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] | 880,100 |
##ajkowski describes her heritage as " polish israeli ". she lived in, and traveled to, many parts of europe as a youth, including long periods in the irish town of bantry and on the spanish island of mallorca. she spent her young adult summers in ireland until she became a full @ - @ time model. before ratajkowski left london at the age of five, she was obsessed with theater. she began acting as a child, staging shows for her family. ratajkowski's first formal role was as elsa in an adaptation of the little match girl at the north coast repertory theatre school in solana beach,
| 2,502 |
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] | 880,101 |
california. later, in 2004, she played harriet in the interactive lyceum theatre production of harriet potter and the throne of applewort. ratajkowski grew up without television ; she tried soccer, acting, and ballet before modeling. ratajkowski visited nude beaches in europe with her family during her youth. exposure to the nude female figure in photography and art during her formative years, including the work of her father, as well as the photography of helmut newton and herb ritts, prepared ratajkowski for nude work. she is comfortable with the naked body, and states, " we have this culture of men, especially
| 2,204 |
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] | 880,102 |
, watching pornography, but then [ they are ] offended by a classic nude portrait or photograph, and i've never felt that way. " ratajkowski was also influenced by third @ - @ wave feminism and works such as the beauty myth and promiscuities by naomi wolf. she was a physically mature young teenager who endured pressure to limit expressing her sexuality and how she presented herself. with encouragement from an acting coach, ratajkowski met and signed with a talent agent who contacted ford models. that same day, she signed with ford at age 14 and went on to do teen print catalog modeling for kohl's and nord
| 2,155 |
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] | 880,103 |
##strom. at 15, ratajkowski began auditioning for disney and icarly roles, but as she pursued acting she was often cast as a " bitchy girl ", cheerleader, or other limited role. she attended san dieguito academy high school in san diego, while modeling and acting in los angeles. after two nondescript movie roles, she appeared as gibby's girlfriend, tasha, in two episodes of the third season of nickelodeon's icarly ( 2009 – 2010 ). her manager discouraged her from pursuing many acting engagements until she could be more selective. ratajkowski attended the university of california
| 2,476 |
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] | 880,104 |
, los angeles ( ucla ) for one year in 2009, then decided to model full @ - @ time. she found the fine art education at the ucla school of the arts and architecture arbitrary and in conflict with her artistic concepts. she did not enjoy socializing with fellow students. after campaigns and editorials with photographer tony duran, ratajkowski began shooting more fashion editorials and posed for several early issues of the artistic erotica magazine treats!, including the cover of its third issue, in march 2012. she credits that cover for bringing her the two unsolicited, high @ - @ profile, music video roles. rataj
| 2,113 |
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] | 880,105 |
##kowski later filmed commercials for nikon and carl's jr., including multiple versions of a 2012 carl's jr. commercial with sara jean underwood. she also did nude and clothed art magazine modeling, as well as work for frederick's of hollywood ; a 2012 holiday video and a 2011 valentine's video in which ratajkowski appeared for the company are among the most popular videos on the company's youtube channel. ratajkowski worked with photographer tony kelly for the march 2013 gq turkey cover. = = = music video performances = = = ratajkowski appeared in robin thicke, t. i., and ph
| 2,247 |
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] | 880,106 |
##arrell williams's 2013 video, " blurred lines ". previously, ratajkowski had been cast in two other music videos : " fast car " by taio cruz, which was released on november 5, 2012, and maroon 5's " love somebody ", which was released two months after " blurred lines ". " love somebody ", shot on january 13, and " blurred lines " were both produced in 2013. the video for " love somebody " was released on may 21, 2013. directed by rich lee, it shows bare @ - @ chested adam levine using inverse green screen technology to rub paint onto rataj
| 2,130 |
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] | 880,107 |
##kowski with his hands. as they touch, they reveal each other. thicke had seen ratajkowski's treats! cover that the new york times's bee shapiro described as " an artfully composed black @ - @ and @ - @ white photograph of ms. ratajkowski sitting completely nude with her knees tucked to her chest " and convinced director diane martel to cast her in the " blurred lines " music video. martel felt that " she looked smart and stunningly beautiful " in the photo. ratajkowski initially declined the role, fearing being classified as a music video model, but martel persuaded her. the
| 2,106 |
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video was released on march 20, 2013. on march 28, thicke posted an explicit version, with a topless ratajkowski. " blurred lines " was controversial : its video was called sexist for its perceived degradation of women, and some felt its lyrics promoted rape. others disagreed, asserting that the lyrics supported female power and sexual freedom. martel defended ratajkowski's performance, saying : " it's very, very funny and subtly ridiculing. " ratajkowski did not think of the video as sexist and claimed that the producers, through the use of humor and sarcasm, " took something that
| 2,877 |
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on paper sounded really sexist and misogynistic and made it more interesting ". she said that the song " gave me an opportunity to say the things that i felt about feminism today and about women in general in pop culture. " ratajkowski did not feel objectified and enjoyed performing in a sexual manner : the attention given to the nudity in the video, she said, shows that america has not advanced as far as it should have, and, she believes, society represses sexuality, which is bad for both sexes. " blurred lines ", and ratajkowski's associated video performance, was prominent beyond the socio
| 2,606 |
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##political controversies. the song became the number one song of 2013 on music charts in many countries, including canada, ireland, the netherlands, new zealand, and the united kingdom. although second on the year @ - @ end us billboard hot 100 chart, the song's twelve consecutive weeks at number one made it the longest @ - @ running number one song of the decade until " uptown funk " spent fourteen consecutive weeks at number one in 2015. the song also remained in the news due to a copyright infringement lawsuit and appeal. = = = breakthrough = = = the " blurred lines " video garnered ratajkowski notoriety, especially as a
| 2,993 |
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sex symbol. in october 2013, esquire magazine named ratajkowski " woman of the year ", over online fan vote finalist jennifer lawrence. that december, rolling stone magazine listed her among its twenty hottest sex symbols. in february 2014, sports illustrated magazine named ratajkowski as one of twelve 50th anniversary swimsuit issue rookies. in april, fhm ranked her the fourth sexiest woman in the world. maxim magazine included ratajkowski at number 62 on its 2014 hot 100 list. askmen ranked her the third most desirable woman of 2014. ratajkowski was on the july 2013 cover of cr fashion book, which included
| 2,416 |
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erotic scenes with karlie kloss and male models, photographed by bruce weber. on june 24, she appeared topless in the july 2014 american gq cover story, photographed by michael thompson. a controversy ensued at retailer lands'end, some of whose customers received the issue for free. some customers objected to the racy images, forcing lands'end ceo edgar huber to apologize. ratajkowski leveraged her sudden prominence into supporting roles in major films. ratajkowski played andie hardy, the mistress of ben affleck's character, in david fincher's 2014 adaptation of gillian flynn's novel gone
| 2,183 |
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girl. affleck encouraged fincher to consider ratajkowski after seeing the " blurred lines " video. u @ - @ t san diego described ratajkowski's performance as " nuanced ", while andrew o'hehir of salon and wesley morris of grantland wrote that her small role as a " duplicitous and manipulative former student " was critical. reflecting on the performance in 2016, wolf described ratajkowski's portrayal as sympathetic and compassionate. days after gone girl's september 26, 2014, new york film festival premiere, ratajkowski became the cover model for the november 2014
| 2,430 |
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issue of cosmopolitan. on october 30, 2014, she appeared with taylor kitsch in the call of duty : advanced warfare live @ - @ action trailer. ratajkowski appeared on the february 2015 fhm cover, but she tweeted that her picture was used without her consent. fhm responded that " we liked the pictures so much we stuck one on our front cover ". ratajkowski co @ - @ starred in the 2015 film entourage as a fictionalized version of herself, playing the love interest of adrian grenier's character, vincent chase. her performance received critical commentary ranging from " less than compelling ", by
