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] | 725,165 |
the age of 12 who has a fever, and the british medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency recommends children who are under 16 years of age should not take aspirin, unless it is on the advice of a doctor. for a small number of people, taking aspirin can result in symptoms resembling an allergic reaction, including hives, swelling, and headache. the reaction is caused by salicylate intolerance and is not a true allergy, but rather an inability to metabolize even small amounts of aspirin, resulting in an overdose. aspirin and other nsaids, such as ibuprofen
| 166 |
[
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] | 723,090 |
cafiaspirina ( co @ - @ managed with sterling products ) competed with less expensive aspirins such as geniol. = = competition from new drugs = = after world war ii, with the ig farben conglomerate dismantled because of its central role in the nazi regime, sterling products bought half of bayer ltd, the british bayer subsidiary — the other half of which it already owned. however, bayer aspirin made up only a small fraction of the british aspirin market because of competition from aspro, disprin ( a soluble aspirin drug ) and other brands. bayer ltd began searching for new pain
| 166 |
[
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":",
"\""
] | 400,275 |
metal metabolism in people with autism are provocative ; the autism research community should consider the appropriate composition of the autism research portfolio with some of these new findings in mind. however, these experiments don't provide evidence of a relationship between vaccines or thimerosal and autism. in the absence of experimental or human evidence that vaccination ( either the mmr vaccine or the preservative thimerosal ) affects metabolic, developmental, immune, or other physiological or molecular mechanisms that are causally related to the development of autism, the committee concludes that the hypotheses generated to date are theoretical only. " the committee concludes : "
| 166 |
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] | 400,252 |
evidence of harm caused by doses of thimerosal found in vaccines, except for local hypersensitivity reactions. " despite the lack of convincing evidence of toxicity of thiomersal when used as a vaccine preservative, the usphs and aap determined that thiomersal should be removed from vaccines as a purely precautionary measure. this action was based on the precautionary principle, which assumes that there is no harm in exercising caution even if it later turns out to be unnecessary. the cdc and aap reasoned that despite the lack of evidence of significant harm in the use of thiomers
| 166 |
[
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","
] | 486,460 |
polio endemic countries. it was reported that if there are no cases of wild polio in the country for two more years, it would be declared as a polio @ - @ free country. on march 27, 2014 the who announced the eradication of poliomyelitis in the south @ - @ east asia region, which includes eleven countries : bangladesh, bhutan, north korea, india, indonesia, maldives, myanmar, nepal, sri lanka, thailand and timor @ - @ leste. with the addition of this region, 80 per cent of the world population lives in polio @ - @ free regions. in 2015,
| 166 |
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",",
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] | 737,571 |
##xtall identifies a possible vaccine. to cut out the lengthy time it would take to obtain informed consent from infected patients, dr. hextall inoculates herself with the experimental vaccine and immediately visits her gravely ill father, who has been infected with mev @ - @ 1. the doctor does not contract mev @ - @ 1 and the vaccine is declared a success. the vaccine's production is rapidly increased, but due to limited production, the cdc awards vaccinations by lottery based on birth date. inoculations take place for one full year until every survivor is vaccinated. first responders, doctors
| 166 |
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] | 723,085 |
. its fever @ - @ reducing properties gave many sick patients enough strength to fight through the infection, and aspirin companies large and small earned the loyalty of doctors and the public — when they could manufacture or purchase enough aspirin to meet demand. despite this, some people believed that germans put the spanish flu bug in bayer aspirin, causing the pandemic as a war tactic. the u. s. asa patent expired in 1917, but sterling owned the aspirin trademark, which was the only commonly used term for the drug. in 1920, united drug company challenged the aspirin trademark, which became officially generic
| 166 |
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] | 400,253 |
##al in vaccines, the removal of this preservative would increase the public confidence in the safety of vaccines. although thiomersal was largely removed from routine infant vaccines by summer 2001 in the u. s., some vaccines continue to contain non @ - @ trace amounts of thiomersal, mainly in multi @ - @ dose vaccines targeted against influenza and tetanus. in 2004 quackwatch posted an article saying that chelation therapy has been falsely promoted as effective against autism, and that practitioners falsified diagnoses of metal poisoning to " trick " parents into having their children undergo the process. as of 2008
| 166 |
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"##io",
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"##s"
] | 486,471 |
persons living in the united states who had been paralyzed by polio. according to doctors and local polio support groups, some 40 @, @ 000 polio survivors with varying degrees of paralysis live in germany, 30 @, @ 000 in japan, 24 @, @ 000 in france, 16 @, @ 000 in australia, 12 @, @ 000 in canada and 12 @, @ 000 in the united kingdom. many notable individuals have survived polio and often credit the prolonged immobility and residual paralysis associated with polio as a driving force in their lives and careers. the disease was very well publicized during the polio epidemics
| 166 |
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"childhood"
] | 468,810 |
##imerosal hypothesis. the family sought compensation from the national vaccine injury compensation program ( nvicp ), but in order to qualify they were required to prove that it was more likely than not that their children's autism was caused by their vaccines. the scientific community had concluded that vaccines did not cause autism years before the first cases were heard, and concern was therefore expressed that the relatively lax evidentiary standards of the nvicp could lead to compensation being awarded in spite of the compelling scientific evidence to the contrary. this, some vaccine supporters argued, might have serious adverse public health effects by discouraging vaccine manufacturers from producing more childhood
| 166 |
[
"to",
"treat",
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"au",
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"possibly",
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",",
"disco",
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"from",
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"##cci",
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"due",
"to",
"fears",
"about",
"th",
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"##ers",
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"and",
"divert",
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"into",
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".",
"thousands",
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"in",
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".",
"s",
".",
"to",
"seek",
"damages",
"from",
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"from",
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",",
"including",
"those",
"purported",
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"th",
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"##ers",
"##al",
".",
"us",
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"have",
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"against",
"multiple",
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"##ers",
"##al",
",",
"suggesting",
"the",
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"unlikely",
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".",
"a",
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"described",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"autism",
"connection",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"most",
"damaging",
"medical",
"hoax",
"of"
] | 400,247 |
to treat their autistic children with unproven and possibly dangerous treatments, discouraging parents from vaccinating their children due to fears about thiomersal toxicity and diverting resources away from research into more promising areas for the cause of autism. thousands of lawsuits have been filed in the u. s. to seek damages from alleged toxicity from vaccines, including those purportedly caused by thiomersal. us courts have ruled against multiple representative test cases involving thiomersal, suggesting the majority are unlikely to succeed. a 2011 journal article described the vaccine @ - @ autism connection as " the most damaging medical hoax of
| 166 |
[
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"##ac",
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",",
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"(",
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")",
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"(",
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",",
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")",
"and",
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"(",
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"64",
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"@",
",",
"@",
"07",
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"27",
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")",
".",
"the",
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"in",
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",",
"the",
"american",
"patent",
"was",
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"but",
"was",
"ultimately",
"upheld",
".",
"faced",
"with",
"growing",
"legal",
"and",
"illegal"
] | 723,074 |
##armacists and hospitals, advising them of aspirin's uses and encouraging them to publish about the drug's effects and effectiveness. as positive results came in and enthusiasm grew, bayer sought to secure patent and trademark wherever possible. it was ineligible for patent in germany ( despite being accepted briefly before the decision was overturned ), but aspirin was patented in britain ( filed december 22, 1898 ) and the united states ( us patent 644 @, @ 077 issued february 27, 1900 ). the british patent was overturned in 1905, the american patent was also besieged but was ultimately upheld. faced with growing legal and illegal
| 166 |
[
"##is",
"(",
"pol",
"##io",
")",
".",
"one",
"type",
"uses",
"inactivated",
"pol",
"##io",
"##virus",
"and",
"is",
"given",
"by",
"injection",
"(",
"ip",
"##v",
")",
",",
"while",
"the",
"other",
"type",
"uses",
"weakened",
"pol",
"##io",
"##virus",
"and",
"is",
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"by",
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"(",
