang Krull (26 August 1899 – 12 April 1971) was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject.Krull was born and went to school in Baden-Baden. He attended the Universities of Freiburg, Rostock and finally Göttingen, where he earned his doctorate under Alfred Loewy. He worked as an instructor and professor at Freiburg, then spent a decade at the University of Erlangen. In 1939 Krull moved to become chair at the University of Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wolfgang Krull was a member of the NSDAP.His 35 doctoral students include Wilfried Brauer, Karl-Otto Stöhr and Jürgen Neukirch.
|
[
"University of Freiburg",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg"
] |
|
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in Sep, 2018?
|
September 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Jozsef Berde"
]
}
|
L2_Q5064436_P6_1
|
Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.
|
[
"Berde József",
"Ernő Jancsó"
] |
|
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in 2018-09-19?
|
September 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Jozsef Berde"
]
}
|
L2_Q5064436_P6_1
|
Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.
|
[
"Berde József",
"Ernő Jancsó"
] |
|
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in 19/09/2018?
|
September 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Jozsef Berde"
]
}
|
L2_Q5064436_P6_1
|
Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.
|
[
"Berde József",
"Ernő Jancsó"
] |
|
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in Sep 19, 2018?
|
September 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Jozsef Berde"
]
}
|
L2_Q5064436_P6_1
|
Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.
|
[
"Berde József",
"Ernő Jancsó"
] |
|
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in 09/19/2018?
|
September 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Jozsef Berde"
]
}
|
L2_Q5064436_P6_1
|
Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.
|
[
"Berde József",
"Ernő Jancsó"
] |
|
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in 19-Sep-201819-September-2018?
|
September 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Jozsef Berde"
]
}
|
L2_Q5064436_P6_1
|
Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016.
Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.
|
[
"Berde József",
"Ernő Jancsó"
] |
|
Which team did Lukas Grozurek play for in Jan, 2009?
|
January 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Wiener Sport-Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q1876896_P54_0
|
Lukas Grozurek plays for Wiener Sport-Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Lukas Grozurek plays for FC Admira Wacker Mödling from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Lukas Grozurek plays for SK Rapid Wien from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
|
Lukas GrozurekLukas Grozurek (born 22 December 1991) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder for SKN St. Pölten.During the winter break of the 2014–15 season, Grozurek left Rapid Wien and joined nearby Admira Wacker. He signed a contract for 18 months until 2016 including an extension clause for another year.On 17 September 2020 he signed a one-year contract with an extension option with SKN St. Pölten.
|
[
"SK Rapid Wien",
"FC Admira Wacker Mödling"
] |
|
Which team did Lukas Grozurek play for in 2009-01-24?
|
January 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Wiener Sport-Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q1876896_P54_0
|
Lukas Grozurek plays for Wiener Sport-Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Lukas Grozurek plays for FC Admira Wacker Mödling from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Lukas Grozurek plays for SK Rapid Wien from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
|
Lukas GrozurekLukas Grozurek (born 22 December 1991) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder for SKN St. Pölten.During the winter break of the 2014–15 season, Grozurek left Rapid Wien and joined nearby Admira Wacker. He signed a contract for 18 months until 2016 including an extension clause for another year.On 17 September 2020 he signed a one-year contract with an extension option with SKN St. Pölten.
|
[
"SK Rapid Wien",
"FC Admira Wacker Mödling"
] |
|
Which team did Lukas Grozurek play for in 24/01/2009?
|
January 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Wiener Sport-Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q1876896_P54_0
|
Lukas Grozurek plays for Wiener Sport-Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Lukas Grozurek plays for FC Admira Wacker Mödling from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Lukas Grozurek plays for SK Rapid Wien from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
|
Lukas GrozurekLukas Grozurek (born 22 December 1991) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder for SKN St. Pölten.During the winter break of the 2014–15 season, Grozurek left Rapid Wien and joined nearby Admira Wacker. He signed a contract for 18 months until 2016 including an extension clause for another year.On 17 September 2020 he signed a one-year contract with an extension option with SKN St. Pölten.
|
[
"SK Rapid Wien",
"FC Admira Wacker Mödling"
] |
|
Which team did Lukas Grozurek play for in Jan 24, 2009?
|
January 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Wiener Sport-Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q1876896_P54_0
|
Lukas Grozurek plays for Wiener Sport-Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Lukas Grozurek plays for FC Admira Wacker Mödling from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Lukas Grozurek plays for SK Rapid Wien from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
|
Lukas GrozurekLukas Grozurek (born 22 December 1991) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder for SKN St. Pölten.During the winter break of the 2014–15 season, Grozurek left Rapid Wien and joined nearby Admira Wacker. He signed a contract for 18 months until 2016 including an extension clause for another year.On 17 September 2020 he signed a one-year contract with an extension option with SKN St. Pölten.
|
[
"SK Rapid Wien",
"FC Admira Wacker Mödling"
] |
|
Which team did Lukas Grozurek play for in 01/24/2009?
|
January 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Wiener Sport-Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q1876896_P54_0
|
Lukas Grozurek plays for Wiener Sport-Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Lukas Grozurek plays for FC Admira Wacker Mödling from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Lukas Grozurek plays for SK Rapid Wien from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
|
Lukas GrozurekLukas Grozurek (born 22 December 1991) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder for SKN St. Pölten.During the winter break of the 2014–15 season, Grozurek left Rapid Wien and joined nearby Admira Wacker. He signed a contract for 18 months until 2016 including an extension clause for another year.On 17 September 2020 he signed a one-year contract with an extension option with SKN St. Pölten.
|
[
"SK Rapid Wien",
"FC Admira Wacker Mödling"
] |
|
Which team did Lukas Grozurek play for in 24-Jan-200924-January-2009?
|
January 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Wiener Sport-Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q1876896_P54_0
|
Lukas Grozurek plays for Wiener Sport-Club from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Lukas Grozurek plays for FC Admira Wacker Mödling from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Lukas Grozurek plays for SK Rapid Wien from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
|
Lukas GrozurekLukas Grozurek (born 22 December 1991) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder for SKN St. Pölten.During the winter break of the 2014–15 season, Grozurek left Rapid Wien and joined nearby Admira Wacker. He signed a contract for 18 months until 2016 including an extension clause for another year.On 17 September 2020 he signed a one-year contract with an extension option with SKN St. Pölten.
|
[
"SK Rapid Wien",
"FC Admira Wacker Mödling"
] |
|
Which employer did Nancy E. Gwinn work for in May, 1971?
|
May 01, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Library of Congress"
]
}
|
L2_Q59777034_P108_0
|
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Smithsonian Institution Libraries from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 2020.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Library of Congress from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1975.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Research Libraries Group from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1984.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Council on Library and Information Resources from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1980.
|
Nancy E. GwinnNancy E. Gwinn (born August 19, 1945) is an American librarian and administrator. She was the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, the world's largest museum library system, from 1997 until her retirement in 2020.Nancy Gwinn was born in Sheridan, Wyoming on August 19, 1945. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1967 from the University of Wyoming; after graduating, she attended the University of Oxford on a Fulbright scholarship. She went on to earn a Master of Library Science at the University of Michigan School of Library Science in 1969, and a Ph.D. in American civilization from George Washington University in 1996.Gwinn started her library career in 1969 working as a reference librarian at the Library of Congress. From 1975 to 1980, she worked at the Council on Library and Information Resources, and in 1980 she became the associate director and program coordinator at the Research Library Group, where she was instrumental in founding the RLG Preservation Program, developing a model for libraries to collaborate on preservation microfilming.Gwinn joined the Smithsonian Institution Libraries as the assistant director for library collections management in 1984. Since 1997 she has been the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, where she leads 130 research and curatorial staff in preserving cultural history. During her tenure, Gwinn has expanded outreach, bolstered the Libraries' rare book and electronic collections, and created the first Libraries Advisory Board to assist with fundraising. Under her leadership, the Smithsonian Libraries initiated and became the lead partner in establishing the Biodiversity Heritage Library, an international consortium of natural history and botanical libraries dedicated to digitizing and providing open access to works from their collections. Gwinn served as chair of the Biodiversity Heritage Library Members Council from 2011 to 2017.Gwinn has held a number of leadership roles in library organizations, including serving as president of the District of Columbia Library Association from 1979 to 1980, chairing the Association of Research Libraries Committee on Preservation of Library Material, and serving as secretary of the Standing Committee on Preservation and Conservation of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). She has also served as a member of the IFLA Governing Board from 2004 to 2009 and as chair of its Professional Committee from 2007 to 2009.Gwinn is the author of several books on library and historical subjects, including "Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists"; the Society of American Archivists awarded her the 1988 Waldo Gifford Leland Award for that book.In 2012 Gwinn was awarded the Ainsworth Rand Spofford President's Award by the District of Columbia Library Association, in recognition of "outstanding contributions to the development or improvement of library and information services".The University of Wyoming awarded her an honorary doctorate degree in 2013.Since 2003 Gwinn and her husband, Library of Congress Historian John Y. Cole, have maintained endowments to support the internships of library and information science students at the Smithsonian Libraries and at the University of Michigan School of Information. They also fund an endowment for supporting the operations of the technical services of the University of Wyoming Libraries.
|
[
"Research Libraries Group",
"Smithsonian Institution Libraries",
"Council on Library and Information Resources"
] |
|
Which employer did Nancy E. Gwinn work for in 1971-05-01?
|
May 01, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Library of Congress"
]
}
|
L2_Q59777034_P108_0
|
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Smithsonian Institution Libraries from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 2020.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Library of Congress from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1975.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Research Libraries Group from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1984.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Council on Library and Information Resources from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1980.
|
Nancy E. GwinnNancy E. Gwinn (born August 19, 1945) is an American librarian and administrator. She was the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, the world's largest museum library system, from 1997 until her retirement in 2020.Nancy Gwinn was born in Sheridan, Wyoming on August 19, 1945. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1967 from the University of Wyoming; after graduating, she attended the University of Oxford on a Fulbright scholarship. She went on to earn a Master of Library Science at the University of Michigan School of Library Science in 1969, and a Ph.D. in American civilization from George Washington University in 1996.Gwinn started her library career in 1969 working as a reference librarian at the Library of Congress. From 1975 to 1980, she worked at the Council on Library and Information Resources, and in 1980 she became the associate director and program coordinator at the Research Library Group, where she was instrumental in founding the RLG Preservation Program, developing a model for libraries to collaborate on preservation microfilming.Gwinn joined the Smithsonian Institution Libraries as the assistant director for library collections management in 1984. Since 1997 she has been the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, where she leads 130 research and curatorial staff in preserving cultural history. During her tenure, Gwinn has expanded outreach, bolstered the Libraries' rare book and electronic collections, and created the first Libraries Advisory Board to assist with fundraising. Under her leadership, the Smithsonian Libraries initiated and became the lead partner in establishing the Biodiversity Heritage Library, an international consortium of natural history and botanical libraries dedicated to digitizing and providing open access to works from their collections. Gwinn served as chair of the Biodiversity Heritage Library Members Council from 2011 to 2017.Gwinn has held a number of leadership roles in library organizations, including serving as president of the District of Columbia Library Association from 1979 to 1980, chairing the Association of Research Libraries Committee on Preservation of Library Material, and serving as secretary of the Standing Committee on Preservation and Conservation of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). She has also served as a member of the IFLA Governing Board from 2004 to 2009 and as chair of its Professional Committee from 2007 to 2009.Gwinn is the author of several books on library and historical subjects, including "Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists"; the Society of American Archivists awarded her the 1988 Waldo Gifford Leland Award for that book.In 2012 Gwinn was awarded the Ainsworth Rand Spofford President's Award by the District of Columbia Library Association, in recognition of "outstanding contributions to the development or improvement of library and information services".The University of Wyoming awarded her an honorary doctorate degree in 2013.Since 2003 Gwinn and her husband, Library of Congress Historian John Y. Cole, have maintained endowments to support the internships of library and information science students at the Smithsonian Libraries and at the University of Michigan School of Information. They also fund an endowment for supporting the operations of the technical services of the University of Wyoming Libraries.