| 2,051 |
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the the hollywood reporter's sheri linden, to " uncanny realism ", by the philadelphia inquirer's steven rea. grantland's morris described her role and performance with scathing sarcasm. she was also cast in the 2015 miniseries the spoils before dying as agent day, appearing late in the series. her performance was favorably reviewed by emily l. stephens of the a. v. club, while other critics commented that she was part of a solid supporting cast. ratajkowski earmed her first leading role, opposite zac efron, in we are your friends, a musical drama released in august 2015,
| 2,384 |
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and was part of the film's promotional tour to europe and north america. starting with the august 11 london premiere, this tour marked her ascension as a style icon as she earned multiple best dressed citations from various sources. she played stanford university dropout sophie, the love interest of efron's character and girlfriend / personal assistant of wes bentley's character. her performance received mixed reviews. alonso duralde of thewrap described the role as thin, as did ty burr of the boston globe. burr said that ratajkowski's performance was " surpassingly dull ", while nell minow of beliefnet stated that
| 2,177 |
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she " does more posing than acting ". kyle smith of the new york post described her performance as " quietly entrancing ", and jordan hoffman of the daily news described ratajkowski's performance as " stunning and sweet ". robbie collin of the daily telegraph and grantland's morris noted ratajkowski's rhythmic dancing skills and sex appeal, as previously seen in " blurred lines ". around the time of the release of we are your friends, ratajkowski appeared on the covers of grazia france, british gq, harper by harper's bazaar, instyle uk, and instyle australia, as
| 2,366 |
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well as a role as a 2015 mtv video music awards presenter. the british gq cover story was photographed by mario testino, who produced a short film featuring ratajkowski for the magazine's website. soon after, on september 17, 2015, she made her runway debut for marc jacobs at the spring / summer 2016 new york fashion week finale. this appearance contributed to her number one listing among vogue's 12 breakout beauty stars of 2015. for fall / winter 2016 fashions, ratajkowski walked the paris fashion week runway for miu miu on march 9, 2016. she has expressed the desire to break barriers for shorter
| 2,113 |
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and more curvaceous models, commenting : " you don ’ t have to be 5'9 " and an a @ - @ cup to be a successful model. " a buick super bowl ad for its cascada convertible during super bowl 50 on february 7, 2016, featured ratajkowski and odell beckham, jr. the ad, in which she made a wedding bouquet catch reminiscent of beckham's famous catch from 2014, received average ratings, according to usa today's admeter. the ad was filmed with a stunt double making the catch. los angeles @ - @ based jewelry designer jacquie
| 2,110 |
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aiche featured ratajkowski in a spring 2016 campaign wearing almost nothing but body chains, rings, bracelets, pendants, and chokers. in may, ratajkowski appeared in the russian @ - @ language music video " inseparable " ( sometimes translated as " indivisible " ) with russian entertainer dima bilan as a photographer and ratajkowski as his muse. as of june 2016, ratajkowski has a variety of upcoming roles. she will play jessica weintraub, the female lead opposite spencer boldman in the film cruise, which is written and directed by robert siegel. ratajkowski
| 2,052 |
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was hired as part of the cast of the film in darkness, alongside natalie dormer, ed skrein, and stacy martin. she will also be involved in joe swanberg's netflix series, easy. in june 2016, she stated she was filming for project runway. ratajkowski was one of five models to appear on the august 2016 vogue germany alternate covers along with stella maxwell, iririna shayk, lily aldridge and rosie huntington @ - @ whiteley. = = personal life = = in february 2014, ratajkowski broke up with her boyfriend andrew dryden, a creative director and menswear buyer.
| 2,516 |
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in september 2014, ratajkowski was a victim in a female celebrity hacking and internet posting wave of stolen nude icloud photographs. in december 2014, us weekly confirmed she had begun dating musician jeff magid. ratajkowski has raised funds, done public service announcements, and committed to a short film promoting reproductive and sexual health for planned parenthood ( ppfa ). she describes ppfa as her main charity because of its role in women's health. ratajkowski's involvement has drawn ire from right to life advocates such as the national right to life committee. ratajkowski says that she enjoys freedom of sexual expression
| 2,410 |
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" while still being a feminist ", and is outspoken about using her celebrity to support the empowerment of women and women's sexuality. amanda hess of slate questioned whether she is a feminist or an opportunist exploiting feminism. in the new york times, ratajkowski expressed her frustration that " society somehow feels that women can't manage to be political, feminist and a sex symbol ". she has called society's reaction to the naked female form " weird ". as a woman who enjoys expressions of the body ranging from ballet to pornography, ratajkowski feels that she can be nude in her professional work and also support
| 2,415 |
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equality for women. british gq's charlie burton stated that she is a feminist with more to say than others. he said that her message is one of sexual empowerment, because sex should not feel like a service and should be beneficial to all involved parties. wolf said ratajkowski is a modern feminist in a harper's bazaar interview of ratajkowski, in which ratajkowski defended her form of feminism. on the eve of the february 2016 new hampshire democratic primary, ratajkowski spoke at a bernie sanders rally in new hampshire to endorse his campaign. one of the main points of her speech, and her social media
| 2,417 |
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activity surrounding it, was to counter gloria steinem's statement that young female sanders supporters were involved in the campaign ( rather than supporting fellow female hillary clinton ) to meet potential male romantic partners. ratajkowski has been frequently named in lists and polls that rank beauty or fashion in the media. she was ranked in maxim's hot 100 list in both 2014 ( no. 62 ) and 2015 ( no. 2 ). askmen ranked her among its most desirable women of 2014 ( no. 3 ) and 2016 ( no. 14 ) ; while fhm ranked her among the sexiest in 2014 ( no. 4 ), and 2015
| 2,183 |
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( no. 18 ). she is also praised for her fashion sense : ratajkowski made vogue italia's best dressed list of 2015, and harper's bazaar placed her atop its best dressed list at the february 2016 new york fashion week. ratajkowski's acting career had a slow start. after a minor acting role in gone girl, she played herself in entourage. in their respective reviews of we are your friends, richard roeper and wesley morris said that ratajkowski, again playing the attractive object of affection, again failed to demonstrate acting prowess. ratajkowski described the pressure that she endured as a youth around her
| 2,427 |
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sexuality and her thoughts on female sexual empowerment, in lena dunham's lenny letter newsletter on february 16, 2016. elle magazine, esquire magazine, and harper's bazaar republished her letter. critics, including glamour magazine's hayley spencer, the huffington post's jenavieve hatch, and rachael moon of the daily mirror, praised it. according to cosmopolitan magazine's nikki kinstlinger and georgia simmonds of marie claire, ratajkowski finds self @ - @ empowerment in defining and owning the expression of her sexuality and body. salon's erin coulehan described the essay's identification
| 2,410 |
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of a societal catch @ - @ 22, in which showcasing female sexuality that may " offend, excite, or create envy " leads to criticism and body shaming. instyle's isabella silvers concurred that " female sexuality isn't always for the benefit of someone else ". charlotte gill of the independent admitted that she was in the minority in finding the letter " rambling " and " dull ". ratajkowski defended kim kardashian from criticism when kardashian posted a controversial naked selfie on instagram in march, saying that women have the right to " express their sexuality and share their
| 2,185 |
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] | 880,129 |
bodies however they choose ". then, kardashian and ratajkowski jointly advocated via social media for female sexual empowerment and against body shaming ; nearly one million social media followers responded positively, and prominent global media outlets took notice. following her letter and social media statement, the controversy about her feminism heightened. piers morgan stated that ratajkowski's form of feminism was a misguided affront to true feminism, labeling it pseudo @ - @ feminist gibberish. after morgan wrote that " feminism as it was intended is dead ", the chicago tribune's heidi stevens, as well as the daily telegraph's helen