"op",
"##v",
")",
".",
"the",
"world",
"health",
"organization",
"recommends",
"all",
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"be",
"va",
"##cci",
"##nated",
"against",
"pol",
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".",
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"have",
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"##io",
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"of",
"the",
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",",
"and",
"reduced",
"the",
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"of",
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"each",
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"an",
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"350",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"in",
"1988",
"to",
"35",
"##9",
"in",
"2014",
".",
"the",
"inactivated",
"pol",
"##io",
"vaccines",
"are",
"very",
"safe",
".",
"mild",
"red",
"##ness",
"or",
"pain",
"may",
"occur",
"at",
"the",
"site",
"of",
"injection",
".",
"oral",
"pol",
"##io",
"vaccines",
"result",
"in",
"vaccine",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"associated",
"para"
] | 58,091 |
##is ( polio ). one type uses inactivated poliovirus and is given by injection ( ipv ), while the other type uses weakened poliovirus and is given by mouth ( opv ). the world health organization recommends all children be vaccinated against polio. the two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world, and reduced the number of cases each year from an estimated 350 @, @ 000 in 1988 to 359 in 2014. the inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. oral polio vaccines result in vaccine @ - @ associated para
| 166 |
[
"fat",
"##wa",
"was",
"issued",
"declaring",
"that",
"the",
"pol",
"##io",
"vaccine",
"was",
"designed",
"to",
"render",
"children",
"sterile",
".",
"subsequently",
",",
"pol",
"##io",
"reappeared",
"in",
"nigeria",
"and",
"spread",
"from",
"there",
"to",
"several",
"other",
"countries",
".",
"in",
"2013",
",",
"nine",
"health",
"workers",
"administering",
"pol",
"##io",
"vaccine",
"were",
"targeted",
"and",
"killed",
"by",
"gunmen",
"on",
"motorcycles",
"in",
"kan",
"##o",
",",
"but",
"this",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"and",
"last",
"attack",
".",
"local",
"traditional",
"and",
"religious",
"leaders",
"and",
"pol",
"##io",
"survivors",
"worked",
"to",
"revive",
"the",
"campaign",
",",
"and",
"nigeria",
"has",
"not",
"had",
"a",
"pol",
"##io",
"case",
"since",
"july",
"24",
",",
"2014",
".",
"in",
"september",
"2015",
",",
"nigeria",
"is",
"removed",
"from",
"pol",
"##io",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"endemic",
"list",
".",
"if",
"no",
"new",
"cases",
"appear",
",",
"it",
"will",
"be",
"declared",
"pol",
"##io",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"free",
"in",
"2017"
] | 486,463 |
fatwa was issued declaring that the polio vaccine was designed to render children sterile. subsequently, polio reappeared in nigeria and spread from there to several other countries. in 2013, nine health workers administering polio vaccine were targeted and killed by gunmen on motorcycles in kano, but this was the first and last attack. local traditional and religious leaders and polio survivors worked to revive the campaign, and nigeria has not had a polio case since july 24, 2014. in september 2015, nigeria is removed from polio @ - @ endemic list. if no new cases appear, it will be declared polio @ - @ free in 2017
| 166 |
[
"thereof",
"in",
"august",
"2010",
".",
"in",
"response",
"to",
"the",
"second",
"ruling",
"##s",
"in",
"2010",
",",
"safe",
"##mind",
"##s",
"stated",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"denial",
"of",
"reasonable",
"compensation",
"to",
"families",
"was",
"based",
"on",
"inadequate",
"vaccine",
"safety",
"science",
"and",
"poorly",
"designed",
"and",
"highly",
"controversial",
"ep",
"##ide",
"##mi",
"##ology",
".",
"\"",
"similarly",
",",
"rebecca",
"este",
"##pp",
"of",
"the",
"coalition",
"for",
"vaccine",
"safety",
"said",
"in",
"a",
"statement",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"deck",
"is",
"stacked",
"against",
"families",
"in",
"vaccine",
"court",
".",
"government",
"attorneys",
"defend",
"a",
"government",
"program",
",",
"using",
"government",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"funded",
"science",
",",
"before",
"government",
"judges",
",",
"\"",
"and",
"generation",
"rescue",
"'",
"s",
"j",
".",
"b",
".",
"handle",
"##y",
"argued",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"courts",
"won",
"'",
"t",
"con",
"##cede",
"something",
"that",
"will",
"bring",
"down",
"the",
"va",
"##cci",
"##nation",
"program",
".",
"\"",
"on"
] | 468,849 |
thereof in august 2010. in response to the second rulings in 2010, safeminds stated, " the denial of reasonable compensation to families was based on inadequate vaccine safety science and poorly designed and highly controversial epidemiology. " similarly, rebecca estepp of the coalition for vaccine safety said in a statement, " the deck is stacked against families in vaccine court. government attorneys defend a government program, using government @ - @ funded science, before government judges, " and generation rescue's j. b. handley argued that " the courts won't concede something that will bring down the vaccination program. " on
| 166 |
[
"some",
"20",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"a",
"year",
".",
"amid",
"this",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"pol",
"##io",
"epidemic",
",",
"millions",
"of",
"dollars",
"were",
"invested",
"in",
"finding",
"and",
"marketing",
"a",
"pol",
"##io",
"vaccine",
"by",
"commercial",
"interests",
",",
"including",
"led",
"##er",
"##le",
"laboratories",
"in",
"new",
"york",
"under",
"the",
"direction",
"of",
"h",
".",
"r",
".",
"cox",
".",
"also",
"working",
"at",
"led",
"##er",
"##le",
"was",
"polish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"born",
"vi",
"##rol",
"##ogist",
"and",
"im",
"##mun",
"##ologist",
"hilary",
"ko",
"##pro",
"##wski",
",",
"who",
"claims",
"to",
"have",
"created",
"the",
"first",
"successful",
"pol",
"##io",
"vaccine",
",",
"in",
"1950",
".",
"his",
"vaccine",
",",
"however",
",",
"being",
"a",
"live",
"at",
"##ten",
"##uated",
"virus",
"taken",
"oral",
"##ly",
",",
"was",
"still",
"in",
"the",
"research",
"stage",
"and",
"would",
"not",
"be",
"ready",
"for",
"use",
"until",
"five",
"years",
"after",
"jonas",
"sal"
] | 58,115 |
some 20 @, @ 000 a year. amid this u. s. polio epidemic, millions of dollars were invested in finding and marketing a polio vaccine by commercial interests, including lederle laboratories in new york under the direction of h. r. cox. also working at lederle was polish @ - @ born virologist and immunologist hilary koprowski, who claims to have created the first successful polio vaccine, in 1950. his vaccine, however, being a live attenuated virus taken orally, was still in the research stage and would not be ready for use until five years after jonas sal
| 166 |
[
"were",
"considerably",
"more",
"qualified",
"than",
"those",
"testify",
"##ing",
"on",
"behalf",
"of",
"the",
"families",
",",
"with",
"special",
"master",
"george",
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"stating",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"ce",
"##di",
"##llo",
"##s",
"have",
"been",
"mis",
"##led",
"by",
"physicians",
"who",
"are",
"guilty",
",",
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"my",
"view",
",",
"of",
"gross",
"medical",
"mis",
"##ju",
"##d",
"##gm",
"##ent",
".",
"\"",
"=",
"=",
"background",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"national",
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"injury",
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"program",
"was",
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"in",
"1988",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"by",
"the",
"passing",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"childhood",
"vaccine",
"injury",
"act",
",",
"and",
"is",
"funded",
"by",
"a",
"75",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cent",
"tax",
"on",
"each",
"vaccine",
"dose",
".",
"the",
"program",
"'",
"s",
"aims",
"were",
"to",
"maintain",
"a",
"steady",
"supply",
"of",
"vaccines",
"while",
",",
"at",
"the",
"same",
"time",
",",
"allowing",
"victims",
"of",
"vaccine",
"injury",
"to",
"be",
"compensated",
"more",
"efficiently",
"than"
] | 468,813 |
were considerably more qualified than those testifying on behalf of the families, with special master george hastings stating that " the cedillos have been misled by physicians who are guilty, in my view, of gross medical misjudgment. " = = background = = the national vaccine injury compensation program was established in 1988 in the united states by the passing of the national childhood vaccine injury act, and is funded by a 75 @ - @ cent tax on each vaccine dose. the program's aims were to maintain a steady supply of vaccines while, at the same time, allowing victims of vaccine injury to be compensated more efficiently than
| 166 |
[
"competition",
"for",
"the",
"globally",
"marketed",
"asa",
",",
"bayer",
"worked",
"to",
"cement",
"the",
"connection",
"between",
"bayer",
"and",
"as",
"##pi",
"##rin",
".",
"one",
"strategy",
"it",
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"was",
"to",
"switch",
"from",
"distributing",
"as",
"##pi",
"##rin",
"powder",
"for",
"ph",
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"##ac",
"##ists",
"to",
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"into",
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"to",
"distributing",
"standardized",
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"—",
"complete",
"with",
"the",
"distinctive",
"bayer",
"cross",
"logo",
".",
"in",
"1903",
"the",
"company",
"set",
"up",
"an",
"american",
"subsidiary",
",",
"with",
"a",
"converted",
"factory",
"in",
"ren",
"##ssel",
"##aer",
",",
"new",
"york",
",",
"to",
"produce",
"as",
"##pi",
"##rin",
"for",
"the",
"american",
"market",
"without",
"paying",
"import",
"duties",
".",
"bayer",
"also",
"sued",
"the",
"most",
"e",
"##gre",
"##gio",
"##us",
"patent",
"viola",
"##tors",
"and",
"smug",
"##glers",
".",
"the",
"company",
"'",
"s",
"attempts",
"to",
"hold",
"onto",
"its",
"as",
"##pi",
"##rin",
"sales",
"inc",
"##ited",
"criticism",
"from",
"mu",
"##ck",
"##rak"
] | 723,075 |
competition for the globally marketed asa, bayer worked to cement the connection between bayer and aspirin. one strategy it developed was to switch from distributing aspirin powder for pharmacists to press into pill form to distributing standardized tablets — complete with the distinctive bayer cross logo. in 1903 the company set up an american subsidiary, with a converted factory in rensselaer, new york, to produce aspirin for the american market without paying import duties. bayer also sued the most egregious patent violators and smugglers. the company's attempts to hold onto its aspirin sales incited criticism from muckrak
| 166 |
[
"purported",
"link",
"between",
"tc",
"##vs",
"and",
"autism",
"has",
"been",
"conducted",
"by",
"mark",
"ge",
"##ier",
",",
"whose",
"flawed",
"research",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"given",
"any",
"weight",
"by",
"independent",
"reviews",
".",
"in",
"europe",
",",
"a",
"co",
"##hort",
"study",
"of",
"46",
"##7",
"@",
",",
"@",
"450",
"danish",
"children",
"found",
"no",
"association",
"between",
"tc",
"##vs",
"and",
"autism",