|
[
"Research Libraries Group",
"Smithsonian Institution Libraries",
"Council on Library and Information Resources"
] |
|
Which employer did Nancy E. Gwinn work for in 01/05/1971?
|
May 01, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Library of Congress"
]
}
|
L2_Q59777034_P108_0
|
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Smithsonian Institution Libraries from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 2020.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Library of Congress from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1975.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Research Libraries Group from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1984.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Council on Library and Information Resources from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1980.
|
Nancy E. GwinnNancy E. Gwinn (born August 19, 1945) is an American librarian and administrator. She was the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, the world's largest museum library system, from 1997 until her retirement in 2020.Nancy Gwinn was born in Sheridan, Wyoming on August 19, 1945. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1967 from the University of Wyoming; after graduating, she attended the University of Oxford on a Fulbright scholarship. She went on to earn a Master of Library Science at the University of Michigan School of Library Science in 1969, and a Ph.D. in American civilization from George Washington University in 1996.Gwinn started her library career in 1969 working as a reference librarian at the Library of Congress. From 1975 to 1980, she worked at the Council on Library and Information Resources, and in 1980 she became the associate director and program coordinator at the Research Library Group, where she was instrumental in founding the RLG Preservation Program, developing a model for libraries to collaborate on preservation microfilming.Gwinn joined the Smithsonian Institution Libraries as the assistant director for library collections management in 1984. Since 1997 she has been the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, where she leads 130 research and curatorial staff in preserving cultural history. During her tenure, Gwinn has expanded outreach, bolstered the Libraries' rare book and electronic collections, and created the first Libraries Advisory Board to assist with fundraising. Under her leadership, the Smithsonian Libraries initiated and became the lead partner in establishing the Biodiversity Heritage Library, an international consortium of natural history and botanical libraries dedicated to digitizing and providing open access to works from their collections. Gwinn served as chair of the Biodiversity Heritage Library Members Council from 2011 to 2017.Gwinn has held a number of leadership roles in library organizations, including serving as president of the District of Columbia Library Association from 1979 to 1980, chairing the Association of Research Libraries Committee on Preservation of Library Material, and serving as secretary of the Standing Committee on Preservation and Conservation of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). She has also served as a member of the IFLA Governing Board from 2004 to 2009 and as chair of its Professional Committee from 2007 to 2009.Gwinn is the author of several books on library and historical subjects, including "Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists"; the Society of American Archivists awarded her the 1988 Waldo Gifford Leland Award for that book.In 2012 Gwinn was awarded the Ainsworth Rand Spofford President's Award by the District of Columbia Library Association, in recognition of "outstanding contributions to the development or improvement of library and information services".The University of Wyoming awarded her an honorary doctorate degree in 2013.Since 2003 Gwinn and her husband, Library of Congress Historian John Y. Cole, have maintained endowments to support the internships of library and information science students at the Smithsonian Libraries and at the University of Michigan School of Information. They also fund an endowment for supporting the operations of the technical services of the University of Wyoming Libraries.
|
[
"Research Libraries Group",
"Smithsonian Institution Libraries",
"Council on Library and Information Resources"
] |
|
Which employer did Nancy E. Gwinn work for in May 01, 1971?
|
May 01, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Library of Congress"
]
}
|
L2_Q59777034_P108_0
|
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Smithsonian Institution Libraries from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 2020.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Library of Congress from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1975.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Research Libraries Group from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1984.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Council on Library and Information Resources from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1980.
|
Nancy E. GwinnNancy E. Gwinn (born August 19, 1945) is an American librarian and administrator. She was the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, the world's largest museum library system, from 1997 until her retirement in 2020.Nancy Gwinn was born in Sheridan, Wyoming on August 19, 1945. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1967 from the University of Wyoming; after graduating, she attended the University of Oxford on a Fulbright scholarship. She went on to earn a Master of Library Science at the University of Michigan School of Library Science in 1969, and a Ph.D. in American civilization from George Washington University in 1996.Gwinn started her library career in 1969 working as a reference librarian at the Library of Congress. From 1975 to 1980, she worked at the Council on Library and Information Resources, and in 1980 she became the associate director and program coordinator at the Research Library Group, where she was instrumental in founding the RLG Preservation Program, developing a model for libraries to collaborate on preservation microfilming.Gwinn joined the Smithsonian Institution Libraries as the assistant director for library collections management in 1984. Since 1997 she has been the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, where she leads 130 research and curatorial staff in preserving cultural history. During her tenure, Gwinn has expanded outreach, bolstered the Libraries' rare book and electronic collections, and created the first Libraries Advisory Board to assist with fundraising. Under her leadership, the Smithsonian Libraries initiated and became the lead partner in establishing the Biodiversity Heritage Library, an international consortium of natural history and botanical libraries dedicated to digitizing and providing open access to works from their collections. Gwinn served as chair of the Biodiversity Heritage Library Members Council from 2011 to 2017.Gwinn has held a number of leadership roles in library organizations, including serving as president of the District of Columbia Library Association from 1979 to 1980, chairing the Association of Research Libraries Committee on Preservation of Library Material, and serving as secretary of the Standing Committee on Preservation and Conservation of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). She has also served as a member of the IFLA Governing Board from 2004 to 2009 and as chair of its Professional Committee from 2007 to 2009.Gwinn is the author of several books on library and historical subjects, including "Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists"; the Society of American Archivists awarded her the 1988 Waldo Gifford Leland Award for that book.In 2012 Gwinn was awarded the Ainsworth Rand Spofford President's Award by the District of Columbia Library Association, in recognition of "outstanding contributions to the development or improvement of library and information services".The University of Wyoming awarded her an honorary doctorate degree in 2013.Since 2003 Gwinn and her husband, Library of Congress Historian John Y. Cole, have maintained endowments to support the internships of library and information science students at the Smithsonian Libraries and at the University of Michigan School of Information. They also fund an endowment for supporting the operations of the technical services of the University of Wyoming Libraries.
|
[
"Research Libraries Group",
"Smithsonian Institution Libraries",
"Council on Library and Information Resources"
] |
|
Which employer did Nancy E. Gwinn work for in 05/01/1971?
|
May 01, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Library of Congress"
]
}
|
L2_Q59777034_P108_0
|
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Smithsonian Institution Libraries from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 2020.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Library of Congress from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1975.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Research Libraries Group from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1984.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Council on Library and Information Resources from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1980.
|
Nancy E. GwinnNancy E. Gwinn (born August 19, 1945) is an American librarian and administrator. She was the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, the world's largest museum library system, from 1997 until her retirement in 2020.Nancy Gwinn was born in Sheridan, Wyoming on August 19, 1945. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1967 from the University of Wyoming; after graduating, she attended the University of Oxford on a Fulbright scholarship. She went on to earn a Master of Library Science at the University of Michigan School of Library Science in 1969, and a Ph.D. in American civilization from George Washington University in 1996.Gwinn started her library career in 1969 working as a reference librarian at the Library of Congress. From 1975 to 1980, she worked at the Council on Library and Information Resources, and in 1980 she became the associate director and program coordinator at the Research Library Group, where she was instrumental in founding the RLG Preservation Program, developing a model for libraries to collaborate on preservation microfilming.Gwinn joined the Smithsonian Institution Libraries as the assistant director for library collections management in 1984. Since 1997 she has been the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, where she leads 130 research and curatorial staff in preserving cultural history. During her tenure, Gwinn has expanded outreach, bolstered the Libraries' rare book and electronic collections, and created the first Libraries Advisory Board to assist with fundraising. Under her leadership, the Smithsonian Libraries initiated and became the lead partner in establishing the Biodiversity Heritage Library, an international consortium of natural history and botanical libraries dedicated to digitizing and providing open access to works from their collections. Gwinn served as chair of the Biodiversity Heritage Library Members Council from 2011 to 2017.Gwinn has held a number of leadership roles in library organizations, including serving as president of the District of Columbia Library Association from 1979 to 1980, chairing the Association of Research Libraries Committee on Preservation of Library Material, and serving as secretary of the Standing Committee on Preservation and Conservation of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). She has also served as a member of the IFLA Governing Board from 2004 to 2009 and as chair of its Professional Committee from 2007 to 2009.Gwinn is the author of several books on library and historical subjects, including "Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists"; the Society of American Archivists awarded her the 1988 Waldo Gifford Leland Award for that book.In 2012 Gwinn was awarded the Ainsworth Rand Spofford President's Award by the District of Columbia Library Association, in recognition of "outstanding contributions to the development or improvement of library and information services".The University of Wyoming awarded her an honorary doctorate degree in 2013.Since 2003 Gwinn and her husband, Library of Congress Historian John Y. Cole, have maintained endowments to support the internships of library and information science students at the Smithsonian Libraries and at the University of Michigan School of Information. They also fund an endowment for supporting the operations of the technical services of the University of Wyoming Libraries.
|
[
"Research Libraries Group",
"Smithsonian Institution Libraries",
"Council on Library and Information Resources"
] |
|
Which employer did Nancy E. Gwinn work for in 01-May-197101-May-1971?
|
May 01, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Library of Congress"
]
}
|
L2_Q59777034_P108_0
|
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Smithsonian Institution Libraries from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 2020.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Library of Congress from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1975.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Research Libraries Group from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1984.
