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- WHO team in China to initiate investigations into COVID-19 origins
- Aim to understand animal hosts for COVID & how it jumped to humans: Dr Ryan
- WHO’s investigations may help in settling unanswered questions: Experts
New Delhi: After nearly seven months of the world fighting the worst pandemic in 100 years, one of the biggest mysteries that remains unsolved is the origin of the virus itself. It is true that the first reported cases of the Novel Coronavirus came from Wuhan in China and based on the initial cases it was believed that the wet market in Wuhan could be the origin of this outbreak. But there is no scientific evidence yet to link the wet market to the outbreak and more than that there is a complete lack of knowledge of how the virus reached humans. On July 7, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General of World Health Organisation (WHO) said,
Over the past few months, there has been a lot of discussion about the origins of COVID-19. All preparations have been finalised and WHO experts will be travelling to China this weekend to prepare scientific plans with their Chinese counterparts for identifying the zoonotic sources of the disease.
A zoonotic outbreak refers to germs, could be virus, bacteria, parasite or fungi that originate in vertebrate animals and then spread to humans. From influenza pandemic in 1918-19 to HIV, Ebola, Swine Flu, Zika and NIPAH virus outbreaks, it is estimated that 70-80 per cent of all emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are of zoonotic origins. The current outbreak is a new strain of the coronavirus, variants of which have been known to the scientists as originating from bats.
For instance, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2002, which was caused by SARS-CoV, the predecessor of the current pandemic, also started in China and is believed to be found in bats which then “spilled over” to civet cats, before finding its way into humans. The transition to civet cats possibly happened in a wet market, like the one in Wuhan being suspected to be the epicenter for this particular outbreak. Civet cats were a delicacy in China and sold in wet markets for human consumption. After these animals are found to be the source of SARS, not only was the sale of these banned but many civet cats were culled to control the outbreak. SARS subsided in 2003 after spreading to 26 countries, infecting 8,000 and killing around 800 people. Even in case of the other coronavirus outbreak in 2012, the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome or MERS, the MERS-CoV jumped from bats to humans through an intermediary species which took over a year to be identified.
I’ve personally been on several missions for WHO related to different emerging infections and if I just think back to MERS, for example, it took us more than a year to identify the intermediate hosts, which are the Dromedary camels. But on these types of missions what we do is we listen, we learn, we understand what has been done so far, so that we can work with counterparts and with international partners to lay out what needs to be done in terms of what studies need to be done at the animal-human interface, said Dr Maria Van Kerkhove, WHO’s Technical Lead for COVID-19 during a press briefing.
The reason the WHO mission to discover the origin of SARS-CoV-2 assumes importance is because currently the chain of origin and transmission is scientifically known. Bats may have been the primary carriers, once that is established it needs to be scientifically established if the “spill over” happened directly or were there any other species involved before humans got infected. Laying out the objectives of the China mission, Dr Mike Ryan, Executive Director of WHO’s Emergencies Programme on July 13 explained that the two member team which had reached China and was undergoing mandatory quarantine as per the Chinese government rules, but this is really the first step in a long-drawn process. He said,
This is a preliminary advance team that’s there to work with the Chinese scientists and others to lay out what the main questions and the approach and the studies that are going to be needed by a much larger international team that will work in collaboration with the Chinese colleagues over the coming weeks and months. The experts will develop the scope and terms of reference for a WHO-led international mission. The mission objective is to advance the understanding of animal hosts for COVID-19 and ascertain how the disease jumped between animals and humans.
Identifying the exact manner in which the disease made the transition from animals to human not only establishes how the pandemic unfolded but is also a critical link to probably control and prevent similar outbreaks in future.
I think it is a really important question to figure out first of all which bat species it came from, but also if there were any other types of intermediate species involved, those are really important questions. Even if it doesn’t help us contain this pandemic it will help us to have more information on how to prevent something like this from happening again. I think it’s also important from a foreign policy perspective at least here in the US because we have seen these conspiracy theories about laboratory origins and suggestions that this virus was engineered, so I think it is really important to do this investigation, says Columbia University virologist Dr. Angela Rasmussen.
Putting conspiracy theories to rest conclusively is one crucial aspect of the investigations in the origins of COVID-19, but as Giridhar R Babu, Professor and Head Lifecourse Epidemiology at Public Health Foundation of India lists down, there are still many unanswered questions when it comes to this outbreak that the investigations can throw some light on,
“The virus has a zoonotic source and can spread from animals to humans too. It is similar to SARS related bat coronavirus in the Sarbecovirus group of betacoronaviruses. But critical unanswered questions are –
- Which characteristics of the virus increase its effectiveness in spreading? And why couldn’t it be contained in the early days?
- Advanced and detailed understanding of the different strains of the virus and its mutation
- How about the rate of viral mutation?
- Why is the infection asymptomatic among the majority?
- It causes death even among cases who were otherwise healthy. How and why it is happening?
- Among the survivors, is there a chance for reinfection? And what are the other health consequences in them in the long run?”
Clearly, a lot of work still remains to be done in understanding the worst pandemic of our lifetime.
NDTV – Dettol Banega Swasth India campaign is an extension of the five-year-old Banega Swachh India initiative helmed by Campaign Ambassador Amitabh Bachchan. It aims to spread awareness about critical health issues facing the country. In wake of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the need for WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) is reaffirmed as handwashing is one of the ways to prevent Coronavirus infection and other diseases. The campaign highlights the importance of nutrition and healthcare for women and children to prevent maternal and child mortality, fight malnutrition, stunting, wasting, anaemia and disease prevention through vaccines. Importance of programmes like Public Distribution System (PDS), Mid-day Meal Scheme, POSHAN Abhiyan and the role of Aganwadis and ASHA workers are also covered. Only a Swachh or clean India where toilets are used and open defecation free (ODF) status achieved as part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, can eradicate diseases like diahorrea and become a Swasth or healthy India. The campaign will continue to cover issues like air pollution, waste management, plastic ban, manual scavenging and sanitation workers and menstrual hygiene.
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| 0.920439 | 1,711 | 2.71875 | 3 | 2.991372 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
The second wave of the H1N1 pandemic that swept the country in the fall of 2009 was "substantially larger" than the first, with more deaths and hospitalizations, national public health officials say in a new report.
From April 2009 to April 2010, officials recorded a total of 8,678 hospital admissions, 1,473 intensive-care admissions and 428 deaths linked to the H1N1 epidemic, a team of Public Health Agency of Canada researchers say in the study, published Monday in the Canadian Medical Association Journal. It is the first to fully document the impact of the infection at a national level.
The cases occurred during two distinct waves of the epidemic — one that hit in the spring into the summer followed by another outbreak in the fall — but there were 4.8 times more hospital admissions, four times more ICU admissions and 4.6 times more deaths in the second wave than in the first, the results showed.
Typically, transmission rates are minimal in the summer months and the flu arrived earlier in fall than usual, the report explained.
But the percentage of severe cases, including death and intensive-care, from all hospitalizations was lower in the second wave, the PHAC researchers from the Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases noted.
"The second wave was substantially larger and although the patients admitted to hospital were older and more of them had underlying health conditions, a smaller proportion had a severe outcome. The differences are thought to be due mainly to public health and clinical interventions implemented between the first and second waves," field epidemiologist Melissa Helferty and her co-authors said in the report.
It suggests an increased awareness of identifying at-risk groups, use of medicine, earlier admission to hospital and targeted interventions for Canadians living in remote and isolated areas helped lower the percentage of severe cases the second time around.
The mass vaccination campaign, which was launched from Oct. 22 to Nov. 1, also "may have" played a role, she said.
Even for the most vulnerable groups — pregnant women and Aboriginal people — there was a decrease in the percentage of severe cases in the second wave, although they still made up a large portion of those hospitalized.
Nunavut, Manitoba and Quebec reported the highest rates of hospital admissions in the first wave while the Maritime provinces, Alberta, B.C., and the Northwest Territories were most affected in the second wave, although the virus had spread throughout the country by then.
Overall, Quebec recorded the highest number of hospitalizations and Ontario reported the most deaths.
Another H1N1 report released in October showed that pregnant women typically represent only one to two per cent of the population, but they accounted for up to 10 per cent of all hospitalized H1N1 patients, nine per cent of patients in intensive-care units and up to 10 per cent of patients who died.
The investigators, led by Toronto-based doctors, criticized the response of Canadian health officials to the H1N1 pandemic, citing confusion over vaccination procedures and the care given to groups most at risk of contracting the virus: the people it said ended up suffering the most.
They suggested communication between federal public health officials, frontline workers and patients must be improved.
Charlene Wiles, PHAC spokeswoman, said the agency's study will be used to continue to evaluate and to plan for response to future pandemics and other national health emergencies.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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A class of chilly-blooded vertebrates that features turtles, lizards , snakes, alligators and crocodile. Along with these varieties, you are also required to maintain a certificate of origin, a bill of sale, or other documentation to show that the individuals of any species or subspecies of reptiles and amphibians in Lists A and B above have been legally obtained. Australian Reptile Park has launched a world competition to call this child koala.
After 2 years of conserving animals you may be able to upgrade to a complicated licence (for example, harder-to-look-after or less common reptile species). Much like stay fish and other pet species that require a tank for a habitat, reptiles may be particular about their residing atmosphere, and will want more supervised care. Mice are much less devastating, but also damage pure communities by eating seeds and small bugs that native reptiles and birds usually eat.
CATEGORY C refers to captive-bred reptiles appropriate for protecting for interest functions for highly skilled herpetologists. Don’t kiss or snuggle with reptiles and amphibians. 119 If hazard arises so instantly that flight is ineffective, crocodiles, turtles, some lizards, and a few snakes hiss loudly when confronted by an enemy. The conservation standing of the reptile in the wild e.g. uncommon, endangered, restricted, threatened, and many others.
2.6 As a common rule reptiles shall not be traded by means of business outlets in the ACT including pet outlets. Fluker’s gives an extensive line of merchandise in your reptile and amphibian habitats – just about anything your pet may want. Male alligators, lizards, and snakes were proposed as alternatives by various congressmen. 1.1 All species of reptiles are protected underneath the Nature Conservation Act 1980, aside from a small listing of EXEMPT species which are declared PROTECTED animal wildlife beneath part 17(1)(d) of the Act.
From the lethal black mamba to the African rock python, Reptile Encounters at Garden Route Sport Lodge is dwelling to 28 completely different snake species, Nile crocodiles, tortoises and terrapins. It’s against the legislation (Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016) to take native reptiles from the wild or launch unwanted ones. 39 It was a small, lizard-like animal, about 20 to 30 centimetres (7.9 to eleven.eight in) long, with numerous sharp tooth indicating an insectivorous weight loss plan.
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| 0.922916 | 514 | 2.515625 | 3 | 2.067497 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Engineering Acoustics/The Rankine-Hugoniot Jump Equations
Conservation Equations and Derivation
For the purpose of performing engineering calculations, equations linking the pre- and post- shock states are required. One of the most fundamental expressions relating states is the Hugoniot which relates pressure and density as:
This expression can be derived via simplification of the canonical conservation equations:
Conservation of mass:
Conservation of momentum:
Conservation of energy:
The parameters of a shock required to completely solve for the jump conditions are pressure, particle velocity,specific internal energy,density and shock speed. With 4 state variables and only 3 equations an additional equation is required to relate some of the states and make the problem tractable. This equation is referred to as an equation of state (EOS) - of which many exist for a variety of applications. The most common EOS is the ideal gas law and can be used to reduce the system of equations to the familiar Hugoniot expression for fluids with constant specific heats in steady flow:
For general, non-linear elastic materials there exists no equation of state that can be derived from first principles. However, a huge database of experimental data has revealed that virtually all materials display a linear relationship between particle velocity and shock speed (the voracity of the linear assumption in the method of characteristics example is now even more clear!):
This equation is also known as the shock Hugoniot in the plane.
Combination of this linear relation with the momentum and mass equations yields the desired expression for the Hugoniot in the plane for virtually all solid materials:
Paths and Jump Conditions
The Hugoniot describes the locus of all possible thermodynamic states a material can exist in behind a shock, projected onto a two dimensional state-state plane. It is therefore a set of equilibrium states and does not specifically represent the path through which a material undergoes transformation.
Consider again our discussion of strong and weak shocks. It was said that weak shocks are isentropic and that the isentrope represents the path through which the material is loaded from the initial to final states by an equivalent wave with converging characteristics (termed a compression wave). In the case of weak shocks, the Hugoniot will therefore fall directly on the isentrope and can be used directly as the equivalent path.
In the case of a strong shock we can no longer make that simplification directly, howevewer for engineering calculations it is deemed that the isentrope is close enough to the Hugoniot that the same assumption can be made.
If the Hugoniot is approximately the loading path between states for an "equivalent" compression wave, then the jump conditions for the shock loading path can be determined by drawing a straight line between the initial and final states. This line is called the Rayleigh line and has the following equation:
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| 0.919838 | 594 | 3.484375 | 3 | 2.785351 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Chapter 1Values, Types, and Operators
Below the surface of the machine, the program moves. Without effort, it expands and contracts. In great harmony, electrons scatter and regroup. The forms on the monitor are but ripples on the water. The essence stays invisibly below.
Inside the computer’s world, there is only data. You can read data, modify data, create new data—but anything that isn’t data simply does not exist. All this data is stored as long sequences of bits and is thus fundamentally alike.
Bits are any kind of two-valued things, usually described as zeroes and ones. Inside the computer, they take forms such as a high or low electrical charge, a strong or weak signal, or a shiny or dull spot on the surface of a CD. Any piece of discrete information can be reduced to a sequence of zeros and ones and thus represented in bits.
For example, think about how you might show the number 13 in bits. It works the same way you write decimal numbers, but instead of 10 different digits, you have only 2, and the weight of each increases by a factor of 2 from right to left. Here are the bits that make up the number 13, with the weights of the digits shown below them:
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
So that’s the binary number 00001101, or 8 + 4 + 1, which equals 13.
Imagine a sea of bits. An ocean of them. A typical modern computer has more than 30 billion bits in its volatile data storage. Nonvolatile storage (the hard disk or equivalent) tends to have yet a few orders of magnitude more.
To create a value, you must merely invoke its name. This is convenient. You don’t have to gather building material for your values or pay for them. You just call for one, and woosh, you have it. They are not created from thin air, of course. Every value has to be stored somewhere, and if you want to use a gigantic amount of them at the same time, you might run out of bits. Fortunately, this is a problem only if you need them all simultaneously. As soon as you no longer use a value, it will dissipate, leaving behind its bits to be recycled as building material for the next generation of values.
Use that in a program, and it will cause the bit pattern for the number 13 to come into existence inside the computer’s memory.
Computer memory used to be a lot smaller, and people tended to use groups of 8 or 16 bits to represent their numbers. It was easy to accidentally overflow such small numbers—to end up with a number that did not fit into the given amount of bits. Today, even personal computers have plenty of memory, so you are free to use 64-bit chunks, which means you need to worry about overflow only when dealing with truly astronomical numbers.
Fractional numbers are written by using a dot.
For very big or very small numbers, you can also use scientific notation by adding an “e” (for “exponent”), followed by the exponent of the number:
That is 2.998 × 108 = 299800000.
Calculations with whole numbers (also called integers) smaller than the aforementioned 9 quadrillion are guaranteed to always be precise. Unfortunately, calculations with fractional numbers are generally not. Just as π (pi) cannot be precisely expressed by a finite number of decimal digits, many numbers lose some precision when only 64 bits are available to store them. This is a shame, but it causes practical problems only in specific situations. The important thing is to be aware of it and treat fractional digital numbers as approximations, not as precise values.
100 + 4 * 11
symbols are called operators. The first stands for addition, and the
second stands for multiplication. Putting an operator between two
values will apply it to those values and produce a new value.
Does the example mean “add 4 and 100, and multiply the result by 11”, or is the multiplication done before the adding? As you might have guessed, the multiplication happens first. But, as in mathematics, you can change this by wrapping the addition in parentheses.
(100 + 4) * 11
For subtraction, there is the
and division can be done with the
When operators appear together without parentheses, the order in which
they are applied is determined by the precedence of the
operators. The example shows that multiplication comes before
/ operator has the same precedence as
-. When multiple operators with the same precedence
appear next to each other (as in
1 - 2 + 1), they are applied left
(1 - 2) + 1.
These rules of precedence are not something you should worry about. When in doubt, just add parentheses.
There is one more arithmetic operator, which you might not
immediately recognize. The
% symbol is used to represent the
X % Y is the remainder of dividing
Y. For example,
314 % 100 produces
144 % 12 gives
Remainder’s precedence is the same as that of multiplication and
division. You’ll often see this operator referred to as modulo,
though technically remainder is more accurate.
The first two are
represent the positive and negative infinities.
Infinity - 1 is
Infinity, and so on. Don’t put too much trust in
infinity-based computation. It isn’t mathematically solid, and it will
quickly lead to our next special number:
NaN stands for “not
a number”, even though it is a value of the number type. You’ll get
this result when you, for example, try to calculate
0 / 0 (zero
divided by zero),
Infinity - Infinity, or any number of other
numeric operations that don’t yield a precise, meaningful result.
The next basic data type is the string. Strings are used to represent text. They are written by enclosing their content in quotes.
"Patch my boat with chewing gum" 'Monkeys wave goodbye'
Both single and double quotes can be used to mark strings as long as the quotes at the start and the end of the string match.
To be able to have such characters in a string, the following notation is used: whenever a backslash (“\”) is found inside quoted text, it indicates that the character after it has a special meaning. This is called escaping the character. A quote that is preceded by a backslash will not end the string but be part of it. When an “n” character occurs after a backslash, it is interpreted as a newline. Similarly, a “t” after a backslash means a tab character. Take the following string:
"This is the first line\nAnd this is the second"
The actual text contained is this:
This is the first line And this is the second
There are, of course, situations where you want a backslash in a
string to be just a backslash, not a special code. If two backslashes
follow each other, they will collapse together, and only one will be
left in the resulting string value. This is how the string “
character is written like "\n".” can be expressed:
"A newline character is written like \"\\n\"."
Strings cannot be divided,
multiplied, or subtracted, but the
+ operator can be used on them.
It does not add, but it concatenates—it glues two strings together.
The following line will produce the string
"con" + "cat" + "e" + "nate"
There are more ways of manipulating strings, which we will discuss when we get to methods in Chapter 4.
Not all operators are
symbols. Some are written as words. One example is the
operator, which produces a string value naming the type of the value
you give it.
console.log(typeof 4.5) // → number console.log(typeof "x") // → string
We will use
console.log in example code to indicate that we want to see the
result of evaluating something. When you run such code, the value
produced should be shown on the screen, though how it appears will
The other operators we saw all operated on two values, but
typeof takes only one. Operators that use two values are called
binary operators, while those that take one are called unary
operators. The minus operator can be used both as a binary operator
and as a unary operator.
console.log(- (10 - 2)) // → -8
Here is one way to produce Boolean values:
console.log(3 > 2) // → true console.log(3 < 2) // → false
< signs are the traditional
symbols for “is greater than” and “is less than”, respectively. They
are binary operators. Applying them results in a Boolean value that
indicates whether they hold true in this case.
Strings can be compared in the same way.
console.log("Aardvark" < "Zoroaster") // → true
The way strings are ordered is more or less
alphabetic: uppercase letters are always “less” than lowercase ones,
"Z" < "a" is true, and nonalphabetic characters (!, -, and so on)
are also included in the ordering. The actual comparison is based on
the Unicode standard. This standard assigns a number to
virtually every character you would ever need, including characters
from Greek, Arabic, Japanese, Tamil, and so on. Having such numbers is
useful for storing strings inside a computer because it makes it
possible to represent them as a sequence of numbers. When comparing
numeric codes of the characters one by one.
Other similar operators are
than or equal to),
<= (less than or equal to),
== (equal to), and
!= (not equal to).
console.log("Itchy" != "Scratchy") // → true
that is not equal to itself, and that is
NaN (which stands for "not
console.log(NaN == NaN) // → false
NaN is supposed to denote the result of a nonsensical computation,
and as such, it isn’t equal to the result of any other nonsensical
&& operator represents logical
and. It is a binary operator, and its result is true only if both
the values given to it are true.
console.log(true && false) // → false console.log(true && true) // → true
|| operator denotes logical
or. It produces true if either of the values given to it is true.
console.log(false || true) // → true console.log(false || false) // → false
Not is written as an exclamation mark
!). It is a unary operator that flips the value given to it—
When mixing these Boolean operators with arithmetic
and other operators, it is not always obvious when parentheses are
needed. In practice, you can usually get by with knowing that of the
operators we have seen so far,
|| has the lowest precedence, then
&&, then the comparison operators (
==, and so on), and
then the rest. This order has been chosen such that, in typical
expressions like the following one, as few parentheses as possible are
1 + 1 == 2 && 10 * 10 > 50
The last logical operator I will discuss is not unary, not binary, but ternary, operating on three values. It is written with a question mark and a colon, like this:
console.log(true ? 1 : 2); // → 1 console.log(false ? 1 : 2); // → 2
This one is called the conditional operator (or sometimes just ternary operator since it is the only such operator in the language). The value on the left of the question mark “picks” which of the other two values will come out. When it is true, the middle value is chosen, and when it is false, the value on the right comes out.
There are two special values, written
undefined, that are used to denote the absence of a meaningful
value. They are themselves values, but they carry no
Many operations in the language that don’t produce a meaningful value
(you’ll see some later) yield
undefined simply because they have to
yield some value.
The difference in meaning between
null is an accident
where you actually have to concern yourself with these values, I
recommend treating them as interchangeable (more on that in a moment).
Automatic type conversion
console.log(8 * null) // → 0 console.log("5" - 1) // → 4 console.log("5" + 1) // → 51 console.log("five" * 2) // → NaN console.log(false == 0) // → true
When an operator is applied to the “wrong” type of value,
a set of rules that often aren’t what you want or expect. This is
called type coercion. So the
null in the first expression becomes
0, and the
"5" in the second expression becomes
5 (from string
to number). Yet in the third expression,
+ tries string
concatenation before numeric addition, so the
1 is converted to
"1" (from number to string).
When something that
doesn’t map to a number in an obvious way (such as
undefined) is converted to a number, the value
NaN is produced.
Further arithmetic operations on
NaN keep producing
NaN, so if you
find yourself getting one of those in an unexpected place, look for
accidental type conversions.
When comparing values of the same type using
outcome is easy to predict: you should get true when both values are
the same, except in the case of
NaN. But when the types differ,
what to do. In most cases, it just tries to convert one of the values
to the other value’s type. However, when
on either side of the operator, it produces true only if both sides
are one of
console.log(null == undefined); // → true console.log(null == 0); // → false
That last piece of behavior is often useful. When you want to test
whether a value has a real value instead of
can simply compare it to
null with the
But what if you want to test whether
something refers to the precise value
false? The rules for
converting strings and numbers to Boolean values state that
NaN, and the empty string (
"") count as
false, while all the
other values count as
true. Because of this, expressions like
"" == false are also true. For cases like this, where you
do not want any automatic type conversions to happen, there are two
!==. The first tests whether a value is
precisely equal to the other, and the second tests whether it is not
precisely equal. So
"" === false is false as expected.
I recommend using the three-character comparison operators defensively to prevent unexpected type conversions from tripping you up. But when you’re certain the types on both sides will be the same, there is no problem with using the shorter operators.
Short-circuiting of logical operators
|| handle values of different types in a
peculiar way. They will convert the value on their left side to
Boolean type in order to decide what to do, but depending on the
operator and the result of that conversion, they return either the
original left-hand value or the right-hand value.
|| operator, for example, will return the value
to its left when that can be converted to true and will return the
value on its right otherwise. This conversion works as you’d expect
for Boolean values and should do something analogous for values of
console.log(null || "user") // → user console.log("Karl" || "user") // → Karl
This functionality allows the
|| operator to be
used as a way to fall back on a default value. If you give it an
expression that might produce an empty value on the left, the value on
the right will be used as a replacement in that case.
&& operator works similarly, but the other way
around. When the value to its left is something that converts to
false, it returns that value, and otherwise it returns the value on
Another important property of these two
operators is that the expression to their right is evaluated only when
necessary. In the case of
true || X, no matter what
X is—even if
it’s an expression that does something terrible—the result will be
X is never evaluated. The same goes for
false && X,
which is false and will ignore
X. This is called short-circuit
The conditional operator works in a similar way. The first expression is always evaluated, but the second or third value, the one that is not picked, is not.
Such values are created by typing in their name (
"abc"). You can combine and transform values with
operators. We saw binary operators for arithmetic (
%), string concatenation (
+), comparison (
>=), and logic (
||), as well as
several unary operators (
- to negate a number,
! to negate
typeof to find a value’s type) and a ternary
?:) to pick one of two values based on a third value.
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CC-MAIN-2015-06
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| 0.894219 | 3,817 | 3.890625 | 4 | 2.340347 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Software Dev.
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The number of incidents involving bees and a controversial class of pesticides dropped significantly in 2014, says a new report from Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA).
“A complete analysis is not yet available, but information to date indicates the number of reports associated with neonicotinoid pesticide use during the planting period in 2014 is 70 per cent lower than in 2013,” the report reads.
The agency, though, was unable to determine whether new planting practices rolled out during the 2014 planting season were the main reason for the decline in reports. Cold weather, a chilly spring, and a late start to seeding likely played a role, too, the PMRA said.
The PMRA is the federal agency under Health Canada responsible for regulating pesticides and insecticides in Canada. The agency is currently reviewing the impact of neonicotinoids on pollinators. An interim report is expected in 2015.
Neonicotinoids are a popular class of seed treatments used to coat corn, soybean and canola seeds. Use of the pesticides, which are believed to be killing bees, is wide-spread with 95 per cent of corn acreages in Canada exposed to the chemicals.
While the PMRA’s report found a decline in the number of bee incidents, the agency noted an increase in the number of post-planting reports in 2013 and 2014. Seventy-two per cent of those post-planting incident reports in 2014, though, were made by three beekeepers, the PMRA said.
The PMRA has previously admitted the pesticides had contributed to bee deaths in Ontario and Quebec in 2012 and 2013 – a point repeated Tuesday.
Those incidents, though, were “limited to intense corn-growing regions in Southern Ontario, with fewer incidents in corn-growing regions of Quebec and Manitoba.” There have been no reports of problems with neonicotinoids use and pollinator health in Western Canada, where large amounts of neonicotinoid treated canola is planted each year, the agency said.
Those bee deaths, the report said, was blamed on contaminated dust generated during planting season. To mitigate that threat, the PMRA ordered changes to planting techniques for the 2014 planting season.
While industry anecdotes suggest the adjustments have been a huge success, the PMRA has not concluded its analysis of last year’s planting season. Those findings will be made public once complete.
The PMRA findings, released Tuesday, were published the same day the Ontario government announced it intends to reduce by 80 per cent the number of neonicotinoid treated corn and soybean acreages by 2017. The province also said it wants to implement new rules around the use of the chemicals by July 1, 2015 – in time for the 2016 planting season.
If approved, Ontario would become the first in North America to restrict the neonicotinoid use. The pesticide is already under a two-year moratorium in Europe – put in place in Spring 2013.
Restricting the pesticides is hotly contested by the province’s grain farmers, who said Tuesday they were “under attack” from the government. Farmers and the chemical companies insist the technology is essential to modern agriculture.
An 80 per cent reduction over two years simply isn’t plausible, Mark Brock, a director with Grain Farmers of Ontario said in an interview late Tuesday. Non-neonicontinoid treated seed is not widely available, nor is it generally the best varieties, he explained.
The restrictions also risk putting Ontario grain farmers at a competitive disadvantage, he said, given their competitors – farmers in Quebec, Manitoba and the United States – will still have easy access to neonicotinoids.
The province also hasn’t said how it plans to impose the restriction, Brock said. Nor has it offered any explanation for who would be liable for crop failure because of pest damage previously prevented by treating the fields with neonicotinoids.
“I have two pages worth of questions about how this is going to work,” he said.
Tensions between grain farmers and the provincial government have been mounting in recent months – a strained relationship unlikely to improve given Tuesday’s developments.
In July, Ontario Agriculture Minister Jeff Leal said the province wanted to reduce the use of neonicotinoid pesticides by the 2015 planting season. The Grain Farmers of Ontario found out about the government’s plan via a story in the Globe and Mail.
The government would later backtrack on its initial proposal after farmers — including Brock — said they’d already purchased seed for next year’s crop.
Knowing the government was facing increased public pressure on the neonicotinoid file, Brock said the industry had told the government it was prepared to reduce its use of neonicotinoids by 20 per cent effective almost immediately, but provincial officials didn’t want to listen.
In a meeting last week with government officials – including Deputy Minister of Agriculture Deb Stark and Environment Minister Glen Murray – Brock said grain farmers were told their options were either a 100 per cent ban or an 80 per cent ban.
“They basically said ‘take your pick,'” he said. “They’d already made up their mind.”
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https://ipolitics.ca/2014/11/26/reports-of-neonic-related-bee-deaths-down-70-health-canada/
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| 0.966545 | 1,074 | 2.84375 | 3 | 3.185549 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Industrial
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However, I think Drawings deserves much more attention especially in the classroom where it has so many educational uses. These include:
- Graphic organizers - see here
- Desktop publishing - see here
- Interactive multimedia posters (Googlinks) - see here
In addition to those ideas, one of my favorite uses for Google Drawings is teaching math. Drawings lends itself very well to mathematics with its shapes, rotations, tables, lines, and much more.
See below for 11 ideas for how to use Google Drawings to teach and learn math. In each case I have included a brief explanation of the idea, a Google Drawing template or example, and Common Core math standards addressed.
1) Lines of Symmetry
Students can create shapes or insert images, then add lines to show the lines of symmetry for those shapes.
Lines of Symmetry example - Google Drawing link
- CC.4.G.3 Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify shapes by properties of their lines and angles. Recognize a line of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure as a line across the figure such that the figure can be folded along the line into matching parts. Identify line-symmetric figures and draw lines of symmetry.
2) Partitioning Shapes
Students can create shapes and then add lines to partition the shapes into equal parts.
Splitting Rectangles example - Google Drawing link
- CC.1.G.3 Reason with shapes and their attributes. Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares, describe the shares using the words halves, fourths, and quarters, and use the phrases half of, fourth of, and quarter of. Describe the whole as two of, or four of the shares. Understand for these examples that decomposing into more equal shares creates smaller shares.
- CC.2.G.3 Reason with shapes and their attributes. Partition circles and rectangles into two, three, or four equal shares, describe the shares using the words halves, thirds, half of, a third of, etc., and describe the whole as two halves, three thirds, four fourths. Recognize that equal shares of identical wholes need not have the same shape.
- CC.3.G.2 Reason with shapes and their attributes. Partition shapes into parts with equal areas. Express the area of each part as a unit fraction of the whole. For example, partition a shape into 4 parts with equal area, and describe the area of each part is 1/4 of the area of the shape.
Students can create a picture by inserting a variety of required shapes, and can then add colors and other images to complete their picture. Students could then use Docs to explain which shapes they used in the picture and where the shapes are.
Shape Art Project example - Google Drawing link
- CC.K.G.5 Analyze, compare, create, and compose shapes. Model shapes in the world by building shapes from components (e.g., sticks and clay balls) and drawing shapes.
- CC.1.G.1 Reason with shapes and their attributes. Distinguish between defining attributes (e.g., triangles are closed and three-sided) versus non-defining attributes (e.g., color, orientation, overall size); for a wide variety of shapes; build and draw shapes to possess defining attributes.
- CC.1.G.2 Reason with shapes and their attributes. Compose two-dimensional shapes (rectangles, squares, trapezoids, triangles, half-circles, and quarter-circles) or three-dimensional shapes (cubes, right rectangular prisms, right circular cones, and right circular cylinders) to create a composite shape, and compose new shapes from the composite shape. (Students do not need to learn formal names such as “right rectangular prism.”)
- CC.2.G.1 Reason with shapes and their attributes. Recognize and draw shapes having specified attributes, such as a given number of angles or a given number of equal faces. Identify triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and cubes. (Sizes are compared directly or visually, not compared by measuring.)
- CC.3.G.1 Reason with shapes and their attributes. Understand that shapes in different categories (e.g., rhombuses, rectangles, and others) may share attributes (e.g., having four sides), and that the shared attributes can define a larger category (e.g., quadrilaterals). Recognize rhombuses, rectangles, and squares as examples of quadrilaterals, and draw examples of quadrilaterals that do not belong to any of these subcategories.
- CC.4.G.2 Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify shapes by properties of their lines and angles. Classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines, or the presence or absence of angles of a specified size. Recognize right triangles as a category, and identify right triangles.
- CC.7.G.2 Draw, construct, and describe geometrical figures and describe the relationships between them. Draw (freehand, with ruler and protractor, and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions. Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides, noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle, more than one triangle, or no triangle.
Students can create their own country flag using a variety of colored shapes, then they can use Docs to explain which fractional part of the whole each color represents.
Fraction Flag example - Google Drawing link
- CC.3.NF.1 Develop understanding of fractions as numbers. Understand a fraction 1/b as the quantity formed by 1 part when a whole is partitioned into b equal parts; understand a fraction a/b as the quantity formed by a parts of size 1/b. (Grade 3 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.)
- CC.3.NF.3b Recognize and generate simple equivalent fractions (e.g., 1/2 = 2/4, 4/6 = 2/3), Explain why the fractions are equivalent, e.g., by using a visual fraction model. (Grade 3 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.)
Students can insert a table, text, and images into a Drawing to create a pictograph or a line plot
Pictograph example - Google Drawing link
- CC.2.MD.9 Represent and interpret data. Generate measurement data by measuring lengths of several objects to the nearest whole unit, or by making repeated measurements of the same object. Show the measurements by making a line plot, where the horizontal scale is marked off in whole-number units.
- CC.2.MD.10 Represent and interpret data. Draw a picture graph and a bar graph (with single-unit scale) to represent a data set with up to four categories. Solve simple put-together, take-apart, and compare problems using information presented in a bar graph.
- CC.3.MD.3 Represent and interpret data. Draw a scaled picture graph and a scaled bar graph to represent a data set with several categories. Solve one- and two-step “how many more” and “how many less” problems using information presented in scaled bar graphs. For example, draw a bar graph in which each square in the bar graph might represent 5 pets.
- CC.3.MD.4 Represent and interpret data. Generate measurement data by measuring lengths using rulers marked with halves and fourths of an inch. Show the data by making a line plot, where the horizontal scale is marked off in appropriate units—whole numbers, halves, or quarters.
- CC.4.MD.4 Represent and interpret data. Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions by using information presented in line plots. For example, from a line plot find and interpret the difference in length between the longest and shortest specimens in an insect collection.
- CC.5.MD.2 Represent and interpret data. Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Use operations on fractions for this grade to solve problems involving information presented in line plots. For example, given different measurements of liquid in identical beakers, find the amount of liquid each beaker would contain if the total amount in all the beakers were redistributed equally.
6) Congruent Shapes
Students can use the tools in Drawings to move (translate), flip (reflection), and rotate shapes to determine congruency.
Congruent Shapes example - Google Drawing link
- CC.8.G.1 Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. Verify experimentally the properties of rotations, reflections, and translations: a. Lines are taken to lines, and line segments to line segments of the same length.b. Angles are taken to angles of the same measure.c. Parallel lines are taken to parallel lines.
- CC.8.G.2 Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. Understand that a two-dimensional figure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, and translations; given two congruent figures, describe a sequence that exhibits the congruence between them.
- CC.9-12.G.CO.3 Experiment with transformations in the plane. Given a rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, or regular polygon, describe the rotations and reflections that carry it onto itself.
- CC.9-12.G.CO.5 Experiment with transformations in the plane. Given a geometric figure and a rotation, reflection, or translation, draw the transformed figure using, e.g., graph paper, tracing paper, or geometry software. Specify a sequence of transformations that will carry a given figure onto another.
- CC.9-12.G.CO.6 Understand congruence in terms of rigid motions. Use geometric descriptions of rigid motions to transform figures and to predict the effect of a given rigid motion on a given figure; given two figures, use the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions to decide if they are congruent.
7) Similar Shapes
Students can use the tools in Drawings to move (translate), flip (reflection), rotate, and dilate (resize) shapes to determine similarity.
Similar Shapes example - Google Drawing link
- CC.8.G.4 Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. Understand that a two-dimensional figure is similar to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, translations, and dilations; given two similar two-dimensional figures, describe a sequence that exhibits the similarity between them.
- CC.9-12.G.SRT.2 Understand similarity in terms of similarity transformations. Given two figures, use the definition of similarity in terms of similarity transformations to decide if they are similar; explain using similarity transformations the meaning of similarity for triangles as the equality of all corresponding pairs of angles and the proportionality of all corresponding pairs of sides.
8) Angles of a Triangle
Students can copy, paste, and rotate copies of a triangle to demonstrate that the three angles of a triangle always add up to 180 degrees.
Angles of a Triangle example - Google Drawing link
- CC.9-12.G.CO.10 Prove geometric theorems. Prove theorems about triangles. Theorems include: measures of interior angles of a triangle sum to 180 degrees; base angles of isosceles triangles are congruent; the segment joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half the length; the medians of a triangle meet at a point.
9) Sorting Objects
Students can drag and drop objects into three categories based on a variety of characteristics including shape, color, and size.
3 Category Sorter - Shapes - Google Drawing link
3 Category Sorter - Colors - Google Drawing link
3 Category Sorter - Sizes - Google Drawing link
(more graphic organizers - Google Drive folder link )
- CC.K.MD.3 Classify objects and count the number of objects in each category. Classify objects into given categories; count the numbers of objects in each category and sort the categories by count. (Limit category counts to be less than or equal to 10.)
- CC.1.MD.4 Represent and interpret data. Organize, represent, and interpret data with up to three categories; ask and answer questions about the total number of data points, how many in each category, and how many more or less are in one category than in another.
10) Adding Integers
Students can represent an integer addition problem by using and combining colored chips that model the positive and negative number being added.
Adding Integers Template - Google Drawing link
Adding Integers with Google Drawings - Blog Post link
- CC.6.NS.5 Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values (e.g., temperature above/below zero, elevation above/below sea level, debits/credits, positive/negative electric charge); use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation.
- CC.6.EE.7 Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. Solve real-world and mathematical problems by writing and solving equations of the form x + p = q and px = q for cases in which p, q and x are all nonnegative rational numbers.
- CC.7.NS.1b Understand p + q as the number located a distance |q| from p, in the positive or negative direction depending on whether q is positive or negative. Show that a number and its opposite have a sum of 0 (are additive inverses). Interpret sums of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts.
11) Algebraic Expressions
Students can copy and paste the algebra tile shapes in the template to multiply algebraic expressions.
Algebra Tiles Template - Google Drawing link
- CC.6.EE.3 Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions. For example, apply the distributive property to the expression 3(2 + x) to produce the equivalent expression 6 + 3x; apply the distributive property to the expression 24x + 18y to produce the equivalent expression 6 (4x + 3y); apply properties of operations to y + y + y to produce the equivalent expression 3y.
- CC.9-12.A.APR.1 Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials. Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication; add, subtract, and multiply polynomials.
For more resources, see a detailed overview of each of these ideas, plus several more, in my one-hour training video below, as well as additional guides and documents.
- Help Guide - "Using Google Drawings" - Google Document link
- Help Guide - "Teaching Math with Google Drawings" - Google Document link
- Training video - "Teaching Math with Google Drawings" - YouTube Video
Post by Eric Curts. Connect with Eric on Twitter at twitter.com/ericcurts and on Google+ at plus.google.com/+EricCurts1
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| 0.872685 | 3,362 | 4 | 4 | 2.542903 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The Fencible Corps have an interesting and rather colourful history. Coutts' were involved in both Highland and Lowland Battallions. Useful links to 19c. books which set out Coutts' involvement are as follows:
Tracts Dealing with the Scots Fencibles, 1794 ; the Aberdeen Militia, 1797 ; the Banffshire Volunteers, 1794-1808 ; Losses of the Gordon Highlanders at Quatre Bras and Waterloo and Their Battle Discipline 100 Years Ago
John Malcolm Bulloch 1915
This link is to a web page which also references a book of the same name
The plan of raising a fencible corps in the Highlands was first proposed and carried into effect by William Pitt the Elder, (afterwards Earl of Chatham) in the year 1759. During the three preceding years both the fleets and armies of Great Britain had suffered reverses, and it was thought that a "home guard" was necessary as a bulwark against invasion.
In England county militia regiments were raised for internal defence in the absence of the regular army; but it was not deemed prudent to extend the system to Scotland, the inhabitants of which, it was supposed, could not yet be safely entrusted with arms because of The 'Fifteen' and The 'Forty-Five' rebellions. Groundless as the reasons for this caution undoubtedly were in regard to the Lowlands, it would certainly have been hazardous at a time when the Stuarts and their adherents were still plotting a restoration to have armed the clans. An exception, however, was made in favour of the people of Argyle and Sutherland, and accordingly letters of service were issued to the George Campbell, Duke of Argyle, then the most influential and powerful nobleman in Scotland, and William Sutherland, Earl of Sutherland to raise, each of them, a fencible regiment within their districts. Unlike the militia regiments which were raised by ballot, the fencibles were to be raised by the ordinary mode of recruiting, and like the regiments of the line, the officers were to be appointed, and their commissions signed by the king. The same system was followed at different periods down to the year 1799, the last of the fencible regiments having been raised in that year.
The following is a list of the Highland fencible regiments according to the chronological order of the commissions:
The commissions of the officers of the Argyle Fencibles were dated in the month of July, 1759. The regiment, which consisted of 1,000 men, was raised in three months. Of 37 officers, 21 were of the name of Campbell. The regiment was quartered in different parts of Scotland, and disbanded in the year 1763.
Though the commissions of the officers were dated in the month of August, the Sutherland Fencibles was raised several weeks before that of Argyle Fencibles, 1,100 men having assembled at the call of the earl of Sutherland, on the lawn before Dunrobin Castle, within nine days after his lordship's arrival in Sutherland with his letters of service.
The martial appearance of these men, when they marched into Perth in May, 1760, with the earl of Sutherland at their head, was never forgotten by those who saw them, and who never failed to express admiration of their fine military air. Some old friends of mine, who often saw these men in Perth, spoke of them with a kind of enthusiasm. Considering the abstemious habits, or rather the poverty of the Highlanders, the size and muscular strength of the people are remarkable. In this corps there was no light infantry company; upwards of 260 men being above five feet eleven inches in height, they were formed into two grenadier companies, one on each flank of the battalion.—David Stewart.
This regiment was disbanded in May, 1763.
The Argyle or Western Fencibles was raised by Lord Frederick Campbell, who had been appointed colonel, and it was embodied in Glasgow in April, 1778. Of the men, 700 were raised in Argyleshire and other parts of the western Highlands; the rest were recruited in Glasgow and the south-west of Scotland. Sir James Campbell of Ardkinglas was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and Hugh Montgomery of Coilsfield, afterwards Earl of Eglintoun, Major. The regiment was disbanded in 1783.
The Gordon Fencibles regiment, which consisted of 960, was raised by Charles, Duke of Gordon on his estates in the counties of Inverness, Moray, Banff, and Aberdeen. It was embodied at Aberdeen, and disbanded in 1783. During the five years this regiment was embodied, only twenty-four men died.
The family of Sutherland being at that time represented by a female (Elizabeth Gordon), and an infant (afterwards the duchess-countess of Sutherland) and no near relative of the name to assume the command of this regiment, William Wemyss of Wemyss, nephew of the last earl (William Sutherland), was appointed colonel. With the exception of two companies from Caithness, commanded by William Innes of Sandside, and John Sutherland of Wester, the recruits were raised on the Sutherland estates; and so desirous were the men of Sutherland of entering the regiment, that in the parish of Farr alone 154 were enlisted in two days. In February 1779 the regiment was embodied at Fort George, whence it marched southward, and was stationed in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh during the part of its service. It was disbanded in 1783.
Samuel Macdonald, better known by the sobriquet of "Big Sam", was a soldier in the regiment. He was born in the parish of Lairg in Sutherland, and was of extraordinary stature, being seven feet four inches in height, and every way stout in proportion. Being too large to stand in the ranks, he was generally placed on the right of the regiment when in line, and marched at the head when in column. Whether on duty, marching with his regiment, or on the streets, he was always accompanied by a mountain-deer of uncommon size, which was greatly attached to him.
[Samuel's] parents were of good size, but in nothing otherwise remarkable. Macdonald had fortunately a quiet, equable temper. Had he been irritable, he might, from his immense strength and weight of arm, have given a serious blow, without being sensible of its force. He was considered an excellent drill, from his mild and clear manner of giving his directions. After thepeace of 1783 he enlisted in the Royals. From thence he was transferred to the Sutherland Fencibles of 1793. The countess of Sutherland, with great kindness, allowed him 2s. 6d. per diem extra pay, judging probably that so large a body must require more sustenance than his military pay could afford. He attracted the notice of the Prince of Wales, and was for some time one of the porters at Carlton house. When the 93d was raised he could not be kept from his old friends; and joining the regiment, he died in Guernsey in 1802, regretted by his corps as a respectable, trust-worthy, excellent man.—David Stewart.
The Grant or Strathspey Fencibles were raised when Sir James Grant of Grant, having offered to raise a regiment, he obtained permission to do so, and two months after the declaration of war by France, the regiment was assembled at Forres in the end of April, 1793. With the exception of 41 Scottish Lowlanders, three Englishmen, and two Irishmen, the regiment consisted of Highlanders. On 5 June it was embodied and inspected by Lieutenant-general Alexander Leslie, marched to the southward in August, and quartered successively in most of the towns in the south of Scotland.
Whilst stationed at Dumfries in 1795, a mutiny broke out amongst the Strathspey Highlanders. A spirit of jealousy and distrust of their officers had taken deep root in the breasts of the men, in consequence of an attempt that had been made the preceding year at Linlithgow, to induce them to extend their service, which was confined to Scotland. They erroneously conceived that there was a design to entrap them; a suspicion which appears to have originated in the conduct of the officers, some of whom did not explain the nature of the proposals to their men, whilst others entirely mistook their import and meaning.
For a time the good understanding between the officers and the men appeared to have returned; but an incident which occurred at Dumfries rekindled the dying embers of dissension, and led to the most unpleasant consequences. A soldier in the ranks having made a jocular remark, which was considered as offensive by the officers, he and some of his comrades, who appeared to enjoy the joke, were put into confinement, and threatened with punishment This injudicious step roused the feelings of the Highlanders, who considered themselves as insulted and disgraced in the persons of the prisoners, and they could not endure that such a stain should "attach to themselves and their country from an infamous punishment for crimes, according to their views, not in themselves infamous in the moral sense of the word". The consequence was, that many of the soldiers, in open defiance of their officers, broke out, and released the prisoners.
After this unfortunate affair, the regiment was marched to Musselburgh, when Corporal James Macdonald, and privates Charles and Alexander Mackintosh, Alexander Fraser, and Duncan Macdougall, were tried, and being found guilty of mutinous conduct, condemned to be shot. The corporal's sentence was restricted to a corporal punishment. The four privates were marched out to Gullane Links, East Lothian, on 16 July 1795, and when they had arrived on the ground they were told that only two were to suffer, and that the two Mackintoshes would be permitted to draw lots. They accordingly drew, when the fatal one fell on Charles, who, with Fraser, was immediately shot in presence of the Scots Brigade, (afterwards the 94th regiment) and the Sutherland, Breadalbane, and Grant Fencibles. The others were ordered to join regiments abroad.
No other act of insubordination occurred in the regiment, which was disbanded in the year 1799.
The Breadalbane Fencibles were raised when John Campbell, Earl of Breadalbane, moved by the same patriotic feeling which actuated Sir James Grant, offered to raise two fencible regiments, which were completed in the summer of 1793. A third battalion was embodied a few months thereafter, under an arrangement, that its service, if necessary, should be extended to Ireland. The number of men raised was 2,300, of whom 1,600 were obtained from the estate of Breadalbane alone.
A mutiny, similar in every respect in its cause, object, and consequences, to that of the Strathspey Fencibles, occurred amongst the Breadalbane Fencibles, at Glasgow in 1795. Measures were taken to secure the ringleaders; but so many of the men were concerned, that it was found almost impossible to make a proper distinction. The difficulty was however solved by some of the soldiers themselves, who, becoming sensible of their error, with a noble and high-minded feeling, voluntarily offered to stand trial, and to abide the issue. They were accordingly sent to Edinburgh castle, tried, and four of their number condemned to be shot, but only one, Alexander Morland, suffered. He was shot on Musselburgh Sands.
An anecdote of one of these men, related by David Stewart, affords a striking illustration of the faithfulness of the Highlanders in fulfilling obligations. On the march to Edinburgh, this man stated to Major Colin Campbell, who commanded the party, that he knew what his fate would be, but that he had left business of the utmost importance to a friend in Glasgow, which he wished to transact before his death; that as to himself he was fully prepared to meet his fate, but, with regard to his friend, he could not die in peace unless the business was settled; and that if the officer would permit him to return to Glasgow, he would join his comrades before they reached Edinburgh. He added, "You have known me since I was a child; you know my country and kindred, and you may believe I shall never bring you to any blame by a breach of the promise I now make, to be with you in full time to be delivered up in the castle". Major Campbell, a very judicious and humane man, was startled at this extraordinary proposal; but having perfect confidence in the prisoner, he complied with his request. The soldier, accordingly, returned to Glasgow at night, transacted his business, and left the town before day-light to redeem his pledge. To avoid observation, he made a circuitous route through woods and over hills, which retarded him so much, that he did not appear at the appointed hour. Major Campbell, on reaching the neighbourhood of Edinburgh without his prisoner, was greatly perplexed. He had indeed marched slowly forward, but no soldier appeared; and unable to delay any longer, he entered the city, marched up to the Castle, and as he was delivering over the prisoners, but before any report had been given in, Macmartin, the absent soldier, rushed in amongst his fellow-prisoners, all pale with anxiety and fatigue, and breathless, with apprehension of the consequences in which his delay might have involved his benefactor.
The first and second battalions of the Breadalbane Fencibles were discharged in 1799 along with the Grant, Gordon, Sutherland, Rothsay, Caithness, (1st battalion) Argyle, and Hopetoun Fencible regiments, whose services were limited to Scotland.
The third battalion was sent to Ireland in 1795, and remained in that country until 1802, when it was disbanded.
This regiment, which mustered at the call of the Countess of Sutherland, was embodied at Fort George. Colonel Wemyss, who had commanded the regiment of 1779, was appointed colonel, and the Honourable James Stuart, brother of Francis, Earl of Moray, lieutenant-colonel. The numerical strength of the corps was 1,084 men, with drummers and pipers. This contained a company from Ross-shire, commanded by Captain Robert, Macleod of Cadboll.
In 1797 the regiment extended its services to Ireland; but, with the exception of one skirmish, no opportunity offered for distinguishing itself in the field. The conduct of the Sutherland Fencibles, in that distracted and until now misgoverned country, was most exemplary; and it was said of them, that "their conduct and manners softened the horrors of war, and they were not a week in a fresh quarter, or cantonment, that they did not conciliate and become intimate with the people". The regiment was disbanded at the period mentioned. It was from the disbanded ranks of this corps that the 93rd Regiment of Foot was principally formed.
Charles, Duke of Gordon's commission as colonel of the Gordon Fencibles (1793&ndash1799), was dated 3 March; and not long after this the regiment was raised and embodied at Aberdeen. The uniform was the full Highland garb. The Duke raised upwards of 300 men on his estates in Strathspey, Badenoch, and Lochaber, and about an equal number was recruited on the neighbouring estates. About 150 more were raised in the Lowlands of Aberdeen, Banff, and Elgin. In 1794 it was moved to England, having agreed to extend its service. The Gordon Highlanders were reviewed by George III in Hyde Park. The regiment was disbanded, along with the other Fencible regiments, in 1799.
Letters of service for the Argyle Fencibles, dated 1 March, were issued to the George, Marquis of Lorne to raise this corps. It was shortly afterwards embodied at Stirling and after six years' service, was disbanded in 1799.
Rothsay Caithness Fencibles were raised after letters of service were granted to Sir John Sinclair of Ulster, to raise a fencible regiment of Scottish Highlanders, whose services should extend to England. The regiment was accordingly formed, and as both officers and men were principally natives of Caithness, it was at first called the Caithness Fencibles; but the Prince of Wales having granted permission that Rothsay, his chief title in Scotland, should be added, the battalion was afterwards called the Rothsay and Caithness Fencibles. Another reason for this conjunction was, that the counties of Bute and Caithness then sent alternately a member to represent them in parliament.
This regiment was assembled at Inverness in October, 1794, and embodied by Lieutenant-general Sir Hector Munro. The corps attracted particular notice from the majestic stature of the officers, nineteen of whom averaged 6 feet (1.8 m)in height. The uniform of the regiment was a bonnet and feathers, with a plaid thrown across the shoulders, and tartan pantaloons in imitation of the trews, surmounted with a stripe of yellow along the seams, a fringe of tartan on the outside of the thigh, and the same round the ankle. This battalion was disbanded in 1799.
A second battalion was raised by Sir John Sinclair in 1795, and embodied by Major-General James Hamilton at Forfar, in the May of that year. The service of this regiment was extended to Ireland. This corps was more mixed than the first; only about 350 men from Caithness and Sutherland having entered the regiment. The establishment and uniform of the battalion was the same as the first. The regiment was soon after its formation moved to Ireland, where it remained several years. In 1799 the regiment was augmented to 1,000 effective men, under the designation of the Caithness Highlanders, with officers in proportion.
Of the exemplary conduct of the regiment, some idea may be formed from the following extract of an address presented to Lieutenant-colonel James Fraser of Culduthill, who commanded the regiment several years in Ireland, by a meeting of the magistrates of the county of Armagh, in the year 1798, the Lord Viscount Gosford, the governor, in the chair:
We beg leave to testify our highest approbation of the conduct of the Rothsay and Caithness Fencibles, during a period of fourteen months, and under circumstances of peculiar difficulty. Divided, from the unfortunate necessity of the times, into various cantonments, and many of them stationed in a manner most unfavourable to military discipline, they yet preserved the fidelity of soldiers, and the manly rectitude of their national character. It is with pleasure and satisfaction we declare, that the tranquillity which this county is now happily beginning to enjoy, must, in many respects, be ascribed to the ready obedience and proper deportment of the officers and men under your command.
For reasons thus honourable to them, and grateful to ourselves, we return you our most sincere thanks, and request you will communicate to the officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers, this testimony of our esteem, and acknowledgement of their exemplary conduct.
In 1797 the regiment, with the exception of about 50 men, volunteered their services to any part of Europe. In the summer of 1800, 200 men volunteered into the 79th and 92nd regiments. As an ensign was to be appointed to every 50 men who should volunteer from the fencible regiments, four officers from the Caithness Highlanders obtained commissions in the 79th and 92nd of the line.
The Caithness Fencibles returned to Scotland in 1802, and were disbanded the same year.
The Dumbarton Fencibles was raised by Colonel Campbell of Stonefield, agreeably to orders, dated 11 October 1794, and was inspected and reported complete by Major-general Sir James Stewart, in the summer of the following year. Colonel Campbell was appointed its colonel.
The regiment was first stationed in Guernsey, and in 1797 was moved to Ireland, being reduced to 500 the previous year. Murdoch Maclaine of Lochbuy, the lieutenant-colonel, was moved to the Argyle Fencibles, on the transference of the regiment to Ireland, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-colonel Scott.
The Dumbarton Fencibles were actively employed during the Irish Rebellion. They were particularly noticed by Sir John Moore, who, after the rebellion was crushed, stationed them as a light infantry corps in the mountains under his own eye, and such was his confidence in them, that he selected a detachment of this regiment to guard 400 prisoners sent to Prussia, "as the service required confidential and trust-worthy men".
The regiment returned to Scotland in 1802, and was disbanded the same year.
Amongst other districts fixed on by government for raising Fencible corps at the commencement of the French Revolutionary Wars, that of "Lord Reay's country" (as that region was then called), the residence of the Clan Mackay, was selected. The chief of that clan, the then Hugh, Lord Reay, being, from mental imbecility, incapable of acting, Hugh Mackay Bailie of Rosehall, was appointed colonel, and the late George Mackay of Bighouse, lieutenant-colonel of the Reay Fencibles ordered to be raised.
Notwithstanding the unfortunate state of their chief the clan came readily forward, and in a few weeks a body of 800 Highlanders, of whom 700 had the word Mac prefixed to their names, was assembled.
In March 1795 the regiment was embodied by Sir Hector Munro at Fort George, whence it immediately proceeded to Ireland, where it soon acquired the confidence of Generals Lake and Nugent. The former was particularly attached to the Reay Fencibles, and, after the defeat of Castlebar, he frequently exclaimed, "If I had had my brave and honest Reays there, this would not have happened".
The only opportunity they had of proving their firmness in the unhappy service in which they were engaged was at the battle of Tara Hill, on 26 May 1798, where, in conjunction with two troops of Lord Fingall's, some cavalry and foot from the Kells and Navan yeomanry, three companies of the Reays, under Captain Hector Maclean, an experienced officer, who had served 37 years in the42nd, attacked a large body of rebels, and drove them from their strong and elevated position, with a loss of about 400 killed and wounded. In this affair the Reays had 26 men killed and wounded.
The regiment, whose conduct was most exemplary, returned to Scotland in 1802, and was disbanded at Stirling the same year.Browne 1854, p. 376 In dismissing the regiment Major-General Baillie took the "opportunity of expressing his highest approbation of the uniform good conduct of the regiment since it was embodied," reflecting "with pride and satisfaction on the many opportunities that occurred to evince the loyalty, good discipline, distinguished gallantry, and persevering attention of all ranks, to the good of the service".
The Inverness-shire Fencibles were raised shortly after 21 November 1794 when letters of service were issued to Major Baillie of Duncan to raise a Fencible corps of 600 whose service should extend to the whole of Great Britain and Ireland. Major Gordon Cumming of Pitlurg was appointed to the permanent post of lieutenant-colonel by Colonel Baillie, who had that privilege conferred on him.
The regiment was completed in October 1795, and was embodied at Inverness under the name of the Loyal Inverness Fencible Highlanders, though there were only about 350 Highlanders in the corps. The uniform was the full Highland garb, and it was observed that some young Welshmen (about 40), who had joined the ranks, were more partial to the plaid than the Lowlanders of Aberdeen and Perth.
The regiment was immediately ordered to Ireland, and with such haste that the men were despatched without clothing or arms, of which, however, they received a supply at Glasgow on their route. The regiment was actively employed during the rebellion, and conducted themselves in that unfortunate service with as much forbearance as circumstances would permit. Colonel Baillie died in 1797, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-colonel Cumming Gordon.
In compliment to the good behaviour of the coprs its designation was changed, after the suppression of the rebellion, to the Duke of York's Royal Inverness-shire Highlanders. The establishment of the regiment was increased, and in 1801 the whole corps offered to extend its service to any part of the world. In March 1802 the regiment was disbanded at Stirling.
In consequence of the advanced age of Archibald Fraser the chief of the Clan Fraser, (youngest son of the last Lord Lovat, and brother General Simon Fraser(1726–1782)) James Fraser of Belladrum, who had served under his chief in Canada during the Seven Years' War, was appointed to raise this regiment. It was completed in the spring of 1795, and was inspected and embodied at Inverness on 14 June same year. 300 of the men bore the name of Fraser, chiefly from the Aird and Stratherrick. With the exception of 30 Scottish Lowlanders, and 18 English and Irish, who had formerly served in the army, the rest of the corps were from the countries in the neighbourhood of these districts.
The regiment was ordered to Ireland, where it arrived on 1 August 1795. In November 1797, Simon Fraser, the younger of Lovat, was appointed colonel, in consequence of the resignation of Belladrum. The Fraser Fencibles at the battle of Castlebar, and had the other corps behaved like them on that occasion the result would have been different. They were the last to retreat. A Highland Fraser sentinel was desired by his friends "to retreat with them, but he heroically refused to quit his post, which was elevated, with some little steps leading to it. He loaded and fired five times successively, and killed a Frenchman at every shot; but before he could charge a sixth time, they rushed on him, [and] beat out his brains".
During this trying service the Fraser Fencibles conducted themselves with great propriety.
The general character of the corps was excellent; they had a high degree of the esprit de corps; were obedient, active, and trusty; gaining the entire confidence of the generals commanding, by whom they were always stationed in the most distracted districts, previous to and during the rebellion. Many attempts were made to corrupt them, but in vain; no man proved unfaithful. The men were not in general large, but active, well-made, and remarkable for steady marching, never leaving any stragglers, even on the quickest and longest march.—Major Fraser of Newton.
This regiment was disbanded at Glasgow in July 1802.
Some Glengarry Highlanders who due to the clearance of their land had taken passage on ship leaving the Isle of Harris to emigrate to America, but the ship had been wrecked and had put into Greenock in 1792. The would be emigrants were forced to disembark, and were left in the port destitute. Alexander Macdonell involved himself in their affairs and persuaded Glasgow business men to employ them while he acted as the Highlanders priest and interpreter (for they were Catholics in a predominantly Protestant town and spoke Gaelic not Scottish English).
For two years the business concerns in Glasgow for which Glengarry Highlanders worked continued to increase and prosper, but in the year 1794 trade received a sudden check, and the war with France almost put an end to the exportation of British manufactures to the Continent. The credit of the manufacturers was checked; their factories were almost at a standstill, and frequent bankruptcies ensued. The labouring classes were thrown out of employment, and amongst others the poor Highlanders. With little support from outside their immediate community, and totally ignorant of the English language, the latter became more helpless and destitute than any other group in Glasgow.
At this crisis Alexander Macdonald conceived the plan of getting these unfortunate Highlanders embodied as a Catholic corps in the service of the government, with the then young chief Macdonell of Glengarry. Having assembled a meeting of the Catholics at Fort Augustus in February, 1794, a loyal address was drawn up to the king, offering to raise a Catholic corps under the command of the young chieftain, who, together with John Fletcher of Dunans, proceeded as a deputation to London with the address, which was most graciously received by King George III. Their former employers in Glasgow furnished them with the most ample and favourable testimonials of the good conduct of the Highlanders during the time they had been in their works, and strongly recommended that they should be employed in the service of their country.
Letters of service were accordingly issued in August, 1794, to Alexander Macdonell of Glengarry, to raise the Glengarry Fencible regiment as a Catholic corps, and of which he was appointed the colonel. Though contrary to the then existing law, Alexander Macdonald was gazetted as chaplain to the regiment. The Glengarry Fencibles were a handsome body of men, and more than one-half were from the estate of Glengarry.
Some of the Fencible regiments having refused to extend their services to England, and two of them (Breadalbane and Grant) having mutinied, in consequence of the attempt to induce them to march into England; the Glengarry Fencibles, by the persuasion of their chaplain, offered to extend their services to any part of Great Britain or Ireland, or even to the islands of Jersey and Guernsey. This offer was very acceptable to the government, as it formed a precedent to all Fencible corps raised after this period. The regiment was embodied in June, 1795, and was soon afterwards moved to Guernsey, where it remained until the summer of 1798.
In the summer of 1798 the Glengarry Fencibles moved to Ireland. On landing at Balleback, they marched to Waterford, and thence to New Ross the same day. At Waterford an amusing incident occurred, which afforded no small surprise to some, and no slight ridicule to others, whilst, at the same time, it showed the simplicity of the Highlanders, and their naivety of the ways of the world. The soldiers who received billet-money on their entrance into the town, returned it upon their being ordered to march the same evening to New Ross, for the purpose of reinforcing General Johnson, who was surrounded, and in a manner besieged by the rebels.
The Glengarry Fencibles were actively employed in this service, and so well pleased was Lord Cornwallis, the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with the conduct of the corps, that he advised the government to augment the regiment; but this augmentation did not take place. The regiment returned to Scotland in 1802, and was disbanded along with the other Fencible corps.
After their discharge, the Glengarry Highlanders were as destitute as ever. Their chaplain, struck with their forlorn condition, proceeded to London, and entered into a negotiation with the government, in the hope of procuring assistance to enable them to emigrate to Upper Canada (what is today southern Ontario). The ministry were opposed to the plan, but offered to settle the Highlanders in the island of Trinidad, then just ceded to the Crown of Great Britain. Alexander Macdonald, however, persevered in his design, and the Prime Minister, Henry Addington, procured for him an order with the sign-manual to the lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, to grant two hundred acres of land to every one of the Highlanders who should arrive in the province.
As soon as it was known that this order had been given by the colonial secretary, the Highland landlords took the alarm, as they considered that it would have the effect of enticing from the country their vassals and dependents. John Macpherson, Sir Archibald Macdonald, lord-chief baron of the exchequer in England, Charles Grant, one of the directors of the East India company, and M. P. for Inverness-shire, with the other gentlemen connected with the Highlands, and even Francis, Earl of Moira, then commander-in-chief in North Britain (then a fashionable designation for Scotland), endeavoured to dissuade the chaplain from his purpose, and promised to procure a pension for him if he would separate himself from the Highlanders; but neither their persuasions, nor those of the Prince of Wales, who was induced to interfere, and who offered a grant of waste lands to the intending emigrants in the county of Cornwall, could induce the chaplain to forego his resolution.
The greater part of the Glengarry Fencibles accordingly emigrated with their wives and families to Upper Canada, and settled in a district to which they gave the name of their native glen; and to follow out the parallel, every head of a family named his plantation after the name of the farm he had possessed in Glengarry. During the War of 1812, they gave a proof that their allegiance to their allegiance to Britain not impaired in their adopted country, by enrolling themselves along with other emigrants and the sons of emigrants, in a corps for the defence of the province, under their old designation of Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles.
The Argyle fencibles was raised by Colonel Henry M. Clavering (a Major who transferred from the 98th Foot), to whom the command was given. Captain John Campbell who was on half-pay previously of the late independent companies was promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment. The regiment was moved to Ireland where it was stationed until its return to Scotland in 1802, when it was disbanded.
The Ross-shire Fencibles was raised on 20 November 1794 by Major Colin Mackenzie of Mountgerald, who was appointed colonel. The regiment was small in point of numbers, and when disbanded, was as strong and efficient as when embodied, not one man having died during its service. It was disbanded in 1799.
The Argyle Fencibles was raised on 15 June 1798 by Archibald Macneil of Colonsay, who was appointed colonel of the regiment. The name of Argyle, like that of the Perthshire Highlanders, was rather a misnomer, as very few Argyleshire men entered the regiment. The service of this regiment extending to any part of Europe, it was sent to Gibraltar in 1800, where it remained in garrison until the peace of Amiens (1802), when it was ordered home, and disbanded on 3 July 1802.