"or",
"autism",
"spectrum",
"disorders",
"(",
"as",
"##ds",
")",
",",
"nor",
"any",
"dose",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"response",
"relationship",
"between",
"th",
"##iom",
"##ers",
"##al",
"and",
"as",
"##ds",
"that",
"would",
"be",
"suggest",
"##ive",
"of",
"toxic",
"exposure",
".",
"an",
"ecological",
"analysis",
"that",
"studied",
"95",
"##6",
"danish",
"children",
"diagnosed",
"with",
"autism",
"likewise",
"did",
"not",
"show",
"an",
"association",
"between",
"autism",
"and",
"th",
"##iom",
"##ers",
"##al",
".",
"a",
"retrospective",
"co",
"##hort",
"study",
"on",
"109",
"@",
",",
"@",
"86",
"##3",
"children",
"in",
"the",
"united"
] | 400,269 |
purported link between tcvs and autism has been conducted by mark geier, whose flawed research has not been given any weight by independent reviews. in europe, a cohort study of 467 @, @ 450 danish children found no association between tcvs and autism or autism spectrum disorders ( asds ), nor any dose @ - @ response relationship between thiomersal and asds that would be suggestive of toxic exposure. an ecological analysis that studied 956 danish children diagnosed with autism likewise did not show an association between autism and thiomersal. a retrospective cohort study on 109 @, @ 863 children in the united
| 166 |
[
"effective",
"disease",
"control",
",",
"children",
"under",
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"of",
"age",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"pol",
"##io",
"vaccines",
"and",
"under",
"10",
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"of",
"age",
"were",
"administered",
"anti",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"me",
"##as",
"##les",
"vaccines",
".",
"as",
"of",
"4",
"may",
"2015",
",",
"only",
"230",
"displaced",
"families",
"had",
"returned",
"since",
"the",
"launch",
"of",
"the",
"rep",
"##at",
"##riation",
"programme",
".",
"\"",
"the",
"civil",
"administration",
"can",
"send",
"entire",
"displaced",
"population",
"back",
"to",
"their",
"homes",
"within",
"a",
"month",
"if",
"the",
"area",
"is",
"de",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"notified",
"as",
"conflict",
"zone",
",",
"\"",
"said",
"an",
"official",
"dealing",
"with",
"id",
"##ps",
"rep",
"##at",
"##riation",
".",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"official",
"sources",
",",
"the",
"cut",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"off",
"date",
"for",
"the",
"return",
"of",
"id",
"##ps",
"was",
"december",
"2016",
".",
"the",
"decision",
"by",
"the",
"pakistani",
"military"
] | 115,913 |
effective disease control, children under five years of age were administered anti @ - @ polio vaccines and under 10 years of age were administered anti @ - @ measles vaccines. as of 4 may 2015, only 230 displaced families had returned since the launch of the repatriation programme. " the civil administration can send entire displaced population back to their homes within a month if the area is de @ - @ notified as conflict zone, " said an official dealing with idps repatriation. according to the official sources, the cut @ - @ off date for the return of idps was december 2016. the decision by the pakistani military
| 166 |
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] | 723,073 |
their drug as something new ; in january 1899 they settled on aspirin. under carl duisberg's leadership, bayer was firmly committed to the standards of ethical drugs, as opposed to patent medicines. ethical drugs were drugs that could be obtained only through a pharmacist, usually with a doctor's prescription. advertising drugs directly to consumers was considered unethical and strongly opposed by many medical organizations ; that was the domain of patent medicines. therefore, bayer was limited to marketing aspirin directly to doctors. when production of aspirin began in 1899, bayer sent out small packets of the drug to doctors, ph
| 166 |
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environment was created in the mid eighteenth century by the patronage of jan klemens branicki for the arts and sciences. a list of recent notable persons includes, but is not limited to ; ryszard kaczorowski, last emigre president of the republic of poland, l. l. zamenhof, the creator of esperanto, albert sabin, co @ - @ developer of the polio vaccine, izabella scorupco, actress, max weber, painter. tomasz baginski illustrator, animator and director oscar nominee in 2002 for the cathedral = lavanify = lavanify is a
| 166 |
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, " he wrote in his memoirs, " was the sunshine of my life. " = = titles, styles, honours and arms = = 11 march 1895 – 16 november 1903 : her grand ducal highness princess elisabeth marie alice viktoria of hesse and by rhine = thiomersal controversy = the thiomersal controversy describes claims that vaccines containing the mercury @ - @ based preservative thiomersal contribute to the development of autism and other brain development disorders. thimerosal is no longer used in children's vaccines in the united states, except some types of flu shots. while exposure to mercury may result in
| 166 |
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' s aspirin, molloy's aspirin, cal @ - @ aspirin and st. joseph aspirin tried to compete with the american bayer, while new products such cafaspirin ( aspirin with caffeine ) and alka @ - @ seltzer ( a soluble mix of aspirin and bicarbonate of soda ) put aspirin to new uses. in 1925, the german bayer became part of ig farben, a conglomerate of former dye companies ; ig farben's brands of aspirin and, in latin america, the caffeinated
| 166 |
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] | 486,440 |
vaccine was given to an eight @ - @ year @ - @ old boy on 27 february 1950. koprowski continued to work on the vaccine throughout the 1950s, leading to large @ - @ scale trials in the then belgian congo and the vaccination of seven million children in poland against serotypes pv1 and pv3 between 1958 and 1960. the second inactivated virus vaccine was developed in 1952 by jonas salk at the university of pittsburgh, and announced to the world on 12 april 1955. the salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine ( ipv ), is based on poliovirus grown in a type of monkey
| 166 |
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] | 400,279 |
that are unwarranted. during the period of time of removal of thiomersal, the cdc and aap asked doctors to delay the birth dose of hepatitis b vaccine in children not at risk for hepatitis. this decision, though following the precautionary principle, nevertheless sparked confusion, controversy and some harm. approximately 10 % of hospitals suspended the use of hepatitis b vaccine for all newborns, and one child born to a michigan mother infected with hepatitis b virus died of it. similarly, a study found that the number of hospitals who failed to properly vaccinate infants of hepatitis b seropositive mothers rose by over
| 166 |
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] | 461,286 |
] poisoning hypothesis [ was ] difficult to sustain as the primary explanation for the unusual virulence of the 1918 – 1919 influenza pandemic ". but they overlooked that inexpensive aspirin had become available in india and other places after october 1918, when the bayer patent expired. in responding, starko pointed to anecdotal evidence of aspirin over @ - @ prescription in india and argued that even if aspirin over @ - @ prescription had not contributed to the high indian mortality rate, it could still have been a major factor for other high rates in areas where other exacerbating factors present in
| 166 |
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] | 723,092 |
##phen drugs, most significantly, mcneil laboratories with liquid tylenol in 1955, and tylenol pills in 1958. by 1967, tylenol was available without a prescription. because it did not cause gastric irritation, acetaminophen rapidly displaced much of aspirin's sales. another analgesic, anti @ - @ inflammatory drug was introduced in 1962 : ibuprofen ( sold as brufen in the u. k. and motrin in the u. s. ). by the 1970s, aspirin had a relatively small portion of the pain reliever market, and in
| 166 |
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] | 400,278 |
and pertussis. advocates of a thiomersal @ - @ autism link have also helped enact laws in six states ( california, delaware, illinois, missouri, new york and washington ) between 2004 and 2006 to limit the use of thiomersal given to pregnant women and children, although later attempts in 2009 in twelve other states failed to pass. these laws can be temporarily suspended, but vaccine advocates doubt their utility given the lack of evidence for danger with thiomersal in vaccines. vaccine advocates are also concerned that passage of such laws help fuel a backlash against vaccination and contribute to doubts about the safety of vaccines
| 166 |
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"as",
"##pi",
"##rin"
] | 723,094 |
##rin works = = the mechanism of aspirin's analgesic, anti @ - @ inflammatory and antipyretic properties was unknown through the drug's heyday in the early - to mid @ - @ twentieth century ; heinrich dreser's explanation, widely accepted since the drug was first brought to market, was that aspirin relieved pain by acting on the central nervous system. in 1958 harry collier, a biochemist in the london laboratory of pharmaceutical company parke davis, began investigating the relationship between kinins and the effects of aspirin. in tests on guinea pigs, collier found that aspirin
| 166 |
[
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".",
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".",
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"living",
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"let",
"##ch",
"##worth",
"village",
",",
"an",
"institution",
"for",
"the"
] | 58,116 |
##k's polio vaccine ( a dead @ - @ virus injectable vaccine ) had reached the market. koprowski's attenuated vaccine was prepared by successive passages through the brains of swiss albino mice. by the seventh passage, the vaccine strains could no longer infect nervous tissue or cause paralysis. after one to three further passages on rats, the vaccine was deemed safe for human use. on 27 february 1950, koprowski's live, attenuated vaccine was tested for the first time on an 8 @ - @ year @ - @ old boy living at letchworth village, an institution for the
| 166 |
[
"as",
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"to",
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"people",
"to",
"be",
"more",
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"of",
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",",
"people",
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"proponents",
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".",
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",",
"au",
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",",
"au",
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"##at",
",",
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".",
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"many",
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"and",
"the",
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"these",
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"autism",
"speaks",
",",
"autism",
"national",
"committee",
",",
"autism",
"society",