Nancy E. Gwinn works for Council on Library and Information Resources from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1980.
|
Nancy E. GwinnNancy E. Gwinn (born August 19, 1945) is an American librarian and administrator. She was the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, the world's largest museum library system, from 1997 until her retirement in 2020.Nancy Gwinn was born in Sheridan, Wyoming on August 19, 1945. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1967 from the University of Wyoming; after graduating, she attended the University of Oxford on a Fulbright scholarship. She went on to earn a Master of Library Science at the University of Michigan School of Library Science in 1969, and a Ph.D. in American civilization from George Washington University in 1996.Gwinn started her library career in 1969 working as a reference librarian at the Library of Congress. From 1975 to 1980, she worked at the Council on Library and Information Resources, and in 1980 she became the associate director and program coordinator at the Research Library Group, where she was instrumental in founding the RLG Preservation Program, developing a model for libraries to collaborate on preservation microfilming.Gwinn joined the Smithsonian Institution Libraries as the assistant director for library collections management in 1984. Since 1997 she has been the director of the Smithsonian Libraries, where she leads 130 research and curatorial staff in preserving cultural history. During her tenure, Gwinn has expanded outreach, bolstered the Libraries' rare book and electronic collections, and created the first Libraries Advisory Board to assist with fundraising. Under her leadership, the Smithsonian Libraries initiated and became the lead partner in establishing the Biodiversity Heritage Library, an international consortium of natural history and botanical libraries dedicated to digitizing and providing open access to works from their collections. Gwinn served as chair of the Biodiversity Heritage Library Members Council from 2011 to 2017.Gwinn has held a number of leadership roles in library organizations, including serving as president of the District of Columbia Library Association from 1979 to 1980, chairing the Association of Research Libraries Committee on Preservation of Library Material, and serving as secretary of the Standing Committee on Preservation and Conservation of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). She has also served as a member of the IFLA Governing Board from 2004 to 2009 and as chair of its Professional Committee from 2007 to 2009.Gwinn is the author of several books on library and historical subjects, including "Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists"; the Society of American Archivists awarded her the 1988 Waldo Gifford Leland Award for that book.In 2012 Gwinn was awarded the Ainsworth Rand Spofford President's Award by the District of Columbia Library Association, in recognition of "outstanding contributions to the development or improvement of library and information services".The University of Wyoming awarded her an honorary doctorate degree in 2013.Since 2003 Gwinn and her husband, Library of Congress Historian John Y. Cole, have maintained endowments to support the internships of library and information science students at the Smithsonian Libraries and at the University of Michigan School of Information. They also fund an endowment for supporting the operations of the technical services of the University of Wyoming Libraries.
|
[
"Research Libraries Group",
"Smithsonian Institution Libraries",
"Council on Library and Information Resources"
] |
|
Which employer did Georg August Zenker work for in Mar, 1893?
|
March 23, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"German Empire"
]
}
|
L2_Q103473_P108_2
|
Georg August Zenker works for Giacomo Bove from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887.
Georg August Zenker works for Botanical Garden of Naples from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1886.
Georg August Zenker works for German Empire from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1895.
|
Georg August ZenkerGeorg August Zenker (11 June 1855, in Leipzig – 6 February 1922, in Bipindi) was a German gardener and naturalist.He worked as a gardener at the botanical gardens in Leipzig and Naples, and in 1886, on behalf of the Italian government, traveled as a researcher to Africa. Subsequently, he was put in charge of the Sibange Farm, located near Libreville (Gabon), and later on, he worked as a preparator at Yaoundé Station in Kamerun. In 1895 he quit the colonial service and returned to Germany, but soon afterwards, he went back to Kamerun as a private citizen and established a plantation at Bipindi, where he grew coffee, cacao and rubber.During his many years spent in Kamerun, he amassed an enormous collection of botanical, zoological and ethnographic items. Unfortunately, his botanical specimens sent to Berlin were for the most part destroyed during World War II. His name is associated with numerous plant and animal taxa; a few examples being:
|
[
"Botanical Garden of Naples",
"Giacomo Bove"
] |
|
Which employer did Georg August Zenker work for in 1893-03-23?
|
March 23, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"German Empire"
]
}
|
L2_Q103473_P108_2
|
Georg August Zenker works for Giacomo Bove from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887.
Georg August Zenker works for Botanical Garden of Naples from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1886.
Georg August Zenker works for German Empire from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1895.
|
Georg August ZenkerGeorg August Zenker (11 June 1855, in Leipzig – 6 February 1922, in Bipindi) was a German gardener and naturalist.He worked as a gardener at the botanical gardens in Leipzig and Naples, and in 1886, on behalf of the Italian government, traveled as a researcher to Africa. Subsequently, he was put in charge of the Sibange Farm, located near Libreville (Gabon), and later on, he worked as a preparator at Yaoundé Station in Kamerun. In 1895 he quit the colonial service and returned to Germany, but soon afterwards, he went back to Kamerun as a private citizen and established a plantation at Bipindi, where he grew coffee, cacao and rubber.During his many years spent in Kamerun, he amassed an enormous collection of botanical, zoological and ethnographic items. Unfortunately, his botanical specimens sent to Berlin were for the most part destroyed during World War II. His name is associated with numerous plant and animal taxa; a few examples being:
|
[
"Botanical Garden of Naples",
"Giacomo Bove"
] |
|
Which employer did Georg August Zenker work for in 23/03/1893?
|
March 23, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"German Empire"
]
}
|
L2_Q103473_P108_2
|
Georg August Zenker works for Giacomo Bove from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887.
Georg August Zenker works for Botanical Garden of Naples from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1886.
Georg August Zenker works for German Empire from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1895.
|
Georg August ZenkerGeorg August Zenker (11 June 1855, in Leipzig – 6 February 1922, in Bipindi) was a German gardener and naturalist.He worked as a gardener at the botanical gardens in Leipzig and Naples, and in 1886, on behalf of the Italian government, traveled as a researcher to Africa. Subsequently, he was put in charge of the Sibange Farm, located near Libreville (Gabon), and later on, he worked as a preparator at Yaoundé Station in Kamerun. In 1895 he quit the colonial service and returned to Germany, but soon afterwards, he went back to Kamerun as a private citizen and established a plantation at Bipindi, where he grew coffee, cacao and rubber.During his many years spent in Kamerun, he amassed an enormous collection of botanical, zoological and ethnographic items. Unfortunately, his botanical specimens sent to Berlin were for the most part destroyed during World War II. His name is associated with numerous plant and animal taxa; a few examples being:
|
[
"Botanical Garden of Naples",
"Giacomo Bove"
] |
|
Which employer did Georg August Zenker work for in Mar 23, 1893?
|
March 23, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"German Empire"
]
}
|
L2_Q103473_P108_2
|
Georg August Zenker works for Giacomo Bove from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887.
Georg August Zenker works for Botanical Garden of Naples from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1886.
Georg August Zenker works for German Empire from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1895.
|
Georg August ZenkerGeorg August Zenker (11 June 1855, in Leipzig – 6 February 1922, in Bipindi) was a German gardener and naturalist.He worked as a gardener at the botanical gardens in Leipzig and Naples, and in 1886, on behalf of the Italian government, traveled as a researcher to Africa. Subsequently, he was put in charge of the Sibange Farm, located near Libreville (Gabon), and later on, he worked as a preparator at Yaoundé Station in Kamerun. In 1895 he quit the colonial service and returned to Germany, but soon afterwards, he went back to Kamerun as a private citizen and established a plantation at Bipindi, where he grew coffee, cacao and rubber.During his many years spent in Kamerun, he amassed an enormous collection of botanical, zoological and ethnographic items. Unfortunately, his botanical specimens sent to Berlin were for the most part destroyed during World War II. His name is associated with numerous plant and animal taxa; a few examples being:
|
[
"Botanical Garden of Naples",
"Giacomo Bove"
] |
|
Which employer did Georg August Zenker work for in 03/23/1893?
|
March 23, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"German Empire"
]
}
|
L2_Q103473_P108_2
|
Georg August Zenker works for Giacomo Bove from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887.
Georg August Zenker works for Botanical Garden of Naples from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1886.
Georg August Zenker works for German Empire from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1895.
|
Georg August ZenkerGeorg August Zenker (11 June 1855, in Leipzig – 6 February 1922, in Bipindi) was a German gardener and naturalist.He worked as a gardener at the botanical gardens in Leipzig and Naples, and in 1886, on behalf of the Italian government, traveled as a researcher to Africa. Subsequently, he was put in charge of the Sibange Farm, located near Libreville (Gabon), and later on, he worked as a preparator at Yaoundé Station in Kamerun. In 1895 he quit the colonial service and returned to Germany, but soon afterwards, he went back to Kamerun as a private citizen and established a plantation at Bipindi, where he grew coffee, cacao and rubber.During his many years spent in Kamerun, he amassed an enormous collection of botanical, zoological and ethnographic items. Unfortunately, his botanical specimens sent to Berlin were for the most part destroyed during World War II. His name is associated with numerous plant and animal taxa; a few examples being:
|
[
"Botanical Garden of Naples",
"Giacomo Bove"
] |
|
Which employer did Georg August Zenker work for in 23-Mar-189323-March-1893?
|
March 23, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"German Empire"
]
}
|
L2_Q103473_P108_2
|
Georg August Zenker works for Giacomo Bove from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887.
Georg August Zenker works for Botanical Garden of Naples from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1886.
Georg August Zenker works for German Empire from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1895.
|
Georg August ZenkerGeorg August Zenker (11 June 1855, in Leipzig – 6 February 1922, in Bipindi) was a German gardener and naturalist.He worked as a gardener at the botanical gardens in Leipzig and Naples, and in 1886, on behalf of the Italian government, traveled as a researcher to Africa. Subsequently, he was put in charge of the Sibange Farm, located near Libreville (Gabon), and later on, he worked as a preparator at Yaoundé Station in Kamerun. In 1895 he quit the colonial service and returned to Germany, but soon afterwards, he went back to Kamerun as a private citizen and established a plantation at Bipindi, where he grew coffee, cacao and rubber.During his many years spent in Kamerun, he amassed an enormous collection of botanical, zoological and ethnographic items. Unfortunately, his botanical specimens sent to Berlin were for the most part destroyed during World War II. His name is associated with numerous plant and animal taxa; a few examples being:
|
[
"Botanical Garden of Naples",
"Giacomo Bove"
] |
|
Who was the head of Tokyo in Nov, 1974?
|
November 24, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Ryokichi Minobe"
]
}
|
L2_Q1490_P6_2
|
Ryotaro Azuma is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1959 to Apr, 1967.
Ryokichi Minobe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1979.
Yuriko Koike is the head of the government of Tokyo from Aug, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Shunichi Suzuki is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1979 to Apr, 1995.
Yōichi Masuzoe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Feb, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Naoki Inose is the head of the government of Tokyo from Dec, 2012 to Dec, 2013.
Yukio Aoshima is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1995 to Apr, 1999.
Shintarō Ishihara is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1999 to Oct, 2012.