In December, Colonel Alexander Macgregor Murray received instructions to raise a regiment of Highland Fencibles, of which he was appointed the colonel.[a] He accordingly raised a body of 765 men, whose service was to extend to any part of Europe. In May, 1799, the men were assembled at Stirling and inspected by Lieutenant-general Sir Ralph Abercromby.
In consequence of an arrangement similar to that made with other Fencible corps of this description, by which one of the field-officers was to have permanent and progressive army rank, Captain Alexander Macgregor Murray of the 90th Foot regiment, son of Colonel Macgregor Murray, was appointed major.[b] In the event of any of the men entering the regular army, their services in the Clan-Alpine regiment were to be reckoned as if they had served from the first in the line.
In the 1800, after the regiment had been moved to Ireland, orders were issued to augment it to 1,050. This increase was effected, notwithstanding the great and recent drains from the population, particularly of the Highlands. Shortly after this augmentation, two detachments entered the regular army, and it therefore became necessary to recruit again. Of 1,230 men who entered the regiment from first to last, about 780 were Highlanders, 30 English and Irish, and the remainder Scottish Lowlanders.
The regiment returned from Ireland in 1802, and was disbanded on 24 July at Stirling.
The influence which the family of Lochiel possessed in the Highlands was not extinguished by the exile of Gentle Lochie, the chief of the clan Cameron, from his native country for his part in The 'Forty-Five', as was fully evinced when the estates of the family of Lochiel were restored to Donald Cameron of Lochiel, the 22nd clan chief. In consequence of the strong attachment which his clan still retained for the family, he was appointed colonel of a Fencible corps to be raised in Scotland, with the designation of the Lochaber Fencible Highlanders.
The clan, and indeed all Lochaber, immediately responded to the call of the chief, and in a very short time upwards of 560 Highlanders were enrolled. The number of recruits was increased to 800 by the exertions of officers in other parts of the country, and the whole were assembled at Falkirk in May, 1799. As some of the Highlanders afterwards volunteered into regiments of the line, others were raised to supply the vacancies thus occasioned, so that the total number of Highlanders who entered the Lochaber Fencibles, was 1,740.
In 1800 the regiment was moved to Ireland; but its military duty was short. It returned to Scotland in 1802, and was disbanded at Linlithgow in the month of July of that year.
The Regiment of the Isles was raised by Sir Alexander, Lord Macdonald on his estates in the isles, having, on his own application, obtained permission from George III for that purpose. It was embodied at Inverness on 4 June 1799 by Major-general Leith Hay. This was an excellent body of young men, their average age being twenty-two years, "a period of life the best calculated to enter upon military service; not too young to suffer from, or incapable of supporting the hardships and fatigues peculiar to the profession; nor too old to admit of the mental and personal habits of the soldier being moulded to the moral and military restraints which the profession renders necessary".
The regiment was moved to England, where it was employed to put down a strike amongst the seamen of Whitehaven, to raise their wages, by preventing the vessels from leaving the harbour. No force, however, was necessary, as the sailors had a salutary dread of the Highlanders; and the officers of the MacDonald Fencibles, persuaded the seamen to end their strike, and to return to their ships.
In 1802 the regiment was marched to Fort George, and disbanded.
The Ross and Cromarty Rangers, was embodied in June 1799 and commanded by Colonel Lewis Mackenzie, younger of Scatwell. Though the terms of its service were to extend to Europe, it remained in Scotland.
In the year 1801 there was an unfortunate incident that involved this regiment when celebrations of King Gorge III's birthday got out of control. On the evening of the King's birthday, a crowd of people, principally young men, collected in the main street of Aberdeen, which coincidently was the regiment's guardhouse. The young men commenced their usual pastimes of throwing squibs, crackers, dead cats, etc. In their high spirits they assaulted the guard when it was called out of the guardhouse to protect the property. Soldiers from the barracks, without order, rushed to help the guard as they feared that their comrades would be overpowered and murdered. Shortly after the soldiers arrived officers joined them. Someone gave the order "fire" and two of the mob were killed an others wounded. No magistrate had arrived to read the riot act so the killings were unlawful. There was a formal investigation, and as no one could identify who had given the order, two officers, two sergeants, and some privates were tried in the Court of Judiciary in Edinburgh. No one was found guilty for the killings, and the matter was dropped.
Mackeod Fencibles was the last fencible regiment raised in the Highlands. It was inspected and embodied at Elgin by Major-General Leith Hay, in the month of June, under the designation of the Princess Charlotte of Wales's, or Macleod Highlanders. The command of the corps was given to John Macleod of Colbecks. The regiment was immediately sent to Ireland, where it remained until 1802, when, having embarked for England, it was disbanded at Tynemouth barracks in the month of June.
There were in total 26 battalions in the Highland Fencible Corps. The only military action in which the Highland Fencibles were engaged was in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. During the rebellion some regiments performed well while others did not.
The limited nature of service in the Highland Fencibles was in some respects a disadvantage; but perhaps this limitation, and the certainty of not being exposed to dangers from climate, the sea, or the enemy, induced many to enlist who would have hesitated if these risks had been the immediate consequences of their becoming soldiers. However the Highland Fencibles furnished a most excellent and seasonable nursery of men for regiments of the line. The 72nd Foot regiment was in a few months filled up from 200 to 800 men by fencible volunteers. Upwards of 350 men volunteered from the Clan Alpines into different regiments; 200 men of the Caithness Highlanders joined the 79th Foot and 92nd Foot; and so of the others.
Contemporary commentators such as David Stewart considered it a matter of regret, that during that most trying period of the French Revolutionary Wars, so many efficient regiments were so fettered by their terms of engagement, that they could not be employed on those important occasions where they would have formed a very seasonable aid, and where their military qualities could have been exerted to the utmost advantage.
For officers, the fencible, like the militia regiments, presented both advantages and disadvantages. For many young men those formations formed a kind of stepping-stone to get into the regular army. Others, again, who passed too many years in them, gained no rank, spent their daily pay, and acquired little professional knowledge, beyond the parade and drill exercise; and when, at the end of six, eight, or ten years, they thought of looking out for some permanent means of subsistence, or some military commission that might secure them rank and a future provision, they found themselves to have no more seniority than the first day they entered the service.
List of British fencible regiments, includes Scottish Lowland and island fencible regiments
List of fencible infantry regiments raised between 1793 and 1803
|SH[a]||Princess of Wales' (Aberdeen Highland) Regiment.*||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Colonel Sir James Leith.||25 October 1794||11 September 1803||Raised 25 October 1794. Embodied at Aberdeen. Disbanded in Ireland, 11 September 1803.|
|SL||Angus Volunteers||Facings Buff||Major-Commandant John Fraser.||27 September 1794||1799||Strength, two companies.|
|SL||Angusshire Regiment||Facings yellow[f]||Colonel Archibald Douglas.||20 October 1794||19 July 1802||Had a good many Highlanders from the Highland borders. Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Perth.|
|SH||1st Argyllshire Regiment||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Colonel George, Marquis of Lorne, Afterwards George, 6th Duke of Argyll.||2 March||1799||Embodied at Stirling. Its services were confined to Scotland.|
|SH||2nd Argyllshire Regiment||Highland dress. Facings Blue||Colonel Henry Mord Clavering.||25 October 1794||24 July 1802||Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Ayr.|
|SH||3rd Argyllshire Regiment||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Colonel Archibald Macneill of Colonsay.||15 June 1798||3 July 1802||The name of Argyll did not properly apply to this corps, as the number of Argyllshire men was very small. Its service extended to any part of Europe,[g] and in 1800 was sent to Gibraltar. Ordered home at the peace of 1801. Disbanded at Dumbarton.|
|SH||Breadalbane Regiment||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Colonel Earl of Breadalbane.||2 March 1793||28 July 1802||3 Battalions|
|Breadalbane Regiment — 1st Battalion||Lieutenant-Colonel William Maxwell Morrison (late 77th Foot).||2 March 1793||18 April 1799||Embodied at Perth. Volunteered for duty in Ireland, August 1798, but its services were not required. Remained in Scotland. Disbanded at Fort George.[h]|
|Breadalbane Regiment — 2nd Battalion||Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Macdouall of Logan.Scobie 1914, p. 356||8 March 1793||18 April 1799||Embodied at Perth. In 1798 the greater part of this corps volunteered for service in Ireland, and landed at Carrickfergus in September. Returned to Scotland in March 1799. Disbanded at Paisley.|
|Breadalbane Regiment — 3rd Battalion||Lieutenant-Colonel John Campbell of Achallader.||9 December 1794||28 July 1802||Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Ayr.|
|En||Loyal British Regiment||Facings Blue||Colonel Sir Robert Stuart, Bart.||24 October 1794||1802|
|SH||Caithness Legion.||The bonnet and tartan pantaloons (truis). Facings yellow.[i]||Colonel Sir Benjamin Dunbar of Hempriggs.||15 November 1794||1802||Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Enniscorthy.|
|SH||Royal Clan Alpine Regiment||Highland dress. Facings Blue.||Colonel Alex. Macgregor Murray of Napier Rusky.||21 September 1798||24 July 1802||Raised for general service in Europe. Embodied at Stirling. Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Stirling.|
|??||Duke of York's Own (Banffshire) Regiment||The bonnet and truis. Facings —||Colonel Andrew Hay of Mountblairey.||26 July 1798||1802||This regiment had a number of Highlanders in its ranks. Garrisoned Gibraltar.[j]|
|SH||Dumbarton Regiment.||Highland dress. Facings black||Colonel Colin Campbell of Stonefield.||14 August 1794||5 October 1802||Embodied at Dumbarton. Served in Guernsey, and afterwards in Ireland during the rebellion, where it was actively occupied and employed as a light infantry corps in the mountains, under Sir John Moore, who kept it constantly near his person. "By the recommendation of General Moore, a detachment of the regiment was ordered as a guard to 400 rebel prisoners sent to Prussia, with directions that 'the detachment should consist entirely of Highlanders, as the service required confidential, trustworthy men'.".Disbanded at Dumbarton.|
|SL||Lord Elgin's Regiment.||The bonnet and truis.[k]Facings green||Colonel Thomas, Earl of Elgin.||28 November 1794||15 October 1802||There were about 300 Highlanders in this corps. Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Linlithgow.|
|SL||Fifeshire Fencibles||Facings yellow||Colonel James Durham of Largo.||20 October 1794||11 April 1803||Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Kilkenny.|
|SH||Eraser Regiment.||Highland dress. Facings black||Colonel James Fraser of Belladrum.||29 November 1794||12 July 1802||Embodied at Inverness. of the soldiers, 300 bore the name of Fraser. Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Glasgow.|
|SH||Glengarry or British Highland Regiment||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Colonel Alex. Macdonnell of Glengarry.||14 August 1794||1 July 1802||Raised as a Catholic corps. According to General Stewart, more than one-half of the men in this regiment were enlisted from the estate of Glengarry. Of the thirty-two officers, twenty-two were Macdonnells or Macdonalds. Served in Jersey, Guernsey, and in Ireland, where they were actively employed during the rebellion, earning for themselves the sobriquet of the "Devil's Bloodhounds".[l] Disbanded at Ayr, after which the greater part of the regiment emigrated, together with their families and relations, to Canada, settling in a district to which they gave the name of their native glen.
In February 1812, a regiment known as the Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles was raised in Canada, a proportion of which was made up of soldiers of the former fencible regiment or members of their families. The colonel of the regiment was E. Baynes and a major in the regiment was George Macdonnell. It was disbanded in August 1816.
|SH||Royal Inverness Highlanders||Highland dress. Facings blue||Colonel John Baillie of Dunean.||21 November 1794||25 August 1802||Embodied at Inverness. Served in Ireland during the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and after its suppression the designation of the corps was changed to "The Duke of York's Royal Inverness-shire Highlanders" as a compliment to their good behaviour. In 1801 the regiment voluntarily offered to serve in any part of the world, but owing to the preliminaries of peace having been signed, their services were not required abroad. Disbanded at Stirling.|
|SH||The Regiment of The Isles or Macdonald Fencibles.||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Colonel Alexander, Lord Macdonald.||29 May 1798||26 July 1802||Embodied at Inverness. Served in Scotland and England. Disbanded at Fort George.|
|SH||Lochaber Fencibles||Highland dress. Facings black||Colonel Donald Cameron of Lochiel.||15 June 1798||26 June 1802||Embodied at Falkirk. Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Linlithgow.|
|SL||North Lowland Regiment||Facings green.[m]||Colonel Thomas Balfour.||November 1794||6 August 1802||There were a number of Highlanders in this corps. Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Dundee.|
|SL||West Lowland Regiment.[n]||Facings Green.[o]||Colonel Earl of Eglinton.||2 March 1793||26 March 1799||Disbanded at Musselburgh.|
|HS||Princess Charlotte of Wales' or Loyal Macleod Fencibles.||Highland dress. Facings blue||Colonel John Macleod of Colbecks.||15 June 1798||11 June 1802||Embodied at Elgin. Served in Ireland. Disbanded in England at Tynemouth Barracks.|
|HS||The Northern or Gordon Fencibles||Highland dress. Facings yellow.[p]||Colonel Alexander, Duke of Gordon.||3 March 1793||1799||Embodied at Aberdeen. Its services were confined to Scotland, but the men having volunteered to extend it, the offer was accepted, and in 1794 the regiment moved to England. "When quartered in Kent, the King, who had never seen a Highland regiment, ordered them up to London, where they were reviewed in Hyde Park in the presence of His Majesty, who expressed himself highly satisfied with their appearance". Disbanded in Scotland.|
|SI||Orkney Battalion.||Facings yellow||Major-Commandant Thomas Balfour.||20 April 1793||1799||Strength, three companies.|
|SH||Perthshire Highlanders.[q]||Facings yellow.[r]||Colonel William Robertson of Lude.||20 October 1794||27 February 1799||Embodied at Perth. "Although called Perthshire Highlanders, this was a misnomer, as the number of Perthshire Highlanders, or Highlanders of any county, was very limited". Disbanded at Preston.|
|SL||Prince of Wales' Own||The bonnet and truis. Facings yellow||Colonel Sir William Johnstone, Bart.||15 June 1798||21 May 1802||Served in Ireland. May have garrisoned Gibraltar.[j] Disbanded at Plymouth.|
|SH||Reay Highland Regiment||Highland dress. Facings light grey-blue||Colonel Mackay Hugh Baillie of Rosehall.||24 October 1794||13 October 1802||Embodied at Elgin. Served in Ireland. Was present at the battles of Tara Hill and Ballinamuck. Disbanded at Stirling.|
|SH||Ross-shire Highland Regiment||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Major-Commandant Colin Mackenzie of Mountgerald.||20 November 1794||1799||Strength, two companies. Although a small corps, the men were noticeable for their "exemplary character and physical capacity. No man was punished; none died during its service".|
|SH||Ross And Cromarty Rangers.||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Colonel Lewis Mackenzie, Younger of Scatwell.||8 August 1798||27 July 1802||Raised for service in any part of Europe. Embodied at Inverness. Served in Scotland and Ireland. Disbanded at Inverness.|
|SH||Rothesay and Caithness Highlanders.||Highland dress. Facings yellow[s]||Colonel Sir John Sinclair of Ulster.||2 Battalions.|
|Rothesay and Caithness Highlanders — 1st Battalion.||Lieutenant-Colonel James, Earl of Caithness.||7 March 1794||6 May 1799||Embodied at Inverness. Remarkable for the size of its officers, twenty of whom averaged six feet in height, and who were consequently known as "Thier-nan-more" or "The great chiefs". Served in Scotland and the north of England. Disbanded at Bruntsfield Links, Edinburgh.|
|Rothesay and Caithness Highlanders — 2nd Battalion.||Lieutenant-Colonel Benjamin Williamson.||19 November 1794||July 1802||Embodied at Forfar. Served in Ireland for two years, where it was distinguished for its exemplary conduct. In 1797 this battalion volunteered for service in any part of Europe, but was not called upon to go abroad. Disbanded at Glasgow.|
|SI||Shetland Battalion||Facings —||Major-Commandant George Malcolmson.||8 February 1798||1802||Strength, two companies.|
|SL||Southern Regiment.[t]||Facings Light grey-blue||Colonel James, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun.||2 March 1793||12 April 1799||Served in Scotland. Disbanded at Linlithgow.|
|SH||Grant or Strathspey Regiment||Highland dress. Facings green.||Colonel Sir James Grant of Grant.||2 March 1793||April 1799||Embodied at Forres. Served in Scotland. Disbanded at Inverness.|
|SH||Sutherland Regiment.||Highland dress. Facings yellow||Colonel Major-general William Wemyss of Wemyss.||2 March 1793||March 1799||Embodied at Fort George. Extended its services to Ireland in 1797. Disbanded at Fort George, many of the officers and men transferring their services to the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, raised by General Wemyss on a letter of service dated 16 April 1799.|
|Loyal Tarbert Regiment.||Facings blue||Colonel Sir Edward Leslie, Bart.||27 July 1798||19 June 1802||Disbanded at Plymouth.|
|The Loyal Tay Regiment.||Facings blue||Colonel Sir Robert Anstruther, Bart.||25 October 1794||28 June 1802||This regiment had a good many Highlanders from the Highland borders. Served in Ireland. Disbanded at Stirling.|
The Scottish Fencibles raised in 1793 had eight companies each, except the Orkney, which had three.
Those raised in 1794–1802 had ten companies, except the 1st Battalion Rothesay and Caithness Regiment, which had eight, and three others — the Angus Volunteers, Ross-shire and Shetland Fencibles — which had only two companies.
Of the total number of Scottish corps raised from 1739 to 1802, independent of Colonel Macneil's Argyll, Colonel Robertson's Perthshire (both having very few Highlanders), and the Ross-shire Fencibles (which are not included, as their number was small), the total number of Fencibles raised in the Highlands, and considered as exclusively Highland, amounted to twenty-six battalionsSome of the other Scottish Fencibles, however, although not nominally Highland, had a number of men from the Highlands in their ranks, and this fact is noted in the above list under the regiments concerned.
|
<urn:uuid:814b3adf-72b5-4645-8af0-807af7dba43c>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
http://clancoutts.ning.com/page/scots-fencibles-militia
|
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|
en
| 0.978998 | 12,191 | 2.875 | 3 | 2.817364 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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History
|
Facebook engineer Arturo Bejar talked to the folks over at Popular Science, discussing how the new emoticons available for Messenger were created. In early 2012, the engineer crossed paths with a UC Berkeley professor of psychology who specializes in emotions, Dacher Keltner, who soon partnered with Facebook to offer his expertice. Soon after Pixar illustrator Matt Jones was on board as well.
So far, Facebook uses 16 of 50 new emoticons that were created of a character they call Finch, with the potential to roll out more of them in the future being possible. The character’s creation was spurred by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, a book published by Charles Darwin in the late 1800s, as well as research into user issues. Said Bejar, “This all began we were looking at the kind of issues people were reporting to Facebook. The reports had to do with things Facebook didn’t need to act on, but things people should address – what should happen when you say something that’s upsetting to me or put up a photo I didn’t like?”
The idea is that text alone presents issues when communicating due to its inherent lack of any sort of emotional context. Words alone can be ambiguous, and so users naturally began creating text-based emoticons to express the intention behind the words, such as the ever-popular :) smiley face. While text-based emoticons are better than nothing, they still lack the kind of emotional expression individuals are presented with when holding an in-person conversation, hence the eventual creation of image-based emoticons.
Keltner wasn’t satisfied with your average everyday emoticon, however, stating that he personally felt they were still lacking compared to what they could be. Because of this, Darwin’s work was partly used in the project to create richer, more expressive emoticons that tap into what the person behind the screen is feeling and helping the individual on the other side of the screen understand it better. One example given was sympathy: “It’s an under-appreciated emotion in Western culture. We now know what it looks like and sounds like because of science. They created this dynamic emoticon that when you see it, it’s really powerful.”
Because of this, the Finch emoticons are currently the most scientific set of stickers on Facebook, according to Bejar. He also hinted that perhaps one day audio will be added to the dynamic little character.
IMAGE: Matt Jones
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<urn:uuid:82846ff7-37cc-4ba5-9ccb-bfe58da2bd92>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://www.slashgear.com/facebook-used-pixar-illustrator-and-psychologist-to-develop-finch-emoticons-13281824/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547333.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124044618-20210124074618-00141.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972837 | 518 | 2.9375 | 3 | 2.933795 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Software
|
Pear sawfly, , Caliroa cerasi (L.), is also known as pear slug, cherry slug, and cherry sawfly, and is just one of many sawflies that may feed on ornamental plants.
While pear slugs look similar to small slimey slugs, they are actually larvae of little, dark, thick-waisted wasps which are about 1/5 inch (5 mm) long. The larvae range in size from 0.06 inch to 3/8 inch (1.4-10 mm) long. They are covered in an olive green-to-black layer of slime. They have three pairs of true legs that are barely noticeable under their body.
The overwintering stage is spent as a pupa in a cocoon located about two-to-three inches below the the soil. The adult wasps emerge from the soil in the late spring (April or May) and fly to host plants nearby. Eggs are inserted into leaf tissue. The larvae hatch and go through five stages. They feed for about two-to-three weeks. They then drop to the ground and pupate after the last stage. There are two generations per year. The first brood of larvae is most abundant
during June and July. The larvae of the second generation occurs in August
Host plants of pear sawfly includes apricot, cherry, cotoneaster, hawthorn, mountain
ash, pear, prune, and quince.
The feeding damage on the leaf first looks like scattered brown spots. As the larvae feed the damage resembles tiny, expanding windowpanes in the leaf. Over the season, the entire leaf may be hollowed out, leaving only the plant veins. Heavily damaged leaves may drop from the plant. The lower leaves are commonly affected first and gradually leaves farther up the trunk are infested. Athough there is some tolerance for damage on the lower leaves, shade tree terminals can be damaged by high populations and continuous feeding by pear sawfly can weaken or stunt nursery stock.
Strong jets of water can be used to dislodge limited numbers of pear slugs. Similarly, hand picking of sawflies or infested leaf removal may be useful with small, isolated populations or small plants.
Sawflies are susceptible to a range of pesticides. Research from Colorado State evaluated abamectin (Avid 0.15 EC) + superior oil (Sunspray UltraFine Oil), spinosad (Conserve SC), permethrin (Astro), and thiomethoxam (293,343 25 G) for management of pear sawfly on cotoneaster. All treatments provided effective control. See the Guidelines from the PNW Insect Management Handbook for Nurseries or Landscapes under sawflies.
Antonelli, Art. Insect Answers: Pear Slug. Washington State University Extension Fact Sheet. 3 June 2104.
Berry, R. Pear sawfly.Insects and Mites of Economic Importance in the Pacific
Northwest. Oregon State University Fact
sheet on pearslug. 3 June 2104.
Cranshaw, W.S. and D.A. Leatherman. 2004. Pear slugs. Colorado State University Extension. Updated January 08, 2014. 2 June 2014.
Long, Lynn. 1993. Pear sawfly (pear slug). Orchard Pest Management Online. Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. Washington State University. 2 June 2014.
Sharon J. Collman and Michael R. Bush. 2013. Pear, flowering (Pyrus)-Pear sawfly (pear slug). PNW Insect Management Handbook. 2 June 2014.
Varela, et al. UC Pest Management
Guidelines: Pearslug. 3 June 2014. Note: recommendations are for commercial fruiting pear production.
Berry, Ralph. 1998. Insects and Mites of Economic Importance in the Pacific
Northwest, 2nd Ed. OSU Bookstore, Inc. Corvallis, OR, USA. 221 pp.
Schuh, J. and D.C. Mote. 1948. Insect Pests of Nursery
and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs in Oregon. Station Bulletin 449. Agricultural
Experiment Station, Oregon State College, Corvallis, OR, USA. 164 pp.
|
<urn:uuid:b063489f-eacb-4ac6-b212-5dc5ef6565a4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/pear_sawfly.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00135-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915286 | 893 | 3.390625 | 3 | 1.96299 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
|
According to research carried out by the Project Management Institute, poor requirements management is a major cause of project failure. A conference paper at the institute states that over 70% of project failures can be attributed to improper requirements gathering.
This means that it is crucial for project managers to understand what requirements are. They also need to know how to manage them successfully.
To begin with, what are requirements in project management? You can think of it as something that is necessary to meet project goals. For example, it could be an essential feature or a system property.
Requirements should be a part of the scope of the project. When project managers are preparing a scope document, they should clearly state the requirements needed. Once the project starts, requirements should be monitored and regulated.
Project requirements should be:
- A necessary element of business and product goals
- Specific about the reasons
- Clearly stated, with accurate details and information
- Capable of being achieved within the project scope
- Testable via pre-determined criteria and standards
As we shall explain, there are different types of requirements. Requirements depend on the nature of the project and the needs of the stakeholders.
What is Requirements Management?
Now that we have a basic idea of what requirements are let’s take a look at the art of requirements management.
Requirements management can be defined as a continuing series of activities to ensure that all the project requirements are being adhered to. They are a check on whether or not requirements are being successfully met.
This process should be outlined in a requirements management plan. This plan should list all the requirements before the project starts. A proper project management requirement plan should be clear about the following:
- Identifying stakeholders and spelling out their needs and expectations
- Setting out the process of meeting requirements
- Clarifying the different types of requirements
- Prioritizing requirements in order
- Laying out a plan in case of changed requirements
- Communicating how requirements are being met during the project life cycle
In this way, requirements management can be viewed as a system to make sure that project goals are achieved to everyone’s satisfaction. It is important that these goals have pre-defined standards for approval. These standards should be documented, analyzed, and agreed upon before the project starts.
Communication is a key part of proper requirements management. With the right system of two-way communication, the project manager can avoid confusion. Expectations are understood and managed from the start to the end of the project.
The right process of requirements management can save time and resources. It can make the difference between a project that meets approved quality standards and one that does not. Every type of project needs requirements management, from simple jobs to complex activities.
Why is Requirements Management Important in Software Engineering?
As we have pointed out, requirements management should be a crucial aspect of all projects. This is especially the case when it comes to software engineering.
In software engineering, requirements management allows the project manager and the team to define, control, and measure standards and changes that take place during the development process. This has many benefits.
- There is a clear understanding of the nature of the project and the standards to be met.
- Priorities are assigned, and resources can be accordingly allocated. This is especially critical for complex software development processes.
- If the requirements are clear, developers and testers have a better understanding of the expected quality. They will know what to test in beta versions and why.
- Errors and misdirection can be spotted early. This saves time and resources. Changing code at a later stage can be expensive and time-consuming.
- With regular communication from beginning to end, stakeholders are on board from the start.
- When the requirements plan mentions the statutory standards and conventions to be met, the software is of higher quality.
To sum up, in software engineering, requirements management ensures that the final product is in line with technological standards, client expectations, and the regulatory environment.
What Are the Different Types of Requirements?
Whatever the project, there will be various types of requirements associated with it. In project management requirements, it can be helpful to group these in terms of functional requirements and non-functional requirements.
- Functional requirements lay out the specific ways in which a system must behave. Typically, they are features associated with the end product. For example, authentication and authorization levels, interfaces, reporting structure, rules of operation, regulatory compliance, and so on.
- Non-functional requirements are those that define a system’s efficiency and quality standards. Some examples are speed, security, compatibility, and portability.
Another way to categorize requirements is by grouping them into business, solution, and stakeholder requirements. This is a comprehensive way of listing all of the requirements for a project.
- Business requirements are related to the long-term goals of the enterprise. How does the project fit into these objectives and what purpose does it serve in a business context?
- Solution requirements encompass the functional and non-functional elements that were discussed earlier. These are specific to the project and lay out standards that should be followed.
- Stakeholder requirements describe the expectations of the key people involved in the project. They can be the client, customers, shareholders, team members, and so on. These requirements revolve around aspects such as project milestones, deliverables, and overall progress.
Who Manages Requirements?
It is the project manager who is responsible for a project and its requirements. They have to list out and then manage requirements that affect the business, customers, product, and teams. To do this, a product manager has to first be clear about the expected requirements. After that, they have to evaluate and modify these requirements on the basis of their experience, expertise, and business objectives.
Communication and feedback are essential to the requirements process. They are especially important when it comes to specialized aspects of the project. For example, a legal department head can advise the project manager on legal requirements. Other stakeholders can communicate their expectations before the project starts.
After proper collaboration with all parties, the project manager has to lay out the final requirements. These should be signed off by all stakeholders. It is also important for the project manager to create a plan that outlines the course of action in case requirements change during the course of a project.
Stages of the Requirements Management Process
Requirements management starts before the actual work on the project begins. It continues until it is time for deliverables. Every project manager should carefully plan how to create and track requirements.
The preliminary stage of the process is vital. This ensures that every stakeholder and team member is on the same page. Too many projects get delayed or are unsuccessful because requirements are not detailed and planned from the start.
For most projects, there are five stages in the process.
1. Mapping the Requirements
First of all, the client and stakeholders have to be consulted. The essential requirements and expectations. This is the initial requirements gathering process.
2. Documentation and Understanding
Now, the requirements should be documented in detail. All technical and other aspects should be listed out. This will make clear that everyone has understood the requirements and knows what is expected. Requirements tracing is key: this is a process that explains why the requirement exists, the impact of changes if any, and prioritization.
3. Communication and Feedback
The requirement management document should be shared and discussed with stakeholders and team members. Changes should be considered and revisions made, if necessary.
4. Checking Milestones
The requirements should be understood in terms of project timelines and milestones. Resources, deadlines and project scope should be in alignment with the requirements.
5. Monitoring and Tracking
Once the project starts, requirements have to be monitored and tracked periodically. Progress should be communicated to stakeholders. A system should be in place for all department to regularly communicate their progress so that the project manager can keep an eye on what is working and what needs to be checked.
Requirements Management Challenges
As with many other elements of project management, requirements management comes with its own set of challenges. Here are some of the aspects to look out for.
At times, requirements are not met or have to be revised because of inadequate documentation. It is important for the project manager to ensure that all stakeholder needs are properly documented and circulated. These can be reference points for further work.
The project manager can sometimes come across requests that are in conflict. For example, the quality standards may mean a high outlay, which is not matched by resources. Again, proper communication is vital. It is only after stakeholder assigns priorities that work should begin.
End User Requirements
With software development projects, there may be too much emphasis on the requirements of stakeholders. This could mean that end users are left out of the picture. However, their needs are important too. Research groups and focus sessions can throw up other requirements that need to be carefully considered.
Clarity in Concepts and Versions
Sometimes, clients and stakeholders may express requirements in language that is too technical or abstract. If everyone related to the project is not crystal clear about their needs, there could be confusion later on. At all stages, requirements should be crafted in clear language without any vagueness. In software development, there could also be times when feedback on different requirements versions is received at different times. A clear process should be followed to minimise this. Otherwise it could happen that the requirement management is not done due to changes.
How to Manage Software Industry Requirements
Generally speaking, project managers take the same approach to requirements across a variety of projects. However, there are some specific steps and procedures that can be applied to software development. Software teams should be aware of what the management of software is not dependent on, and what is essential.
Here is what to look out for when it comes to requirement management in software engineering:
System Verification: The requirement manager should determine which attributes are defined for each stage of the software. What is the criteria, method and strategy? What is the operating environment?
System Tests: Other questions that need to be raised are about the methods of testing the requirements. What form should this take and what are the quality standards?
Tracking Versions: A specific feedback process should be outlined for checking requirements in different versions of software that is being developed. Version control by multiple stakeholders at different times should not delay the project.
System Validation: As which verification, this stage involves planning for validation events. Which mechanism will be followed? Which attributes need to be checked? These are critical questions for final client approval.
Tools for Requirements Management
Project managers have access to many requirements tools. These are helpful because they can incorporate and integrate all the various aspects of requirements management.
Here are some benefits of a requirements management tool.
- It creates a shared and up-to-date database of requirements.
- It is an accessible platform of requirements for stakeholders.
- It is also a tool for communication, especially when it comes to requirements changes.
- It is a reference point for managing requirements, with details such as the person responsible for each aspect, the correct attributes to check, the timeline, and so on.
- It creates accurate tracking and monitoring systems of requirements.
- It can be used as a reference point for future projects that follow the same specifications.
These are some popular requirements tools.
Xebrio has multiple easy-to-use features that let you track requirements professionally. With Xebrio, it’s simple to involve stakeholders, keep an eye on requirement changes, and ensure traceability.
With a clear understanding of every project’s requirements, clear communication, and the right tools, project managers can ensure that their projects pass every test with flying colours.
This requirement manager enables cross-discipline collaboration for faster decisions. Project managers and teams can create, review, validate, and verify requirements from one place.
This platform has features that increase collaboration. Requirements can be tracked and traced as they change.
This is a requirement management tool that is used by many distributed teams. It is extremely helpful in managing requirements for projects in which team members are in different geographical locations.
|
<urn:uuid:50a28a91-9ce3-45d4-9fe9-601d7f951896>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://xebrio.com/what-is-requirements-management-a-complete-guide/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652161.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605185809-20230605215809-00459.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938329 | 2,507 | 2.8125 | 3 | 2.40396 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Software Dev.
|
The last thing any parent wants to hear from their little and innocent child’s mouth is a vocabulary filled with colorful swearing words. Parents are often worried as to where the child picks up such words from. Such practices often lead to public embarrassment for the parents and the child to develops a filthy language.
Why do kids swear?
Usually, the child has no idea of the meaning of the word uttered. They pick it up from adults and think it normal, even cool, to say them. They may witness their older siblings or parents say it. Most of the movies and music videos today depict swearing. Hence, children begin to think that swearing will put them on par with adults.
Another reason could be peer pressure. Most of the children start imitating the popular elder kids at school or neighborhood. Swearing becomes a condition of acceptance in the peer group thereby inculcating the bad habit.
How to address the problem?
Dealing with swearing should be done as soon as possible. Children are very vulnerable and impressionable. If the right influences are put early, they may grow out of this habit.
The first step is to locate the source from where they are learning these words and then remove that influence as much as possible. The more the child is exposed to such language, the more easily they’ll learn it.
Talking to the child often helps in getting to the root of the problem. The parent should make their child understand that such words are improper and should not be used in daily conversation. Contrary to what they might think, it is important to make them understand that swearing does not spell “cool” and people who do so lack manners. Talking frankly to the child often solves the problem.
Children learn what they see. It is of no use of telling the child that swearing is bad when the parents themselves have a habit of using a colorful vocabulary. Make sure that the parents or older siblings also exhibit a policy of not using swear words in front of the child. If the parents act as a perfect role model, the children are bound to follow their footsteps.
It is also important to let the child’s teachers know the inappropriate words they are learning at school. This helps in controlling such influences.
Parents should set a strict rule regarding the language to be used at home. It is advisable not to react too much on the swearing as it only induces the child to indulge more in it. Help the child in finding alternative clean words to the ones they are using. Telling the child that they should not use the words they don’t know the meaning of as it might offend other people.
Parents should refrain from corporal punishments or yelling. They should be calm when discussing this problem with their children. That way, the child also listens to what the parent is saying and respects that.
Swearing in children is a habit that often disappears with.
|
<urn:uuid:a13d78bc-c20d-4a8a-b73f-9a22a09238b3>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
https://kidstrends.net/kids-and-swearing-what-you-need-to-know/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867277.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526014543-20180526034543-00582.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973038 | 591 | 2.671875 | 3 | 2.543556 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
|
Photo: tracking the earth's wobble
Some people are experiencing vertigo or dizziness... could it be because the earth is wobbling?
Before the Indonesia earthquake, scientists reported that the earth's wobble got of kilter...
In the case of the recent events in December 2004, Negi said, "The big question is whether earth got jolted after these two earthquakes or did the prior jolting of the planet, as was shown in the increased wobble, build up pressure to cause great earthquakes in both the hemispheres within three days."
It is already known that the earthquake that unleashed deadly tidal waves on Asia was so powerful it made the earth wobble on its axis. US geological survey
expert Ken Hudnut said last week "We can detect very slight motions of the earth and I would expect that the earth wobbled in its orbit when the earthquake occurred due the massive amount of energy exerted and the sudden shift in mass."
ScienceDaily (June 26, 2006) — New technologies are enabling scientists to determine precisely the extent and causes of Earth's short-term wobbling. Like a spinning top, Earth wobbles as it rotates on its axis. In fact, it displays many different wobbling motions, ranging in period from a few minutes to billions of years. Some of these are well studied, like the Chandler wobble of 433 days and the annual wobble, which together can tilt Earth's axis up to 10 meters [30 feet] from its nominal center.
Earth's irregular, shorter term wobbles, lasting a week or so, have been more difficult to study, partly because these motions are usually masked by those of more prominent wobbles. Now, scientists in Belgium and France have taken advantage of a quirk in the pattern of large-scale motions and the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to pin down short-term wobbles that occurred from November 2005 through February 2006.
During this period, the Chandler wobble and the annual wobble essentially cancelled each other out, an event that occurs every 6.4 years, allowing the researchers to focus on the short-period wobbles. Over these three and a half months, the pole position traced small loops, ranging in size from that of a sheet of A4 [8-1/2x11 inch] paper down to that of a cell phone, and it remained within a one meter [yard] square during these four months.
Sebastien Lambert of the Royal Observatory of Belgium and colleagues there and at the Paris Observatory took advantage of the opportunity to track short-term wobbles, using newly available GPS data that establish the location of the poles precisely. They then sought to determine why these motions occurred when they did.
In a paper scheduled to be published 1 July in Geophysical Research Letters, they conclude that weather patterns in the northern hemisphere played a significant role. Both the location of high- or low-pressure centers--for example, over Asia or northern Europe--and the relationship of these weather systems to each other played a measurable role in creating, or "exciting," small, short-term wobbles, they report.
The ocean also affects short-term wobbles, according to Lambert and his colleagues. They were able to correlate oceanic and atmospheric pressure variations with the small observed wobbles during the study period. Although these forces had been credited by previous researchers with maintaining the large Chandler wobble, this was the first time that scientists have been able to demonstrate that day-to-day changes in atmospheric pressure produce a measurable effect on Earth's rotation.
The study was funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office, the Royal Observatory of Belgium, and the Paris Observatory.
Adapted from materials provided by American Geophysical Union.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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February 1861: "The best hope ... is that civil war and bloodshed may be avoided"By Timothy Holt, Intern
Letter from Edward Everett to William Everett (letterbook copy), 18 February 1861
In this four-page letter to his youngest son, Willy, a recent Harvard graduate who was studying in England, Edward Everett expresses his displeasure at not being appointed as a delegate to the Peace Conference meeting in Washington, reflects on the growing national crisis, and shares his view on what must be done to save the Union.
Born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, on 11 April 1794, Edward Everett had a long political career and was one of the greatest orators of the nineteenth century. He represented Massachusetts in both the U.S. House of Representatives (1825-1835) and Senate (1853-1854), and served as governor of Massachusetts (1836-1839), minister to Great Britain (1841-1845), and secretary of state (1852-1853). Everett also served as president of Harvard (1846-1849) and was an unsuccessful candidate for the vice presidency running on the Constitutional Union ticket in 1860. As the events of the winter of 1861 unfolded, Everett vocally supported compromise to appease the southern states and avoid civil war.
In January of 1861, the legislature of Virginia proposed a peace convention to keep the border states in the Union and to persuade the states that had joined the Confederacy to return. Twenty-one states responded and sent 133 men in all. Using the Crittenden Compromise, a package of constitutional amendments proposed by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden in December 1860 as a starting point for debate, the Convention convened on 4 February and stayed in session throughout the month.
Everett, who was in Washington delivering a pro-compromise petition to Congress, was disappointed that Governor John A. Andrew did not appoint him to represent Massachusetts at the conference. Initially, it appeared that Andrew, who was opposed to compromise with the South, would not send any delegates to the conference, but he recognized that by not sending delegates he might appear an advocate for war. He selected four men--George S. Boutwell, Francis Boardman Crowninshield, John Murray Forbes, and John Z. Goodrich--to represent Massachusetts. All were Republicans and political allies of Andrew who opposed the Crittenden Compromise.
Sources for further reading
Gunderston, Robert G. "The Washington Peace Conference of 1861: Selection of Delegates." The Journal of Southern History. Vol. 24, No. 3 (August, 1958), 347-359.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. "The Peace Convention of February, 1861." Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Vol. 73 (1961), 58-80.
Varg, Paul A. Edward Everett: The Intellectual in the Turmoil of Politics. Cranbury, NJ : Associated University Press, 1992.
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| 0.950652 | 601 | 2.734375 | 3 | 2.780531 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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History
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Orofacial myofunctional disordersth (OMD), the tongue moves forward in an exaggerated way during speech and/or swallowing. The tongue may lie too far forward during rest or may protrude between the upper and lower teeth during speech and swallowing, and at rest.
Signs and symptoms
Although a “tongue thrust” swallow is normal in infancy, it usually decreases and disappears as a child grows. If the tongue thrust continues, a child may look, speak, and swallow differently than other children of the same age. Older children may become self-conscious about their appearance.
Effect on speech
Some children produce sounds incorrectly as a result of OMD. OMD most often causes sounds like /s/,/z/, “sh”, “zh”, “ch” and “j” to sound differently. For example, the child may say “thumb” instead of “some” if they produce an /s/ like a “th”. Also, the sounds /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/ may be produced incorrectly because of weak tongue tip muscles. Sometimes speech may not be affected at all.
OMD is often diagnosed by a team of professionals. In addition to the child and his or her family or caregivers, the team may include:
- a dentist
- an orthodontist
- a physician
- a speech-language pathologist (SLP)
Both dentists and orthodontists may be involved when constant, continued tongue pressure against the teeth interferes with normal tooth eruption and alignment of the teeth and jaws. Physicians rule out the presence of a blocked airway (e.g., from enlarged tonsils or adenoids or from allergies) that may cause forward tongue posture. SLPs assess and treat the effects of OMD on speech, rest postures, and swallowing.
A speech-language pathologist (SLP) with experience and training in the treatment of OMD will evaluate and treat the following:
SLPs develop a treatment plan to help a child change his or her oral posture and articulation, when indicated. If tongue movement during swallowing is a problem, the SLP will address this as well.
Treatment techniques to help both speech and swallowing problems caused by OMD may include the following:
- increasing awareness of mouth and facial muscles
- increasing awareness of mouth and tongue postures
- improving muscle strength and coordination
- improving speech sound productions
- improving swallowing patterns
If airways are blocked due to enlarged tonsils and adenoids or allergies, speech treatment may be postponed until medical treatment for these conditions is completed. If a child has unwanted oral habits (e.g., thumb/finger sucking, lip biting), speech treatment may first focus on eliminating these behaviors.
CLINIC FOR CHILDREN
JL Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Jakarta Indonesia 102010
phone : 62(021) 70081995 – 5703646
Clinical and Editor in Chief :
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
email : [email protected]
Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider.
Copyright © 2009, Clinic For Children Information Education Network. All rights reserved.
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en
| 0.928697 | 743 | 3.1875 | 3 | 2.266214 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Health
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A diet rich in green leafy vegetables may reduce the risk of developing diabetes, UK research says.
In an analysis of six studies into fruit and vegetable intake, only food including spinach and cabbage was found to have a significant positive effect.
A portion and a half a day was found to cut type 2 diabetes risk by 14%, the British Medical Journal (BMJ) reports.
But experts urged people to continue to aim for five portions of fruit and vegetables a day.
The researchers from Leicester University reviewed data from the studies of 220,000 adults in total.
They found that eating more fruit and vegetables in general was not strongly linked with a smaller chance of developing type 2 diabetes but "there was a general trend in that direction".
Yet when it came to green leafy vegetables, which the researchers said also includes broccoli and cauliflower, the risk reduction was significant.
The team calculated that a daily dose of 106g reduced the risk of diabetes by 14% - a UK "portion" is classed as 80g.
It is not clear why green leafy vegetables may have a protective effect but one reason may be they are high in antioxidants, such as vitamin C and another theory is that they contain high levels of magnesium.
Study leader Professor Melanie Davies, professor of diabetic medicine at the University of Leicester, said the message to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day remains an important one.
But she added: "People like very specific health messages.
"We know that intake of fruit and vegetables is important, but this study suggests that green leafy vegetables seem to be particularly important in terms of preventing diabetes."
The team are now planning a study in people at high risk of developing the condition to see if increasing their intake of vegetables like spinach and kale can help to reduce their chances of being diagnosed with diabetes.
Fruit and veg
In 2008/09, the National Diet Nutrition Survey showed that, although fruit and vegetable intake has risen over the past decade, only a third of men and women eat the recommended five-a-day.
In an accompanying editorial in the BMJ, Professor Jim Mann from the University of Otago in New Zealand, stressed that the message of increasing overall fruit and vegetable intake must not be lost "in a plethora of magic bullets," even though green leafy vegetables clearly can be included as one of the daily portions.
Dr Iain Frame, director of research at Diabetes UK said: "We already know that the health benefits of eating vegetables are far-reaching but this is the first time that there has been a suggested link specifically between green leafy vegetables and a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes."
But he warned the evidence was limited and it was too early to isolate green leafy vegetables and present them alone as a method to cut the chances of developing the condition.
"We would be concerned if focusing on certain foods detracted from the advice to eat five portions of fruits and vegetables a day, which has benefits in terms of reducing heart disease, stroke, some cancers and obesity as well as type 2 diabetes."
Diabetes UK is currently funding research into whether fermentable carbohydrates found in foods such as asparagus, garlic, chicory and Jerusalem artichokes could help weight loss and prevent Type 2 diabetes.
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CC-MAIN-2021-04
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https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11028825
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en
| 0.96941 | 669 | 3.125 | 3 | 2.902055 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Health
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Solar Electric DC to AC converter (PV Inverter)
Solar PV panels produce a DC (Direct) current however mains power in the UK is an AC (Alternating) current, and the normal domestic power is in the range 215-250 Volts AC.
To use the PV-generated power, the system needs to
convert it from DC to AC and it does this by using an
inverter to take the power generated by the PV panels
and feed it onto the household supply.
This is a two-stage process comprising DC input to
DC output, which takes the variable DC from the PV
panels and outputs the required voltage for the next
stage, which is the DC-to-AC conversion. The DC-to-DC
input stage has the MPPT circuitry (Maximum Power
Point Tracking) that optimises the output from the PV
panels for the varying incident radiation levels. The
DC-to-AC circuitry phase matches the power to the household supply and outputs into the house.
The 230V AC mains power is a 50 Hz sine wave that is about 720V peak-to-peak. A modern 60 cell PV panel outputs around 40V DC and so to minimise the DC-to-DC level change, the panels can be connected in series to increase the string voltage to nearer the 720V thus reducing the electronics required for the DC-to-DC level change.
This has the advantage of reducing the cost however, each string of panels is treated as a single panel with only one MPPT, so any module that is in shade, resulting in reduced incident radiation, will adversely affect the MPPT thus reducing the output of the whole string. Also, if there is a fault in a panel or connector the whole string is taken down and access to all the panels would be required so that the fault can be identified and rectified.
String inverters are a good option for unshaded arrays where there is easy access to all the panels, such as a flat roof installation or a ground-mounted array.
DC Optimisers with string inverter
If the DC-to-DC level circuitry is placed on each panel and data-over-power communications is used for the simplified DC-to-AC inverter to set the optimiser outputs, then each module can have its own MPPT thus minimising the adverse impact of shading.
It is also able to get the instantaneous power output from each panel, which helps any diagnostics and any need for panel cleaning. However, there is a cost implication when compared to a string inverter, and there is still potential for a single point failure (of a connection or the inverter) that can take out the whole string.
The optimisers and inverter need to be compatible so limiting spare part options over the 20 to 40 year life of the system.
This is a single complete DC-to-AC converter on the back of each PV module and outputs 230V AC so the panels are connected in parallel rather than series, which means that each panel/inverter combination is a standalone PV system, giving ultimate flexibility in panel positioning and future relocation of panels. A data-over-power communication module can collect individual panel outputs, and this allows for monitoring for diagnostic and cleaning purposes, but as the 230V mains is a universal standard, individual panel/inverter combinations can be easily replaced with different manufacturer components, should the original manufacturer parts no longer be available.
These combine PV and Batteries in a single inverter.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.solaruk.com/technical-inverters
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| 0.895186 | 758 | 3.65625 | 4 | 2.72644 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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११ कार्तिक २०७६, सोमबार १५:४३
Tihar also known as Deepawali and Yamapanchak, is a five day long Hindu festival celebrated primarily in Nepal and some parts of India such as Darjeeling , Sikkim, and Assam. It’s is the Festival of Lights as, diyas are lit inside and outside the houses to make it illuminate at night .
The festival is novel in that it shows reverence to not just the elders and the gods, but also to the animals such as crows,cows, and dogs that have long lived in relationship with humans. People make patterns on the floor of living rooms or courtyards using materials such as colored rice , dry flour , colored sand or flower petals outside their house, called Rangoli, which is meant to be sacred welcoming area for the Gods and Goddesses of Hinduism, mainly Goddess Laxmi.
Tihar Festival is the second biggest festival in Nepal. It’s celebrated for five days and each Tihar holiday has its own saying. The first day of Tihar is to worship crows, “the messenger of death”. The second day of Tihar is to honor dogs, “the guardian for the god of death”. The third day is to welcome the Goddess of Laxmi. The forth day is to thank cows. The fifth day is to place Tihar quotes to brothers and present Tihar gifts for sisters.
Days-1: Kaag Tihar
The first day of the festival is called Kaag Tihar. They are considered to be nowadays messengers. Crows and ravens are worshiped with offerings of sweets and dishes placed on the roofs of houses. The cawing of crows and ravens symbolize sadness and grief in Hinduism. Devotees believe that the offerings will help stave off grief and death in their homes .
The second day of Tihar Festival is called as kukur Tihar. On this days, people will honor dogs for the believe that the dog can guarantee the souls of the dead to get to heaven. In this day we celebrate them and cherish their love, protection and the wonderful bond we share with them. The red vermilion, marigold garland symbolizes sacredness.
Days-3/4 : Gobardhan Puja/ Gai Puja
’Gobar’ means ‘Cowdung’ and ‘Gobardhan’ is the name of mountain that Lord Krishna lifted to protect the villagers from angry king of gods Indra from torrential rain that he caused. Worshiping Gobardhan is believed to have begun from that incident. Another reason is Cowdung is a good source of manure to farmers as well.
‘Gai Puja’ means ‘Cow Worship’. Cow is represents Laxmi, the goddess of wealth and fortune. Where she is not given proper respect is always prevailed by ‘Daridrata’. So Gai Puja is also known as ‘Laxmi Puja’. Goddess Laxmi is worshipped in the evening. We address cow as ‘Gau Mata’
Laxmi Puja is the most celebrated ‘festival of Light’. Houses are decorated with flashing lights, candles, etc and banana trees are erected in front of all houses. Womens and girls sings ‘Bhailo song’ from house to house. From song it is also clear that this day of celebration is also about ‘Vaaman Avatar’ of Lord Vishnu defeating and blessing King Bali.
Days-5: Bhai Tika
Brother sister relationship is emphasized this day. It is believed that Yamraj, the god of death, visited his sister, Goddess Yamuna, on this day during which she applied the auspicious tika on his forehead, garlanded him and fed him special dishes. Together, the ate sweets, talked and enjoyed themselves to their hearts’ content. Upon parting, Yamraj gave the Yamuna a special gift as a token of his affection and , in return, Yamuna gave him a lovely gift which she had made with her own hands. That day Yamraj announced that anyone who receives tilak from his sister will never die on that day. This is also the day when men and boys sing ‘Dheusi song’ house to house.
In addition to these, people make colour ful Ashtamangala mandalas and recite chants and procedures in accordance with Tantric rituals. Along with the seven-coloured tika, sister provide brother with Sagun, sweets,makhamali garland, and a sacred cotton thread of Tantric importance, similar to Janai thread meant to protect their bodies.
प्रतिक्रिया दिनुहोस !
Today, Bhim Parajuli, Mayor, Biratnagar Metropolitan City, Morang District, and Prashant Kumar Sona, Second Secretary, Embassy of India, Kathmandu, jointly inaugurated
Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre, Embassy of India, Kathmandu presents Bharatanatyam Dance recitals on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri at the
Continuing to today’s date Royal Family aren’t allowed to visit Budhanilkanta “Narayanthan Temple!!!” It’s somehow a matter of thinking right?
Kathmandu | Nepal-China Media Forum is happy to inform you that we are going to organize ‘Amazing Yunnan: Shangri-La Cultural
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en
| 0.952193 | 1,281 | 3.03125 | 3 | 2.156276 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Religion
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The most important reason behind fasting is to increase our piety.
Our Nabi (sall Allahu alihi wasallam) said:
‘Observe fast to experience good health’
Medical magazine states: In the same way as a tired body needs rest and sleep to regain strength, the organs of the body also needs rest from continuous intake of food.
So, fasting is a boost to our spiritual as well as our physical wellbeing.
6 codes of conduct to observe during the fast
- The one observing fast should take care of his eyes; he should not see that which is haraam.
We should stop watching serials and movies during Ramadhaan as this is clearly a waste of time.
2. He should not speak that which is forbidden.
During fast most people get together for a nice chat. Then let us talk about Allah and Islam. We should not backbite, slander, lie, scold someone, fight or indulge in useless talks during Ramadhan.
3. He should not listen to that which is prohibited.
Listening to music is totally forbidden in Islam. Let us practice this in Ramadhaan. It is so much easier to practice any good deed during Ramadhaan, as shaitaan is chained during this month.
If we are in a gathering where people are backbiting or involved in useless talks, let us be the ones who change the subject or we should try to excuse us from some gathering.
4. He should be occupied in doing righteous deeds.
Ramadhaan is the month of Quran. Recite as much Quran as you like. Allah loves his slaves to compete in doing good deeds.
5. He should not consume a full stomach. (for sahr and iftar)
During the month of Ramadhaan, we make so many nice dishes and savories and our time is taken up in preparing for iftar and sahr. We should ponder over what exactly this Ramadhan is. Is it a month to enjoy our time or sacrifice our time in ibada and good deeds!
Today, cooking has been made so easy with instant dishes and pre-cooked meals. Let’s make use of these things in the month of Ramadhaan. Let’s eat only to gain strength to perform our deeds. On the other hand we eat so much we can even stand properly for 2 rakats of salah. This is a sad situation we are in.
6. He should be anxious about the fast being accepted, motivating him to do more good.
We should read books on hadith and try to practice the sunnah of Nabi (sall Allahu alihiwasallam). How many of us know that before sleeping that we should dust our beds saying ‘aooozu billahi minashshaitaanirrajeen’? Llet’s practice these small sunnahs at least during the month of Ramdhaan and by the mercy of Allah we might continue practicing these throughout our life.
When we follow the above guidelines, we gain strength to control our desires and it will be easier to fight shaitaan.
Prophet (sall Allahu alihi wasallam) said: ‘If the people knew of all the benefits of fasting, they will wish for the whole year to be Ramadhan’
Sahar and Ifthar
Sahr should be taken before the azan of Subah. The best time is the last part of the night closer to the time of subah.
Sahr is an important sunnah of our Nabi (sall Allahu alihiwasallam). How many of us eat late at night so that we can skip sahr? This is a bad habit and we are depriving ourselves from the mercy of Allah ta’ala that descends on the people who consume sahr.
Nabi (sall Allahu alihi wasallam says): ‘Do sahr, there is barakah (blessings) in it’
Ifthar is the time to break the fast. The fast should be broken at the exact time of Magrib. We should not delay breaking our fast.
Eat an odd number of dates when breaking the fast, as this is sunnah.
Nabi (sall Allahu alaihiwasallam) said that the one who helps another break his fast by offering him a glass of water, milk or even a single date will get the same reward as the fasting person. So let us try to invite our relatives who are not well off, to break their fast with us.
We should not try to fill our stomach at this time because right after ifthar we have to pray magrib and join the jamaat for our tharaweeh. If you eat too much you will not be able to pray tharaweeh properly.
Things that will break ones fast
- Voluntary vomiting.
- Eating or drinking even a little, knowingly.
- Eating even after the time of subah has approached.
- Breaking ones fast before the time of Magrib.
- Being unconscious for the whole day.
- Menstruation or post-natal bleeding.
- Using nose/ear drops.
- Indulging in foreplay or sexual intercourse.
If ones fast has broken through one of the above reasons, the he has to compensate by fasting after ramadhan. The exact amount of missed days has to be fasted. If one fails to do even this, then he has to give in charity 600 g of staple food for each day and make up for the fast.
How to complete ones fast in another country
Any person should follow the people of the country in fasting and festival. If a person travels to Makkah during his last day of fast but it is eid in Makkah, then he too has to celebrate eid. If a person travels to a country where the people are fasting then he too has to complete his fast.
I like to mention that Allah subhana Wathala gives us our reward on the last night of fast. Sometimes, people are busy in shopping or preparing for the Eid, that they miss the salah of the last day or even miss Subah and thahajjud on the day of Eid. We should keep in mind that the day of Eid is also a great day for performing our ibada. We should not miss our Eid prayer or any other salah on this joyous day.
It is always better, if one has the means, to do the Eid shopping or Ramdhaan shopping before the month of Ramadhaan. Let us try to do the most amount of amal and ibada we can, during the month of Ramadhaan because only Allah ta’ala knows if we will survive to fast the next year.
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CC-MAIN-2018-30
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http://www.infobarrel.com/Notes_on__Month_of_Ramadhaan
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| 0.944616 | 1,442 | 2.515625 | 3 | 2.182044 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Religion
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In 2015, the global community committed to halving road deaths and serious injuries by 2020. But city streets are still not safe. More than 3,200 road fatalities occur every day, and this number is expected to increase threefold by 2030, as more cars hit the road. An additional 20 to 50 million people are non-fatally injured and left with permanent disabilities.
The impacts are pervasive. Economic productivity goes down. Quality of life suffers. Unsurprisingly, cities with poorly designed street networks see the most damage. In fact, 90 percent of the road fatalities occur in low and middle-income countries.
Fortunately, we are now witnessing a global movement to rethink how streets are designed for all road users, a trend that is working against the rising numbers of vehicles on the road and people living in urban areas.
Making street environments safer used to be limited to certain European cities such as Amsterdam or Copenhagen, places where good design has been put to practice for the last 40-plus years. Today, these improvements are felt around the world. Below, we highlight five cities from Brazil, China, Colombia and India that are changing the way people experience cities. Each is implementing innovative, evidence-based design interventions as part of the Bloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety.
São Paulo, Brazil
Joel Carlos Borges Street connects São Paulo’s Berrini Train Station to the city’s central business district. It accommodates thousands of daily users. Before September 2017, the street had narrow sidewalks that were unable to safely accommodate the heavy pedestrian flow (around 22.5 people per vehicle during peak hours).
As the central road to the transit station, this was a major safety hazard. The city decided to redesign Joel Carlos Borges to include more space for pedestrians, improve signage, lower speed limits and add street furniture and green infrastructure. The narrow and run-down sidewalks now have an additional 3.5 meters in width, providing ample space for foot traffic.
Widening sidewalks and narrowing vehicle lanes slows traffic and creates a more pleasant and safer experience for everyone. This new and improved “complete streets” design not only provides safer street standards but also reminds drivers that pedestrian safety is crucial and should be top-of-mind when driving.
This was the first temporary road intervention in the city and was well received by the public. The city is now considering similar efforts elsewhere.
Cidade 2000 is a residential neighborhood by day and a lively restaurant district by night. Despite the large volume of pedestrians, the street space was heavily dominated by vehicles and traffic, leaving walkers and cyclists vulnerable.
To improve pedestrian safety, Fortaleza announced a low-speed area in May 2017, turning 1,200 square meters previously used for parking and traffic lanes into a functional plaza for pedestrians. Then, in September 2017, the neighborhood received the first traffic-calming interim street transformation, named Cidade da Gente (“City of People”). The intervention included removing a traffic lane, decreasing the speed limit to 30 km/hr, widening sidewalks, and implementing curb extensions and five new pedestrian crossings. The transformation also included street art, green infrastructure and street furniture to create a more defined space for pedestrians and make the street more welcoming.
The project has shown residents how tactical urbanism can bring new life to run-down streets. Due to immense positive public feedback, the interim intervention is now being developed into a permeant installation. The mayor has also announced the city will conduct similar low-cost interventions in other areas.
The Nagpada intersection, like many others in Mumbai, is chaotic and challenging to navigate for all users, vehicular and otherwise.
The triangular junction connects six major streets and feeds many school districts. But it was accommodating just 3,000 vehicles per hour at peak times, while creating heavy congestion. Pedestrians had little to no sidewalk space, and the sidewalk space that existed was in very poor condition. All these factors led to an intersection that was inefficient, dangerous and confusing. Road crash data revealed that Nagpada accounted for a staggering one-third of all road traffic fatalities in Mumbai.
In August 2017, the intersection’s triangular geometry was modified temporarily by the city to channel traffic and provide safe pedestrian pathways. Crossing distances were minimized and designated crossings were installed on all sides of the intersection. The design also reclaimed a large illegal parking space and transformed it into a pedestrian plaza. The chaotic intersection became a community gathering place. The new arrangement also made intersection management easier for the Mumbai Traffic Police.
The success of the Nagpada redesign has led the city to commit to its permanent implementation.
Bogotá’s Kennedy District is well-known for its heavy pedestrian and bicycle traffic. For many Bogotá residents who live in the periphery of the city, bicycling is often the most convenient way to travel between home, work, school or other destinations.
Between 2013 and 2017, however, 61 road traffic crash injuries and 1 fatality were registered at the intersection of Carrera 80 and Calle 43 Sur. Pedestrians and cyclists were at risk due to the lack of road markings and ramps, in addition to the absence of traffic lights for pedestrians and cyclists to safely cross the road. The presence of ill-designed medians along the street led cyclists to oncoming vehicles and generated conflicts between pedestrians and cyclists.
To create safer road conditions, the city redesigned the intersection in January 2018. The renovation included lowering the medians to improve the comfort and safety of cyclist and pedestrians, adding road markings for bicycles and zebra stripes, improved access ramps to the sidewalks and bike paths, and traffic lights for pedestrians. The renovation provided a safe, continuous, separated path for cyclists and improved the comfort and safety for pedestrians.
Zhengtong Road connects the commercial Yangpu District with a high school and the Fudan University campus in Shanghai. The 15 to 20-meter-wide road caters to mixed traffic and heavy pedestrian flows.
Zhengtong lacked quality walking and biking infrastructure, making it challenging for pedestrians and bikers to travel safely. Another concern was an unsafe pedestrian crossing infront of a middle school.
To foster a safer pedestrian and biking environment, Yangpu District installed protected bike lanes and improved sidewalks. The district also narrowed the street, making it easier for pedestrians to cross, added reflective materials (powered by solar panels) to stop lines, and placed distinctive road markings, warning signs and other signs in front of schools.
The street transformation was well received by district officials and rated favorably by bike commuters and students. Zhentong Road is now used as an example of road safety around schools in other districts of Shanghai.
Urban streets are some of our most fundamental shared public spaces, but they are also one of the most challenging and overlooked. Once a niche dominated by only a handful of places, cities everywhere are realizing that small street design changes often yield impactful results.
Nikita Luke is a Research Assistant for Health and Road Safety at WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities.
Ben Welle is Global Health and Road Safety Manager at WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities.
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Strong reasoning
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Transportation
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- Terrestrial Biomes
- Aquatic Biomes
- lakes and ponds
- rivers and streams
- Other Habitat Features
Deer flies (Chrysops spp.) are generally smaller in size (10-12mm) than their cousins the horse flies (Tabanus spp.). Chrysop vittatus is known as the striped deer fly due to the three longitudinal stripes on its thorax, and four stripes on its broad, blunt abdomen. The entire insect is yellowish in color, and the antennae have three functional segments with the distal segments being fused. Large, laterally extended, iridescent eyes are characteristic of the entire Tabanidae family. Female have a space between the compound eyes while males do not. Females have mouthparts modified for piercing flesh. There are two flattened mandibles with serrations, two narrow, serrated maxillae, a hypopharynx, and a median labrum-epipharynx. The mandibles cut the integument and the maxillae pierce the tissue, rupturing the blood vessels. The food canal is formed by the hypopharynx and labrum-epipharynx. (Bland, 1978; Dunn, 1996; Imms, 1948; Roberts and Janvoy, 1996)
- Sexual Dimorphism
- sexes shaped differently
- Range length
- 10 to 12 mm
- 0.39 to 0.47 in
Complete larval development in the family Tabanidae generally takes about a year, although some species require two or more years. Eggs are laid in large batches in or near water, and the larvae of this species can be found at the margins of streams and ponds, or in wetland soil. Although the larvae live in water, they do not have gill-like structures for breathing oxygen, so they must come to the surface to breathe. When the pupae are formed they can be found in dead vegetation above the free-water level. After adults emerge the mating cycle begins again. (Hostetter, 1997; Robinson, 1996; Ross, 1948)
- Development - Life Cycle
Little information is available on the exact mating behaviors of.
Adult flies mate relatively quickly after emerging, and oviposition depends on the female having a blood meal. The blood meal serves as nourishment for the eggs' maturation. Eggs are laid in large batches in or near water and the larvae of this species can be found at the margins of streams and ponds or in wetland soil. (Hostetter, 1997; Robinson, 1996; Ross, 1948)
Once eggs are laid in a suitable location for larval development, there is no further parental investment.
- Parental Investment
Chrysops is a genus of parasitic flies that feed on the blood of mammals. Female adults gorge on blood by cutting the skin with their modified mouthparts and sucking the blood from the wound. Males lack these piercing mouthparts, and generally feed on the nectar of plants. Larvae of this species feed on organic debris found in their surrounding environment. Larvae can also be predaceous, feeding on other insect larvae or worms. In rural areas of the eastern United States, there is a large population of deer (Odocoileus), which are an excellent source of food for . (Hostetter, 1997; Roberts and Janvoy, 1996; Robinson, 1996; Ross, 1948)
- Animal Foods
- terrestrial worms
- Plant Foods
- deer (Odocoileus)
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
This species can be quite an annoying pest during the summer months. Although a painful bite and a small welt is the extent of harm done to the body, these flies can discourage tourists from visiting the recreational areas that the species inhabits. (Robinson, 1996)
- Negative Impacts
- bites or stings
This species is in no danger of extinction.
Sara Diamond (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Ginger Hartwell (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Teresa Friedrich (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
- bilateral symmetry
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
an animal that mainly eats meat
animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature
union of egg and spermatozoan
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
mainly lives in water that is not salty.
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.
- internal fertilization
fertilization takes place within the female's body
A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.
- native range
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
an animal that mainly eats nectar from flowers
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
Referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream).
an animal that mainly eats blood
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).
Living on the ground.
Bland, R. 1978. How To Know the Insects. Dubuque, Iowa: W.M.C. Brown Company Publishers.
Dunn, A. 1996. Insects of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan.