| 2,226 |
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] | 880,130 |
pankhurst ( emmeline pankhurst's great @ - @ granddaughter ) said that ratajkowski neither killed nor bolstered feminism. women's wear daily's taylor harris questioned the impact of ratajkowski's feminism. the independent's gill questioned ratajkowski's feminism, saying that her professional activities " continued to advocate industries that treat us as pieces of meat ". heather saul of the independent wrote in support of ratajkowski in an article subtitled " ratajkowski is becoming an important feminist voice in the debate over female censorship and sexuality ". new york's allie jones called rat
| 2,243 |
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] | 880,131 |
##ajkowski " the best feminist celeb ". = = filmography = = = = magazine cover history = = = spafford farm massacre = the spafford farm massacre, also referred to as the wayne massacre, was an attack upon u. s. militia and civilians that occurred as part of the black hawk war near present @ - @ day south wayne, wisconsin. spafford farm was settled in 1830 by omri spafford and his partner francis spencer. before the war started they made numerous improvements to the parcel of land. on june 14, 1832 five men were attacked by a kickapoo war party,
| 777 |
[
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"the",
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"##uk",
"and",
"fox"
] | 880,132 |
three whites were killed instantly, including spafford. in total at least one native and four white settlers were killed in the action. two men managed to escape, though one was fooled into thinking fort hamilton had been overtaken by a group of friendly menominee for days before he finally sought refuge there. the incident at spafford farm eventually led to the battle of horseshoe bend ( also known as the battle of pecatonica ). = = background = = as a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the governor of indiana territory and a group of sauk and fox leaders regarding land settlement, in 1828 the sauk and fox
| 793 |
[
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"and",
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] | 880,133 |
tribes vacated their lands in illinois and moved west of the mississippi river. however, sauk black hawk and others disputed the treaty, claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted, nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede land. angered by the loss of his birthplace, black hawk led a number of incursions across the mississippi river beginning in 1830. each time, he was persuaded without bloodshed to return west. in april 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the british, he again moved his so @ - @ called " british band " of around 1 @, @ 000 warriors and civilians into
| 776 |
[
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] | 880,134 |
illinois. finding no allies, he attempted to return to iowa, but events overtook him and led to the battle of stillman's run. a number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of wisconsin and illinois were mobilized to hunt down black hawk's band. the ensuing conflict became known as the black hawk war. on may 19, a group of militia volunteers were ambushed at buffalo grove and the same day as the raid at plum river, may 21, a more famous war event, the indian creek massacre, occurred. the indian creek event, believed to mostly a peripheral event to the black hawk war was followed on by more
| 777 |
[
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"present",
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"spa",
"##ff",
"##ord"
] | 880,135 |
violence preceding the attack at spafford farm. the spafford farm massacre, also known as the wayne massacre, occurred in lafayette county, wisconsin, near present @ - @ day south wayne, wisconsin during the course of the black hawk war. the first land claim in lafayette county was made in tandem by omri spafford and francis spencer in 1830. the location that become known as spafford farm, was located near the junction of the spafford's branch and the pecatonica river. the pair made many improvements on the land prior to the onset of the war in 1832. present at spafford
| 77 |
[
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"hasty"
] | 880,136 |
farm the day of the massacre besides spafford was spencer, bennett million, abraham searles, james mcillwaine, and an englishman identified only by the moniker " john bull ", but probably being john compton. on june 14, 1832 the six men were sent from fort hamilton to work on spafford farm. the group had just commenced working when they were attacked by a band of kickapoo warriors. the warriors had concealed themselves in some trees near the farmstead and opened fire in a surprise attack. the men dropped their tools and broke for the pecatonica river, reaching the river and making a hasty
| 789 |
[
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] | 880,137 |
crossing. having crossed the river, four of the men were shot as they clambered up the opposite bank. spafford, searles and mcillwaine were killed instantly in the melee ; also killed was " bull " ( probably john compton ). spencer and 17 @ - @ year @ - @ old million were able to escape the attackers. million escaped by jumping into the pecatonica river, hiding in brush and making his way to fort hamilton. spencer's escape was a longer process. he did not jump into the river, but hid along the banks. one of the attackers pursued him but spencer killed
| 788 |
[
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"of",
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"point",
".",
"a",
"small",
"volunteer"
] | 880,138 |
the warrior before he could be overtaken. he wandered the woods for several days before reaching fort hamilton. spencer reached fort hamilton around the same time that colonel william s. hamilton arrived with a large group of menominee who had volunteered against the sauk and fox. afraid that the fort had also been attacked, spencer retreated back into the woods. he avoided the fort for between six and nine days, when hunger finally drove him into the open where he realized his mistake. = = aftermath = = word of the attack at spafford's farm spread quickly to fort defiance, about five miles southeast of mineral point. a small volunteer
| 782 |
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force of 13 men was assembled at fort defiance and they set off to hunt down the band of native americans responsible for the massacre. the group reached fort hamilton at around midnight on june 15. on the morning of june 15 survivor, bennett million guided the militia volunteers back to the site of the massacre ; one of the volunteers was alexander higgenbotham, a survivor of the st. vrain massacre. the bodies of the dead were badly mutilated and spafford's corpse was headless ; his head was found scalped and tossed into the grass along the river bank. the volunteers buried the mangled bodies of the
| 792 |
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fallen and searched in vain for spencer, whom they also assumed dead. colonel henry dodge was at gratiot's grove when the war descended upon spafford farm, having just sent his volunteers to their forts to resupply and recuperate. shortly after he arrived back at his home fort, he received word of the aubrey murder at fort blue mounds and the incident at spafford farm. dodge ordered militia detachments from fort defiance, fort jackson, and fort hamilton to the scene of the massacre. after the massacre, general henry atkinson was informed that dodge was to take over general alexander posey's brigade at fort hamilton
| 782 |
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. while dodge was on his way to visit the brigade, he heard a rifle shot from a group of native americans. dodge quickly returned to his command post and gathered as many men as he could to pursue the enemy. with dodge in quick pursuit, a group of approximately 25 native warriors criss @ - @ crossed the pecatonica river until, finding flight hopeless, they prepared to make a stand at the battle of pecatonica. = i miss you ( miley cyrus song ) = " i miss you " is a song by american recording artist, miley cyrus. it was co @ - @ written by cyrus (
| 776 |
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credited under her birth name destiny hope cyrus ), brian green, wendy foy green, and produced by brian green. " i miss you " is a homage to cyrus'late grandfather, ron cyrus, who died in february 28, 2006. he was diagnosed with mesothelioma, and, seeing her grandfather nearing death, cyrus wanted to write him a song prior to his decease. it was released to radio disney mid @ - @ year 2007 as promotion for the dual disc hannah montana 2 : meet miley cyrus. the song is a ballad with rock and country influences. the song received generally positive reviews from music critics ;
| 2,109 |
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] | 880,143 |
some commented on how it deviated from her usual material at the time and how effective the message was. " i miss you " appeared on two united states charts : it peaked at number nine on bubbling under hot 100 singles, an extension of the billboard hot 100 chart, and at number ninety @ - @ two on the defunct pop 100. cyrus performed the song on acoustic guitar as an encore at several stops on her first headlining concert tour, the best of both worlds tour ( 2007 – 08 ). = = background = = the singer had a very close relationship with her paternal grandfather, ron cyrus, a democratic legislator in the state of kentucky
| 2,988 |
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] | 880,144 |