Seiichirō Yasui is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1947 to Apr, 1959.
|
TokyoTokyo ( , ; Japanese: 東京, "Tōkyō" ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (Japanese: 東京都, "Tōkyō-to"), is the de facto capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island of Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. As of 2021, the prefecture has an estimated population of 13,960,236. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.393 million residents as of 2020.Originally a fishing village, named Edo, the city became a prominent political center in 1603, when it became the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo was one of the most populous cities in the world at over one million. Following the end of the shogunate in 1868, the imperial capital in Kyoto was moved to the city, which was renamed Tokyo (literally "eastern capital"). Tokyo was devastated by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, and again by Allied bombing raids during World War II. Beginning in the 1950s, the city underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion, going on to lead Japan's post-war economic recovery. Since 1943, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has administered the prefecture's 23 special wards (formerly Tokyo City), various bed towns in the western area, and two outlying island chains.Tokyo is the largest urban economy in the world by gross domestic product, and is categorized as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Part of an industrial region that includes the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba, Tokyo is Japan's leading center of business and finance. In 2019, it hosted 36 of the "Fortune" Global 500 companies. In 2020, it ranked fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index, behind New York City, London, and Shanghai. Tokyo has the world's tallest tower Tokyo Skytree and the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility MAOUDC. The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line is the oldest underground metro line in East Asia (1927).The city has hosted multiple international events, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and three G7 Summits (1979, 1986, and 1993); it will also host the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were ultimately postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tokyo is an international center of research and development and is represented by several major universities, notably the University of Tokyo. Tokyo Station is the central hub for Japan's Shinkansen bullet train system, and the city is served by an extensive network of rail and subways. Notable districts of Tokyo include Chiyoda (the site of the Imperial Palace), Shinjuku (the city's administrative center), and Shibuya (a commercial, cultural and business hub). Tokyo was originally known as , a kanji compound of 江 ("e", "cove, inlet") and 戸 ("to", "entrance, gate, door"). The name, which can be translated as "estuary", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the name of the city was changed to when it became the new imperial capital, in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital () in the name of the capital city (for example, Kyoto (), Keijō (), Beijing (), Nanjing (), and Xijing ()). During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei"; however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.Tokyo was originally a small fishing village, Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became "shōgun" in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. But Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the capital of Japan (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto from 794 to 1868). During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the "Pax Tokugawa", and in the presence of such peace, Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city. The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city. However, this prolonged period of seclusion came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation. Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments. Meanwhile, supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa "shōgun", Yoshinobu, in 1867. After 265 years, the "Pax Tokugawa" came to an end. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance, the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between and was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia completed on December 30, 1927. Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II.In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wreaked widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed. The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid; as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured. Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the United States under Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for six years. Tokyo struggled to rebuild as occupation authorities stepped in and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs, focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.After the occupation of Japan ended in 1952, Tokyo was completely rebuilt and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments. In 1978, Sunshine 60—the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985—and Narita International Airport were constructed, and the population increased to about 11 million in the metropolitan area. The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese buildings that existed in the urban landscape of pre-war Tokyo.Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade", from which it is now slowly recovering.Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennōzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized.The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami, although activity in the city was largely halted. The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was supposed to be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Summer Olympics games were ultimately postponed to 2021 and it is unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems.The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about east to west and north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is . Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area () stretching westwards. Tokyo has a latitude of 35.65 (near the 36th parallel north), which makes it more southern than Rome (41.90), Madrid (40.41) and New York City (40.71).Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a , translated as "metropolis". Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The , which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities ( -shi), five towns ( -chō or machi), and eight villages ( -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward.The of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council, like other cities of Japan. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City).The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.The special wards of Tokyo are:The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population. Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country. Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also in Chiyoda.To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or Western Tokyo.Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo. These are:The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area, as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo.The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district ("gun") of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu (), Odake (), and Mitake (). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara).Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them.The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan. Japan's claim on an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also artworks and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's –long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011; the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit. The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of kilometers away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metropolitan area.Mount Fuji is about southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days). During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4 cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2 cm to 0.5 cm in central Tokyo. Kanagawa had 16 cm to 8 cm ash and Saitama 0.5 to 0 cm. If the wind blows north-east it could send volcanic ash to Tokyo metropolis. According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mt. Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages. The affected areas would need to be evacuated.Tokyo is located on the Kantō Plain with 5 river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season. Important rivers are Edogawa, Nakagawa, Arakawa, Kandagawa, Megurogawa and Tamagawa. In 1947 Typhoon Kathleen struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people. In 1958 Typhoon Ida inflicted 400mm rain in 1 week which flooded streets. In the 1950s and 1960s, the government invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction. A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed. The purpose is to manage heavy rain, typhonic rain, and river floods. Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel (MAOUDC). It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a 6.3 km long system of tunnels, 22 meters underground, with 70 meter tall cylindrical tanks, where each tank is large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty. During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the Edo River. Low-lying areas of Kōtō, Edogawa, Sumida, Katsushika, Taitō and Arakawa near the Arakawa River are most at risk of flooding.The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"), with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag, with the warmest month being August, which averages , and the coolest month being January, averaging . The record low temperature is on January 13, 1876, while the record high is on July 20, 2004.The record highest low temperature is on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over . Annual rainfall averages nearly , with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually. Tokyo also often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with of rain, including on the ninth of that month; the last of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995. Annual precipitation has ranged from in 1984 to in 1938.Tokyo has experienced significant warming of its climate since temperature records began in 1876.The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification "Cfa").The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of Chichijima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification "Aw") and the tropical rainforest climate (Köppen classification "Af"). It is approximately south of the Greater Tokyo Area resulting in much different climatic conditions.Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification "Aw"). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II. Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce. Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo also features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower, and the new Tokyo Skytree, which is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Mori Building Co started work on Tokyo's new tallest building which is set to be finished in March 2023. The project will cost 580 billion yen ($5.5 billion).Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level. Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the annual mean temperature has increased by about over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (sea forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill. From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000. In 2014, road side trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further 300 ha of green space has been added.As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards. During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.In 1889, the Home Ministry recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu. In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American nationals (182) and Chinese nationals (137).Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Greater Tokyo Area (Tokyo-Yokohama) of 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list.Tokyo is a major international finance center; it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by Oslo, and later Paris.Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London. In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as New York City, London, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, San Francisco, Shenzhen and Zurich in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai). The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998. Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value. Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. "Komatsuna" and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the "komatsuna" sold at its central produce market.With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and "aji" are among the ocean products.Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018. It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. The Toyosu market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.Tokyo, as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. However, its airspace has been under the US military's exclusive control after World War II. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo. Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.As a result of World War II, Japanese planes are generally forbidden to fly over Tokyo. Therefore, Japan constructed airports outside Tokyo. Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. Haneda Airport on the reclaimed land at Ōta, offers domestic and international flights. As of 2018, some flight routes into Haneda are permitted through Tokyo airspace.Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. It operates rail lines in the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and in the rest of the northeastern part of Honshu. JR East is also responsible for Shinkansen high-speed rail lines.Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. To build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads. Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Meiji University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, Sophia University, and Keio University. Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University. There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language, including the Globis University Graduate School of Management, International Christian University, Sophia University, and Waseda UniversityTokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and primary schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public secondary schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for Kabuki. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop, and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known areas such as the Nippon Budokan.Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.Harajuku, a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion and cosplay.Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Football clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the New National Stadium. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, football, American football exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami. Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics on September 7, 2013.As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series ("anime"), web comics, light novels, video games, and comic books ("manga"). In the "kaiju" (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include "Tokyo Joe", "My Geisha", "Tokyo Story" and the James Bond film "You Only Live Twice"; recent examples include "Kill Bill", "", "Lost in Translation", "Babel", "Inception", "The Wolverine" and "".Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including "Norwegian Wood"), and David Mitchell's first two novels "number9dream" and "Ghostwritten" featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the city's crowded streets and public spaces.Tokyo is the founding member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group., Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following sixteen cities and states:Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the United States, including NASA and the many private spaceflight companies, Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including Harvard and Yale University), along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as Stanford, MIT, and the UC campuses throughout California, as well as UNM and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom, the National University of Singapore in Singapore, the University of Toronto in Canada, and Tsinghua University in China.
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[
"Shintarō Ishihara",
"Seiichirō Yasui",
"Yuriko Koike",
"Ryotaro Azuma",
"Yōichi Masuzoe",
"Shunichi Suzuki",
"Yukio Aoshima",
"Naoki Inose"
] |
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Who was the head of Tokyo in 1974-11-24?
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November 24, 1974
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{
"text": [
"Ryokichi Minobe"
]
}
|
L2_Q1490_P6_2
|
Ryotaro Azuma is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1959 to Apr, 1967.
Ryokichi Minobe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1979.
Yuriko Koike is the head of the government of Tokyo from Aug, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Shunichi Suzuki is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1979 to Apr, 1995.
Yōichi Masuzoe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Feb, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Naoki Inose is the head of the government of Tokyo from Dec, 2012 to Dec, 2013.
Yukio Aoshima is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1995 to Apr, 1999.
Shintarō Ishihara is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1999 to Oct, 2012.
Seiichirō Yasui is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1947 to Apr, 1959.