Hostetter, M. 1997. That Gunk on Your Car, A Unique Guide to Insects of North America. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
Imms, A. 1948. A General Textbook of Entomology. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc..
Roberts, L., J. Janvoy. 1996. Foundations of Parasitology, 6th edition.. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..
Robinson, W. 1996. Urban Entomology. London: Chapman and Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row.
Ross, H. 1948. A Textbook of Entomology. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc..
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| 0.903363 | 1,508 | 3.890625 | 4 | 2.103046 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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One of the biggest responsibilities of any EHS department is controlling (and mitigating) risks in the workplace. Conducting thorough risk assessments on a regular basis can be your best defense against workplace hazards.
What Is a Risk Assessment?
In simple terms, a risk assessment is a methodical examination of a task, process, or job in the workplace. During a risk assessment, you examine all components of the task or job to find potential hazards or components that could become risky to people, machinery, or equipment.
If hazards are present, it’s up to you to determine the steps necessary to avoid any risk associated with the task.
Risk assessments shouldn’t be confused with your everyday hazard observations. These assessments provide a more detailed look into specific jobs or processes to identify and mitigate potential risks.
5 Risk Assessments Step to Include Every Time
Risk assessments might not be part of your daily EHS responsibilities, but that doesn’t mean they’re any less important. There are no hard and fast rules when conducting a risk assessment, but the following general guidelines can help you get the biggest benefit from your efforts:
#1 – Identify All Hazards
Part of a successful risk assessment is being able to distinguish the difference between a hazard and a risk. Hazards are components that could potentially cause harm, while risks represent the likelihood of a hazard causing harm.
Also, it’s not enough to simply identify hazards. You should have a plan in place to document all hazards to give you something to refer back to when planning other areas of your EHS strategy.
#2 – Determine Who Might Be Harmed and How
For each hazard you identify, you should also consider who might be harmed by the hazard and how they might become harmed.
It’s not just your employees you have to worry about, either. Consider contractors, vendors, visitors, and the general public to see how they might be affected.
Knowing who could be harmed can help you to better control the risk. For instance, threats to employees are controlled differently because you have the advantage of educating them on the risk, whereas a threat to the general public could be more difficult because you aren’t able to alert each individual about the potential hazards.
#3 – Evaluate Each Risk and Decide How to Combat Them
Once you determine the risks and who might be harmed, you’re better able to decide how to defend them.
Can you completely eliminate the risk? Or are there other measures you can take to control the risk and limit its potential to cause harm? It’s important to treat each risk on a case by case basis.
Also, keep in mind that some level of risk may remain even after you take precautions. You should document whatever measures you take to mitigate risk, but also communicate any existing potential for hazard to those likely to be affected by it.
#4 – Record Your Findings
Whether you’re able to eliminate the risk or significantly reduce it, you should keep an ongoing record of your activities. Having a longstanding record of your risk assessments and the actions you take to mitigate them are helpful for when you conduct repeat assessments. You can compare your findings over time to ensure you’re moving in the right direction as you tweak and hone your strategy.
#5 – Review the Risk Assessment
Risk assessments are not one-and-done deals. Rather, it’s important you schedule routine risk assessments. Workplaces rarely stay the same: machine and equipment can change frequently. Positions are eliminated and created. New substances and procedures may be introduced on a regular basis.
Because the workplace is a dynamic environment, you should take care to plan risk assessment reviews to keep up with these changes. Reviewing changes, improvements, new insights, and any other existing data can help you create a strong course of action to reduce your risk level.
How a Risk Assessment Can Improve Your EHS Strategy
There are a lot of moving parts to any risk assessment, and it’s imperative you take precautions to prevent details from slipping through the cracks. Using risk assessment software to perform and document risk assessment activity can help you stay organized and on track, plus it can house all the data you collect so you have an ongoing record of your efforts.
If you’re struggling to create an effective risk assessment or simply need a better way to conduct them, feel free to reach out with your questions.
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Lifespan: Why We Age—and Why We Don’t Have To
28th October 2021
Cheery Friday Greetings to our Learning How to Learners!
Book of the Week
Lifespan: Why We Age—and Why We Don’t Have To, by David Sinclair with Matthew D. LaPlante. [Hat tip, Adam Trybus] This fascinating, beautifully written book explores a common—but ignored—factor in many lethal diseases. That is, the effects of aging. Sinclair describes why aging occurs, and gives concrete recommendations for treating aging that include exercise, get a good sleep, and don’t smoke, but also go beyond to include discussion of possible treatments such as NMN, rapamycin, and metformin. The book’s compelling descriptions of biological processes oftentimes make it a joy to read. This, for example, is the best “for the general public” explanation of epigenetics we’ve ever seen:
“Every one of our cells has the same DNA, of course, so what differentiates a nerve cell from a skin cell is the epigenome, the collective term for the control systems and cellular structures that tell the cell which genes should be turned on and which should remain off. And this, far more than our genes, is what actually controls much of our lives. One of the best ways to visualize this is to think of our genome as a grand piano. Each gene is a key. Each key produces a note. And from instrument to instrument, depending on the maker, the materials, and the circumstances of manufacturing, each will sound a bit different, even if played the exact same way. These are our genes. We have about 20,000 of them, give or take a few thousand. Each key can also be played pianissimo (soft) or forte (with force). The notes can be tenuto (held) or allegretto (played quickly). For master pianists, there are hundreds of ways to play each individual key and endless ways to play the keys together, in chond combinations that create music we know as jazz, ragtime, rock, reggae, waltzes, whatever. The pianist that makes this happen is the epigenome. Through a process of revealing our DNA or bundling it up in tight protein packages, and by marking genes with chemical tags called methyls and acetyls composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, the epigenome uses our genome to make the music of our lives.”
What Kids Need to Know About Their Working Memory
We teach kids how to read, write, and do arithmetic. But we rarely teach them how to make most effective use of their memory systems. This terrific article by Deborah Farmer Kris in Intrepid Ed News provides a first rate overview of how to teach your kids memory hacks. What is particularly insightful are the many practical—yet novel—tips that will really help your child or your students (and you!) to use memory more effectively.
Meet Barb in Guatemala!
Barb will be having a conversation with fans of Uncommon Sense Teaching at the Universidad Francisco Marroquín in Guatemala City, Guatemala, on November 5th, from 4:00 to 5:30 pm. You’ll have a chance to get to meet in a small group, and converse together related to your questions about the book and MOOC, as well as about learning in general. If you are in Guatemala, make room in your schedule and plan to head on over to UFM, because Barb would love to meet you! Register here!
The AI Wars: lessons from the conflict that paralyzed the field
This interesting article by David Goudet in Towards Data Science gives a great overview of how research in artificial intelligence was held up for many decades, in large part due to the erroneous conclusions of research giants Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert. As Goudet notes: “Marvin Minsky remained skeptical his whole life and even in his last years, he didn’t believe in the advances of AI. He made a lot of poor predictions even being an expert in the field.” [Hat tip: Adam Trybus.]
90-minute naps can help boost motor skills and memory
We’re often asked whether naps are helpful in learning. This study provides powerful affirmative evidence about the value of naps. Laying procedural links related to motor skills are consolidated in a fashion similar to the consolidation of declarative links, so this study also provides tangential impetus to the idea that naps can help with learning of all kinds.
In response to last week’s email, LHTLer Paul B brings up a group called Braver Angels, whose mission is to allow the voices on each side of a topic to talk to each other civilly and constructively. Check it out!
That’s all for this week. Have a happy week in Learning How to Learn!
Barb, Terry, and the entire Learning How to Learn team
- Mindshift—the book behind the MOOC
- The critically acclaimed Uncommon Sense Teaching (and MOOC!)
- The newest on learning: the book Learn Like a Pro (and MOOC!)
- The LHTL recommended text, A Mind for Numbers
- And Learning How to Learn, a book (and MOOC!) for kids and parents.
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| 0.93612 | 1,120 | 2.796875 | 3 | 2.606436 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Spanish cuisine consists of a variety of dishes, which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country’s deep maritime roots. Spain’s extensive history with many cultural influences has led to an array of unique cuisines with literally thousands of recipes and flavours. It is also renowned for its health benefits and fresh ingredients, as Mediterranean diet.
In Andalusia fried fish (Málaga), salmorejo and gazpacho are the main dishes the region is known for. Seafood, especially shrimp, squid, mackerel and flatfish is used. They are also know for their Jabugo ham and Sherry wine. Olives and olive oil is special in Andalucia.
Other examples of popular dishes include most importantly Potato omelette (“tortilla de patata”, “tortilla española” or just “tortilla”), paella, various stews, mig as, sausages (such as embutidos, chorizo, andmorcilla), jamón serrano, and cheeses.
There are also many dishes based on beans (chickpeas, lentils, green beans); soups, with many regional variations; and bread, that has numerous forms, with distinct varieties in each region. The regional variations are less pronounced in Spanish desserts and cakes: flan,custard, rice pudding (arroz con leche), torrijas, churros, and madeleines are some of the most representative examples.
Other foods include arroz con leche or rice pudding. Calamares a la romana or fried squid. Sopa de marisco. Cocido montañés is a typical stew. Chorizo which is a spicy sausage. Chuletillas de lechazo or grilled chops of milk-fed lamb. Chuletillas de cordero which are small grilled chops of lamb or mutton. Salmorejo is a chilled tomato soup thickened with bread and served with croutons of ham, egg etc. Merluza which is a white fish. Fabada asturiana which is a delicious and hearty bean stew. Lechazo asado is a roasted milk-fed lamb. Pescaito frito, battered (sometimes inadobo) fried fish are typical from Málaga and alsoWestern Andalusia. Turrón is a type of nougat with almonds and honey, typical at Christmas. Polvorón is a type of Spanish shortbread, typical at Christmas. Meat is also very popular in Spanish cuisine; sheep, lamb, pork, and beef are staples.
Today, Spanish cooking is “in fashion”, especially thanks in part to Ferran Adrià, who in the summer of 2003 attained international renown thanks to praise in the Sunday supplement of The New York Times. His restaurant El Bulli is located in the province of Girona, near Roses. In a long article, the New York Times declared him the best chef in the world, and postulated the supremacy of Spanish cooking over French cuisine.
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| 0.925378 | 665 | 2.75 | 3 | 1.689595 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Food & Dining
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23 August 2017
By Patricia Waldron
Scientists can generally agree that Earth’s inner core, located more than 5,000 kilometers (3,000 miles) beneath the surface, is a dense ball of iron with a small amount of nickel. It likely contains lighter elements as well, such as silicon, oxygen, sulfur, carbon, or hydrogen, but researchers have yet to come to a consensus on the identities and quantities of these lighter elements.
Researchers report in a new study that a carbon compound called iron carbide, combined with small amounts of silicon impurities, may be an important component of the inner core. The researchers performed computer simulations to model how an iron and nickel core containing either iron carbide, or iron carbide with some silicon, compares to the density and other known characteristics of the inner core. Adding silicon to the simulation gave the best alignment with Earth’s actual characteristics. The researchers report their findings in a new study in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.
“We are trying to simulate the conditions deep inside Earth, to understand the evolution and composition of the core,” said Sujoy Ghosh, a researcher at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India and co-author of the new study. “Because carbon is abundant and can dissolve in iron, we suggest that carbon is a probable light element in the core. The mantle surrounding the core is rich in silicon and, under the local temperature and pressure conditions, some of that silicon could become incorporated into the core. Silicon and carbon atoms have the same charge, so silicon could easily substitute for carbon in iron carbide.”
Researchers initially put forth a form of iron carbide called cementite, which has three molecules of iron for every one molecule of carbon, as a potential component of the inner core in the mid-1990s. Computer simulations later ruled out the idea because that form is too stiff at high pressures. More recently, researchers have suggested that iron carbide with seven iron atoms for every three carbon atoms is a better candidate. Iron carbide with this composition has two possible arrangements, a square-shaped orthorhombic phase and a hexagonal phase, and scientists disagree about which form occurs in the inner core.
Ghosh partnered with Swastika Chatterjee, a physicist colleague at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, to perform computer simulations of how the two phases of iron carbide, with and without silicon impurities, would behave inside Earth’s inner core under appropriately high pressure and temperature conditions. Previously, no one had explored the possibility of silicon and carbon joining within the same compound to make up the lighter portion of the core..
The researchers compared their results to the Preliminary Reference Earth Model, which represents average Earth properties, including density and the way sound waves generated by earthquakes, called seismic waves, propagate through the core. Much of what we know about Earth’s core comes from studies measuring how seismic waves pass through the layers of the planet. The researchers observed that when they “doped” the iron carbide by replacing a small percentage of the carbon atoms with silicon, the resulting core material had greater agreement with Earth’s properties at inner core conditions. They also noticed that the silicon-doped orthorhombic phase produced better agreement than the hexagonal phase of iron carbide.
If the researchers are correct, then Earth’s core is a sizable reservoir of carbon and silicon within the planet, as proposed previously by several researchers. Ghosh is already exploring these results further in the lab, in collaboration with colleagues at Tohoku University and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata. He has combined silicon, iron, and carbon inside an apparatus called a DIA-type multi-anvil apparatus, which can generate extreme pressures. Very soon, however, he hopes to perform this type of experiment at his home institution. Ghosh has already ordered one high-pressure instrument, an end-loaded piston cylinder apparatus, and hopes to acquire a second, a multi-anvil apparatus, soon to complete his lab set up.
“In the Earth sciences community in India, we don’t have high-pressure facilities,” Ghosh said. “This is a huge task, but if I can build a high-pressure lab here, then this would be a big contribution for my country.”
— Patricia Waldron is a freelance writer. This post originally appeared as a feature story on the Deep Carbon Observatory website.
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
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https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2017/08/23/researchers-investigate-lighter-side-earths-inner-core/
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en
| 0.946144 | 934 | 4.3125 | 4 | 3.00469 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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January 12, 2012
Boston College Researchers Locate Protein That Could ‘Turn Off’ Deadly Disease Carrier
Genome sequencing helps identify essential protein in disease-carrying parasites
Researchers from Boston College have discovered a protein that plays a pivotal role in the progression of the deadly diseases toxoplasmosis and malaria and shown that its function could be genetically blocked in order to halt the progress of the parasite-borne illnesses, the team reports in the current edition of the journal Science.The protein, identified as DOC2.1, plays a similar role in the secretion of microneme organelles that are crucial to the mobility of the parasitic protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis, and Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria, report Marc-Jan Gubbels and Gabor Marth, both professors of biology at Boston College.
The researchers say the discovery could lead to the development of drugs that target the protein in order to block the mechanism that advances the two diseases.
"The mechanism of microneme secretion, which is required for host cell invasion, is a valid drug target," said Gubbels. "Since neither microneme secretion nor invasion itself are currently targeted by any anti-malaria drugs, a potentially new class of anti-malaria reagents can be developed. The high incidence of drug resistance against malaria is a big problem, so new drugs are urgently needed."
Gubbels said researchers in his lab obtained a temperature-sensitive mutant of Toxoplasma gondii, which displayed a mobility defect preventing it from host cell invasion. Marth, a computational biologist, sequenced the parasite's genome and identified 33 possible sites in the genome responsible for the defect. Lab work isolated a single mutation in the DOC2.1 gene that was associated with a microneme secretion defect responsible for the mobility defect.
Co-author Manoj T. Duraisingh, of the Harvard School of Public Health, generated a Plasmodium mutant wherein DOC2.1 expression could be shut off and demonstrated the protein was also crucial to microneme secretion in the parasite that causes malaria.
Gubbels said the findings reinforce the dramatic advances made possible by complete genome sequencing and computational biology, which are Marth's areas of expertise. These approaches bypass the need for the difficult and time-consuming task of mapping causative mutations by genetic crosses as used in model organisms.
"The re-sequencing method will permit the study of eukaryotic pathogens by forward genetics, which has shown its power in studies of model organisms, such as yeast and fruit flies," said Gubbels. "To date, many of these pathogens have limited experimental and genetic accessibility, but this roadblock can now be lifted."
Added Marth, "We are now working with a number of research teams to gain insight into other critical pathogenic pathways, and already see promising initial results."
Researchers from Children's Hospital Boston and University of Oxford (U.K.) also contributed to the research.
On the Net:
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http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112455051/boston-college-researchers-locate-protein-that-could-turn-off-deadly-disease-carrier/
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Before-and-after: Images from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, left, and the Palomar 60-inch telescope, right, show supernova iPTF14gqr in the process of exploding. The “ultra-stripped supernova” created a second neutron star in a tight binary system. Image: SDSS/Caltech
In August 2017, gravitational waves were detected from the collision of two neutron stars, generating headlines around the world. But how could two ultra-dense neutron stars, the result of cataclysmic supernova blasts, form close enough together to eventually crash into each other?
An international team of astronomers have found the likely explanation in the first recorded “ultra-stripped supernova,” a rare, rapidly fading type of supernova proposed by a team of researchers led by Takeshi Moriya at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ).
In their hypothesis, one of two massive stars in a binary system runs out of nuclear fuel, causing its core to collapse and rebound in a supernova explosion. The remnant of the core becomes a city-size neutron star while the doomed star’s outer layers are blown away into space.
The neutron star’s extreme gravity then strips away most of the outer layers of its binary star companion. When this “ultra-stripped” star explodes in a second supernova, there is much less material to eject, leaving a stable neutron star binary system in its wake. The second explosion was dubbed an ultra-stripped supernova.
Moriya simulated the light curve of such an explosion, predicting the energy released would be smaller than observed in a “normal” supernova and that the brightness would reach a maximum five to 10 days later. The researchers speculated a diffuse cloud of helium might be detected in the aftermath of the explosion.
A team of researchers led by Kishaley De, a Ph.D. student at the California Institute of Technology, then searched through archived data collected by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory and found a supernova catalogued as iPTF14Gqr, which closely matched Moriya’s simulations. It even included the predicted helium envelope.
“We saw this massive star’s core collapse, but we saw remarkably little mass ejected,” said Mansi Kasliwal, an astronomy professor at Caltech whose laboratory hosted De’s work. “We call this an ultra-stripped envelope supernova and it has long been predicted that they exist. This is the first time we have convincingly seen core collapse of a massive star that is so devoid of matter.”
Because the neutron stars in the iPTF 14gqr system are so close together, they eventually will spiral into each other and explode like the two collapsed stars in the 2017 event, producing gravitational and electromagnetic energy.
The iPTF survey at the Palomar Observatory was part of a nightly campaign to look for short-lived events like supernovas. The ultra-stripped supernova was detected in the first hours after it exploded in October 2014 and other observatories around the world followed its evolution.
A follow-on survey, known as the Zwicky Transient Facility, iPTF’s successor at Palomar, is carrying out an even broader search to look for additional ultra-stripped supernovas, which are thought to make up only about 1 percent of all observed supernova events.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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When it comes to schools and safety, one cannot exist without the other. However, with all of the concerns regarding the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, other important matters such as driving safely near schools may not be getting the attention they deserve. The 2021-2022 school season is rapidly approaching, and now is the time to start thinking about the best ways to drive near schools and on school grounds, preventing car accidents and personal injury.
What is a School Zone?
School zones are the areas that are near schools and crosswalks that lead up to schools. Many drivers do not even realize they are approaching school zones, and this puts students and everyone else there at risk. These zones are usually preceded by speed bumps, flashing lights, and warning signs to make drivers aware of what lies ahead. Most school zone speeds in the United States are 15 to 25 mph, and some are clarified with the words: When children are present. Even so, it is safer to maintain that speed at all hours, since students often hang around at schools after hours. It is also wise to slow down near playgrounds, parks, and residential areas.
There may be crossing guards in the zone, and they require drivers to stop when students are crossing the streets at crosswalks. One might also see a few students on bicycles there as well. Crosswalks look like parallel white pavement markings that reach from one side of the road to another; there may also be warning signs. Even if pedestrians are not in the crosswalks or make dangerous moves such as walking in front of cars, they should still be given the right of way. Revving the engine or honking the horn will only serve to scare them or get them angry. This can escalate situations and create some very undesirable consequences.
When driving in a school zone, motorists should not block crosswalks when waiting to make turns or when at red lights. This forces people to walk around vehicles, putting them at risk for getting hit by another vehicle. It could even put them in the path of oncoming traffic, which is treacherous. Not slowing down, not stopping, and not giving pedestrians and bicyclists the right of way in school zones put lives at risks; children need to be able to get to and from school without having to be afraid of getting hit or hurt.
It is not hard to get frustrated when driving through school zones, especially for commuters who are late to work or have little patience. Getting to work five minutes early is not worth the damages that could be caused by hurting a child, though. If driving through a school zone every day is making things too hard, the best option is to find another route to get to the destination.
How Should I Drive on School Properties?
Schools get quite congested during drop-off and pick-up times, with big yellow school buses pulling up or driving out; staff members arriving and leaving; and parents and students walking, driving, and riding bikes. Drivers need to slow down and follow the posted speed limit signs in school zones and on school properties. These numbers vary depending on where they are located; street speed limits can be higher than those in the parking lots. It is also a good idea to keep the headlights on at all times. Newer models usually have this feature, but older vehicles may not. This added visibility can be a lifesaver at times.
With so much activity taking place on school properties, it can be hard for drivers to maintain their focus. One never knows when a student will seemingly appear out of nowhere, or when an inexperienced student driver will run a stop sign. This is why it is imperative to avoid distractions such as cell phones, pets in the car, changing radio stations, checking the GPS, eating, drinking, or looking in the mirror. Teenage drivers are also prone to these kinds of distractions, which makes the risk of accidents even higher.
More Helpful Driving Advice
Besides all of the above advice, drivers should slow down further when entering school properties and watch out for flashing lights, crossing guards, traffic cones, and other safety indicators. Keeping watch for pedestrians of all ages is also crucial, and drivers must be aware that the movements of pedestrians can be unpredictable. They always have the right of way, as do school buses. Drivers must stop for these buses whenever children are getting on or getting off. Bus drivers extend the top arm, which usually has a stop sign and flashing red lights. Drivers also need to keep a safe distance of 10 feet away from stopped school buses.
Other rules for driving in school parking lots include the following:
- Do not make U-turns.
- Do not pass other vehicles.
- Do not change lanes.
- Do not park in emergency vehicle or handicapped parking spots or lanes unless licensed to do so.
- Do not double park.
Safer Drop-offs and Pick-ups
Besides those five bulleted items, parents and caregivers who take children to school should be aware of the school’s drop-off procedures, which are provided to families before the start of school. These can change from year to year and must be read and followed. Also, drivers should never load or unload children from across the street. When that happens, it puts the children at risk because they have to cross the street, which is likely to be congested.
Carpooling is a good way to reduce that congestion and cut down on accidents. This can be a great help for busy parents, who can share the responsibility with like-minded friends whose children attend the same school. Leaving a bit early for drop-offs and pick-ups is another smart idea. This way, people are not as rushed to get to school on time and are not distracted by anxiety. Drivers who are not paying attention and/or emotional are more likely to cause accidents.
To grab that extra time, alarm clocks can be set 10 minutes earlier. This can be tough at first, but it will soon become a habit. Preparing lunches the night before, packing up backpacks, and setting out which clothes to wear are also good time-saving habits.
What Happens When Accidents Occur in School Zones?
This all depends on the nature and severity of the accident. If anyone is hurt, their medical needs are the priority. An immediate call to 911 will be required, and a law enforcement officer should soon be at the scene because of the school zone location. If it is safe to do so, the vehicles should be moved off to the side of the road and turned off. Drivers and passengers should wait with the vehicles until help arrives.
If a teenage driver was involved, others may likely assume that he or she was at fault. However, this is not always the case. Car accidents occur for any number of reasons, and the fault could be due to a distracted adult driver, a defective traffic signal, poor weather conditions, or a poorly maintained vehicle if the brakes fail. It is best to stick to the facts and not provide opinions as to what happened. If there are questions about liability, law enforcement officers and an experienced car accident lawyer will be able to help determine the cause of the accident.
Most states and municipalities will impose higher fines when traffic laws are violated in school zones. It is not unusual to have double and triple speeding fines. These are in place to prevent drivers from risking children’s lives, and for everyone’s safety. When liability is determined, an at-fault driver may end facing significant fines and penalties, especially if there was negligence involved.
Monmouth County Car Accident Lawyers at Ellis Law Advocate for Safer Driving in School Zones
Stricter laws keep school grounds and school zones safer for everyone, but accidents can and do happen here to children and adults. If you were involved in a school zone accident and need trusted legal guidance, reach out to the skilled Monmouth County car accident lawyers at Ellis Law. We will review your case and give you the assistance you need. Call us at 732-308-0200 or contact us online for a free consultation. Located in Freehold, New Jersey, we serve clients throughout East Brunswick, Toms River, Middletown, Jersey City, Neptune, Hudson County, Union County, Essex County, Monmouth County, Marlboro, and Ocean County, as well as Brooklyn and New York City.
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Moderate reasoning
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Transportation
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Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of
facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and
managing appropriate technological processes and resources." The term educational technology is often associated with, and encompasses, instructional theory and learning theory. While instructional technology
is "the theory and practice of design, development, utilization,
management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning,"
according to the Association for Educational Communications and
Technology (AECT) Definitions and Terminology Committee
, educational technology includes other systems used in the process of
developing human capability. Educational Technology includes, but is not
limited to, software, hardware, as well as Internet applications and
activities. But there is still debate on what these terms mean.
Technology of education is most simply and comfortably defined as an
array of tools that might prove helpful in advancing student learning
and may be measured in how and why individuals behave. Educational
Technology relies on a broad definition of the word "technology".
Technology can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as
machines or hardware, but it can also encompass broader themes,
including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. Some modern
tools include but are not limited to overhead projectors, laptop
computers, and calculators. Newer tools such as "smartphones" and games
(both online and offline) are beginning to draw serious attention for
their learning potential. Media psychology is the field of study that
applies theories in human behavior to educational technology.
Those who employ educational technologies to explore ideas and communicate meaning are learners or teachers.
Consider the Handbook of Human Performance Technology.
The word technology for the sister fields of Educational and Human
Performance Technology means "applied science." In other words, any
valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived from basic
research using the "scientific method" is considered a "technology."
Educational or Human Performance Technology may be based purely on
algorithmic or heuristic processes, but neither necessarily implies
physical technology. The word technology comes from the Greek "techne"
which means craft or art. Another word, "technique," with the same
origin, also may be used when considering the field Educational
Technology. So Educational Technology may be extended to include the
techniques of the educator.
A classic example of an Educational Psychology text is Bloom's 1956 book, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Bloom's Taxonomy
is helpful when designing learning activities to keep in mind what is
expected of—and what are the learning goals for—learners. However,
Bloom's work does not explicitly deal with educational technology per se and is more concerned with pedagogical strategies.
According to some, an Educational Technologist is someone who
transforms basic educational and psychological research into an
evidence-based applied science (or a technology) of learning or
instruction. Educational Technologists typically have a graduate degree
(Master's, Doctorate, Ph.D., or D.Phil.) in a field related to
educational psychology, educational media, experimental psychology,
cognitive psychology or, more purely, in the fields of Educational,
Instructional or Human Performance Technology or Instructional (Systems)
Design. But few of those listed below as theorists would ever use the
term "educational technologist" as a term to describe themselves,
preferring terms such as "educator".
The transformation of educational technology from a cottage industry to
a profession is discussed by Shurville, Browne, and Whitaker.
source : wikipedia
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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On this page:
Definition of the noun Aequorea
What does Aequorea mean as a name of something?
Aequorea is a genus of Aequoreidae, described by Péron & Lesueur in 1810.
- synonyms: genus Aequorea / Aequora / genus Aequora / Cremastoma / genus Cremastoma / Mesomena / genus Mesomena / Mesonema / genus Mesonema / Mesonemia / genus Mesonemia / Oequorea / genus Oequorea / Rhegmatodes / genus Rhegmatodes / Zygodactyla / genus Zygodactyla
- kingdom: Animalia
- phylum: Cnidaria
- class: Hydrozoa
- order: Leptothecata
- family: Aequoreidae
- species Aequorea africana
- species Aequorea albida
- species Aequorea atrikeelis
- species Aequorea australis
- species Aequorea ciliata
- species Aequorea coerulescens
- species Aequorea conica
- species Aequorea cubana
- species Aequorea cyanea
- species Aequorea eurhodina
- species Aequorea floridana
- species Aequorea forskalea
- species Aequorea globosa
- species Aequorea krampi
- species Aequorea kurangai
- species Aequorea macrodactyla
- species Aequorea minima
- species Aequorea nanhainensis
- species Aequorea papillata
- species Aequorea parva
- species Aequorea pensilis
- species Aequorea pensilis
- species Aequorea phillipensis
- species Aequorea taiwanensis
- species Aequorea tenuis
- species Aequorea tetranema
- species Aequorea victoria
- species Aequorea vitrina
- species Mesonema henleana
- observational distribution: specimen and observational data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility Network (not necessarily true occurrence density gradients)
Count per one degree cell 1 - 9 10 - 99 100 - 999 1000 - 9999 10000 - 99999 100000+
Aequorea is a genus of Aequoridae, described by Péron & Lesueur in 1810.
Phrases with Aequorea
Phrases starting with the word Aequorea:
- Aequorea parva
- Aequorea albida
- Aequorea conica
- Aequorea Cyanea
- Aequorea Krampi
- Aequorea Minima
- Aequorea tenuis
- Aequorea ciliata
- Aequorea globosa
- Aequorea vitrina
- Aequorea aequorea
- Aequorea Africana
- Aequorea pensilis
- Aequorea victoria
Phrases ending with the word Aequorea:
View more phrases with the word Aequorea in thesaurus!
Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Aequorea
Click on a title to look inside that book (if available):
Encyclopedia Britannica (1911)
A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information by Hugh Chisholm
Aequorea is a common mcdusa. 3. Thaumimtidac.——Trophosome only known in one genus (Thau-' mantias), similar to that of the Eucnpidae; gonosome, rce meclusae with otocysts inconspicuous or absent. with usually four, sometimes eight ...
Methods, Evaluations, and Applications by Michael J. Corey
aequorea is a jellyfish found very widely in the ...
The Encyclopædia Britannica (1910)
The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive
Aequorea is a common medusa. 3. Thaumantidae.-Trophosome only known in one genus (Thaumantias), similar to that of the Eucopidae; gonosome, ' medusae with otocysts inconspicuous or absent, with usually four, sometimes eight, rarely ...
by Burkhard Fugmann, Susanne Lang-Fugmann, Wolfgang Steglich
The lamp jellyfish Aequorea aequorea exhibits a green bioluminescence under the action of Ca2+, this is due to *aequorin. The marine species Renilla reniformis also contains a L. which requires oxygen for the emission of light. This L. is ...
by John M. Lackie
Aequorea victoria Hydrozoan jellyfish (a coelenterate) from which green fluorescent protein (GFP) was isolated. Aequorin can be isolated from A. victoria and A. forskaolea. aequorin Protein (196aa) extracted from jellyfish (Aequorea victoria) ...
A Dictionary of Biomedicine (2010)
by John Lackie
extracted from jellyfish Aequorea victoria, that emits light (emission peak 470 nm, blue) according to the aerobes i4 calcium ion concentration. Calcium triggers the ...
Green fluorescent protein A protein originally isolated from the jellyfish ( Aequorea victoria) that retains the property of fluorescing green when exposed to blue light and when fused to other cellular proteins. Greywater Wastewater from clothes ...
by Virginia P. Studdert, Clive C. Gay, Douglas C. Blood
a small protein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria that is used to produce recombinant fusion proteins ; ...
by D A Bender
A protein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria that emits green fluorescence when excited by UV light. The GFP gene is widely used as ...
by Rolf H. J. Schlegel
Protein from the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria (Scyphozoa); the gene is used as a reporter gene; ...
by Frank J. Dye
aequorin a luminescent protein, derived from luminescent jellyfish (Aequorea), which emits light in the presence of free calcium ions; it has been used experimentally to visualize the release of free calcium ...
A Dictionary of Biology (2015)
by Robert Hine
Another striking example, obtained from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, is the reporter gene that encodes *green fluorescent protein ...
Dictionary of Zoology (1999)
by Sudhir Pradhan
AEQUORIN Animal protein extracted from the jelly-fish Aequorea. When it is combined with calcium ions, it emits a photon of ...
Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions - Australian & New Zealand Edition (2014)
by Peter Harris, Sue Nagy, Nicholas Vardaxis
a protein obtained from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria that emits a bright green fluorescence when illuminated. G)P is used to monitor gene expression, gene transfer across ...
Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009)
The GFP gene from the jellyfish (Aequorea victoria) encodes the green fluorescent protein (which fluoresces in blue light) and can be used to follow the subcellular destiny of certain expressed proteins when GFP is fused with the genes of ...
Two such proteins nativeto the jellyfish genus Aequorea – aequorin and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) – have been particularlyuseful toolsin ...
by David A. Bender
A protein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria that emits green fluorescence when excited by UV light. The GFP gene is widely used as a ...
Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Aequorea
Click on a label to prioritize search results according to that topic:
Photos about Aequorea
Click on an item to view that photo:
Aequorea is a genus of bioluminescent jellyfish
Photo credit: edwin_young
If you need related images for an article or a report, you can download stock photos:
Video about Aequorea
Fabian Schinzel - Aequorea
Scrabble value of A1E1Q10U1O1R1E1A1
The value of this 8-letter word is 17 points, but it's not an accepted word in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary.
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Go to the usage examples of Aequorea to see it in context!
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| 0.779865 | 1,895 | 2.78125 | 3 | 1.543644 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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September 11, 2012
Pinyon Pine Trees Are Dying In The American Southwest
Michael Harper for redOrbit.com — Your Universe Online
The Pinyon Pine trees of the American southwest are dying off in large numbers, and many researchers have already guessed what is to blame: the heat.Well, and pine beetles.
While it may seem like common sense to blame the death of thousands of trees and other forms of vegetation on extreme heat and dry conditions, some researchers at the University of Arizona are looking past the cause and into the effect. Namely, what will happen to the area if the climate continues to get warmer and the trees continue to die?
“We know the climate in the Southwest is getting warmer, but we wanted to investigate how the higher temperatures might interact with the highly variable precipitation typical of the region,” said lead author Jeremy Weiss, a senior research specialist in the University of Arizona Department of Geosciences in a statement.
To study this interaction, Weiss and his team used weather data to understand how well plants grew during times of drought.
“The approach we took allows us to model and map potential plant responses to droughts under past, present and future conditions across the whole region,” said U.S. Geological Survey senior scientist Julio Betancourt. Betancourt co-authored the paper with Weiss, along with Jonathan Overpeck, co-director of the University of Arizona Institute of the Environment.
“Our study helps pinpoint how vegetation might respond to future droughts, assuming milder winters and hotter summers, across the complex and mountainous terrain of the Southwest.”
To conduct this study, Weiss and team utilized a growing season index, which is composed of measurements such as day length, cold temperature limits and vapor pressure deficits. With this data, the team analyzed the plant life´s response to the droughts of 1953-1956 and 2000-2003.
The difference between how much moisture the air can hold when it´s fully saturated and how much moisture is actually present in the air is called the vapor pressure deficit. According to Weiss and team´s research, this deficit was a major source of plant life stress in the area. When the atmosphere is warmer, the air can hold more moisture. Therefore, in times of extreme drought, the air can soak up all the moisture from the ground and even plant life, such as the Pinyon Trees.
In analyzing the data, the researchers discovered that during both droughts, these trees suffered in staggering numbers. By studying the difference between the two droughts, however, the team will be able to determine how much drying and warming affects the plant growth. With this information, the researchers hope to be able to better predict how badly plants will suffer in future times of drought.
“When warmer temperatures combine with drought, relatively stressful growing conditions for a plant become even more stressful,” said Weiss.
“You could say drought makes that atmospheric sponge thirstier, and as the drought progresses, there is increasingly less moisture that can be evaporated from soil and vegetation to fill and cool the dry air.”
Sadly, says Weiss, this continuation of drying and warming can work in a vicious circle, causing the Pinyon Trees to die off rapidly.
“Our concern is that vegetation will experience even more extreme growing conditions as anticipated further warming exacerbates the impacts of future droughts.”
According to Betancourt, the data the team has compiled will create a “roadmap,” allowing them to predict future rough patches for the vegetation.
“The next step will be to start planning, determine the scale of intervention and figure out what can be done to direct or engineer the outcomes of vegetation change in a warmer world.”
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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If you’re looking for truly sustainable flooring, it would be hard to go past bamboo. As the fastest-growing woody plant on earth, bamboo is the ultimate renewable resource and probably one of the most environmentally-friendly types of flooring material you can install.
Bamboo is actually not a tree at all but a fast-growing grass – almost like a weed – which is replenished so quickly, it can be renewed every 5 years (compared to hardwood trees which require 30 years or more). Some species shoot up 3 feet a day and reach heights of 60 feet within the first few months of growth. In fact, if bamboo is not cut down within 5 years, it would fall of its own accord – therefore, it must be used or lost. (For once, a natural resources that’s asking to be used!) Even when it is cut and harvested, it will send out new shoots again and continue to grow as rapidly as before.
Bamboo also grows in large volumes and adapts easily to a regular cycle of harvesting every 5 to 6 years. It is prevalent all over Asia and is essentially, one of the most abundant and renewable resources on the planet. For centuries, it has been used extensively all over the Far East to make flooring, building structures and furniture as people have appreciated its extreme hardness and durability. Despite its graceful, willowing appearance as plant, it is harder and tougher than some hardwood varieties and provides a wonderful eco-friendly alternative to traditional hardwood flooring.
From Grass to Flooring…
Bamboo stalks are normally cut into strips and then boiled to remove sugars and any insects, followed frequently by drying in a kiln. The strips are then glued together to form a solid surface and in most cases, bamboo is available as a type of engineered flooring, i.e. the strips of bamboo are formed into 3 layers which help to provide additional stability and also compensate for the natural expansion properties of bamboo. This enables the flooring to be stable enough to be nailed down or glued down.
Be aware, however, that manufacturing quality can vary so always check the finish and in particular, the adhesives used to glue the bamboo strips together. Some manufacturers will actually use adhesives that contain toxic urea-formaldehyde, which totally destroys its eco-friendly flooring credentials. Generally, cheaper bamboo products are more suspect. Always check with the manufacturer or supplier to see which kind of adhesive is used and that they are complying with Europe’s E1 standard. This limits formaldehyde concentrations in materials to 0.1 parts per million (ppm).
Benefits of Bamboo Flooring
Despite not being a “proper” wood, bamboo is actually one of the hardest natural materials available and superior to traditional hardwood flooring, like oak and maple, in many ways. First of all, it has incredible tensile strength – exceeding that of several grades of steel, in fact! – and a much higher fibre rating than any hardwood, so it provides a durability that is hard to match. Secondly, it does not suffer from contraction and expansion extremes as much as hardwood, so it can often be installed in areas of high moisture with lesser problems. It also copes better than traditional hardwoods with temperature changes, showing less warping, bulging and cupping.
Like hardwood, <#69#>bamboo<#> is available in a range of beautiful natural colours, ranging from light tans to dark caramel hues that have been created by heating the bamboo strips during production (and literally “caramelising” the sugars within). Bamboo can also be pre-stained and thus available in a wide range of colours and shades.
Care and Maintenance of a Bamboo Floor
Again like hardwood, care and maintenance is relatively simple. Regular sweeping with a soft-bristled broom, cleaning with a dust mop or attention from a soft-bristled vacuum cleaner should maintain good condition. Spills should be mopped up immediately as it is unwise to allow liquids to soak into bamboo flooring. Stains should be wiped away with a damp cloth and then the area dried with a soft towel or cloth. Be careful of using oils, waxes and abrasive cleaners on the floor surface – the best thing is to follow manufacturer’s recommendations.
A Great Choice!
A material that has been deservedly gaining recognition and popularity in recent years, bamboo is an ideal choice for anyone wanting eco-friendly flooring. Not only is it truly sustainable but it also provides a unique look that matches everything from urban, contemporary to more classic, traditional styles. While it is still a relatively “exotic” and new flooring option, it can be more expensive than traditional materials but its many practical and environmental benefits make it a worthwhile investment.
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Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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Clouds, Radios, and Crystals for Your Next Sci-fi Epic
The fabric of Space-Time has of late been described as the Zero Point Energy Field by researchers. It’s said to be made up of every wave length of every form of energy. If that is truly the case, a wave generator could theoretically be built that could put all crests of the ZPE waves to all troughs of a competing energy source thereby "cutting a hole" in Space-Time.
Radio waves are being used to research weather control. Ionize enough air with a vertical radio transmission of sufficient power and you get a big downdraft [of air] perhaps even a low pressure area. Low pressure is associated with bad weather. Large rock deposits could [at least in a sci-fi context] be exploited in situ [where they sit] through their crystal content; massive energy beams could result.
The only-electric car’s eighty-five mile range with an overnight recharge can’t compete with “coast to coast” in three hundred mile trip legs interspersed with 5 minute “pit tops.” Nikola Tesla’s unfinished endeavor to electrically charge the Ionosphere would put electric cars on equal footing with fossil fuel powered vehicles.
Stone Mountain east of Atlanta Georgia is 825 feet above ground level, about two football fields long and five miles around at the base. The unseen parts of the same deposit are under much of downtown Atlanta. The "Five Points" Marta [Atlanta's public transit system] station is cut from solid rock. This massive granite deposit could be "used" as a power crystal.
In flight, looking out from the cockpit of a flying machine visual distances are harder to estimate than from the ground as size does not directly relate to distance. Larger is not necessarily closer. Sometimes the colors of the clouds reveal distances. Vanilla bean ice cream-colored ones are further away than fresh-bleached white-laundry colored ones.
From a vantage of 14,000 feet 10 miles southeast of the Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport [Atlanta], I once saw the raw power of a lightning bolt that started almost at the western horizon and extended almost to the eastern horizon. Near dusk the display cut along and through an hundred mile long line of thunderstorms that stretched north of city. Startling and awful, full of awe and beautiful; water, air, and heat produce lightning.
Thoughts of electrons rubbing off their associated atoms and the parting of the Zero Point Energy Field or The Space Time Continuum for faster than light flight or time travel don’t seem quite so impossible after observing such raw power. Yes, but leaves in their quiet complexity are awesome are well. Such complexity and power is godlike, if not God-made.
Take a moment to envision: magic, a machine, or an awed character for your next tale. There is nothing noble, intelligent, or attractive about personified “nothing.” Let Nature take you by the heart. You will be pleased by the trips and the destinations. Did you know that miniscule electric currents flow inside of individual plant [leaf] cells?
Crystals make appearances in fantasy tales all of the time; magic, power from the seen and unseen. The orderly rows of molecules in crystals give them their elegant forms, and actual unique abilities. A crystal the size of an English Pea can power a radio set. With one wire attached to an aluminum clothes line and the other to the faucet in my mother’s kitchen a nine year old was 1950’s style ‘wired;’ all from a cheap bit of mica.
The power for this ‘radioapparat’ [German] was the ‘ether’ itself; no battery, no plug-in, no solar cell. The sun is a fusion reactor. The earth is a geo-thermal power source. Aided by the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface, and its spin, water, air, and heat produce lightning. Weather literally comes “right out of thin air.”
What could a radio receive if it were using a crystal as big as three mini-vans? The radio in your car is using a crystal smaller than the one in my Cub Scout Crystal Radio Set. As a Science Fiction fantasy writer you aren’t limited to the boundaries of Natural Law. Write!
“Observing clouds from a flying machine I noticed lightning bolts just a meter or so long. I saw a static discharge crawl up my windscreen a dozen centimeters and I wondered about catching them like Baron Von Frankenstein for his monster in the movies. I laughed at the utter stupidity and yet...”
This actually happened to me. I asked God about the tiny lightning. He said lightning could be as small as one electron. But He mentioned no upper limit. Write!
2017-03-19 09:44:47 dandrew72 - Hmmm...this really has me thinking. I think of got a title. (I love to incorporate musical references when and where possible so Metallica' "Ride The Lightning" may be my starting point.) If this story turns out I'd like to indicate you as a co-author James. 2017-03-17 07:07:44 Ironspider - I tend to get a nosebleed when I try to put too much thought into deeper scientific ideas. I guess it's like 'magic' when you look into some of the more obscure, but generally fundamental, concepts that underpin science. I vaguely understand the concept of space/time, have a nodding acquaintance with string theory and the like. Zero-point energy, a bit like string theory, is an interesting idea that I just can't fully grasp. Doesn't mean I can't appreciate its use in a fictional setting.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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You’d think that someone who published a work with the words ‘touching the spring of the air’ in the title was probably some class of a poet. But in the case of Robert Boyle you would be wrong. The full title of what was actually a scientific paper was New experiments physico-mechanical, touching the spring of the air and its effects
Boyle was one of the most extraordinary and influential Irish-born scientists – in the paper with the semi-poetic title he was experimenting with a vacuum chamber and assessing the impact of the withdrawal of air on light, flame and living creatures. Not very healthy in the latter case would have been one of the conclusions, no doubt.
Boyle was the fourteenth child and seventh son of the Great Earl of Cork, Richard Boyle, buccaneer, con-man, adventurer, consummate politician and soldier. Born in the picturesque surroundings of Lismore Castle in Waterford the young Boyle was dispatched to Eton at the age of eight and, thereafter, spent only a few years in Ireland. While Dad was cheating, lying, bullying and finagling his way to a huge fortune and almost unparalleled political influence young Robert was playing with his chemistry set. Out of this work came recognition as the first modern chemist and the formula for which he is best known and which is named after him, Boyle’s Law – of which more anon.
Boyle, along with a private tutor, Robert Carew, with whom he could converse in Irish, did the Grand Tour of Europe in his mid-teens in an era well before the Grand Tour became the norm for aristocratic families. In the course of his extended vacation he visited Florence in 1641 where he may have met an elderly Galileo Galilei. As an aspiring scientist he did try to live and work in Ireland but gave up in 1654, describing the land of his birth as ‘a barbarous country where chemical spirits were so misunderstood and chemical instruments so unprocurable that it was hard to have any Hermetic thoughts in it.’
From the early 1650s Boyle devoted himself to science and to a variety of potential inventions – according to his own notes his experiments included research into ‘the prolongation of life’, ‘the art of flying’, ‘perpetual light’, ‘a certain way of finding longitudes’ and ‘potent drugs to alter or exalt imagination’ – had he been able to paint he might have been a new Leonardo da Vinci, had he been born a few hundred years later – given the latter topic – he might have been Timothy Leary.
In 1662 he used an air pump built by his assistant Robert Hooke to come up with the axiom that bears his name – It goes thus – ‘For a fixed amount of a gas kept at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional.’ – and that’s as deeply as we are going to go because I’m already well outside my comfort zone. In coming up with Boyle’s Law he got in fourteen years ahead of the French scientist Edme Mariotte who came to the same conclusion, otherwise the principle would today be known as Mariotte’s Law and Robert Boyle would be familiar only to chemists as an early innovator.
As if all that wasn’t enough Boyle was also a philosopher and theologian – though his work in those areas did attract a certain amount of opprobrium. His 1665 Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects was lampooned by Jonathan Swift in his own Meditation Upon a Broomstick.
But of probably greater significance was the work he produced in 1661, the year before the publication of Boyle’s Law, this was called The Sceptical Chemist in which he hypothesized that matter consisted of atoms and clusters of atoms in motion. Not bad for someone writing more than three and a half centuries ago. The Boyle Medal for Science has been presented in his honour since 1899.
Robert Boyle, the Father of Chemistry, died three hundred and twenty five years ago, on this day.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The U.S. National Library of Medicine suggests that about 18 million Americans struggle with their alcohol consumption. People like this share many traits. For example, they may all find it hard to stop drinking once they’ve started, and they may all plan daily activities around the use and abuse of alcohol. But, people with alcoholism might also be quite different from one another. In fact, research conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) suggests that there are five separate alcoholism subtypes. Understanding what they are could help families to make good treatment decisions for the people they love.
1. Young Adult
People who begin drinking early in life and who don’t tend to blend other substances with alcohol are part of this subtype. People in this category don’t tend to have mental illnesses or family histories that involve alcohol, but they do tend to avoid getting help for their drinking difficulties. Instead, they hope to hide their drinking by:
- Consuming alcohol in parties that take place outside the home
- Refusing to discuss alcohol at all
- Masking signs of a hangover with over-the-counter medications
- Buying alcohol for immediate consumption, rather than storing it for later use
2. Young Antisocial
Drinkers who are often in their mid-20s make up this subtype, and like those in the young adult subtype, people in this group also started drinking early in life. But unlike young adult subtype members, people in the young antisocial group do tend to have mental health concerns, such as depression or bipolar disorder. These people also tend to mix other substances with alcohol. Those who fall into this category might work to hide their drinking, but they might also choose to be defiant about their habits, engaging in arguments when confronted.
About 20 percent of alcoholics fall into this subtype, according to the NIAAA. People like this drink heavily, and they might have a long family history of alcoholism, but they tend to face few consequences as a result of their drinking. They’re not arrested, and their health doesn’t fail them. These people can be difficult to change, as they may not see any reason to tackle a drinking problem at all.
4. Intermediate Familial
Middle-aged people who smoke make up the majority of this subtype, and long family histories involving alcohol are quite common here. People who fit into this group might seem somewhat functional, but these people might begin to experience symptoms of mental health distress, and they might begin to dabble in the use and abuse of other drugs. These are people on the cusp of serious alcohol-related problems, and thankfully, many of them choose to get help, NIAAA says.
5. Chronic Severe
Early drinking is associated with this subtype, but most people in this group are middle-aged. They’ve been drinking for years, if not decades, and they might struggle with their mental and physical health as a consequence. Many people in this group are open to the idea of rehab, simply because they can see how a drinking problem can rob them of their health and happiness.
If someone you love fits into one of these categories, or you feel certain that the person should seek help for drinking in order to avoid placement in one of these groups, please call us. Our admissions coordinators can provide you with information on alcohol treatment at Black Bear Lodge and can help the person you love to begin a safe and sober life.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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We've all been there - you have lunch with your coworkers at a nearby greasy spoon, and later that evening, something doesn't feel quite right. You start to feel queasy, like your insides are having second thoughts about that ham sandwich you enjoyed so much. Suddenly, you have to make a dash to the bathroom. The culprit? Food poisoning, an affliction spread through the consumption of contaminated food or beverages.
According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, 4 million people are stricken with food poisoning every year in Canada. While most people fully recover from their bout of food poisoning, 2% to 3% of cases lead to more serious chronic conditions such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and kidney failure. When poisonous microbes or toxins (such as those found in poisonous mushrooms) are swallowed, they move through the gastrointestinal tract and attach to the intestinal walls and begin to multiply. Symptoms vary and typically include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
Diagnosing a food borne infection requires laboratory tests to identify the guilty organism. Many people are victims of food poisoning and don't realize it. According to the Centers for Disease Control in the United States, there are actually about 38 cases of salmonellosis for every case that is diagnosed and reported.
Treatment of food poisoning depends on the symptoms. People suffering from vomiting or diarrhea are at risk of becoming dehydrated, so treatment includes restoring lost fluids and electrolytes. (If diarrhea is severe, an oral rehydration solution may be needed.) Medications can help relieve diarrhea, but should be avoided if you have a high fever or blood in the stools.
Many cases of diarrhea are caused by viruses and will get better on their own within 1 to 2 days without antibiotics. If you have diarrhea that lasts longer than 2 days or comes with a high fever (temperature over 38.5°C), bloody or black stools, passing more than 6 bowel movements in 1 day, severe abdominal cramps, prolonged vomiting (especially if you can't keep liquids down), dry mouth or throat, dizziness, or decreased urination, seek medical help immediately. Wash your hands thoroughly and often, especially after going to the bathroom and before eating, to prevent infecting others.
Let's look at some of the most common infection-causing microbes.
E. coli and its toxins have been found in undercooked hamburger, lettuce, alfalfa sprouts, unpasteurized milk, apple juice, and apple cider. You can also pick up E. coli through contact with an infected person or swimming in water with traces of human feces.
Symptoms usually begin 2 to 5 days after ingesting contaminated foods or liquids, and may last for a week before you recover completely, typically without treatment (antibiotics won't usually help, and antidiarrheal medications aren't recommended).
To prevent illness, wash your hands after using the bathroom or changing diapers. Thoroughly cook ground beef (the internal temperature should be 71°C), and keep raw meat away from other foods. Don't drink unpasteurized milk and juice, and wash fresh fruits and vegetables before eating.
Salmonella bacteria is usually passed to humans when they eat foods contaminated with animal feces. It is found on beef, poultry, milk, and eggs, but any food can be contaminated. Pets, especially reptiles, can carry salmonella.
Salmonella causes an infection known as salmonellosis. Most people develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps or bloody stools 12 to 72 hours after infection, and the symptoms last for 4 to 7 days. Most people recover without treatment, but some must be hospitalized and treated with antibiotics.
To avoid infection, don't eat raw or undercooked eggs, meat, or poultry, and don't drink unpasteurized milk. (Watch out for raw eggs in homemade salad dressings, mayonnaise, cookie dough, and frosting.) Thoroughly cook poultry and meat and avoid unpasteurized dairy products. Wash fruits and vegetables carefully. Keep uncooked meats away from other foods and avoid contaminating through the use of utensils, counters, cutting boards, and your hands while preparing food. Wash utensils, counters, and cutting boards with soap and hot water after preparing uncooked animal products. Wash your hands after handling animal feces or playing with reptiles.
Campylobacter bacteria causes campylobacteriosis, a disease that causes diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, and fever 2 to 5 days after infection. People usually recover without treatment within 1 week, but they should drink plenty of fluids until diarrhea resolves. In severe cases, antibiotics may be used.
Campylobacteriosis is usually linked to handling raw poultry or eating undercooked poultry. To avoid illness, cook poultry thoroughly - it shouldn't be pink inside and juices should be clear. Wash your hands before and after handling animal products. Use separate cutting boards for animal products and other foods, and wash utensils, counters, and cutting boards with soap and hot water after preparing raw animal products. Don't drink unpasteurized milk.
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| 0.941184 | 1,057 | 3.765625 | 4 | 1.724231 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Health
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So it is time to talk about replacing missing teeth. Removable Dentures are the most well known form of tooth replacement. They can be made as a partial denture, or a full denture. A complete denture replaces an entire arch. A partial denture is where as little as one tooth is being replaced. Dentures can also be made from 3 different materials. Acrylic, Chrome Cobalt and Valplast.
The most affordable material that a denture can be made from is Acrylic. It is worn over the gums and is held in place by a suction fit and clasps. There are various advantages of opting for the Acrylic denture including its ease of fit and adjustability. This material however can damage the natural teeth around which the denture is fit.
Acrylic dentures are a good option in the event that you intend to add teeth to the denture in the future. They look natural with their pinkish gum like colour and colour matched false teeth. The downside of these dentures is that they are bulkier as they rely on suction for adhesion.
Your dentist will need to ensure that your gum health is optimal for a denture, and your treatment should be planned with this in mind. When other teeth also require restorative treatment, this must be considered to ensure that the denture is done at the right stage of your treatment plan. The last thing you want is for your denture to become ill fitting as a result of poor planning.
A superior alternative to the traditional type of Acrylic denture is the flexible Valplast denture. This type of denture also relies on suction to a certain extent, although mainly relies on it elastic properties and its fit between the remaining teeth. This material is less bulky and maintains strength even in its thinnest areas. They are also significantly lighter than the other materials.
As with any type of denture, it is imperative that your dentist has assessed your overall oral health to ensure that your denture is planned around any other treatment that may be required, in the present or the future. The disadvantage of this type of denture is that you cannot add teeth to it in the future due to the way in which it is manufactured.
Chrome Cobalt Dentures
This is the least bulky of the materials. Chrome Cobalt dentures are more versatile and are often the most durable. The false teeth are created and attached to a Chrome Cobalt framework. The technicians and the dentists require great skills to manufacture this denture due to its intricacies. Your dentist will assess the health and stability of the anchor teeth prior to considering this type of denture as it is the intention that your denture will last you up to 10 years. Other important aspects of assessment include your gum health and pending treatment that may be required for any of your remaining teeth.
Dentures are a more affordable reliable and fast option for tooth replacement. Both your dentist and their carefully selected lab technicians are critical components of ensuring the right solution is chosen for your case and that its fit is optimal. It is important however that you have asked about your options apart from dentures to ensure that both your comfort and satisfaction are achieved.
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| 0.970289 | 656 | 2.640625 | 3 | 1.82401 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Though we may be used to the sounds of everyday life, yet over time, they may take their toll on our hearing and we may lose the capacity to hear at normal levels. But when the TV prevents you from sleeping or traffic sounds enter your bedroom giving you a headache, it’s no longer noise but noise pollution. This excessive noise that causes a disruption in our daily lives can become a permanent feature with us, sadly.
Our environment makes it difficult for us to escape city noise. The honking of cars, the sound of drilling machines or the sound of a plane flying overhead are all sounds we have been accustomed to. But clearly, it is the absence of urban planning that has raised the levels of such unwanted sounds. For this reason, it is important to understand noise pollution and curb it immediately.
Why noise pollution happens
There are several causes of noise pollution:
- Industrialization: Industries that use equipment that crank up a lot of noise are the chief producers of noise. Besides, grinding mills, exhaust fans, compressors and generators also add to the noise pollution.
- Lack of proper urban planning: This is a huge problem in developing countries where space is a constraint. Large families living in small spaces, fighting over daily family issues, cause noise pollution that disrupts the peace of society.
- Marriages, parties, etc: At these events, you can expect the maximum of unwanted noise. With music played at full volume and dancing, people in the neighbourhood are highly disturbed and often cannot sleep.
- Modes of transport: Areas of high traffic on the roads, or planes flying over homes, underground trains making noise affect our hearing in the long-term.
- Construction sites: Construction-related activities like mining, building dams, bridges, flyovers, roads, etc, are done with equipment that generates a lot of noise and can hamper the hearing of people living close to these sites.
- Chores around the house: Convenience products that we use at home like mixer-grinders, pressure cookers, washing machines, etc add to the noise that we are already accustomed to hearing.
Effects of noise pollution
These forms of noise pollution may be commonplace for us, but over the years, they have adverse effects on our health in many ways, as outlined below. Such noises lead to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), whose ill-effects are:
- Hearing loss: The sounds that our ears aren’t designed to filter cause problems within us. Though our ears are built to take a certain level of sounds without being damaged, noises made by horns, machinery, planes and traffic can sometimes be too loud for us to bear and outside our normal hearing range. Overexposure or long exposure to such sounds can lead to damaged eardrums and deafness, apart from making us less sound-sensitive.
Another related problem that arises out of this is Tinnitus, caused due to long exposure to noise. This is identified by a ringing in one ear only, or a roaring sound in both ears or in the head. Though tinnitus can go down in time, it can also be permanent or dot a person’s life. People often suffer from tinnitus in one ear and hearing loss in one or both ears.
- Health issues: Noise from construction sites and offices can impact our psychological health, resulting in disturbed sleep, aggressive behaviour, stress, hypertension and fatigue, which can turn chronic in later life.
- Sleep-related issues: With loud noise hitting your eardrums, you can lose precious sleep every night, causing fatigue and low productivity at work.
- Cardiovascular issues: High intensity noise can lead to heart problems, stress and blood pressure rising. An elevated heart rate also tends to disrupt normal flow of blood.
- Difficulty in conversing: With intense noise around you, it’s often difficult for two people to speak freely, often leading to misunderstanding each other. This may result in a headache and disturbed emotional balance.
How to tell if noise is dangerous
If noise damages your hearing ability when you’re at arm’s length and need to shout to be heard, then it’s dangerous. If this noise ends up making your ears ring or hurts them, your hearing could be impaired for the next few hours.
Safe decibels for animals, babies and adults
While it is true that dogs have a higher hearing ability than humans, a safe decibel range for them depends largely on their age and breed. Still, it is known that they can hear between 67 Hz and 45 kHz. On the other hand, we can hear at 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. A safe decibel level for babies is generally fixed at 80 decibels. Any higher intensity sounds than this can cause damage to the infant. Certain other animals like bats and dolphins also hear frequencies going up to 100 kHz. Elephants can hear sounds even at 14Hz–16 Hz, while whales can hear sounds in the ocean as low as 7 Hz.
How to protect your hearing
By wearing hearing protectors, you can protect your hearing when in a highly noisy environment. Before you start using power tools, firearms, yard equipment or any other tools that make a lot of noise, remember to wear your hearing protectors. motorcycle or snowmobile. Hearing protectors come in two forms: earplugs and earmuffs.
These hearing protectors are placed inside the external ear canal. Earplugs are small inserts that fit into the outer ear canal. To wear them correctly, you should ensure that they are fitted snugly so that the entire ear canal’s circumference is entirely blocked. If you don’t do this, or if the ear plugs are dirty or worn out, they may not seal perfectly and cause the ear canal to be irritated.
You can choose from a variety of shapes and sizes of plugs to fit your ear canals, besides getting them customized to your ears. They come in two forms–premolded or moldable. If you find it difficult to keep them inside your ears, you can attach them to a headband.
Advantages of ear plugs: These protectors are produced in bulk or can also be customized to fit the ear. They can be had either in the disposable form or reusable. They are easy to insert, relatively inexpensive compared to ear muffs, and can be worn comfortably even in humid temperatures. For maximum protection, they should be inserted well.
These hearing protectors are made of soothing sound material and soft ear cushions that fit nicely around the ear and the ear’s hard external cups. A headband holds these together. Ear muffs sit on the entire area of the outer ear so that an air seal is formed, thereby blocking the entire ear canal circumference. A flexible band holds them in place. However, if you wear spectacles or have long hair over your ears, ear muffs won’t seal well over the area because the headband tension has to be perfect to hold the ear pieces in place.
Advantages of muffs: These are designed so that anyone can wear them easily. They are visible at a distance so that their use can be easily monitored. They cannot be lost or misplaced easily. Even if you suffer a ear infection, you can continue to wear them.
How to prevent hearing loss
You needn’t suffer from all kinds of noise impinging in your world–there are ways of protecting your hearing, both in the long- and short-term. Here are a few tried and tested ways by which you can do this:
- Go in for a hearing test: Have a baseline hearing test done and check it every year to see if it records any hearing loss. In case there is, there are ways of reducing its progression.
- Invest in ear plugs today: It’s easy and inexpensive to invest in a pair of foam ear plugs. Besides, you can easily carry them in your pocket, wallet or purse or in your travel luggage. Let your family and friends know that you use them whenever you’re exposed to high levels of noise so that they can turn down the music or speak softly when they see you wear them. Ear plugs are inexpensive and easy to find at any pharmacy and so are ear muffs, so take preventative steps while you can.
- Use headphones but judiciously: According to reports, one out of every five teenagers suffers hearing loss, chiefly because of listening to music through headphones and ear buds at loud decibels. To correct this and to prevent any further hearing damage, it’s best to listen to music on these devices for not more than 60% of the maximum volume on these devices for about an hour each day. By using non-cancelling headphones, you can prevent any further hearing damage.
- Are your ears wax-free? Hearing loss could also be due to a block of wax in your ear that lies uncleared. This is particularly true of those who wear hearing protectors. Due to the lack of ventilation in their ears, wax tends to build up here. If you also clean your ears with cotton buds, you may leave some residual cotton behind, which could contribute to clogging the ear. A visit to your doctor should repair the problem.
Find the nearest hearing healthcare professional to you and discuss your problems with him today and get info on how to protect your hearing.
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| 0.945609 | 1,937 | 3.3125 | 3 | 2.203017 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
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The world has embarked upon a campaign to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is a serious challenge that will require focused policies rooted in reality. Regrettably, the political process sometimes falls far short of that objective. This is particularly so in the states of California and Washington, where ideology has crowded out rational analysis and the adoption of what can only be seen as reckless “cowboy” policies.
Last year, California enacted Senate Bill 375, which seeks to reduce future GHG emissions by encouraging higher urban population densities and forcing more development to be near transit stations. Yet there is no objective analysis to suggest that such an approach will work. Of course, there are the usual slogans about people giving up their cars for transit and walking to work, but this occurs only in the minds of the ideologues. The forecasting models have been unable to predict any substantial reduction in automobile use, and, more importantly, such policies have never produced such a result.
In fact, higher densities are likely to worsen the quality of life in California, while doing little, if anything to reduce GHG emissions. California already has the densest urban areas (which includes core cities and surrounding suburbs) in the United States. The Los Angeles urban area is 30 percent more dense than the New York urban area. The San Francisco and San Jose urban areas are also denser than the New York urban area. Sacramento stands as the 10th most dense among the 38 urban areas over 1,000,000 population, while Riverside-San Bernardino ranks 12th and San Diego ranks 13th.
This high density creates the worst traffic congestion in the nation. The slower stop and go operation of cars in traffic congestion materially intensifies local air pollution and increases health hazards. It also consumes more gasoline, which increases GHG emissions. Finally, California’s prescriptive land use regulations have destroyed housing affordability. By the early 1990s, land use regulation had driven prices up well beyond national levels relative to incomes, according to Dartmouth’s William Fischell. Over the next decade the rationing effect of California’s excessive land use restrictions tripled house prices relative to incomes, setting up the mortgage meltdown and all that has followed in its wake.
The implementation of Senate Bill 375’s provisions seems likely to make things worse. California’s urban areas already have plenty of dense “luxury” housing, much of which is now empty or is now converted from condos to rentals. Wherever they are clustered, particularly outside traditional urban centers like San Francisco, such areas experience intense traffic congestion, with all the resultant negative impact on both people and the environment.
Yet despite the problems seen in California, the ideological plague has spread to Washington state. Last year the Washington legislature enacted a measure (House Bill 2815) that requires reductions in driving per capita, for the purpose of GHG emission reduction. By 2050, driving per capita is supposed to be halved. This year there was a legislative proposal, House Bill 1490, that would have mandated planning for 50 housing units to the acre within one-half mile of light rail stations. This would have amounted to a density of nearly 50,000 per square mile, 3 times the city of San Francisco, 7 times the density of the city of Seattle and more than that of any of more than 700 census tracts (small districts) in the three-county Seattle area. Areas around stations would be two-thirds as dense as Hong Kong, the world’s most dense urban area.
The density requirement has since been amended out of the bill, but the fact that it made it so far in the legislature indicates how far the density mania has gone. The bill appears unlikely to pass this year.
Extending the density planning regime is not likely to help the people on the ground, much less reduce GHGs. Seattle already has a housing affordability problem, which is not surprising given its prescriptive planning policies (called growth management or smart growth). Theo Eicher of the University of Washington has documented the close connection between Seattle’s regulatory structures and its house price increases.