"of",
"america"
] | 234,425 |
as an attempt to encourage people to be more tolerant of those with autism. through this movement, people hope to cause others to think of autism as a difference instead of a disease. proponents of this movement wish to seek “ acceptance, not cures. ” there have also been many worldwide events promoting autism awareness such as world autism awareness day, light it up blue, autism sunday, autistic pride day, autreat, and others. there have also been many organizations dedicated to increasing the awareness of autism and the effects that autism has on someone ’ s life. these organizations include autism speaks, autism national committee, autism society of america
| 166 |
[
"##rin",
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"s",
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".",
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",",
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"which",
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".",
"in",
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"e",
"##iche",
"##ng",
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",",
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"of",
"as",
"##pr",
"##in",
"\"",
",",
"claiming",
"that",
"he",
"had",
"not"
] | 723,069 |
##rin's origin was in academic research and bayer was not the first to produce it commercially, bayer insists that " the active ingredient in aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, was synthesized for the first time in a chemically pure and thus stable form in 1897 by a young chemist working for bayer, dr. felix hoffmann. " historians and others have also challenged bayer's early accounts of bayer's synthesis, in which hoffmann was primarily responsible for the bayer breakthrough. in 1949, shortly before his death, eichengrun wrote an article, " fifty years of asprin ", claiming that he had not
| 166 |
[
",",
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",",
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"states",
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"name",
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"##n",
")",
".",
"=",
"=",
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"status",
"=",
"=",
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"states",
"ph",
"##arm",
"##aco",
"##pe",
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"ph",
"##arm",
"##aco",
"##po",
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"=",
"=",
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"use",
"=",
"=",
"as",
"##pi",
"##rin",
"is",
"sometimes",
"used",
"for",
"pain"
] | 725,205 |
, ghana, the united kingdom and the united states. aspirin, with a capital " a ", remains a registered trademark of bayer in germany, canada, mexico, and in over 80 other countries, where the trademark is owned by bayer, using acetylsalicylic acid in all markets, but using different packaging and physical aspects for each. aspirin is the british approved name ( ban ) and united states adopted name ( usan ). = = compendial status = = united states pharmacopeia british pharmacopoeia = = veterinary use = = aspirin is sometimes used for pain
| 166 |
[
"physiological",
"temperature",
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"which",
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"##io",
",",
"while",
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"a",
"low",
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".",
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"to",
"early",
"1960s",
"by",
"mikhail",
"chu",
"##ma",
"##kov"
] | 58,106 |
physiological temperature, which produces spontaneous mutations in the viral genome. oral polio vaccines were developed by several groups, one of which was led by albert sabin. other groups, led by hilary koprowski and h. r. cox, developed their own attenuated vaccine strains. in 1958, the national institutes of health created a special committee on live polio vaccines. the various vaccines were carefully evaluated for their ability to induce immunity to polio, while retaining a low incidence of neuropathogenicity in monkeys. large @ - @ scale clinical trials performed in the soviet union in late 1950s to early 1960s by mikhail chumakov
| 166 |
[
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",",
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"-",
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".",
"the",
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"to",
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",",
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"s",
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"mm",
"##r",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"and",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"th"
] | 468,809 |
), was a court case involving the family of michelle cedillo, a girl with autism whose parents sued the united states government because they believed that her autism was caused by her receipt of both the measles @ - @ mumps @ - @ and @ - @ rubella vaccine ( also known as the mmr vaccine ) and thimerosal @ - @ containing vaccines. the omnibus proceeding required the petitioners to present three test cases for each proposed mechanism by which vaccines had, according to them, caused their children's autism ; michelle was the first such case for the mmr @ - @ and @ - @ th
| 166 |
[
"##rin",
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".",
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".",
"thomas",
"edison",
",",
"who",
"needed",
"ph",
"##eno",
"##l",
"to"
] | 723,078 |
##rin production to a trickle, and imports across the atlantic ocean were blocked by the royal navy. to secure phenol for aspirin production, and at the same time indirectly aid the german war effort, german agents in the united states orchestrated what became known as the great phenol plot. by 1915, the price of phenol rose to the point that bayer's aspirin plant was forced to drastically cut production. this was especially problematic because bayer was instituting a new branding strategy in preparation of the expiry of the aspirin patent in the united states. thomas edison, who needed phenol to
| 166 |
[
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"##py",
"##ri",
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"second",
"millennium",
"bc",
".",
"hip",
"##po"
] | 723,049 |
. noted wildflower artist ellis rowan also painted it. it was one of several wildflowers depicted on a series of plates produced by the british pottery firm wedgwood in the early 1990s. = history of aspirin = the history of aspirin ( also known as acetylsalicylic acid or asa ) and the medical use of it and related substances stretches back to antiquity, though pure asa has only been manufactured and marketed since 1899. medicines made from willow and other salicylate @ - @ rich plants appear in egyptian pharonic pharmacology papyri from the second millennium bc. hippo
| 166 |
[
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"##ities",
",",
"as",
"well",
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] | 346,763 |
is tasked with regulating and promoting charitable trusts, as well as providing advice and opinions to trustees on administrative matters. where the commission feels there has been mismanagement or maladministration, it can sanction the trustees, removing them, appointing new ones or temporarily taking the trust property itself to prevent harm being done. where there are flaws with a charity, the high court can administer schemes directing the function of the charity, or even, under the cy @ - @ pres doctrine, change the purpose of the charity or gift altogether. as a form of express trust, charitable trusts are subject to certain formalities, as well as
| 233 |
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"that",
"the"
] | 177,475 |
nfl lockout. at the conclusion of the meetings, the sides remained split on the revenue split and the structure of the salary cap. the league proposed a 50 – 50 split of bri, and the players proposed a range that would allow them as low as 50 % of bri to a maximum of 53 %, depending on the league's revenues. gilbert told the players to trust that the salary cap issues could be resolved if they accepted the 50 – 50 proposal. hunter responded, " i can't trust your gut. i got to trust my own gut. " silver and san antonio spurs owner peter holt told reporters that the
| 233 |
[
"of",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"l",
"##ys",
"##agh",
"##t",
".",
"schemes",
"may",
"also",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"fix",
"administrative",
"difficulties",
"caused",
"by",
"uncertainty",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"got",
"##t",
",",
"or",
"even",
"to",
"completely",
"defeat",
"the",
"gift",
".",
"schemes",
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"also",
"be",
"used",
",",
"on",
"the",
"application",
"of",
"trustees",
",",
"to",
"extend",
"powers",
"of",
"investment",
"or",
"consolidate",
"funds",
".",
"the",
"trustees",
"may",
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"to",
"change",
"the",
"core",
"purpose",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
",",
"which",
"while",
"enacted",
"through",
"a",
"scheme",
",",
"follows",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"cy",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pre",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"cy",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pre",
"##s",
"is",
"a",
"form",
"of",
"variation",
"of",
"trusts",
";",
"it",
"allows",
"the",
"original",
"purpose",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
"to",
"be",
"altered",
".",
"the",
"doctrine",
"originated",
"in",
"ecclesiastical",
"law",
","
] | 346,804 |
of the testator, as in re lysaght. schemes may also be used to fix administrative difficulties caused by uncertainty, as in re gott, or even to completely defeat the gift. schemes can also be used, on the application of trustees, to extend powers of investment or consolidate funds. the trustees may apply to change the core purpose of the trust, which while enacted through a scheme, follows the doctrine of cy @ - @ pres. the doctrine of cy @ - @ pres is a form of variation of trusts ; it allows the original purpose of the trust to be altered. the doctrine originated in ecclesiastical law,
| 233 |
[
"trusts",
".",
"however",
",",
"a",
"secret",
"trust",
"does",
"not",
"have",
"to",
"obey",
"the",
"separate",
"formal",
"##ities",
"of",
"the",
"law",
"of",
"property",
"act",
"1925",
",",
"even",
"when",
"it",
"concerns",
"land",
"and",
"one",
"solution",
"to",
"this",
"problem",
"is",
"to",
"consider",
"them",
"constructive",
".",
"some",
"commentators",
"believe",
"that",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trusts",
"may",
"fall",
"into",
"a",
"different",
"category",
"to",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
"in",
"this",
"regard",
".",
"=",
"=",
"definition",
"=",
"=",
"a",
"secret",
"trust",
"is",
"an",
"arrangement",
"between",
"a",
"test",
"##ator",
"and",
"a",
"trustee",
"to",
"benefit",
"a",
"person",
"without",
"having",
"to",
"specify",
"that",
"person",
"in",
"a",
"will",
".",
"the",
"trustee",
"is",
"transferred",
"property",
"under",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"will",
"which",
"he",
"or",
"she",
"then",
"holds",
"on",
"trust",
"for",
"others",
".",
"the",
"courts",
"recognise",
"two",
"forms",
"of",
"secret",
"trust",
"."