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TokyoTokyo ( , ; Japanese: 東京, "Tōkyō" ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (Japanese: 東京都, "Tōkyō-to"), is the de facto capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island of Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. As of 2021, the prefecture has an estimated population of 13,960,236. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.393 million residents as of 2020.Originally a fishing village, named Edo, the city became a prominent political center in 1603, when it became the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo was one of the most populous cities in the world at over one million. Following the end of the shogunate in 1868, the imperial capital in Kyoto was moved to the city, which was renamed Tokyo (literally "eastern capital"). Tokyo was devastated by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, and again by Allied bombing raids during World War II. Beginning in the 1950s, the city underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion, going on to lead Japan's post-war economic recovery. Since 1943, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has administered the prefecture's 23 special wards (formerly Tokyo City), various bed towns in the western area, and two outlying island chains.Tokyo is the largest urban economy in the world by gross domestic product, and is categorized as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Part of an industrial region that includes the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba, Tokyo is Japan's leading center of business and finance. In 2019, it hosted 36 of the "Fortune" Global 500 companies. In 2020, it ranked fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index, behind New York City, London, and Shanghai. Tokyo has the world's tallest tower Tokyo Skytree and the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility MAOUDC. The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line is the oldest underground metro line in East Asia (1927).The city has hosted multiple international events, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and three G7 Summits (1979, 1986, and 1993); it will also host the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were ultimately postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tokyo is an international center of research and development and is represented by several major universities, notably the University of Tokyo. Tokyo Station is the central hub for Japan's Shinkansen bullet train system, and the city is served by an extensive network of rail and subways. Notable districts of Tokyo include Chiyoda (the site of the Imperial Palace), Shinjuku (the city's administrative center), and Shibuya (a commercial, cultural and business hub). Tokyo was originally known as , a kanji compound of 江 ("e", "cove, inlet") and 戸 ("to", "entrance, gate, door"). The name, which can be translated as "estuary", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the name of the city was changed to when it became the new imperial capital, in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital () in the name of the capital city (for example, Kyoto (), Keijō (), Beijing (), Nanjing (), and Xijing ()). During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei"; however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.Tokyo was originally a small fishing village, Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became "shōgun" in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. But Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the capital of Japan (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto from 794 to 1868). During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the "Pax Tokugawa", and in the presence of such peace, Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city. The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city. However, this prolonged period of seclusion came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation. Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments. Meanwhile, supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa "shōgun", Yoshinobu, in 1867. After 265 years, the "Pax Tokugawa" came to an end. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance, the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between and was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia completed on December 30, 1927. Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II.In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wreaked widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed. The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid; as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured. Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the United States under Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for six years. Tokyo struggled to rebuild as occupation authorities stepped in and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs, focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.After the occupation of Japan ended in 1952, Tokyo was completely rebuilt and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments. In 1978, Sunshine 60—the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985—and Narita International Airport were constructed, and the population increased to about 11 million in the metropolitan area. The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese buildings that existed in the urban landscape of pre-war Tokyo.Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade", from which it is now slowly recovering.Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennōzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized.The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami, although activity in the city was largely halted. The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was supposed to be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Summer Olympics games were ultimately postponed to 2021 and it is unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems.The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about east to west and north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is . Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area () stretching westwards. Tokyo has a latitude of 35.65 (near the 36th parallel north), which makes it more southern than Rome (41.90), Madrid (40.41) and New York City (40.71).Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a , translated as "metropolis". Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The , which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities ( -shi), five towns ( -chō or machi), and eight villages ( -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward.The of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council, like other cities of Japan. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City).The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.The special wards of Tokyo are:The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population. Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country. Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also in Chiyoda.To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or Western Tokyo.Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo. These are:The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area, as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo.The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district ("gun") of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu (), Odake (), and Mitake (). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara).Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them.The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan. Japan's claim on an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also artworks and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's –long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011; the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit. The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of kilometers away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metropolitan area.Mount Fuji is about southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days). During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4 cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2 cm to 0.5 cm in central Tokyo. Kanagawa had 16 cm to 8 cm ash and Saitama 0.5 to 0 cm. If the wind blows north-east it could send volcanic ash to Tokyo metropolis. According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mt. Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages. The affected areas would need to be evacuated.Tokyo is located on the Kantō Plain with 5 river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season. Important rivers are Edogawa, Nakagawa, Arakawa, Kandagawa, Megurogawa and Tamagawa. In 1947 Typhoon Kathleen struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people. In 1958 Typhoon Ida inflicted 400mm rain in 1 week which flooded streets. In the 1950s and 1960s, the government invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction. A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed. The purpose is to manage heavy rain, typhonic rain, and river floods. Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel (MAOUDC). It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a 6.3 km long system of tunnels, 22 meters underground, with 70 meter tall cylindrical tanks, where each tank is large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty. During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the Edo River. Low-lying areas of Kōtō, Edogawa, Sumida, Katsushika, Taitō and Arakawa near the Arakawa River are most at risk of flooding.The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"), with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag, with the warmest month being August, which averages , and the coolest month being January, averaging . The record low temperature is on January 13, 1876, while the record high is on July 20, 2004.The record highest low temperature is on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over . Annual rainfall averages nearly , with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually. Tokyo also often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with of rain, including on the ninth of that month; the last of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995. Annual precipitation has ranged from in 1984 to in 1938.Tokyo has experienced significant warming of its climate since temperature records began in 1876.The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification "Cfa").The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of Chichijima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification "Aw") and the tropical rainforest climate (Köppen classification "Af"). It is approximately south of the Greater Tokyo Area resulting in much different climatic conditions.Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification "Aw"). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II. Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce. Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo also features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower, and the new Tokyo Skytree, which is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Mori Building Co started work on Tokyo's new tallest building which is set to be finished in March 2023. The project will cost 580 billion yen ($5.5 billion).Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level. Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the annual mean temperature has increased by about over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (sea forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill. From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000. In 2014, road side trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further 300 ha of green space has been added.As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards. During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.In 1889, the Home Ministry recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu. In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American nationals (182) and Chinese nationals (137).Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Greater Tokyo Area (Tokyo-Yokohama) of 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list.Tokyo is a major international finance center; it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by Oslo, and later Paris.Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London. In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as New York City, London, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, San Francisco, Shenzhen and Zurich in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai). The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998. Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value. Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. "Komatsuna" and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the "komatsuna" sold at its central produce market.With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and "aji" are among the ocean products.Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018. It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. The Toyosu market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.Tokyo, as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. However, its airspace has been under the US military's exclusive control after World War II. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo. Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.As a result of World War II, Japanese planes are generally forbidden to fly over Tokyo. Therefore, Japan constructed airports outside Tokyo. Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. Haneda Airport on the reclaimed land at Ōta, offers domestic and international flights. As of 2018, some flight routes into Haneda are permitted through Tokyo airspace.Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. It operates rail lines in the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and in the rest of the northeastern part of Honshu. JR East is also responsible for Shinkansen high-speed rail lines.Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. To build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads. Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Meiji University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, Sophia University, and Keio University. Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University. There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language, including the Globis University Graduate School of Management, International Christian University, Sophia University, and Waseda UniversityTokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and primary schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public secondary schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for Kabuki. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop, and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known areas such as the Nippon Budokan.Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.Harajuku, a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion and cosplay.Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Football clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the New National Stadium. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, football, American football exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami. Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics on September 7, 2013.As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series ("anime"), web comics, light novels, video games, and comic books ("manga"). In the "kaiju" (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include "Tokyo Joe", "My Geisha", "Tokyo Story" and the James Bond film "You Only Live Twice"; recent examples include "Kill Bill", "", "Lost in Translation", "Babel", "Inception", "The Wolverine" and "".Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including "Norwegian Wood"), and David Mitchell's first two novels "number9dream" and "Ghostwritten" featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the city's crowded streets and public spaces.Tokyo is the founding member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group., Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following sixteen cities and states:Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the United States, including NASA and the many private spaceflight companies, Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including Harvard and Yale University), along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as Stanford, MIT, and the UC campuses throughout California, as well as UNM and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom, the National University of Singapore in Singapore, the University of Toronto in Canada, and Tsinghua University in China.
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[
"Shintarō Ishihara",
"Seiichirō Yasui",
"Yuriko Koike",
"Ryotaro Azuma",
"Yōichi Masuzoe",
"Shunichi Suzuki",
"Yukio Aoshima",
"Naoki Inose"
] |
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Who was the head of Tokyo in 24/11/1974?
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November 24, 1974
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{
"text": [
"Ryokichi Minobe"
]
}
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Ryotaro Azuma is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1959 to Apr, 1967.
Ryokichi Minobe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1979.
Yuriko Koike is the head of the government of Tokyo from Aug, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Shunichi Suzuki is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1979 to Apr, 1995.
Yōichi Masuzoe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Feb, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Naoki Inose is the head of the government of Tokyo from Dec, 2012 to Dec, 2013.
Yukio Aoshima is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1995 to Apr, 1999.
Shintarō Ishihara is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1999 to Oct, 2012.
Seiichirō Yasui is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1947 to Apr, 1959.
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TokyoTokyo ( , ; Japanese: 東京, "Tōkyō" ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (Japanese: 東京都, "Tōkyō-to"), is the de facto capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island of Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. As of 2021, the prefecture has an estimated population of 13,960,236. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.393 million residents as of 2020.Originally a fishing village, named Edo, the city became a prominent political center in 1603, when it became the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo was one of the most populous cities in the world at over one million. Following the end of the shogunate in 1868, the imperial capital in Kyoto was moved to the city, which was renamed Tokyo (literally "eastern capital"). Tokyo was devastated by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, and again by Allied bombing raids during World War II. Beginning in the 1950s, the city underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion, going on to lead Japan's post-war economic recovery. Since 1943, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has administered the prefecture's 23 special wards (formerly Tokyo City), various bed towns in the western area, and two outlying island chains.Tokyo is the largest urban economy in the world by gross domestic product, and is categorized as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Part of an industrial region that includes the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba, Tokyo is Japan's leading center of business and finance. In 2019, it hosted 36 of the "Fortune" Global 500 companies. In 2020, it ranked fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index, behind New York City, London, and Shanghai. Tokyo has the world's tallest tower Tokyo Skytree and the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility MAOUDC. The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line is the oldest underground metro line in East Asia (1927).The city has hosted multiple international events, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and three G7 Summits (1979, 1986, and 1993); it will also host the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were ultimately postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tokyo is an international center of research and development and is represented by several major universities, notably the University of Tokyo. Tokyo Station is the central hub for Japan's Shinkansen bullet train system, and the city is served by an extensive network of rail and subways. Notable districts of Tokyo include Chiyoda (the site of the Imperial Palace), Shinjuku (the city's administrative center), and Shibuya (a commercial, cultural and business hub). Tokyo was originally known as , a kanji compound of 江 ("e", "cove, inlet") and 戸 ("to", "entrance, gate, door"). The name, which can be translated as "estuary", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the name of the city was changed to when it became the new imperial capital, in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital () in the name of the capital city (for example, Kyoto (), Keijō (), Beijing (), Nanjing (), and Xijing ()). During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei"; however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.Tokyo was originally a small fishing village, Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became "shōgun" in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. But Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the capital of Japan (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto from 794 to 1868). During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the "Pax Tokugawa", and in the presence of such peace, Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city. The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city. However, this prolonged period of seclusion came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation. Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments. Meanwhile, supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa "shōgun", Yoshinobu, in 1867. After 265 years, the "Pax Tokugawa" came to an end. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance, the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between and was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia completed on December 30, 1927. Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II.In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wreaked widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed. The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid; as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured. Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the United States under Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for six years. Tokyo struggled to rebuild as occupation authorities stepped in and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs, focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.After the occupation of Japan ended in 1952, Tokyo was completely rebuilt and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments. In 1978, Sunshine 60—the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985—and Narita International Airport were constructed, and the population increased to about 11 million in the metropolitan area. The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese buildings that existed in the urban landscape of pre-war Tokyo.Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade", from which it is now slowly recovering.Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennōzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized.The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami, although activity in the city was largely halted. The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was supposed to be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Summer Olympics games were ultimately postponed to 2021 and it is unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems.The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about east to west and north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is . Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area () stretching westwards. Tokyo has a latitude of 35.65 (near the 36th parallel north), which makes it more southern than Rome (41.90), Madrid (40.41) and New York City (40.71).Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a , translated as "metropolis". Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The , which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities ( -shi), five towns ( -chō or machi), and eight villages ( -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward.The of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council, like other cities of Japan. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City).The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.The special wards of Tokyo are:The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population. Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country. Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also in Chiyoda.To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or Western Tokyo.Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo. These are:The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area, as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo.The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district ("gun") of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu (), Odake (), and Mitake (). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara).Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them.The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan. Japan's claim on an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also artworks and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's –long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011; the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit. The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of kilometers away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metropolitan area.Mount Fuji is about southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days). During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4 cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2 cm to 0.5 cm in central Tokyo. Kanagawa had 16 cm to 8 cm ash and Saitama 0.5 to 0 cm. If the wind blows north-east it could send volcanic ash to Tokyo metropolis. According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mt. Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages. The affected areas would need to be evacuated.Tokyo is located on the Kantō Plain with 5 river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season. Important rivers are Edogawa, Nakagawa, Arakawa, Kandagawa, Megurogawa and Tamagawa. In 1947 Typhoon Kathleen struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people. In 1958 Typhoon Ida inflicted 400mm rain in 1 week which flooded streets. In the 1950s and 1960s, the government invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction. A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed. The purpose is to manage heavy rain, typhonic rain, and river floods. Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel (MAOUDC). It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a 6.3 km long system of tunnels, 22 meters underground, with 70 meter tall cylindrical tanks, where each tank is large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty. During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the Edo River. Low-lying areas of Kōtō, Edogawa, Sumida, Katsushika, Taitō and Arakawa near the Arakawa River are most at risk of flooding.The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"), with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag, with the warmest month being August, which averages , and the coolest month being January, averaging . The record low temperature is on January 13, 1876, while the record high is on July 20, 2004.The record highest low temperature is on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over . Annual rainfall averages nearly , with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually. Tokyo also often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with of rain, including on the ninth of that month; the last of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995. Annual precipitation has ranged from in 1984 to in 1938.Tokyo has experienced significant warming of its climate since temperature records began in 1876.The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification "Cfa").The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of Chichijima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification "Aw") and the tropical rainforest climate (Köppen classification "Af"). It is approximately south of the Greater Tokyo Area resulting in much different climatic conditions.Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification "Aw"). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II. Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce. Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo also features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower, and the new Tokyo Skytree, which is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Mori Building Co started work on Tokyo's new tallest building which is set to be finished in March 2023. The project will cost 580 billion yen ($5.5 billion).Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level. Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the annual mean temperature has increased by about over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (sea forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill. From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000. In 2014, road side trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further 300 ha of green space has been added.As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards. During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.In 1889, the Home Ministry recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu. In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American nationals (182) and Chinese nationals (137).Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Greater Tokyo Area (Tokyo-Yokohama) of 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list.Tokyo is a major international finance center; it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by Oslo, and later Paris.Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London. In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as New York City, London, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, San Francisco, Shenzhen and Zurich in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai). The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998. Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value. Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. "Komatsuna" and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the "komatsuna" sold at its central produce market.With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and "aji" are among the ocean products.Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018. It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. The Toyosu market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.Tokyo, as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. However, its airspace has been under the US military's exclusive control after World War II. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo. Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.As a result of World War II, Japanese planes are generally forbidden to fly over Tokyo. Therefore, Japan constructed airports outside Tokyo. Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. Haneda Airport on the reclaimed land at Ōta, offers domestic and international flights. As of 2018, some flight routes into Haneda are permitted through Tokyo airspace.Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. It operates rail lines in the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and in the rest of the northeastern part of Honshu. JR East is also responsible for Shinkansen high-speed rail lines.Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. To build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads. Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Meiji University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, Sophia University, and Keio University. Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University. There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language, including the Globis University Graduate School of Management, International Christian University, Sophia University, and Waseda UniversityTokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and primary schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public secondary schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for Kabuki. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop, and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known areas such as the Nippon Budokan.Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.Harajuku, a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion and cosplay.Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Football clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the New National Stadium. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, football, American football exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami. Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics on September 7, 2013.As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series ("anime"), web comics, light novels, video games, and comic books ("manga"). In the "kaiju" (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include "Tokyo Joe", "My Geisha", "Tokyo Story" and the James Bond film "You Only Live Twice"; recent examples include "Kill Bill", "", "Lost in Translation", "Babel", "Inception", "The Wolverine" and "".Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including "Norwegian Wood"), and David Mitchell's first two novels "number9dream" and "Ghostwritten" featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the city's crowded streets and public spaces.Tokyo is the founding member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group., Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following sixteen cities and states:Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the United States, including NASA and the many private spaceflight companies, Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including Harvard and Yale University), along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as Stanford, MIT, and the UC campuses throughout California, as well as UNM and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom, the National University of Singapore in Singapore, the University of Toronto in Canada, and Tsinghua University in China.
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[
"Shintarō Ishihara",
"Seiichirō Yasui",
"Yuriko Koike",
"Ryotaro Azuma",
"Yōichi Masuzoe",
"Shunichi Suzuki",
"Yukio Aoshima",
"Naoki Inose"
] |
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Who was the head of Tokyo in Nov 24, 1974?
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November 24, 1974
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{
"text": [
"Ryokichi Minobe"
]
}
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L2_Q1490_P6_2
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Ryotaro Azuma is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1959 to Apr, 1967.
Ryokichi Minobe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1979.
Yuriko Koike is the head of the government of Tokyo from Aug, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Shunichi Suzuki is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1979 to Apr, 1995.
Yōichi Masuzoe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Feb, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Naoki Inose is the head of the government of Tokyo from Dec, 2012 to Dec, 2013.
Yukio Aoshima is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1995 to Apr, 1999.
Shintarō Ishihara is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1999 to Oct, 2012.
Seiichirō Yasui is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1947 to Apr, 1959.
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TokyoTokyo ( , ; Japanese: 東京, "Tōkyō" ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (Japanese: 東京都, "Tōkyō-to"), is the de facto capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island of Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. As of 2021, the prefecture has an estimated population of 13,960,236. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.393 million residents as of 2020.Originally a fishing village, named Edo, the city became a prominent political center in 1603, when it became the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo was one of the most populous cities in the world at over one million. Following the end of the shogunate in 1868, the imperial capital in Kyoto was moved to the city, which was renamed Tokyo (literally "eastern capital"). Tokyo was devastated by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, and again by Allied bombing raids during World War II. Beginning in the 1950s, the city underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion, going on to lead Japan's post-war economic recovery. Since 1943, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has administered the prefecture's 23 special wards (formerly Tokyo City), various bed towns in the western area, and two outlying island chains.Tokyo is the largest urban economy in the world by gross domestic product, and is categorized as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Part of an industrial region that includes the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba, Tokyo is Japan's leading center of business and finance. In 2019, it hosted 36 of the "Fortune" Global 500 companies. In 2020, it ranked fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index, behind New York City, London, and Shanghai. Tokyo has the world's tallest tower Tokyo Skytree and the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility MAOUDC. The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line is the oldest underground metro line in East Asia (1927).The city has hosted multiple international events, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and three G7 Summits (1979, 1986, and 1993); it will also host the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were ultimately postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tokyo is an international center of research and development and is represented by several major universities, notably the University of Tokyo. Tokyo Station is the central hub for Japan's Shinkansen bullet train system, and the city is served by an extensive network of rail and subways. Notable districts of Tokyo include Chiyoda (the site of the Imperial Palace), Shinjuku (the city's administrative center), and Shibuya (a commercial, cultural and business hub). Tokyo was originally known as , a kanji compound of 江 ("e", "cove, inlet") and 戸 ("to", "entrance, gate, door"). The name, which can be translated as "estuary", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the name of the city was changed to when it became the new imperial capital, in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital () in the name of the capital city (for example, Kyoto (), Keijō (), Beijing (), Nanjing (), and Xijing ()). During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei"; however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.Tokyo was originally a small fishing village, Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became "shōgun" in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. But Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the capital of Japan (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto from 794 to 1868). During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the "Pax Tokugawa", and in the presence of such peace, Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city. The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city. However, this prolonged period of seclusion came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation. Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments. Meanwhile, supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa "shōgun", Yoshinobu, in 1867. After 265 years, the "Pax Tokugawa" came to an end. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance, the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between and was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia completed on December 30, 1927. Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II.In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wreaked widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed. The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid; as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured. Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the United States under Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for six years. Tokyo struggled to rebuild as occupation authorities stepped in and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs, focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.After the occupation of Japan ended in 1952, Tokyo was completely rebuilt and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments. In 1978, Sunshine 60—the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985—and Narita International Airport were constructed, and the population increased to about 11 million in the metropolitan area. The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese buildings that existed in the urban landscape of pre-war Tokyo.Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade", from which it is now slowly recovering.Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennōzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized.The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami, although activity in the city was largely halted. The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was supposed to be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Summer Olympics games were ultimately postponed to 2021 and it is unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems.The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about east to west and north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is . Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area () stretching westwards. Tokyo has a latitude of 35.65 (near the 36th parallel north), which makes it more southern than Rome (41.90), Madrid (40.41) and New York City (40.71).Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a , translated as "metropolis". Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The , which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities ( -shi), five towns ( -chō or machi), and eight villages ( -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward.The of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council, like other cities of Japan. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City).The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.The special wards of Tokyo are:The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population. Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country. Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also in Chiyoda.To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or Western Tokyo.Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo. These are:The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area, as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo.The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district ("gun") of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu (), Odake (), and Mitake (). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara).Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them.The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan. Japan's claim on an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also artworks and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's –long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011; the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit. The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of kilometers away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metropolitan area.Mount Fuji is about southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days). During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4 cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2 cm to 0.5 cm in central Tokyo. Kanagawa had 16 cm to 8 cm ash and Saitama 0.5 to 0 cm. If the wind blows north-east it could send volcanic ash to Tokyo metropolis. According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mt. Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages. The affected areas would need to be evacuated.Tokyo is located on the Kantō Plain with 5 river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season. Important rivers are Edogawa, Nakagawa, Arakawa, Kandagawa, Megurogawa and Tamagawa. In 1947 Typhoon Kathleen struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people. In 1958 Typhoon Ida inflicted 400mm rain in 1 week which flooded streets. In the 1950s and 1960s, the government invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction. A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed. The purpose is to manage heavy rain, typhonic rain, and river floods. Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel (MAOUDC). It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a 6.3 km long system of tunnels, 22 meters underground, with 70 meter tall cylindrical tanks, where each tank is large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty. During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the Edo River. Low-lying areas of Kōtō, Edogawa, Sumida, Katsushika, Taitō and Arakawa near the Arakawa River are most at risk of flooding.The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"), with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag, with the warmest month being August, which averages , and the coolest month being January, averaging . The record low temperature is on January 13, 1876, while the record high is on July 20, 2004.The record highest low temperature is on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over . Annual rainfall averages nearly , with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually. Tokyo also often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with of rain, including on the ninth of that month; the last of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995. Annual precipitation has ranged from in 1984 to in 1938.Tokyo has experienced significant warming of its climate since temperature records began in 1876.The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification "Cfa").The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of Chichijima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification "Aw") and the tropical rainforest climate (Köppen classification "Af"). It is approximately south of the Greater Tokyo Area resulting in much different climatic conditions.Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification "Aw"). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II. Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce. Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo also features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower, and the new Tokyo Skytree, which is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Mori Building Co started work on Tokyo's new tallest building which is set to be finished in March 2023. The project will cost 580 billion yen ($5.5 billion).Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level. Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the annual mean temperature has increased by about over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (sea forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill. From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000. In 2014, road side trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further 300 ha of green space has been added.As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards. During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.In 1889, the Home Ministry recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu. In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American nationals (182) and Chinese nationals (137).Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Greater Tokyo Area (Tokyo-Yokohama) of 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list.Tokyo is a major international finance center; it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by Oslo, and later Paris.Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London. In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as New York City, London, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, San Francisco, Shenzhen and Zurich in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai). The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998. Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value. Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. "Komatsuna" and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the "komatsuna" sold at its central produce market.With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and "aji" are among the ocean products.Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018. It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. The Toyosu market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.Tokyo, as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. However, its airspace has been under the US military's exclusive control after World War II. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo. Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.As a result of World War II, Japanese planes are generally forbidden to fly over Tokyo. Therefore, Japan constructed airports outside Tokyo. Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. Haneda Airport on the reclaimed land at Ōta, offers domestic and international flights. As of 2018, some flight routes into Haneda are permitted through Tokyo airspace.Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. It operates rail lines in the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and in the rest of the northeastern part of Honshu. JR East is also responsible for Shinkansen high-speed rail lines.Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. To build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads. Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Meiji University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, Sophia University, and Keio University. Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University. There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language, including the Globis University Graduate School of Management, International Christian University, Sophia University, and Waseda UniversityTokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and primary schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public secondary schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for Kabuki. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop, and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known areas such as the Nippon Budokan.Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.Harajuku, a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion and cosplay.Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Football clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the New National Stadium. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, football, American football exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami. Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics on September 7, 2013.As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series ("anime"), web comics, light novels, video games, and comic books ("manga"). In the "kaiju" (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include "Tokyo Joe", "My Geisha", "Tokyo Story" and the James Bond film "You Only Live Twice"; recent examples include "Kill Bill", "", "Lost in Translation", "Babel", "Inception", "The Wolverine" and "".Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including "Norwegian Wood"), and David Mitchell's first two novels "number9dream" and "Ghostwritten" featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the city's crowded streets and public spaces.Tokyo is the founding member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group., Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following sixteen cities and states:Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the United States, including NASA and the many private spaceflight companies, Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including Harvard and Yale University), along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as Stanford, MIT, and the UC campuses throughout California, as well as UNM and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom, the National University of Singapore in Singapore, the University of Toronto in Canada, and Tsinghua University in China.