As in California, Seattle house prices rose dramatically during the housing bubble, nearly doubling relative to incomes. At the same time, much of the debate on House Bill 1490 has been over affordable housing. Yet there has been virtually no recognition of connection between Seattle’s low level of housing affordability and its destructive land use regulations. House Bill 1490 would have only made things worse, and still could. Proponents have indicated that they have not given up.
The theory behind House Bill 1490 parallels that of California’s SB 375. It assumes high densities would significantly reduce driving and attract people to transit. As in California, however, this is based upon wishful thinking, and has no basis in reality. No urban area in the developed world has produced a material decline in automobile use through such policies.
Regrettably, the special interest groups behind the California and Washington initiatives appear more interested in forcing people to change their lifestyles than in reducing GHG emissions. This is demonstrated by the Washington driving reduction requirement.
A good faith attempt to reduce GHG emissions from cars would have targeted GHG emissions from cars, not the use of cars. The issue is GHG emission reduction, not behavior modification, and the more the special interests target people’s behavior, the clearer it becomes how facetious they are about reducing GHG emissions.
Technology offers the most promise. Already the technology is available to substantially reduce GHG emissions by cars, without requiring people to change their lifestyles. Hybrids currently being sold obtain nearly three times the miles per gallon of the average personal vehicle (cars, personal trucks and sport utility vehicles) fleet. And that is before the promising developments in decades to come in alternative fuels and improved vehicle technology. In addition, the rapid increase in people working at home – a number on track to pass that of transit users by 2015 – would also represent a clear way to reduce GHG emissions.
Finally it is not certain that suburban housing produces higher GHG emissions per capita than high rise urban development. The only comprehensive research on the subject was conducted in Australia and found that, generally, when all GHG emissions are considered, suburban areas emitted less per capita than higher density areas. This is partially because dense urbanites tend to live a high consumption lifestyle, by eating out at restaurants serving exotic foods, having summer homes and extensive travel. It is also because high density living requires energy consumption that does not occur in lower density suburbs, such as electricity for elevators, common area lighting, and highly consumptive central air conditioning, heating, water heating and ventilation, as Energy Australia research indicates.
Further, tomorrow’s housing will be more carbon friendly than today’s. Japan has already developed a prototype 2,150 square foot, single story suburban carbon neutral house.
Much of the anti-suburban and anti-car sloganeering ignores these developments and generally assumes a static world. If the world were static, we would still be living in caves.
The California and Washington initiatives were not based upon any comprehensive research. There were no reports estimating the tons of GHG emissions that were to be reduced. There was no cost analysis of how much each ton removed would cost. United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said that the maximum amount necessary to accomplish deep reversal of GHG concentrations is between $20 and $50 per ton. Responsible policy making would have evaluated these issues. (It seems highly improbable that Seattle’s currently under-construction University light rail extension remotely matches this standard, with is capital and operating costs per annual patron of more than $10,000.)
The price that society can afford to pay for GHG emission reduction is considerably less today than it was just six months ago. The history of the now departed communist world demonstrates that poorer societies simply do not place a high priority on environmental protection. That is not surprising, since people address their basic human needs before broader objectives, such as a better environment. That may not comport with the doctrines of political correctness, but it is reality.
In such times, communities should be careful not to undertake policies based on assumptions or the preferences of those planners, architects and ideologues who seem to hold suburbs and personal mobility in such contempt that they would not be satisfied even if they emitted no GHGs. These radical motives are inappropriate. “Cowboy” policies enacted ad hoc at the bequest of ideologues openly disdainful of our basic lifestyles threaten not only the future prosperity of a society but our most reasonable path to long-term environmental improvement including reducing GHG emissions.
Wendell Cox is a Visiting Professor, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris. He was born in Los Angeles and was appointed to three terms on the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission by Mayor Tom Bradley. He is the author of “War on the Dream: How Anti-Sprawl Policy Threatens the Quality of Life.”
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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The world has existed amidst a set of wars and conflicts that have shaped political systems, governments, and humanitarian associations. Gulf War is one of the universal and all time conflicts that rocked the world. With equitable measures and categorical procedures, philosophies, missions, and visions of these wars, this piece of study exemplifies Gulf War as one of America's participatory wars in the world. The article tries to establish the basement of Gulf War together with its consequences and responses it received from the United States of America and the world as a whole.
and the Middle East have been on good terms for quite some time. Various wars between the U.S. And countries including Iraq have occurred. In such instances, military deployment by the U.S. government is intense supported by its foreign policies. This study focuses on the 1990/91 Gulf War. The America's paradoxical love-hate relationship with the Gulf War reflects how the war influenced the general American warfare policy from the time of occurrence up-to-date.
The Gulf War period
The Persian Gulf War occurred between 2 August 1990 and 28 February 1991. It is not known whether the Gulf War was the formulation and leadership of the United States of America to attack the Iraq soldiers and government over its invasion and annexation of Kuwait. During this period, several wars had been reported to occur in and outside the United States of America. Cold War was establishing its gradual features.
The war was ready to explode. Several nations were under vigilance in guard of their property and human interaction. Iraq attacks on Kuwait destabilized business activities between the country and the U.S. Most of the oil and its products used in the United States of America were acquired from the Persian Gulf. The oil reserves in Kuwait acted as points of contention where many nations had diverse interests in them. In a move to stop any further cuts on the expanse of oil in the region, it became apparent that the U.S. had to send almost above half a million soldiers to take guard of the Persian Gulf.
The Gulf War was philosophical in nature. There was no direct reattribute to stage the war. Nonetheless, the United States of America was likely to be aware of the intentions of Iraq in trying the invasion and annexation Kuwait. The soviet policy suffered during the war. The war took away a number of soviet interests. The war was intense and formative as it took a long process of gradual formation and development on the foreign policy of Soviet Union. The interests of the Soviets were undergoing sweeping changes just before the culmination of the Gulf War. Other nations that had their policies close to the Gulf War were Moscow and the United States of America. With the issuance of stern leadership policies compressed within missions and mission statements, it was hard for the U.S. To evade its involvement in the Gulf War (S-a-diq and John 54).
America's paradoxical love-hate relationship with the war
The American behavior during the Gulf War was notable and describable in several ways. In one of the perspectives taken by the writers of history, Americans assumed a paradoxical love towards what the nation was doing as a family. On the other hand, most Americans were against the activities that took place during the Gulf War. They expressed hate towards the government and its technicalities like soldiers and ideologies employed during the war.
The Gulf War period gave Americans an advancing moment in the meeting to the interpretations of the war. In the first place, Americans expressed that nothing good could come out of the war. This was mired by widespread exaggerations within neo-isolationism together with global unilateralism. Before the occurrence of war, several trade policies had been established in order to unify the country and embrace corporation with other nations. Several nations expressed interests over American participation in the war though this was not subject to the immediate decisions to be made by the American citizens. The process was a common happening in many nations that seek to established equitable states of existence and correlation with other nations in the world. According to studies, many Americans are known to have facets of swinging back and forth when it comes to handling issues relating their nation. They possess an inward and outward orientation that makes them swing from one opinion to another before engaging in rightful activities. The period of Gulf War exposed most Americans and almost made them to express their innate desires to live within the aspects of the division. Nonetheless, this never came to be.
According to the recent debate on revivalists and declinists, the American nation together with its citizens embraced what is called imperial overstretch. This was the case during the period of Gulf War. Apart from suffering this feature, the state was falling in status at a rate that could not be expected by many people including its citizens. The decision to engage in the Gulf War was employed at the expense of the citizens and the state security (Lowry 78). The Gulf War acted as a staging ground where many Americans disregarded their principles and approaches embraced by their leaders in establishing a relationship between the conflicting nations.
The costs or amount of resources utilized during the war was immense and exceeded the original estimates. The citizens of the country had to carry on the burden of having the nation's soldiers participate in the Gulf War. The occurrence of Gulf War did not please many American because it did not alter the already deteriorating measures of financial stabilities of the nation. The finances that were supposed to be spend by the defense rose to almost four percent of the general gross national product during the happening of the Gulf War. The U.S. government had to conceive and implement measures to cater for the common needs of the common citizens who had difficulties in relaying the need of participating in this war.
According to research done in 1998, half of the Americans had the belief that America was declining in its economic dominance in the global market. In order to counter the effects of this decline, financial structures that were in place had to be reviewed and renewed in order to cater for the unique needs that could seek to alleviate the problems being experienced by the nation. The happenings prior and during the Gulf War appeared to correct and exaggerate on the economic status of the nation as a whole. Not enough apparatus had been put in place in order to cater for the common interests in the societies. This shifted the attention and concern of many Americans in the United States. Therefore, the occurrence of the Gulf War acted as major catalysts in exploring what was taking place in the American precepts of engaging in war activities (K-h-a-n? 87). With this regard, many citizens of the U.S. were against the invasion or involvement in the Gulf War.
Many agendas were pressing on the U.S. economy during the looming periods of the Gulf War. For instance, domestic issues were pressing on and required citizens to get back to work in aid of these agendas. In general, many Americans wanted their diplomatic stabilities to be laid within the nation with total avoidance of engaging in wars with other nations (Murdico 78). This was to be reflected by the government through avoidance of sending defense forces on war claims. Besides, the scheme required the citizens to stay in peace and avoid engaging in the Gulf War.
On the other hand, the U.S. participation in the Gulf War was executed in pursuit of a number of targets. For instance, the American losing of Gulf oil was bitter and unaffordable by the U.S. state and its economic stability. The U.S. had much dependence on the gulf oil and hence had no other option other to engage in the war and protect its oil reserves. Moreover, the changing trends in oil prices had necessitated that the United States of America engage in the Gulf War in order to lounge its bid for lower process of oil in the global market. Most owners of the oil fields like Saddam Hussein had increased the prices of oil exported to foreign nations. These frustrated many entrants of the global market who needed oil. As a result, it became possible and apparent that most Americans were now for U.S. engagement in the Gulf War. High oil prices in the U.S. meant two defined things: large impacts and interruptions to the economy by the shocks due to high oil prices. Most Americans knew the effects to be brought by such occurrences, and most of which were to be escalated by the presence of the Gulf War without the U.S. intervention in order to protect its economy (Santella 87).
The United States of America had the other option of engaging in the Gulf War in…
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Review of Short Phrases and Links|
This Review contains major "Tax"- related terms, short phrases and links grouped together in the form of Encyclopedia article.
- A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state.
- A tax is an involuntary fee or, more precisely, "unrequited payment", paid by individuals or businesses to a government (central or local).
- The tax is an annual tax and is reimposed each year in the annual Finance Act.
- The tax is based on the value of that property.
- The tax is a progressive tax with the percentage of tax increasing as the net taxable income of a taxpayer increases.
- The HMRC are responsible for governing UK tax affairs.
- In some tax systems, personal earnings may be strictly defined where labor, skill, or investment is required (e.g.
- The "tax net" refers to the types of payment that are taxed, which included personal earnings ( wages), capital gains, and business income.
- Business income is taxed at a flat rate of 33% for Indian companies and 40% for foreign companies. Dividends are income tax free to shareholders.
- Various income tax systems exist, with varying degrees of tax incidence.
- Personal income tax is often collected on a pay-as-you-earn basis, with small corrections made soon after the end of the tax year.
- Income tax systems will often have deductions available that lessen the total tax liability by reducing total taxable income.
- Other tax systems may isolate the loss, such that business losses can only be deducted against business tax by carrying forward the loss to later tax years.
- A progressive tax taxes differentially based on how much has been earned.
- Pitt's income tax was levied from 1799 to 1802, when it was abolished by Henry Addington during the Peace of Amiens.
- The income tax was reintroduced by Addington in 1803 when hostilities recommenced, but it was again abolished in 1816, one year after the Battle of Waterloo.
- Encyclopedia of Keywords > Society > Economics > Money
- Encyclopedia of Keywords > Society > Economics
- Packages > Tourism > Resorts > Business
- Encyclopedia of Keywords > Society > Politics > Government
- Encyclopedia of Keywords > Society > Law
Books about "Tax" in
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Moderate reasoning
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Finance & Business
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Mixed-use developments have set a new trend in the real estate industry where property developers prefer developing properties in a way that concentrates related amenities within a given area. Globally, the mixed-use development concept is forcing contractors to ensure compatible land usage by constructing public amenities, commercial properties, and residential properties within proximity. The idea behind mixed-use development is to utilize the available pieces of land conservatively.
One of the factors that have led to the rise in this development trend is the fact that creating mixed-use development properties is a cost-effective way of encouraging vibrant communities. The provision of different amenities to individuals living within mixed-use development areas encourages more urban settlements. These vibrant communities are a significant boost to the local retail industry as residents of an area fuel 24-hour economic viability.
According to industry experts, mixed-use development properties are generally established in a way to encourage the conservative utilization of energy and other environmental resources. Every modern-day mixed-use property focuses on ensuring that residents enjoy comfortable living at the minimum possible expense on energy. Buildings are constructed to allow the use of natural light from outside. Most mixed-use property developers also harness natural sources of energy, such as the sun, through relevant technologies like solar panels.
Property developers in mixed-use arrangements often concentrate related properties within a given area. This cuts down on residents needing to travel long distances to work. It also eliminates the need to travel long distances for everyday items. The resultant harmonious existence allows contractors to minimize, as much as possible, the need and expense of construct roads.
Mixed-use developments are preferred to residential neighborhoods as they have become associated with more health benefits for residents. Individuals living within such areas have ready accessibility to amenities, including hospitals, doctor’s offices, and urgent care facilities. Access to medical services and general healthcare allows residents to gain the necessary sensitization, which ensures that they lead healthy lives.
Mixed-use development properties’ preference in most modern cities encourages the social and economic development of the targeted areas. Mixed-use properties are expected to receive more emphasis in the coming years, even as governments and other stakeholders in the construction sector work towards ensuring a sustainable future.
The outline vision for a mixed-use development is creating a vibrant location, a thriving micro-economy, and an ambitious and challenging concept, that includes a series of well-defined objectives and targeted outcomes. This mixed-use development as an investment represents a tangible commitment to manifest a central theme and the creation of a sense of place and a new destination.
In essence, a mixed-use development transforms an ‘address’ into a landmark, a development that adds value to the community as well as an economic driver for businesses and the developer.
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Strong reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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By Liz Mcgrath and Eric May
IT MAY be the world’s largest natural gas project, however not all the Gorgon focus is on the gas fields lying off the northwest coast of Western Australia.
More than a thousand kilometres away, Professor Eric May from the University of Western Australia (UWA) has led a small team of scientists in series of global breakthroughs on the behaviour of gases and liquids, discoveries set to help optimize the way LNG is produced.
The research project, funded by Chevron and the Australian Research Council, has brought together some of the foremost researchers in the field and required the commissioning and construction of world leading high-pressure experimental equipment in the UWA laboratories.
For Dr May, an expert on the thermodynamics and measurement of fluid properties, particularly those relevant to gas processing and LNG production, the timing was impeccable.
“The prospective oil and gas activity in the northwest of Western Australia is on a truly global scale,” he said. “With six major projects currently under construction, Australia will be the world’s second largest LNG exporter by 2020, producing 60-100 million tonnes per annum.
“To capitalise on this resource we need effective and safe technology and part of this is how well operators can simulate or predict how an LNG plant is going to perform in terms of separating out the various components of the natural gas stream.”
Beginning back in 2007, UWA researchers focused on the cryogenic distillation tower at the heart of an LNG plant, known as the ‘scrub column’.
“This column is designed to prevent significant concentrations of compounds heavier than ethane from entering the main cryogenic heat exchange where liquefaction occurs, before the LNG is then de-pressurised and sent to storage,” Dr May said.
“If operators leave the top part of the scrub column at too high a concentration, heavier compounds can freeze out and block the narrow tubing networks in the cryogenic heat exchanger, causing unplanned shutdowns with severe consequences in terms of time and money.”
It is possible to drive the scrub column to prevent this from happening but this requires the use of extra power. Predicting the concentrations of heavy hydrocarbons leaving the top of the scrub column is especially difficult as the operating temperature and pressure are often near the fluid mixture’s thermodynamic critical point.
Dr May’s team set about developing the state-of-the-art measurement systems needed to capture the most accurate data available on the behaviour of fluid mixtures under these conditions.
“The data was then used to construct more accurate and efficient models of fluid properties inside the scrub column,” said Dr May.
“This advance will not only enable LNG operators to avoid expensive delays but also provide engineers with the knowledge needed to lower the energy required to produce the LNG, reducing the environmental footprint of such major developments.”
It’s been heady work for the recipient of the 2010 WA Early Career Scientist Award and the 2012 Prime Minister’s Award for Physical Scientist of the Year, who also holds the Chevron Chair of Gas Processing at UWA.
“At the beginning, you never know for sure exactly how you’re going to overcome the challenges,” Dr May said. “But then one day you’re looking at the new data and you suddenly see the answer. This project has become increasingly enjoyable and rewarding as we’ve gone from very fundamental science to an outcome that’s very applied.
“We’re now looking at building a micro scale replica LNG plant for research, training and education that again will be unique in the world,” he said.
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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There is a literal cost when society abandons the concept of sin. Many people will find that it reduces their bank balance.
The state fines people when they break its laws. On the other hand, God calls the breaking of His law ‘sin’ and He gives sinners a verbal warning. Fines reduce one’s bank balance; God’s warnings reduce one’s self-esteem, which is why people do not like either of them. God warns sinners time after time, because of His toleration and patience. The state is not so tolerant, but fines and imprisons those who transgress its laws.
Without the middle ground of sin, a concept that works on people’s conscience, the state has only blunt instruments to maintain order and civil peace – the law, punishment, peer group pressure and the fear of punishment. There is no love here – no motivation to keep the law other than the fear of public disapproval or the fear of punishment. Tony Blair’s administration created new laws at an increasing rate but he noted upon leaving office as Prime Minister that although Parliament can make laws, it cannot motive people to keep its laws.
Christianity teaches the need for reformation both individually and nationally. It does so by the Bible, the Word of God. “The pen is mightier than the sword.” The Bible calls it ‘sin’ when people disobey the law of God, a word that has disappeared out of public debate.
It is not the role of the state to punish sin. It punishes crime. The state does not know how to deal with sin properly. However British law is beginning to punish thoughtcrime with fines. Thoughtcrime is the secular equivalent of sin. It is based upon political correctness, which is the current term for secular morality.
Thoughtcrime could be a good source of revenue for a secular state. Fining people is also the secular way to impose its will upon society.
Secular fines are replacing Christian preaching as the means to maintain order in modern Britain. Even the Jews have forgotten how to atone for sin. In the absence of the Jerusalem Temple, they now teach that atonement is made by personal good works and charity – just the same as every other non-Christian religion. The problem of motivating people to keep the law is still there.
Society is paying a heavy price by denying the concept of sin, which follows upon the secular denial of the Being of God.
On the other hand, naming sin addresses people’s conscience and God gives them time to repent. Not so the state. When you break its laws, you will be punished, usually by a fine or even imprisonment. There are modern modifications of this, such as ‘three strikes and you are out’ or possibly ‘community service’, however these are not common. Rather, the state uses the fear of punishment to keep control of the population, while secularists complain about the fear elicited in them by the concept of God and eternity. The difference is that God gives plenty of warning and gives time for repentance.
However, as wickedness grows, the ungodly discover that there are not enough policemen, judges, jails and time to keep up with their criminal activities, so even the fear of punishment diminishes. The Metropolitan Police, overwhelmed by terrorist activity, has announced that it will not investigate some ‘low-level’ forms of crime because of funding cuts.
This is the price of the secular agenda.
This feeds through to an increasing cost on society by a growing criminal justice system and the inefficiency of a corrupt society. It is time to repent ‘towards God’.
“O how I love Thy law! it is my meditation all the day” Ps 119:97
“For this is the love of God, that we keep His commandments: and His commandments are not heavy” 1Jn 5:3
31 Oct 2017: in the absence of sin we now have ‘morality patrols’, a term used by Melanie Phillips.
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Helen Bannerman, born Helen Brodie Cowan Watson (February 25, 1862 in Edinburgh – October 13, 1946 in Edinburgh), was a Scottish author of children's books. She is best known for her first book, Little Black Sambo (1899).
Bannerman was born in Edinburgh. Because women were not admitted into British universities, she sat external examinations set by the University of St. Andrews, attaining the qualification of Lady Literate in Arts (LLA) in 1887. She then married William Burney Bannerman, a physician and an officer in the Indian Medical Service (IMS). The couple then moved to India, taking up residence in Madras (modern-day Chennai), capital of the state of Tamil Nadu on the southeastern seacoast, populated mostly by the Tamil ethnic group. During their 30 years in India they had four children: daughters Janet (b. 1893) and Day (b. 1896), and sons James "Pat" Patrick (b.1900) and Robert (b. 1902).
She died in Edinburgh in 1946 of cerebral thrombosis.
The illustrations and settings of Bannerman's books are all about Indians and their culture. Little Black Sambo has ghee, tigers, and a bazaar, The Story of Little Black Mingo has jungle, a mugger (a kind of crocodile), a dhobi, and a mongoose, Little Black Quasha has a bazaar and tigers, and The Story of Little Black Quibba has mangoes and elephants.
The name Sambo came to be seen as a slur on people of color, causing the books to often be blacklisted or censored. This prompted a new version co-authored by Fred Marcellino called The Story of Little Babaji, with the names of the main characters changed. Earlier, in 1976, Platt & Munk Publishers issued a version of Little Black Sambo with the parents' names identifiably Indian, and the picturesque illustrations altered to indicate decidedly Indian clothing.
- The Story of Little Babaji (with Fred Marcellino), 1996 (Little Black Sambo with more politically-correct names), ISBN 0-06-205064-8
- Sam and the Tigers
- The Story of Little Black Sambo, 1899
- Story of Little Black Mingo, 1901
- The Story of Little Black Quibba, 1902
- Little Degchie-Head: An Awful Warning to Bad Babas, 1903
- Little Kettle-Head, 1904
- Pat and the Spider, 1905
- The Teasing Monkey, 1907
- Little Black Quasha, 1908
- Story of Little Black Bobtail, 1909
- Sambo and the Twins, 1936
- Little White Squibba, 1965. This is a rewrite of Little Black Sambo with a white girl as heroine. Elizabeth Hay (1981) wrote that Helen's daughter Day completed the Squibba book from scribbles Helen had written down.
- Jeyathurai, Dashini. "The complicated racial politics of Little Black Sambo", South Asian American Digital Archive, April 4, 2012
- Stories for Little Children, p. 376 (1920) Houghton Mifflin, New York
- Mary Stone, ed. (1908) Children's Stories that Never Grow Old, p. 173, Reilly & Britton Company, Chicago
- Helen Bannerman (1902) The Story of Little Black Quibba
- (Hay 1981, pp. 152–153)
- Hay, Elizabeth (1981), Sambo Sahib: the story of Little Black Sambo and Helen Bannerman (1st ed.), Edinburgh: Paul Harris Publishing, ISBN 0-904505-91-X
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Moderate reasoning
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Literature
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Glucose meters have improved radically over the past decades; they are now small battery operated devices, convenient for people who need to check their blood glucose level, quickly and privately, but still lead an active lifestyle
These meters work by reading a small drop of blood placed on a test strip (disposed of after use). Over the past decades, these devices have continued to become smaller, more accurate, and able to make accurate readings much faster. Additionally the most accurate blood glucose meter are now designed with additional features such as storing results, recording insulin dosages, as well as interfacing with the users home computer, allowing these readings to be imported into various software programs.
Size is not necessarily an indication of a superior product, since most glucose metering devices, are manufactured as small, battery-operated, and allowing the user to easily carry them as they live their life. These meters are used by millions worldwide, allowing them more accurate control of their blood sugar levels. This best-rated glucose meter is very small and very accurate.
Glucose monitoring devices are normally differentiated based on an assortment of features, including blood sample size, results time and the ability to store information (interfacing with a home computer), as well as alternate testing sites, (forearm or other areas) than the tip of your finger. And while we are focusing on the most accurate glucose monitor being used by individuals, they are also used by medical professionals such as:
NOTE: modern blood glucose meters contain biosensors, these sensors can detect blood from the forearm (or other areas), negating the need to continuously prick the finger to draw blood.
For those with diabetes, there is nothing more important than owning the most accurate glucose meter, along with regular exercise and healthy diet, doing this is crucial for overall health and longevity. In order to take charge of your diabetes, it is a mandatory to measure glucose levels on a systematic and regular basis, adjusting your lifestyle as necessary, based on a doctor's recommendation.
(SMBG) or self monitoring of blood glucose, allows the user to know ahead of time if their blood glucose levels are tending towards hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. This fact alone makes owning the most accurate blood glucose meter a very important fact of life. Depending on the blood glucose meter you are using, it should take anywhere from a few seconds up to 1 min. to obtain an accurate reading.
The most accurate blood glucose meters are equipped with audio, allowing accurate measurements even if the user is visually impaired. Certain meters, will also measure ketones, as well as glucose levels.
There are a multitude of glucose meters to choose from, but having an accurate blood glucose meter, is much more important, than simply choosing the least expensive model. Discuss your plans with friends, family and health care professionals, and then choose the meter you are most comfortable with. Doing so will allow those with diabetes to maintain a healthy and active lifestyle.
Building your own home bar? Looking for the right refrigerator? Let's talk about the best refrigerator options for a home bar.
A perfect home bar has both some sort of refrigerator to keep drinks cold and some sort of ice maker so ice is always ready to prepare drinks. Many home owners opt to buy a portable ice maker like one of these.
For wine lovers, having one of these best wine cooler refrigerators is a must as well.
First thing to think about is that basic refrigeration is a necessity to produce ice to cool down those beverages. The ice can be produced by a freezer compartment of a refrigerator in the kitchen and brought to the bar via an insulated cooler to be stored there. Many home bars also have a wine cooler refrigerator too. The bartender could then reach into the cooler in the bar to place ice cubes in the guest's drinks.
Another way to keep drinks cold, particularly beers and soft drinks would be to have a portable refrigerator either in the bar or near it. These small electrical units can be easily found for purchase and fit nicely in most home bars.
Reader Jim asked: "Which is the BEST home bar refrigerator?" Here's our list of the best refrigerators for a home bar whether it's for a man cave, a basement bar, a game room, a wet bar or any place you're like to have access to cold drinks.http://homebar.involvery.com
We've already talked about how wonderful it is to have a portable countertop ice maker for your home bar, but what about other DIY home bar accessories - what do you really NEED? Nowadays, the bar accessories market has gotten a little out of control. There are so many different bar gadgets out there now...http://homebar.involvery.com
Another way to ensure that guests have iced drinks is to install an icemaker in the bar itself. This is not as difficult a task as it seems. There are small portable ice makers on the market that can be purchased and placed under the home bar counter. Happily, these ice makers do not require a drainage system, so plumbing is a non-issue.
Other sites might tell you it's the BEST portable ice maker, but is it REALLY? Before you end up buying a piece of junk, take a look at what our research has uncovered about the supposedly "best" portable ice makers. If you're curious (or in a hurry): ✅ This specific Portable Ice Maker is the...http://homebar.involvery.com
This begins my quest to find a really good portable ice cube machine maker gadget. Here are some reviews, videos, etc that I've collected that really helped me - hope they help you, too. (note, I'm also looking for a good cooler, so you'll see...https://tackk.com
We've been shopping around for one of those portable ice maker machines that sit on your countertop and have been a bit over-whelmed with ALL the options and different models available.To shortcut my research, I decided to see what other sites had...https://tackk.com
Houzz.com - Basement Bar design ideas and photos. The largest collection of interior design and decorating ideas on the Internet, including kitchens and bathrooms.
Explore basement bar ideas and designs at HGTV for tips on how to transform your basement space into a chic bar area.
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Moderate reasoning
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Home & Hobbies
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With a hearty congratulations to Sara Gilbert and Linda Perry, our Baby Name of the Day is Rhodes.
Back in the fourth century BC, the island of Rhodes had just warded off a massive invasion. In celebration, they commissioned statue of the son god, Helios. Some of the metal in the frame was melted down weaponry.
Helios was 30 meters high. For comparison, the Statue of Liberty is 46 meters – not counting her pedestal. Of course, Lady Liberty was designed and built in the late nineteenth century, two millennia later.
The statue stood somewhere near the harbor entrance, though there’s debate as to the exact placement. We know that the statue probably didn’t straddle the harbor, even though most depictions show Helios mid-water.
Suffice to say that the Helios statue, better known as the Colossus of Rhodes, was a marvel, and is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
It stood for over fifty years, until the great earthquake of 226 BC, when the Colossus snapped at the knees. It could have been rebuilt, but the people decided that they might have displeased Helios with their tribute, and decided against reconstruction.
The pieces remained where they’d fallen for centuries, until the 600s, when an Arab army captured Rhodes and carted away the bronze and other materials as the spoils of war.
Plenty of people have answered to Rhodes as a surname.
There’s no connection to the statue. Instead, it comes from the Old English rod or Middle German rode, all words used to mean a clearing in the woods. So it’s a place name turned last name.
It’s also no relation to the English word road, which didn’t come along until the 1500s. But there have been plenty of people called Dusty Rhodes, along with authors and athletes, politicians and military commanders answering to Rhodes.
Two famous bearers take this name in more directions.
British businessman Cecil Rhodes made a fortune mining diamonds in South Africa. The African region Rhodesia is named in his honor. But he’s best remembered for the scholarship fund created in his will.
Rhodes scholarships allow foreign students to study at Oxford University. It’s a highly competitive process, and “Rhodes scholar” signals significant academic achievement – a colossus of the classroom.
Here’s another twist: Iron Man’s BFF is James Rhodes, also known as Rhodey. He’s got his own Stark Industries-designed suit, and fights the good fight as War Machine. Don Cheadle has played the role in recent movie adaptations of Iron Man and The Avengers. There have been rumors of a War Machine-centered movie, but so far, they’re just that.
Even without a starring role, Cheadle has raised the profile of the name – and that great nickname Rhodey.
Let’s call Rhodes one to watch.
41 boys were given the name in 2013 – a new high. With place name style, ties to the ancient world, and that great ends-in-s sound, it’s easy to imagine parents embracing this name. A celebrity birth announcement can only help make us even more aware of Rhodes’ rich potential.
What do you think of Rhodes? Will it take off as a baby name in the next few years?
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Strong reasoning
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Social Life
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If you suffer from a peptic or duodenal ulcer, the last thing you might consider taking is hot Cayenne Pepper. This goes against everything you've ever heard about what aggravates an ulcer, the facts are that most "spicy" foods do just the opposite. Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper) can reduce pain which serves as a local anesthetic to ulcerated tissue in the stomach and can even help to control bleeding in the stomach.
Some individuals may be bothered by eating "Red Pepper" or spicy foods, these foods do not cause the formation of gastric ulcers in normal people. An interesting note is that people suffering from ulcers usually avoid Cayenne Pepper, in fact those people may actually benefit from its therapeutic action.
1) Taking Capsicum may significantly reduce the risk of ever developing a peptic ulcer. A Chinese study published in 1995 stated, "Our data supports the hypothesis that the chile used has a protective effect against peptic ulcer disease."
Another 1995 study found that Capsicum can even protect the stomach lining from aspirin induced ulcers.
2) Aspirin can cause stomach ulceration in certain individuals or if taken with too little water or juice. Researchers have concluded after experimenting with human volunteers that the capsaicin content of capsicum has a definite gastro - protective effect on the mucous membranes of the stomach.
3) Eighteen healthy volunteers with normal gastrointestinal mucosa took chile and water followed by 600 mg of aspirin and water. The study was conducted over a period of four weeks. Endoscopy results showed that taking 20 grams of chile before the aspirin definitely demonstrated a protective action on the stomach lining.
4) Capsicum has the ability to rebuild stomach tissue.
Capsicum has the ability to bring blood to regions of tissue at a faster rate boosts the assimilation of foods that are consumed with it.
5) Several clinical studies support this phenomenon. It has been thought that Capsicum stimulate the release of substances which increase secretions in the stomach and intestines plus can increase an abundance of blood to the stomach and intestines.6 In fact, Capsicum can increases the flow of digestive secretions from the salivary, gastric and intestinal glands.
1 J. Y. Kang, et al. "The effect of chile ingestion of gastrointestinal mucosal proliferation and azoxymethane-induced cancer in the rat." Journal of Gastroenterology-Hepatol. Mar-Apr. 1992: 7 (2): 194-98.
5 L. Limlomwongse, et al. "Effect of capsaicin on gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow in the rat." Journal of Nutrition. 1979: 109, 773-77. See also T. Kolatat
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Minimum Volume and Maximum Surface
This is a multi-objective optimization problem, with two competing objectives. This example consists of three cuboids with different variable parameters, such as height and location. The objectives of the graph are to find an option with minimal volume and maximum combined surface area.
This sample file is available in the most recent version of Generative Design in Revit.
The three cuboids ('C1', 'C2' and 'C3') represent buildings and can vary in different ways:
- C1 can only change in height.
- C2 and C3 can vary in both height and location.
We describe these two goals as 'competing' because both goals vary in the same direction meaning that increasing the floor area increases the surface area and visa versa. As a result, there is no one optimal solution maximizing floor area and minimizing surface area and we get a set of optimal solutions on Pareto front.
Above: The three cuboids joined together to form one solid.
It is important to make sure here that all the nodes controlling the size and location of the cuboids are set as 'IsInput' in the Dynamo graph.
Whenever an input parameter is changed, the option's volume and total surface area will be re-calculated. These two values are the 'fitness' values and need to be set as 'IsInput' in the Dynamo graph.
When running this graph, you will need to follow these steps:
- 1.Use the 'Optimize' generation method.
- 2.Under 'Inputs', make sure that all inputs are selected.
- 3.Under 'Outputs', set 'TotalSurfaceArea-MAX' to 'Maximize' and 'TotalVolume-MIN' to 'Minimize'.
- 4.Under 'Settings', input your 'Population Size' and the number of 'Generations' you want.
- 5.Under 'Issues', resolve any items.
- 6.Click 'Generate'.
A multi-objective optimization run will not return one single result, but instead it will show all of the 'non-dominated' options. A 'non-dominated' option means simply that you can't make an option that is better in one of the objectives without compromising another.
By arranging the scatterplot with the 'TotalSurfaceArea-MAX' on the Y-axis and the 'TotalVolume-MIN' on the X-axis, it's easy to browse the options and find the best trade-off solution.
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Moderate reasoning
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Software Dev.
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After 25 years working in the field of forensic science and over two decades of executive experience as a laboratory director, Kathleen Corrado has been named director of the Forensic and National Security Science Institute (FNSSI) in the College of…
Living in the Material World
Understanding the mechanics of cell biology, such as how cells move and form organized structures, has long interested scientists. Addressing these issues by thinking of biological structures as materials may shed light on topics as diverse as how cancer cells move throughout the body or why the brain has ridges.
Jennifer Schwarz, assistant professor of physics in the College of Arts and Sciences, is developing new insights into biological structure, thanks to a $315,000 grant award from the National Science Foundation (NSF). She is using the three-year award to study the organization of an internal “skeleton” of cells and how its structure affects the overall mechanics of cells and larger biological structures, as well as the physical organization of nonliving systems.
Schwarz’s work focuses on rigidity transition in nonliving systems. Rigidity occurs when particles in a fluid, flowing substance become so tightly packed that they form a solid. For example, in a partially filled jar of pennies, coins may slosh around when shaken. But if more coins are packed into the jar, the mass of pennies will become rigid and no longer freely flow.
Schwarz studies this transition process to understand how a solid collection of randomly packed particles can return to a fluid, with the deletion of only one particle. Such understanding may help predict characteristics of nonliving systems, such as how sand avalanches occur.
Her grant project also seeks to understand how the principles of rigidity extend into biological systems. “Understanding the mechanics of these disordered systems, whether they are inside a cell or brain tissue, and how these systems are organized could have interesting implications,” she says.
Cell movement is ripe for investigations into rigidity. Cells are more than stationary “bags of water,” Schwarz says. In fact, cells use interior filamentous supports, collectively known as a cytoskeleton, to maintain their shape.
“All of these filaments can intermingle and connect—you can think of it as a little erector set structure in a cell,” she says. Cell filaments then undergo dynamic remodeling to acquire and lose rigidity to enable movement. Existing filaments at the front end of a moving cell can send off small branches of new filament to inch the entire cell forward. Cancer cells use this type of movement to spread themselves throughout the host’s body, making this line of inquiry particularly important.
Schwarz also plans to investigate the mechanics of complex organs such as the brain. Brain tissue is composed of different cell types, including neurons and support cells called glial cells. Glial cells have an interesting trait—when compressed, they stiffen. Schwarz says this is opposite to the intuitive expectation that applying force to the many tiny filaments would make them buckle, making the cell more squishy. She hopes to figure out what explains the stiffness of glial cells, as well as the mechanics underlying why the brain is grooved in general.
Schwarz will employ computer modeling to investigate these complex biological questions in a more tractable way. By controlling physical influences on theoretical systems, she will be able to get down to the basics of how rigidity arises and is maintained in living systems, and how rigid structures respond to external pressures. This approach would enable her to systematically study the role of different forces that contribute to rigidity, such as friction, which would be impossible to avoid in a physical system.
This grant award follows Schwarz’s receipt of a 2007 NSF CAREER award, which recognized her exemplary research and teaching record. She has been a member of the physics department since 2005.
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en
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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11 December 2019 marks the 137th birth anniversary of Max Born, who came to IISc on CV Raman’s invitation
The Mysterious Number 137 was the title of a lecture that Max Born delivered to the South Indian Science Association in Bangalore on 7 November 1935. Called the fine structure constant α, 137 is a dimensionless entity (its value is actually its reciprocal), calculated using the charge of an electron, Planck’s constant and the speed of light. Since the early 1900s, some physicists have suggested that this number could be at the heart of a Grand Unified Theory because it combines electromagnetism, gravity and quantum mechanics.
The talk was among over 30 lectures that Born gave, both within and outside the Institute, in his capacity as a Reader in Theoretical Physics at IISc, a position he held for six months. The Institute’s 1935-36 Annual Report states that his presence provided great stimulus to the work in the Physics Department, which had just been established by IISc’s Director CV Raman. The report adds that besides giving lucid lectures, Born continued his own investigations and directed theoretical physics research in the department. But during this period, a political drama, in which Born inadvertently became an actor, was also being played out – one that determined not just his future at IISc but also that of Raman and the direction of research at India’s best known science institution.
When Born arrived in IISc on 28 September 1935, with his wife Hedwig (Hedi), he was already a distinguished physicist who was closing in on his 53rd birthday. In the 1920s, along with the likes of Erwin Schrödinger, James Franck, and Werner Heisenberg, he had been instrumental in developing the foundations of quantum mechanics, the theory that describes nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. As a professor at the University of Göttingen, he mentored several physicists, including Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer and Pascual Jordan – besides his assistant Heisenberg – making the German university one of the most important centres for physics in the world.
But not long after, Born’s life – both professional and personal – came to a crossroads. In 1928, he had been nominated by Albert Einstein for the Nobel Prize in Physics (Einstein himself had a strained relationship with quantum mechanics. Annoyed with its probabilistic nature, he famously declared in a letter to Born that “God does not play dice with the universe”). The Nobel Prize Committee, however, did not deem Born’s work worthy of the honour, even though Heisenberg received the Prize in 1932 and Schrödinger the following year (Born eventually won the Prize in 1954). But, by the early 1930s, being overlooked for the award was not what was uppermost on his mind.
Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. “Then one evil event followed the other,” writes Born in his autobiography My Life: Recollections of a Nobel Laureate. On 25 April, he was suspended from his job because of his Jewish heritage. In the coming months, he was also to lose his doctorate, professorship, property, and citizenship. When he was suspended, Born’s first thought was about the effect it would have on the research at Göttingen. “All I had built up in Göttingen, during twelve years’ hard work, was shattered. It seemed to me like the end of the world,” he writes. His next thought was the safety of his family. “I went for a walk in the woods, brooding on how to save my family,” he adds. He realised that they – Max, Hedi, and their daughters Irene and Gritli – had to leave their homeland. In early May, they fled Germany by train and made their way to northern Italy.
The family then moved to Cambridge, UK, where Born had been offered a temporary lecturership position. During his time there, he received a letter from India. It was from Raman. The Indian physicist had, with the help of KS Krishnan, discovered what came to be known as the Raman Effect. The discovery, for which Raman was knighted in 1929 and won the Nobel Prize in 1930, provided further evidence for the quantum nature of light.
During his time there, he received a letter from India. It was from Raman
In the letter, Raman asked Born if he could recommend names of “young and efficient” theoretical physicists who might be interested in working in IISc. The latter responded by saying that even if he did, he could not persuade any of them to go to Bangalore without knowing much about the place. Then Raman wrote back asking Born if he himself could come to IISc for six months to “have a look at the place.” Born was inclined to make the move since his Cambridge appointment was going to end soon. He consulted with Hedi, who readily agreed to join him. At Cambridge, she had no friends, felt cut off from her roots, and was overworked, according to Born. Once Born said yes, it did not take Raman long to convince the Governing Council of IISc to create a temporary position of Reader in Theoretical Physics. For his services, Born would receive an honorarium of Rs 15,000 for a period of six months, more than what he was getting paid at Cambridge.
The Borns arranged for their children to be sent to live with families of friends and set off for India on the steamer Staffordshire. They arrived in Cochin (now Kochi), where they spent a day, and travelled to Bangalore from there. At IISc, they were received by Raman’s wife Lokasundari Ammal, who took them to a two-storey bungalow, which was to be their home for the next few months. “We had a large garden with beautiful trees and flowers,” writes Born, “and two tennis courts which were screened off by marvellous bougainvillea shrubs. The Raman family lived in a similar house just across the road.”
The Borns did not get to meet Raman for the first few days. And when they did, they were fascinated by his appearance and talk. To Hedi, Raman in his Indian dress and turban looked like a prince from the Arabian Nights.
During their stay, the Borns played tennis and socialised, mostly with Indians. They also travelled to Bombay, Agra, Nilgiris, and Mysore for the annual Dasara festivities. Hedi, in particular, seemed to be enjoying herself in India, in stark contrast to her time in Cambridge. This in spite of two major illnesses, including a nasty sunstroke which kept her in bed in a dark room for weeks together.
Born had mixed feelings about India. Though the stay was pleasant, he was disconcerted by certain aspects of life here: the poverty, the gulf that divided Indians and the British, the opulence of the Maharajas, and the caste system.
In Bangalore, Born also got to meet Mysore’s Dewan Mirza Ismail, whom he came to admire. “He was a Mohemmedan while the majority of the inhabitants of Mysore were Hindu. But this seemed to cause no friction,” he writes. When Ismail asked Born whether he knew any good architects to work for Mysore State, Born suggested the name of his nephew Otto Koenigsberger, who had also fled Germany. Koenigsberger eventually became the State Architect of Mysore, designing and building several prominent buildings in Bangalore, including in IISc.
On the academic front, Born spent a considerable amount of his time preparing for and giving lectures. Even though he and Raman often had “violent” discussions on modern theoretical physics, they got along well. Raman was keen to create a permanent chair for the German in the Institute. When he asked Born about whether he would be willing to stay on in Bangalore, Born – and Hedi – were open to the idea. Two search committees were set up, one in Bangalore (led by Raman), and the other in London (led by the physicist Ernest Rutherford). This seemed a mere formality – both committees were in favour of offering the position to Born.
However, Raman also had to seek the approval of the Senate – the faculty body – and the Council. With some persuasion and questionable tactics, he was able to convince them to create a Professorship in Mathematical Physics at IISc (Born writes that Raman later informed him that he intentionally sent invites to his “enemies” on the Council late so that they would not show up).
I was so shaken that when I returned to Hedi, I simply cried,” Born writes
It was during the Senate meeting that Born first got a whiff of the ugly spat between Raman and IISc’s establishment. At the meeting, Kenneth Aston, an Englishman recently hired as a professor in the Electrical Technology Department, attacked not just Raman but also Born. “The English Professor Aston went up and spoke in a most unpleasant way against Raman’s motion, declaring that a second-rank foreigner driven out from his own country was not good enough for them. This was particularly disappointing since we had been kind to the Astons, as I mentioned before [they stayed as guests with the Borns when they arrived until their bungalow was ready]. I was so shaken that when I returned to Hedi, I simply cried,” Born writes.
In 1933, when Raman became Director of IISc 24 years after it was founded, it still had only four departments: General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Electrical Technology. And research was skewed heavily towards industrial applications. Among his main tasks as Director was to establish a physics department, a recommendation that had been made by two government-appointed review committees, the Pope Committee in 1921 and the Sewell Committee in 1931.
Once the department was set up, Raman – its only faculty member – initiated investigations in key areas of theoretical and experimental physics with his students, leading to several publications of high quality in a short period of time. But Raman realised that in order for him to make Bangalore a world-class centre for physics, it would need world-class physicists. He was particularly keen that IISc become a hub for atomic physics.
Raman’s tenure as Director coincided with the rise of the Nazis in Germany. Several physicists of Jewish heritage were being forced out of their country. Raman believed that he might be able to convince some of them to come to IISc. “[After setting up new lines of research], he then identified gaps in knowledge in India and adopted a strategy of trying to recruit to the Institute faculty from among the reputed scientists who were fleeing from the tyranny of Hitler,” says S Ramaseshan, Raman’s nephew and former Director of IISc, in a profile of his uncle in Current Science.
It was then that Raman invited Born to IISc. Later he also wrote to a few other Jewish scientists, including Schrödinger, who, according to Ramaseshan, wrote back saying that Raman’s offer arrived a bit too late as he had just accepted an offer from the School for Theoretical Physics in Dublin, Ireland. He adds that Schrödinger also expressed his regret that he could not settle in the land of the Upanishads.
Raman’s effort to bring international scientists to IISc was part of an ambitious project to make IISc be counted among the best in Asia, if not the world. “In walks a spirited giant who finds this set-up all wrong. His mind is full of visions of Cambridge and Caltech, and he wants to recreate their atmosphere in his backyard,” writes G Venkataraman, a condensed matter physicist and science historian, in his book Journey into Light: Life and Science of CV Raman. But it did not take long for Raman’s grand plans to be thwarted.
Opposition to Raman began with his attempt to speed things up at the “sleepy place where little work was done by a number of well-paid people,” as Born describes IISc. Raman’s enthusiasm to change the work culture at IISc was perceived as criticism of the establishment. But there were other reasons for the growing animosity between him and some faculty members as well as the Council.
Raman wanted the work in physical chemistry (he called it chemical physics), then being undertaken in the General Chemistry Department, to be conducted under his watchful eyes in the new Physics Department. The move upset HE Watson, a professor in the General Chemistry Department, who resigned in protest. Born suspected that there was more to this resignation than his resentment of an administrative decision. “Watson’s friends and he himself may have expected that he was to be the new Director after Sir Martin [Forster] retired. Certainly Watson did not like to continue under an Indian Director. I was told this by some of Watson’s English friends,” recounts Born in a letter to Rutherford written after he left Bangalore and returned to the UK.
In the early 1930s, IISc’s finances were not in great shape – the Mysore State had reduced its annual contribution from Rs 50,000 to Rs 30,000. But Raman, given his ambitious goals for the Physics Department, wanted more money, more than the capital grant of Rs 1 lakh (and the recurring sum of Rs 25,000) allocated by the Institute. “He therefore re-apportioned the budget to aid the fledgling Physics Department, an act which invited charges of embezzlement!” Venkataraman writes.
The situation was precipitated by Raman’s apparent lack of administrative tact – a flaw in his character that even his most ardent cheerleaders find hard to defend. “Raman’s ebullience and sharp tongue, his pride and prejudice, not infrequently surfaced to such levels that open mindedness and the future of the Institute had to take a backseat,” Subbarayappa concedes in his book In Pursuit of Excellence: A History of the Indian Institute of Science. “Raman went in there like a bull in a china shop,” writes Ramaseshan.
It was under these circumstances that Raman was working towards creating a permanent professorship for Born, a move that was not popular among some faculty members. The Born episode brought things to a boil, notes Venkataraman, leading to games of one-upmanship between Raman and the Council.
In the letter to Rutherford, Born writes that he did not see the unprecedented verbal attack on Raman and him at the Senate meeting as an isolated incident. He was convinced that the Council appointed Kenneth Aston as a professor to stir trouble and weaken Raman.
Amidst rising tensions, the Government in January 1936 appointed another review committee, headed by James Irvine, Principal and Vice Chancellor of the University of St Andrews, UK. Its mandate was to look into the working of the Institute and to make recommendations on how it could fulfil the purpose for which it was set up, while taking into account its financial resources.
Some historians have suggested that the real reason the committee was instituted was to clip Raman’s wings and undo his controversial decisions. Born concurred. He writes that Raman’s enemies in the Council had made up their mind to get rid of him. “It was evident to me from the beginning that they had received instructions beforehand.”
The Irvine Report was submitted in late March that year. Among its many suggestions included the appointment of a Registrar, thus creating a parallel power structure in IISc. It also blamed Raman for the faulty use of Institute funds. While appreciating the work done in physics, the report expressed concern that the “centre of gravity” had shifted from chemistry to pure physics. It believed that modern mathematical physics “has little contact with industry, and in this respect cannot compete with Chemistry as a subject likely to be of service to India.”
On the issue of Max Born, the report said that though “the presence of an eminent mathematician such as Dr Born would have a stimulating effect on the activities of the Department of Physics,” the recently-approved position of Professor of Mathematical Physics should be abolished. The Committee justified the suggestion on the basis of the prevailing fiscal condition of the Institute.
The recommendations of the report were discussed at length at an extraordinary meeting of the Council in June 1936. At the meeting, a memorandum was also circulated by Raman critiquing many of its suggestions. But a majority of the members present were in favour of accepting them.
“Meanwhile, the opposition to Raman had been gathering momentum,” Subbrayappa writes. He was becoming increasingly isolated. Born, who left India at the end of his six-month appointment, pleaded with Rutherford to intervene and “save Raman from a precipitous fall,” Subbarayappa adds. However, Rutherford’s attempted intervention had little impact on the Council. Eventually on 19 July the following year, Raman was forced to resign as Director but continued as a professor and the Head of the Physics Department until he retired in 1948.
Born and Raman remained friends for a few years after the former left IISc. Raman even invited Born to become an Honorary Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, which he founded. But their relationship soured in later years, thanks to an intellectual dispute that had its origins in Born’s lectures in Bangalore. In IISc, Born devoted a few of his talks to the theory of lattice dynamics – the theory of how atoms in crystalline solids stick to each other and vibrate. But Raman felt that the theory did not explain the experimental observations he had made in his lab.
But their relationship soured in later years, thanks to an intellectual dispute that had its origins in Born’s lectures in Bangalore
During the ensuing debate, which went on for many years, most theoretical physicists threw their weight behind Born, who had become the Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in the UK. In 1947, Born’s student Helen Smith’s experiments also supported his ideas (though research in the 1950s and early 1960s showed that Raman was partly right). Raman seemed to take it personally.
The Borns met the Ramans twice after they left India. The first was at Bordeaux in France for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of the Raman Effect. At the reception, they greeted each other cordially, according to Born. But for the rest of the congress, Raman “was nervous, excitable and aggressive.” The second time they met was at one of the Lindau meetings of Nobel Laureates in Germany. Again, Raman greeted them cordially, but the next day his attitude changed, writes Born. “He must have suddenly remembered that I was his ‘enemy’.”
Born and Hedi were especially disappointed that the controversy affected their relationship with Lokasundari. “Hedi and I regret all this and particularly the split between us and Lady Raman, whom we loved dearly,” he laments.
Nonetheless, Born was an admirer of Raman’s devotion to research and the risks he was willing to take for Indian science. “It makes me sad to think that by inviting me to India and trying to keep me there permanently he has brought himself into a precarious situation, and had to give up this leading position at the [Indian] Institute of Science.”
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2019/12/when-raman-brought-born-to-bangalore/
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en
| 0.987654 | 4,180 | 2.609375 | 3 | 3.042974 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Is There a Difference Between Alzheimer’s and Dementia?Alzheimer's, Dementia & Memory Care | May 22, 2017
Alzheimer’s vs. Dementia
It’s not uncommon for the words “Alzheimer’s disease” and “dementia” to be used interchangeably. After all, they are both known for causing issues with memory, cognition and behavior. This makes it difficult for the patient, the family, and even some health care providers to understand what a dementia diagnosis truly means.
However, it’s important to understand that Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are not the same. Dementia is the term used to describe the overall symptoms that affect mental cognitive tasks such as memory and reasoning; it’s the umbrella term that Alzheimer’s can fall under. In other words, Alzheimer’s is simply one type of dementia.
What is Dementia?
When individuals are given a dementia diagnosis, it means they have significant memory problems and other cognitive difficulties that affect their daily lives. They may experience difficulties not only with their memory, but with language and communication, problem solving and judgment, and planning and organization.
However, dementia itself is not a disease, it’s a syndrome. There are several conditions that can cause dementia, including:
- Diseases like Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s that cause degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.
- Stroke or diseases that affect blood vessels, known as vascular dementia.
- Nutritional deficiencies, like vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Head injury, either a single severe injury or several smaller chronic injuries.
- Illnesses other than in the brain, such as lung, liver and kidney diseases.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer’s disease is the cause of as many as 50 to 70 percent of all dementia cases, making it the most prevalent form of dementia. It is a specific type of dementia caused when high levels of proteins inside and outside brain cells make it difficult for the cells to stay healthy and communicate correctly with each other. Ultimately, this leads to the death of nerve cells and the loss of brain tissue.
Understanding the Differences Between Alzheimer’s and Dementia
When an individual is diagnosed with dementia, they are diagnosed purely based on their symptoms. It may be unknown at the time what might be causing them. Also, it’s possible for a person to have more than one type of dementia at a time, which is known as mixed dementia. In fact, around 10 percent of people with dementia have more than one type, with the most common combination being Alzheimer’s disease with vascular dementia.
Think of dementia in terms of a headache. When you have a headache, there could be a variety of different conditions causing it: allergies, the flu, a cold, poor eyesight, etc. The same is true of dementia. While not a disease itself, it’s the clinical presentation of a group of symptoms.
On the other hand, when an Alzheimer’s diagnosis is given, the exact cause of the individual’s symptoms is understood. Additionally, some forms of dementia are reversible if treated early and properly, like dementias that are caused by nutritional issues or medications. However, Alzheimer’s disease is irreversible and progressive, meaning over time the symptoms will gradually worsen.
If you’re concerned that you or a loved one may be displaying some of the common warning signs of dementia or Alzheimer’s, it’s important to talk to your doctor as soon as possible. While there’s no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, starting treatment early can help slow some of the symptoms and improve quality of life.
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<urn:uuid:1e42d5dc-bdfa-412a-ad22-f9f4c5028b1e>
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CC-MAIN-2019-35
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https://www.asccare.com/caregiver-support/difference-alzheimers-dementia/
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en
| 0.933262 | 786 | 3.09375 | 3 | 1.809993 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Thiamin (vitamin B1) is widely available in the diet. It is essential for the processing (metabolism) of carbohydrates (to produce energy) and for normal nerve and heart function. Thiamin is not toxic.
Thiamin deficiency often occurs with other B vitamin deficiencies. It may result from a deficiency in the diet, as may occur in young adults with severe anorexia or in people whose diet consists mainly of highly processed carbohydrates (such as polished white rice, white flour, and white sugar). Polishing rice removes almost all of the vitamins. Alcoholics, who often substitute alcohol for food and thus do not consume enough thiamin, are at high risk of developing this deficiency. Also, alcohol may interfere with the absorption and metabolism of this vitamin.
Thiamin deficiency may also result from disorders or conditions that increase the body's need for thiamin. Examples are thyroid disorders, pregnancy, breastfeeding, strenuous exercise, and fever. Liver disorders may interfere with the metabolism of the vitamin. Having diarrhea for a long time may prevent thiamin from being absorbed, causing a deficiency.
Early symptoms are vague. They include fatigue, irritability, poor memory, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, abdominal discomfort, and weight loss. Eventually, a severe thiamin deficiency (beriberi) may develop, characterized by nerve, heart, and brain abnormalities. Different forms of beriberi cause different symptoms.
Nerve and muscle abnormalities develop. Symptoms include a prickling (pins-and-needles) sensation in the toes, a burning sensation in the feet that is particularly severe at night, and leg cramps and pain. Muscles may become weak and waste away (atrophy).
Heart abnormalities develop. The heart pumps more blood and beats faster. Blood vessels widen (dilate), making the skin warm and moist. Because the heart cannot continue to work at this level, heart failure eventually develops. As a result, fluid accumulates in the legs (as edema) and in the lungs (as congestion), and blood pressure may fall, leading to shock and death.
Thiamin deficiency causes brain abnormalities primarily in alcoholics. Brain abnormalities may be present without causing any symptoms until something happens to worsen the thiamin deficiency, such as an alcoholic binge. Brain abnormalities can also cause symptoms after an alcoholic is given carbohydrates intravenously. Symptoms occur because these extra carbohydrates further increase thiamin requirements. These brain abnormalities are called the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (see see Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome), which has two parts:
This form occurs in infants (usually by age 3 to 4 wk) who are breastfed by a mother who has a thiamin deficiency. In these infants, heart failure may occur suddenly. They may lose their voice (aphonia) to some degree, and they may not have certain reflexes.
Diagnosis and Treatment
The diagnosis is based on symptoms. Tests to confirm the diagnosis are not readily available. Blood tests to measure electrolyte levels are usually done to exclude other possible causes. The diagnosis is confirmed if thiamin supplements relieve symptoms.
All forms of the deficiency are treated with thiamin supplements. They are usually given by mouth. They are given intravenously if symptoms are severe. Because thiamin deficiency often occurs with other B vitamin deficiencies, multivitamins are usually given for several weeks. People are encouraged to eat healthily and are advised to consume 1 to 2 times the daily recommended intake of vitamins. They should not drink any alcohol.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a medical emergency, is treated with high doses of thiamin given intravenously or by injection into a muscle (intramuscularly) for several days. Use of alcohol should be stopped. When people who may be alcoholics must be fed intravenously, they are given thiamin supplements first because they are likely to be deficient in thiamin. Giving them thiamin can prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome from developing or worsening.
With treatment, most people recover completely. In some people with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, some brain damage is permanent. Symptoms of beriberi may recur years after apparent recovery.
Last full review/revision February 2013 by Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD
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<urn:uuid:0a55bc0f-5572-46d3-9fbe-b04c7002b2ed>
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CC-MAIN-2014-42
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http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders_of_nutrition/vitamins/thiamin.html
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|
en
| 0.935278 | 903 | 3.421875 | 3 | 1.980573 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Tonight [Last night] at sunset begins a very solemn day on the Jewish Calendar, Yom HaShoah, Holocaust Remembrance day. It is observed on the 27th day of the month of Nisan, which marks the day when Allied troops liberated the first Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald, Germany, in 1945. The full name of the day is Yom Hashoah Ve-Hagevurah, which means the “Day of (remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism.”
On the morning of April 12th, 1945 General Eisenhower met Generals Bradley and Patton at Ohrdruf Concentration Camp. Afterwards Eisenhower also ordered every American soldier in the area who was not on the front lines to visit Ohrdruf and Buchenwald. He wanted them to see for themselves what they were fighting against. On this Yom HaShoah their words are much more moving then anything I could say:
During the camp inspections with his top commanders Eisenhower said that the atrocities were “beyond the American mind to comprehend.” He ordered that every citizen of the town of Gotha personally tour the camp and, after having done so, the mayor and his wife went home and hanged themselves. Later on Ike wrote to Mamie, “I never dreamed that such cruelty, bestiality, and savagery could really exist in this world.” He cabled General Marshall to suggest that he come to Germany and see these camps for himself. He encouraged Marshall to bring Congressmen and journalists with him. It would be many months before the world would know the full scope of the Holocaust — many months before they knew that the Nazi murder apparatus that was being discovered at Buchenwald and dozens of other death camps had slaughtered millions of innocent people.
General Eisenhower understood that many people would be unable to comprehend the full scope of this horror. He also understood that any human deeds that were so utterly evil might eventually be challenged or even denied as being literally unbelievable. For these reasons he ordered that all the civilian news media and military combat camera units be required to visit the camps and record their observations in print, pictures and film. As he explained to General Marshall, “I made the visit deliberately, in order to be in a position to give first-hand evidence of these things if ever, in the future, there develops a tendency to charge these allegations merely to ‘propaganda.’”
His prediction proved correct. When some groups, even today, attempt to deny that the Holocaust ever happened they are must confront the massive official record, including both written evidence and thousands of pictures, that Eisenhower ordered to be assembled when he saw what the Nazis had done. Source
Yid includes this moving video that ought to be viewed by every human being:
To think there are those today who would deny this ever took place, or those that would again call for the destruction of Israel and the Jews, is a sad commentary on the depravity of some.
And the ignorance and insensitivity evidenced in the following disgraceful tweet on the eve of this day of remembrance is, in my less than humble view, as depraved:
One hopes that the timing of the tweet is sourced not in willfulness but in complete ignorance.
If not, might God overcome the depravity.
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<urn:uuid:63220625-16dc-48cd-9c67-7302a34daca5>
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CC-MAIN-2016-07
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http://wizbangblog.com/2012/04/19/a-very-solemn-day-on-the-jewish-calendar/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157443.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00217-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972063 | 682 | 3.03125 | 3 | 2.930211 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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History
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Moon* ♌ Leo
Moon rises at sunrise and sets at sunset. It's part facing the Earth is completely in shadow.
Moon is passing about ∠11° of ♌ Leo tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc is not visible from Earth. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1775" and ∠1893".
Next Full Moon is the Sturgeon Moon of August 2094 after 15 days on 26 August 2094 at 00:51.
There is high New Moon ocean tide on this date. Combined Sun and Moon gravitational tidal force working on Earth is strong, because of the Sun-Moon-Earth syzygy alignment.
At 13:37 on this date the Moon completes the old and enters a new synodic month with lunation 1169 of Meeus index or 2122 from Brown series.
29 days, 15 hours and 1 minute is the length of new lunation 1169. It is 55 minutes shorter than next lunation 1170 length.
Length of current synodic month is 2 hours and 16 minutes longer than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 4 hours and 47 minutes shorter, compared to 21st century longest.
This New Moon true anomaly is ∠141.9°. At beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠167.4°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep increasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of apogee (∠180°).
12 days after point of perigee on 28 July 2094 at 16:14 in ♒ Aquarius. The lunar orbit is getting wider, while the Moon is moving outward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 2 days, until it get to the point of next apogee on 12 August 2094 at 14:04 in ♌ Leo.
Moon is 403 881 km (250 960 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves farther next 2 days until apogee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 406 544 km (252 615 mi).
2 days after its ascending node on 7 August 2094 at 16:45 in ♋ Cancer, the Moon is following the northern part of its orbit for the next 11 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from North to South in descending node on 22 August 2094 at 04:41 in ♑ Capricorn.
2 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♋ Cancer, the Moon is moving from the beginning to the first part of it.
2 days after previous North standstill on 8 August 2094 at 02:07 in ♋ Cancer, when Moon has reached northern declination of ∠23.329°. Next 12 days the lunar orbit moves southward to face South declination of ∠-23.409° in the next southern standstill on 22 August 2094 at 13:55 in ♑ Capricorn.
The Moon is in New Moon geocentric conjunction with the Sun on this date and this alignment forms Sun-Moon-Earth syzygy.
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<urn:uuid:6077a2af-d39c-48aa-bd18-18227c989c24>
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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http://lunaf.com/lunar-calendar/2094/08/10/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860684.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618164208-20180618184208-00328.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.894449 | 645 | 2.71875 | 3 | 1.920389 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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|시간 제한||메모리 제한||제출||정답||맞은 사람||정답 비율|
|1 초||128 MB||1||1||1||100.000%|
Willy the Weaver is in desperate hope to get married to the most beautiful and delightful female weaver Wilmar. Of course, Willy is not the only weaver interested in Wilmar.
In order to impress the females, weavers build elaborately woven nests using leaf fibers. Tomorrow is the big day on which Wilmar will inspect leave his nest within the hours before sunrise. However, the storm will produce many piles of leaf fibers, so that all weavers will have a chance to improve their nests. Therefore, Willy is curious if he can succeed weaving the most impressive nest, so that Wilmar will finally decide on getting married to him. Since size matters, Willy tries to figure out how large his nest and the ones of his rivals may become.
For this purpose, Willy takes into consideration all known places offering leaf fibers suitable for nest construction. Since weavers do not like to leave their known territory, many of these places can be accessed by a subset of all weavers only, and some might even not be reachable by any weaver.
To reduce complexity, Willy does not want to set up a flight plan. This implies that he does not consider any particular strategy of his rivals nor does he make any assumptions on how many fibers they can carry at a time or how quick and when they fly. It is therefore possible that a weaver succeeds in picking up all fibers in his territory. Finally, Willy assumes that all weavers are as integer as he is: they do not steal fibers from nests of their rivals.
Is there any chance that no weaver will have a larger nest (number of fibers) than Willy after all leaf fibers have been picked up?
The first line contains the number of testcases T (1 ≤ T ≤ 100).
Each test case starts with a line containing two integers. The first integer W (1 ≤ W ≤ 100) is the number of weavers (including Willy); the second one P (1 ≤ P ≤ 400) is the number of places with leaf fibers.
Next come W lines describing the nest of each weaver with four integers x, y, f, and r (0 ≤ x, y, r ≤ 10 000, 1 ≤ f ≤ 10 000): x and y define the position of the nest, f is the size of the nest in number of fibers, and r is the radius of the territory in which the owner of the nest will search for additional fibers. The first of these W lines describes Willy’s nest.
Thereafter follow P lines defining the places with available leaf fibers with three integers x, y, and f (0 ≤ x, y ≤ 10 000, 1 ≤ f ≤ 10 000): x and y define the position of the place, and f is the number of available leaf fibers.
For each test case print one single line containing the string Suiting Success, if Willy has a chance to marry Wilmar after all fibers have been picked up (a tie in nest size is sufficient); else print Lonesome Willy.
2 3 2 0 0 1 10 10 0 1 10 20 0 1 10 5 0 2 15 0 4 3 2 0 0 1 10 10 0 1 10 20 0 1 10 5 0 2 15 0 5
Suiting Success Lonesome Willy
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<urn:uuid:12f76a55-bbda-401c-b8d7-eb61c8816647>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/3972
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320489.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625101427-20170625121427-00416.warc.gz
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en
| 0.941696 | 765 | 2.921875 | 3 | 2.547194 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Software Dev.
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May 28, 2010 | WebMemo on Education
The year 2010 will surely go down as a bad year for Head Start—a “Great Society” pre-school program intended to provide a boost to disadvantaged children before they enter elementary school. First, a scientifically rigorous experimental evaluation of Head Start found that the program largely failed to improve the cognitive, socio-emotional, health, and parenting outcomes compared to the outcomes of similar children. Second, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that Head Start centers located in California, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas, Wisconsin, and the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area were actively enrolling children from families not qualified to participate in the early education program.