] | 378,316 |
trusts. however, a secret trust does not have to obey the separate formalities of the law of property act 1925, even when it concerns land and one solution to this problem is to consider them constructive. some commentators believe that half @ - @ secret trusts may fall into a different category to fully secret trusts in this regard. = = definition = = a secret trust is an arrangement between a testator and a trustee to benefit a person without having to specify that person in a will. the trustee is transferred property under the terms of the will which he or she then holds on trust for others. the courts recognise two forms of secret trust.
| 233 |
[
"1920s",
",",
"numerous",
"high",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"rises",
"were",
"constructed",
"in",
"center",
"city",
"philadelphia",
".",
"among",
"the",
"businesses",
"commissioning",
"new",
"high",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"rises",
"was",
"the",
"fidelity",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"philadelphia",
"trust",
"company",
",",
"the",
"result",
"of",
"the",
"1926",
"merger",
"between",
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"trust",
"company",
"and",
"the",
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"trust",
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".",
"before",
"the",
"merger",
",",
"in",
"1925",
",",
"architects",
"edward",
"p",
".",
"simon",
"and",
"grant",
"m",
".",
"simon",
"of",
"the",
"firm",
"simon",
"and",
"simon",
"were",
"approached",
"to",
"design",
"a",
"new",
"building",
".",
"the",
"designs",
"were",
"complete",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"1926",
"and",
"in",
"january",
"1927",
"general",
"contractor",
"irwin",
"&",
"leighton",
"was",
"engaged",
"to",
"build",
"the",
"fidelity",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"philadelphia",
"trust",
"company",
"building",
".",
"the",
"site",
"of",
"the",
"building",
"along",
"broad",
"street",
"was",
"previously",
"the",
"location",
"of",
"the"
] | 703,449 |
1920s, numerous high @ - @ rises were constructed in center city philadelphia. among the businesses commissioning new high @ - @ rises was the fidelity @ - @ philadelphia trust company, the result of the 1926 merger between fidelity trust company and the philadelphia trust company. before the merger, in 1925, architects edward p. simon and grant m. simon of the firm simon and simon were approached to design a new building. the designs were complete by the end of 1926 and in january 1927 general contractor irwin & leighton was engaged to build the fidelity @ - @ philadelphia trust company building. the site of the building along broad street was previously the location of the
| 233 |
[
"education",
",",
"the",
"advancement",
"of",
"health",
"and",
"saving",
"of",
"lives",
",",
"promotion",
"of",
"religion",
"and",
"all",
"other",
"types",
"of",
"trust",
"recognised",
"by",
"the",
"law",
".",
"there",
"is",
"also",
"a",
"requirement",
"that",
"the",
"trust",
"'",
"s",
"purposes",
"benefit",
"the",
"public",
"(",
"or",
"some",
"section",
"of",
"the",
"public",
")",
",",
"and",
"not",
"simply",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"private",
"individuals",
".",
"such",
"trusts",
"will",
"be",
"invalid",
"in",
"several",
"circumstances",
";",
"charitable",
"trusts",
"are",
"not",
"allowed",
"to",
"be",
"run",
"for",
"profit",
",",
"nor",
"can",
"they",
"have",
"purposes",
"that",
"are",
"not",
"charitable",
"(",
"unless",
"these",
"are",
"an",
"##ci",
"##llary",
"to",
"the",
"charitable",
"purpose",
")",
".",
"in",
"addition",
",",
"it",
"is",
"considered",
"unacceptable",
"for",
"charitable",
"trusts",
"to",
"campaign",
"for",
"political",
"or",
"legal",
"change",
",",
"although",
"discussing",
"political",
"issues",
"in",
"a",
"neutral",
"manner",
"is",
"acceptable",
"."
] | 346,761 |
education, the advancement of health and saving of lives, promotion of religion and all other types of trust recognised by the law. there is also a requirement that the trust's purposes benefit the public ( or some section of the public ), and not simply a group of private individuals. such trusts will be invalid in several circumstances ; charitable trusts are not allowed to be run for profit, nor can they have purposes that are not charitable ( unless these are ancillary to the charitable purpose ). in addition, it is considered unacceptable for charitable trusts to campaign for political or legal change, although discussing political issues in a neutral manner is acceptable.
| 233 |
[
"yours",
"as",
"it",
"is",
"mine",
"\"",
"was",
"sufficient",
"to",
"translate",
"to",
"a",
"trust",
".",
"a",
"trust",
"will",
"not",
"be",
"formed",
"if",
"it",
"is",
"clear",
"that",
"some",
"other",
"intention",
"was",
"there",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"intention",
"to",
"make",
"a",
"pure",
"gift",
",",
"as",
"in",
"jones",
"v",
"lock",
".",
"historically",
",",
"pre",
"##cat",
"##ory",
"words",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"it",
"is",
"hoped",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"it",
"is",
"desired",
"\"",
"were",
"held",
"to",
"be",
"valid",
".",
"since",
"lamb",
"##e",
"v",
"ea",
"##mes",
",",
"the",
"courts",
"have",
"instead",
"taken",
"the",
"approach",
"that",
"the",
"circumstances",
"and",
"the",
"reading",
"of",
"the",
"statement",
"as",
"a",
"whole",
"are",
"the",
"factors",
",",
"and",
"that",
"no",
"particular",
"words",
"will",
"impose",
"a",
"trust",
"on",
"their",
"own",
".",
"it",
"is",
"possible",
"to",
"create",
"an",
"express",
"trust",
"without",
"being",
"aware",
"that",
"one"
] | 681,095 |
yours as it is mine " was sufficient to translate to a trust. a trust will not be formed if it is clear that some other intention was there, such as the intention to make a pure gift, as in jones v lock. historically, precatory words such as " it is hoped " and " it is desired " were held to be valid. since lambe v eames, the courts have instead taken the approach that the circumstances and the reading of the statement as a whole are the factors, and that no particular words will impose a trust on their own. it is possible to create an express trust without being aware that one
| 233 |
[
"the",
"wide",
"##st",
"possible",
"senses",
"so",
"as",
"to",
"cover",
"any",
"proposal",
"which",
"any",
"person",
"may",
"put",
"forward",
"for",
"varying",
"or",
"rev",
"##oki",
"##ng",
"the",
"trusts",
"\"",
",",
"essentially",
"allowing",
"the",
"courts",
"the",
"right",
"to",
"make",
"any",
"alteration",
"whatsoever",
".",
"despite",
"this",
",",
"the",
"court",
"of",
"appeal",
"noted",
"in",
"re",
"t",
"'",
"s",
"settlement",
"trusts",
"[",
"1964",
"]",
"ch",
"158",
"that",
"the",
"court",
"would",
"not",
"permit",
"a",
"compromise",
"agreement",
"where",
"it",
"not",
"only",
"varied",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
"but",
"constituted",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"an",
"entirely",
"new",
"one",
".",
"there",
"is",
"the",
"question",
"as",
"to",
"what",
"to",
"do",
"with",
"proposed",
"\"",
"compromise",
"\"",
"agreements",
"where",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"certain",
"that",
"a",
"benefit",
"will",
"en",
"##su",
"##e",
".",
"in",
"this",
"situation",
",",
"the",
"courts",
"have",
"sometimes",
"agreed",
"to",
"take",
"the"
] | 59,943 |
the widest possible senses so as to cover any proposal which any person may put forward for varying or revoking the trusts ", essentially allowing the courts the right to make any alteration whatsoever. despite this, the court of appeal noted in re t's settlement trusts [ 1964 ] ch 158 that the court would not permit a compromise agreement where it not only varied the terms of the trust but constituted the creation of an entirely new one. there is the question as to what to do with proposed " compromise " agreements where it is not certain that a benefit will ensue. in this situation, the courts have sometimes agreed to take the
| 233 |
[
"tax",
"concerns",
",",
"the",
"risks",
"of",
"a",
"takeover",
",",
"and",
"mainly",
"because",
"moss",
"changed",
"his",
"mind",
".",
"hunter",
"brought",
"a",
"case",
"against",
"moss",
"claiming",
"his",
"50",
"shares",
",",
"which",
"rested",
"on",
"two",
"issues",
".",
"first",
",",
"whether",
"the",
"language",
"used",
"was",
"sufficient",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"trust",
",",
"and",
"second",
",",
"whether",
"or",
"not",
"the",
"trust",
"failed",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"three",
"certain",
"##ties",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"segregation",
"between",
"the",
"shares",
".",
"prior",
"to",
"hunter",
",",
"a",
"valid",
"trust",
"required",
"three",
"certain",
"##ties",
"–",
"certainty",
"of",
"intention",
"(",
"that",
"the",
"donor",
"intended",
"to",
"make",
"a",
"trust",
")",
"certainty",
"of",
"subject",
"matter",
"(",
"that",
"the",
"property",
"to",
"make",
"up",
"the",
"trust",
"was",
"identifiable",
")",
"and",
"certainty",
"of",
"object",
"(",
"that",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"were",
"identifiable",
")",
"."