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[
"Shintarō Ishihara",
"Seiichirō Yasui",
"Yuriko Koike",
"Ryotaro Azuma",
"Yōichi Masuzoe",
"Shunichi Suzuki",
"Yukio Aoshima",
"Naoki Inose"
] |
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Who was the head of Tokyo in 11/24/1974?
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November 24, 1974
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{
"text": [
"Ryokichi Minobe"
]
}
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L2_Q1490_P6_2
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Ryotaro Azuma is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1959 to Apr, 1967.
Ryokichi Minobe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1979.
Yuriko Koike is the head of the government of Tokyo from Aug, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Shunichi Suzuki is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1979 to Apr, 1995.
Yōichi Masuzoe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Feb, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Naoki Inose is the head of the government of Tokyo from Dec, 2012 to Dec, 2013.
Yukio Aoshima is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1995 to Apr, 1999.
Shintarō Ishihara is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1999 to Oct, 2012.
Seiichirō Yasui is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1947 to Apr, 1959.
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TokyoTokyo ( , ; Japanese: 東京, "Tōkyō" ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (Japanese: 東京都, "Tōkyō-to"), is the de facto capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island of Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. As of 2021, the prefecture has an estimated population of 13,960,236. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.393 million residents as of 2020.Originally a fishing village, named Edo, the city became a prominent political center in 1603, when it became the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo was one of the most populous cities in the world at over one million. Following the end of the shogunate in 1868, the imperial capital in Kyoto was moved to the city, which was renamed Tokyo (literally "eastern capital"). Tokyo was devastated by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, and again by Allied bombing raids during World War II. Beginning in the 1950s, the city underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion, going on to lead Japan's post-war economic recovery. Since 1943, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has administered the prefecture's 23 special wards (formerly Tokyo City), various bed towns in the western area, and two outlying island chains.Tokyo is the largest urban economy in the world by gross domestic product, and is categorized as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Part of an industrial region that includes the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba, Tokyo is Japan's leading center of business and finance. In 2019, it hosted 36 of the "Fortune" Global 500 companies. In 2020, it ranked fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index, behind New York City, London, and Shanghai. Tokyo has the world's tallest tower Tokyo Skytree and the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility MAOUDC. The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line is the oldest underground metro line in East Asia (1927).The city has hosted multiple international events, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and three G7 Summits (1979, 1986, and 1993); it will also host the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were ultimately postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tokyo is an international center of research and development and is represented by several major universities, notably the University of Tokyo. Tokyo Station is the central hub for Japan's Shinkansen bullet train system, and the city is served by an extensive network of rail and subways. Notable districts of Tokyo include Chiyoda (the site of the Imperial Palace), Shinjuku (the city's administrative center), and Shibuya (a commercial, cultural and business hub). Tokyo was originally known as , a kanji compound of 江 ("e", "cove, inlet") and 戸 ("to", "entrance, gate, door"). The name, which can be translated as "estuary", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the name of the city was changed to when it became the new imperial capital, in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital () in the name of the capital city (for example, Kyoto (), Keijō (), Beijing (), Nanjing (), and Xijing ()). During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei"; however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.Tokyo was originally a small fishing village, Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became "shōgun" in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. But Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the capital of Japan (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto from 794 to 1868). During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the "Pax Tokugawa", and in the presence of such peace, Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city. The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city. However, this prolonged period of seclusion came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation. Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments. Meanwhile, supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa "shōgun", Yoshinobu, in 1867. After 265 years, the "Pax Tokugawa" came to an end. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance, the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between and was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia completed on December 30, 1927. Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II.In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wreaked widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed. The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid; as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured. Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the United States under Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for six years. Tokyo struggled to rebuild as occupation authorities stepped in and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs, focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.After the occupation of Japan ended in 1952, Tokyo was completely rebuilt and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments. In 1978, Sunshine 60—the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985—and Narita International Airport were constructed, and the population increased to about 11 million in the metropolitan area. The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese buildings that existed in the urban landscape of pre-war Tokyo.Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade", from which it is now slowly recovering.Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennōzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized.The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami, although activity in the city was largely halted. The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was supposed to be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Summer Olympics games were ultimately postponed to 2021 and it is unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems.The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about east to west and north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is . Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area () stretching westwards. Tokyo has a latitude of 35.65 (near the 36th parallel north), which makes it more southern than Rome (41.90), Madrid (40.41) and New York City (40.71).Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a , translated as "metropolis". Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The , which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities ( -shi), five towns ( -chō or machi), and eight villages ( -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward.The of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council, like other cities of Japan. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City).The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.The special wards of Tokyo are:The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population. Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country. Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also in Chiyoda.To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or Western Tokyo.Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo. These are:The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area, as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo.The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district ("gun") of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu (), Odake (), and Mitake (). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara).Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them.The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan. Japan's claim on an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also artworks and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's –long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011; the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit. The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of kilometers away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metropolitan area.Mount Fuji is about southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days). During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4 cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2 cm to 0.5 cm in central Tokyo. Kanagawa had 16 cm to 8 cm ash and Saitama 0.5 to 0 cm. If the wind blows north-east it could send volcanic ash to Tokyo metropolis. According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mt. Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages. The affected areas would need to be evacuated.Tokyo is located on the Kantō Plain with 5 river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season. Important rivers are Edogawa, Nakagawa, Arakawa, Kandagawa, Megurogawa and Tamagawa. In 1947 Typhoon Kathleen struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people. In 1958 Typhoon Ida inflicted 400mm rain in 1 week which flooded streets. In the 1950s and 1960s, the government invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction. A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed. The purpose is to manage heavy rain, typhonic rain, and river floods. Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel (MAOUDC). It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a 6.3 km long system of tunnels, 22 meters underground, with 70 meter tall cylindrical tanks, where each tank is large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty. During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the Edo River. Low-lying areas of Kōtō, Edogawa, Sumida, Katsushika, Taitō and Arakawa near the Arakawa River are most at risk of flooding.The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"), with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag, with the warmest month being August, which averages , and the coolest month being January, averaging . The record low temperature is on January 13, 1876, while the record high is on July 20, 2004.The record highest low temperature is on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over . Annual rainfall averages nearly , with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually. Tokyo also often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with of rain, including on the ninth of that month; the last of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995. Annual precipitation has ranged from in 1984 to in 1938.Tokyo has experienced significant warming of its climate since temperature records began in 1876.The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification "Cfa").The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of Chichijima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification "Aw") and the tropical rainforest climate (Köppen classification "Af"). It is approximately south of the Greater Tokyo Area resulting in much different climatic conditions.Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification "Aw"). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II. Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce. Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo also features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower, and the new Tokyo Skytree, which is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Mori Building Co started work on Tokyo's new tallest building which is set to be finished in March 2023. The project will cost 580 billion yen ($5.5 billion).Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level. Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the annual mean temperature has increased by about over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (sea forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill. From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000. In 2014, road side trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further 300 ha of green space has been added.As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards. During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.In 1889, the Home Ministry recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu. In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American nationals (182) and Chinese nationals (137).Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Greater Tokyo Area (Tokyo-Yokohama) of 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list.Tokyo is a major international finance center; it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by Oslo, and later Paris.Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London. In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as New York City, London, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, San Francisco, Shenzhen and Zurich in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai). The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998. Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value. Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. "Komatsuna" and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the "komatsuna" sold at its central produce market.With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and "aji" are among the ocean products.Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018. It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. The Toyosu market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.Tokyo, as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. However, its airspace has been under the US military's exclusive control after World War II. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo. Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.As a result of World War II, Japanese planes are generally forbidden to fly over Tokyo. Therefore, Japan constructed airports outside Tokyo. Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. Haneda Airport on the reclaimed land at Ōta, offers domestic and international flights. As of 2018, some flight routes into Haneda are permitted through Tokyo airspace.Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. It operates rail lines in the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and in the rest of the northeastern part of Honshu. JR East is also responsible for Shinkansen high-speed rail lines.Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. To build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads. Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Meiji University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, Sophia University, and Keio University. Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University. There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language, including the Globis University Graduate School of Management, International Christian University, Sophia University, and Waseda UniversityTokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and primary schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public secondary schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for Kabuki. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop, and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known areas such as the Nippon Budokan.Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.Harajuku, a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion and cosplay.Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Football clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the New National Stadium. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, football, American football exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami. Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics on September 7, 2013.As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series ("anime"), web comics, light novels, video games, and comic books ("manga"). In the "kaiju" (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include "Tokyo Joe", "My Geisha", "Tokyo Story" and the James Bond film "You Only Live Twice"; recent examples include "Kill Bill", "", "Lost in Translation", "Babel", "Inception", "The Wolverine" and "".Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including "Norwegian Wood"), and David Mitchell's first two novels "number9dream" and "Ghostwritten" featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the city's crowded streets and public spaces.Tokyo is the founding member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group., Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following sixteen cities and states:Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the United States, including NASA and the many private spaceflight companies, Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including Harvard and Yale University), along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as Stanford, MIT, and the UC campuses throughout California, as well as UNM and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom, the National University of Singapore in Singapore, the University of Toronto in Canada, and Tsinghua University in China.