But before Members of Congress get too worried about such fraud denying eligible children access to Head Start, they should understand that, according to scientific studies, the program is ineffective to begin with.
Evidence of Fraud
The GAO performed 13 undercover eligibility tests based on fictitious families to determine the prevalence of Head Start grantees enrolling children not qualified to attend the program. The fictitious families were over income limits and had other disqualifying characteristics set by the Office of Head Start. The GAO found:
According to the GAO, their undercover investigations “highlight the ease with which unscrupulous parents could fabricate documentation designed to make it appear as though their children were under-income or otherwise eligible for the program.” The GAO further added, “At no point during our registrations was any of the information contained in fictitious documentation submitted by our parents verified, which indicates that the program is vulnerable to beneficiary fraud in addition to grantee fraud.”
Head Start grantees found by the GAO to have committed fraud should be denied further access to Head Start funding. In addition, those individuals responsible for committing the fraud should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
However, the notion that the participation of ineligible children somehow harms eligible children not allowed access to the program needs to be dispelled. The GAO lamented the fact that the presence of fraud means that some low-income children “do not receive necessary services” due to higher-income children filling their slots. But scientifically rigorous evidence of Head Start’s effectiveness does not support this assertion.
Using random assignment, the national Head Start Impact Study placed almost 5,000 children eligible for Head Start into two treatment conditions based on a lottery. The children who won the lottery were awarded “free” (taxpayer-paid) access to pre-kindergarten Head Start services, while the others either did not attend preschool or sought out alternatives to Head Start.
The national evaluation tracked the progress of three- and four-year-olds entering Head Start through the first grade. Overall, the program had little to no positive effects for children granted access to Head Start. For example, compared to similarly situated children not allowed access to Head Start, access to the program failed to raise the cognitive abilities of Head Start participants on 41 measures. Specifically, the language skills, literacy, math skills, and school performance of the participating children failed to improve.
Alarmingly, access to Head Start for the three-year-old group actually had a harmful effect on the teacher-assessed math ability of these children once they entered kindergarten. Teachers reported that non-participating children were more prepared in math skills than those children who participated in Head Start.
Don’t Mislead the Public
Even if some eligible children are being denied access to Head Start, the best available scientific evidence suggests that they are very likely to be no worse off than if they had attended the program. And they may eventually possess better kindergarten math skills than those children participating in Head Start. While Congress is correct to be concerned about cases of fraud committed by Head Start grantees, Congress should not mislead the public about the effectiveness of Head Start.
David B. Muhlhausen, Ph.D., is Senior Policy Analyst in the Center for Data Analysis at The Heritage Foundation.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, “Head Start Impact Study: Final Report,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/hs/impact_study/reports/impact_study/hs_impact_study_final.pdf (May 19, 2010). For a review of the evaluation’s findings, see David B. Muhlhausen and Dan Lips, “Head Start Earns an F: No Lasting Impact for Children by First Grade,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2363, January 21, 2010, at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2010/01/Head-Start-Earns-an-F-No-Lasting-Impact-for-Children-by-First-Grade.
Gregory D. Kutz, “Head Start: Undercover Testing Finds Fraud and Abuse at Selected Head Start Centers,” testimony before the Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, May 18, 2010, at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10733t.pdf (May 18, 2010).
Ibid., pp. 6–7.
Ibid., p. 7.
Kutz, “Head Start,” p. 12.
Department of Health and Human Services, “Head Start Impact Study: Final Report.”
Ibid., pp. 4-10–4-13, Exhibit 4.2, and pp. 4-21–4-25, Exhibit 4.5.
Ibid., p. 4-26.
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<urn:uuid:1c7d2ae0-e026-449f-b879-d8f611decbbc>
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CC-MAIN-2016-22
|
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/05/head-start-program-fraudulent-and-ineffective?query=Head+Start+Program:+Fraudulent+and+Ineffective
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277091.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00230-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.937539 | 1,186 | 2.546875 | 3 | 2.987275 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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‘Connected Learning’ in Edge Communities
For more than nine weeks now I have been working with a high school in the Central Texas area, getting to know students, teachers, and administrators. Along with a fantastic team of graduate students, we are spending time with an after school digital media club that offers students a range of opportunities to hang out, mess around and geek out. I have also been working directly with two video game development classes on a project we think will offer some insights into creating new kinds of learning environments, learner identities, and youth civic engagement.
Part of our research is designed to explore the opportunities for and influence of 'connected learning' in the lives of teens. What is 'connected learning'? It is a concept that the Connected Learning Research Network, a group of researchers supported by the MacArthur Foundation, will be working to develop and refine. Broadly speaking, connected learning refers to the increasingly complex ways in which young people’s learning ecologies are evolving. It is the notion that, in addition to happening anytime and anywhere, learning happens across the many different networks that teens’ navigate. School is an obvious node in a young learner’s network. But school represents only one node among many others, which includes after school sites, extracurricular activities, online communities, libraries, family, and peer communities just to name a few. When the lines that distinguish each of these is blurred and learning happens fluidly across the different nodes we believe that connected learning -- learning that is social, mobile, engaged, efficacious, student-driven, adult-supported, and civic-oriented -- is happening.
One obvious example of connected learning involves students who are able to connect their out of school or informal learning with learning activities situated in formal learning spaces, namely schools.
A number of questions frame our examination of these learning practices: What are the factors that lead to connected learning? Are some youth more likely than others to experience connected learning? How do various social indicators like race, ethnicity, class, gender, and academic orientation influence the likelihood of connected learning occurring? How can schools encourage connected learning? What is the value of creating opportunities for a greater diversity of young people to experience connected learning?
The high school we are working with is an incredibly diverse environment. The school is a majority-minority site with whites making up about twelve percent of the overall student population. More than twelve percent of students are designated as English Language Learners. There is some degree of economic diversity though more than half, 55%, of the students are designated as low-income. In many respects the school’s demographics reflect the population shifts that are transforming the eighteen year old and younger population in the United States; specifically, the degree to which U.S. children are more racially and ethnically diverse than ever before.
What are we learning about connected learning in this community?
Evidence of Connected Learning
There will be more extensive data collection, analysis, and formal reporting to come but we are beginning to see evidence that connected learning is happening among our students and in a school that is struggling to keep students academically engaged and prepared for meaningful participation in a 21st century information-oriented economy. Some of the early evidence suggest that young people in the social and economic margins are actively building pathways for connected learning for a variety of reasons: to supplement what they view as poorly stimulating classroom experiences; to create rich and rewarding peer and social networks; to move into interest-driven offline and online communities; to develop their digital media production skills in areas such as graphic arts, game design, video, and music production; to foster the development of the civic self; and to develop the skills and competencies they believe hold the key to greater social and economic mobility. Not all of the students we have met fit this description but those distinctions make this community especially fascinating. Why is it that some are developing an orientation toward connected learning and others are not?
In just a short period of time we have discovered that young people who are grappling with the hidden and not so hidden injuries of race, ethnicity, class, and language barriers are practicing very distinct notions of connected learning for reasons and in contexts that researchers currently have not explored with much rigor. Doing so will help provide data and insight to those concerned about the learning divides that are contributing to historic social, educational, and economic inequalities. We believe the answers to these and other questions can help address the inequities that continue to shape the lives of the young and the digital.
Banner image credit: Piece It Together http://www.flickr.com/photos/peaceittogether/5199327258/
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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The recent excavation of a prehistoric American Indian burial site on Ossabaw Island revealed cremated remains, an unexpected find that offers a glimpse into ancient Indian culture along Georgia’s coast.
State archaeologist David Crass of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources said prehistoric cremations were rare, particularly during the early time in which preliminary evidence suggests this one occurred, possibly 1000 B.C. to A.D. 350. The remains also mark the first cremation uncovered on Ossabaw, a state-owned Heritage Preserve about 20 miles south of Savannah.
“This interment broadens our knowledge about … the kinds of belief (involving) death within the Woodland Period,” Crass said. “This is not something we have seen before on Ossabaw Island. Similar cremations on St. Catherine’s Island may point to this practice being more widespread than we have believed up to now.”
Crass said during this time American Indians in Georgia moved to the coast in the winter for shellfish, then inland in the spring for deer hunting and into uplands in the fall for gathering nuts. “This site may have been a winter season camp,” he said.
Erosion from natural causes exposed the burial on an Ossabaw bluff earlier this year. Scientists from the DNR Office of the State Archaeologist, the nonprofit Lamar Institute and the Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns worked under the council’s direction to excavate the roughly 6- by 6-foot pit. As required by state law, Crass informed the council about the situation and organized the excavation at the group’s request.
The work on Georgia’s third-largest barrier island revealed a cremation pit that had been lined with wood and oyster shells. The body had been placed on top of the wood and the contents of the pit burned. The human remains recovered were primarily from extremities, indicating that the deceased had been disinterred after cremation, possibly to be reburied elsewhere.
The charcoal will be submitted for carbon 14 dating, but preliminary analysis of the pottery recovered from the pit suggests the cremation may date to the Refuge-Deptford Phases in the Woodland Period, c.a. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 350. A ground-penetrating radar survey showed many prehistoric American Indian features in the general area, Crass said. The bluff apparently had long been a focal point of prehistoric Indian life.
After analysis, the remains will be reinterred in a secure location under the auspices of the Council on American Indian Concerns. Crass expects the carbon 14 dating results and details on the radar survey by early next year.
Human history runs deep on Ossabaw. Shell mounds and other artifacts here date to 2000 B.C. More than 230 archaeological sites have been recorded. Spanish records indicate the island probably had an early Guale Indian village, according to The New Georgia Encyclopedia. But long before the first European contact on Ossabaw, possibly through the Spanish in 1568, small pox and other diseases unwittingly introduced by the Spanish in Mexico and South America had swept north, devastating populations of native Americans.
Crass said it’s not known what Indians were on the island when the cremation pit was used. But because of its discovery thousands of years later, more will be learned.
Access to Ossabaw is limited to approved research projects and hunts managed by the DNR’s Georgia Wildlife Resources Division. Details at www.georgiawildlife.com. Information on visiting the island for research and educational purposes is also available from The Ossabaw Island Foundation’s Jim Bitler, [email protected].
The Wildlife Resources Division works to protect, conserve, manage and improve Georgia’s wildlife and freshwater fishery resources. The division’s mission also includes managing and conserving protected wildlife and plants, administering and conducting the mandatory hunter safety program, regulating the possession and sale of wild animals, and administering and enforcing the Georgia Boat Safety Act.
The Historic Preservation Division of the Georgia DNR serves as Georgia’s state historic preservation office. The Historic Preservation Division’s mission is to promote the preservation and use of historic places for a better Georgia. Programs include archaeology protection and education, environmental review, grants, historic resource surveys, tax incentives, the National Register of Historic Places, community planning and technical assistance. For more information, call (404) 656-2840 or visit www.gashpo.org.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Today is International Human Rights Day. On this day in 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Then, the world was recovering from World War II, the Holocaust, the rise of Hitler and fascism in Europe, and the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Today, the Bush administration is preparing to unleash another war on the people of Iraq; dozens of prisoners are being held in Guantanemo Bay without access to courts or lawyers; unknown numbers of immigrants have been deported or are in detention in this country; police forces are cracking down on public protests; and everyone in this country is under increasing surveillance by the state.
We thought we’d take a minute to remember the Declaration. A few excerpts:
Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10: Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Article 12: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence…
Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media...
Article 20: Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association...
All over the country, people will be taking to the streets today to protest the looming war in Iraq.
Here in New York hundreds religious leaders will be marching on the United Nations. Over fifty are expected to engage in nonviolent civil disobedience.
The religious leaders will be challenging the morality of another war in Iraq.
Well today we’re going to have a discussion on the role of Christian teaching and the Church in the peace movement.
We’re joined right now by two people from the United Methodist Church the church of President Bush and Vice President Cheney. David Wildman is with the Human Rights & Racial Justice group of the Global Ministries and plans to participate in the march on the UN today.
And we’re joined by the Reverend James Lawson, a longtime peace advocate and civil rights leader. He is considered to be one of the leading architects of the civil rights movement and a personal tutor on nonviolence to Martin Luther King.
His activism began during the Korean War when he was jailed as a conscientious objector. In 1957 he first met Martin Luther King and they soon joined forces to realize their dream of starting a non-violent mass movement. That same year Lawson went to Nashville to teach the mechanics of nonviolence to budding civil rights activists. Lawson continued to work with King until his death but has never given up on their shared dream.
For 14 years he served as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference the organization founded by King to end racial segregation by nonviolent protest. Currently Rev. Lawson is the pastor emeritus at Holman United Methodist Church in Los Angeles.
- Rev. J. M. Lawson, Jr., pastor emeritus, Holman United Methodist Church in Los Angeles. Rev. Lawson was a mentor to Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
- David Wildman, Executive Secretary, Human Rights & Racial Justice group of the Global Ministries, United Methodist Church.
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Strong reasoning
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Politics
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Apostle Paul's First Missionary Journey begins
Paul and Barnabas are ordained by the church as apostles (Acts 13:1-3).
From Syrian Antioch Paul, Barnabas and John Mark begin the first missionary journey (Acts 13:4-52, 14:1-25). They travel to Salamis on the island of Cyprus. After preaching the gospel they walk to Paphos on the other side of the island.
In Paphos the evangelistic team meets with the island's governor and his friend Elymas who is a sorcerer. Paul, after Elymas tries to prevent the governor from receiving and accepting the gospel message, renders the sorcerer blind through a miracle (Acts 13:6-12).
Mark goes back to Jerusalem
Paul, Barnabas, and Mark sail to Perga. After docking Mark leaves and returns to Jerusalem (Acts 13:13). The two evangelists leave Perga and go to Pisidian Antioch.
In Antioch Paul and Barnabas attend a synagogue where the apostle powerfully preaches the gospel (Acts 13:16-41). Although many in the city initially believe what is taught, they are soon turned against the gospel by Jews who do not believe Jesus is the Messiah. (Acts 13:42). The evangelists are thrown out of the area and travel to Iconium. As his custom was Paul preaches in a local synagogue. Once again, sadly, unbelieving Jews stir up many in the city to oppose the truth. After learning of a plot to have them stoned to death, the two preachers flee to Lystra (Acts 14:1-6).
Worshipped, then Stoned
In Lystra Paul heals a crippled man. Those who see the miracle are so amazed that they try to WORSHIP the evangelists like gods (Acts 14:6-13)! Soon, however, Jews from other areas come to the city in order to cause trouble for the two apostles. The crowds are stirred up against Paul and have him STONED. After the stoning his dead body is dragged out of Lystra. He miraculously regains consciousness and re-enters the city. The next day he and Barnabas travel to Derbe (Acts 14:19-20).
A few more cities
Paul and Barnabas preach the gospel in Derbe then retrace their steps back through Lystra, Iconium, and Antioch. They ultimately arrive back at Syrian Antioch (Acts 14:21-26).
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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Most visitors to Russia will have heard of Fabergé, creator of the most ornate and precious Easter eggs on the planet. But how much do you know about these eggs? Here’s what you need to know.
The son of a jeweller
Peter Fabergé, also known as Karl, was born in St Petersburg, the son of a jeweller. His father’s firm flourished and when he retired, his son took over the business. He was a skilled goldsmith and his reputation spread. Under his watch, the House of Fabergé flourished.
An impressive reputation
At the 1882 Pan-Russian Exhibition in Moscow, he was the talk of the town. On display was a copy of a 4th century BC gold bangle. When the Tsar saw it, he declared that he couldn’t distinguish it from the original and demanded that Fabergé provide some of his work to form a display at the Hermitage in St Petersburg. In 1885, Tsar Alexander III conferred on Fabergé the title of “Goldsmith by special appointment to the Imperial Crown”. So impressed was he with the jeweller’s work that he commissioned a special gift for his wife, Empress Maria – an Easter egg. The egg, plain white enamel on the outside, opened to reveal a gold yolk and inside that yolk was a golden hen. Inside the hen was a tiny diamond crown and a tiny ruby egg to wear on a necklace.
A tradition began
Year after year, the House of Fabergé created an egg for the Tsar to gift to the Empress. Each year, the designs became more elaborate. Exquisitely detailed, the exact nature of the egg was a surprise until it was delivered. In all, 50 were made, of which 43 survive. They are made from gold, decorated with precious stones and contain a gift of some sort: a miniature clock, ship, palace, music box and even tiny portraits of the Tsar’s children. One commemorated the first train to run along the Trans-Siberian Railway, the tiny train inside the egg fashioned from pure gold. It was a present from Tsar Nicholas II to his wife, in a tradition passed down from his father.
Where to see the eggs
Whether you’re visiting Moscow or St Petersburg, there’s a place to go if you wish to see these marvellous pieces for yourself. Fittingly, the Fabergé Museum in St Petersburg holds the world’s largest collection of his work, including nine of the famous Imperial eggs. You’ll find the museum at the beautiful Shuvalov Palace on the Fontanka River. If you’re in Moscow, then you should head for the Armoury Chamber at the Moscow Kremlin. There, amidst the collection of state regalia, Imperial carriages and weaponry, you’ll find some of Faberge’s eggs. When you’re back, we’d love to hear what your favourite was!
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Moderate reasoning
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History
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Tornado expert Gary Conte joined a Weather Watch bulletin board from September 5-24, 2003.
Student: Is your work hard?
Gary Conte: Forecasting the development and track of mostly weak tornadoes across the New York City Metro Area is quite difficult, even when trained skywarn spotters supplement radar observations.
Student: Hi. I am in an Earth and Space Science class and we are supposed to do a project. I am doing a project on F4 and F5 tornadoes. Can you give me any interesting information on those two types you know?? Thanks.
Gary Conte: F4 and F5 tornadoes are classified as violent tornadoes. Less than 1% of all tornadoes that occur are violent, resulting in 70% of all tornado deaths. The lifetime can exceed 1 hour and wind speeds are greater than 205 miles per hour.
Student: What do you do when a tornado strikes?
Gary Conte: I would take cover in a house or building. I would go to the lowest floor and proceed to a central location, away from windows. If your house has a basement, go to it. If not, the best place is usually an interior bathroom or closet on the first floor.
Student: How do tornadoes start?
Gary Conte: Before a thunderstorm forms, a change in wind direction and a rapid increase in wind speed with increasing height above the earth's surface creates an invisible horizontal spinning effect in the lower atmosphere. Rising air within a thunderstorm updraft tilts the rotating air from horizontal to vertical. An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide now extends through much of the storm. Most tornadoes form within this area of strong rotation.
Student: How do they stop?
Gary Conte: When tornadoes move into an atmospheric environment that is unfavorable, they dissipate by lifting back up to the sky.
Student: How far can they go?
Gary Conte: Weak tornadoes may touch down briefly for less than one tenth of a mile. Violent tornadoes can travel for 25 to 50 miles.
Student: I have heard the myth that tornadoes will jump a house and then destroy one. I was iffy on believing this one. So can you finally clear up my doubtfulness on this issue? Thank you.
Gary Conte: It is quite possible for a weak tornado to briefly touch down, lasting less than 30 seconds, before lifting back up into the cloud. Yes, it is possible.
Student: Where is the worst place for you in a tornado?
Gary Conte: If you are out in an open field or an open area, this would be the most harmful location, without any personal protection.
Student: How can I get out of the middle of a tornado?
Gary Conte: You have to wait until the tornado moves past your location.
Student: How can you measure tornados?
Gary Conte: Doppler weather radars are used to estimate wind speeds above the ground. Surface observing systems are used to measure wind speeds on the earth's surface.
Student: I will be moving to Whitehall, PA. Does this area get hit with tornadoes???
Gary Conte: Although tornadoes occur most frequently in Oklahoma, they can occur anywhere, including Whitehall, PA. However, the frequency of tornadoes is much less in Pennsylvania than in Oklahoma.
Student: How can you tell if a tornado is coming?
Gary Conte: Your National Weather Service Office will issue a Tornado Warning based on Doppler Weather Radar and volunteer skywarn spotter reports BEFORE a tornado occurs. These warnings will be seen on television and heard on radio. If you look up at the sky and notice a green color, see a circular cloud rotating and can hear a loud roar similar to a freight train, a tornado is coming!
Student: Will you die if you’re in the center of a tornado??
Gary Conte: You might. It depends on the intensity of the tornado and where you are as the tornado approaches your location.
Student: When and where did the highest number of tornadoes occur? What was the largest area destroyed by a tornado?
Gary Conte: Violent tornadoes, which are classified as F4 and F5 tornadoes, most frequently occur from Texas north to Nebraska, which is known as Tornado Alley.
Concerning your question on Historical Tornadoes, please check this Storm Prediction Center Web site for answers:
Student: Where do tornados come from?
Gary Conte: Tornadoes develop from well-defined severe thunderstorms that have large and intense rotating updrafts. This 2 to 6 mile wide area of rotation is called a mesocyclone.
Student: Why does a tornado twist?
Gary Conte: Before a thunderstorm develops, a change in wind direction and a rapid increase in wind speed with increasing height above the earth's surface creates an invisible horizontal spinning effect in the lower atmosphere.
Rising air within the thunderstorm updraft tilts the rotating air from horizontal to vertical.
An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide, now extends through much of the storm. Most tornadoes form within this area of strong rotation.
Student: What technology do you use to predict tornadoes? And how is it used?
Gary Conte: Weather satellites, radar, wind profilers, and surface observing systems are all used to monitor the environment for the development of severe thunderstorms that can produce tornadoes.
Doppler weather radar and trained volunteer skywarn "spotters" are used to "warn" for tornadoes. Radar "looks" above the ground. Spotters "look" from the ground and supplement radar data.
Doppler weather radars are the primary tools used to forecast the development of tornadoes. Because it can "sense" movement of air toward or away from the radar, it can be used to detect areas of developing rotation within the atmosphere that precedes tornado development.
Student: How can I keep from being scared of tornadoes?
Gary Conte: There is educational literature that you can read that focuses on "safety" at school, at home, and other places.
Some sites that have information on tornado safety are:
Learn about tornadoes, how they form, how you can be notified of a tornado warning, and what actions you can take to protect yourself.
To learn about tornadoes, try this web site:
Student: Hi, I was wondering are all tornadoes dangerous? And also how do you find out where tornado a tornado is going to be? Well that’s all my questions for now. I have to read lots more on tornadoes! Bye!!
Gary Conte: Yes Ellen, all tornadoes are dangerous, BUT some are more dangerous than others. About 88 percent of all tornadoes that occur are weak, rated as F0 and F1 with wind speeds up to 112 miles per hour. They cause moderate damage. Less than 1 percent of all tornadoes that occur are violent, rated F4 and F5 with wind speeds over 200 miles per hour. They cause incredible damage.
The National Weather Service's (NWS) Storm Prediction Center issues Tornado Watches across the entire United States. Your local NWS office issues Tornado Warnings for your local area. Visit our Web Site at:
Your local National Weather Service Office will issue Tornado Warnings, telling you the direction and speed the tornado is moving. The warning will list the communities in the path of the tornado and the approximate times it will impact the communities.
To learn more about tornadoes, try this web site:
Student: When do tornadoes really start coming in the year?
Gary Conte: Although tornadoes can occur at any time of year throughout the United States, they are most frequent east of the Rocky Mountains during the spring and summer. They typically occur during the afternoon and evening from 3 to 9 pm.
Climatologically, the highest frequency of tornadoes occur during the afternoon and evening from March through May in the Southern U.S., May through July in the Central U.S., and June through August across the Northern U.S.
Student: Have there been any tornadoes this year (2002)?
Gary Conte: Yes, tornadoes occur throughout the United States every year. About 941 tornadoes occurred during 2002.
For the latest tornado occurrences, check this web site:
Student: When does the tornado season begin?
Ingrid Amberger: Tornadoes can occur at any time of the year. In the southern states, peak tornado occurrence is in March through May. While peak months in the northern states are during the summer.
Note, in some states, a secondary tornado maximum occurs in the fall.
Tornadoes are most likely to occur between 3 and 9 p.m. but have been known to occur at all hours of the day or night.
Gary Conte: Across the Southern U.S., it begins in March; across the Central U.S., in April; and across the Northern U.S., in May. However, tornadoes can and do occur any time of the year.
Student: Who has the most tornadoes, Wisconsin or Alabama. What about the worst ones? Thanks
Gary Conte: Hi. From 1950 through 1998, 18 tornadoes were reported in Wisconsin and 21 were reported in Alabama.
...AND the WINNER is...Alabama.
Student: How do tornadoes form? What states can get the worst tornadoes and most damage? How do F5 tornadoes start?
Gary Conte: The 3 key ingredients to produce a thunderstorm are: low and mid-level moisture in the atmosphere, atmospheric instability, and a source of "lift" (such as a cold front, warm front, dry line, sea breeze front, etc.).
For tornadoes to develop within thunderstorms, you need a rapid turning of the wind direction AND a significant increase in wind speed with increasing height above the ground. This creates an invisible horizontal column of air in the lower atmosphere. Rising air currents (updrafts) within the thunderstorm tilts the rotating air column from horizontal to vertical. An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide, now extends through much of the storm. Most strong and violent tornadoes form within this area of strong rotation.
Because of the unique geography of the U.S., most severe thunderstorm producing tornadoes occur in "tornado alley" covering the states from Texas north across Nebraska. This includes the states of Oklahoma and Kansas.
Student: Can tornadoes happen anywhere? If so, how you don't hear about tornadoes in the mountains or in big cities like New York or San Francisco?
Gary Conte: Hi. YES, if the "right" weather ingredients come together, tornadoes can and do form anywhere.
Here are a few examples:
The last tornado to strike the NYC Metro Area occurred during July 7, 1976. An F1 tornado with estimated wind speeds up to 112 mph passed within 1/4 mile of the statue of liberty. Significant damage occurred in nearby urban areas. During the past few years, several tornadoes have struck U.S. cities such as Salt Lake City in Utah and Dallas in Texas.
As far as mountains go, in the late 1980's, a tornado swept through Yellowstone National Park leaving a path of destruction both UP and DOWN a 10,000-foot mountain.
Student: We live near Lake Michigan. Are we less likely to have a tornado by the lake?
Gary Conte: NO. Please read this Tornado Myth and Fact.
MYTH: Areas near rivers, lakes, and mountains are safe from tornadoes.
FACT: No place is safe from tornadoes. In the late 1980's, a tornado swept through Yellowstone National Park leaving a path of destruction up and down a 10,000 ft. mountain.
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Hourly Wage for Accountant I Salary in the United States
How much does a CPA Cost in 2022
Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) are hired for the management of personal and business accounting needs and finances. Paying the cost of a CPA in addition to paying the taxes just feels like adding insult to injury. However, preparing tax returns is a serious business and simple mistakes can cost you thousands of dollars. Thus, handling your accounts yourself might seem like a great way of saving money but might end up costing you a lot more in the form of penalties. Some of the important questions each businessman asks before hiring an accountant are:
The CPA fees is of great interest to both the professionals working in the industry wondering what they should charge for their services as well as individuals that want to hire professional accountants.
How much does a CPA Cost?
It is one of the most frequently asked questions that is actually determined by the primary payment method that a CPA uses. The two methods are:
CPA fees are normally determined on an hourly basis but recently the trend has shifted towards fixed fee billing. Intuit (accounting software QuickBooks’ company) conducted surveys that showed that 57% of accountant’s bill by the hour as compared to the 66% three years ago. A fixed rate schedule is used by 50% of the accountants for their fees.
An accountant’s hourly pay depends greatly on the geographical location that they work in. it varies drastically from one region to another. CPAs in areas like California or New York cost much higher than in the Southeast or Midwest.
The rates of CPAs also depend on their expertise and level of experience. Their training and education has a lot to do with the wage they ask for. The minimum requirement for a licensed accountant is a bachelor’s degree, 120 college credit hours and a passing grade on the CPA exam. In order to keep their license current, they must also maintain continuing education credits.
How much do Accountants make an Hour
The national hourly rate an average CPA charges his clients is slightly under $30 ($28.65) in the US. The CPAs that hold additional certifications are able to charge a slightly higher rate than a simple accountant whose median hourly rate is $20.01.
A CPAs fee as compared to some of the other professional accounting fees is:
- CPA Hourly Rate: $28.65
- Accountant (non-CPA) hourly rate: $20.01
- Staff Accountant hourly rate: $20.23
- Senior Accountant hourly rate: $27.54
- Tax Accountant hourly rate: $22.90
- Tax Manager hourly rate: $34.60
CPAs are hired instead of standard accounts without a license even though their pays are a little higher because their education and experience provides the professionals with an insight and expertise that general accountants cannot.
The rates of accountants and CPAs also vary within the firms depending on the overall income of their business as well as the number of employees they have. Some of the important factors in deciding the cost of a CPA are:
- Years of experience
- Industry they work in (tax, professionals, audit etc.)
- Size of the company
- Geographical location
The rates of a CPA depend on the level of experience and the size of the firm. Smaller businesses pay their CPAs $30 to $50 an hour. If experience increases the wage also increases from $40 to $80 an hour. A CPA junior staff member costs $60 to $120 an hour. Senior staff members and supervisors ask for $100 to $200 per hour. If you become an owner, the wage becomes very hefty and increases up to $200 to $250 an hour. In major cities, and experts, the hourly rate goes up to $500. CPA owners make significantly more than non-CPA owners and the difference can range from $20 to $100 an hour.
CPA Tax Preparation Fees
A CPA is needed most commonly for tax preparations and their wage depends on the unique tax situation and complexity.
The National Society of Accountants reported the following average CPA tax preparation fees from the previous year:
- Form 1040 with state return and no itemized deductions – $188
- Form 1040 with state return and Schedule A – $294
- Form 1040 with state return, Schedule A, and Schedule C – $481
The average cost for professional tax preparation ranges from $152 to $261 depending on taxes and additional forms to prepare beyond the 1040 form.
The routine situations that CPAs encounter determine the hourly or monthly wage of accountants and how much they charge. The experience, location and size of the firm are very important factors that determine hourly or fixed rates for accountants. The wages also depend on the season. If you are hiring a CPA during tax season, the wages are bound to be higher and a CPA will cost you much more than it would in off season. Complexity and the unique situation of filing needs is another factor that affects wages. Overall, a CPAs cost can be determined by a number of factors and how essential they are to your firm.
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The benefits of compost cannot be overstated. There are so many reasons to compost, including eliminating the need to purchase and use chemical fertilizers as well as the ability to retain soil moisture. You can save money and resources while improving your soil and environmental impact. Compost improves soil structure and drainage, and reduces the fees you have to pay for trash collection.
If you produce kitchen waste, you can create a compost. All you need it a little bit of organic matter to get your pile started. A healthy compost pile can be maintained all year – even during the cold days of winter. In this article, we’ll show you how easy winter composting really is!
Although decomposition does slow as temperatures drop, bacteria and the other organisms necessary for the composting process remain alive. They need energy to do their jobs effectively, so it’s important that you continue to add organic matter to your compost bin even in the dead of winter.
While winter composting is necessary if you want to have a healthy garden come spring, there are some guidelines and advice you should follow when maintaining your composting system during the colder months.
1. Harvest all of your compost before the snow sets in
Try to remove all unused compost from your bins before winter sets in. Use the compost to topdress your garden or raised beds. You can even transfer it to another container if you want to use it in the spring. This will free up unnecessary space in your compost bin throughout the winter.
2. Make sure your bin is warm
To prevent your bin from freezing during the winter, place straw bales around your bin. This will help keep drafts out of the bin and make sure all of the bacteria in your compost stay alive and warm enough to have an effect on decomposition during the winter.
Just like you, your compost needs to be kept warm and insulated throughout the winter. It is easy to insulate your compost, either by adding the aforementioned straw bales or inventing a more creative method of keeping thing toasty. Many people make cardboard insulation systems by lining the sides of their bins with cardboard or even storebought home insulation. You can even pack piles of snow around your compost bin to keep things warm and enclosed.
3. Continue to layer
Even though the weather has gotten colder, you still need to make sure you are composting effectively throughout the winter months. While you can turn the pile less frequently (and actually should avoid turning it too often, as this can cause heat to escape), you should still layer green and brown ingredients. Add green kitchen scraps to your bin and follow them with a layer of brown ingredients like newspaper, for example.
Caption: Layered compost – don’t mind the snow that fell overnight!
4. Add smaller ingredients
You don’t have to reduce the amount of ingredients you add to your compost bin, but you should reduce their size. Consider shredding or chopping up scraps before placing them in the bin, since they will take longer to break down.
Caption: Fine pieces of straw help keep the compost warm and maintain adequate moisture
5. Maintain moisture
Even if your pile has frozen and thawed throughout the winter, you will still need to make an effort to keep it damp throughout the winter. You want it to be moist, yet not soggy. If you find that your pile has become too sodden as a result of winter precipitation or freeze and thaw cycles, consider adding more brown ingredients to absorb the excess water.
6. Keep a bucket inside
Bringing small portions of kitchen scraps out to the compost bin one at a time can be a real drag, particularly when the weather is cold and you need to layer on coats and boots before heading outside. Keeping a bucket inside your kitchen will allow you to reduce the number of times you have to trek to the compost bin. If you invest in a good, tightly-sealing bucket, there will be minimal odor and the bucket’s contents should already start decomposing before you even bring them outside.
If you aren’t ready to invest in a compost-only kitchen bin, consider repurposing one of the items you already have lying around your house. A sturdy, dense coffee can will work wonders in preventing odors while allowing you to store a week’s worth of compostable ingredients at a time. These containers are often airtight, preventing liquid or unpleasant smells from escaping.
7. Consider vermicomposting
The word may sound foreign and complicated, but the process is simple. Vermicomposting is simply the process of composting with worms. Worms live in temperatures around fifty degrees Fahrenheit, so you can easily keep a worm bin in your basement.
Worms break down your food waste and other compostable items a bit more slowly than do bacteria in an outdoor bin under optimal conditions. That being said, they are a good alternative – or even a supplement! – to outdoor compost systems once the weather turns.
To start vermicomposting, all you need to do is find a plastic storage container. Fill it about halfway with shredded paper, and run a couple of perforated PVC pipes through it to make sure the worms receive adequate oxygen. Place small amounts of food in the container, starting gradually by adding waste to one corner and working your way around to the other corners as they get filled up.
Caption: Red wigglers in the basement vermicomposting bin
Keep in mind that regular garden-variety worms won’t be successful in a vermicomposting bin, and that you instead need to use Red Wiggler. These worms can be purchased at bait shops or ordered online. They can produce thousands of worms in a matter of a few months to a year, providing you with worms to feed to fish or chickens, as well as compost that can be used on your garden.
Worms in a vermicomposting system can eat just about anything, including fruits and vegetables, bread, tea bags, coffee grounds, and other non-greasy foods. You can’t feed them foods like meat or fat, of course, but anything else is fair game.
8. Keep the variety going
This tip is true, of course, for summer composting too, but in the winter you need to make sure you are providing your compost with plenty of variety in terms of what you are adding to it for intreidents. Brown waste, or matter such as leaves, cardboard, and newspaper, should be supplemented with green waste, like kitchen scraps and coffee grounds.
Caption: Eggshells and coffee grounds in a compost container
9. Remember that your compost needs to breathe
Again, this is also true in the summer months, but particularly important to pay attention to during the winter. Your compost needs to be able to breathe, so make sure you are providing it the space necessary for it to do so. Oxygen is a core element of the decomposition process. Your compost bin should have gaps or holes in it to provide oxygen to the bacteria and other microorganisms that do its work.
If you have a tightly sealed compost bin (many commercial bins are set up in this way, as it prevents odors and pest problems), you will need to get more creative. Aeration can be conducted by turning the compost with a pitchfork every few days, but this is an annoying chore to have to do during the colder months. In addition, turning your compost too often can cause the pile to lose heat.
Instead, consider adding a large PVC pipe to your pile. After you drill holes in it and insert it into the center of your compost (the pipe should be at least two inches in diameter), it will allow air to pass through and provide necessary oxygen to the invisible organisms within – without cooling down the decomposition process.
Caption: Don’t mind the streaming sunlight! This compost bin is made out of recycled pallets, allowing for plenty of sunlight and air to flow through the bin. Just look at it steam!
10. Protect your compost from unwanted critters
While a well-aerated compost is important, so is protecting your pile from unwanted critters. From an animal’s perspective, a compost pile is a great place to hang out. It offers warmth, food, and protection from the elements. Unfortunately, animals like rodents can spell disaster for your compost, as they can make a mess and contaminate your pile. Furthermore, you need to be careful about setting traps around your compost, as they can also trap you as you try to add scraps to your bin.
Making sure the gaps in your compost bin are just small enough for air to pass through – but not animals – can help prevent this problem. If you are still having trouble getting rid of pests, consider saving your waste until the spring – just keep in mind that you won’t have any compost being made during the winter months.
11. Invest in the proper compost bin
Know that one size definitely does not fit all when it comes to winter composting. There are multiple options and styles of compost bins, meaning you have plenty of options in how you choose to work.
A compost tumbler is a popular option in rainier states. These composters are usually sealed, so that any rain that soaks into the ground is not absorbed by the compost. These can still get too wet at times, but are a more suitable option in the winter months than are open-bin systems.
Another popular closed-bin system is the compost digester. This standing compost bin is an open-bottom system that sits directly on the ground. You add materials from the top and remove compost from the bottom. You can’t turn this compost, so it takes longer to produce, but it is a good option for continuous composting.
Open bin systems, or compost piles, are the simplest composting system. For this, all you do is leave organic material on the ground. You can cover these piles with a tarp or enclose them with pallets or in some other sort of shelter. While these piles are easy to maintain and can be a bit messier, they make it easier to access your compost when you are ready to use it.
12. Be wise about what you compost
Remember that you can’t add everything and the kitchen sink to your compost bin – and that’s the case throughout the entire year, not just during the summer. You can add materials like kitchen scraps (which would include fruit peels, vegetable rinds, and cores), but you can’t add artificial materials or meat. Dairy, too, is a questionable addition to most composts. You can also add paper products, tea bags, and coffee filters, but be careful about added dyes. Remember that the quality of your finished compost will only be as good as what you put into it.
Caption: Plenty of shredded paper and natural ingredients (like banana peels) in this compost.
13. Add your leftover lawn clippings
If winter hasn’t quite set in and you are thinking about how you will jumpstart your compost for the cold months ahead, consider mowing and tidying up your lawn one last time. Compost needs an adequate balance of green and brown ingredients. Most kitchen-scraps will be nitrogen rich, so it’s not a bad idea to add “brown” yard waste like dried grass, dried leaves, straw, or plant debris (which includes branches and wood chips). Make sure you avoid any plant that has been treated with a weed killer or other herbicide or pesticide.
14. Avoid adding too much wood
As an addendum to the previous tip, if you plan on adding woody matter to your compost bin, just remember that things will take longer to break down when the temperatures dip. Plants lose about fifty percent of their volume in winter compost, but woody twigs and branches that are larger than a quarter of an inch in diameter should be first shredded or chipped. They will have a hard time breaking down under the harsher conditions.
15. Track your compost’s temperature
Temperature is crucial when it comes to winter composting, just as it is throughout the year. If you’re curious about the temperature of your compost, stick a thermometer in it. Decomposition will be slower during the winter, but will rise quickly in the spring. Your compost should ideally be between ninety and one-hundred and forty degrees Fahrenheit for optimal decomposition, but breakdown can happen at lower temperatures, too – just more slowly.
Caption: A nice, steamy compost bin on a 10 degree December morning in upstate New York
If you’re concerned that decomposition is not occurring in your compost bin, or that your temperature has dropped too much, you can increase microbial activity by adding nitrogen rich materials and turning the pile. Just try to do this on a warm day to avoid further heat loss!
While compost is a gift from Mother Nature, it can be difficult to create during the colder winter months. However, just because the rest of your garden hasn’t gone dormant, it doesn’t mean that your compost has to, too. By paying attention, and of course being prepared to nurture and troubleshoot any problems within your bin throughout the winter, you will be rewarded with rich, nutrient-dense compost come spring.
The post Winter Composting in 15 Easy Steps appeared first on The Homesteading Hippy.
the post first appeared on thehomesteadinghippy.com See it here
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On November 5, 1913, the Los Angeles Aqueduct began bringing water to the city. 100 years later, KCET is looking at what has happened, what it means, and more across its website. See more stories here.
100 years ago this November, as he stood among a crowd of tens of thousands at the edge of the San Fernando Valley, William Mulholland said a line that's gone down in the history books: "There it is--Take it." The engineer said it as crisp Sierra Nevada mountain water from more than 200 miles north flowed down the San Gabriel Mountains onto the valley floor, forever changing, or, as some would say, giving birth to the Los Angeles we know today.
It took five years to construct the Los Angeles Aqueduct, which today delivers about half of the city's water supply. Nine months before its opening Mulholland was at the other end of his engineering marvel near the Owens Valley town of Aberdeen celebrating a different, but equally important, milestone: the opening of the intake, where water from the Owens River is diverted into the aqueduct.
A photo caught the moment. A small crowd stands atop the intake while Mulholland mans one of the four gates locks. Bessy van Norman, wife of aqueduct supervisor Harvey van Norman, christens it by breaking a bottle of champagne over the water.
That captured moment is among about a dozen large photos put on display this week at the Eastern California Museum in Independence. It's a sneak peak at what's to come later this year when the small, but fascinating, museum opens a yearlong exhibit dedicated to the centennial of the aqueduct's opening. It's also timely: the intake opened February 13, 1913. (The L.A. Department of Water and Power will hold a small celebration at the museum on Friday, February 8 after a regularly scheduled meeting between them and Inyo County takes place)
The exhibit will mainly focus on the construction of the aqueduct, says museum administrator Jon Klusmire. As for the controversial and sordid history, he explains it's not quite "history" yet: "It's still going on."
While no opening date has been announced, the photos and some aqueduct realia are currently on display. The museum and LADWP also plan events throughout the year leading up to November 5 anniversary.
More: And while traveling near the museum, make sure to check out There It Is--Take It!, a self-guided car audio tour through the Owens Valley along U.S. Route 395 examining the controversial social, political, and environmental history of the Los Angeles Aqueduct system. Kim Stringfellow at KCET's Artbound has the details.
Stay up to date with more events and things to do by liking KCET Calendar on Facebook.
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WORLD FUTURES STUDIES FEDERATION
Mexico has 1,300 museums, of which 170 are in Mexico City, being the second city with more museums in the world. These are some recommendations:
Anthropology National Museum
The National Museum of Anthropology is one of the most important museum sites in Mexico and the Americas, designed to house and exhibit the archaeological legacy of the peoples of Mesoamerica, as well as to account for the current ethnic diversity of the country.
The current MNA building was built between 1963 and 1964 in the Bosque de Chapultepec by instruction of President Adolfo López Mateos, who inaugurated it on September 17, 1964. Currently, the MNA building has 22 permanent exhibition halls, two halls temporary exhibitions and three auditoriums. It also houses the collection of the National Library of Anthropology and History.
The collection of the National Museum of Anthropology is made up of numerous archaeological and ethnographic pieces from all over Mexico. Some of the most emblematic pieces of the collection include the Piedra del Sol -which is the very heart of the museum-, the monumental Teotihuacan sculptures dedicated to the gods of water, the tomb of Pakal, as well as an Atlantean Toltec brought from Tollan -Xicocotitlan and the Tláloc Monolith that guards the entrance to the museum.
The MNA constitutes one of the main sites of tourist interest in Mexico. It attracts more than two million visitors each year. The museum is one of the largest museums on the continent.
Where to stay
Where to go
(Nacional History Museum)
It was built at the time of the Viceroyalty as a summer home for the viceroy. It was given various uses, from gunpowder storage to military academy in 1841. It was also the official residence of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico (1864-1867) and the presidents of the country between 1884 and 1935.
It has undergone extensions and remodeling. It has various patios, staircases, gardens, lobbies, rooms and large spaces characteristic of the buildings of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The castle has a boulevard that directly connected the imperial residence to the center of the city, currently known as Paseo de la Reforma.
Later the building was again in disuse. After 10 years, it became the first astronomical observatory in Mexico for only 5 years. Later it was again a Military College, to later be the presidential residence, as had been planned from the beginning.
Palace of Fine Arts
The Palace of Fine Arts is a cultural venue located in the Historic Center of Mexico City, considered the most important in the manifestation of the arts in Mexico and one of the most renowned opera houses in the world.
This same one has been scene and witness of shocking artistic, social and political events of the country; Its construction dates from the end of the mandate of Porfirio Diaz, commissioned by the Mexican president on the occasion of the celebration of the centennial of the beginning of the Independence of Mexico, more was inaugurated until September 29, 1934 after the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution. As an institution, it depends on the National Institute of Fine Arts (INBA), part of the Ministry of Culture of the federal government. In 1987, it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site by Unesco.
Inside there are various stages and rooms for the practice and exhibition of works of art. The Palace of Fine Arts Museum and the National Museum of Architecture are housed inside, the first permanently exhibits 17 mural works by seven national artists executed between 1928 and 1963, being the oldest in the country dedicated to national plastic production. Also, it is home to the National Symphony Orchestra, the National Opera Company (Opera de Bellas Artes), the National Dance Company and the Folkloric Ballet of Mexico by Amalia Hernández.
National Art's Museum
The National Museum of Art of Mexico, is located in the historic center of Mexico City. It is located in a building marked with popel number 8 of Tacuba Street, in Manuel Tolsá Square. It houses a representative collection of Mexican art, from the viceregal era to the 1950s.
The building in which it is located is the Palace of the Ministry of Communications and Public Works, building of eclectic architecture, very common at the beginning of the 20th century, but predominantly neoclassical and Renaissance. The building was destined to the National Museum of Art in 1982, and restored in 1997.
It is easily identifiable by the great equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain, who was a Spanish monarch just before Mexico gained its independence. The statue, commonly known as El Caballito, was originally in the plaza del zócalo, but was moved to different places. According to the plaque at its base, Mexico retains it, not as a sign of praise to a Spanish king, but for its quality as a work of art.1 He arrived in this square in 1979.
The permanent halls of the National Museum of Art gives visitors a glimpse into five centuries of art history in Mexico that contains works by artists such as Andrés de la Concha, José Juárez, Sebastián López de Arteaga, Cristóbal de Villalpando, Miguel Cabrera, Manuel Tolsá , Santiago Rebull, Felipe S. Gutierrez, Juan Cordero, Jose Maria Velasco, Saturnino Herran, Angel Zarraga, Alfredo Ramos Martinez, Gerardo Murillo (Dr. Atl), Maria Izquierdo, Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo, Jose Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros , just to say some.
Museum of Teotihuacán
Teotihuacán is a large Mexican archaeological complex northeast of Mexico City. Through the center of the place, which was once a flourishing pre-Columbian city, passes the Calzada de los Muertos. It joins the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, the Pyramid of the Moon and the Pyramid of the Sun. The last two have panoramic views from their peaks. Artifacts from the Teotihuacan Museum of Culture, in place, include pottery and bone works.
Teotihuacán or Teotihuacan (in Nahuatl: Teōtihuācan, "place where men become gods," "place where the gods were made," "city of the gods"), or also Teo uacan (in Nahuatl: ' Ciudad del sol ') is the name given to what was one of the largest pre-Hispanic cities in Mesoamerica. The place name is of Nahuatl origin and was used by the Mexicas to identify this city built by a civilization before them and that was already in ruins when the Mexicas saw it for the first time. To date the name given by its original inhabitants is unknown. The remains of the city are located northeast of the Valley of Mexico, in the municipalities of Teotihuacán and San Martín de las Pirámides (State of Mexico), approximately 78 kilometers away from the center of Mexico City. The area of archaeological monuments was declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 1987.
Teotihuacán has been of interest for societies after the decline of Teotihuacan culture in Mesoamerica. Its ruins have been explored since pre-Hispanic times, among others, by the Toltecs and the Mexicas. The discovery of Teotihuacan objects in the archaeological sites of Tula and the Templo Mayor de México-Tenochtitlan confirms this. In post-classical Nahua mythology, the city appears as the setting for fundamental myths such as the legend of the Suns of the Mexica.
Currently, the remains of Teotihuacán constitute the area of archaeological monuments with the largest influx of tourists in Mexico, above Chichen Itza, El Tajin and Monte Albán. The archaeological excavations in Teotihuacán continue to this day, and have resulted in a gradual increase in the quality and quantity of knowledge that is had about this city.
Templo Mayor (Historical Center)
The Great Temple or Great Temple of Mexico is an enclosure that includes a series of constructions, buildings, towers and a patio, the physical space where they were located, enclosed by a wall that had doors that gave access to the main roads of the city.
Templo Mayor is the Spanish denomination of huey teocalli, the great temple in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, founded in 1325, which was conquered and destroyed by the Spanish in 1521. The colonial power erected a new city on its ruins, what for many centuries the main sanctuary of the Aztecs was forgotten.
Some of the remains of the Templo Mayor were discovered in sporadic excavations since the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In 1978, construction workers discovered by chance a large relief in stone with the representation of the goddess Coyolxauhqui, which was a huge sensation and gave the impulse to finally excavate the remains of the Templo Mayor. For this, several buildings in the area had to be demolished.
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Laughing and crying are very similar. Often derived from the same source, they both look and sound alike, and they serve many of the same functions. There is one significant difference, however, that makes laughter more powerful than tears; but before we examine this important difference, let us first look at the connections.
The poet Kahlil Gibran once wrote, “The selfsame well from which your laughter rises was oftentimes filled with your tears.” Much comedic material comes out of tearful times. “When somebody steps on the bride’s train or burps during the ceremony,” says comedian Phyllis Diller, “then you’ve got comedy.”
Even the lingo of stand-up comedians reveals a partnership of the comic and the not-so-comic: “I killed the audience” or “They died laughing”–not to mention the punch line.
The laughing/crying connection continues. We often find tears screaming down our face during gales of laughter, and frequently hearty laugh emerges after we have had a good cry. Even facial expressions are similar; sometimes it is hard to tell whether someone is laughing or crying.
The last time you had a good cry you probably felt drained, but you probably felt better. Chances are, you also felt this way after a hearty laugh. The reason for this is another association between crying and laughter: Each provides a powerful cathartic cleansing. Each is an important mechanism for releasing stress and tension.
Tears of sorrow and tears of joy seem to be related too. Dr. William Frey II, a biochemist from Minnesota and co-author of Crying: The Mystery of Tears, has found that emotional tears contain a greater concentration of protein than tears that are produced by other means, such as from cutting an onion. Frey believes that tears resulting from sadness play an important part in removing harmful substances that are produced during stress.
He also speculates that tears of laughter serve the same function as the tears of sorrow. In other words, laughter’s tears may also carry away harmful toxins from the body, and the suppression of them, as in the suppression of emotional tears, increases our susceptibility to stress-related disorders.
But in spite of all the similarities, there is one big difference between laughter and crying: Laughter helps us transcend our suffering; crying does not.
Tears of sadness turn us inward; we cry and feel sorry for ourselves. Laughter, on the other hand, focuses us outward. Laughter expands our vision and gives us a new way of seeing our situation. “The laughing person,” notes author Helmuth Plessner, “is open to the world.” The crying person, on the other hand, only sees his world, his suffering. Perhaps this is why one Yiddish proverb had it that “laughter can be heard farther than weeping.”
Tears of sorrow focus only on one aspect of our loss: our pain. They emphasize the seriousness of the situation, bind us to our suffering, and narrow our vision.
If we are overweight and cry after an eating binge, for example, we add to our suffering by feeling sorry for ourselves. We become the central figure in our own tragedy. A little self-directed humor after an eating binge (“I don’t consider myself fat; I consider myself well insulated”) may not make us physically lighter but can help us become mentally lighter.
When we can allow some humor to be part of our pain, we are not as directly involved in our suffering. It is as if we put on someone else’s glass to view our situation. Everything seems familiar, but there is a slightly different look to the scene.
It is not that our pain itself has diminished; it’s just that the space around it has gotten bigger. Any animal confined to a small pen will eventually become agitated and restless. It will bray, kick, and try to tear down the fence. Expand the fence, and it will be content. “To give your sheep or cow a large, spacious meadow,” said one Zen master, “is the way to control him.” So to quell the pain, try making the fence bigger with humor.
In encouraging the search for humor in our losses, setbacks, upsets, disappointments, difficulties, trials, tribulations, trying times, and all that not-so-funny stuff, I am in no way minimizing the value of crying. Crying is an important part of our pain, loss, and grief. It is one of the primary ways the body relieves tension when under pressure. We must give ourselves permission to cry.
Suppressed tears can linger and continue to cause problems for a lifetime; it can be detrimental to both our physical and mental health. One psychotherapist believes that a major source of violence today is our inability to cry. Another researcher found that there is a close connection between those who rarely cry or have negative attitude about crying and such illnesses as ulcers and colitis.
Crying is important and should not be suppressed. But at some point in our upsets, in our pain, continued crying may not be the healthiest thing for us. We must begin to put what we cry about in perspective so that we can get on with out life. Tears cannot do that. Humor can.
Source: “What You Get When You Laugh,” from The Healing Power of Humor, by Allen Klein
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| 0.962201 | 1,150 | 2.84375 | 3 | 2.846729 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Health
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During epidemics, pandemics, natural or environmental disasters, the problem of communication is one of the primary issues to deal with, and scientists and stakeholders know this well. It is a two-sided issue: communicating risk without creating any alarms, and an effective communication between persons who manage emergencies.
In this sense, many steps forward have been realized and many others are being made. In any case, there is a huge awareness in Europe concerning the need of a better health risk communication. The changing paradigms of public communication during infectious outbreaks are the core of TELLME Project (Transparent communication in Epidemics: Learning Lessons from experience, delivering effective Messages, providing Evidence), a collaborative project co-funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme, which worked on these topics for three years. And on December 4-5, had its final conference hosted in Venice, with the intervention of national and European institutions that took part in the project.
TELLME’s main purpose was to develop new protocols for health communication, based on scientific evidence, to be applied when there are infectious disease outbreaks. It combines public health, social sciences, behavioural sciences, political sciences, law, ethics, communication and media. The aim was to develop original communication strategies regarding complicated messages and advice based on uncertainties, also addressing vaccine-resistant groups. Just visiting the project website, we realize that a considerable amount of activities have been done during these three years. Let us try to summarize here the main points that emerged from interventions during the final conference held in Venice, thus representing the lesson taught by TELLME experts.
Risk communication is not synonymous with public relations
In this sense, Anat Gesser-Edelsburg, from the School of Public Health of the University of Haifa, presented a new communication model of epidemics, based on the interaction of all the stakeholders involved, including the end user. "We need a new universe of discourse," said Gesser during her Venetian speech. This new scenario consists of the following key components: the public sphere, segmentation, mass media, social media, opinion leaders, scientific research and stakeholders, which means Government and institutional actors (policymakers), pharmaceutical industry and commerce, community-based public institutions and infrastructures, and civil society organizations.
Researchers suggest that risk communication requires a multi-layered approach that takes into consideration technological, cultural and social developments. "The purpose of this model is to avoid the communication chaos we found ourselves stuck into, in the past," Gesser said. "For a long time we thought that communication was the equivalent of an injection of correct messages in public, while now it is being increasingly recognized that the public can no longer be regarded as an empty vessel to be filled, but must be involved and transformed into a communication partner. "
We must act on primary care staff
A good health risk communication do not involve just communication officers. It includes everyone, especially primary care staff. In this sense, TELLME experts have created two e-learning courses for primary care staff, both approved by the experts of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The first course offers a huge number of basic health information on infectious diseases such as influenza or SARS, along with several guidelines on how to talk about these issues with patients and citizens. The second course, specific to Ebola, has been reviewed by the National Institute for Infectious Diseases Spallanzani in Rome, and was credited for training courses by the Italian federation of associations of doctors and nurses (FNOMCeO and IPASVI).
Social media can help a good communication
As reported by Annet Gesser-Edelsburg and Alexander Talbott during the final conference, social media can fuel misinformation exponentially but, at the same time, they can also become a powerful vehicle for good practices. Especially if the online presence is built before the occurrence of an outbreak. Many healthcare professionals use social media to exchange clinical information, search for, discuss career opportunities, and engage in discussion on the latest health news and research. TELLME has taught us to invest also on these people. Twitter viral power, for instance, was highlighted in a scientific paper claiming that in the space of 30 minutes the rumour of riots in a Birmingham children's hospital gained momentum through the process of re-tweeting a dramatic but erroneous tweet.
Vaccines are still a crucial point
Vaccination hesitancy and refusal is still diffused and represents a great risk in case of pandemics and epidemics. A study published on December 12th by Anat Gesser-Edelsburg, Yaffa Shir-Raz and Manfred Green on the Journal of Risk Research is clear on this point. The authors examined vaccination hesitancy or refusal following the 2013 polio outbreak in Israel and highlighted the difficulty of framing the subject of vaccinations as a preventive measure, especially when the prevention is for society at large and not to protect the children themselves. It concludes that the public’s risk perception is based on a context-dependent analysis, which is something the communicating body must understand and respect.
As already emphasized during a previous conference by Barbara De Mei, from the Italian Institute of Health, the goal of a vaccination campaign should not be “how to convince people”, but “how to facilitate the access to vaccines”. Which means that communication must facilitate the mother's choices. How? Through new communication models that had to be integrated with more traditional ones, in order to strengthen the communication skills of those engaged in the field of vaccination.
Ten golden rules of risk communication
TELLME experts have elaborated ten golden rules for proper and effective risk communication that summarize their results and observations:
- Organisations cannot afford to simply be reactive; they must build a social media presence before a crisis, to create a sense of online community with the public and develop key followers.
- Health risk communication is NOT a one-way message system. The aim is for an interactive two-way process for the exchange of information and opinions between individuals, groups and institutions.
- Plans must be comprehensive and flexible in order to deal with the unpredictable and changing nature of a pandemic.
- Timing is important. Early communications will help to avoid speculation and false reporting.
- Outbreak communication needs to contain credibility, accountability, transparency and honesty.
- Organisations must take a proactive stance in establishing an authoritative presence on social media sites to build a community presence before a crisis happens.
- Monitoring social media and trending topics allows to ensure you have a stake in the conversation and can adapt to the changing information needs of the community.
- Appealing to healthcare professionals is critical. They need to be targeted not only to pass messages on, but also to act as ‘vaccination ambassadors’; if social media is to be adopted as a serious crisis communications tool by them, organisations need to quantify and integrate the value of social media as a mean of spreading public health messages.
- Online communities must be considered as a key resource. Social media appears to encourage pro-social behaviour, which means users share useful information with each other; thus contributing towards the collective body of information and knowledge.
- The effectiveness of outbreak communications relies greatly on meeting the information needs of various key stakeholders, including risk groups such as pregnant women and the elderly.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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On the arrival at a property where a death has occurred, particularly following a vicious death, important jobs are done by the policemen, firemen and CSI investigators. But as being a general statute, these civil servants do not cleanup the mess. It is the responsibility of the victim’s family to clean up following the violent death of their member. Until recent times, just a few companies offered this sort of service, so, most of the time, the family still ended up doing the work. This is a service that is expensive. Crime Scene cleanup service begins at roughly $600 per hour. And, actually, many people are willing to pay more.
The clean-up of any natural death or even a suicide is a part of the cleaning industry. This is called the CTS Decon or the Crime and Trauma Decontamination. This type of tidy up involves the removal of dangerous objects. A dangerous crime might be one of brutal death that is certainly biologically contaminated or a scene which has chemical contamination. The cleanup team returns the scene towards the state it was in before the incident happened.
Typically, children does not move out of their house even if the death that occurred in their home had been a violent one. It is the job from the scene cleaners to get rid of the signs of the incident. This removal includes any bio hazards that were the consequence of the crime. Federal regulations consider all bodily fluids as bio hazards. Bodily fluids include the tissue or blood because they could be a source of infection.
A blood cleanup specialist will need to have special expertise in bio hazardous materials to become equipped to handle them safely. Also, crime scene cleaners are knowledgeable on things to look for to clean up in a death scene. This type of cleaning requires more than “simply a good spring cleaning”. Permits can also be needed for everyone who has to move and dispose the bio hazardous wastes.
Many people who become cleaners typically range from medical field. Due to their background in medicine, they are ready to handle viewing a bloody scene. They might be nurses from an unexpected emergency rooms or even an Emergency Medical Technician [EMT]. Construction staff are another selection of workers who make good crime scene cleaners. They can remove walls and other structures. Due to the splatter of blood and tissue this can be sometimes needed in the tidy up after a death. Other characteristics required in clean up crime scene are strong stomach, capability to emotionally apart from his type of work and sympathetic nature.
Why a sympathetic nature? Because crime scene cleanup is a lot distinctive from cleaning after a hazardous leak in a chemical plant. Often times, the family unit individuals the deceased continue to be present while the clean-up is occurring. The cleaners must have the capacity to complete their job while being responsive to the state the family unit who may have experienced a loss. Therefore, crime scene cleaners must stomach an array of messy incidents which each have risks of their own.
These other elements include feces, chemical residue, urine, hoarding, and decomposed body tissue. Most of these items can be very dangerous to deal with and due to these dangers it is essential to the safety of the homeowner or members of the family dealing with the estate to ensure that cleanup is performed by service pros who know not only selecting the debris ukeaua a dead person but additionally how to decontaminate the house and sanitize it to prevent the spreading of illness from unseen pathogens, viruses (including HIV, hepatitis, MRSA, and staph), and bacteria.
The crime scene cleaners ought to always be certified to deal with this kind of hazardous waste, however they should also have a transport license for hazardous waste and blood transport and must possess a facility they own or contact with which will hold the disposal in the material which can be traditionally carried out by use of a incineration unit. They also must have hazmat training which allows them to possess the fundamental tools and understanding of the way to handle blood cleanup and death cleanup jobs.
Their skill have to be honed in order to be constantly conscious of their surroundings and careful of any objects they come in connection with. They have to wear protective hazmat clothing that allows them to have a protective barrier protecting them from these elements. All vaccinations and shots ought to be updated too, but above all else they need to use a mindset prepared in order to handle the gore, odors, and in person exposure to the tough reality of death on the everyday basis.
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Moderate reasoning
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Crime & Law
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In this section
The cellular biology group conducts cutting-edge biological research to understand how human health is affected by factors external to the body, such as radiation, chemicals and viruses, as well as to understand how health deterioration also occurs independently of external influences.
Motivation of the groups activities and interest is based on the fact that preservation of health, which is much preferred and effective than cures for ailments, is best achieved through in-depth understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms necessary for maintenance of healthy cells and tissues.
Towards this end, the Cellular Biology Group carries out research in, but not limited to, the following major areas: Epigenetic Ageing, Non-mutational Biological Effects of X-rays and Gamma Rays, Potential Health Benefits and Detriments of Sunlight and Ultraviolet Radiation
Almost all ill-health is caused by diseases that are associated with old age. There is increasing realisation that in wealthy societies, age-associated chronic diseases are fast becoming the greatest health burden. While ageing is inevitable, healthy ageing is achievable. To this end, the Cellular Biology group is actively investigating the mechanisms of epigenetic ageing, which is a form of ageing that is not caused by wear-and-tear of the body or accumulation of senescent cells, but is an innate process that occurs from birth. It was observed that many diseases and disorders are associated with the increased rate by which this process of epigenetic ageing occurs and vice versa. Our research is aimed at elucidating how this natural ageing occurs and what determines its rate. While the aim is not to put more years in our lives, it is aimed at putting more life in our years.
Much is already known about how radiation such as X-rays change DNA and contribute to the formation of cancer. Less known however, are the effects of radiation that do not involve changing the cell's DNA. This is the focus of the Cellular Biology Group which studies how radiation causes non-cancer diseases such as cardiovascular disease. We have uncovered radiation's ability to (i) change the chemical composition of DNA without altering its sequence, (ii) change the way by which DNA is packaged in the cell and (iii) change the level of calcium in the cell. These cause cells of the inner lining of blood vessels to become sticky and porous, allowing white blood cells and cholesterol to embed in the vessel wall, which is the first step in forming atherosclerotic plaques. We continue to elucidate other effects of radiation and how they impact on the behaviour of cells and how these may be detrimental to health.
Another type of radiation that we receive from nature is that which comes from the sun; in particular, ultraviolet radiation. While dangers of over-exposure are at the forefront of health protection advice in regards to sunlight, there are potential health benefits of sunlight that have yet to be understood. Our research confirmed that ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation triggers skin cells to produce nitric oxide, which is the most powerful blood vessel-relaxing compound known to date. This raises the possibility that controlled sunlight exposure may reduce blood pressure, which becomes elevated when blood vessels are constricted. The potential use of light therapy during winter months when sunlight is in short supply is an interesting prospect which requires further safety, efficacy and optimal conditions testing and research, which the Cellular Biology group is currently undertaking.
National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit:
Ken's area of research began in the field of tumour viruses (Hepatitis B Virus, Papillomavirus and Adeno-associated virus) and gradually extended to tumorigenesis, DNA damage, Radiobiology, Cardiovascular Disease, and Ageing.
We are continuously seeking potential collaborations with all research establishments (universities, institutes and government organisations) to study the effects of elctromagnetic fields and other agents on behaviour, the circadian clock and brain function.
Contact us if you would like to find out more detail or stay informed about a particular field of research. We are always interested in collaborating and are open to partnerships, to drive forward innovation for the benefit of the public.
Horvath S, Lu AT, Cohen H and Raj K Rapamycin retards epigenetic ageing in keratinocytes independently of its effect on cellular senescence, proliferation and differentiation. Aging (2019) May 26; 11(10) p3238-49. doi: 10.18632/aging.101976.
Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, Reiner AP, Aviv A, Raj K, Hou L, Baccarelli AA, Li Y, Stewart JD, Whitsel EA, Assimes TL, Ferrucci L, Horvath S. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging (2019) Jan 21;11(2):303-327. doi: 10.18632/aging.101684
Kabacik S, Horvath S, Cohen H, Raj K. Epigenetic ageing is distinct from senescence-mediated ageing and is not prevented by telomerase expression. Aging (2018) Oct 17;10(10):2800-2815. doi: 10.18632/aging.101588.
Horvath S, Oshima J, Martin GM, Lu AT, Quach A, Cohen H, Felton S, Matsuyama M, Lowe D, Kabacik S, Wilson JG, Reiner AP, Maierhofer A, Flunkert J, Aviv A, Hou L, Baccarelli AA, Li Y, Stewart JD, Whitsel EA, Ferrucci L, Matsuyama S, Raj K. Epigenetic clock for skin and blood cells applied to Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome and ex vivo studies. Aging (2018) Jul 26;10(7):1758-1775. doi: 10.18632/aging.101508
Horvath and Raj DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing Nature Reviews Genetics (2018) Jun;19(6):371-384.