] | 700,452 |
tax concerns, the risks of a takeover, and mainly because moss changed his mind. hunter brought a case against moss claiming his 50 shares, which rested on two issues. first, whether the language used was sufficient to create a trust, and second, whether or not the trust failed to provide the three certainties because of the lack of segregation between the shares. prior to hunter, a valid trust required three certainties – certainty of intention ( that the donor intended to make a trust ) certainty of subject matter ( that the property to make up the trust was identifiable ) and certainty of object ( that the beneficiaries were identifiable ).
| 233 |
[
"person",
"seeking",
"to",
"enforce",
"the",
"trust",
"must",
"prove",
"that",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
"intended",
"to",
"form",
"a",
"trust",
",",
"that",
"this",
"intention",
"was",
"communicated",
"to",
"the",
"trustee",
",",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"trustee",
"accepted",
"his",
"office",
".",
"there",
"are",
"two",
"types",
"of",
"secret",
"trust",
"—",
"fully",
"secret",
"and",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
".",
"a",
"fully",
"secret",
"trust",
"is",
"one",
"with",
"no",
"mention",
"in",
"the",
"will",
"whatsoever",
".",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"a",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
",",
"the",
"face",
"of",
"the",
"will",
"names",
"the",
"trustee",
"as",
"trustee",
",",
"but",
"does",
"not",
"give",
"the",
"trust",
"'",
"s",
"terms",
",",
"including",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
".",
"the",
"most",
"important",
"difference",
"lies",
"in",
"communication",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
":",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"a",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
"must"
] | 378,312 |
person seeking to enforce the trust must prove that the testator intended to form a trust, that this intention was communicated to the trustee, and that the trustee accepted his office. there are two types of secret trust — fully secret and half @ - @ secret. a fully secret trust is one with no mention in the will whatsoever. in the case of a half @ - @ secret trust, the face of the will names the trustee as trustee, but does not give the trust's terms, including the beneficiary. the most important difference lies in communication of the trust : the terms of a half @ - @ secret trust must
| 233 |
[
"of",
"the",
"island",
".",
"most",
"visitors",
"are",
"day",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"trip",
"##pers",
",",
"although",
"there",
"are",
"23",
"holiday",
"properties",
"and",
"a",
"camp",
"site",
"for",
"staying",
"visitors",
",",
"mostly",
"also",
"around",
"the",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"island",
".",
"in",
"a",
"2005",
"opinion",
"poll",
"of",
"radio",
"times",
"readers",
",",
"lund",
"##y",
"was",
"named",
"as",
"britain",
"'",
"s",
"tenth",
"greatest",
"natural",
"wonder",
".",
"the",
"entire",
"island",
"has",
"been",
"designated",
"as",
"a",
"site",
"of",
"special",
"scientific",
"interest",
"and",
"it",
"was",
"england",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"statutory",
"marine",
"nature",
"reserve",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"marine",
"conservation",
"zone",
",",
"because",
"of",
"its",
"unique",
"flora",
"and",
"fauna",
".",
"it",
"is",
"managed",
"by",
"the",
"landmark",
"trust",
"on",
"behalf",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"trust",
".",
"the",
"name",
"lund",
"##y",
"is",
"believed",
"to",
"come",
"from",
"the",
"old",
"norse",
"word",
"for"
] | 515,320 |
of the island. most visitors are day @ - @ trippers, although there are 23 holiday properties and a camp site for staying visitors, mostly also around the south of the island. in a 2005 opinion poll of radio times readers, lundy was named as britain's tenth greatest natural wonder. the entire island has been designated as a site of special scientific interest and it was england's first statutory marine nature reserve, and the first marine conservation zone, because of its unique flora and fauna. it is managed by the landmark trust on behalf of the national trust. the name lundy is believed to come from the old norse word for
| 233 |
[
"re",
"young",
",",
"an",
"at",
"##test",
"##ing",
"witness",
"was",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"of",
"a",
"secret",
"trust",
".",
"the",
"court",
"decided",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"wills",
"act",
"1837",
"had",
"nothing",
"to",
"do",
"with",
"it",
"\"",
"and",
"the",
"secret",
"trust",
"valid",
".",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"the",
"wills",
"act",
"1968",
"has",
"been",
"to",
"allow",
"the",
"trustee",
"of",
"a",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
"to",
"at",
"##test",
"the",
"will",
"and",
"this",
"may",
"also",
"apply",
"to",
"the",
"fully",
"secret",
"trust",
".",
"where",
"a",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"under",
"a",
"secret",
"trust",
"pre",
"##de",
"##cea",
"##ses",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
",",
"his",
"or",
"her",
"personal",
"representative",
"will",
"inherit",
"instead",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"gardner",
".",
"if",
"the",
"gift",
"had",
"been",
"made",
"directly",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"test",
"##ator",
"'",
"s",
"will",
"it",
"would",
"have"
] | 378,348 |
re young, an attesting witness was the beneficiary of a secret trust. the court decided that " the wills act 1837 had nothing to do with it " and the secret trust valid. the effect of the wills act 1968 has been to allow the trustee of a half @ - @ secret trust to attest the will and this may also apply to the fully secret trust. where a beneficiary under a secret trust predeceases the testator, his or her personal representative will inherit instead, as in re gardner. if the gift had been made directly as part of testator's will it would have
| 233 |
[
"]",
"ac",
"80",
"##1",
")",
"that",
"the",
"trustee",
"'",
"s",
"ability",
"to",
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"owner",
"of",
"the",
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"to",
"be",
"exercised",
"on",
"behalf",
"of",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
",",
"a",
"third",
"party",
".",
"this",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
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"of",
"the",
"promise",
"\"",
",",
"and",
",",
"while",
"artificial",
",",
"it",
"bypassed",
"the",
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"of",
"pri",
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".",
"the",
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"exception",
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"been",
"heavily",
"undermine",
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"by",
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"in",
"re",
"sc",
"##he",
"##bs",
"##man",
"[",
"1944",
"]",
"ch",
"83",
",",
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"a",
"trust",
"of",
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"promise",
"rather",
"than",
"simply",
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"the",
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"an",
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"fiction",
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"to",
"en",
"##act",
"the",
"trust",
"exception",
".",
"in",
"be",
"##swick",
"v",
"be"
] | 625,420 |
] ac 801 ) that the trustee's ability to sue the owner of the property is to be exercised on behalf of the beneficiary, a third party. this is known as a " trust of the promise ", and, while artificial, it bypassed the doctrine of privity. the trust exception has been heavily undermined by the decision in re schebsman [ 1944 ] ch 83, which requires a court to find evidence of an intent to create a trust of the promise rather than simply using the requirement as an intention as a fiction to allow the courts to enact the trust exception. in beswick v be
| 233 |
[
"good",
"old",
"mountain",
"dew",
"\"",
"-",
"based",
"jingle",
"and",
"the",
"drink",
"'",
"s",
"mascot",
":",
"a",
"barefoot",
"##ed",
"back",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"country",
"man",
"called",
"\"",
"willie",
"the",
"hill",
"##bill",
"##y",
"\"",
".",
"=",
"charitable",
"trusts",
"in",
"english",
"law",
"=",
"charitable",
"trusts",
"in",
"english",
"law",
"are",
"a",
"form",
"of",
"express",
"trust",
"dedicated",
"to",
"charitable",
"goals",
".",
"there",
"are",
"a",
"variety",
"of",
"advantages",
"to",
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"trust",
"status",
",",
"including",
"exception",
"from",
"most",
"forms",
"of",
"tax",
"and",
"freedom",
"for",
"the",
"trustees",
"not",
"found",
"in",
"other",
"types",
"of",
"english",
"trust",
".",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"valid",
"charitable",
"trust",
",",
"the",
"organisation",
"must",
"demonstrate",
"both",
"a",
"charitable",
"purpose",
"and",
"a",
"public",
"benefit",
".",
"applicable",
"charitable",
"purposes",
"are",
"normally",
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"into",
"categories",
"for",
"public",
"benefit",
"including",
"the",
"relief",
"of",
"poverty",
",",
"the",
"promotion",
"of"
] | 346,760 |