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[
"Shintarō Ishihara",
"Seiichirō Yasui",
"Yuriko Koike",
"Ryotaro Azuma",
"Yōichi Masuzoe",
"Shunichi Suzuki",
"Yukio Aoshima",
"Naoki Inose"
] |
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Who was the head of Tokyo in 24-Nov-197424-November-1974?
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November 24, 1974
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{
"text": [
"Ryokichi Minobe"
]
}
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L2_Q1490_P6_2
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Ryotaro Azuma is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1959 to Apr, 1967.
Ryokichi Minobe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1979.
Yuriko Koike is the head of the government of Tokyo from Aug, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Shunichi Suzuki is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1979 to Apr, 1995.
Yōichi Masuzoe is the head of the government of Tokyo from Feb, 2014 to Jun, 2016.
Naoki Inose is the head of the government of Tokyo from Dec, 2012 to Dec, 2013.
Yukio Aoshima is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1995 to Apr, 1999.
Shintarō Ishihara is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1999 to Oct, 2012.
Seiichirō Yasui is the head of the government of Tokyo from Apr, 1947 to Apr, 1959.
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TokyoTokyo ( , ; Japanese: 東京, "Tōkyō" ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (Japanese: 東京都, "Tōkyō-to"), is the de facto capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island of Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. As of 2021, the prefecture has an estimated population of 13,960,236. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.393 million residents as of 2020.Originally a fishing village, named Edo, the city became a prominent political center in 1603, when it became the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo was one of the most populous cities in the world at over one million. Following the end of the shogunate in 1868, the imperial capital in Kyoto was moved to the city, which was renamed Tokyo (literally "eastern capital"). Tokyo was devastated by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, and again by Allied bombing raids during World War II. Beginning in the 1950s, the city underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion, going on to lead Japan's post-war economic recovery. Since 1943, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has administered the prefecture's 23 special wards (formerly Tokyo City), various bed towns in the western area, and two outlying island chains.Tokyo is the largest urban economy in the world by gross domestic product, and is categorized as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Part of an industrial region that includes the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba, Tokyo is Japan's leading center of business and finance. In 2019, it hosted 36 of the "Fortune" Global 500 companies. In 2020, it ranked fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index, behind New York City, London, and Shanghai. Tokyo has the world's tallest tower Tokyo Skytree and the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility MAOUDC. The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line is the oldest underground metro line in East Asia (1927).The city has hosted multiple international events, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and three G7 Summits (1979, 1986, and 1993); it will also host the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were ultimately postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tokyo is an international center of research and development and is represented by several major universities, notably the University of Tokyo. Tokyo Station is the central hub for Japan's Shinkansen bullet train system, and the city is served by an extensive network of rail and subways. Notable districts of Tokyo include Chiyoda (the site of the Imperial Palace), Shinjuku (the city's administrative center), and Shibuya (a commercial, cultural and business hub). Tokyo was originally known as , a kanji compound of 江 ("e", "cove, inlet") and 戸 ("to", "entrance, gate, door"). The name, which can be translated as "estuary", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the name of the city was changed to when it became the new imperial capital, in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital () in the name of the capital city (for example, Kyoto (), Keijō (), Beijing (), Nanjing (), and Xijing ()). During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei"; however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.Tokyo was originally a small fishing village, Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became "shōgun" in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. But Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the capital of Japan (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto from 794 to 1868). During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the "Pax Tokugawa", and in the presence of such peace, Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city. The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city. However, this prolonged period of seclusion came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation. Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments. Meanwhile, supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa "shōgun", Yoshinobu, in 1867. After 265 years, the "Pax Tokugawa" came to an end. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance, the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between and was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia completed on December 30, 1927. Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II.In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wreaked widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed. The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid; as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured. Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the United States under Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for six years. Tokyo struggled to rebuild as occupation authorities stepped in and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs, focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.After the occupation of Japan ended in 1952, Tokyo was completely rebuilt and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments. In 1978, Sunshine 60—the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985—and Narita International Airport were constructed, and the population increased to about 11 million in the metropolitan area. The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese buildings that existed in the urban landscape of pre-war Tokyo.Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade", from which it is now slowly recovering.Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennōzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized.The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami, although activity in the city was largely halted. The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was supposed to be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Summer Olympics games were ultimately postponed to 2021 and it is unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems.The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about east to west and north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is . Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area () stretching westwards. Tokyo has a latitude of 35.65 (near the 36th parallel north), which makes it more southern than Rome (41.90), Madrid (40.41) and New York City (40.71).Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a , translated as "metropolis". Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The , which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities ( -shi), five towns ( -chō or machi), and eight villages ( -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward.The of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council, like other cities of Japan. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City).The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.The special wards of Tokyo are:The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population. Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country. Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also in Chiyoda.To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or Western Tokyo.Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo. These are:The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area, as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo.The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district ("gun") of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu (), Odake (), and Mitake (). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara).Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them.The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan. Japan's claim on an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also artworks and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's –long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011; the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit. The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of kilometers away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metropolitan area.Mount Fuji is about southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days). During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4 cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2 cm to 0.5 cm in central Tokyo. Kanagawa had 16 cm to 8 cm ash and Saitama 0.5 to 0 cm. If the wind blows north-east it could send volcanic ash to Tokyo metropolis. According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mt. Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages. The affected areas would need to be evacuated.Tokyo is located on the Kantō Plain with 5 river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season. Important rivers are Edogawa, Nakagawa, Arakawa, Kandagawa, Megurogawa and Tamagawa. In 1947 Typhoon Kathleen struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people. In 1958 Typhoon Ida inflicted 400mm rain in 1 week which flooded streets. In the 1950s and 1960s, the government invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction. A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed. The purpose is to manage heavy rain, typhonic rain, and river floods. Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel (MAOUDC). It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a 6.3 km long system of tunnels, 22 meters underground, with 70 meter tall cylindrical tanks, where each tank is large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty. During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the Edo River. Low-lying areas of Kōtō, Edogawa, Sumida, Katsushika, Taitō and Arakawa near the Arakawa River are most at risk of flooding.The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"), with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag, with the warmest month being August, which averages , and the coolest month being January, averaging . The record low temperature is on January 13, 1876, while the record high is on July 20, 2004.The record highest low temperature is on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over . Annual rainfall averages nearly , with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually. Tokyo also often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with of rain, including on the ninth of that month; the last of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995. Annual precipitation has ranged from in 1984 to in 1938.Tokyo has experienced significant warming of its climate since temperature records began in 1876.The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification "Cfa").The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of Chichijima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification "Aw") and the tropical rainforest climate (Köppen classification "Af"). It is approximately south of the Greater Tokyo Area resulting in much different climatic conditions.Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification "Aw"). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II. Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce. Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo also features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower, and the new Tokyo Skytree, which is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Mori Building Co started work on Tokyo's new tallest building which is set to be finished in March 2023. The project will cost 580 billion yen ($5.5 billion).Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level. Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the annual mean temperature has increased by about over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (sea forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill. From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000. In 2014, road side trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further 300 ha of green space has been added.As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards. During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.In 1889, the Home Ministry recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu. In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American nationals (182) and Chinese nationals (137).Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Greater Tokyo Area (Tokyo-Yokohama) of 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list.Tokyo is a major international finance center; it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by Oslo, and later Paris.Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London. In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as New York City, London, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, San Francisco, Shenzhen and Zurich in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai). The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998. Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value. Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. "Komatsuna" and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the "komatsuna" sold at its central produce market.With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and "aji" are among the ocean products.Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018. It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. The Toyosu market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.Tokyo, as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. However, its airspace has been under the US military's exclusive control after World War II. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo. Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.As a result of World War II, Japanese planes are generally forbidden to fly over Tokyo. Therefore, Japan constructed airports outside Tokyo. Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. Haneda Airport on the reclaimed land at Ōta, offers domestic and international flights. As of 2018, some flight routes into Haneda are permitted through Tokyo airspace.Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. It operates rail lines in the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and in the rest of the northeastern part of Honshu. JR East is also responsible for Shinkansen high-speed rail lines.Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. To build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads. Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Meiji University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, Sophia University, and Keio University. Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University. There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language, including the Globis University Graduate School of Management, International Christian University, Sophia University, and Waseda UniversityTokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and primary schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public secondary schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for Kabuki. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop, and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known areas such as the Nippon Budokan.Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.Harajuku, a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion and cosplay.Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Football clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the New National Stadium. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, football, American football exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami. Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics on September 7, 2013.As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series ("anime"), web comics, light novels, video games, and comic books ("manga"). In the "kaiju" (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include "Tokyo Joe", "My Geisha", "Tokyo Story" and the James Bond film "You Only Live Twice"; recent examples include "Kill Bill", "", "Lost in Translation", "Babel", "Inception", "The Wolverine" and "".Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including "Norwegian Wood"), and David Mitchell's first two novels "number9dream" and "Ghostwritten" featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the city's crowded streets and public spaces.Tokyo is the founding member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group., Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following sixteen cities and states:Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the United States, including NASA and the many private spaceflight companies, Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including Harvard and Yale University), along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as Stanford, MIT, and the UC campuses throughout California, as well as UNM and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom, the National University of Singapore in Singapore, the University of Toronto in Canada, and Tsinghua University in China.
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[
"Shintarō Ishihara",
"Seiichirō Yasui",
"Yuriko Koike",
"Ryotaro Azuma",
"Yōichi Masuzoe",
"Shunichi Suzuki",
"Yukio Aoshima",
"Naoki Inose"
] |
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Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Jul, 2001?
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July 24, 2001
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{
"text": [
"Jean-Michel Lacroix"
]
}
|
L2_Q571293_P488_6
|
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
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Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities:
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[
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] |
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Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in 2001-07-24?
|
July 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Jean-Michel Lacroix"
]
}
|
L2_Q571293_P488_6
|
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
|
Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities:
|
[
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] |
|
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in 24/07/2001?
|
July 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Jean-Michel Lacroix"
]
}
|
L2_Q571293_P488_6
|
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
|
Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities:
|
[
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] |
|
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Jul 24, 2001?
|
July 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Jean-Michel Lacroix"
]
}
|
L2_Q571293_P488_6
|
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
|
Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities:
|
[
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] |
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