Lu AT, GWAS of epigenetic aging rates in blood reveals a critical role for TERT. Nature Commun. 2018; 9: 387.
Raj K, The Epigenetic clock and ageing. Epigenetics of Ageing and Longevity. Translational Epigenetics Vol4: 1st Ed. (2017)
Holliman G, Lowe D, Cohen H, Felton S and Raj K. Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Production of Nitric Oxide:A multi-cell and multi-donor analysis Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 11;7(1):11105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11567-5
Sylwia Kabacik and Ken Raj Ionising radiation increases permeability of endothelium through ADAM10-mediated cleavage of VE-cadherin: Oncotarget 2017 https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18282
Philipp J, Azimzadeh O, Subramanian V, Merl-Pham J, Lowe D, Hladik D, Erbeldinger N, Ktitareva S, Fournier C, Atkinson MJ, Raj K, Tapio S. Radiation-Induced Endothelial Inflammation Is Transferred via the Secretome to Recipient Cells in a STAT-Mediated Process: J Proteome Res. 2017 Sep 14. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00536.
Azimzadeh O, Subramanian V, Ständer S, Merl-Pham J, Lowe D, Barjaktarovic Z, Moertl S, Raj K, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. Proteome analysis of irradiated endothelial cells reveals persistent alteration in protein degradation and the RhoGDI and NO signalling pathways: Int J Radiat Biol. 2017 Sep;93(9):920-928.
Baselet B, Belmans N, Coninx E, Lowe D, Janssen A, Michaux A, Tabury K, Raj K, Quintens R, Benotmane MA, Baatout S, Sonveaux P, Aerts A Functional Gene Analysis Reveals Cell Cycle Changes and Inflammation in Endothelial Cells Irradiated with a Single X-ray Dose. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Apr 25;8:213.
Baselet B, Belmans N, Azimzadeh O, Erbeldinger N, Bakshi MV, Dettmering T, Lowe D, Janssen A, Michaux A, , Raj K, , Benotmane MA, Baatout S, Sonveaux P, Aerts, Soile Tapio and Quintens R Differential impact of single-dose Fe ion and X-ray irradiation on endothelial cell transcriptomic and proteomic responses Front Pharmacol. 2017 Sept 25 doi:10.3389/phar2017.00570.
Donna Lowe, Steve Horvath and Kenneth Raj Epigenetic clock analyses of cellular senescence and ageing: Oncotarget (2016) 7(8): 8524-31
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en
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Global efforts on Mercury Management
Satish Sinha, Associate Director, Toxics Link
Source: Toxics Link, Date: March , 2012
Mercury is a naturally occurring substance found in the earth’s crust and is mined like any other mineral. This shiny silvery metal is today recognised as one of the most potent toxic elements in the world with adequate information available on the toxicity levels of this metal and its adverse impacts on human health and environment. Mercury- a neurotoxin has the property to bio accumulate and Bio magnifies its trans-boundary characteristics and persistence thereby making it a very potent toxic element. Despite being highly toxic it has unique properties, making it suitable to much industrial and household usage across the globe. Mercury once brought into global circulation through products and processes, continues to exist in the environment in various forms and causes grave environmental and health ramifications. The mounting concerns have ultimately brought together global efforts in finding solutions to the vexed problems related with mercury.
These efforts have finally culminated in UNEP Governing Council (GC) 25/5 decision which mandates the UNEP to prepare a legally binding instrument on Mercury that could include both binding and voluntary approaches, including interim activities reducing risk to human health and environment. Development and completion of the contents of this has been long and highly consultative, involving a series of intergovernmental negotiations, commenced in 2010 and is required to be completed by 2013. With the major objective being efficient and effective mercury management it aims at:
* Reduction of Supply of mercury and enhance the capacity for its safe storage.
* Reduce the demand for its use in products and processes.
* Reduce the international trade of Mercury and
* Reduce the atmospheric emission of mercury.
Three rounds of intergovernmental negotiations have been completed and the draft instrument with various articles and many options are being discussed and negotiated among the countries. The process of consultations and negotiations though highly transparent are indeed complex, as the process attempts to address extremely diverse needs of various nations. The initial phase of the consultations focussed on identifying the issues and concerns around Mercury, while the subsequent discussions among nations is on the nature of the instrument, its specific provisions and its effectiveness also accommodating the specific needs of a country.
The ongoing conversation on the issue has at times tended to create a sharp divide between the developed and the developing countries. While the developed countries push for stronger provisions and strict timelines the developing countries negotiate for a more flexible term of engagement with the treaty. The third intergovernmental negotiations also clearly brought forth the issue of resource availability and the mechanism of efficiently managing it. Developing countries apprehend constrains in treaty implementation due to lack of resources on account of adoption of new technology in products and processes.
The Indian delegation has also been actively voicing their concerns on resource availability and the most appropriate mechanism for accessing these funds by countries. The bleak global economic scenario also poses a serious challenge to the donor countries.
Another alarming issue in the third intergovernmental negotiations has been of emissions, most developing countries are opposed to the idea of a mandated limit for emissions as they are largely dependant on coal based power plants for their energy requirements. Both India and China are bound by common interest on the issue of emission, their major source of energy being coal. Their contention being that the per capita energy consumption is much lower than developed countries and any attempt to limit emission will adversely impact growth and poverty alleviation programs. The Indian government has taken a strong non negotiable position on this issue, seeking a voluntary approach in dealing with emission and is supported by China, making it a very sticking issue and thus requires some deft negotiations to break the impasse.
While the position on mandatory emission levels for all thermal power plants has its own merit, it is though difficult to understand the argument of voluntary approach on Mercury management on all other articles covering issues of trade, storage, products and process etc. put forth by the Indian Delegation. India does not mine Mercury and has significantly reduced its total mercury consumption owing to the shift in the chlor alkali industry and is perhaps best placed to assume a leadership role in this treaty negotiation.
The two major sectors using Mercury in India are lighting and healthcare industry which are perhaps not so difficult to deal with and can be best negotiated even under the larger ambit of legally binding instrument. A more open conversation in house would be most appropriate mechanism for developing a national position on such issues rather than a closed room approach with no information to the larger population which in turn suggests that the communities have no opinions or thoughts on such issues and need not be consulted.
The global instrument on Mercury will go through a few more rounds of intergovernmental negotiations before being finalised and implemented. While the articles of the treaty are in place, it is the issue of exemptions and concessions that the countries negotiate which is dictated by the economic interest of respective countries. The treaty is likely to be finalised by 2013 but its effective implementation by countries is likely to be a long journey, till then we all have to live with varying amounts of mercury in the environment.
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en
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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CONCERT Final Exam Veerle Program
J. S. Bach - Prelude in e flat minor, Fugue in d sharp minor
L. van Beethoven - Piano Sonata no. 24
I. Adagio cantabile – Allegro ma non troppo
II. Allegro vivace
N. Kapustin - Concert Etude no. 8 "Finale"
F. Chopin - Scherzo no. 4
S. Prokofiev - Piano Sonata no. 7
II. Andante caloroso
Expression of gratitude
Firstly I would like to thank my great teacher Henry Kelder, who has taught me not only how to play the piano on a professional level, but also how to think creatively and open myself up when Making music at the piano. I would like to thank my parents for allowing me the time and space to practice and develop myself, and for all of their love. Thanks to my 🖤 Marijn and to my friends who have encouraged me and given me confidence in regards to my playing and my personality. Finally I would like to thank all of the people that are here in the audience today, thank you for listening and supporting me!
Information about the pieces
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 - 1750)
Bach wrote two books of preludes and fugues. Every key, in major and minor, has its own prelude and fugue in every book. For example, the prelude in C major and the fugue in C major belong together. So why is it that Bach wrote the prelude that I am going to play in e flat minor and the fugue in d sharp minor? Those are two different keys, but still, the prelude and fugue belong together. Have you ever heard of enharmonic keys? It means that the name of the note is different, but actually it's the same note; it sounds the same. The e flat on the piano sounds the same as the d sharp. It could be that Bach wrote the fugue in a different key and transposed it later to d sharp. Or maybe he wanted to have a more intense feeling with the fugue.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827)
The 24th piano sonata of Beethoven is known as one of his own favourite pieces. It is nicknamed "à Thérèse", because it was written for countess Thérèse von Brunswick. I read that around the time this sonata was written (1809), Beethoven was about to leave Vienna. The archduke Rudolf, Prince Lobkowitz, and Prince Kinsky wanted him to stay and offered him a fixed income as a composer. Maybe that gave him the freedom to write more freely and creative and is that the reason why this was one of his favourite piano sonatas.
Or... Thérèse was one of Beethoven's students and he wrote this piece for her. If you heard about the loveletter "Immortal Beloved" that Beethoven wrote, you must know there are a lot of speculations of to whom this letter was supposed to be sent to. Could that be the reason this one was one of his favourites?
Nikolai Kapustin (1937)
Kapustin is an Ukranian composer and pianist. I am going to play one of his concert etudes, the last one; "Finale". It is written in jazz style, very carefully and precise. From his website:
Nikolai Kapustin turned out to be a classical composer who happens to work in a jazz idiom. He fuses these influences in his compositions, using jazz idioms in formal classical structures. An example of this is his Suite in the Old Style, Op. 28, written in1977, which inhabits the sound world of jazz but is modelled on baroque suites such as the keyboard partitas composed by J. S. Bach, each movement being a stylized dance or a pair of dances in strict binary form. Other examples of this fusion are his set of 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 82, written in 1997, and the Op. 100 Sonatina.
Frédéric Chopin (1810 - 1849)
Like the Beethoven sonata, this piece is also written for a female student. How woman can inspire a man... This time the piece is written for Mademoiselle J. de Caraman. Scherzo is translated in English as 'a joke, playful, frolic'. The fourth scherzo, the only one written in a major key, may be the most frolic one of them all.
Published in Leipzig in 1843, the Scherzo in E major, Op. 54, was composed in 1842. Not often performed, the piece is of a very different character than Chopin's previous works in this form, exhibiting more capriciousness and elegance than profundity. It is best described as bright and direct.
Sergei Prokofiev (1891 - 1953)
The 7th sonata of Prokofiev is one of his war sonatas. It is nicknamed the 'Stalingrad sonata'. During WWII Prokofiev was forced to write happy music for Stalin and his country, while a lot of people, and some of his close friends, were being killed. During this time, he started to write his war sonatas. In this music he could express his true feelings about the war. This piano sonata is amongst the most dissonant piano pieces that Prokofiev wrote.
I will play the second and third movement of this sonata. The second movement starts with a melody full of chromatic lines. It feels like a very sentimental melody with an intentional sarcastic undertone. The melody is based on a song by Schumann, called 'Wehmut'. For me, it feels like Prokofiev writes about a soldier being in a safe place, maybe listening to music. But he cannot help to have flashbacks from the field. That's where all the dissonance begins; he starts to see imaginary things, while the music is playing in the corner of the room. In his mind the music changes into distorted sounds of the war. Almost at the end of the piece, alarm bells start to ring in his head and the melody returns. But the war, with all its pain, will never leave his head. The third movement is written in a 7/8 bar throughout the whole piece. It feels like the piece is somehow going to collapse. In the left hand there is a motive that is very recognizable. It makes me think of the alarm bells of the second movement, because in the different parts the same two notes always return. Although, in the third movement, the sign is heard in the bass. In the end of the piece, everything really tends to collapse and go insane. For a pianist, this part is almost uncontrollable. I think this is really what the piece is about; Prokofiev's time, his choices, his relationships and his feelings were all uncontrollable because of the war.
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en
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Strong reasoning
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Entertainment
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By John Hirtle, Beach News Staff
Beach News, Thursday, July 7, 2005
[The following article is courtesy of Beach News]
[Beach News Photo by John Hirtle]
Unlike most Seacoast area towns, Kittery is not named after a town in England, but a home. Specifically, the manor of Kittery Court located on Kittery Point located in Kingsweare in Devon, England, across the river Dart from the city of Dartmouth. It was from Kingsweare that some of the first settlers came from.
While settlement of Kittery dates back to the early 1620’s, it wasn’t until 1647 that Kittery was formally recognized as a town, making it the oldest town in the state of Maine.
William Pepperrell was one of the town’s early noteables. Born in 1696, Pepperrell would rise in local politics, eventually becoming a colonel in the American militia. When King George’s war broke out, he was in command of the British land forces that took the French fortress of Louisburg on Cape Breton in Nova Scotia. For this, Pepperrell became the first native-born American to be made a Baronet.
One of his local lasting contributions can still be seen in a way. Fort McClary stands atop the land he gave to build fortification to defend the citizens of Kittery from foreign attackers, and to protect ships from duties collected by New Hampshire’s Naval Officer across the river at Fort William and Mary. Today’s present structures at Fort McClary include the 1844 granite blockhouse, said to be the last one built in Maine, and half-built walls from the Civil War period of refortification. Fort McClary is now a state park and is open to the public. With its ample timber and skilled labor, the town of Kittery became known as a shipbuilding center. This, and the swift currents of the Piscataqua River led to the establishment of the country’s oldest shipyard on a set of islands in Kittery in 1800. Since Kittery had no post office at the time, it was named the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Over the years, debate on which state the shipyard is actually in has grown, but there is no denying that the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard is the finest facility of its type in the country. Today though, the yard is faced with the threat of closure, as the BRAC Committee considers which vital military facilities need to be shut down during a time of war.
While Kittery has seen its share of industries and attractions, the thing it is most well known for is the shopping outlets along Route 1, an rightly claims the title as the "Gateway to Maine". But before you go further into the pine tree state, take a moment to stop by The Kittery Historical and Naval Museum to find out more about the town’s long and colorful past.
The Kittery Historical and Naval Museum is located next to the town’s municipal offices at the junction of U.S. Route #1 and Rogers Road, immediately north of the Kittery Traffic Circle. It is open from June to Columbus Day, Tuesday through Saturday from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM, or by appointment. Admission fees are $3.00 for adult, $1.50 for children 7-15; children under 7 are free. Other family, senior and group discounts are available. For more information, please call (207) 439-3080.
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Moderate reasoning
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History
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Vehicles in Texas registered in some of the most densely populated areas are subject to annual emissions testing. These areas have been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as “non-attainment areas” with poor air quality. The EPA has mandated that Texas implement measures to reduce pollutants that contribute to poor air quality. In response, Texas emissions standards were set and an emissions testing program implemented for the designated areas.
Texas Counties where Vehicles Must Have an Emission Test
All gasoline powered vehicles, 2 to 24 years old, registered in Brazoria, Fort Bend, Galveston, Harris, Montgomery, Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker, Rockwall, Tarrant, Travis, Williamson and El Paso counties, must have emissions testing. Three different emissions testing procedures are used. Vehicle model year and county of registration determine which test is performed. Diesel vehicles are exempt from Texas emissions testing.
Types of Texas Emissions Testing
Three different types of emissions testing are used and the three test types are:
- Two Speed Idle (TSI)
- On-Board Diagnostic (OBDII)
- Accelerated Simulation Mode (ASM)
In El Paso, Travis and Williamson counties, vehicles manufactured in 1995 or earlier receive the TSI test. Vehicles manufactured after 1995 receive the OBDII test. In the Dallas – Fort Worth, Houston/Galveston areas, for vehicles manufactured in 1995 or earlier, the ASM test is used and for models manufactured after 1995, the OBDII test is used. The TSI test utilizes an analyzer to test tailpipe emissions. The ASM, also a tailpipe test, uses a dynamometer to measure emissions under simulated driving conditions. The OBDII utilizes the on board computerized systems installed in vehicles manufactured beginning with 1996 models that monitor the proper functioning of emissions systems. Vehicles fail emissions testing when excessive hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, or oxides of nitrogen are detected by tailpipe testing or when on board computerized systems detect malfunctions of emissions related components.
Texas Emissions Testing Locations
Privately owned, state certified, licensed state inspection stations exist throughout the cities and counties where emissions standards are in effect. Texas State inspection Stations must meet specific certification criteria established by the state. Individual inspectors employed by the stations must attend an eight-hour state inspector’s course, pass a written examination, and pass a practical exam in order to work in a state inspection station. Costs for emissions testing vary by geographic location ranging from $14.25 in El Paso County to $39.75 in North Texas counties.
1. “Texas Attainment Status by Region”. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. June 16, 2009 http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/implementation/air/sip/siptexas.html#naas.
2. “Motor Vehicle Emissions Testing in Texas”. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. June 16, 2009 http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/implementation/air/mobilesource/vim/overview.html.
3. “Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40: Protection of the Environment, Part 81 – Designation of Areas for Air Quality Planning Purposes, Subpart C – Section 107 Attainment Status Designations – Texas”. GPO Access (National Archives and Records Administration). June 16, 2009 http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=8b69a9dd1eb8ee672854597a917e77a2&rgn=div8&view=text&node=40:22.214.171.124.126.96.36.199&idno=40.
4. “The OBDII Home Page”. Auto-tap. http://www.obdii.com/background.html.
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Moderate reasoning
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Transportation
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Japanese law, the law as it has developed in Japan as a consequence of a meld of two cultural and legal traditions, one indigenous Japanese, the other Western. Before Japan’s isolation from the West was ended in the mid-19th century, Japanese law developed independently of Western influences. Conciliation was emphasized in response to social pressures exerted through an expanded family unit and a close-knit community. Few rules prescribed how disputes should be resolved. The closest counterpart to the Western lawyer was the kujishi, an innkeeper who developed a counseling function. Remarkably little law in the modern sense existed; a static society, which officially discouraged commercial activity, apparently neither desired nor needed a developed legal order.
Fundamental changes inevitably followed Japan’s sudden involvement with the Western world after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Japan sought to construct an economic, political, and legal structure capable of commanding respect internationally, ending extraterritoriality, and preserving national independence. The introduction of Western law was one element in a wholesale importation of things Western.
In legal matters the Japanese took for models the systems of continental Europe, especially the German. The drafters of the Japanese Civil Code of 1896 surveyed many legal systems, including the French, Swiss, and common laws, taking something from each. Their final product is, however, best characterized as following the first draft of the German Civil Code. In its subsequent development the Japanese legal system remained true to these sources. The 1947 revisions of the code provisions dealing with relatives and succession, which had reflected traditional Japanese attitudes, completed the transition of Japanese civil law to the continental European family of laws.
Read More on This Topic
civil law (Romano-Germanic): Japanese law
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, which abolished feudal privileges and restored titular power to the emperor, the leaders of the new government sought to construct an economic, political, and legal structure capable of commanding respect internationally. The introduction of Western law was one element of a wholesale importation of things Western. In legal matters the Japanese took for...
On some points, however, Japanese law is closer to that of the United States than to European models, largely as a result of the post-World War II occupation and of later contacts with U.S. legal thinking and education. The examination of witnesses in civil cases is now (at least theoretically) modeled on U.S. procedure. The absence of a special hierarchy of administrative courts is consistent with U.S. ideas. Many aspects of labour and corporation law are U.S.-inspired.
Nevertheless, in its rules and institutions, the Japanese legal system is closer to the civil law of Europe than to the common law. In many ways, moreover, the Japanese legal order differs markedly from all Western legal orders. Most importantly, law in Japan plays a far less pervasive role in resolving disputes and creating and adjusting rules regulating conduct. The paucity of Japanese decisions involving automobile accidents, manufacturer’s liability for defective products, and nuisance may be surprising to Westerners, who also may note the small size of the Japanese bar and the persistence of extralegal methods of resolving disputes. Local police stations provide conciliation rooms. Elders act as go-betweens. For many purposes a family transcending the nuclear family still exists. The notion that a business is analogous to a family unit persists and typically influences labour relations, especially in small- and middle-sized firms. In the relatively homogeneous Japanese society, social status carries heavy obligations, and community pressure is extremely powerful.
Now that Japan has become a dominant world economic power and has increased its global geopolitical presence, law may come to play a role there more akin to its role in the West. In addition, the sociological supports essential to the continued vitality of the Japanese conception of law are being undercut by the shift from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, mechanized society.
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Strong reasoning
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Crime & Law
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What is Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs?
Antifreeze poisoning is, unfortunately, one of the most common causes of poisoning in dogs. It is most often caused by the substance Ethylene Glycol, which is the antifreeze ingredient in 90% of antifreeze.
Even small doses can be fatal for dogs. It’s an issue as it can sometimes be left in puddles or on the ground. The dog then may step in it and, after that, lick its paws, ingesting the antifreeze. Even worse is that most dogs find it tasty! So it is vital to know the symptoms of antifreeze poisoning and how to react if it does happen.
Why is Ethylene Glycol Poisonous for Canines?
When dogs ingest antifreeze ingredients like Ethylene Glycol, it can become fatal fast. Ethylene Glycol is broken down inside the body by chemical processes into the liver and kidneys into metabolites. These are what is toxic for the dog.
These metabolites affect the liver, but especially the kidneys because they accumulate in there and damage them.
The minimal lethal dose for dogs is:
- 4.4ml/kg or just under 10ml/lbs.
It is important to note that this amount will be lethal, but much smaller quantities can still make your dog very sick.
Telltale Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of antifreeze poisoning in dogs are time and dose-dependent. It means that the larger the quantity ingested and the more extended period since ingestion will correlate with worse clinical symptoms. The faster the dog is seen by a veterinarian, the better the outcome will be!
So if you in any way suspect that your dog has ingested antifreeze or are showing signs of antifreeze poisoning, give your vet a call, which is also why we often talk about the stages of poisoning.
The Three Stages of Poisoning
Stage 1: 30 minutes to 12 hours
Shortly after ingesting Ethylene Glycol, your dog will often start showing the following signs of antifreeze poisoning:
- Nausea (drooling is a sign of sickness).
- Increased thirst and urination.
- Trouble walking and appear to be “drunk.”
If enough Ethylene Glycol was ingested, even seizures, coma, and death could occur in this very first stage.
Stage 2: 12 hours to 36 hours
In this stage, your dog may experience the symptoms lessening. Giving many owners a false sense of recovery. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case. Instead, the lack of symptoms – or change in symptoms – means a further metabolization of the antifreeze. The most common symptoms in this stage are:
- Lack of appetite.
- Only able to pass minimal quantities of urine.
- Heart rate increases.
- Breathing rate increases.
Stage 3: After 36 hours
In this stage, the kidneys start to fail. Symptoms in this stage can be:
Coma and death may follow within a day of these symptoms appearing.
One thing is clear: antifreeze poisoning in dogs is an emergency health issue. It needs to be taken seriously and seen by a veterinary professional as soon as possible. If you suspect your dog has ingested antifreeze, call an emergency veterinary service immediately.
Available Treatment Options
Luckily there are some treatment options available for dogs that have ingested Ethylene Glycol from antifreeze.
The goal is to prevent the absorption of Ethylene Glycol into the body. If the dog ingested the antifreeze within the last 30 minutes, induction of vomiting might be possible. The Ethylene Glycol still won’t have been absorbed and broken down by the dog’s body, which is why vomiting is an option. The dog might need to stay at the hospital for observation, but the prognosis is better.
If more than 30 minutes have passed or symptoms have started showing, inducing vomiting will not help the dog. Instead, the aim of treatment is changed entirely towards preventing absorption and increasing excretion rates.
The administration of fluids causes increased excretion. That also works to prevent dehydration of the animal. To prevent the metabolism of Ethylene Glycol, a product called 4-MP can bind and inactive some of the metabolites. The dosage for dogs is:
- 20ml/kg body weight.
Meaning a lot of 4-MP will have to be administered – and fast! In dogs that have already reached the second stage of poisoning (12 to 36 hours after ingestion), 4-MP is likely to have little to no effect. Most of the Ethylene Glycol from the antifreeze will already have been absorbed and broken into its metabolites.
For dogs in stage 2 or 3 of antifreeze poisoning, the prognosis is guarded to poor. It is possible to administer fluids to try and correct the electrolyte balance and maintain kidney function while increasing the excretion.
Preventing Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs
Antifreeze and its active ingredients are very hazardous for our canine friends. One reason for this, of course, how it interacts within the body of our dogs, but also because:
- It is readily available: Almost everyone has antifreeze in their garage or house.
- Lack of information: Unfortunately, not owners are aware of the risks and symptoms of antifreeze poisoning. (But, you are off to a good start by reading this!)
- It’s tasty: It has a sweet taste and smell (don’t test this statement at home!) that makes it appealing to many dogs once they get the antifreeze on their paws.
- It is hiding: Ethylene Glycol is a component of fluids in many products like solar collectors and radiator fluid. So remember to check the label when you buy those products and keep them out of reach from your dogs!
Keeping it out of reach is the keyword for preventing antifreeze and Ethylene Glycol poisoning in dogs. Some sound advice for avoiding poisoning of our furry friends is:
- Keep antifreeze in a sealed and leak-proof container.
- Don’t pour used antifreeze on the ground.
- Consider non-poisonous alternatives to antifreeze with Ethylene Glycol. Antifreeze products with Propylene Glycol (similar name, less poisonous) and Glycerine are good options.
- If antifreeze is in the toilets, make sure you keep the bathroom door closed and the seat down.
Antifreeze and its compound Ethylene Glycol is poisonous and dangerous for our dogs; there is no way around it. However, it is also a useful and sometimes necessary product to get us two-legged ones (and our cars) through the winter!
So keep an eye on puddles from your vehicle and be aware of the symptoms. Then you and your four-legged friend should be dashing through the snow in no time!
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Moderate reasoning
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Health
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Edible packaging made of natural, biodegradable, plant-based materials can be eaten on the go, without a need for waste collection, processing, recycling or disposal.
TARGET USERS: Individuals, Businesses, Industry, Government
KEY CONSIDERATIONS: Edible packaging is made of zero wastepackaging materials that can be utilized for food and beverages.
Of the 78 million metric tons of plastic packaging produced globally each year, a mere 14 percent is recycled. Lightweight and floatable, plastic that escapes collection flows into our oceans—nine million tons annually—most of it from developing nations that lack the infrastructure to manage it. The problem is expected to get worse as those nations grow richer and inevitably start consuming more packaged foods, and as many others in an increasingly convenience-obsessed world continue to purchase meal-kit, grocery services and take-out foods, all of which generate considerable packaging waste.
Most recycled plastics get shredded, melted, and reformed into goods like lumber, fleece, or carpeting, but these products all still eventually end-up in landfills. Manufacturers continue to make bottles and shrink-wraps ever thinner, but the fact remains: plastics are made from nonrenewable resources, either oil or natural gas, and most never see a second life.
Designers, engineers, biologists, investors, and recyclers are now striving to develop packaging that aligns with a circular economy. A circular design abstains from the linear “take, make, waste” model and instead employs supply chains that continuously cycle old materials back into high-value products, with an emphasis on long-lasting design, remanufacturing, and reuse. In the circular economy, material goods cycle in two separate loops: one recovers technical nutrients like metals, minerals, and polymers for reuse, and the other returns biological materials like fiber, and wood, to nature through composting programs, or converts them through anaerobic digestion to carbon-neutral energy.
Edible packaging, for example, utilizes renewable and biodegradable materials to provide consumers with an effective alternative to conventional plastic food packaging. Edible packaging made of seaweed and other natural biodegradable materials does not need to be collected, processed, recycled or disposed of; it is simply eaten!
Notpla is edible packaging made from one of nature’s most renewable resources: brown seaweed. This waste-free alternative to plastic bottles and cups is made from a proprietary material that is cheaper than plastic and that which can encapsulate any beverage including water, soft drinks, spirits, condiments and cosmetics. See Notpla's innovative product line at: http://www.notpla.com/products.
Evoware is a social enterprise with a mission to innovate biodegradable alternatives to singleware-use plastic products using seaweed, while increasing the livelihood of seaweed farmers in Indonesia. Evoware makes a disposable and edible sachet made from seaweed to replace plastic sachet products. This seaweed sheet has the same function as plastic packaging but can be dissolved in warm water. See other examples of Evoware's products at: https://rethink-plastic.com/
Monosol's water-soluable films made of PVOH dissolve completely upon contact with water and consumed by bacterial micro-organisms after use. They do not persist in the environment, contaminate the recycling stream, or contribute to micro-plastic pollution. Its unique safety and environmental profile make it an ideal material for helping make everyday products safer, simpler and more sustainable.
See the various ways in which Monosol's dissolvable packaging can be applied to everyday consumer products at: https://www.monosol.com/
Loliware has engineered a new category of high-performance products designed to disappear using seaweed intelligence: https://www.loliware.com/
In 2012, David Edwards launched WikiCells, an edible packaging for foods and liquids that mimics an eggshell but is made of charged polymers and food particles that can be filled with many things like orange juice, wine, or chocolate. See: http://davidideas.com/details/wikicells
Public awareness campaigns that engage and educate local communities on plastic waste can spur community action and affect consumer choices. TARGET USERS: Individuals, Businesses, Industry, Government KEY CONSIDERATIONS: The aim...View full Best Practice details
Public procurement standards can incorporate bans on single-use plastic items, as well as targets and incentives for reusables and plastic-free alternatives, enabling procurement teams to...View full Best Practice details
Introducing market restrictions - or ‘bans’ - is an effective method to stop single-use plastics from being placed on the market. TARGET USERS: Government KEY CONSIDERATIONS: Government...View full Best Practice details
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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The final stage before certification, student teaching, emphasizes the processes of becoming a teacher and its purpose is the full assumption of the teacher’s role in a learning community. Here the students assume and carry out effectively all the duties and responsibilities of a teacher for which the earlier field experiences have prepared them. Supervising teachers determine if these competencies are displayed by the education students in field settings to an adequate degree to certify them. The supervising teacher evaluates whether the student teacher demonstrates adequate knowledge of the content they are teaching and satisfactory general knowledge to effectively function and teach. They assess the student teacher’s communication, management, planning, presentation and assessment skills. The duties of professionalism—ethics, attitude, development, service, knowledge and execution of duties, knowledge of the school and its context and human relations—will also be evaluated.
Student teaching is the most important experience in teacher education.
The Student Teaching Program at Northern Michigan University provides an opportunity to develop and evaluate the students’ competence in an actual school setting. Student teaching is intended to bridge theory and practice. The relationship among university supervisor, supervising teacher and student teacher influences the quality of the student teaching experience. The student teachers need competent and concerned supervisors to help them assume the full range of duties of a teacher. The supervising teacher is a vital influence in a student teacher’s professional growth and development.
The major goal of the Student Teaching Program is to provide student teachers a challenging, relevant and rewarding experience, that will allow them to acquire professional competence. This includes the ability to:
- understand the role and operation of the school
- respect and work effectively with students of varying backgrounds and cultures
- assume the various responsibilities of the classroom teacher
- plan instruction and learning experiences that recognize the individual needs and differences of students
- organize and manage the classroom environment to maximize learning
- manage classroom interactions and student conduct to create a positive climate for learning
- identify and use appropriate instructional techniques, media and methods
- evaluate learning to determine the extent to which instructional objectives are achieved by students
- establish positive and effective communication with students, parents, colleagues, administrators and community members
- accept and assume the responsibilities associated with being a competent professional and lifelong learner
- recognize and practice being a reflective teacher.
Students who are nearing completion of all requirements should plan to attend a student teaching application meeting. They should attend this meeting two semesters in advance of their student teaching on the third Tuesday of October for those planning to student teach the next fall and the third Tuesday of February for those planning to student teach the next winter, from 12:00 to 12:50. Students are required to complete and turn in the Student Teaching Data Card at this meeting or as soon thereafter as possible. They may submit their application for student teaching any time from that date until the second Friday of the next semester.
Materials for the application process will be distributed and reviewed at that orientation meeting (students unable to attend that meeting may pick up materials from the Field Experiences Office, 179 Whitman Hall, in the School of Education, Leadership and Public Service). All required forms must be turned in to the Field Experiences Office no later than the second Friday of the semester before student teaching. Incomplete and/or inadequately prepared applications will not be accepted.
Students must meet all prerequisites for student teaching, as stated in the Teacher Selection and Retention Standards that apply to them. Copies of these standards are available at 179 Whitman Hall. Students who submit the application materials on time will receive priority in placements. Late applications will be processed and assignments made only to the extent that time and openings allow.
Eligibility for Student Teaching
To be eligible for a student teaching placement, a student must meet the following criteria:
- Compliance with all of the stated admission and retention requirements
- Removal of all “I” or “X” grades
- Satisfactory performance in all course practica
- A “C” or above in each of the following courses where applicable:
- ED 310, ED 311, ED 312, ED 318, ED 319, ED 306, ED 349, ED 361, MA 353 and any specialized secondary methods course
- Completion of all course requirements in the student’s major and minor(s). Requests for exceptions of this requirement will be reviewed by the student’s advisor and the Director of Field Experiences
- Passing the Michigan Test for Teacher Certification in Basic Skills
- Minimum degrees of relevant forms of socialization (see Moral Turpitude)
- Have passed ED 483 Educational Media
- Satisfactory completion of the Writing Proficiency Exam
- Maintain an overall GPA of 2.70 or above
- Have a 2.70 GPA or above in the major, minor(s), Professional Education Sequence and the planned program and required cognates combined where applicable, with no grade of C- or lower and only one repeat allowed in each category (5 total)
- Meet all requirements for and have been accepted into Phase II of the program.
The Director of Field Experiences is responsible for all student teaching assignments. Although the prospective student teacher may express a preference, the final decision as to geographical area, school system and teacher is made by the Director of Field Experiences in cooperation with area schools.
Elementary, special and secondary education students at Northern Michigan University who have completed all of the prerequisites are assigned to cooperating schools for a full university semester. Various patterns of assignments are possible. Special education students normally do the first eight weeks in their base certification area and the second eight weeks in a special education setting. Other students normally do a full-term assignment, but may apply for a split assignment. In the full term assignment, the student teacher is assigned to one supervising teacher for the entire term. In the split assignment, the student teacher is generally assigned eight weeks of the term with one teacher and the following eight weeks with another. They may split among different teachers for part of the day throughout the semester.
The advantages of a full term assignment are that a student teacher gets to develop a long term and in-depth experience with a teacher and a group of students. The advantages of a split assignment are that the student teacher gets to have a broader experience with different teachers, grade levels, subjects and/or settings. Having a breadth of experience may be useful in determining what your abilities and interests are.
Students in secondary education programs of K-12 programs will first be interviewed by the university supervisor for their major. That supervisor will make recommendations for placement to the Field Experience Office. Secondary education students are assigned in the area of their majors in the middle and/or high school level and, if practical, in the area of their minors. Physical education, art and music majors obtain a K-12 endorsement in their major on a secondary certificate. These students may be assigned to an elementary, middle and/or secondary school.
Additional endorsements to existing teaching certificates may be sought by some post-degree students and require a minimum of eight weeks of student teaching.
Students are assigned to selected schools in the Upper Peninsula and Northeastern Wisconsin. Placements are made in centers that are currently open. Students are not allowed to student teach at a school they attended or with which they or a close relative have been affiliated.
Paid internships of $4,500 or more in selected Wisconsin schools are available. Interns assume no more than 50% of a workload for a full time teacher in the district while they are responsible for their own class. Interested students should contact the Director or http://www.dpi.state.wi.us/dpi/dlsis/tel/ for more information.
There are limited opportunities for students to complete their student teaching assignments overseas or in culturally diverse schools. Interested students should inquire at the Field Experience Office and the International Affairs Office. Requests for assignments in areas other than the designated student teaching centers should be made in writing to the Director of Field Experiences. Financial considerations are not adequate justification for a student to complete an assignment outside the designated areas.
A student may be allowed to student teach through another university under the following considerations:
- The student was married during the academic year prior to the requested assignment
- The spouse is required to move for the purpose of employment
- Transfer to another university would pose a severe academic hardship
- There is an acceptable host University willing to supervise the student teacher
- Student desires to teach in a school of greater cultural diversity than is generally found in our area (20% or more minority school population)
A student with a student teaching assignment outside the designated centers will be required to pay additional costs for supervision.
Only teachers whom the school has recommended and who meet Northern’s criteria will be considered for supervising student teachers. Teachers must first voluntarily decide if they are willing to work with student teachers. They should interview the prospective student teachers and have them spend some time in their classroom before student teaching to help insure a successful student teaching experience.
Northern Michigan University’s legal liability insurance includes coverage for our students when performing services under the direction of the University when engaged in approved academic programs. This includes legal liability coverage for student teachers and their actions while placed in a student teaching situation. This coverage does not include activities outside of student teaching.
Students are to free themselves of campus and work responsibilities during the week while student teaching to allow for a full-time commitment to teaching. Student teachers may work Friday evening (6:00 p.m.) to Sunday evening (6:00 p.m.). However, student teachers may be asked to terminate work should the activities interfere with their performance in school. Students may be involved in activities that are commonly done by teachers such as coaching and tutoring.
Students are encouraged to enroll in ED 222 Classroom Management or ED 223 Multicultural Education during student teaching. These classes are scheduled the morning of seminars and are valuable resources to the student teacher. Other than these two classes, additional coursework is discouraged, but students meeting several criteria may request an exception to this policy.
During student teaching all students are expected to begin with and adhere to the school calendar in the school district to which they are assigned. Vacations are scheduled according to the school district calendar. The final date of student teaching is generally the Wednesday before the end of Northern’s semester.
Student teachers are expected to be in attendance every day for a full day. Daily arrival and departure times will follow the daily schedule of the supervising teacher. Only two absences, whether for illness or personal reasons, are allowed. All other absences must be made up. Absences for personal business are discouraged. Students are expected to have affairs in order before student teaching begins. Student teachers are allowed two additional days for absences for teaching job interviews, if needed, and approved by the supervising teacher.
Student teachers are required to attend all seminars which are generally held 1:30 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. on four Fridays during the student teaching semester. Seminars will include topics such as human relations, classroom management and organization, effective planning and teaching, placement, employment and certification, as well as other topics that address the needs and concerns of student teachers. Seminar dates are listed on the calendar of when reports are due and in the schedule of classes. Students enrolled in ED 222 Classroom Management or ED 223 Multicultural Education will generally have classes from 9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. on those same Fridays. Student teachers are excused from their classroom duties to attend these classes.
Students who enroll in student teaching make a commitment to the goals, responsibilities and expectations outlined in this Guide. The following procedure should be used when a student teacher has difficulty fulfilling these responsibilities:
- An initial conference on the matter between the supervising teacher and the student teacher should be held. Conferences should be held frequently between the supervising teacher and student teacher. Early identification and addressing of problems aids in their solution.
- If the problem is not resolved, the supervising teacher should contact the university supervisor and arrange a conference with the student teacher, the supervising teacher and the university supervisor as soon as possible. The building administrator may need to be involved in this conference.
- If this procedure is ineffective in reaching resolution, the problem will be referred to the Director of Field Experiences. The Director will seek resolution and determine if reassignment or removal from student teaching should occur.
Moral turpitude as a ground for academic dismissal from the Professional Teacher Education Program means any intentional act prohibited by statute that has the effect of contributing to the delinquency of a minor; which constitutes child abuse or which otherwise involves a minor; which constitutes or involves a form of sexual conduct described or defined by statute; which involves trafficking in drugs or controlled substances; which involves pornographic materials; which involves wrongful entry, larceny, embezzlement or receiving stolen property; which involves perjury, bribery, graft, forgery, counterfeiting or smuggling; or which involves fraud, deceit or intentional dishonesty for purposes of personal gain.
Use of Student Teachers as Substitutes
NMU allows student teachers to substitute teach as part of their student teaching experience according to the following criteria/guidelines:
- Districts and supervising teachers must ensure that the quality of instruction provided to student teachers who are allowed to substitute teach is comparable to that required in our traditional student teaching program.
- Student teachers may substitute teach only in the classroom in which they are student teaching.
- Student teachers are not to substitute teach more than 10 days during their student teaching.
- The student teacher, cooperating teacher, school administrator/district and university supervisor must approve of the substitute teaching.
- An accurate record of the dates and experiences must be kept by the school and available to the university.
- The substitute teaching must not conflict with a university supervisor’s visit. The university supervisor must be notified in a timely manner so that it will not conflict with supervisory or student teaching responsibilities.
- The student teachers will be available to cover the supervising teacher’s classroom on those days, such as TEAC meetings, where the absence of the supervisor from the classroom is necessary for the promotion of the student teacher program. This is part of student teaching and not considered substitute teaching for which they would be paid.
- The student teachers will be paid the same as a regular substitute teacher and meet the necessary requirements for substitute teaching by the district.
The Teacher Education Advisory Council (TEAC) sponsors programs for supervisors of student teachers that require their absence from the classroom. Student teachers may be left in charge of their classroom without a substitute teacher on these days. Other cases should be cleared with the Director of Field Experiences.
NOTE: Michigan requires fingerprint clearance for employment as a substitute teacher and certified teacher. Fingerprinting is available at NMU through Public Safety. It takes approximately three months for Federal and State clearance. Students wishing to have clearance should begin the process accordingly. Most schools have their requirements that must be met before a student teacher is eligible to substitute teach. It is the student’s responsibility to meet all requirements.
The evaluation of the student teacher is the primary responsibility of the supervising teacher. Supervising teachers are encouraged to help the student teachers evaluate themselves through such techniques as conferencing and videotaping. Supervising teachers electronically submit three evaluation reports as described in this section and can be found at the following Northern Michigan University School of Education, Leadership and Public Service website: /education/node/153 (See Appendix). If reports cannot be electronically submitted, student teachers may hand carry the reports to the seminar. Submission dates are specified on the student teaching calendar sent to supervising teachers. It is the responsibility of the supervising teacher and university supervisor to ensure that the student teacher receives timely and continuous feedback on his or her performance. The student recommended for certification must possess the skills and maturity to be a successful teacher.
Student teacher evaluation forms provide the supervisor with opportunities to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a student teacher. These reports profile the student’s competency in subject matter, instruction, assessment and professionalism. Letter grades are not used for evaluating a student teacher's performance as they inhibit the development of a counselor-learner relationship between the supervising teacher and a student teacher.
Student teachers will receive one of the following grades:
S ( satisfactory with certification)
P ( pass grade for credit but no certification)
U ( unsatisfactory, no credit or certification)
Supervising teachers are to check the appropriate level on the final evaluation.
The Michigan Department of Education requires all teacher preparation institutions to use the state approved criteria for assessment of entry-level pedagogical skills for each student teacher.
NOTE: A Final Evaluation rating of a P will result in an S grade; a rating of an I will result in a P grade and a rating of a B will result in a U grade.
The evaluation criteria below include the numbers and letters of the standards and proficiencies in parentheses from the Criteria for an Assessment of Pedagogy based on the State Board of Education Entry Level Standards for Michigan Teachers. See Appendix.
The student teaching evaluation forms are based upon the duties of a teacher: knowledge base, instructional competence, assessment competence and professionalism. Supervising teachers must determine whether these competencies are demonstrated by the student teacher to an adequate degree and then support their assessments. The duties listed on the evaluation of student teacher forms are described below and should be referred to in assessing the student teacher’s level of proficiency.
The supervising teachers will check Proficient, Improving, Basic or No Comment/Not Observed for each of the following bulleted categories:
All preservice teachers must demonstrate a satisfactory level of competence in their subject matter and general knowledge through required courses and standardized tests before they are allowed to student teach. University students who do not meet minimal standards set by the University on general and specific content area tests and in performance in college courses are not admitted into teacher education or are not allowed to continue. The supervising teacher should evaluate whether the student can apply this knowledge effectively in a teaching situation and can meet the following criteria.
- Content areas
- Understands the subject matter and current research (5a*).
- Demonstrates accurate, appropriate and comprehensive knowledge about the subjects taught to the degree needed to effectively teach the curriculum (3f).
- Engages students in practical activities that demonstrate the relevance, purpose and function of the subject matter (3f).
- Integrates and transfers knowledge across subject areas (3c).
- General knowledge
- Has an understanding and appreciation of the humanities, social sciences, arts, mathematical and natural sciences and technology (1a, 1b, 1h).
- Communicates the value of liberal arts knowledge to their students, including an appreciation of the interrelationships among subjects(1c).
- Demonstrates a global and multicultural perspective (1e, 1f, 1l).
- Accesses and uses updated information and procedures (3g).
*See the Appendix to find these Standards and Proficiencies from the Criteria for Assessment of Pedagogy.
Preservice teachers must not only have adequate knowledge, they must also be able to teach. The university evaluates these skills through testing, coursework and field experiences. Students unable to demonstrate adequate communication skills, as measured through standardized tests and required coursework, are not permitted to progress through the teacher education program. Through pre-student teaching field experiences, students' management skills are only superficially explored. Student teaching is the primary source of data for these skills. Lesson/unit planning and presentation, including the use of materials and technology, are taught and initially evaluated in the methods classes at the university.
- Communication skills
- Communicates what is to be learned so that students understand and value the learning.
- Demonstrates effective speaking, listening, reading and writing skills (1a).
- Uses appropriate and grammatically correct language.
- Has congruent verbal and nonverbal communication.
- Management of students' behavior
- Controls classroom behavior in an effective and fair manner (2d).
- Organizes and manages classroom to maximize learning.
- Establishes and carries out effective classroom rules, procedures and routines.
- Provides a positive learning environment.
- Encourages individual responsibility (1k).
- Respects individual rights (1k).
- Management of learning progress
- Manages learning progress so that the curriculum is covered appropriately and efficiently (5c). Makes smooth transitions and is able to handle varying ability levels and activities.
- Manages assignments and time efficiently.
- Ensures quality time on learning tasks and accomplishes what has to be done.
- Demonstrates knowledge about instructional management resources (7d).
- Uses high expectations for optimal achievement (3c).
- Management of contingencies/emergencies
- Applies district and building policies (4f).
- Reasonably and responsibly copes with the frequent contingencies and occasional emergencies of classroom teaching.
- Demonstrates critical and creative thinking abilities through effective decision making under pressure.
- Ensures a safe and orderly environment conducive to learning (2d).
- Lesson/unit planning
- Develops effective lessons and units within the contexts of the curriculum and assessment.
- Uses curricular frameworks as a means to developing student's inquiry and thinking skills (3g).
- Applies knowledge of human growth, development and learning theory (2a).
- Plans instruction to accommodate diversity (2e, 2f, 4a).
- Uses a variety of methodologies, technologies and techniques (4b, 7d, 7e).
- Lesson/unit presentation
- Presents lessons and units so that the instructional objectives are efficiently realized.
- Creates meaningful learning experiences that help all students understand the subject matter based on each student's abilities, attitudes, effort, culture and achievement (2h).
- Expands cognitive, affective, physical and social capabilities of students (2b).
- Uses a variety of teaching methodologies, technologies and techniques (4b, 7d, 7e).
- Use of materials and resources
- Is familiar with and able to use a variety of literacies, materials and resources (2i, 7c).
- Selects, creates and incorporates appropriate instructional techniques, technology and materials needed for instruction (7a, 7e).
- Demonstrates current knowledge about instruction, resources and technology (7b, 7c).
- Helps students access and use information technology and other resources to become independent learners and problem solvers (3b).
Preservice teachers are taught about assessment but have little practical knowledge before student teaching. Assessing, grading and reporting are essential elements in teaching introduced in education classes and concurrent field experiences. Accurate self-evaluation of teaching and curricula are encouraged throughout the program.
- Selection, creation and use of student assessments
- Understands evaluation and assessment, including test construction and administration (4e).
- Knows and uses multiple approaches to assess student abilities and the merit of a student's work (2g).
- Values and develops a variety of reliable and valid assessment measures.
- Grading and reporting student achievement
- Understands and appreciates the grading/ranking/scoring process and how to report achievement.
- Grades and reports fairly, honestly, clearly, consistently, efficiently and helpfully.
- Uses technology to organize, manage, evaluate and communicate information about student performance (7d).
- Evaluation of teaching, materials and curriculum
- Assesses instructional, assessment and professional competence of themselves and others (4b).
- Self evaluates and reflects on the course, materials and curriculum and makes improvements (5h). Uses assessments to inform instruction.
The preservice education program tries to select students who have the attributes needed in a professional educator and to develop these attributes through the experiences required of these students and the expectations held for them.
- Professional ethics
- Understands the value of education and the role of intellectual and ethical values (1d, 7f).
- Models moral standards that are expected in the profession, such as confidentiality, fairness, honesty, trustworthiness and integrity.
- Models a commitment to intellectual, moral and professional virtues.
- Professional attitude
- Collaborates with all stakeholders in education (6d, 6e).
- Values learning, students, teaching and schooling (5h).
- Demonstrates openness, courtesy, conscientiousness, reliability, caring and compassion.
- Identifies with professional educators.
- Dresses and behaves professionally.
- Discerns the extent to which personal belief systems and values may affect the instructional process (2c).
- Professional development/service
- Is involved in professional development and service activities (7g).
- Performs non-teaching duties required of a teacher such as administrative tasks (attendance, out-of-class supervision) and school or community services (committee work, participation in events).
- Accepts teaching as a lifelong learning process and continues efforts to develop and improve (5e).
- Uses community and home resources to enhance school programs (6a, 6b).
- Knowledge and execution of duties
- Understands and effectively deals with issues of professional policy and practice at local, state, national and international levels (5d, 6c).
- Understands responsibilities associated with being a competent professional, including following laws, regulations, policies, requirements and procedures (4f).
- Involves and works effectively with all support personnel (4c).
- Exercises good judgment in planning and managing time and other resources (5b).
- Knowledge of the school and its context
- Understands the evolution of education and the teacher’s role in a changing society (5g).
- Understands the special characteristics and circumstances related to the students, staff, school and community (4a, 5f).
- Develops practices to promote collaborative, supportive interaction in the classroom, school and community (4d, 6d, 6e).
- Demonstrates an understanding of the economic, social, political, legal and organizational foundations and functions of schools (5d).
- Human relations
- Establishes positive and effective relationships with students, parents, colleagues, administrators and community members (1f, 5f).
- Demonstrates appreciation of cultural diversity, individual differences and exceptionalities of students (2e, 2f).
- Discourages prejudice and unfair discrimination in their classrooms.
Understands and respects varying points of view and the influence of one’s own on others (1g).
All reports are to be submitted electronically and may be obtained from the following website /education/node/153 All students are expected to successfully teach one full day before the first progress report, one week before the mid-term report and two additional weeks before the final report. Failure to meet these requirements indicates a weakness in the student teacher’s progress.
The First Progress Report
The First Progress Report is due the fourth Friday of student teaching according to the Student Teaching Calendar. This report is an assessment of the student teacher's baseline performance and conveys important information about the student's competencies to the university supervisor and the Director of Field Experiences. The supervising teachers should indicate any initial concerns they may have on this form. The students teacher should have taught one full day before sending in this report.
The Mid-Term and Final Evaluation
The Mid-Term Evaluation is submitted halfway through the semester and the Final Evaluation is due the last Friday of student teaching. Students may obtain hard copies of these evaluation forms with the Director’s signature from our office for their credential files. The supervising teacher is to make additional comments to extend or substantiate the profile. Opportunities to email copies of these reports to yourself, your student teacher and the university or classroom supervisor are given at the end of the form. For student teachers doing a split assignment, the second supervising teacher should be given a copy of the Mid-Term Evaluation.
The University Supervisor’s Report
The University Supervisor's Report uses the same categories as the evaluation forms used by the supervising teacher in the first progress report. The university supervisor should make at least one visitation each calendar month of student teaching. The university supervisor completes a report and shares his/her observations with the student teacher and supervising teacher following each observation. University supervisors are encouraged to help student teachers evaluate themselves through such techniques as conferencing, surveying and videotaping. The university supervisor should consult with the supervising teacher concerning the student teacher's progress during each visit and, if needed, between visits. The University Supervisor also completes a final evaluation of the student teacher.
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Strong reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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While most people remember the Alamo and the final battle at San Jacinto, many don't realize much of the struggle was fought in Corpus Christi's own backyard.
The Texas Revolution was sparked Sept. 20, 1835, by Mexican Gen. Perfecto de Cos landing his army of 500 men, artillery and supplies at El Copano, an old Mexican port town on Copano Bay. Alarmed Texas authorities at San Felipe issued a call to arms.
Territorial control vacillated for nine months as Mexican troops tangled with Texas militiamen and mounted rangers throughout Goliad, Refugio, San Patricio, Agua Dulce and old El Copano.
In June 1836, Mexican Gen. Vicente Filisola, second in command under Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, retreated with troops after the San Jacinto battle, crossing the Nueces River at the Santa Margarita crossing - the same passage used in February 1835 by the Mexican army getting into Texas from Matamoros.
It was called the old Camino Real - the King's Highway - identified today in Nueces County as County Road 666.
While Santa Anna agreed to draw the Mexico boundary at the Rio Grande, the Mexican government viewed the Nueces River as the border.
Mexican authorities claimed the U.S. Army supported the Texas Revolution, which was denied. But U.S. soldiers stationed in the Sixth and Third Louisiana infantry were disguised as Texas militiamen, said local historian Bill Walraven, co-author with his wife Marjorie of "Magnificent Barbarians," a book about the Texas Revolution.
"One clue was the bayonets these soldiers used in the battle at San Jacinto, which most Texas militiamen didn't use," Walraven said. "We had a strong theory there was collusion between Andrew Jackson and Sam Houston, who always denied it."
Between the end of the Texas Revolution and Texas statehood in 1846, the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande was considered a no-man's land, called the Nueces Strip, and was patrolled by both the Texas militia and the Mexican cavalry.
Celebrate Texas Independence Day at Centennial House at 1:30p.m. today
with the Daughters/Sons of the Republic of Texas. At 2 p.m. a statewide toast
is held to commemorate the event. Information: 882-8691.
Contact Mike Baird at 886-3774
Need Help? Call us at 1-800-566-8098.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 7am-11am / Sunday: 7am-11am
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Ebola: Lives to be saved with new management approach
- Ebola outbreaks set to be managed quickly and efficiently – saving lives – with a new approach developed by an international team of researchers, including the University of Warwick
- Educating people in areas affected by Ebola about how the disease spreads through communities is consistently the most effective strategy for halting an epidemic
- Lots of intervention models created during 2014 Ebola outbreak – researchers re-assessed 37 models to calculate optimal strategy
- 2014 Ebola epidemic resulted in 28,646 cases, and claimed 11,323 lives by March 2016 – using this approach with same numbers would create a reduction of 3266 cases, and save 1633 lives
Ebola outbreaks are set to be managed quickly and efficiently – saving lives – with a new approach developed by an international team of researchers, including the University of Warwick, which helps to streamline outbreak decision-making.
Dr Michael Tildesley from the School of Life Sciences – with researchers from Penn State University in the USA – have discovered that educating people in areas affected by Ebola about how the disease spreads through communities is the most effective strategy for halting an epidemic.
During the 2014 Ebola outbreak, numerous different intervention models were created with the aim of finding the best strategy to stop the spread of the disease.
The researchers re-assessed thirty-seven of these models and simulated many different outbreak scenarios using varying methods – including increased hospitalisation and community education about disease transmission – to identify the most consistent approach to tackling Ebola infections.
Of all the models that the research team evaluated, the majority consistently ranked two commonly proposed management strategies as the most effective: reducing transmission rates at funerals and reducing transmission rates in the community.
For example, by ensuring safe burials, reducing risky behaviour, providing household sanitation kits, encouraging sick individuals to remain at home, and increased community awareness.
Strategies which focused on reducing transmission at hospitals and increasing hospitalisation rates, however, were not well ranked.
At the start of the 2014 outbreak, there was confusion caused by lots of different predictions about how many cases there would be. But these differences may distract from the ultimate goal of limiting the outbreak.
This new approach identifies consistent patterns in projections and means that future outbreaks can be efficiently managed by policy-makers, and research efforts prioritised – to save more lives.
The 2014 Ebola epidemic resulted in 28,646 cases, and claimed 11,323 lives by March 2016. If a future Ebola epidemic had exactly the same numbers, using this approach could create a reduction of 3266 cases, and save 1633 lives.
Dr Tildesley commented: "When a disease outbreak happens, there is a lot of uncertainty regarding how the epidemic is going to spread in the future. However, we can't afford to wait before implementing control – we need to make rapid decisions in the face of this uncertainty.
"Our approach allows us to make best use of the information that is available and to manage an outbreak in the most effective way, thus saving lives."
Shou-Li Li, postdoctoral researcher at Penn State and first author of the study, commented:
"Our approach synthesizes data from many models and provides two important pieces of information. It identifies the best course of action, given what we know now, and highlights the gaps in our knowledge that actually matter to the selection of interventions strategies.
"It could guide the management of outbreaks where rapid decision-making is critical, including diseases we know a lot about, like influenza, those that we don't know a lot about, like Zika, and those that we don't even know exist.
"The difference between the projections and the actual size of the 2014 Ebola outbreak caused intense public debate. But rather than focusing on how big the outbreak would be, our study focused on what to do to keep it small?"
The paper, 'Essential information: Uncertainty and optimal control of Ebola outbreaks', is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The research team at Penn State includes Shou-Li Li, Katriona Shea, Ottar Bjørnstad, Matthew Ferrari and undergraduate Riley Mummah.
This research was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) in the UK, as well as the National Science Foundation and National Institute of Health in the USA, with support from the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences.
Also collaborating on the paper were William Probert from the University of Warwick, Michael Runge from the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, and Christopher Fonnesbeck from Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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To be the first to land or go past 100 and sing the chorus of “We Are the Champions”
- One Climbers and Sliders board per group (printed out from the DVD-ROM and laminated on a poster board) and one die and one marker per board; for kindergarten and grade primary players, use the Climbers and Sliders Activity Board for Primary Players if they cannot read well enough yet to read the instructions on the One Hundred Activities Chart for Primary Players
- 100 Activities Chart (use the 100 Activities Chart for Primary Players as necessary)
- Have players imagine when equipment is suggested (or provide it: skipping ropes, basketballs, hula hoops, and so on)
Assign players to groups, and give each group a board, die, and marker.
- Groups start with their markers off the board.
- One player throws the die and moves the marker forward the required number of spaces—if the marker lands on a stairs, the marker moves to the top of the stairs; if it lands on a slide, the marker moves to the bottom of the slide.
- Wherever the marker ends, the group completes the activity for that spot and then throws and moves again.
Note: Some of these activities can be found in the Funky Moves descriptions starting on page 122.
- Individual Climbers and Sliders: Several students each play their own game on the board. Players decide who will go first. Player 1 rolls the die, moves her marker to the designated space on the game board, then proceeds to do the activity that corresponds with the number (e.g., space 14—crab-walk the perimeter of the room). While player 1 is doing her activity, player 2 rolls the die and proceeds to do the corresponding activity for his roll.
- A second game board includes pictures of animals on top of each column. For younger children, instruct them to move around the room or gym like the animal pictured at the top of the column on which they landed.
- Make sure players are using the proper techniques while completing the tasks.
- Have players complete a full-body stretch to cool down after the activity.
For players to complete a triathlon
Chairs to sit on (optional)
Players are in a scattered formation around the room sitting in their chairs.
- The leader calls out different events while players do actions.
- Swimming: Do large arm strokes such as front crawl, butterfly, and breaststroke.
- Cycling: Lean back in chair with legs in air, and pedal with legs.
- Running: Move legs in air as if running a race.
Have players design their own fun and wacky triathlons to include such activities as dancing, climbing, crawling, skiing, skating, or scuba diving.
Remind players to make sure all four legs of the chair are on the ground at all times.
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Moderate reasoning
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Sports & Fitness
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Diabetes is an important contributor to the burden of disease in South Africa and prevalence rates as high as 33% have been recorded in Cape Town. Previous studies show that quality of care and health outcomes are poor. The development of an effective education programme should impact on self-care, lifestyle change and adherence to medication; and lead to better control of diabetes, fewer complications and better quality of life.
Trial design: Pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial
Participants: Type 2 diabetic patients attending 45 public sector community health centres in Cape Town
Interventions: The intervention group will receive 4 sessions of group diabetes education delivered by a health promotion officer in a guiding style. The control group will receive usual care which consists of ad hoc advice during consultations and occasional educational talks in the waiting room.
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the group diabetes education programme
Outcomes: Primary outcomes: diabetes self-care activities, 5% weight loss, 1% reduction in HbA1c. Secondary outcomes: self-efficacy, locus of control, mean blood pressure, mean weight loss, mean waist circumference, mean HbA1c, mean total cholesterol, quality of life
Randomisation: Computer generated random numbers
Blinding: Patients, health promoters and research assistants could not be blinded to the health centre’s allocation
Numbers randomized: Seventeen health centres (34 in total) will be randomly assigned to either control or intervention groups. A sample size of 1360 patients in 34 clusters of 40 patients will give a power of 80% to detect the primary outcomes with 5% precision. Altogether 720 patients were recruited in the intervention arm and 850 in the control arm giving a total of 1570.
The study will inform policy makers and managers of the district health system, particularly in low to middle income countries, if this programme can be implemented more widely.
Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201205000380384
Keywords:Diabetes; Group education; Health education; Motivational interviewing; Mid-level health workers; South Africa; Primary care
Diabetes is a significant contributor to the burden of disease in South Africa and the prevalence in Africa is expected to increase by 80% over the next 15 years . Self-reported prevalence rates for diabetes of 2.4% in men and 3.7% in women have been reported in South Africa . However, studies in the Western Cape, one of the nine provinces of South Africa, suggest rates in urban areas as high as 33% .
Approximately 80% of the 3,1 million population in the Cape Town Metropole are uninsured and rely on public sector facilities to manage their diabetes. Several previous studies in the Western Cape have illustrated the poor quality of care and outcomes for diabetic patients [5,6]. Almost 80% of patients were uncontrolled (HbA1c≥7%) in an audit of type 2 diabetes in Cape Town’s public sector in 2011 . Deficiencies in knowledge and self-care amongst patients and the inability of primary care providers to ameliorate this, have been identified as part of the problem. The population served by the public sector is characterized by low socio-economic status, low levels of education and low health literacy. The population served come from historically disadvantaged communities and speak mainly Afrikaans or Xhosa.
Primary care services in the country are largely nurse-led with the support of doctors. Other health workers, appropriate to the management of diabetes, such as dieticians and podiatrists, are usually not available. A variety of mid-level workers, such as health promoters, have been trained and employed in community health centres. Currently the education of diabetic patients and support of self-care has been left to the varied initiatives of individual health workers and there is no structured programme of education for people with diabetes in the Western Cape. Chronic care teams have identified that the health promoter should be the key person in delivering such a programme .
Community health centres in the Western Cape are usually found in larger metropolitan areas or rural towns. Diabetic patients are often seen in such large numbers that a specific day is set aside each week for them to attend a diabetic “club”. At a given health centre patients are usually scheduled to attend the “club” as a group and are given appointments to be seen for review every 3 months.
During 2006–2008 the investigators were involved in an appreciative inquiry project to improve the annual review of the diabetic patients in the Cape Town Metropole. During this project the quality of care in the annual audit in terms of assessment of HbA1c, serum creatinine and cholesterol, retinal screening, foot screening and calculation of body mass index significantly improved . At the end of this project staff articulated the need for a better approach to diabetes education and collaborated in designing the content of a more structured programme to be delievered by health promoters .
Health promoters have a secondary school education up to at least Grade 8 and once employed have additional training in the knowledge and skills required to deliver health education messages and promote health. There are currently 120 health promoters in the Province and the policy of the Department of Health is to have a health promoter at every community health centre. A recent study showed that the current health promoters have a good knowledge of key diabetes education messages for patients .
Although a variety of individual and group educational materials are available from non-government organizations and pharmaceutical companies, no materials are officially disseminated or recommended by the national or provincial Department of Health.
The relationship between health care provider and patient is recognized to have an important influence on patient understanding and adherence . Motivational interviewing has been recommended as a more skilful guiding approach to eliciting lifestyle change and promoting self-care and a recent systematic review concluded that it out-performs traditional advice-giving in 80% of studies [11,12]. Professors Rollnick and Mash are members of the International Network of Motivational Interviewing Trainers and have experience with training and researching in this area [10,13]. Studies of individually-delivered motivational interviewing for diabetic patients have produced promising results [14,15]. A recent study of individual motivational interviewing for the prevention of diabetes also demonstrated a significant effect on achieving 5% weight loss .
Group interactions have been found to be effective in diabetes education and local chronic care staff have indicated that this is the most practical approach in their very busy health centres . A systematic review of group education in diabetes concluded that “The results of the meta-analyses in favour of group-based diabetes education programmes were: reduced glycated haemoglobin at four to six months (1.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8 to 1.9; P < 0.00001), at 12–14 months (0.8%; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.0; P < 0.00001) and two years (1.0%; 95% CI 0.5 to 1.4; P< 0.00001); reduced fasting blood glucose levels at 12 months (1.2 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.6; P < 0.00001); reduced body weight at 12–14 months (1.6 Kg; 95% CI 0.3 to 3.0; P = 0.02); improved diabetes knowledge at 12–14 months (SMD 1.0; 95% CI 0.7 to1.2; P < 0.00001) and reduced systolic blood pressure at four to six months (5 mmHg: 95% CI 1 to 10; P = 0.01). There was also a reduced need for diabetes medication (odds ratio 11.8, 95% CI 5.2 to 26.9; P < 0.00001; RD = 0.2; NNT = 5). Therefore, for every five patients attending a group-based education programme we could expect one patient to reduce diabetes medication” . Motivational interviewing in group format is a relatively new development; 12 published reports have emerged [18,19], which include three randomized trials and one study in the diabetes field .
Despite evidence of the effectiveness of group diabetes education all of the trials have been conducted in high-income countries and by health professionals such as doctors or nurses. This trial will be the first in an African context and delivered by mid-level health workers. In addition the incorporation of group motivational interviewing will add to a small evidence base on this topic.
If the study demonstrates effectiveness of this educational intervention then it can be implemented throughout the Western Cape and may well be replicated in the rest of the country and possibly within the southern African Region. The study intends to inform policy makers and managers of the district health services and help them decide whether to implement the programme more widely.
Aim and objectives
Aim: To evaluate, by means of a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial, the effectiveness of a group diabetes education programme delivered by trained health promoters with a guiding (motivational interviewing) style, in community health centres in Cape Town, South Africa.
Objective 1: To evaluate effectiveness by assessing group changes in the following:
Primary outcomes: improved diabetes self-care activities, 5% weight loss, HbA1c reduction of 1 percentage point
Secondary outcomes: improved diabetes-specific self-efficacy, locus of control, mean blood pressure, mean weight loss, mean waist circumference, mean HbA1c, mean total cholesterol and quality of life
Objective 2: To evaluate fidelity to the educational programme and motivational interviewing by use of audiotapes and scoring health promoters with the Motivational Interviewing Integrity Code.
Objective 3: To explore the experiences of the health promoters with regards to their training and delivery of the diabetes education programme.
Objective 4: To explore the experiences of patients who attend the diabetes education sessions.
Pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial with additional qualitative and quantitative process evaluations. The CONSORT statement on pragmatic trials was used to assist with the design .