and public servant, whom she referred to as " pappy ". he was diagnosed with mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs, and struggled with the illness for several years as result of exposure to asbestos. cyrus then relocated from franklin, tennessee to los angeles, california to commence work on the disney channel original series hannah montana. at the sight of her grandfather ailing from afar, cyrus was inspired to compose " i miss you ". in her autobiography miles to go ( 2009 ), she explained, " that's how i ended up
| 2,231 |
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] | 880,145 |
writing the song'i miss you'for pappy. he was so sick. i knew he was dying, and slowly so did my heart. i couldn't imagine life without him. " she co @ - @ wrote the song with her mother's dear friends wendy foy green and brian green, and described it as the most difficult song for her write because of the subject matter. cyrus attempted to halt writing " i miss you ", telling her co @ - @ writers she could not bear anymore. however, cyrus later desired to resume writing, saying she " knew what [ her ] heart wanted to say, and whatever
| 2,259 |
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] | 880,146 |
is in [ her ] heart finds its way to [ her ] fingertips. " moreover, she desired for her grandfather to listen to the song before passing away. although cyrus was never able to sing it for him, her father played a quick cut of " i miss you " for ron towards the end of his life. the singer said she liked to believe that the song gave her grandfather hope, in a similar fashion which he gave and continues to give hope to her. at the age of 70, ron cyrus died on february 28, 2006, two days prior the red carpet premiere of hannah montana. in the episode " she's a
| 2,467 |
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] | 880,147 |
supersneak ", cyrus sang a part of the song as miley stewart, in memory of the character's late mother. cyrus then recorded the song for her debut album, meet miley cyrus. the singer believed that, despite having personal significance to her, " i miss you " could have a variety of meanings for distinct people in divergent situations, including moving away from home, the loss of a parent, or a breakup in a romantic relationship. = = composition = = " i miss you " is a pop music song with a length of three minutes and fifty @ - @ eight seconds. it is a ballad that
| 2,907 |
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] | 880,148 |
maintains low @ - @ key with an acoustic styling. " i miss you " is influenced by elements of the country music genre ; nevertheless, it has a rock music @ - @ based musical arrangement, relying prominently on a gentle strumming guitar for instrumentation. written in the key of b ♭ major but will transpose at the key of c major at the end of the bridge, " i miss you " is set in common time with a tempo of 85 beats per minute. cyrus'low and throaty vocals span a one octave, ranging from g3 to b ♭ 4. the song has the following chord progression, b ♭ –
| 2,860 |
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] | 880,149 |
gm7 – f – f – fsus. = = reception = = = = = critical reception = = = " i miss you " has received generally positive reviews from music critics. heather phares of allmusic complimented " i miss you ", and categorized it as one of the tracks on meet miley cyrus that bared much resemblance to hannah montana songs. andy webster of the new york times wrote that " i miss you " is " as doleful as it gets ". andy spletzer of the seattle post @ - @ intelligencer believed the track had a level a sincerity that was void from the remainder of cyrus'repertoire at
| 2,369 |
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] | 880,150 |
the time. he added, " the songs are more guitar @ - @ driven, the outfits more adult, and the lyrics imply a string of bad boyfriends - - but it feels like imaginary drama taken from high school poetry, as if she's pretending to be older than she is. " in a similar note, elysa gardner of usa today stated the song was the exception to the " heavy on flash and fantasy " that characterized cyrus at the time. joseph p. kahn of the boston globe mentioned the song while remarking that cyrus'songs surpass much of the music played on radio disney. maitland mcdonagh of tv
| 2,847 |
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] | 880,151 |
guide believed the track a was a clear demonstration of how affectionate cyrus was with her grandfather. kelly jane torrance of the washington times said " i miss you " was an unpredictable effort, which, according to her, was both empathetic and executed properly, from cyrus. = = = chart performance = = = on the week ending july 14, 2007, " i miss you " debuted on two us billboard charts. it entered at number nine on the billboard hot 100 extension, the bubbling under hot 100 singles chart, and at number ninety @ - @ two in its only week on the discontinued pop 100 chart. the following week,
| 2,988 |
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] | 880,152 |
the song fell to number twenty @ - @ five in its second and final appearance on the bubbling under hot 100 singles chart. = = live performances = = cyrus performed " i miss you " as an encore on sporadic dates of her first headlining tour, the best of both worlds tour, which extended from october 2007 to january 2008. the tour's concert film uses the performance within the set, although it was not performed as such. the performance had cyrus dressed in a white tank top, blue cardigan, and denim pants, and sole on the stage. she sat on a stool that placed towards the end of the runaway, performing with
| 2,774 |
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","
] | 880,153 |
an acoustic guitar, as images and home footage of ron cyrus appeared on the screens. chris william of entertainment weekly attended the november 8, 2007 concert at the san diego sports arena in san diego, california, and wrote, " so it was especially sweet when, for the encore, she ditched the dancers and enhancers and strummed an acoustic guitar on'i miss you,'vulnerably serenading her late grandpappy — and, for once, really looking and sounding 14. not everyone noticed because, when she finished, half the seats were empty. " alison bonaguro dressed of the chicago tribune stated that,
| 2,860 |
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"55",
"can",
"##cr",
"##i"
] | 880,154 |
despite its simplicity, the performance on december 8, 2007 at the allstate arena in rosemont, illinois felt like as though it was the largest production of all. in a gray shirt and black pants, cyrus performed the song, along with " ready, set, don't go " and " the best of both worlds ", on the oprah winfrey show on december 20, 2007, as a screen displayed a light @ - @ blue background. on october 5, 2013, as part of a saturday night live skit, cyrus performed an excerpt from " i miss you " with actress vanessa bayer. 55 cancri
| 2,130 |
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] | 880,155 |
b ( abbreviated 55 cnc b ), occasionally designated 55 cancri ab ( to distinguish it from the star 55 cancri b ), also named galileo, is an extrasolar planet orbiting the sun @ - @ like star 55 cancri a every 14 @. @ 65 days. it is the second planet in order of distance from its star, and is an example of a hot jupiter, or possibly rather " warm jupiter ". in july 2014 the international astronomical union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. the process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. in
| 1,636 |
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"do",
"##pp"
] | 880,156 |
december 2015, the iau announced the winning name was galileo for this planet. the winning name was submitted by the royal netherlands association for meteorology and astronomy of the netherlands. it honors early @ - @ 17th century astronomer and physicist galileo galilei. = = discovery = = 55 cancri b was discovered in 1996 by geoffrey marcy and r. paul butler. it was the fourth known extrasolar planet, excluding pulsar planets. like the majority of known extrasolar planets, it was discovered by detecting variations in its star's radial velocity caused by the planet's gravity. by making sensitive measurements of the dopp
| 1,637 |
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] | 880,157 |
##ler shift of the spectrum of 55 cancri a, a 15 @ - @ day periodicity was detected. the planet was announced in 1996, together with the planet of tau bootis and the innermost planet of upsilon andromedae. even when this inner planet, with a mass at least 78 % times that of jupiter was accounted for, the star still showed a drift in its radial velocity. this eventually led to the discovery of the outer planet 55 cancri d in 2002. 55 cancri b is in a short @ - @ period orbit, though not so extreme as that of the previously detected hot
| 1,635 |
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] | 880,158 |
jupiter 51 pegasi b. the orbital period indicates that the planet is located close to a 1 : 3 mean motion resonance with 55 cancri c, however investigations of the planetary parameters in a newtonian simulation indicate that while the orbital periods are close to this ratio, the planets are not actually in the resonance. in 2012, b's upper atmosphere was observed transiting the star ; so its inclination is about 85 degrees, coplanar with 55 cancri e. this helped to constrain the mass of the planet but the inclination was too low to constrain its radius. the mass is about. 85 that of
| 1,635 |
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"##ation",
"is",
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"than",
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"for",
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"studied",
"("
] | 880,159 |