good old mountain dew " - based jingle and the drink's mascot : a barefooted back @ - @ country man called " willie the hillbilly ". = charitable trusts in english law = charitable trusts in english law are a form of express trust dedicated to charitable goals. there are a variety of advantages to charitable trust status, including exception from most forms of tax and freedom for the trustees not found in other types of english trust. to be a valid charitable trust, the organisation must demonstrate both a charitable purpose and a public benefit. applicable charitable purposes are normally divided into categories for public benefit including the relief of poverty, the promotion of
| 233 |
[
"that",
"his",
"property",
"passes",
"to",
"the",
"next",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"of",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"kin",
",",
"on",
"the",
"agreement",
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"the",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"kin",
"give",
"effect",
"to",
"his",
"wishes",
"via",
"a",
"secret",
"trust",
".",
"if",
"this",
"is",
"the",
"case",
",",
"the",
"next",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"of",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"kin",
"would",
"be",
"obliged",
"to",
"hold",
"the",
"property",
"on",
"trust",
"and",
"fu",
"##lf",
"##il",
"the",
"dying",
"person",
"'",
"s",
"wishes",
".",
"a",
"secret",
"trust",
"must",
"be",
"contrasted",
"with",
"merely",
"placing",
"a",
"moral",
"obligation",
"upon",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"to",
"deal",
"with",
"the",
"legacy",
"in",
"particular",
"way",
"(",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"snow",
"##den",
")",
"and",
"must",
"impose",
"a",
"binding",
"obligation",
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"without",
"discretion",
"to",
"act",
"within",
"its",
"terms",
"or",
"not",
".",
"=",
"="
] | 378,318 |
that his property passes to the next @ - @ of @ - @ kin, on the agreement that the next @ - @ of @ - @ kin give effect to his wishes via a secret trust. if this is the case, the next @ - @ of @ - @ kin would be obliged to hold the property on trust and fulfil the dying person's wishes. a secret trust must be contrasted with merely placing a moral obligation upon the beneficiary to deal with the legacy in particular way ( as in re snowden ) and must impose a binding obligation, without discretion to act within its terms or not. = =
| 233 |
[
"and",
"thus",
"it",
"was",
"considered",
"valid",
".",
"many",
"trusts",
"are",
"formed",
"through",
"wills",
",",
"which",
"create",
"additional",
"issues",
"when",
"determining",
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".",
"in",
"re",
"hamilton",
",",
"lin",
"##dley",
"l",
"##j",
"set",
"out",
"the",
"standard",
"rule",
"that",
"to",
"\"",
"take",
"the",
"will",
"you",
"have",
"to",
"con",
"##st",
"##ru",
"##e",
"and",
"see",
"what",
"it",
"means",
",",
"and",
"if",
"you",
"come",
"to",
"the",
"conclusion",
"that",
"no",
"trust",
"was",
"intended",
"you",
"say",
"so",
"\"",
";",
"essentially",
"that",
"judges",
"should",
"not",
"simply",
"assume",
"that",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"trust",
".",
"this",
"literal",
"approach",
"was",
"followed",
"until",
"the",
"1950s",
";",
"since",
"then",
",",
"the",
"judiciary",
"have",
"been",
"more",
"willing",
"to",
"interpret",
"trust",
"documents",
"in",
"such",
"a",
"way",
"as",
"to",
"make",
"the",
"trusts",
"valid",
"rather",
"than",
"void",
".",
"according",
"to",
"byrne",
"##s",
"v",
"ken",
"##dle",
","
] | 681,097 |
and thus it was considered valid. many trusts are formed through wills, which create additional issues when determining intention. in re hamilton, lindley lj set out the standard rule that to " take the will you have to construe and see what it means, and if you come to the conclusion that no trust was intended you say so " ; essentially that judges should not simply assume that there is a trust. this literal approach was followed until the 1950s ; since then, the judiciary have been more willing to interpret trust documents in such a way as to make the trusts valid rather than void. according to byrnes v kendle,
| 233 |
[
"laps",
"##ed",
"and",
"formed",
"part",
"of",
"his",
"or",
"her",
"res",
"##id",
"##uary",
"estate",
"by",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"'",
"s",
"death",
",",
"but",
"since",
"he",
"or",
"she",
"inherit",
"##s",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"a",
"separate",
"secret",
"trust",
"that",
"rule",
"does",
"not",
"apply",
".",
"where",
"the",
"trustee",
"of",
"a",
"secret",
"trust",
"pre",
"##de",
"##cea",
"##ses",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
",",
"or",
"reno",
"##unce",
"##s",
"his",
"trustees",
"##hip",
"before",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
",",
"the",
"position",
"of",
"the",
"secret",
"trust",
"in",
"unclear",
".",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"a",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"ought",
"to",
"be",
"good",
"on",
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"basis",
"that",
"\"",
"equity",
"will",
"not",
"allow",
"a",
"trust",
"to",
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"for",
"want",
"of",
"a",
"trustee",
"\"",
".",
"of",
"a",
"fully",
"secret",
"trust",
",",
"it"
] | 378,349 |
lapsed and formed part of his or her residuary estate by the beneficiary's death, but since he or she inherits as a result of a separate secret trust that rule does not apply. where the trustee of a secret trust predeceases the testator, or renounces his trusteeship before the death of the testator, the position of the secret trust in unclear. in the case of a half @ - @ secret trust, the trust ought to be good on the basis that " equity will not allow a trust to fail for want of a trustee ". of a fully secret trust, it
| 233 |
[
"the",
"trust",
"and",
"sub",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"trust",
",",
"and",
"if",
"the",
"trustee",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
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"some",
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"to",
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".",
"for",
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"will",
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"(",
"and",
"therefore",
",",
"for",
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"trust",
"made",
"in",
"a",
"will",
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"be",
"valid",
")",
"it",
"must",
"comply",
"with",
"section",
"9",
"of",
"the",
"wills",
"act",
"1837",
".",
"this",
"provides",
"that",
"no",
"will",
"is",
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":",
"(",
"a",
")",
"it",
"is",
"in",
"writing",
",",
"and",
"signed",
"by",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
",",
"or",
"by",
"some",
"other",
"person",
"in",
"his",
"presence",
"and",
"by",
"his",
"direction",
";",
"and",
"(",
"b",
")",
"it",
"appears",
"that",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
"intended",
"by",
"his",
"signature",
"to",
"give",
"effect",
"to",
"the",
"will",
";",
"and",
"(",
"c",
")",
"the",
"signature",
"is",
"made",
"or",
"acknowledged",
"by"
] | 732,196 |
the trust and sub @ - @ trust, and if the trustee @ - @ beneficiary has some duties to perform. for a will to be valid ( and therefore, for a trust made in a will to be valid ) it must comply with section 9 of the wills act 1837. this provides that no will is valid unless : ( a ) it is in writing, and signed by the testator, or by some other person in his presence and by his direction ; and ( b ) it appears that the testator intended by his signature to give effect to the will ; and ( c ) the signature is made or acknowledged by
| 233 |
[
",",
"and",
"the",
"type",
"of",
"trust",
"used",
"affects",
"the",
"rights",
"available",
"to",
"the",
"parties",
".",
"qui",
"##st",
"##cl",
"##ose",
"trusts",
"have",
"variously",
"been",
"considered",
"resulting",
",",
"express",
"or",
"constructive",
"in",
"nature",
".",
"an",
"alternate",
"explanation",
"is",
"given",
"by",
"lord",
"mill",
"##ett",
"in",
"twins",
"##ect",
"##ra",
"ltd",
"v",
"yard",
"##ley",
";",
"this",
"is",
"that",
"the",
"qui",
"##st",
"##cl",
"##ose",
"trust",
"is",
"an",
"\"",
"ill",
"##uso",
"##ry",
"trust",
"\"",
",",
"where",
"the",
"apparent",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"(",
"the",
"money",
"##len",
"##der",
",",
"for",
"example",
")",
"takes",
"no",
"active",
"role",
".",
"this",
"trust",
"is",
"created",
"by",
"the",
"intention",
"of",
"either",
"party",
",",
"and",
"is",
"rev",
"##oca",
"##ble",
"at",
"any",
"time",
".",
"the",
"problems",
"with",
"this",
"idea",
"are",
"that",
"the",
"facts",
"in",
"qui",
"##st",
"##cl",
"##ose",
"are",
"not",
"those",
"of",
"a"
] | 601,489 |
, and the type of trust used affects the rights available to the parties. quistclose trusts have variously been considered resulting, express or constructive in nature. an alternate explanation is given by lord millett in twinsectra ltd v yardley ; this is that the quistclose trust is an " illusory trust ", where the apparent beneficiary ( the moneylender, for example ) takes no active role. this trust is created by the intention of either party, and is revocable at any time. the problems with this idea are that the facts in quistclose are not those of a
| 233 |
[
".",
"the",
"enforcement",
"of",
"the",
"secret",
"trust",
"as",
"a",
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"to",
"perceived",
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"of",
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",",
"whereby",
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"mon",
"##ies",
"to",
"the",
"wrong",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
".",
"if",
"considered",