Patients with Type 2 Diabetes attending 45 Community Health Centres in the Cape Town Metropole were the target population. Thirty eight health promoters are currently employed within these facilities.
Data from a previous study in the same population (n=450, 18 clinics) showed that the mean HbA1c was 8.8% (SD 3.3) and intraclass correlation 0.1 . Similarly the mean weight was 78.2Kg (SD 16.7) and intraclass correlation 0.05. These figures were used to calculate the sample and cluster size for a 5% weight reduction and a 1% reduction in HbA1c. Based on a level of significance of 0.05 and a power of 0.8 the study required 17 clusters in each arm with 40 patients per cluster. The total sample size therefore would be 34 clusters (health centres) and 1360 patients.
Sample selection process
Community health centres that agreed to participate were randomly allocated by computer generated random numbers to either control or intervention groups. All type 2 diabetic patients attending the selected health centre on the recruitment days were invited to participate in the study. Recruitment days were when the health centre had a diabetic club. Centres were visited weekly until the sample of 40 patients per health centre was obtained. Altogether 720 patients were recruited in the intervention arm and 850 in the control arm giving a total of 1570.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion: All type 2 diabetic patients who gave consent, regardless of the type of medication (oral and/or insulin) or time since diagnosis.
Exclusion: Type 1 diabetic patients, those who refused consent, those who were judged by the clinical nurse practitioner or medical officer as unable to participate in the intervention (for example due to acute illness, mental illness, dementia or another justifiable reason).
Design of intervention
The intervention was developed by the researchers with assistance from a diabetes nurse educator and social scientist with an interest in behaviour change counseling. The sessions were piloted with a group of diabetic patients attending Groote Schuur Tertiary Hospital.
The following overall structure was suggested by the chronic care teams (including health promoters) in a previous study . Patients should receive 4 educational sessions each lasting between 20–60 minutes. Sessions should be offered when the patients are scheduled for a routine visit to the health centre by a health promoter. Groups should have between 10 and 15 people who would remain together throughout the programme:
Session 1: Understanding diabetes
Session 2: Living a healthy lifestyle
Session 3: Understanding the medication
Session 4: Preventing complications
The researchers reviewed a number of materials for group education and found the Conversation Map™ the most congruent with the design of the intervention [23-25]. The Conversation Map™ materials were piloted in a rural town to see which aspects were appropriate for the local context . A number of the group activities, such as working with myths and facts cards, recommended in the Conversation Map™ material were adapted for the local context. The researchers also developed new graphic materials to help patients understand the patho-physiology of diabetes as well as the effect of medication and self-care activities. Pictures were developed to illustrate portion size and food choices. All these pictures were then designed and printed in the format of a flip chart. A comprehensive set of food cards illustrating local South African foods and which could be used in group activities were also purchased. Patient education materials on foot care, coping with stress, alcohol and smoking cessation were also developed or sourced locally.
The sessions were designed to be congruent with a guiding communication style . This style was intended to include the following characteristics:
Collaboration: Both health promoters and patients should contribute substantially to the group discussion
Empathy: Health promoters should demonstrate active listening skills and their understanding of the patient’s perspective, particularly through the use of summaries.
Support for autonomy: Health promoters should promote a sense of choice and control over behaviour change
Evocation: Health promoters should elicit change talk and possible solutions from the group members
Direction: Health promoters should manage time and keep aligned with the intended content and purpose of the sessions
It was also recognized that diabetes education often involves a significant component of information and therefore strategies to exchange information rather than just transfer it were taught. In particular the use of elicit-provide-elicit was emphasized as a strategy and in fact the sessions themselves were structured according to this model. This model involves the following three steps in a cyclical process .
Elicit either the groups prior knowledge or what they are most interested in learning about with regard to a specific topic
Provide the group with information in a neutral way that builds on what they already know or addresses what they are most interested in
Elicit how group members will make sense of or apply this information personally
The researchers recognized that health promoters were used to delivering health education in a directing style, often in quite difficult circumstances. This directing style was characterized by an authoritarian, expert role that told patients what they should be doing. Educational talks were often given to the whole reception area where health promoters had to shout over staff and patients waiting to be seen. The educational model developed in this study was therefore quite a shift from what health promoters were used to. The goals therefore in terms of communication skills were kept as simple as possible. The training manual with more detailed information on the sessions is available as a Additional file 1.
Format: DOCX Size: 589KB Download file
The control patients received usual education at the health centre. Usual education consisted of ad hoc educational talks in the reception area or club room as well as any individual counseling that providers might have time for in the consultation.
Training of health promoters
Health promoters were trained in an initial 4 day workshop which focused on the overall structure of the sessions, communication style and skills, diabetes knowledge and the first two sessions. Training was conducted in a similar small group educational process with the trainers modeling the same skills expected of the health promoters when they educated patients. Following the initial workshop health promoters began the education immediately and a further 2-day workshop was held 2 months later to reinforce the initial training and introduce the last 2 sessions. The researcher who evaluated their fidelity to the intervention visited each health centre at least twice and gave some feedback to the health promoters after the sessions.
Implementation of intervention
At the end of the HPO’s initial training a number of logistical issues were addressed. These included identifying the room where sessions could take place or if no space was available in the health centre a suitable local venue such as a library or community hall. Of the 17 randomly selected health centres only 13 had health promoters currently employed and therefore 4 of the health promoters agreed to offer the intervention at two sites.
Following recruitment the patients at each health centre were grouped to time the educational sessions on the same date as their routine attendance for medication. Patients were sent bulk SMS reminders of the date and time of their educational sessions and health promoters were encouraged to call the patients prior to the meetings to remind and motivate them. A once off shopping voucher for a local supermarket was offered as an incentive to attend the sessions (this was equivalent to $2). Letters were sent to all those without a phone and to the pharmacist asking for medication to be handed out at or after the educational session. Attendance certificates were available for those who were working. Health promoters were also provided with glucometers so they could test patient’s glucose at the sessions in the hope that this would also encourage attendance.
Data collection process
Data was collected at baseline and 12 months later. Data collection teams were employed to visit the health centres over a period of 4 weeks and consisted of a nurse and field workers. Nurses were employed to collect blood and take physical measurements and all members completed the questionnaires with patients. Standard operating procedures were used in measuring weight (electronic scales), waist circumference (tape measure) and blood pressure (Omron digital blood pressure monitor). HbA1c and total cholesterol were measured by one laboratory under the National Health Laboratory Service where quality control measures were in place. The data collection teams received a 1-day training workshop prior to the data collection periods and were supervised daily by the project co-ordinator.
It was not possible to blind the health promoters, patients or data collection teams as to whether the health centre was a control or intervention site.
Data collection tools
The following data was collected from participants and their medical records at baseline: Age, sex, duration of diabetes, medication used and medical history for concomitant diagnoses and complications. Medication use and new diagnoses were also recorded at follow up.
Self-care activities were measured using a questionnaire that separately scores diet, exercise, foot care, smoking and medication use. This validated questionnaire had previously been used successfully in the South African context .
Locus of control measures the patient’s belief in their ability to control their illness (internal locus of control) as opposed to a belief that their illness is outside their own control and primarily in the hands of others (external locus of control) or that control is a matter of luck (chance locus of control). Group education using a patient-centred approach has been shown to increase ones internal locus of control, which itself is linked to the likelihood of behaviour change. A specific questionnaire that measures diabetic locus of control has been developed and was used in this study .
Self-efficacy is a measure of the patient’s actual confidence in their ability to perform self-care activities. A simple measure of diabetic self-efficacy has been developed by Stanford University’s study on Diabetes Self-Management . Enhancing self-efficacy is one of the key principles of motivational interviewing and is linked to the likelihood of actual behaviour change . The Stanford questionnaire was contextualized and used to measure self-efficacy.
Diabetes quality of care was measured using a questionnaire that has previously been used in the South African context for Type 2 Diabetic patients . Quality of life is an important health outcome that may be impacted by psychosocial factors, complications, duration of diabetes, demographic variables, gender, type of diabetes, glycaemic control and treatment regimes .
Fidelity to the planned educational programme and to the communication style was assessed by observing 36 randomly selected group sessions. Sessions were stratified to ensure that each site and session was sampled equally. The observer noted the extent to which the session followed the intended content and process and also made additional field notes. Sessions were recorded on audiotape and subsequently evaluated using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Coding, which is a validated tool for assessing proficiency in MI . This tool determines whether the counselor achieved beginning proficiency in MI.
The health promoters experience was evaluated by means of three focus group interviews that were facilitated by an independent researcher. The initial focus group was held immediately after the training, the second was held mid-intervention and the third after all the education had been completed. The patient’s experience was evaluated by means of in depth interviews with one patient from each of the health centres in the intervention group who had attended at least 3 of the sessions. Interviews were also conducted by an independent researcher in the patient’s home after the educational sessions were completed. The qualitative data from these interviews was transcribed verbatim and analysed using the framework method and Atlas-ti software.
Intention-to-treat analysis will evaluate the primary and secondary outcomes. Any missing baseline data will be imputed using the Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Missing status at follow-up will be modelled on baseline covariates and randomised group using logistic regression. Inverse probability weighting will be used for the final trial analysis. Models for comparing continuous outcomes will use linear regression and for categorical outcomes will use logistic regression with adjustment for baseline covariates and clustering.
Baseline data collection took place in September-December 2010. The intervention was delivered between October 2010 and April 2011. Follow up data collection took place in September-December 2011. Data capture and cleaning were completed by February 2012 and we are now busy with data analysis.
Although group diabetes education has been shown in systematic reviews to be effective these studies are mostly from resource rich countries with more developed primary care systems . The South African primary care system is struggling to develop in the post-Apartheid era while simultaneously battling with a quadruple burden of disease in the form of HIV/AIDS, injury and violence, high maternal and child mortality and a growing epidemic of non-communicable diseases . The Western Cape probably has the best resourced primary care system in the country, but even there health workers complain of long hours, burnout and depression . Nationally the government is committed to the re-vitalisation of primary care over the next few years . In this context we need to develop approaches to diabetes education that can work in our resource constrained and pressurized environment. This trial intends to evaluate one such approach as suggested by the primary care providers involved in chronic care . The trial is pragmatic in the sense that the intervention is conducted under the organizational and clinical strengths and weaknesses of the current primary care service. It is also innovative in developing a model of group motivational interviewing that is intended to be delivered by a mid level health worker who themselves may only have basic education. Nevertheless in our context task shifting is common and much is expected of such mid level health workers. Group motivational interviewing is a relatively new field and little has yet been published on the topic.
The Department of Health was a partner in the development of the research proposal with the intention that, should the intervention be effective, it can be implemented throughout the Western Cape. The research team maintains links with the Director for Public Health, Deputy Director for Chronic Diseases, Director of District Health Services and the Human Resource and Development Directorate. The intervention being studied is congruent with the newly developed Provincial Policy on Chronic Diseases in the Western Cape Department of Health. The Department of Health is also a partner in the Chronic Disease Initiative in Africa which is a supporting institution. The Western Cape Province has a track record of developing innovations that are later taken up by the National Department of Health. The intervention being tested is also congruent with national policy and we anticipate interest in further implementation if it is effective.
The Chronic Disease Initiative in Africa has a more regional vision and if the intervention is effective will assist with the dissemination of the programme. The International Diabetes Foundation is also the key funder of the study and will disseminate any useful learning to the international community.
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; CI: Confidence Interval; HbA1c: Glycosylated Haemoglobin; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; MI: Motivational Interviewing.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
All authors contributed to the research proposal described in this article. BM is the principal investigator with particular expertise in primary care and motivational interviewing. DL has particular expertise in clinical diabetes and KS in non-communicable chronic diseases epidemiology. MZ has expertise in pragmatic clustered randomized trial design and contributed to the CONSORT statement in this area. SR is an international expert in motivational interviewing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
BM co-ordinates a network of motivational interviewing practitioners, trainers and researchers in southern Africa. DL and KS are the directors of the Chronic Diseases Initiative in Africa which also supported this study. MZ is a South African and used to be head of the Health Systems Research Unit at the SA Medical Research Council prior to his current position at the University of Toronto. SR is also a South African and is one of the founding fathers of motivational interviewing as an approach to behavior change counseling.
We thank Ms Buyelwa Majikela-Dlangamandla and Dr Kathy Murphy for their assistance with the design of the educational intervention. Prof Carl Lombard, the head of biostatistics at the SA Medical Research Council, assisted with the sample size calculation and design of the analysis. Ms Unita van Vuuren and Ms Maureen McCrae provided essential support from the Department of Health. Apart from the international funding received from BRIDGES, additional funds were received from the Chronic Diseases Initiative in Africa of which Stellenbosch University is a member and directly from strategic research funds within Stellenbosch University.
This project is supported by a BRIDGES Grant from the International Diabetes Federation. BRIDGES, an International Diabetes Federation project, is supported by an educational grant from Lilly Diabetes (ST09-040).
Mollentze W, Levitt N: Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in South Africa. In Chronic Diseases of Lifestyle in South Africa: 1995–2005. Edited by Steyn K, Fourie J, Temple N. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2006:109-121. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Matsha TE, Hassan MS, Kidd M, Erasmus RT: The 30-year cardiovascular risk profile of South Africans with diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, pre-diabetes or normoglycaemia: The Bellville, South Africa pilot study.
de Vries E, de Sa A, Murie M, Namane S, Govender S, Schlemmer A, et al.: Auditing chronic disease care: does it make a difference? Presentation at the 15th National Family Practitioners Conference. Cape Town; 2012.
Walters S, Ogle R, Martin J: Chapter 25: Perils and possibilities of group-based motivational interviewing in Miller W, Rollnick S (Eds) Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change. London: Guilford Press; 2002.
Mash B, Baldassini G, Mkhatshwa H, Sayeed I, Ndapeua S: Reflections on the training of counsellors in motivational interviewing for programmes for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
Journal of Groups in Addiction and Recovery 2006, 1(1):27-50. Publisher Full Text
Zwarenstein M, Treweek S, Gagnier J, Altman D, Tunis S, and the CONSORT and Pragmatic Trials in Healthcare (Practihc) groups, et al.: Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement.
BMJ 2008, 337:2390. Publisher Full Text
SAMJ 2008, 98(8):618-622. PubMed Abstract
African Journal of Diabetes Medicine 2008, 1(1):204-209.
Conversation Maps. 2012.
Available from http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/diabetes-conversations webcite [Accessed on 29th May 2012]
Self-efficacy for diabetes.
Curationis 2001, 24(1):74-78. PubMed Abstract
Rousseau L, Seedat S, Emsley R, Suliman S, Hagemeister D: The prevalence of burnout and depression among medical doctors working in the Cape Town metropole community health care clinics and district hospitals of the Provincial Government of the Western Cape: A Cross-Sectional Study [Masters thesis] Stellenbosch. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 2011.
Rispel L, Moorman J, Chersich M, Goudge J, Nxumalo N, et al.: Re-vitalising primary health care in South Africa: Review of primary health care package, norms and standards. Centre for Health Policy, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; 2010.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
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The Inner Critic
Your inner voice is comprised of the self-talk that you engage in on a daily basis. The Mayo Clinic describes self-talk as the way that you talk to yourself inside of your head, negative or positive. Many experts believe that the inner voice begins to emerge around 12-18 months of age, which coincides with the development of language. Infants younger than 12 months are unable to effectively comprehend language, therefore they are unable to cultivate an inner voice. However, as they enter into toddlerhood and begin to more readily grasp language, they also begin to experience their inner voice.
The inner voice can be validating and loving which contributes to a high self-esteem. Unfortunately, it can also be punitive and critical, which can result in feelings of shame, deficiency and depression. This harsh inner voice is what is referred to as the “inner critic” and can be quite debilitating for many people.
Experts cannot pinpoint the specific moment when it occurs, but some speculate that the inner critic begins to emerge when a child is first able to process the word “no.” It is believed that he/she then associates the word “no” with her parent’s displeasure with her dangerous or undesirable behavior (e.g., the parent says “no” to keep the child safe and the child perceives this as disapproval). Of course, responsible parenting requires that a parent says “no” sometimes so that the child is able to develop a healthy superego that alerts her to danger. However, as the child grows and is exposed to repeated criticism for behavior that is not really dangerous, she may begin to develop a pattern of persistent negative self-talk.
The frequency and intensity of one’s inner critic varies is based upon the individual’s personal history, including early experiences with caretakers. Unfortunately, later interactions with teachers, peers, friends, and other people who she interacts with on a regular basis may reinforce the inner critic. For example, the child who was raised in a supportive home with parents who encouraged him to learn from his mistakes may experience less frequent and less intense negative self-talk as an adult. However, the person who lived in an environment that was invalidating and critical may experience more frequent and intense negative self-talk. Interestingly, even seemingly “helpful” comments that are critical in nature can increase the intensity of one’s inner critic. Take for example the father who criticizes his son’s soccer performance every time he misses a goal. Although the father may be trying to be helpful, his son may internalize the comments as meaning that he is not good enough. Then imagine how the Coach could potentially reinforce the negative image that the child is experiencing. Eventually the child may begin to believe these negative comments and this internalization becomes the foundation for the inner critic.
A great way to monitor the type of self-talk that your child engages in is to listen to her during play. Often the way that she talks to herself, her friends, or her imaginary friends during play can give you an idea of what she’s saying to herself on a regular basis. Also, in order to help facilitate healthier self-talk in children, it’s important that you show even more love after disciplining your child. Also, avoid saying things that you may regret when you’re angry and only label your child’s behavior, never your child personally. Remember, what you say DOES matter!
Examples of Negative Self-Talk
Keep in mind that the negative self-talk (that is essentially one’s inner critic) always presents itself as frustrated, critical, or expressing disapproval. Here are some examples of negative self-talk that may be apparent when the inner critic is activated:
“What’s wrong with you?”
“You always get it wrong.”
“You should have done it differently.”
“Why can’t you ever get it right?”
“Why aren’t you more like _____?”
If you find yourself frequently battling negative self-talk, then you probably experience a significant amount of self-shaming and anxiety. This can be quite debilitating and may interfere with the quality of your life. For example, you may begin to avoid doing things that could be beneficial for you because you are afraid of failure. Similarly, you may begin to engage in self-destructive behaviors like overeating, using drugs, over spending, engaging in excessive sexual activity or other ineffective behavior in an effort to self-soothe. Unfortunately, your inner critic could prevent you from living the satisfied life that you deserve. Therefore, it’s extremely important for you to learn the skills that will help you quiet that negative inner voice.
3 Tips to help get your inner critic under control:
1.) Pay attention to how you feel. The first step in quieting the inner voice is being aware of its presence. Your inner critic has been with you since you were a young child and often remains in your subconscious until it is triggered. When something happens that you dislike, it often makes its appearance without your conscious awareness. Therefore, it’s important for you to train yourself to be aware of when the negative self-talk is present. Often, the way that you feel is a great indicator of what kind of self-talk you are experiencing. If you feel great, then you’re probably engaging in supportive and loving self-talk. However, if you’re feeling anxious, depressed, numb, or distracted, then you may want to pay some attention to what you’re saying to yourself. Your inner critic is likely hard at work. Keeping a journal is a great way to regularly monitor how you’re feeling. Every time you realize that you’re starting to feel bad, write down what you’re feeling. Just write down the emotion that you are experiencing using words such as sad, angry, jealous, etc. Writing down what you are feeling allows you to acknowledge that something is wrong so that you can then explore the thoughts that are sustaining the negative emotions. However, be sure that you’re not being critical of yourself during this process. You want to be curious about why you’re feeling this way, not critical.
2.) Acknowledge the chatter. Once you’ve identified what you’re feeling, then it’s time to explore what thoughts are sustaining that feeling. Ask yourself questions like, “Why am I feeling bad?” “What does it mean when things like this happen?” “What does this mean about me?” Often the first responses to these questions are quite superficial, so you have to give yourself room to dig deeper. Keep asking yourself “What else?” until you get to the root cause. For example, if you find yourself being angry with yourself for forgetting an appointment regarding your child, you may initially say “I’m angry because I forgot the appointment.” After asking yourself “What else?” a few times, you may find that you actually think that you’re an awful parent and not worthy of being a mother. Those thoughts are your inner critic in action. When you’re exploring the chatter, be sure to write down the answers to the questions that you ask yourself in your journal; this way you will be able to see if patterns occur. Remember, it’s very important that you don’t try to avoid the negative chatter. It’s only when you explore these thoughts that you can begin to replace them with more helpful thinking patterns.
3.) Ask yourself, “What would I tell my best friend?” I bet you’re much harder on yourself than you are on your friends. Therefore, one of the most effective ways of quickly silencing your inner critic is to ask yourself this one simple question, “What would I tell my best friend if this happened to her?” Taking the same example from above; if your friend forgot about her child’s appointment, would you say to her, “Oh my goodness, you’re the worst mother ever!” Not likely. You’d probably say something much gentler (and much more based in reality) such as, “Don’t beat yourself up, Sue. We all miss appointments sometimes. That doesn’t make you a bad mother; it makes you a human.” When you find your inner critic berating you, ask yourself how you would respond to your friend if she was making those same statements about herself.
Your inner critic produces thinking errors that are developed in toddlerhood and reinforced throughout your life. Over time these distorted thoughts become beliefs, and they emerge whenever it seems that you have not performed perfectly. Unfortunately, these unhelpful thoughts produce an exaggerated reaction that results in negative feelings and nonproductive behavior. However, when you consistently treat yourself the way that you would treat your friend, you can quickly move back into more reality-based thinking. Ultimately, when you treat yourself with the same gentleness and understanding that you treat your friends, that inner critic will quickly go back into hiding so that you can live the more satisfying life that you deserve.
About this Contributor: Aysha Ives, M.S. has a Master’s Degree in Psychology and has provided services as a Therapist and Success Coach for over a decade. With a love for God and a passion to help as many people as possible, she has expanded her services to include Professional Writing with specializations in Mental Health, Behavioral Health, and Spirituality. Aysha has published three books and has served as a Contributor for HealthyPsych.com, Psych Central, wikiHow, Insight Telepsychiatry, Mind Over Media, LLC, various churches and other private clients. You can learn more about Aysha and purchase her books by visiting Aysha’s Author Page on Amazon. You can also find Aysha on her website at www.
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Vector space model or term vector model is an algebraic model for representing text documents (and any objects, in general) as vectors of identifiers. The representation of a set of documents as vectors in a common vector space is known as the vector space model. It is fundamental to a host of information retrieval operations ranging from scoring documents on a query, document classification and document clustering. It is used in information filtering, information retrieval, indexing and relevancy rankings.
Documents and queries are represented as vectors. Each dimension in the vectors corresponds to separate terms in the query. If the term in query appears in the document, then the corresponding value in the vector will be non-zero and zero if it doesn’t appear in the document. Among many different ways to calculate those values, tf-idf weighting is one of the most popular ones.
In information retrieval, tf–idf, short for term frequency–inverse document frequency, is a numerical statistic that is intended to reflect how important a word is to a document in a collection or corpus. It is often used as a weighting factor in information retrieval and text mining. The tf-idf value increases proportionally to the number of times a word appears in the document, but is offset by the frequency of the word in the corpus, which helps to adjust for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general.
In simple words, a word is given more importance if it appears abundantly in a document while the same word loses its importance if it appears more frequently in the corpus (collection of documents). Thus a word with rare appearances in the corpus bears more relevance to a specific document if it appears in that document than some other word which appears a lot in the document while appearing equally or more abundantly in the corpus. For an instance, “the handsome tourist” contains three different terms “the”, “handsome”, and “tourist”. If we to only account term frequency for similarity measure, “the” would clearly overshadow other two words. “The” appears many number of times but doesn’t bear any substantial importance. While, “handsome” and “tourist” are the words that are more important for our purpose. Inverse document frequency (idf) takes care of that.
The number of times a term occurs in a document is called its term frequency.
Inverse Document Frequency
It is the logarithmically scaled inverse fraction of the documents that contain the word. It checks whether the term is common or rare across all documents in the corpus.
idfterm = log10(total number of documents/Number of documents the term appears in)
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Moderate reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Emergency medicine management is directed at relieving pain, assessing kidney function, and determining the likelihood of spontaneous stone passage. This chapter discusses renal and ureteral stones. Bladder stones are discussed in Chapter 92, “Acute Urinary Retention.” Renal stones in children are discussed in Chapter 133, “Acute Abdominal Pain in Infants and Children.”
The prevalence of kidney stones in the United States has risen from 5.2% in 19941 to 8.8% in 2010.2 The prevalence is 10.6% in men and 7.1% in women.2 Increasing prevalence is also documented in Europe and Southeast Asia.3 Obesity and diabetes are strongly associated with kidney stones.2 For first-time stone formers, recurrence rates at 2, 5, 10, and 15 years are 11%, 20%, 31%, and 39%, respectively.4
Stone formation requires supersaturation of dissolved salts in the urine, which condense into a solid phase. Increasing the amount of solvent (urine) and decreasing the amount of solute presented to the kidney (i.e., calcium, oxalate, uric acid) can aid in prevention. Inhibitory substances, such as citrate, and magnesium can prevent crystal precipitation and stone formation.
About 80% of calculi are composed of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or a combination of both. Calcium excretion is elevated in conditions that include hyperparathyroidism, absorptive and renal hypercalciuria, and immobilization syndrome. Complex interactions between the gut, kidney, and bones contribute to calcium oxalate stone formation. A diet restricting calcium paradoxically increases calcium stone formation because there is less calcium to bind oxalate in the intestinal lumen, leading to increased absorption of oxalate from the gut, recruitment of calcium from bones, osteoporosis, and symptomatic stone disease in predisposed patients.
About 10% of stones are struvite (magnesium-ammonium-phosphate), which are found most commonly in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. These stones are associated with infection by urea-splitting bacteria (Proteus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus species, Providencia, and Corynebacterium) and are the most common cause of staghorn calculi, which are large stones that form a cast of the renal pelvis. Antibiotic penetration into staghorn calculi is poor, and the potential for urosepsis exists as long as the stones remain.
Uric acid causes about 10% of urolithiasis, occurs more commonly in men, and is associated with gout or chemotherapy. Urate stones are radiolucent, and the urine is typically acidic. Cystine stones account for approximately 1% of all stones and occur in patients with cystinuria, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting amino acid transport (COLA: cysteine, ornithine, lysine, arginine).
Some medications predispose to stone disease. The protease inhibitor indinavir sulfate, used to treat the human immunodeficiency virus, is associated with a 4% to 10% incidence of symptomatic urolithiasis. Pure indinavir stones are radiolucent on plain abdominal radiograph and CT scan. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, triamterene, and laxative abuse also increase the ...
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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By Ray O'Hanlon
There's no statute of limitations on murder so a possible time limit on excavations at Duffy's Cut, in the suburb of Malvern outside Philadelphia, will be going into extra time.
Local residents in the area surrounding the site have been expecting an end to the dig, but the recent discovery of the remains of two men, Irish rail workers from the 1830s, and evidence that the two were murdered, will mean a lot more digging, sifting and examination of what the roughly one acre site - already a historical treasure trove - has yet to reveal.
"We had the coroner on the site," Dr. William Watson of nearby Immaculta University told the Echo.
"Duffy's cut is now a crime scene," he said.
Nevertheless, Watson is of the view that most of the men who died at Duffy's Cut succumbed to cholera
"But the first burials all represent murdered men who tried to escape the valley when cholera broke out, and then were forced back.
"Their attempt to flee, and their subsequent return, is reported in the railroad file. What followed was a quarantine," Watson said.
"These first men were brought back in sealed coffins so that the men still living would not see the extreme violence done to them, presumably by the East Whiteland Horse Company. The leaders of the Horse Company owned the land at mile 59 of the Philadephia and Columbia Railroad.
"We know this because property owners adjacent to the tracks had to sign documents with the state saying that they would put up fences along that mile of track. The members of the Horse Company would have disliked the presence of the Irish workers as much as they feared the spread of cholera."
Watson said that he and his team believe that the bulk of the remaining men contracted cholera in the enforced quarantine and that four members of the Sisters of Charity were called upon to care for the men.
"The sisters were in the valley trying to treat the men for a few days and they left probably prior to the time of the last deaths," he said.
Railroad records indicate that when the suspected cholera outbreak was full blown, the men were dying at a rate of several per day. After all were buried in what railroad records describe as a "fill," a shanty the workers had been using was burned to the ground.
"Most of the artifacts retrieved from the site were excavated in a thirty by thirty burned field corresponding to the size of the shanty, about 40 feet south of the fill in which the men were buried," said Watson.
Duffy's Cut, which adjoins a present day SEPTA commuter rail line, is the last resting place of an estimated 57 Irish railroad workers who died there in 1832.
The most recently unearthed bodies - which show signs of blunt force trauma and in one case a gunshot wound - were found about 30 feet from where the remains of an Irish railroad worker, identified as John Ruddy, was discovered last year.
Watson believes that that the discoveries all point to an historical cover-up.
"This was a case of murder and a cover-up, and it is just as ugly as we had theorized. What we have found is the echo of something horrible in the valley 178 years ago. These men are crying out for justice," he said in an earlier interview.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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The simple guide to writing your essay
Basic Essay Writing Tips should always start with telling you to be adequately prepared before you start to write.
Read the topic proposed and begin to focus on the things you know about it. If you are doing an essay for an educational institution, then it will probably revolve around your most recent learning.
Read the delivery and carefully examine the documentation provided. Read, re-read and highlight text and phrases that you think are important or particularly significant. Select from among those proposed, the necessary documents to research your work and possibly pencil down other texts, such as known foreign authors to contribute to an expansion of the essay. You can also research if the essay allows, a connection with the theater and / or film (short examples are effective).
You need to find out or decide upon which destination you want to drive your essay towards. This starts by deciding what type of essay you are going to write, such as a trade publication, school essay, research paper, cultural exhibition, cultural page of a newspaper, etc.
Based on the recipient indicated (reader), choose the language style, such as elaborated in the case of a specialized journal or in a simple and colloquial style, if it is intended for an audience of non-experts.
Developing a plan is essential. Focus on four or five topics to be developed, without excess to avoid losses and delays.
Basic essay writing tips should also address the delivery of your work.
Develop different points of your plan and try to discuss them one at a time in a way that flows.
Organize the different parts of the work. It would be useful to divide them into sections, each with its own title, so that between the one and the other section of the essay, there is continuity. However, if each paragraph assumes a net change of topic, then you must say this explicitly, preferably from the beginning.
For the essay, you should choose the argument or thesis. This also counts for the argumentative essay, because its precise function, unlike what happens with the newspaper article (text information), is to present an argument, express on it one’s own ideas and support them with adequate documentation and with a speech consistently which shows clearly the validity.
Write, keeping within the restraints of your leading documentation, research and proposed thesis/arguments. Quotes may be used whole or in part depending on the things you want to say and the message you want to convey to the recipient.
At this stage do not worry about choosing between one sentence and the other, you should instead, express what you mean and then fix the way it «reads» later. When you have finished your first draft you need to go through it and see if your ideas flow naturally and if the essay is easy to read.
You must then proofread the essay and check to avoid the repetition of words and concepts; eliminate spelling errors; correct punctuation; monitor the syntactic structure of the periods.
Break up long periods of time; eliminate redundant expressions, too many superlatives, statements that do not say anything. These are often words such as «maybe»,»often», and «also». For example if you wanted to lower your word count, then you can do this by nipping out unneeded words. For example in my sentence, «These are often words such as», this can be shortened to «These words are:»
This reading should be very careful. We must learn to be critical, if not strict. At this point one can choose the most suitable title that can be derived from the direction of the essay you have just written.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Researcher's ground-breaking work is saving coral reefs
GROUND-BREAKING work by a Lismore researcher will soon be replicated across the world as efforts ramp up to save dying coral reefs.
Professor Peter Harrison is the director of Southern Cross University's Marine Ecology Research Centre.
He is leading a team of researchers who have developed an impressive way to increase the rate of baby coral growth on the Great Barrier Reef.
The work has now had eight successes in a row and it was one of six projects recently selected for funding from 69 international submissions in the Great Barrier Reef Coral Abundance Challenge, an initiative of Advance Queensland.
It will allow the team to start a new project on a section of the reef near Cairns which has been heavily decimated by coral bleaching.
Prof Harrison's work is not easy.
He and his team harvest millions of coral eggs during spawning and grow the coral larvae in enclosures on the reef and in tanks.
The larvae are then released onto coral to rapidly increase the rate of new coral growth.
It is time-consuming work, with long days, late nights and difficult conditions, often hampered by bad weather.
But the results are so promising that the project has quickly gone from strength to strength.
Just eight months ago Prof Harrison was working in 10m by 10m enclosures.
For his next project, he will be working in 100sqm patches and before too long he hopes to work up to half a hectare and then a full hectare.
"My ultimate goal is to have enclosures of a kilometre squared," he said.
"That's within the next five years. Obviously we would need more funding for that kind of scale."
His latest collaborative partnership on the Great Barrier Reef involves colleagues Katie Chartrand from James Cook University and Associate Professor David Suggett from UTS Sydney.
"The coral left behind in this area (near Cairns) is genetically strong," Prof Harrison said.
"These are the ones that we want to use as a basis for the next coral populations."
Prof Harrison said the team would use innovative methods to culture millions of coral larvae to improve their performance and uptake of an important microscopic symbiotic algae.
"Pilot study trials have shown improved settlement and survival of juvenile corals using this approach, and these techniques will be combined with new methods to scale-up mass coral larval restoration on some experimental reef areas," he said.
The work will start in November and Prof Harrison hopes to see real results about nine months later.
"Every project, we wait with anticipation," he said.
"We are always learning, we are always refining our techniques.
"But we have had so many successful outcomes now, that the results getting predictable. Of course there is always the chance that Mother Nature will intervene, but we have Plan B and Plan C.
"There's a lot of momentum at the moment... we have a good team and more and more people are getting involved."
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Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Family Practice International
CLINICAL INFORMATION FROM THE INTERNATIONAL FAMILY MEDICINE LITERATURE
Am Fam Physician. 2002 Jan 15;65(2):320.
Transient Ischemic Attacks
(Great Britain—The Practitioner, June 2001, p. 481.) Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) affect approximately 40 per 100,000 persons per year but because symptoms are frequently brief and minor, the condition is significantly underdiagnosed. The symptoms depend on the affected area of the brain, but are generally “negative,” such as loss of movement or speech difficulty. Headaches, seizures, and loss of consciousness are highly unusual with TIAs. Diagnosis is based on clinical features, because only 25 to 50 percent of affected patients show abnormalities on brain imaging. Within the first year, patients with TIAs have approximately 12 times the risk of stroke compared with persons without TIAs, and remain at increased risk. The risk of myocardial infarction is also significantly increased. Patients should be carefully assessed for predisposing vascular and cardiac conditions for TIA, especially atrial fibrillation. Following a TIA, lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and normalization of blood pressure must be aggressively pursued to minimize subsequent occurrence of stroke or myocardial infarction. Aspirin in a dosage of 75 mg per day is effective preventive therapy in most patients. Dipyridamole is widely used as an alternative treatment. Carotid endarterectomy is indicated if arteries are 70 percent or more stenosed and should be performed soon after the TIA event in selected patients.
Management of Bee and Wasp Stings
(Canada—Canadian Family Physician, June 2001, p. 1185.) The two types of stinging insects (hymenoptera) are vespids (wasps, yellow jackets, hornets, and fire ants) and apids (honeybees and bumblebees). Vespids are attracted to bright colors and strong odors and can sting repeatedly without provocation. Bumblebees also are able to sting repeatedly, but apids tend to sting only in defense. The severity of any hymenoptera sting depends on the volume and toxicity of venom injected, the site of the sting and the allergic status of the patient. Initial mild swelling and erythema can be treated with cold compresses and analgesics plus careful removal of the stinger if from a honeybee. Large local reactions can develop over two days and last up to one week. These reactions have the appearance of cellulitis, but are much less tender. Most patients respond to treatment with elevation, cold compresses, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Antihistamines may relieve itching, and very severe local reactions may benefit from oral steroid treatment for up to three days. Anaphylactic reactions occur in up to 3 percent of stings. These can include urticaria, flushing, angioedema, bronchospasm, and circulatory collapse. Symptoms may begin within 10 minutes of the sting or be delayed for up to five hours. A dangerous biphasic reaction occurs in up to one fifth of cases. In addition to aggressive treatment of anaphylactic reactions, patients who are allergic should be given preventive advice and the option of venom immunotherapy.
Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
(Canada—Canadian Family Physician, May 2001, p. 955.) The wet type of age-related macular degeneration may be caused by choroidal neovascularization or detachment of the pigment epithelium because of serous fluid or bleeding between the layers of the retina. Patients with this condition experience significant visual impairment and decreased quality of life. Retinal angiography should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment decisions. Thermal laser photocoagulation can produce long-term benefits, but is limited by associated visual loss around the time of treatment. Photodynamic therapy uses a photosensitizing dye to target blood vessels for laser therapy, reducing the potential damage to healthy retinal tissue. Studies indicate that photodynamic therapy reduces long-term visual loss with approximately one patient benefiting for every three patients treated.
Chemical Injuries to the Eye
(Canada—Canadian Family Physician, July 2001, p. 1387.) Alkalis produce more devastating eye injuries than acids because the high pH of alkali solutions destroys corneal epithelial cells, allowing the chemicals to penetrate the eye tissues. Acids can cause denaturing of proteins in the superficial cornea, forming a barrier and limiting damage. Copious irrigation is essential in all chemical exposures to the eye. Irrigation with normal saline, Ringer's lactate, or balanced salt solution should continue for at least 30 minutes or until pH measurements of the conjunctival fornices are neutral. The need for subsequent medical or surgical management depends on the severity of each case. Topical steroids can reduce inflammation, while ascorbic acid may promote collagen synthesis following alkali exposure. Antibiotics may also be indicated. In some cases, tenoplasty or corneal transplantation may be required.
Copyright © 2002 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact [email protected] for copyright questions and/or permission requests.
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Whenever you need help with writing a powerful introduction, use one of these recommended essay hook sentences to grab reader’s attention. Use the following tips and examples to write attractive hook sentences and attention grabbers for your essay. A ager tem como finalidade regular e fiscalizar a atividade de determinados setores da prestação de serviços públicos em erechim e municípios conveniados. Don’t you know how to grab the attention of your readers from the first sentence read about the types of essay hooks to come up with your own great solution. Start studying 14 types of hook sentences with examples learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Define hook: a curved or bent device for catching, holding, or pulling something intended to attract and ensnare anchor — hook in a sentence. A hook is something irresistibly interesting in the first sentence or two of an essay that draws readers in and inspires them to keep reading it should. What stylistic elements does king use to influence his readers after reading and analyzing “letter from birmingham jail,” write an essay in which you answer the. Need for alternative energy sources in india essay how to write a hook for an essay how to write an application essay essay on my favourite game in english. If you are looking for ideas and examples of essay hooks you have found the best article abot hooks and the biggest list of writing hooks samples get ideas and make.
Hook – lead – attention grabber beginning an essay with an effective hook is absolutely essential the hook is what inspires the reader to continue on and really. Graduate school application essay help writing a hook for an essay buy essay papers cheap writing an academic article. Distribution resume targeted how to write a hook for an essay tudor explorers homework help sell your essay online. How to write a good hook for an essay, writing tips on essaykitchen blog. Few good ways to create an excellent essay hook how to write good essay introduction.
Updated february 2016 “you have to make choices even when there is nothing to choose from” ― péter zilahy and you have to find perfect hooks for an essay even. Write an essay hook reviewed by on thursday, december 14th, 2017 this is article about write an essay hook why are ethics important in psychological. Starting with a hook have you ever read a sentence that was so incredibly interesting, or mysterious essay writing advanced essays high school writing mechanics. The secret to terrific writing starts with a great beginning here’s how to create hooks for essays that leave your reader spellbound.
Not sure how to write good hook sentences this post will give you four simple steps to help you craft good hook sentences and grab your readers' attention. 5 easy tips that will help you to come up with a great introduction for a research paper we know how to write a good hook for a research paper. Creating a hook for your essay is one of the most important factors of writing whether you are writing short or long essays, you want to capture the attention of. Academic essay writing sit help writing hooks for essays our voices essays in culture ethnicity and communication online dissertation service uk juridique. Help with dbq essays essay writing hook business writing professional essay writing service.
Starting with a hook sentence is one of the best ways to start your paragraph essay writing advanced essays high school writing mechanics paragraph writing. Writing doctoral dissertation hook for persuasive essay phd thesis on customer loyalty custom essay writing services reviews. Gay marriage argument essay writing a hook for an essay college essay paper help mba essay edit service. A hook is something irresistibly interesting in the first sentence or two of an essay that draws readers in and inspires them to keep reading it should match the. Materials and methods in research paper xc pet writing part 2 useful phrases for essays timeline for research paper against euthanasia essay conclusions health.
The essay hook is something that grabs a reader and reels him in the hook could be any interesting sentence that keeps the reader reading. Writing an introduction for essay doesn't have to be torture make your paper stand out by using proper essay hooks.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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If you live within the US, you're probably feeling a little groggy today.
That's because most people across the country (except for those lucky ducks in places like Arizona and parts of Indiana), dialed their clocks forward an hour on March 13, 2016 for daylight-saving time.
Yes, the nearly one-century-old tradition of adjusting our clocks by an hour to save daylight is unnecessary and should be abolished, but while it's still around, the Monday after daylight-saving day has officially been dubbed "Napping Day."
In honor of this glorious day, we've compiled a list of scientifically-backed ways - in addition to napping - to stay alert without drinking or consuming caffeine at all. Some of them are actually kind of fun.
Read on for 10 tips and tricks that can help you make it through the day without the use of sweet, sweet caffeine.
As long as it's not for too long or too close to bedtime, napping for a brief five to 25 minutes about 6 to 7 hours before you'd normally go to bed is a great way to recharge.
Going much longer than that means the post-sleep grogginess of "sleep inertia" will kick in, leaving you sluggish after you wake. Longer naps — of up to an hour — can sometimes be worth it, as long as you can afford the extra time to push through that groggy after-glow.
A 2008 study found that an afternoon nap was better than both getting more sleep at night and using caffeine to get over a midday slump. Other studies have shown that sleep improves learning, memory, and creative thinking, and even quick six-minute naps help people retain information better than if they hadn't slept at all. "Naps, in contrast to caffeine, have been shown to enhance not only alertness and attention, but also some forms of memory consolidation," University of California-San Diego researchers reported.
Low blood sugar can make you feel foggy and mentally lethargic. Large meals can have the same effect, because digestion takes energy (ahem, food coma). If you try to mask this effect with sugary foods and caffeine, you'll get a momentary high before a rapid crash.
Eating small snacks packed with certain nutrients and good fats is a great way to get the benefits of a natural buzz. One study found that a high-fiber breakfast provided the greatest boost in alertness, and high-quality proteins — like those found in eggs— are also important. But there are a wide variety of foods that can help keep your energy levels high throughout the day.
Some of our favorite suggestions are avocado toast, peanut butter and celery, or carrots and hummus. Foods like spinach, beans, and lentils are great sources of iron, and iron deficiency is often a source of fatigue. Pairing those iron-rich foods with snacks high in vitamin C will help boost iron absorption.
Dehydration is a huge energy suck. It can cause fatigue, confusion, heart palpitations, and fainting, according to an American Chemical Society YouTube video.
This is because up to 60% of the human body is water. In addition to lubricating joints and flushing waste from the body, the bloodstream uses water to shuttle nutrients like oxygen and carbohydrates to various body parts, including the brain. A 2009 study by Tufts University researchers showed that even levels of mild dehydration — a loss of 1-2% of the water in your body — was associated with fatigue and confusion.
Cats may be unusually lazy, but some people find that their furry antics provide not only a way to boost mood, but to combat sleepiness as well. (Videos of other cute animals could also do the trick, a 2012 study found.)
In a study published in June 2015, which surveyed 7,000 cat video enthusiasts, respondents said that watching internet cat videos raised their energy levels, heightened their feel-good emotions, and minimized their negative feelings, as reported by LiveScience.
The cat video fans said they felt "significantly lower levels of depletion ... and significantly higher energy levels ... after [viewing] than before." One important caveat: The study didn't measure whether the videos actually had those effects, only whether the participants felt that they did.
Increases in oxytocin, a neurotransmitter that heightens feelings of trust and emotion, and a decreases in cortisol, a brain chemical linked to stress, have been tied to our in-person interactions with animals; there's a chance similar effects could be at play with our reactions to cute-animal videos, but research is needed to investigate exactly what's going on.
If you're dragging at work, a quick step into sunshine may be all you need to recharge. Studies indicate that exposure to blue light during the day— a type of visible light that comes from natural sources like the sun and artificial sources like TVs, laptops, smart phones, and LED lighting — immediately improves alertness and performance.
But to keep us perky during the day, we need more than a softly glowing screen (which may be plenty to keep us wired when we're trying to sleep at night). That's why a dose of sunshine is ideal, while the less-bright lights of indoors aren't quite enough to keep you from dozing off at your desk. In a 2014 study, those exposed to special formulations of blue light reported feeling less tired and had quicker reaction times and fewer lapses of attention during memory tests.
Bright light also activates the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls our circadian rhythms. Those are what regulate sleep and wakefulness, setting a normal schedule for our bodies and minds.
Deep breathing also decreases stress and anxiety, which in turn helps to boost your immune system, keeping you healthy and strong. But make sure you are practicing deep belly breathing to reap the benefits. Try some exercises here.
Grooving to your favorite song releases multiple feel-good chemicals in your brain that can give you a boost.
A study from 2011 showed that when people listened to music that gave them — as science writer Virginia Hughes put it— "goosebumps or chills" for 15 minutes, their brains overloaded with dopamine, a brain chemical that is involved in pleasure and reward. Your favorite tunes also activate other feel-good chemicals like serotonin and oxytocin.
Somestudies of drowsy drivers have also found that music — especially loud music (that's what headphones are for!) — can help keep people alert, though the effect may not be long-lasting. And certain playlists might be better than others: "The more varied the music," noted a 2004 review, "the more [stimulating] it is."
Keeping your mouth busy seems to keep your mind alert as well. Some studies have suggested that chewing gum might be an effective way to reduce daytime sleepiness, perhaps because the act of chewing somehow increases circulation and activates certain regions of the brain.
Recent studies have also demonstrated that chewing gum can help people concentrate on exams, reduce anxiety, and increase reading comprehension. Just make sure you're not smacking your gum too loudly if you're around coworkers.
Treating yourself to a little jig or a quick run up and down your building's stairs is a great way to keep yourself awake. One study found that when participants exercised "during peak levels of sleepiness, subjective fatigue appeared partially alleviated."
Getting up and getting moving also gets your endorphins flowing. These feel-good neurotransmitters help to relieve stress and fatigue and increase feelings of euphoria.
And if you dance to your favorite tunes, you'll get the extra energy-boosting benefits of music.
Looking at one target for a long time, such as a computer screen, can hurt your eyes and make you struggle to keep them open.
As much as 95% of Americans are at risk for so-called computer vision syndrome — especially those who work in an office. All that screen time causes eye irritation and dryness, eye strain, blurred or double vision, headache, and shoulder and neck pain.
You can minimize the risks of damaging your eyes by reducing glare on your screen, upgrading your screen to an LCD, blinking frequently, correcting your posture, and gazing at a distant object every 20 minutes.
Thanks for reading — now look away!
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Strong reasoning
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Health
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Today is Friday, May 31, the 151st day of 2013. There are 214 days left in the year.Today’s Highlight in History:
On May 31, 1669, English diarist Samuel Pepys (peeps) wrote the final entry of his journal, blaming his failing eyesight for his inability to continue.On this date:
In 1790, President George Washington signed into law the first U.S. copyright act.
In 1859, the Big Ben clock tower in London went into operation, chiming for the first time.
In 1889, more than 2,000 people perished when a dam break sent water rushing through Johnstown, Pa.
In 1910, the Union of South Africa was founded.
In 1913, U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan proclaimed the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, providing for popular election of U.S. senators, to be in effect.
In 1941, “Tobacco Road,” a play about an impoverished Southern family based on the novel by Erskine Caldwell, closed on Broadway after a run of 3,182 performances.
In 1961, South Africa became an independent republic as it withdrew from the British Commonwealth.
In 1962, former Nazi official Adolf Eichmann was hanged in Israel a few minutes before midnight for his role in the Holocaust.
In 1970, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in Peru claimed an estimated 67,000 lives.
In 1977, the trans-Alaska oil pipeline, three years in the making, was completed.
In 1985, at least 88 people were killed, more than 1,000 injured, as over 40 tornadoes swept through parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York and Ontario, Canada, during an 8-hour period.
In 1994, the United States announced it was no longer aiming long-range nuclear missiles at targets in the former Soviet Union.Ten years ago: President George W. Bush visited the site of the Nazi death camps of Auschwitz and Birkenau in Poland as he challenged allies to overcome their bitterness and mistrust over the Iraq war and unite in the struggle against terrorism. Anti-government extremist and bomber Eric Rudolph was arrested outside a grocery store in Murphy, N.C. Air France’s Concorde returned to Paris in a final commercial flight.
Five years ago: Space shuttle Discovery and a crew of seven blasted into orbit, carrying a giant Japanese lab addition to the international space station.
One year ago: Democrat John Edwards’ campaign finance fraud case ended in a mistrial when jurors in Greensboro, N.C., acquitted him on one of six charges but were unable to decide whether he’d misused money from two wealthy donors to hide his pregnant mistress while he ran for president. President Barack Obama welcomed his predecessor back to the White House for the unveiling of the official portraits of former President George W. Bush and former first lady Laura Bush. Fourteen-year-old Snigdha Nandipati (SNIHG’-nah nahn-dih-PAW’-tee) of San Diego won the 85th Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling “guetapens (GEHT’-uh-pawn),” a French-derived word meaning ambush, snare or trap.Today’s Birthdays: Actor-director Clint Eastwood is 83. Singer Peter Yarrow is 75. Former Anglican Church envoy Terry Waite is 74. Singer-musician Augie Meyers is 73. Actress Sharon Gless is 70. Football Hall-of-Famer Joe Namath is 70. Actor Tom Berenger is 63. Actor Gregory Harrison is 63. Actor Kyle Secor is 56. Actress Roma Maffia (ma-FEE’-uh) is 55. Comedian Chris Elliott is 53. Actress Lea Thompson is 52. Singer Corey Hart is 51. Actor Hugh Dillon is 50. Rapper DMC is 49. Actress Brooke Shields is 48. Country musician Ed Adkins (The Derailers) is 46. TV host Phil Keoghan (TV: “The Amazing Race”) is 46. Jazz musician Christian McBride is 41. Actress Archie Panjabi is 41. Actor Colin Farrell is 37. Rock musician Scott Klopfenstein (Reel Big Fish) is 36. Actor Eric Christian Olsen is 36. Rock musician Andy Hurley (Fall Out Boy) is 33. Country singer Casey James (TV: “American Idol”) is 31. Actor Jonathan Tucker is 31. Rapper Waka Flocka Flame is 27. Actor Curtis Williams Jr. is 26. Thought for Today: “Don’t call me a saint. I don’t want to be dismissed so easily.” — Dorothy Day, American reformer (1897-1980). (Above Advance for Use Friday, May 31) Copyright 2013, The Associated Press. All rights reserved.
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Moderate reasoning
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History
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Being nice to others and cooperating with them aren't uniquely human traits. Frans de Waal, director of Emory University's Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Lawrenceville, Georgia, studies how our close primate relatives also demonstrate behaviors suggestive of a sense of morality.
De Waal recently published a book called "The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates," which synthesizes evidence that there are biological roots in human fairness, and explores what that means for the role of religion in human societies. CNN's Kelly Murray recently spoke with De Waal about the book.
CNN's Kelly Murray: Tell us about the title of your book.
Frans de Waal: Well, the reason I chose that title is, when I bring up the origins of morality, it revolves around God, or comes from religion, and I want to address the issue that I think morality is actually older than religion. So I'm getting into the religion question, and how important is religion for morality. I think it plays a role, but it's a secondary role. Instead of being the source of morality, religion came later, maybe to fortify morality.
CNN: How would you say that ethics or morality is separate from religion?
De Waal: Well, I think that morality is older. In the sense that I find it very hard to believe that 100,000 or 200,000 years ago, our ancestors did not believe in right and wrong, and did not punish bad behavior, did not care about fairness. Very long ago our ancestors had moral systems. Our current institutions are only a couple of thousand years old, which is really not old in the eyes of a biologist. So I think religion came after morality. Religion may have become a codification of morality, and it may fortify it, but it's not the origin of it.
CNN: Why do people need religion?
De Waal: Well, that's a good question. I'm struggling with that. I'm personally a nonbeliever, so I'm struggling with if we really need religion. ... I'm from the Netherlands, where 60% of the people are nonbelievers. So in northern Europe, there are actually experiments going on now with societies that are more secular, to see if we can maintain a moral society that way, and for the moment I would say that experiment is going pretty well. ... Personally I think it is possible to build a society that is moral on a nonreligious basis, but the jury is still out on that.
CNN: So do you believe that people are generally good?
De Waal: Yeah, my view is that you have two (kinds of) people in the world. You have people who think that we are inherently bad and evil and selfish, but with a lot of hard work we can be good, and you have other people like myself who believe that we are inherently good. There's a lot of evidence on the primates that I can use to support that idea that we are inherently good, but on occasion when we get too competitive or frustrated, we turn bad.
Read the rest here.
De Waal may think that the "jury is still out" on the issue of people being good without god. Personally, I think even the brief evidence he presents above is pretty damned persuasive, not that it's much of a surprise to us. Morality is indeed older than religion, because moral behavior was NECESSARY for the survival of Homo sapiens as a species. Religion will want to claim otherwise, and we shouldn't be surprised or deterred about that.
The word will get out soon enough.
I will have to buy that book. I am interested in this topic. I try to read all I can. Theists always like to accuse Atheists as having no morals or ethics.
eveey action in response to a valenced life world is metaethically moral.if shark attacs this is a normative conflict. but idont deny sharky pursuit of value is morally dimensional , but dont like its sums.
Evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne (whyevolutionistrue.com) has a pet peeve with scientists who intentionally 'pull their punches' when it comes to applying their research to religious beliefs. De Waal is one (Neil deGrasse Tyson is another). I do see his point.
Loren, thank you for the link and info. I watched the video and read the article in its entirety.
I have some random thoughts -
This reminds me of articles I read about the mutual role of dogs and humans on each others' evolution. The argument is made that human ancestors and dog ancestors have intermeshed social evolution, and the morals or socialization of wolf packs influenced the morals and socialization of early humans.
A couple of quotes from linked article:
But, were our own ancestors back then, long before they built permanent houses for themselves, less “wild” than the wolves they associated with? While canids are known to dig their own dens, and some of such dens may have been used by many generations, even over hundreds of years (THOMAS 1993), humans are apparently the only primates to make use of caves, and their association with dogs predates the construction of permanent houses by thousands of years. Is it not absurd to talk about the “domestication” of dogs by humans who had not yet any permanent domiciles (“domus”)?
When we try looking back at the biological foundations of our moral behavior in a distant past, and, in the absence of any historical evidence turn to our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, we find ourselves in a strange conflict. The life of chimpanzees, especially their sociality, as revealed by the pioneering work of Jane GOODALL and others (GOODALL 1986; DE WAAL 1997) appears as a frightful caricature of human egoism. Even in their maternal behavior warmth and affection are apparently reduced to nursing and an occasional comforting hug; cooperation among group members is limited to occasional hunting episodes, or the persecution of a competitor, always aimed for one’s own advantage and executed with MACHIAVELLIAN shrewdness
[Reminds me of certain workplaces where I have suffered just that behavior]
The closest approximation to human morality we can find in nature is that of the gray wolf, Canis lupus ..... Wolves’ ability to cooperate in a variety of situations, not only in well coordinated drives in the context of attacking prey, carrying items too heavy for any one individual, provisioning not only their own young but also other pack members, baby sitting, etc., is rivaled only by that of human societies.
I'm not saying I buy entirely into the premise, but it is interesting to think about.
A second comment, nit picking on my part - rather than thinking about whether it's a grand experiment, building a society that can have morals without religion, and will society lose its more's without religious underpinning.... I would argue that religion co-opts morality, and western religion, at least, tends to set people against one another, is narcissistic, tribalistic, opportunistic, makes excuses and justifies selfishness and violence and subjugation of "other". Religion is not our source of morality, but rather often excuses and promotes, and proliferates, immorality.
Again, thank you for posting. This type of article can lead to thought about our sources of morality and the interaction of morality with religion and evolution.
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Strong reasoning
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Religion
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Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics
The Equestrian Events at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics included Dressage, Eventing, and Show Jumping. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. The competitions were held from July 28, 1952 to August 3, 1952.
One of the biggest changes at the 1952 Olympics was the demographics of competitors. Before this, most of the riders were officers (41 of 44 starters at the 1948 Olympics were riding in uniform), whereas the Helsinki Games saw over 50% of competitors from the civilian ranks. Additionally, women were now allowed to compete for the first time in equestrian events. At the 1952 Games, they were permitted in the dressage competition, although prohibited from the jumping (per a ruling in 1951) and most definitely not in eventing which was considered too dangerous. The United States had to drop one of their show jumping riders after the ruling in 1951 because she was a woman. A total of 4 women competed out of 138 riders.
25 nations competed: Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherland, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Soviet Union, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the USA. This was the first appearance for Canada, Egypt, Korea, and the Soviet Union. Russia had sent riders to the 1912 Games, but had not competed since, and the Soviet Union performed poorly at the 1952 Games because they had been isolated from the rest of the world for over 35 years. This disadvantage did not last long, with the Soviet Union winning dressage gold a few years later. The youngest participant was Walter Staley from the United States at 19 years old, while the oldest rider was the Danish Kristian Jensen at 63 years old.
52 riders from 20 nations competed at the 1952 Games. For the first time, individual and team medals were awarded based on a two-round Prix des Nations (Nations Cup). 16 teams rode around Björn Strandell's 786 meter course with a 1 min 57.2 second time allowed and fences up to 1.60 meters in height and a 5 meter water jump. The individual gold was won by the French rider Pierre d'Oriola, aboard the gelding, Ali Baba. D'Oriola would repeat the feat in 1964 and remains the only rider to win two gold medals in this discipline. The team event was won by Great Britain, anchored by a clear round for Harry Llewellyn and Foxhunter. This gold medal, attained on the last day of competition, was Great Britain's only gold of the 1952 Games. They remain the only nation to have won gold medals in every Summer Olympics since 1896.
27 riders, including for the first time 4 women, from 10 nations rode in the dressage competition. One of these women was Denmark's Lis Hartel, who in 1944, at age 23, had been paralyzed by polio. She gradually regained muscle function but remained paralyzed below the knee. Amazingly, despite not being able to mount or dismount unassisted, she managed to win individual silver.
5 judges were present at the test, with the lowest and highest scores of the panel being dropped (the only time in Olympic dressage history this method was used). The test reintroduction of the piaffe and passage, and was 15 minutes in length.
The eventing competition was slightly harder in 1952 than in 1948. Phase A was 7 km at 240m/min, Phase B (steeplechase) was 4km at 600m/min, Phase C 15km at 240 m/min, Phase D (cross-country) was 9km at 450 m/min with jumping efforts up to 1.20 meters, followed by the final phase which was a 2km "gallop" at 333m/min. The final stadium jumping round also had fences up to 1.20 meters.
59 riders from 21 countries competed, forming 19 teams. 13 of those teams were strictly officers, while 2 were a mix of officers and civilians (Great Britain and Ireland) and four had civilian-only teams (Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, and the USA). Of the 12 medals awarded between the individual and team competitions, 7 went to civilians.
||Henri Saint Cyr and Master Rufus (SWE)||Lis Hartel and Jubilee (DEN)||André Jousseaume and Harpagon (FRA)|
|| Sweden (SWE)
Henri Saint Cyr and Master Rufus
Gustaf Adolf Boltenstern, Jr. and Krest
Gehnäll Persson and Knaust
| Switzerland (SUI)
Gottfried Trachsel and Kursus
Henri Chammartin and Wöhler
Gustav Fischer and Soliman
| Germany (GER)
Heinz Pollay and Adular
Ida von Nagel and Afrika
Fritz Thiedemann and Chronist
||Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Jr. and Jubal (SWE)||Guy Lefrant and Verdun (FRA)||Wilhelm Büsing and Hubertus (GER)|
|| Sweden (SWE)
Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Jr. and Jubal
Olof Stahre and Komet
Folke Frölén and Fair
| Germany (GER)
Wilhelm Büsing and Hubertus
Klaus Wagner and Dachs
Otto Rothe and Trux von Kamax
| United States (USA)
Charles Hough, Jr. and Cassivellannus
Walter Staley, Jr. and Craigwood Park
John Wofford and Benny Grimes
||Pierre Jonquères d'Oriola and Ali Baba (FRA)||Óscar Cristi and Bambi (CHI)||Fritz Thiedemann and Meteor (GER)|
|| Great Britain (GBR)
Wilfred White and Nizefela
Douglas Stewart and Aherlow
Harry Llewellyn and Foxhunter
| Chile (CHI)
Óscar Cristi and Bambi
César Mendoza and Pillán
Ricardo Echeverría and Lindo Peal
| United States (USA)
William Steinkraus and Hollandia
Arthur McCashin and Miss Budweiser
John William Russell and Democrat
|3||Great Britain (GBR)||1||0||0||1|
|8||United States (USA)||0||0||2||2|
- Equestrianism at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games, Sports Reference, retrieved February 27, 2011
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Moderate reasoning
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Sports & Fitness
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Battle of the Ridges
American Plans and Preparations
With the securing of the beachhead areas in the last week of October and the first days of November, General Krueger was ready to launch that part of his plan that concerned a drive north along the west coast of Leyte. Since a preliminary reconnaissance indicated that there were not a great many Japanese troops in the southern half of the island, elements of the 32d Infantry had already started to push west through the mountains to the west coast along the road from Abuyog to Baybay. After the attention of the Japanese had been diverted to the struggle in the northern mountains, the X Corps could launch a drive against Ormoc, proceeding north from Baybay on Highway 2 along the shores of the Camotes Sea and of Ormoc Bay. At the same time elements of the X Corps--the 24th Division and later the 32d Division--could drive down the Ormoc corridor to Ormoc. The enemy forces would then be caught between the jaws of a trap, with their freedom of maneuver limited and most of their strength employed in defensive action. But the need for blocking the exits from the central mountain range and the scarcity of combat troops made it necessary for General Krueger to postpone sending a strong force to the shores of the Camotes Sea until additional reinforcements arrived on Leyte in the middle of November. General Hodge was to be prepared, however, to send strong elements of the XXIV Corps over the mountains.
On 30 October General Hodge directed the 7th Division to move elements, not to exceed one battalion, over the mountain road from Abuyog to Baybay, the western terminus of the road. He also ordered the 7th Division to be prepared to move to the west coast when relieved in the Burauen area.1 In anticipation of this plan, the 2d Battalion, 32d Infantry, had moved to Abuyog on 29 October to occupy and defend that area. Company G had spearheaded the advance to Baybay. On 2 November General Arnold alerted the main body of the 32d Infantry, under Colonel Finn, for a move to Abuyog.
As soon as word was received that the Americans were on the west coast, General Suzuki, believing these forces to be a small unit of American and Philippine troops, sent a company from the 364th Battalion south from Ormoc to hold Albuera until the 26th Division could arrive.2 Albuera was important tactically, since from it ran a mountain trail that the Japanese had tried unsuccessfully to develop into a road to the Burauen airfield in Leyte Valley.
On 9 November the 26th Division landed at Ormoc after a rough voyage from Manila. The transport vessels had been repeatedly attacked by Allied aircraft, which damaged many of the landing barges and ship hatches. These damaging attacks hindered the unloading of equipment, which did not proceed as planned. Many of the landing barges were run aground and destroyed by Allied aircraft, and the transports were forced to sail away before being completely emptied. They carried most of the ordnance, provisions, and munitions of the division with them. On their return trip, all the vessels were sunk by aircraft. The division consequently came ashore underequipped. The strength of the 26th Division consisted of Division Headquarters, one battalion of the 11th Independent Infantry Regiment, three battalions of the 13th Independent Infantry Regiment, and the 2d Battalion of the 12th Infantry Regiment. These units had only light, portable weapons, and none was equipped with machine guns except a battalion of the 13th Independent Infantry Regiment.
General Suzuki had intended to use the 26th Division in the Carigara area but the arrival of American forces in the Baybay area forced him to change his plans. On 13 November he received word from Manila that the 26th Division was to be used in the Burauen area and consequently the main force of the 26th Division was directed to Albuera. General Suzuki first sent the 13th Independent Infantry Regiment, under Col. Jiro Saito,3 but eventually the entire 26th Division, including the division headquarters, was committed to the Albuera area.
As the troops of the 2d Battalion, 32d Infantry, moved over the mountains to Baybay, guerrillas informed them that about three hundred Japanese soldiers were pushing south toward the Abuyog-Baybay road. These enemy troops were "six marauding units" of the company which had been sent south to make contact with the American forces and contain them until the 26th Division could arrive.4 Company E set up an ambush, killed many of the Japanese, and forced the others to disperse.
By this time the appearance of Japanese reinforcements going north from Ormoc caused General Krueger to shift the weight of the Sixth Army to the north to meet the new threat, and to order General Hodge to hold up on the relief of the 7th Division in the Burauen area. It was not until after the arrival of the 11th Airborne Division that the 7th Division, on 22 November, was able to move in force to the west coast.5
At 1025 on 14 November General Arnold ordered Colonel Finn to start moving the 32d Infantry north to the Damulaan-Caridad
23-25 November 1944
area and to be prepared to advance upon Ormoc on further orders.6 The units of the 32d Infantry moved to their assigned areas near the Palanas River, and both the Japanese and Americans made ready their positions for the clash. (Map 13) The battle that was about to be fought over the ridge lines along the Palanas River was later called the "Battle of Shoestring Ridge" by troops of the 32d Infantry. This name applied to the supply technique rather than to any terrain features of the ridge, since the supply of the 32d Infantry throughout the battle was precarious. Said Colonel Finn: "The old slogan 'Too little and too late' became 'Just enough and just in time' for us."7
The Palanas River runs in a southwesterly direction between two ridges that end abruptly on reaching the road. The ridges slope sharply toward the river and are separated by a narrow valley. Colonel Finn chose to stand on Shoestring Ridge, the southernmost of the two, which rises steeply from the fields. Its northerly face drops precipitately for more than 125 feet to the valley,
where dense bamboo thickets cover the river banks. The main body of the ridge is covered with cogon grass, interspersed with palms and bamboo, growth being especially heavy in the gullies. Between the western tip of the ridge and the sea are rice paddies and clusters of palm trees, while at a point 3,000 yards northeast of the road the ridge falls into a saddle and then rises to join Hill 918.