jupiter. = = characteristics = = 55 cancri b is a gas giant with no solid surface. the atmospheric transit has demonstrated hydrogen in the upper atmosphere. that transit is so tangential, that properties such as its radius, density, and temperature are unknown. assuming a composition similar to that of jupiter and that its environment is close to chemical equilibrium, 55 cancri b's upper atmosphere is predicted to be cloudless with a spectrum dominated by alkali metal absorption. the atmosphere's transit indicates that it is slowly evaporating under the sun's heat. the evaporation is slower than that for previously studied (
| 1,643 |
[
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".",
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"in",
"first"
] | 880,160 |
hotter ) hot jupiters. the planet is unlikely to have large moons, since tidal forces would either eject them from orbit or destroy them on short timescales relative to the age of the system. = ridge racer ( video game ) = ridge racer ( リッシレーサー, rijji resa ) is a 1993 racing video game developed and published by namco. it was initially released on the namco system 22 arcade system board, and later ported to the playstation console in 1994. it is the first title in the ridge racer series released for arcades and home consoles. the objective is to finish in first
| 1,639 |
[
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"it",
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"early",
"edge",
"over",
"its"
] | 880,161 |
place in a series of races. ridge racer was among the first racing games to use polygon graphics to its full potential. the playstation version supports namco's negcon controller. the first home version of ridge racer was released in japan in 1994 as a launch title for the playstation ; the versions for north america and europe were released in 1995. it was re @ - @ released in japan for the playstation the best range in july 1997, and for the greatest hits and platinum ranges in north america and pal regions respectively the same year. the game played a major role in establishing the new system and giving it an early edge over its
| 2,830 |
[
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".",
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".",
"11",
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".",
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"version",
",",
"a",
"mini"
] | 880,162 |
nearest competitor, the sega saturn, and was considered a rival to sega's daytona usa. ridge racer received a highly positive reception. reviewers praised the graphics, audio, drifting mechanics, and arcade @ - @ like gameplay, although some were critical of the lack of strong artificial intelligence and multiplayer mode. the arcade version was followed by a sequel, ridge racer 2, in 1994, whereas the playstation sequel, ridge racer revolution, was released in december 1995 in japan, and in 1996 in north america and pal regions. the soundtrack was remixed and released on the namco game sound express vol. 11 album. in the playstation version, a mini
| 2,816 |
[
"@",
"-",
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";",
"regardless",
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"what",
"disc",
"is",
"inserted"
] | 880,163 |
@ - @ game of galaxian can be played as the game loads. if won, eight additional cars become available. the cars are varied in their specifications ; some feature a high top speed, others excelling at acceleration or turning, and others being more balanced. certain cars are named after other namco games such as solvalou, mappy, bosconian, nebulasray, and xevious. once the game has loaded, all the cd is needed for is to play six music tracks. the disc can be replaced at any time during gameplay, although the game does not update ; regardless of what disc is inserted
| 2,792 |
[
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",",
"although",
"it",
"consists",
"of"
] | 880,164 |
, there will always be six tracks, corresponding the starting points of the tracks on the game disc. a course, transmission ( automatic or six @ - @ speed manual ), car, and song are chosen. the racetrack can be observed from the first @ - @ person perspective ( or from the third @ - @ person perspective for the playstation version ). namco's negcon controller can be used to play. being an arcade racer, collisions do no damage, and merely slow the player down. there is a time limit, which ends the game if counted down to zero. a single course is featured, although it consists of
| 2,828 |
[
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",",
"the",
"fastest",
"car",
".",
"on",
"winning",
",",
"the",
"car",
"is",
"unlocked"
] | 880,165 |
four configurations of increasing difficulty ; novice, intermediate, advanced and time trial ( the latter two are extended ). the player races eleven opponents except in time trial, where there is only one. the higher the difficulty, the faster the cars run, with time trial being the fastest. each race consists of three laps ( two on the beginner course ). checkpoints that grant additional time when passed through are present throughout. in the playstation version, after every race is won, reversed ones become available, and an additional opponent is encountered in time trial ; the 13th racing " devil ", the fastest car. on winning, the car is unlocked
| 1,042 |
[
".",
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"version",
",",
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"jam",
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"'",
"s",
"1992",
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",",
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"27",
"–",
"19",
"august",
"1992",
",",
"nam",
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"a",
"racing",
"game",
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"drive",
",",
"for",
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"nam",
"##co",
"system",
"22",
"arcade",
"system",
"board",
".",
"it",
"was",
"a",
"sequel",
"to",
"eun",
"##os",
"roads",
"##ter",
"driving",
"simulator"
] | 880,166 |
. in the arcade version, the winning player's score is saved in action @ - @ replay highlights after finishing the game. the playstation version features hidden " mirror " version of the tracks. it becomes a " mirror image " of itself ; left turns become right turns and vice @ - @ versa, and the surroundings switch sides of the road. = = development and release = = at jamma's 1992 amusement machine show in japan, held during 27 – 19 august 1992, namco debuted a racing game called sim drive, for the namco system 22 arcade system board. it was a sequel to eunos roadster driving simulator
| 2,819 |
[
",",
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"rivals",
",",
"and",
"designer",
"fu",
"##mi",
"##hiro",
"tanaka",
"commented"
] | 880,167 |
, a mazda mx @ - @ 5 driving simulation arcade game that namco developed with mazda and released in 1990. its 3d polygon graphics stood out for its use of gouraud shading and texture mapping. after a location test at the show, where it was previewed by the november 1992 issue of electronic gaming monthly, sim drive had a limited japanese release in december 1992, but did not get a mass @ - @ market release. it served as a prototype for ridge racer. ridge racer had a development cycle of eight months. the development team was under pressure to complete it before their rivals, and designer fumihiro tanaka commented
| 2,814 |
[
"that",
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".",
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".",
"because",
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"the",
"radical",
"differences",
",",
"that",
"version"
] | 880,168 |
that " the other company " was in the same position. ridge racer was originally planned to be an f1 racing game, but the concept was replaced with one based on a trend among japanese car enthusiasts at the time. namco bandai's general manager yozo sakagami explained that they liked racing on mountain roads and did not want to slow down around corners, so drifted around them instead. the team therefore decided to create a game which lets the player test his driving skills and experience the car's manipulation at high speeds while mastering drifting. development for the playstation version began in april 1994. because of the radical differences, that version
| 2,231 |
[
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"a"
] | 880,169 |
essentially had to be done from scratch, and took nearly as long to develop, being completed in november 1994. the playstation port was developed by the same team. due to technical limitations, the playstation port was difficult to program and runs at a lower resolution, lower framerate ( 30 frames per second for ntsc, 25 for pal ), and was less detailed. specialised graphics libraries had to be developed because it was felt the standard ones provided by sony were too limited. visual director yozo sakagami remarked that the hardest element to port was the experience of driving a car. it was felt that the negcon controller would provide a
| 2,830 |
[
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"@",
"-",
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"##xia",
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"(",
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"37",
")",
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"japan",
".",
"during",
"release"
] | 880,170 |
more analogue feel than the standard playstation controller. sakagami was concerned about loading times due to the cd @ - @ rom format ; the team countered this by having all the data loaded into memory by the time the title screen appeared, and having the player play a mini @ - @ game of galaxian while waiting. sakagami chose galaxian because he was part of its arcade team, and wanted to honour his former boss. due to cds being cheaper to produce, the retail price was cheaper than cartridge games despite an increase in development costs. ridge racer sold for under ¥ 6000 ( £ 37 ) in japan. during release