While the 26th Division was building up positions on the opposite bank of the Palanas River, Colonel Finn had to solve problems that existed to the rear. Since enemy barges still operated freely a few thousand yards offshore and two Japanese destroyers had cruised by, General Arnold thought that the enemy might try to land forces and seize Baybay in order to separate the American units and sever their line of communications. There were only three infantry battalions on the west coast. The mud and floods on the narrow route that connected this force with the source of supplies at Dulag, on the east coast, made the road so undependable that the 7th Division could not rely on a quick transfer of reinforcements to the west.
Lt. Col. Charles A. Whitcomb's 3d Battalion, 32d Infantry, had moved from Baybay to a position just south of the 2d Battalion on 21 November8 and established defensive positions in depth. To have increased the defensive strength on Shoestring Ridge would have placed the bulk of the forces in a position where they would be surrounded if the Japanese breached their line. General Arnold, to prevent such an envelopment, directed that the 2d Battalion, 184th Infantry, should not be used to reinforce the front lines without his permission.9 This order left only Lt. Col. Glenn A. Nelson's 2d Battalion, 32d Infantry, to hold the front. The 1st Battalion had been sent to the vicinity of Panaon Strait to relieve the 21st Infantry. In addition to the infantry there was a concentration of artillery at Damulaan for support. Batteries A and B of the 49th Field Artillery Battalion (105-mm. howitzer) had moved up and registered fire by 21 November,10 and on the morning of 23 November Battery B of the 11th 155-mm. Marine Gun Battalion arrived at Damulaan.11 The regimental Cannon Company brought two more pieces, which boosted the total to fourteen. All the artillery pieces were only about 1,500 yards behind the front lines, concentrated in a small area in the vicinity of Damulaan. The light weapons were situated so that their fire could be placed as far forward as possible, and the 155-mm. guns were in positions from which they could shell Ormoc.12 The defenses of the infantry and the artillery were consolidated on ground that afforded the best protection.
A platoon from the 7th Reconnaissance Troop patrolled the road between Baybay and Damulaan, and a platoon of light tanks from the 767th Tank Battalion at Damulaan was the only armor on the west coast.13
For several days preceding the 23d of November, Filipinos moving to the south through the lines reported that large enemy forces were massing on the opposite side of the Palanas River and emplacing field guns. Artillery observers on Shoestring Ridge could see the Japanese constructing trenches, machine gun pits, and other installations on the opposite ridge. The Japanese forces consisted of the 1st and 2d Battalions, 13th Independent Infantry Regiment, and two battalions from the 11th and 12th Independent Infantry Regiments.14 Colonel Saito was ordered to hold back the American advance, which threatened to cut off a trail the Japanese had been building at Albuera over the mountains to Burauen.
On 23 November the defenses of the 32d Infantry were stretched very thin. Because of the great distance involved it was not possible to have a continuous front line extending from the sea to the mountains, and therefore some passages of approach had to be left open to the enemy. Only the longest and most difficult were undefended.15 The main defensive sector of the 32d Infantry, just south of the Palanas River, was astride the highway and on that part of the ridge which overlooked the regiment's artillery and command post installations. The defensive sector of Companies F and G was 1,500 yards in width. Company F occupied the flat, marshy land between the sea and the hills to the east. The men built barricades of dirt and sandbags at intervals of seventy-five yards and mined the area in front of them. Company E and guerrillas of Companies F and G, 94th Philippine Infantry, which were attached to the 2d Battalion, were on a ridge that extended to Hill 918. Some guerrillas were also outposted between Companies G and E. Regimental headquarters was at Baybay.16 "The main strength of the line was American guts and fighting spirit."17 During the night, Battery B of the 11th 155-mm. Gun Battalion had moved in and was in position at 0800 to start firing. The battery was so well camouflaged that during the ensuing engagement it was never discovered by the enemy. The regiment now had in support two batteries of 105-mm. howitzers and one of 155-mm. guns.
Battle of Shoestring Ridge
The Battle Begins
At about 1830 on 23 November, the 26th Division opened up the long-expected attack.18 The signal for the commencement of hostilities was an artillery concentration, the first rounds of which fell in the area of Battery A, 49th Field Artillery Battalion. The next rounds were scattered. Enemy mortars joined the artillery and concentrated their fire on the front lines of the 32d Infantry. Counterbattery fire of the 105-mm. howitzers from Battery B of the 49th Field Artillery temporarily silenced the Japanese fire. At 2000 the enemy artillery and mortars again opened up against the front lines of the 32d Infantry and cut all communications between the 2d Battalion and the regimental headquarters at Baybay. Communications were later re-established by relay from the 3d Battalion at Caridad.
At 2100 the Japanese infantry launched a well-planned attack, supported by artillery, mortars, and machine guns, against the lines of Company E. Although the company retaliated with all weapons at its command, the Japanese continued to come on, despite heavy casualties, through the covered draws, high cogon grass, and bamboo thickets. The guerrilla outpost between Companies G and E withdrew when the Japanese attacked Company E. The enemy force, which consisted of two reinforced rifle companies from the 13th Independent Infantry Regiment, seized portions of the ridge and dug in.
Colonel Nelson, the commander of the 2d Battalion, ordered Capt. John J. Young, commanding officer of Company E, to withdraw his troops. Since the Japanese had penetrated the lines and were digging in, the withdrawal was difficult. At about 2200, when Capt. Roy F. Dixon, commanding officer of Company G, received word that Company E was to withdraw to a position behind Company L and thus leave the right flank of Company G exposed, he ordered the right platoon leader to move his right from a position in front of the ridge to one on the ridge facing east, refusing this flank.19 The two right squads moved back and secured the right of Company G.
At dawn on 24 November Colonel Nelson re-formed the 2d Battalion. A patrol from Company F went to the Palanas River and found no enemy troops. At 0800 three companies moved to the east toward Hill 918. The troops succeeded in pushing back a Japanese force that had penetrated south of the Palanas River and east of Hill 918. Colonel Finn ordered Company K to move up from Caridad, and he attached it to the 2d Battalion.
Battery C of the 57th 105-mm. Howitzer Battalion, which had just arrived, was placed on the left, south of the Bucan River.20 By 1800 the troops had regained some of the ground lost the previous night and occupied a perimeter approximately 2,000 yards long and less than 1,500 yards deep.
During the day, as far as their limited ammunition would allow, the artillery units fired at enemy troop concentrations and possible observation posts. The service troops worked feverishly to move badly needed ammunition to the front lines. The two most critical items were 105-mm. and 81-mm. ammunition, and by nightfall the front lines had received 1,400 rounds of the first item and 1,600 rounds of the second. General Arnold attached the 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry, to the 32d Infantry but Colonel Finn was forbidden to commit it to action without permission from the 7th Division.
The enemy forces did not wait. That night, under a full moon, they attacked American positions with great ferocity, opening the engagement with the heaviest artillery barrage the 32d Infantry had yet experienced.21 The first rounds fell on the front-line troops, but the fire then shifted and centered on Battery A, 49th Field Artillery Battalion, and the infantry and artillery command posts in the rear at Damulaan. At the same time the enemy pounded the front lines of Companies G, L, E, and K with heavy mortar fire. Additional mortars joined the battle and shifted the greater
part of their fire against Battery B. The cannoneers held fast and returned the fire.
After this thirty-minute artillery and mortar preparation, the Japanese 13th Independent Infantry Regiment attacked the front lines of the Americans, concentrating the assault against three main positions: the right flank of Company G, the draw between Companies L and K, and the center of Company K. At the same time, combat patrols moved from the north against Companies F and G. The companies easily threw back these patrols.
Colonel Nelson ordered all supporting weapons of the 2d Battalion to fire. All three artillery batteries fired at the maximum rate for seven minutes, while the mortars placed their fire directly on the assault force in order to chop it up or drive it back into the artillery fire. Colonel Nelson then put the Ammunition and Pioneer Platoon of the 2d Battalion and a squad from Company B, 13th Engineer Battalion, in previously prepared positions between Companies G and E. Company G was thus able to strengthen its lines at the heaviest point of pressure and repel the frequently repeated assaults.
At about 1900 a strong force of the enemy gathered on the ridge in front of the right flank of Company L. The American mortars fired on the ridge but the American machine guns kept silent in order to conceal their locations. A group of about fifty Japanese came to within thirty yards of the right platoon of Company L and showered it with grenades. Mortar fire also fell on this platoon, and at the same time the platoon of Company K in the draw came under heavy fire. At least twelve emplaced machine guns, in addition to those carried up by the assaulting troops, raked the positions of Companies K and L with intense fire. Company L employed all weapons and threw back the assault with heavy casualties to the Japanese.
Company K did not fare so well, since it was operating at little more than half strength and there were only nineteen men in the platoon that guarded the draw on the company's left flank. Under the protection of machine gun and mortar fire, the Japanese moved against the platoon, which was ringed by machine gun fire that cut off any avenue of withdrawal. The platoon seemed to be faced with imminent extermination. A Marine machine gunner from the 11th 155-mm. Gun Battalion, who was stationed on the high ground just south of the draw of the besieged platoon, opened fire and knocked out the enemy machine guns which had cut off the line of withdrawal. He then directed his fire against the Japanese weapons on the ridge across the draw and raked the ridge from one end to the other. After the enemy guns had been silenced the platoon made an orderly withdrawal to the foot of the ridge to positions on its right rear, from which it could cover the draw.22 Many enemy dead were left in the vacated positions.
The Japanese then attempted to break through the center of Company K's line, but were driven off by the use of artillery, together with the mortars, machine guns, grenades, and rifles of the company. For the rest of the night the Japanese kept probing the left flank of the company and placing machine gun and mortar fire along the entire line. At one time about twenty-five of
the enemy pushed past the outer perimeter to within fifty yards of the perimeter of the command post and set up two machine guns. Headquarters personnel, medical men, and engineers who were manning the perimeter drove the group off.
Meanwhile, the Japanese forces in front of Company L withdrew and were regrouping, preparatory to launching a new attack. Since there was no artillery observer with the company, 1st Lt. William C. Bentley, of the Cannon Company, with two men went to a vantage point from which they could observe the draw and the ridge where the enemy force was assembling. Lieutenant Bentley directed an artillery concentration on the draw. Three times the Japanese tried to pierce the right flank of Company L and three times the artillery drove them back with heavy casualties. The enemy then tried unsuccessfully to get through the left flank of the company. The front line of Company L had comparative quiet for the rest of the night, except for a few infiltrators.
Having failed to pierce the front lines, the 26th Division troops tried desperately to knock out the artillery supporting the 32d Infantry--Batteries A and B of the 49th Field Artillery Battalion receiving the heaviest blows. Battery B had all four of its guns knocked out, but by "cannibalizing" the damaged guns the battery had one of them back in operation by dawn. The enemy shelling gradually slackened in intensity, and by 0400, except for occasional outbursts of fire, all was quiet.
At dawn of 25 November each company sent scouting patrols 2,000 yards to its front in order to forestall any Japanese attempts to move in. The patrols remained out all day. The front lines were reinforced by Company I, which moved into the draw between Companies K and L. The troops prepared positions but occupied them only at night, since they were located in a swampy rice paddy. Headquarters and B Battery of the 57th Field Artillery Battalion moved into the Damulaan area to provide additional artillery support. Four 105-mm. howitzer batteries and one 155-mm. gun battery were then available. The troops of the 3d Battalion reverted to the control of the 3d Battalion commander, Colonel Whitcomb. Because of the intense firing during the night, the ammunition in the front lines had been nearly exhausted, but a sufficient supply was brought forward to the guns by the next evening.
At 2200 the enemy, using the same tactics as on the previous night, again assaulted the eastern positions of the 32d Infantry with approximately one battalion, after an artillery preparation. Although apparently well led and well organized, they were in less strength than before and were driven back, but not without a grenade battle and some hand-to-hand fighting.
While the infantry troops were thus engaged, eight Japanese led by an officer moved unnoticed along the Bucan River about one and a half miles south of the Palanas River. Coming up on the right of B Battery, 49th Field Artillery Battalion, these enemy troops threw a shower of grenades at the gun crews and tried to clamber over the river bank and get at the guns. One man made it, and by placing a satchel charge behind the breechblock of a howitzer he put it permanently out of commission. All of the Japanese were killed.
The troops of the 32d Infantry spent the 26th of November improving their positions, moving automatic weapons, restocking ammunition, and securing much-needed rest. The only important change in the lines was the moving of B Company, 184th Infantry,
26-27 November 1944
less one platoon, into the position of B Battery, which was made part of A Battery.23 (Map 14)
Bloody Bamboo Thicket
At 2100 Colonel Saito renewed the assault against the American position, following the pattern set by the previous night actions. The Japanese first laid down mortar and machine gun fire,24 and then heavy-weapons fire of the 13th Infantry Regiment hit the right platoons of Company G, shifting to the east in about fifteen minutes. Immediately afterward, about a battalion of Japanese infantry attacked Company G, while twelve machine guns started to fire from a ridge 1,200 yards to the east. The Japanese moved into the fire of their own heavy weapons. The 32d Infantry, using all of its artillery batteries, mortars, machine guns, and rifles, started throwing lead against the enemy force as fast as its men could load and fire. The Japanese, employing an estimated fifty machine guns, continued
to come on. "All hell broke loose"25 as the enemy shot off flares to guide their own artillery fire. The sharp declivity in front of the American lines did not allow for a close concentration of friendly artillery fire. Just as it appeared that the lines were to be overrun, some more enemy flares went up, and the Japanese withdrew, covered by heavy machine gun and mortar fire. Colonel Finn, taking advantage of this fortunate circumstance, hastily rearranged riflemen to fill gaps caused by casualties and replenished his ammunition supplies. The mortars of the regiment continued to fire into the draw.
After a short lull Colonel Saito renewed the attack. There was no preparatory artillery fire, but the mortars and machine guns introduced the assault. The attack did not seem as determined as the previous one, though the number of troops was apparently about the same. The 32d Infantry again called down all types of fire upon the enemy. Elements of the 13th Infantry Regiment continued to advance, although "the carnage was terriffic,"26 and attempted to pass through the American lines. A strong enemy group moved into a bamboo grove on a nose in front of the center platoon of G Company. From this position the enemy launched an attack which the company resisted with grenades and bayonets. As Colonel Finn later reported: "The battle continued to flare up and die down as the valiant soldiers fought like devils to hold our lines."27 The 81-mm. mortars from the mortar platoon of H Company fired 650 rounds in five minutes, and fire from the 60-mm. mortars was "practically automatic."28 After an hour's intense fighting, the enemy force withdrew.
The Japanese had not attacked the left flank of G Company. These troops heard the battle raging to the right and the sounds of the Japanese forming below them. A non-commissioned officer in charge of a listening post sent a man to get permission for his three-man group to withdraw. After receiving permission he shouted the order from a distance of fifty yards. As the men from the listening post started back, they were joined by the left platoon and two squads from the center platoon. Within forty-five minutes the two platoons, less one squad, plus the section of heavy machine guns, were moving south on the highway. "There was no thought in their minds that the withdrawal was not authorized."29 After proceeding down the road 250 yards they met the executive officer of Company H who ordered them back. It was too late, the damage was done. Though the left platoon was able to regain its position without trouble, the two squads from the center platoon found the enemy well dug-in in the bamboo thicket where the squads had been. It was later learned that there were about two hundred hostile troops with twenty machine guns in the thicket.
The Japanese were within the American lines and in a position from which they could fire on A Battery and the flanks of Companies E, L, I, and K.30 Colonel Finn immediately took steps to contain the penetrators. The reserve platoon from I Company moved behind E Company to face north in order to stop any enemy troops moving south
along the high ground. The squad of the center platoon of Company G that had remained in position was faced to the west in order to forestall any attempt to roll up the line of G Company. That part of G Company which had withdrawn was moved along the high ground behind E Company where it established contact with the rest of G Company that faced the bamboo thicket. The right of F Company was turned south along the highway. Although the enemy could not be denied access to the flat, open ground leading to Damulaan, the rear of E and G Companies was protected and the flat ground could be covered by fire. The Japanese apparently did not realize the predicament of the Americans, since they made no attempt to exploit it.
At the same time that G Company was fighting, the other companies, E, L, and I, were also hit, though the assault was not so heavy as the one against G Company. The commanding officer of E Company, next to G Company, felt that the situation left him "in a hell of a spot,"31 but he held his position. The Japanese steadily persisted in their pressure against the lines of the companies and the fighting continued throughout the night. The defenders yielded no ground and effectively used many supporting fires to disrupt the attack of the 26th Division. The Americans counted 400 Japanese dead the next morning, but casualties of the 32d Infantry, despite the heavy fighting, had been surprisingly light. For the twenty-four hour period ending at 1430 on 27 November, four officers and fifteen enlisted men had been wounded and one enlisted man killed.32
Colonel Finn made plans for the recapture of the ground lost by G Company, and General Arnold made available to him part of the 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry, which was at Caridad. The 1st Battalion, less B Company and two platoons from C Company, left Caridad at 0415 on 27 November, and by 0515 it was in Damulaan in readiness for the assault. Company G, 2d Battalion, 32d Infantry, was also available.
At the same time, the enemy was in the midst of preparing new plans. The Japanese felt that if they could recapture the Burauen airfields, all the American forces on Leyte would be in jeopardy. General Suzuki therefore ordered his troops to prepare for an operation at Burauen. In order to concentrate the 26th Division for his daring move across the mountains to strike at the Americans in the vicinity of the Burauen airfields, General Suzuki risked his right flank, leaving only a detachment consisting of the 12th Independent Infantry Regiment, one and one-half battalions of the 13th Independent Infantry Regiment, and one battery of the 26th Artillery Battalion with two mobile guns to prevent the Americans from reaching Albuera and cutting off the base of his attack. At the same time, staff members of the 26th Division moved south to direct operations against the 7th Division.33
These Japanese measures were taken just as General Krueger was able to reinforce the attack toward Ormoc. The commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry, at dawn on 27 November got his troops ready for the drive toward Albuera. He moved his battalion behind L and E Companies, 32d Infantry. Because of the limited
area involved, the battalion commander decided that only A Company would make the attack. The artillery, mortars, and machine guns placed heavy fire on the bamboo thicket. At 0855 the troops moved out but were stopped by heavy machine gun fire after they had advanced about 200 yards. They then withdrew about fifty yards while the artillery and mortars again covered the area.34 A second attack was also halted, and A Company again pulled back. At 1430 a very heavy artillery concentration was placed on the thicket.35 Immediately thereafter C Company moved in swiftly and cleared out and secured the area by 1600. A total of 109 enemy dead was counted and twenty-nine machine guns were removed.
The defensive perimeters of the 32d Infantry were set up. With the addition of the 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry, the lines were much stronger. During the night of 27 November elements of the 13th Independent Infantry Regiment made minor attempts to infiltrate through the lines but were easily repulsed.
By now the Sixth Army had received substantial reinforcements. General Hodge therefore ordered the 7th Division to assemble all forces in the Baybay area as rapidly as the logistical situation would permit.36 By 27 November sufficient troops had assembled to enable him to order General Arnold to make "an early and vigorous attack" to destroy the Japanese in the area and then capture Ormoc.37 On 28 November all the assault elements of the 7th Division, with the exception of the 1st Battalion, 32d Infantry, which was patrolling in the vicinity of Panaon Strait, were either on the eastern shore of the Camotes Sea or on the way there. The 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry, and the 2d and 3d Battalions, 32d Infantry, were still engaging the enemy at a bamboo thicket on Shoestring Ridge south of the Palanas River and east of Damulaan.38
The troops of Colonel Finn's 32d Infantry were weary. They had prevented the Japanese 26th Division from going south along the eastern shore of the Camotes Sea and had held back the best the enemy had to offer. General Arnold desired that the 7th Division push through the enemy lines with two regiments abreast toward Ormoc. The tired 32d Infantry was to be drawn back and replaced by the 184th and 17th Infantry Regiments.
On 28 November, after receiving orders from General Arnold, the commanding officer of the 184th Infantry, Col. Curtis D. O'Sullivan, outlined to his battalion commanders the new roles they were to play. The 184th Infantry was to relieve the 32d Infantry and then attack to the front and cover the division's left sector. The 1st Battalion of the regiment was to relieve Company F, 32d Infantry, from the beach inland to a clump of trees held by the enemy 600 yards inland. Parts of Companies A and C were already at the edge of the grove. The 2d Battalion, 184th Infantry, with the 57th Field Artillery Battalion in direct support, was to relieve Companies G and E of the 32d Infantry, tie in with Company L of the 32d Infantry, and attack in the direction of Hill 918. The 3d Battalion, in regimental reserve, was to take a position in San Agustin. The 32d Infantry was to fall back to Tinagan.39 At 1700 the 2d Battalion, 184th
Infantry, relieved the 2d Battalion, 32d Infantry, at Damulaan.40
At 1945 on 28 November elements of the 26th Division attacked from the southeast and northeast the right flank of Company A, 184th Infantry, at the bamboo thicket and pushed it back fifty yards. Battery B, 57th Field Artillery Battalion, fired at the southern point of the enemy infiltration and also 100 yards to the west.41 The Japanese attack was stopped, and the 1st Battalion held fast and dug in.42
Company E, 2d Battalion, hurriedly moved into a position from which, if requested, it could support the 1st Battalion. The 81-mm. mortar section of the 2d Battalion was prepared to place fire in front of the zone of Company A, and two platoons from Company C were in position to fill a gap existing between the 1st and 2d Battalions.43 By 2045 the 3d Battalion, 32d Infantry, and the 2d and 1st Battalions, 184th Infantry, were on a line from right to left.44 The night was quiet except for sounds of enemy activity in front of the 2d Battalion.45
At 0900 on 29 November Company A of the 1st Battalion and Company F of the 2d Battalion, after a mortar barrage, attacked to retake the lost ground and to overrun the Japanese position in the bamboo thicket. They regained the ground without opposition, but as the troops approached the thicket they met strong resistance. For the rest of the day the battle seesawed back and forth as elements of the 184th Infantry and the 26th Division contested for control of "Bloody Bamboo Thicket," as it came to be called. Between 1820 and 1920, Company A repulsed three heavy enemy attacks and killed an estimated fifty to eighty Japanese.46 At 1800 Companies A and F made a co-ordinated but unsuccessful attack against the Japanese. They dug in for the night in positions from which they successfully withstood enemy attacks.47
The following morning both battalions sent patrols to scout out the strength and installations of the enemy. At 1045 Company A, which had been in action for several days, was relieved by Company C and moved to the old position of the latter.48 At 1400, after a ten-minute artillery preparation, Company C and two platoons from Company F on its right were to move out toward a ridge 150 yards north in order to strengthen the lines and secure positions on the commanding terrain--part of which was the bamboo thicket over which Company A and the enemy had fought.
The companies moved out on time and met little resistance until they had penetrated twenty to thirty yards into the thicket, when the enemy strongly opposed any further advance. The troops of the 184th Infantry, however, steadily pushed on, and by 1603 Company C, with the platoons from Company F just behind it, had cleared the bamboo thicket. Since the line of Company C extended over a wide front, it was tightened and shortened and tied into Company B. By 1730 the troops of Companies C and F had consolidated their positions and formed a night perimeter on the forward slope of the ridge.49 Shoestring Ridge was firmly in American hands.
Battle of the Ridges
5-12 December 1944
Battles of the Hills
The attempts of the 26th Division to drive the Americans back had been checked, but the front lines remained practically the same as they had been at the outset of the battle for Shoestring Ridge. It had become apparent that the most one regiment could do was to conduct a holding action and that if the 7th Division was to continue the advance it would be necessary to commit a stronger force against the Japanese. Elements of the 26th Division were by now firmly ensconced in the hills that overlooked Highway 2 and were in a position to contest bitterly any forward movement of the 7th Division.
A series of sharply edged ridges with many spurs, heavily overgrown with bamboo thickets and high cogon grass, rose from the coastal plain to the central mountain range. (Map 15) One of these, Hill 918, was especially important tactically, since from it one could observe the entire coast to the south, and as far as Ormoc to the north. About four fifths of a mile northeast of Hill 918 was the barrio of Kang Dagit, and about one and a half miles north of the hill was Kang Cainto.50 Other important high points were Hill 380, between the Palanas and Tabgas Rivers and about one and a third miles east of Balogo on Highway 2, and Hill 606, between the Tabgas River and Calingatngan Creek and approximately one and a third miles east of Calingatngan on Highway 2.
General Arnold wished to attack north with two regiments abreast. He therefore ordered Colonel O'Sullivan to send out a strong patrol to the front of the 184th Infantry but not to attempt any advance until the 17th Infantry could arrive from the east coast. On 3 December, when most of the 17th Infantry had reached the west coast, General Arnold called a meeting of his regimental commanders. He told them that the 7th Division was to renew the attack north at 0800 on 5 December with regiments abreast, the 17th Infantry on the right and the 184th Infantry on the left, and secure the Talisayan River about three and a half miles north, together with the intervening enemy positions on Hills 918, 380, and 606. The boundary between the regiments was to be roughly 2,000 yards from the beach.51 At this time the front-line units of the 26th Division, which had been occupying a hill about two miles northwest of Damulaan, withdrew to the Palanas River and a hill northeast of the river. A battalion of the 26th Division was on the western slope of a hill north of the river.52
On 4 December the 184th Infantry prepared for the attack and sent patrols from the 1st and 2d Battalions to the front. These patrols penetrated as far north as Balogo. The 17th Infantry spent the day in moving forward the various elements of the regiment.53 By nightfall the units of the 7th Division were in readiness for the offensive which was to start the following morning.
On 4 December General Arnold ordered Lt. Col. O'Neill K. Kane to move the tanks of the 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion by water under cover of darkness to a position 1,000 yards at sea to the west of Balogo, the next coastal town, about a mile to the north
of the front lines. The tanks at dawn on the 5th were to assault the beaches in that vicinity and fire on the town and on the north slopes of hills and ravines in the area. These movements of the tank battalion were to be closely co-ordinated with the 184th and 17th Infantry Regiments, into whose areas the attack was to be made.
At 0635 on the 5th, the tank battalion in a column formation started to move north over water. The tanks advanced toward Balogo until they were at a point offshore about 200 yards from the town. They then continued north in a column formation and fired into the town of Tabgas. At the mouth of the Tabgas River, just short of Tabgas, the tanks attacked in line formation. Moving ashore at 0700, they sent approximately 2,550 rounds of 75-mm. ammunition in direct fire against the northern slopes of the hills that confronted the 7th Division.
The tanks completed their mission, took to the water again, and headed north for a mile to reconnoiter the area around Calingatngan. They then turned south and started for the bivouac area. On the return, Colonel Kane, elated over the success of their previous landing and wishing to use up the remaining ammunition, ordered the tanks to land 500 yards south of the Tabgas River. From here the tanks fired and then withdrew unhindered by enemy fire. At 1045 they were back in their bivouac area.54
At 0800 on 5 December the 184th and 17th Infantry Regiments moved out with the 184th Infantry on the left. The 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry, on the extreme left, reached the Palanas River without incident and without having to fire a single shot.55 The Japanese historians, however, claimed that one of the amphibian tanks was set on fire and that the 2d Battalion, 12th Independent Infantry Regiment, repulsed the advance of the 184th Infantry.56
There were numerous finger ridges inland which were cut by deep ravines and gorges that came to within a few hundred yards of the coast line. The entrenched Japanese, using reverse slope tactics, were able to deliver deadly fire on the advancing infantry. In many cases the reverse slopes were so steep that effective artillery fire could not be placed upon them.57 The 2d Battalion, 184th Infantry, moved forward slowly toward a small hill which faced the Palanas River, and at 0858 it encountered enemy small arms fire from the western slope of the hill. Using grenades, the battalion pushed forward, but at 0938 the Japanese opened up with three light machine guns. The supporting weapons of the 2d Battalion fired on the enemy positions to the front. At 1037, as the battalion reached the military crest of the hill, the Japanese launched a small counterattack on the left flank of Company E. This attack was repulsed, but the companies continued to receive small arms and machine gun fire.
At 1325 the 1st Battalion renewed its advance and proceeded without incident, finding the situation "very quiet" to its front. At 1435 the battalion dug in for the night approximately 300 yards south of Balogo.58 The 3d Battalion moved through the gap between the 1st and 2d Battalions and across the front of the 2d Battalion on the right toward Hill 380, which consisted of a series of ridges. As the 3d Battalion advanced toward the hill, it came under machine gun
fire on each flank. With artillery support, the troops reached the top of the second ridge of Hill 380 and dug in, nine of the men having been wounded.59 At 1635 the battalions of the 184th Infantry received orders to set up night defense positions in depth and to hold the "positions at all costs."60 Colonel O'Sullivan decided that the 3d Battalion was to bear the brunt of the advance of the 184th Infantry on 6 December and push on to Hill 380.61
On the right of the 184th the 17th Infantry had had a busy day in working toward its objective, Hill 918. At 0800 on 5 December the 1st and 2d Battalions of the 17th Infantry, with the 1st Battalion on the left, had moved through the 32d Infantry. At 0906 the advance elements of the 1st Battalion secured a ridge south of the main ridge leading from Hill 918, and at 1000 the entire battalion closed on this ridge. In the face of sporadic rifle and machine gun fire, the leading platoons pushed forward to secure a ridge that led west from Hill 918. As the advance platoons neared the crest of this ridge, they received intense rifle, machine gun, and mortar fire to the front and on both flanks from the 2d Battalion, 12th Independent Infantry Regiment. At the same time the rest of the battalion, in attempting to reach a forward ridge and support the leading platoons, also encountered cross fire that came down the intervening draw. As enemy gunfire pinned down the troops, the 1st Battalion lost contact with Company G, 2d Battalion, and a gap developed between the 1st and 2d Battalions.
The 12th Independent Infantry Regiment, quickly alert to exploit this opportunity to drive a wedge between the two forces, threw approximately a company armed with machine guns and mortars into the gap. Although they did not penetrate completely, the enemy troops were able to secure a position which would make any forward movement of the 1st Battalion very costly. The 1st Platoon of Company B and the 3d Platoon of Company A were still out on the forward ridge and cut off from the rest of the battalion. The reserve platoon of Company A tried an envelopment around the right flank of the 1st Battalion but was stopped by the enemy in the gap. Company C moved up to protect the rear of Company A. Eventually the forward platoons withdrew to the battalion lines and preparations were made for the night. Under cover of darkness the 1st Battalion reorganized and moved into positions on top of the first ridge.62
Earlier that day the 2d Battalion had driven forward with Company E on the right and Company G on the left. Company E went east along the Bucan River for approximately 1,000 yards and then turned northeast to ascend Hill 918. At first, however, the company had to secure a small ridge southwest of Hill 918 on which was a small but dense banana grove. Company E encountered and destroyed a small enemy force on this ridge, after which the company reorganized and at approximately 1300 began to ascend Hill 918 itself. When Company E reached the military crest of the hill, the Japanese began heavy firing with grenade launchers and at least three machine guns. The enemy fire swept the crest of the hill and prevented any movement over the lip of the ridge.
Meanwhile, Company G went to the left of Company E and secured a small ridge about 1,200 yards from the line of departure
and west of Hill 918. The advance platoon of Company G then received fire from automatic weapons that were emplaced in a draw to the left front of the platoon. The rest of the company attempted to move around to the right of the ridge but also encountered automatic weapons fire coming from another draw. Since high cogon grass covered the area, observation was limited to a matter of inches. At about 1300, elements of the 13th Independent Infantry Regiment counterattacked through a gap between Company G and Company A of the 1st Battalion. A machine gun platoon, which was thrown in to plug the gap, succeeded in stopping the attempted Japanese advance.
Company G, however, continued to be pinned down by the enemy fire directed at its front. Company F, the reserve company, was then committed to take a position between G and E Companies. Its mission was to come abreast of Company E, take Hill 918, and then turn west and wipe out the resistance in front of Company G. At 1415 Company F moved up Hill 918 and reached Company E without opposition.
Three spurs led down from Hill 918. The one occupied by Company E ran southwest, that occupied by Company F ran west, and the third ran northwest. As the two commanders started to launch a co-ordinated assault from their respective spurs, their companies received a concentration of about fifty rounds of mortar fire but pushed through this fire and secured the crests of both spurs. They immediately came under automatic weapons and rifle fire from the northwest ridge.
Since the left flank of Company F was in the tall cogon grass, it was practically impossible for the company to observe the enemy. On the other hand, Company E was on bare and open ground which exposed it to machine gun and mortar fire from Hill 918. Both companies also came under long-range machine gun fire from the vicinity of Kang Dagit, northeast of Hill 918. It was impractical to attempt an envelopment to the right, since the flank of Company E rested on a deep ravine which ran to the bed of the Bagan River. An envelopment to the left would have necessitated going down the hill, circling behind Company G, and attacking east from the positions of the 1st Battalion. Because of these unfavorable conditions, Companies E and F with their wounded withdrew to make a line with Company G.63
In support of the advance of the 17th Infantry, the 49th Field Artillery Battalion fired 577 rounds of ammunition during the day. The fires "varied from knocking out machine guns to fire on mortars and on troops in the open."64 The 17th Infantry had forced the 1st Battalion, 12th Independent Infantry Regiment, to start withdrawal to a hill farther north. At the same time, Japanese engineer and artillery units at Albuera "were erecting anti-landing obstacles along the beach and putting up antitank defenses."65
At the end of 5 December the 17th Infantry had secured the ridge west of Hill 918 and the 184th Infantry had secured a line extending from the beach 300 yards south of Balogo east to the high ground southeast of the Palanas River. Company K, 32d Infantry, had filled a gap that had existed between the 17th and 184th Infantry Regiments, while the 3d Battalion, 184th Infantry, had crossed the Palanas River and, advancing up the southwest slope of Hill
380, reached the top of the first ridge. There were no enemy attacks during the night.
General Arnold ordered the regiments to capture all of Hill 918, the northern slope of Hill 380, and the Palanas River valley. The 1st and 2d Battalions, 17th Infantry, aided by the 2d Battalion, 184th Infantry, were to move northeast until their front lines were on an east-west line south of the Palanas River. They were then to launch an attack to the north and capture the slope of Hill 380 in their zone of action. The 3d Battalion, 17th Infantry, was to attack to the north on the eastern slope of Hill 918 and capture the slope of Hill 380 in its zone of action. The 184th Infantry was to capture the northern slope of Hill 380 and assist the 17th Infantry in its movement north.66
The 184th Infantry started out at 0800 on 6 December with the 1st Battalion on the left and the 3d Battalion on the right. Supported by eight tanks, the 1st Battalion pushed through rifle fire, moved into Balogo, and cleared the town. The battalion commander then ordered Company B to seize a ridge just east of Balogo. Though the company temporarily secured the ridge, at 1155 the Japanese drove the men off. At 1210 artillery and mortar fire was placed against the Japanese positions on the ridge. As soon as the supporting fire lifted, at 1305, Company B sent a platoon through Company K to hit the ridge from the right flank.67 Company B secured the ridge at 1510 but fifty yards farther north on the southern slope of the next ridge strong elements of the 26th Division had dug in, making it impossible for the troops to move forward. Before the jump-off of the 3d Battalion, 184th Infantry, a platoon from Company K secured the first ridge north of the battalion position. At 1000 the rest of the battalion reached the top of Hill 380 and secured an enemy field artillery observation post from which it could see enemy activity in a deep valley north of Hill 380. Elements of the 26th Division set up machine guns and delivered mortar and artillery fire on Hill 380 throughout the afternoon.68 The 1st and 3d Battalions, 184th Infantry, covered by mortar and artillery fire, set up night perimeters, the latter on Hill 380 and the former on the ridge east of Balogo. The 2d Battalion, 184th Infantry, remained in the Palanas River valley throughout the day.
The 1st and 2d Battalions of the 17th Infantry jumped off abreast. The 1st Battalion reached the ridge which led west from Hill 918 and overlooked the Palanas River, where it found strong enemy positions that had been abandoned. While the 1st Battalion reorganized, advance platoons, one each from Companies B and C, went across the Palanas River to the next ridge, which overlooked the Tabgas River. The 1st Battalion, in conjunction with the 2d Battalion, 184th Infantry, followed the platoons at a distance of about 500 yards. Company B moved behind a "protective nose" which led south from the main ridge and Company C pushed "a knife edge east of Company B."69 As Company C reached a point just short of the main ridge, the men moved in single file and were pinned down by heavy machine gun cross fire from both flanks and to their front. Company B, attempting to envelop the entrenched enemy from the west,
encountered heavy fire on its left front, which made any envelopment in that direction impossible. At 1500 a strong column of the enemy counterattacked the left flank of Company C, but six machine guns from Company D broke up the enemy attack. The 1st Battalion dug in for the night halfway up Hill 380.70
Meanwhile, at 0800, the 2d Battalion, 17th Infantry, had started for Hill 918. The 49th Field Artillery Battalion established a smoke screen on the hill to cover the advance of the infantry,71 and at 1100 Company E reached the crest of the hill. A patrol located a trail that led down to the Palanas River. As Company E moved down this trail, Company G, though under machine gun fire, pushed straight ahead through the saddle to its front.72 By 1715 all elements of the 2d Battalion had reached the Palanas River and were moving left to establish contact with the 1st Battalion. From dug-in positions in the dense bamboo thickets on the northern bank of the river, the Japanese opened fire upon the 2d Battalion. Nothing serious developed, however, and the troops formed their night perimeters. The elements of the 1st and 2d Battalions, 17th Infantry, were now in contact on a line along the Palanas River.73
The 3d Battalion, 17th Infantry, swung to the extreme right towards Kang Dagit and Kang Cainto in order to hit Hill 380 from the east, but it was hampered by ravines two to three hundred feet deep. Though the advance was very slow, the 3d Battalion in a column of companies with Company L in the lead was able to reach Kang Dagit where it closed for the night.74
At the end of the day the 7th Division had secured the barrio of Balogo, had overrun Hill 918 and occupied Kang Dagit, and had established elements of the division on the banks of the Palanas River and on part of Hill 380.
The night of 6-7 December was quiet. General Arnold ordered the 7th Division to attack north at 0800 on 7 December and secure Hills 380 and 606. The 184th Infantry was to capture the high ground south of the Tabgas River.75 Colonel Pachler ordered the 17th Infantry, with its 1st Battalion on the left and its 2d Battalion on the right, to attack north to secure the portion of Hills 380 and 606 in its sector. The 3d Battalion, 17th Infantry, was to secure Kang Cainto and to be prepared to attack Hill 380 from the east or to continue north. At 0630 patrols went out to make reconnaissance and determine the enemy strength and dispositions to their front.76
At 0913 the 184th Infantry moved out. It met little opposition, and at 1643 the regiment reached the high ground overlooking the Tabgas River and dug in for the night.77
At dawn the 17th Infantry sent out patrols. The one from the 1st Battalion located an enemy heavy machine gun, two light machine guns, and a mortar, emplaced 150 yards from the battalion's lines. When the patrol returned, mortar fire was placed on the position and it was wiped out. The 1st Battalion moved out at approximately 0900. Though long-range fire fell on the troops and small arms fire hit the left flank of Company C,
the men continued to push forward. The battalion found several ridges leading up Hill 380--a knifelike ridge in front of Company C and a double ridge in the form of a horseshoe, with its closed end toward the hill, in front of Company B.
Company B moved across the double ridge while Company C forced its passage through machine gun and rifle fire across the closed part of the horseshoe. At 1600 the two companies re-established contact on the northernmost ridge leading to Hill 380. At 1630 the Japanese with machine guns launched a counterattack against the right flank of the 3d Battalion, 184th Infantry, and the left flank of the 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry. The 3d Battalion, 184th, was pinned down but did not yield any ground. The troops on the front lines of the 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry, at first were forced back slightly but in a few minutes regained the lost ground. They dug in for the night on the crest of the ridge.78
After its dawn patrols had reported on 7 December, the 2d Battalion, 17th Infantry, jumped off to the attack. Company E secured the first of the three spurs leading from Hill 380, and continued forward to the middle spur in the face of light fire that came from in front of the company in the area the 17th Infantry wished to secure. Presently the fire grew to considerable intensity and the company's section of light machine guns and two platoons of heavy machine guns moved onto the middle spur, where they neutralized the enemy position.
While this action was going on, Companies G and F moved to the first spur. Company G received orders from the battalion commander to make a wide envelopment of Hill 380 and then assault the hill from the east. At 0930 the company dropped below the military crest of the southern slope of Hill 380 unobserved and made its way very slowly over the steep terrain and through the thick cogon grass. At 1200 the 49th Field Artillery Battalion laid a five-minute preparatory fire in front of the battalion.79 The American troops then routed the surprised Japanese defenders and killed the majority of them as the others fled into the mountains northeast of the hill.
Apparently realizing that Hill 380 was the key to defense of the Tabgas River valley and Hill 606, troops of the 26th Division poured long-range machine gun fire from Hill 606 into Company G and at the same time halted the company with small arms fire from the immediate left along the ridge. At 1355, after a heavy mortar barrage, about fifty men from the 26th Division counterattacked the positions of Company G, but the company held firm and mowed down the attackers with fire from its rifles and automatic weapons. The position on the hill was maintained.
Although Company G occupied the top of Hill 380, it was not in a position to aid the advance of Company E. The Japanese troops were dug in on the reverse slopes and could only be rooted out by close-in fighting. The commanding officer of the 2d Battalion committed Company F down the main spur from the east, supported by Companies E and G and the machine guns from Company H. As soon as Company F started down the ridge, the enemy concentrated fire upon it both from the north and the west. In a matter of minutes Company F was reduced to a point where the number
of its riflemen hardly equaled one platoon. The company commander secured an additional platoon from Company G and renewed the assault behind a concentration of 100 rounds of 60-mm. mortar fire and 80 rounds of 81-mm. mortar fire. The attack succeeded, and the enemy force was overrun and annihilated. Company E thereupon moved to the main ridge and helped mop up the area.80
At 0700 the 3d Battalion, 17th Infantry, moved out, reaching the source of the Palanas River at 1400. An enemy force of about fifty men was observed in a natural bowl to its immediate front. The battalion placed long-range rifle and machine gun fire on the group as two platoons from Company K attacked from the flank. They destroyed the entire Japanese force without any casualties to the American troops. The 3d Battalion then crossed the Palanas River and went into night perimeter at Kang Cainto. At 1907 eight rounds of artillery fire fell into the area, killing seven men and wounding eighteen others.81
At the end of the day the 184th Infantry was on the banks of the Tabgas River and the 17th Infantry had secured Hill 380, which commanded the Tabgas River valley.
Although several days of hard going still lay ahead before the 7th Division was to reach its objective, the Talisayan River, the backbone of the Japanese resistance had been broken and the Battle of the Ridges was virtually won. The division had achieved what the Japanese had considered impossible. It had pushed through Leyte over the tortuous mountain road between Abuyog and Baybay, it had held the enemy back at Shoestring Ridge, and it had then pushed north along the shores of Ormoc Bay toward Ormoc, decimating the right flank detachment of the 26th Division in the process. General Suzuki had been forced to send south much of his tactical strength, which was to have been used for the defense of Ormoc. The 7th Division had assisted in no small way in tightening the ever-shortening noose about the Japanese who remained on the island.
On this day, 7 December, the 77th Division landed at Deposito just below Ormoc. The 26th Division was caught between two strong American divisions. It was doomed. At this point the action of the 7th Division merged with that of the 77th Division in the drive of the XXIV Corps against Ormoc.
Situation on Leyte
7 December 1944
1. XXIV Corps FO 12, 30 Oct 44. The operations of the 7th Division on the western coast of Leyte were more adequately covered than any other action in the Leyte campaign. Capt. Tucker Dean and 1st Lt. Russell A. Gugeler, two combat historians, prepared very complete manuscripts on the battle of Shoestring Ridge. Gugeler's Battle of the Ridgelines and Dean's King II: the Liberation of Leyte, on file in the Office of the Chief of Military History, have much information that is not given in the official reports. In addition Col. John M. Finn, who commanded the 32d Infantry which bore the brunt of the Shoestring Ridge battle, wrote an account of the engagement that appeared in the September and October 1945 issues of the Infantry Journal. (Unless otherwise stated, this chapter is based upon these accounts and the 32d Infantry Operations Report Leyte, pp. 10-26.)
2. The Japanese historians make the following ambiguous statement: "The Army had doubts as to the authenticity of this broadcast, but from past experience with U.S. broadcasts, the Army estimated it to be a small unit of U.S. and Philippine troops which had landed there." 35th Army Opns, p. 51. Unless otherwise stated the part of this section dealing with Japanese plans is based upon this study, pp. 51-84.
3. Tomochika, True Facts of Leyte Opn, p. 24.
4. Ibid., pp. 51-52.
5. XXIV Corps Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 11-12.
6. Fragmentary Order, CG 7th Div to CO 32d Inf, 14 Nov 44, 7th Div G-3 Jnl, 14 Nov 44.
7. Col. John M. Finn, "Shoestring Ridge," Infantry Journal, LVII, 3 (September, 1945), 47.
8. 7th Inf Div G-3 Periodic Rpt, 21 Nov 44.
9. 7th Inf Div G-3 Jnl, 20 Nov 44.
10. 7th Inf Div G-3 Periodic Rpt, 21 Nov 44.
11. 7th Inf Div G-3 Jnl, 23 Nov 44. The 11th 155-mm. Gun Battalion and the 5th 155-mm. Howitzer Battalion were Marine artillery units and part of the V Amphibious Corps artillery which had been designated for Yap. With the cancellation of that operation, these two battalions had been assigned to the XXIV Corps as part of the corps artillery for Leyte.
12. Msg, XXIV Corps to 7th Inf Div, 21 Nov 44.
13. 32d Inf Regt S-3 Periodic Rpt, 23-24 Nov 44.
14. 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 22.
15. Ibid., p. 17.
16. That evening General Arnold, acting on instructions from the Sixth Army that "guerrillas not be given missions beyond their capabilities," ordered Colonel Finn to use guerrillas only as outposts and not as part of the main line of resistance. 7th Inf Div G-3 Jnl, 23 Nov 44.
17. 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 17.
18. 35th Army Opns, p. 74.
19. 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 18.
20. 49th FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 10.
21. Msg, CO 32d Inf to CG 7th Div, 25 Nov 44, 32d Inf Unit Jnl, 25 Nov 44.
22. "The platoon leader, a technical sergeant, insisted that the Marine gunner either transfer to the Army or he would have to transfer to the Marines, as he couldn't get along without him." (Finn, op. cit., p. 52.) A check of Marine Corps records, and interviews with Marine Corps historians and Colonel Finn failed to disclose the name and rank of the Marine gunner.
23. Msg, 32d Inf to 7th Div, 1520, 26 Nov 44, 32d Inf Unit Jnl, 26 Nov 44.
24. Msg, 32d Inf to 7th Div, 2213, 26 Nov 44, 32d Inf Unit Jnl, 26 Nov 44.
25. The Japanese give the number of enemy troops as two and a half battalions while the 32d Infantry estimated it as three battalions. 35th Army Opns, p. 78; 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 22.
26. 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 22.
27. Ibid., p. 23.
30. Msg, CO 32d Inf to CG 7th Div, 0220, 27 Nov 44, 32d Inf Unit Jnl, 27 Nov 44.
31. Msg, CO 32d Inf to S-3 2d Bn, 0305, 27 Nov 44, 32d Inf Unit Jnl, 27 Nov 44.
32. Msg, 32d Inf to 7th Div, 1443, 27 Nov 44, 32d Inf Unit Jnl, 27 Nov 44.
33. 35th Army Opns, p. 84.
34. 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 24; Msg, 2d Bn to 32d Inf, 27 Nov 44, and Msgs, Exec Off 32d Inf to CO 32d Inf, 1005, 1120, and 1210, 27 Nov 44, 32d Inf Unit Jnl, 27 Nov 44.
35. 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 24.
36. XXIV Corps FO 28, 22 Nov 44.
37. XXIV Corps FO 30, 27 Nov 44.
38. 7th Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 40, 28 Nov 44.
39. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 1200, 28 Nov 44.
40. 184th Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 6. Unless otherwise stated the material on the 184th Infantry is based on this operations report of the regiment.
41. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 2005, 28 Nov 44.
42. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 2045, 28 Nov 44.
43. Msg, S-3 2d Bn to 184th Inf, 2010, 28 Nov 44, 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 28 Nov 44.
44. Msg, CO 184th Inf to CG 7th Div, 2045, 28 Nov 44, 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 28 Nov 44.
45. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 0125, 29 Nov 44.
46. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 2020, 29 Nov 44.
47. 184th Inf S-3 Periodic Rpt 42, 30 Nov 44.
48. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 30 Nov 44.
50. Cainto is also known as Caintic. The Army spelling, Cainto, will be followed here.
51. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 3 Dec 44.
52. 35th Army Opns, p. 91.
53. 17th Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, Annex B, The Battle of the Ridgelines, p. 1. Unless otherwise stated, the part played by the 17th Infantry during this engagement is based upon the above report, pp. 1-9.
54. Armor on Leyte, a research rpt prepared by Committee 16, Officers Advanced Course, The Armored School, 1948-49, Ft. Knox, Ky., May 1949, pp. 89-91, copy in OCMH.
55. 184th Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 7.
56. 35th Army Opns, p. 93.
57. Armor on Leyte, p. 89.
58. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 5 Dec 44.
62. 17th Inf Unit Jnl, 5 Dec 44.
64. 49th FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 13.
65. 35th Army Opns, p. 93.
66. 184th Inf FO B, 5 Dec 44.
67. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 6 Dec 44.
68. 184th Inf S-3 Periodic Rpt 48, 6 Dec 44; 7th Div G-3 Jnl, 6 Dec 44.
69. 17th Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, Annex B, The Battle of the Ridgelines, p. 4.
70. 17th Inf Unit Jnl, 6 Dec 44.
71. 49th FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 13.
72. 32d Inf S-3 Periodic Rpt, no number, 6 Dec 44; 7th Div G-3 Jnl, 6 Dec 44.
73. 17th Inf Unit Jnl, 6 Dec 44.
75. 184th Inf FO C, 6 Dec 44.
76. 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 7 Dec 44.
78. 17th Inf Unit Jnl, 7 Dec 44.
79. 49th FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 13.
80. 17th Inf Unit Jnl, 7 Dec 44.
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Strong reasoning
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History
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Being a good speller is a gift that many of us don’t appreciate enough. There are so many ways good spelling is essential in everyday life.
WHY SPELLING IS IMPORTANT
Poor spelling can greatly affect reading and writing skills. It can hinder your child’s progress in school. Teaching your child to be a better speller can actually help them become a better reader and writer. Inversely, being a poor speller can affect the way teachers and other students view your child.
Being able to look things up alphabetically, knowing which choice is correct on spell checker, corresponding with others in a way that they can understand, and filling out resumes and job applications are all ways that we use spelling every day.
In 2005, the National Commission on Writing for America’s Families, Schools, and Colleges reported that 80 percent of the time an employment application is doomed if it is poorly written or poorly spelled.
Good spelling is vital in our world today. Understanding how our mind learns to spell words will enable you to help your child become the best speller that they can be.
COMPONENTS TO TEACHING GOOD SPELLING
Just seeing a word and spelling it a few times does not ensure that the word is committed to memory. This process takes place in our short-term memory and a word is not learned until it is moved into our long-term memory.
REPETITION IS IMPORTANT
This is why spelling is often taught by repetition. The process of committing a word to memory involves seeing it, hearing it, and knowing its meaning. When a child sees a word, hears it, and understands its meaning and is able to use it, a connection is formed about that word. This connection in conjunction with repetition of use is what moves the word from short-term memory to long-term. In other words, they learn to spell the word.
YOU MUST “SEE” A WORD
Teach your child to slow down and actually see troublesome words. Teach them to see each letter I in the word as individual components that make one picture.
You can do this by using manipulatives that are comprised of individual letters such as letter tiles, magnets, or (most kids’ favorite) food shaped like letters. Building words with manipulatives, such as letter-shaped crackers or cereal, helps because they don’t have to concentrate on forming each letter but only on getting the letters in the right order.
This will teach them to begin to recognize patterns which is also a key component to mastering spelling.
MAKING A CONCRETE CONNECTION
Kids also need to see a word visually and then connect that word with an image. This brings words from being just an abstract thought to being concrete; something that they can connect to.
AN EXCELLENT RESOURCE FOR TEACHING SPELLING
One great resource to teach spelling in this precise way is the app Smarty Spell.
Smarty spell uses individual letters that the kids can arrange in the right order allowing the mind to create a “word” picture. Then, to further solidify that connection, the child is introduced to a realistic image depicting the concrete version of the word.
This is the perfect combo for success in spelling. Since repetition is one key in this dynamic formula, the app also encourages repetition of a word and helps with proper placement of the letters to encourage the child to keep going. The real added bonus is that this app is multi-player and can be played with friends, as well.
Raising great spellers can be easy and fun once you understand the proces. Oops, process. Maybe I need some more practice.
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Moderate reasoning
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Education & Jobs
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Lost circulation is the loss of bore hole mud to the exposed formations in the well and is one of the most common problem of oil well drilling. Mud flowing into the formation implies that there is less mud return at the flow line than is being pumped or that there is no return at all. In brief, there are 9 simple tips to help in mitigation of lost circulation problem which are as following:
- Casing Seat To Prevent Circulation Lost Problems
- Minimize downhole pressures
- Drill String Movement
- Minimize Circulation Loss Problem Severity By Decreasing ROP
- Mud Pumps Effect On Circulation Loss
- Drill String Whipping
- Casing & Drill String Design
- Wellbore Kicks
- Control Mud Properties
As this article is one of five articles to cover the lost of circulation problem, I recommend visiting this links for better understanding:
- Important Introduction For Lost Circulation Problem
- Causes Of Lost Circulation Problem
- Remedial Of Lost circulation Problem,
- Lost Of Circulation Material Used In drilling
Preventive Methods & Mitigation Of Circulation Lost Problems
Good planning and proper drilling practices are the keys to preventing lost circulation by minimizing excessive pressures on the formation. Several measures can be taken to prevent or minimize lost circulation:
1 Casing Seat To Prevent Circulation Lost Problems
Set the casing in the appropriate zone so the fracture gradient of the formation at the casing shoe will be sufficient to support the hydrostatic head of heavier muds required to balance pressures in the formations below.
2 Minimize downhole pressures.
Pipe movement should not exceed critical speeds when tripping pipe. When the drill string is run in the hole, there is a surging pressure from the piston effect of the bit and collars increasing the pressure exerted on the bottom of the hole. Good drilling practices will keep these pressure surges within the fracture and formation pressure.
Many wells experience lost circulation while running pipe or casing into the hole. The length of pipe in the hole affects the magnitude of the surge. Tests show that the flow of mud along the pipe creates most of the pressure surge. The longer the pipe, the greater the surge. Therefore, the deeper the well, the slower the pipe should be run into the hole as the depth of the bit increases.
Smaller annular clearances also increase surge pressures much in the same way annular pressure losses are increased as annular clearances decrease .
3 Drill String Movement
Rapid movement of pipe while circulating also causes even greater pressure surges. Rapid “spudding” of the pipe or fast reaming while circulating can create large surges. Wash and ream cautiously through bridges.
4 Minimize Circulation Loss Problem Severity By Decreasing ROP
Very high ROP loads the annulus with cuttings, thus increases the Drilling ECD, making any further surging on connections more likely to cause fracturing. It is important to control the ROP and circulate prior to making connections when the ECD is near the fracture pressure.
Maintain the cuttings concentration in the annulus below 4% to minimize the effect of cuttings on ECD.
5 Mud Pumps Effect On Circulation Loss
Rapid starting or stopping of the mud pumps can cause pressure surges. Starting the pumps too rapidly will create a pressure that can cause lost circulation, especially when breaking circulation on bottom after a trip. Part of the surge is caused by pressure required to break the gel structure of the mud.
Rotating the pipe when starting circulation will aid breaking the gel strengths and greatly reduce the surge pressure. The other part of the surge is the pressure required to accelerate the mud column to the normal circulating rate. Maintaining low gel structure and gradually increasing the pump rate will reduce this type of surge pressure. Breaking circulation at several intervals when tripping in hole is another way to minimize these pressures.
6 Drill String Whipping
Use enough drill collars to keep the neutral point in the Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) to minimize drill string whipping.
7 Casing & Drill String Design
During the drilling engineer‘s planning phase of the well, casings design and drill string design should be engineered for proper and safe operation, and also to optimize hydraulics for good hole cleaning and minimum ECD, especially in sensitive areas.
8 Wellbore Kicks
Avoid kicks if possible. Shut-in pressure at the surface is transmitted down the wellbore, often breaking the formation down at the weakest point. This not only results in loss of circulation, but losing control of the well.
Proper research, well planning and execution will minimize the possibility and severity of a kick. Those responsible for the operation at the wellsite should always be aware of the maximum shut-in casing pressure and volume. The volume of the intruding fluid is directly related to the shut-in pressures and should be minimized. If a well has to be shut-in, proper kill procedures should be used to maintain the right constant bottom-hole pressure required to kill the well.
9 Control Mud Properties
Viscosity and Gel Strengths
High Viscosity and Gel Strengths increase surge pressures each time circulation is interrupted and restored. They also increase the ECD while drilling. These values should be optimized to ensure good hole cleaning and solids suspension, and minimize ECD, surge and swab pressures. Many times mud properties can not be kept at a level which will provide adequate hole cleaning due to other operational considerations.
Higher flow rates and aggressive drill pipe rotation are the best methods to improve hole cleaning. High viscosity sweeps are recommended in such cases where good hole cleaning is questionable. These sweeps are usually made of mud from the active system that has been viscosified by additions of bentonite, polymers or Lost-Circulation Material (LCM).
The use of LCM in these sweeps is preferable in many cases since they are screened out at the surface and have no permanent effect on the viscosity of the mud. Controlling the ROP may be necessary if efficient hole cleaning can not be achieved. Although this may lengthen the rotating hours, it will generally be less expensive than the costs incurred by losing returns.
Drill Solids & Fluid Loss
Control drill solids at the minimum practical level and add proper treatment to minimize filter-cake build-up. Anything that reduces the annular clearance causes a pressure increase. Balling of the bit, collars, stabilizers or tool joints decreases the annular clearance.
In the case of extensive bit and/or stabilizer balling, a significant pressure will be exerted on the formation. An increase in drag or swabbing on connections are possible indicators of balling. Sometimes a ball can be pumped off a bit, but if that fails, the common practice of spudding the bit should be avoided. The combination of the reduced annular clearance and the pipe surge can cause the pressure to exceed the fracture pressure.
High fluid-loss muds deposit a thick filter cake that can reduce the annular clearance. The smaller annular space increases the ECD. Therefore, fluid loss and filter-cake thickness should always be controlled in the proper range. Mud that develops a thin, strong filter cake is more effective in preventing lost circulation to small fractures or pores.
Drill with minimum mud density. This not only enhances the ROP but also diminishes other mud-related effects.
Selection Of Bridging Material
A good selection of the proper size of bridging materials helps reduce and eliminate whole mud losses into porous formations. The choice of such bridging agents will depend on the formation characteristics. Generally, particles that are one-third to one-half the square root of the permeability in millidarcies (md) should be able to bridge such formations.
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Strong reasoning
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Industrial
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ANNAPOLIS (May 7, 2014)—Governor Martin OMalley today announced good news regarding the States ongoing work to restore the Chesapeake Bays native oyster population. Results of Marylands 2013 Fall Oyster Survey indicate populations are continuing to increase: The oyster population has more than doubled since 2010, reaching its highest point since this type of monitoring began in 1985.
These survey results indicate that our multi-pronged strategy to restore our native oyster population is paying off, said Governor OMalley. While this progress is noteworthy, it underscores the need to stay the course, reinforcing our commitment to protect our investment and rebuild this essential, iconic species.
The upswing was driven by high oyster survival over the past few years as well as strong reproduction in 2010 and 2012. As a result, oyster harvests have increased, with watermen quickly reaching their daily catch limits during the early part of the season.
Preliminary harvest reports for the past season have already surpassed 400,000 bushels with a dockside value in excess of $13 million ? the highest in at least 15 years, said DNR Secretary Joe Gill. Coupled with the survey results, we have reason to be cautiously optimistic a sustainable oyster population can once again play a vital role in the Bays ecosystem and Marylands economy.
In one of the longest running such programs in the world, Maryland has monitored the status of the States oyster population through annual field surveys since 1939. The surveys track relative oyster population abundance, reproduction, disease and annual mortality rates, and offer a window into future population levels.
According to the survey, at 92 percent, oyster samples revealed the highest survival rate (the number of oysters found alive in a sample), since 1985 when these measurements began. The Maryland Oyster Biomass Index, a measure of the oyster population, was also the highest since 1985. Oyster reproduction was slightly above the 29-year midpoint, but was largely confined to the lower portion of the Bay.
Oyster diseases remain at relatively low levels. Dermo was below the long-term average for the eleventh consecutive year, with levels similar to 2012, but, continues to be widely distributed throughout Maryland waters. MSX increased slightly from the record-low levels of 2011 and 2012, but remains well below the long-term average.
Since 1994, the Chesapeake Bay oyster population has languished at less than one percent of historic levels. In 2011, researchers with the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science concluded that Marylands oyster population was just 0.3 percent of its abundance in the early 1800s. This decline is attributed to heavy fishing pressure beginning in the late 1800s, oyster disease mortalities, and the depletion of oyster habitat. Over the past 30 years, the amount of suitable oyster habitat has declined 80 percent ? from 200,000 acres down to 36,000 acres ? and Marylands once renowned oyster harvest fell from about 1.5 million bushels a year to an average of 142,000.
Governor Martin OMalley has made oyster restoration a priority of his Administration, this past fall announcing significant progress under his Oyster Restoration and Aquaculture Development Plan. Under the plan, the State and its partners increased Marylands network of oyster sanctuaries from 9 percent to 24 percent of remaining quality habitat, planted a national record 1.25 billion native spat in Maryland last year, increased areas open to leasing for oyster aquaculture and streamlined the permitting process, established a $3.9 million financial assistance program for aquaculture interests, and maintained 76 percent of the Bays remaining quality oyster habitat for a more targeted, sustainable and scientifically managed public oyster fishery. The plan also focused on stepping up enforcement and penalties to protect the States investment in oyster restoration.
Oyster populations in several large-scale sanctuaries have increased substantially over the past few years. Oysters are also increasing dramatically in the natural habitats they still occupy, however, these areas have declined greatly. Through carefully targeted restoration of degraded areas adjacent to (but not overlapping) functional reefs, the State is expanding the footprint of viable oyster habitat, which will ultimately result in expanded ecosystem services. Natural mortality rates within the sanctuaries were similar to adjacent harvest areas.
DNR is currently conducting a scientifically-driven, large-scale oyster restoration project on the Little Choptank. For more information on this project, visit dnr.state.md.us/fisheries/pdfs/LITTLE_CHOPTANK_FAQ.pdf
Marylands oyster sanctuaries continue to provide oysters with a refuge from harvest pressure, enabling the re-establishment of oyster reefs and associated ecosystem services and allowing natural selection to foster disease resistance, said DNR Fisheries Director Tom OConnell. Governor OMalleys 2015 capital budget included $7.3 million for restoration work in HarrisCreek and Little Choptank River sanctuaries, where restoration efforts are showing great promise.
Source: Maryland Department of Natural Resources
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<urn:uuid:45562bb7-22a1-4d8b-af43-fee2fa524851>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://somd.com/news/headlines/2014/18174.php
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00007.warc.gz
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en
| 0.942197 | 1,045 | 2.8125 | 3 | 2.969743 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
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Science & Tech.
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Did you ever notice that what markings your products have in common? Do your power bank, car charger, iPhone packaging, your kid’s toys or some other electronic appliances have the mark of or affixed on them? Yes, you must have observed these signs labeled on many products but, many of us may not aware about the purpose of these captions. Let’s discover why these abbreviations are important and essential to put on the products and what exactly they stand for.
The FCC Mark The FCC license allows business community to launch, deliver and distribute their products within USA (United States of America).The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an agency of USA (United States of America) which works under the government and determines certain requirements and standards of the products for manufacturers and importers who want to circulate their products in USA (United States of America).
The CE Mark The CE mark is a permit for manufacturers and importers to freely distribute the products within the EU (Europe) jurisdiction; it further certifies that the products having this mark affixed on them are fully complied with the health, environmental and safety requirements defined by the European Commission.
For example, you can notice these markings on your cell phone accessories or on their packaging.
Why manufacturers need to be certified with FCC and CE? The FCC and CE certifications determine the health and environmental requirements to ensure the consumers and their respective working area’s safety. So the products must be made by following the required standards of FCC and CE in order to import or sale the products in USA (United States of America) and EU (Europe).
Getting registered with CE licensing:
“The CE marking is required for many products. It states that the product is assessed before being placed on the market and meets EU safety, health and environmental protection requirements. Through this website the European Commission provides economic operators and consumers with information on how the process of affixing the CE marking on a product works.
As a manufacturer, this website will lead you through the process of affixing the CE marking to your specific product, by clearly illustrating the key steps to undertake from the beginning to the trading of the product. If you are a distributor or importer you will have to know the requirements that the products you are importing or distributing must meet to be traded freely within the EEA (see leaflet for economic operators(362 kB) ).”
Getting registered with FCC licensing:
“If you wish to conduct business with the FCC, you must first register through the FCC's COmmission REgistration System (CORES). Upon registration, you will be assigned a FCC Registration Number (FRN). This number will be used to uniquely identify you in all transactions with the FCC.”
For more details please visit the following website.
Basically CE and FCC are the licenses for the manufacturers or importers to circulate their products in Europe and USA (United States of America). It is mandatory for manufacturers and importers to meet the defined standards and to get registered with FCC license for USA (United States of America) and CE license for Europe in order to import or deliver the products. After a successful registration, the products can freely be imported or distributed to Europe and USA (United States of America) within the jurisdiction of CE and FCC areas.
DISCLAIMER: All the text and information including the URLs are only for reader’s basic information to know about the CE and FCC licensing programs. For any kind of further proceedings (registration of these licenses for the use of any practical or business developments) or any professional or non professional proceedings and knowledge please consult the concerned official websites of CE (European commission) and FCC (Federal Communications Commission) as these commissions have the authority to operate these licenses.
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<urn:uuid:ad808349-6513-434b-aad0-add3b2fd161c>
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
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https://jolyjoy.com/blogs/blog/16929836-ce-and-fcc-certifications
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400222515.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925053037-20200925083037-00473.warc.gz
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en
| 0.928959 | 768 | 3.078125 | 3 | 2.022485 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
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Finance & Business
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