| 2,819 |
[
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"shin",
"##ji",
"ho",
"##so",
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",",
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"no",
"##bu",
"##yoshi",
"san",
"##o",
"and",
"a",
"##ya",
"##ko",
"sas",
"##o",
",",
"as"
] | 880,171 |
for arcade system board, ridge racer was called by namco " the most realistic driving game ever ". it featured three @ - @ dimensional polygon graphics with texture mapping. the playstation version was shown at the 1995 electronic entertainment expo event, and was an innovation in the use of three @ - @ dimensional polygons. ridge racer was released in japan on 3 december 1994, in north america on 9 september 1995, and in europe on 29 september as a launch title for the playstation. the soundtrack was produced alongside the game by shinji hosoe, with contributions from nobuyoshi sano and ayako saso, as
| 2,828 |
[
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",",
"but",
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".",
"11",
",",
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"on",
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"january",
"1994",
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"japan",
".",
"=",
"=",
"reception",
"=",
"=",
"ridge",
"racer",
"received",
"critical",
"acclaim",
".",
"the",
"graphics",
"and",
"sound",
"in"
] | 880,172 |
the development team didn't have enough time to produce them separately. the team did not initially plan to have music, but ended up producing techno, which tanaka believed helped players to enjoy a fun feeling while playing. hiroshi okubo believed techno would give a feeling of energy, journey, and speed, and commented that the genre was chosen because it embodied the game's " unrealistic speed and tension ". this was commemorated by the release of namco game sound express vol. 11, which featured remixed versions, on 21 january 1994 in japan. = = reception = = ridge racer received critical acclaim. the graphics and sound in
| 2,747 |
[
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"and",
"using",
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"playstation",
"as",
"a",
"music",
"cd",
"player",
"during"
] | 880,173 |
particular were praised. in the april 1994 issue of the uk magazine computer and video games, paul rand gave high marks, remarking that it was " far and away the most realistic arcade game ever seen " on reviewing the arcade machine ( based on the full @ - @ scale unit ). in a review of its japanese console release, gamepro called the playstation version " a near carbon copy of the original " and praised the graphics, soundtrack, and the entire game being loaded into the playstation's ram, eliminating mid @ - @ game loading and giving the option of removing the game disc and using the playstation as a music cd player during
| 2,830 |
[
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"'",
"s",
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"that",
"the",
"game",
"surpassed",
"competitor"
] | 880,174 |
gameplay. although they criticised the graphical glitches and slowdown, the game was recommended. next generation applauded the conversion's faithful recreation of the arcade version, smooth graphics, and additional cars. although they noted the lack of variety in the different cars'performance and the absence of a multiplayer mode as downsides, they found the game overall remarkable and commented that the fact that ridge racer was an early game for the playstation, and a rushed project at that, made it " an excellent harbinger of what's to come ". gamepro's review of the later north american release judged that the game surpassed competitor
| 2,815 |
[
"daytona",
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",",
"audio",
",",
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",",
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",",
"but",
"everything",
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".",
"they",
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"\"",
"feeling",
"of",
"smooth",
"##ness"
] | 880,175 |
daytona usa in graphics, audio, and control responsiveness, and called it " the best racing game to date for home systems ". commenting on the realism, game informer remarked that ridge racer " does a better job of capturing the feel of high performance car racing than any existing driving game ". the two sports reviewers of electronic gaming monthly praised the gameplay and music. maximum commented that " ridge racer isn't without its bad points - basically, there is only one track and the game lacks the awesome crash sequences of daytona usa, but everything else in the title is sheer class ". they commented positively on the " feeling of smoothness
| 2,813 |
[
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",",
"ign",
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"\""
] | 880,176 |
and speed ", the " distinctly european " dance music, the engine sounds, and the unrealistically exaggerated driving manoeuvres. in 1996, ign commented that despite two years of release the game " has definitely stood the test of time ", but complained that " there is no two @ - @ player mode " and that " the cars don't really vary in performance that much ". allgame's shawn sackenheim praised the game, particularly the graphics and audio, and concluded that it " is a fun title that racing fans will love ". coming soon magazine praised its " ultra fluid and very realistic "
| 2,813 |
[
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"-",
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"is",
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] | 880,177 |
graphics, but criticised the game for being too short. the electric playground's victor lucas gave top marks, remarking " the experience of playing rr supersedes the thrills generally attributed to playing other racing video games ", and further commented " i really can't stress enough how deserving of your video game dollars ridge racer is ". edge praised the " dazzling " graphics and " arcade @ - @ perfect " music. despite positive reviews, the game was criticised by 1up. com for the arcade style of gameplay. the lack of artificial intelligence has received criticism — the movement of the computer @ - @ controlled cars is restricted
| 2,815 |
[
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"ridge",
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"the",
"playstation",
"console",
".",
"ign",
"stated",
"that"
] | 880,178 |
to predetermined waypoints. the game was reviewed in 1995 in dragon no. 221 by jay & dee in the " eye of the monitor " column, where dee called it " just another racing game ". ridge racer was awarded best driving game of 1995 by electronic gaming monthly. it was listed as one of the best games of all time by game informer in 2001, yahoo in 2005, electronic gaming monthly in 2006, guinness world records in 2008 and 2009, nowgamer in 2010, and fhm in 2012. ridge racer has been followed by many sequels and helped establish the position of the playstation console. ign stated that
| 2,823 |
[
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"e",
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"##el",
"65",
".",
"="
] | 880,179 |
ridge racer had been " one of playstation's first big system pushers " and " an excellent port of the arcade version that showed the true potential of sony's 32 @ - @ bit wonder ". ugo networks's michael hess and chris plante said that it had " set the stage for gran turismo by adding an option to choose between automatic and manual transmission ". john davison of 1up. com said that ridge racer was an " unbelievable demonstration of what the playstation could do ". ridge racer is mentioned in the song my console ( 1999 ) from the italian electronic dance group eiffel 65. =
| 2,829 |
[
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"-",
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"mia",
"##ta",
",",
"and"
] | 880,180 |
= other releases = = the playstation version was re @ - @ released for the best, greatest hits, and platinum ranges in 1997. ridge racer received a number of ports and spin @ - @ offs : = = = ridge racer full scale = = = a full scale arcade version was released alongside the standard arcade version in 1993. this version was designed to give the player a more realistic driving experience. players ( a passenger could sit in the car next to the driver ) sat inside an adapted red eunos roadster, the japanese right @ - @ hand @ - @ drive version of the mazda mx @ - @ 5 miata, and
| 2,819 |
[
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".",
"=",
"=",
"="
] | 880,181 |
controlled the same car on @ - @ screen. the game was played in front of a 10 feet ( 3 @. @ 0 m ) wide, front @ - @ projected triple screen ( which benefited from dimmed ambient lighting ), with the wheel, gear stick and pedals functioning as the controls. the ignition key was used to start, the speed and rpm gauges were functional, and fans blew wind on the player from inside the air vents. speakers concealed inside the car provided realistic engine and tyre sounds ; overhead speakers provided surround music. the p. c. b. was located under the bonnet of the car. = = =
| 1,042 |
[
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"3",
"screen",
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",",
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"racer",
"revolution",
"using",
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"same",
"cars",
"under"
] | 880,182 |
ridge racer : 3 screen edition = = = a version with three screens was released in arcades to give a peripheral vision effect. the machine used multiple system 22 arcade boards to drive the additional monitors and was only available in the sit down version. pocket racer ( ホケットレーサー, poketto resa ) is a super deformed version with cars resembling choro @ - @ q models, and aimed towards children. it was released in 1996 in japan. it was only available in upright cabinet version, and uses namco system 11 hardware. a similar game is included in ridge racer revolution using the same cars under
| 263 |
[
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"and",
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"racer",
"hi",
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"(",
"リ",
"##ッ",
"##シ",
"##レ",
"##ー",
"##サ",
"##ー",
"##ハ",
"##イ",
"##ス",
"##ヘ",
"##ッ",
"##ク",
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"##シ",
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",",
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"##j",
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"su",
"##pe",
"##kk",
"##u",
"ba",
"##jon",
")",
"in",
"japan",
".",
"it",
"featured",
"improved"
] | 880,183 |
the name pretty racer ( also known as buggy mode ), the inspiration for this game. r4 : ridge racer type 4 ( released on 3 december 1998 in japan, 1 may 1999 in north america, and on 1 september 1999 in europe ) includes a bonus disc containing a new version of the original ridge racer, called ridge racer turbo in north america, ridge racer hi @ - @ spec demo in europe, and ridge racer hi spec version ( リッシレーサーハイスヘックハーション, rijji resa hai supekku bajon ) in japan. it featured improved
| 144 |
[
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",",
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",",
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"a",
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"phones",
"was",
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".",
"it",
"received",
"mixed"
] | 880,184 |
graphics, runs at 60 frames per second ( 50 for pal ), as opposed to the original 30, and supports vibration feedback and the jogcon controller. there is only one opponent ( two in time trial boss races ), and the white angel from ridge racer revolution appears in addition to the 13th racing as a boss and unlockable car. a time attack mode is added, in which the player attempts to beat the time record without any opponent cars. this is distinct from time trial, where there are opponent cars. = = = mobile versions = = = on 31 december 2005, a version for mobile phones was released. it received mixed
| 1,045 |
[
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"'",
"s",
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"\"",
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",",
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"racer",
"3d",
"(",
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"racer",
"3d",
"for",
"the",
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"3d",
"##s",
")",
".",
"on",
"11"
] | 880,185 |
reviews. gamespot's jeff gerstmann gave the game 6 @. @ 1 / 10. he praised graphics as " somewhat impressive for a mobile game ", but criticised the steering, saying that " it doesn't take long to master the game. " levi buchanan of ign gave ridge racer 6 @. @ 2 / 10, complaining about the problematic controls and saying that the game without the analogue control " feels really lacking ". in 2005, a version of ridge racer was released for mobile phones under the name ridge racer 3d ( not to be confused with the later ridge racer 3d for the nintendo 3ds ). on 11
| 2,813 |
[
"august",
"2009",
",",
"this",
"version",
"was",
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"zee",
"##bo",
".",
"=",
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"(",
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"the",
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"stewart",
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"he",
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"'",
"s",
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",",
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"-",
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",",
"he",
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"with",
"a",
"reduced",
"majority",
".",
"=",
"=",
"boundaries",
"=",
"="
] | 880,186 |
august 2009, this version was ported to zeebo. = peterborough ( uk parliament constituency ) = peterborough is a borough constituency represented in the house of commons of the parliament of the united kingdom, sharing the name of a smaller constituency represented in the parliament of england until 1707 and then in that of great britain until 1800. it elects one member of parliament by the first past the post system of election. the serving member is conservative stewart jackson. he defeated labour's helen clark in 2005, and was re @ - @ elected in 2010 with an increased majority. in 2015, he held the seat with a reduced majority. = = boundaries = =
| 1,238 |
[
"1918",
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"-",
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",",
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"##nd",
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"th",
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"-",
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"1983",
":",
"the",
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",",
"and",
"the",
"rural",
"districts",
"of",
"barn",
"##ack",
",",
"peterborough"
] | 880,187 |
1918 @ - @ 1950 : the administrative county of the soke of peterborough, the urban district of oundle, the rural districts of easton @ - @ on @ - @ the @ - @ hill and gretton, and parts of the rural districts of oundle and thrapston. 1950 @ - @ 1974 : the municipal borough of peterborough, the urban district of oundle, the rural districts of barnack and peterborough, and part of the rural district of oundle and thrapston. 1974 @ - @ 1983 : the municipal borough of peterborough, and the rural districts of barnack, peterborough
| 69 |
[
",",
"and",
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".",
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"1997",
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",",
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"the",
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",",
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",",
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"2010",
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"-",
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":",
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",",
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",",
"central",
",",
"dogs",
"##thorpe",
",",
"east",
",",
"eye",
"and"
] | 880,188 |
, and thorney. 1983 @ - @ 1997 : the city of peterborough wards of bretton, central, dogsthorpe, east, fletton, north, orton longueville, orton waterville, park, paston, ravensthorpe, stanground, walton, and west. 1997 @ - @ 2010 : the city of peterborough wards of bretton, central, dogsthorpe, east, north, park, paston, ravensthorpe, walton, werrington, and west. 2010 @ - @ present : the city of peterborough wards of bretton north, bretton south, central, dogsthorpe, east, eye and
| 219 |
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"as",
"far",
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",",
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"the",
"villages",
"of",
"long",
"##thorpe",
",",
"dogs",
"##thorpe",
"and",
"newark",
"with",
"east"
] | 880,189 |
thorney, newborough, north, park, paston, ravensthorpe, walton, werrington north, werrington south, and west. the city of peterborough formed a parliamentary borough returning two members in 1541. the rest of the soke of peterborough was part of the northamptonshire parliamentary county, except the area south of the river nene in the historic county of huntingdonshire and thorney, which was considered part of cambridgeshire. until 1832 when the whole of the parish of saint john the baptist was encompassed, the boundary, as far as is known, excluded the villages of longthorpe, dogsthorpe and newark with east
| 316 |
[
"##field",
".",
"the",
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".",
"new",
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"##don",
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"in",
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"this",
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"##ke",
"and",
"they",
"remained"
] | 880,190 |
##field. the great reform act did not affect the borough, while the rural portion of the soke was included in the northern division of northamptonshire. new fletton was transferred from huntingdonshire in 1868 and in 1918 the parliamentary borough was abolished and replaced with a new division of the parliamentary county of northampton with the soke of peterborough, including the whole of the soke and neighbouring parts of the administrative county of northamptonshire, extending down to and beyond thrapston and corby. this became a county constituency under the 1948 revisions, when the boundaries of the constituency were adjusted to correspond to those of the soke and they remained
| 69 |
[
"much",
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"the",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"and",
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",",
"new",
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",",
"park",
",",
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",",
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",",
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"we",
"##rring",
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"we",
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"these",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"89",
"##3",
"to",
"70",
"@",
",",
"@",
"640",
"."
] | 880,191 |
much the same until 1970. peterborough became a county constituency in 1974. following their review of parliamentary representation in cambridgeshire in 2005, the boundary commission for england made minor alterations to the existing constituencies to deal with population changes. the electoral wards used to create the modified peterborough constituency fought at the 2010 general election are : bretton north, bretton south, central, dogsthorpe, east, eye and thorney, newborough, north, park, paston, ravensthorpe, walton, werrington north, werrington south, and west. these changes increased the electorate from 64 @, @ 893 to 70 @, @ 640.
| 1,241 |
[
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",",
"sha",
"##ile",
"##sh",
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"##a",
"mp",
",",
"who",
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"ma",
"##w",
"##hin",
"##ney",
",",
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"of",
"state",
"for",
"transport",
"and",
"chairman",
"of",
"the",
"conservative",
"party",
","
] | 880,192 |
on the enumeration date of 17 february 2000, the electoral quota for england was 69 @, @ 934 voters per constituency. the peterborough wards of barnack, fletton, glinton and wittering, northborough, orton longueville, orton waterville, orton with hampton, stanground central, and stanground east form part of the north west cambridgeshire constituency created in 1997 from parts of peterborough and huntingdon constituencies. the serving member for north west cambridgeshire is the conservative, shailesh vara mp, who succeeded sir brian mawhinney, former secretary of state for transport and chairman of the conservative party,
| 1,241 |
[
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".",
"ma",
"##w",
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",",
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"a",
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"(",
"women",
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"nor",
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"for",
"election",
")",
".",
"this",
"was",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"40",
"/",
"-"
] | 880,193 |
in 2005. mawhinney, who had previously served as member of parliament for peterborough from 1979, was created baron mawhinney, of peterborough in the county of cambridgeshire in 2005. eye and thorney was previously included in the north east cambridgeshire ( prior to 1983 isle of ely ) constituency. = = franchise = = in the unreformed house of commons to be either a candidate or an elector for a county seat, a man had to own ( not rent ) freehold property valued for the land tax at two pounds a year ( women could neither vote nor stand for election ). this was known as the 40 / -
| 1,240 |
[
"free",
"##hold",
".",
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"lot",
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"@",
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"57",
"##6",
",",
"or",
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"one",
"per",
"cent",
"of",
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"population",
".",
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"the",
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"of",
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"act",
"1872",
".",
"votes",
"were",
"cast",
"by",
"spoken",
"declaration",
",",
"in"
] | 880,194 |
freehold. the franchise for borough seats varied enormously. originally in peterborough the dean and chapter had claimed the franchise and held that only residents of minster precincts were burgesses. by the interregnum, the city was one of 37 boroughs in which suffrage was restricted to those paying scot and lot, a form of municipal taxation. in 1800 there were 2 @, @ 000 registered voters in northamptonshire and 400 in peterborough. by 1835 this was 576, or about one per cent of the population. bribery was general until the introduction of the secret ballot under the ballot act 1872. votes were cast by spoken declaration, in
| 695 |
[
"public",
",",
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"hu",
"##sti",
"##ng",
"##s",
",",
"erected",
"on",
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"now",
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".",
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"worth",
"£",
"10",
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",",
"so",
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"the",
"percentage",
"of",
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"in",
"peterborough",
"had",
"risen",
"to",
"about",
"20",
"%",
"of",
"the",
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".",
"the",
"third",
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"act",
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"of",
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"act",
"to",
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"fourth",
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"act",
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"further",
"by",
"ab",
"##olis",
"##hing",
"practically",
"all",
"property",
"qualifications",
"for",
"men",
"and",
"by",
"en",
"##fra",
"##nch"
] | 880,195 |
public, at the hustings, erected on the market place ( now cathedral square ). in 1832 the great reform act enfranchised those who owned or leased land worth £ 10 or more and the second reform act extended this to all householders paying £ 10 or more in rent per annum, effectively enfranchising the skilled working class, so by 1868 the percentage of voters in peterborough had risen to about 20 % of the population. the third reform act extended the provisions of the previous act to the counties and the fourth reform act widened suffrage further by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranch
| 1,127 |
[
"##ising",
"women",
"over",
"30",
"who",
"met",
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"this",
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"was",
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".",
"however",
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"full",
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"'",
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"according",
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"2001",
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",",
"the",
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"95",
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",",
"@",
"103",
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",",
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"46",
"@",
",",
"@",
"131",
"males",
"and",
"48",
"@",
",",
"@",
"97",
"##2",
"females",
".",
"67",
"@",
".",
"@",
"56",
"%",
"of",
"those",
"aged",
"16",
"–",
"74",
"are",
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"active",
",",
"including",
"5",
"@",
".",
"@",
"92",
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"##em",
"##pl",
"##oy",
"##ed",
";",
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"12",
"@",
".",
"@",
"26",
"%",
"are",
"retired",
"and",
"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"08"
] | 880,196 |
##ising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. this system, known as universal manhood suffrage, was first used in the 1918 general election. however, full electoral equality wouldn't occur until the fifth reform act ten years later. according to the 2001 census, the population count of peterborough constituency is 95 @, @ 103 persons, comprising 46 @, @ 131 males and 48 @, @ 972 females. 67 @. @ 56 % of those aged 16 – 74 are economically active, including 5 @. @ 92 % umemployed ; a further 12 @. @ 26 % are retired and 3 @. @ 08
| 219 |
[
"%",
"students",
".",
"of",
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"39",
"@",
",",
"@",
"760",
"households",
",",
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",",
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"(",
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".",
"@",
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"(",
"68",
"@",
".",
"@",
"72",
"%",
")",
"averages",
".",
"turnout",
"at",
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"2005",
"general",
"election",
"was",
"41",
"@",
",",
"@",
"194",
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"61",
"@",
".",
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"0",
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",",
"below",
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"(",
"63",
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".",
"@",
"6",
"%",
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"and",
"national",
"(",
"61",
"@",
".",
"@",
"3",
"%",
")",
"figures",
".",
"=",
"=",
"members",
"of",
"parliament",
"=",
"=",
"peterborough",
"sent",
"two",
"members",
"to",
"parliament",
"for",
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"time",
"in",
"154",
"##7",
".",
"before",
"the",
"civil",
"war",
",",
"many",
"were",
"relatives",
"of",
"the",
"clergy",
";"
] | 880,197 |
% students. of a total 39 @, @ 760 households, 63 @. @ 80 % are owner occupied, fewer than the regional ( 72 @. @ 71 % ) and national ( 68 @. @ 72 % ) averages. turnout at the 2005 general election was 41 @, @ 194 or 61 @. @ 0 % of those eligible to vote, below the regional ( 63 @. @ 6 % ) and national ( 61 @. @ 3 % ) figures. = = members of parliament = = peterborough sent two members to parliament for the first time in 1547. before the civil war, many were relatives of the clergy ;
| 1,237 |
[
"then",
"for",
"two",
"hundred",
"years",
"after",
"the",
"restoration",
"there",
"was",
"always",
"a",
"fitz",
"##wil",
"##lia",
"##m",
",",
"or",
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"##wil",
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".",
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"rural",
"north",
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"in",
"1918",
",",
"peterborough",
"has",
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"predominantly",
"conservative",
".",
"the",
"growth",
"in",
"the",
"new",
"town",
"from",
"1967",
"may",
"in",
"part",
"account",
"for",
"labour",
"'",
"s",
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"in",
"1974",
".",
"since",
"its",
"formation",
"in",
"1997",
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"north",
"west",
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"has",
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"the",
"safe",
"##st",
"conservative",
"seats",
"in",
"the",
"country",
".",
"at",
"the",
"election"
] | 880,198 |
then for two hundred years after the restoration there was always a fitzwilliam, or a fitzwilliam nominee, sitting as member for peterborough, making it a whig stronghold. representation was reduced to one member under the redistribution of seats act 1885. from the formal merger of the breakaway liberal unionists with the conservatives in 1912 and the absorption of rural north northamptonshire in 1918, peterborough has been predominantly conservative. the growth in the new town from 1967 may in part account for labour's victory here in 1974. since its formation in 1997, north west cambridgeshire has been one of the safest conservative seats in the country. at the election
| 1,235 |
[
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] | 880,199 |
which followed, peterborough was ranked 93rd in the conservatives's one hundred most vulnerable seats ( the ones which the other parties must take if there is to be a change of government ) and 73rd on labour's target list. in 1966, the closest poll in uk history, sir harmar nicholls held the seat by three votes after seven recounts. nicholls was the conservative member from 1950 to 1974, when he lost in the october election of that year to labour's michael ward, having held on by just 22 votes after four recounts in the election eight months earlier. after he lost his seat he was created baron harmar @ -
| 1,235 |
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