"significant",
",",
"this",
"might",
",",
"however",
",",
"be",
"countered",
"with",
"a",
"higher",
"evident",
"##ial",
"burden",
"when",
"establishing",
"the",
"identity",
"of",
"the",
"secret",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
".",
"two",
"further",
"problems",
"are",
"apparent",
"when",
"considering",
"the",
"fraud",
"theory",
"in",
"the",
"context",
"of",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trusts",
".",
"since",
"the",
"will",
"mentions",
"the",
"trust",
",",
"it",
"is",
"impossible",
"for",
"the",
"trustee",
"to",
"deny",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
".",
"whether",
"or",
"not",
"the",
"intended",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"can",
"be",
"as",
"##cer",
"##tained",
","
] | 378,326 |
. the enforcement of the secret trust as a response to perceived fraud also opens the door to a further form of deceit, whereby the trustee funnels the trust monies to the wrong beneficiary. if considered significant, this might, however, be countered with a higher evidential burden when establishing the identity of the secret beneficiary. two further problems are apparent when considering the fraud theory in the context of half @ - @ secret trusts. since the will mentions the trust, it is impossible for the trustee to deny the existence of the trust. whether or not the intended beneficiaries can be ascertained,
| 233 |
[
"puts",
"his",
"trust",
".",
"si",
"##gm",
"##und",
"responds",
"that",
"he",
"puts",
"his",
"trust",
"nowhere",
"but",
"with",
"himself",
".",
"ha",
"##ako",
"##n",
"responds",
":",
"\"",
"that",
"must",
"not",
"be",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"earl",
"[",
"ha",
"##ako",
"##n",
"]",
"answered",
",",
"\"",
"but",
"thou",
"sha",
"##lt",
"put",
"thy",
"trust",
"where",
"i",
"have",
"put",
"all",
"my",
"trust",
",",
"namely",
",",
"in",
"thor",
"##ger",
"##d",
"shine",
"##bright",
",",
"\"",
"said",
"he",
".",
"\"",
"and",
"we",
"will",
"go",
"and",
"see",
"her",
"now",
"and",
"seek",
"luck",
"for",
"thee",
"at",
"her",
"hands",
".",
"\"",
"the",
"two",
"then",
"follow",
"a",
"small",
"path",
"through",
"the",
"woods",
"until",
"they",
"come",
"to",
"a",
"house",
"with",
"a",
"stake",
"fence",
"around",
"it",
".",
"the",
"house",
"is",
"described",
"as",
"beautiful",
",",
"featuring",
"carvings",
"filled",
"with",
"gold",
"and",
"silver",
".",
"they",
"enter",
"the"
] | 144,117 |
puts his trust. sigmund responds that he puts his trust nowhere but with himself. haakon responds : " that must not be, " the earl [ haakon ] answered, " but thou shalt put thy trust where i have put all my trust, namely, in thorgerd shinebright, " said he. " and we will go and see her now and seek luck for thee at her hands. " the two then follow a small path through the woods until they come to a house with a stake fence around it. the house is described as beautiful, featuring carvings filled with gold and silver. they enter the
| 233 |
[
"of",
"a",
"mere",
"power",
"is",
"therefore",
"free",
"to",
"do",
"what",
"he",
"wants",
"with",
"the",
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"he",
"holds",
";",
"if",
"he",
"fails",
"to",
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"his",
"exercise",
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",",
"the",
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"may",
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"him",
"to",
"do",
"so",
".",
"the",
"leading",
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"for",
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"powers",
"is",
"the",
"\"",
"any",
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"post",
"##ula",
"##nt",
"\"",
"test",
",",
"laid",
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"in",
"re",
"gu",
"##lb",
"##en",
"##kian",
".",
"this",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"trustees",
"must",
"be",
"able",
"to",
"say",
"with",
"certainty",
",",
"when",
"a",
"potential",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"comes",
"before",
"them",
",",
"that",
"he",
"either",
"is",
"or",
"is",
"not",
"a",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
".",
"discretion",
"##ary",
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"which",
"require",
"that",
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",",
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"the",
"same",
"way",
"as",
"a",
"fixed",
"trust",
",",
"but",
"allow",
"some",
"discretion"
] | 681,104 |
of a mere power is therefore free to do what he wants with the property he holds ; if he fails to consider his exercise of the power, the courts may force him to do so. the leading test for mere powers is the " any given postulant " test, laid down in re gulbenkian. this states that the trustees must be able to say with certainty, when a potential beneficiary comes before them, that he either is or is not a beneficiary. discretionary trusts are trusts which require that the trustees exercise their powers, in the same way as a fixed trust, but allow some discretion
| 233 |
[
"the",
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",",
"and",
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",",
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"exceptions",
",",
"however",
",",
"were",
"extremely",
"limited",
"in",
"how",
"they",
"could",
"be",
"used",
".",
"trusts",
"have",
"been",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"way",
"around",
"the",
"original",
"doctrine",
"of",
"pri",
"##vity",
".",
"a",
"trust",
"is",
"an",
"arrangement",
"where",
"the",
"owner",
"of",
"property",
"gives",
"it",
"to",
"a",
"second",
"party",
"(",
"a",
"trustee",
")",
"to",
"manage",
"on",
"behalf",
"of",
"a",
"third",
"party",
"(",
"a",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
")",
".",
"in",
"this",
"situation",
"the",
"house",
"of",
"lords",
"decided",
"(",
"in",
"les",
"af",
"##fr",
"##ete",
"##urs",
"v",
"wal",
"##ford",
"[",
"1919"
] | 625,419 |
the doctrine, the judiciary developed several ways around it. these were at times both complex and extremely artificial, and used the law relating to trusts and agencies, along with other areas and ideas such as collateral contracts. these exceptions, however, were extremely limited in how they could be used. trusts have been used as a way around the original doctrine of privity. a trust is an arrangement where the owner of property gives it to a second party ( a trustee ) to manage on behalf of a third party ( a beneficiary ). in this situation the house of lords decided ( in les affreteurs v walford [ 1919
| 233 |
[
"to",
"the",
"trustee",
",",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"trustee",
"accepted",
"his",
"obligations",
".",
"intention",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"certain",
"##ties",
",",
"and",
"applies",
"to",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
"in",
"the",
"same",
"way",
"as",
"it",
"does",
"to",
"other",
"express",
"trusts",
".",
"the",
"second",
"requirement",
"is",
"that",
"both",
"the",
"secret",
"trust",
"and",
"its",
"terms",
"are",
"communicated",
"to",
"the",
"trustee",
".",
"this",
"may",
"be",
"done",
"after",
"the",
"writing",
"of",
"the",
"will",
",",
"as",
"long",
"as",
"it",
"is",
"prior",
"to",
"death",
";",
"without",
"it",
",",
"the",
"secret",
"trust",
"is",
"void",
".",
"exactly",
"what",
"must",
"be",
"communicated",
"depends",
"on",
"the",
"nature",
"of",
"the",
"property",
"and",
"trust",
";",
"if",
"there",
"are",
"multiple",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"for",
"example",
",",
"this",
"will",
"need",
"to",
"be",
"communicated",
".",
"in",
"re",
"boy",
"##es",
",",
"kay",
"j",
"came",
"to"
] | 378,338 |
to the trustee, and that the trustee accepted his obligations. intention is one of the three certainties, and applies to fully secret trusts in the same way as it does to other express trusts. the second requirement is that both the secret trust and its terms are communicated to the trustee. this may be done after the writing of the will, as long as it is prior to death ; without it, the secret trust is void. exactly what must be communicated depends on the nature of the property and trust ; if there are multiple beneficiaries for example, this will need to be communicated. in re boyes, kay j came to
| 233 |
[
"##usa",
",",
"or",
"where",
"the",
"set",
"##tl",
"##or",
"did",
"all",
"he",
"could",
"do",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"rose",
",",
"or",
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"it",
"would",
"be",
"\"",
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"##con",
"##sc",
"##ion",
"##able",
"\"",
"to",
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"the",
"gift",
"invalid",
",",
"as",
"in",
"penn",
"##ington",
"v",
"wai",
"##ne",
".",
"=",
"=",
"formal",
"##ity",
"=",
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"a",
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"rule",
",",
"there",
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"for",
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"formal",
"##ities",
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"trust",
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",",
"they",
"can",
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"oral",
"or",
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".",
"the",
"only",
"requirement",
"is",
"that",
"they",
"show",
"an",
"intention",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"trust",
".",
"the",
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"are",
"where",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"transfer",
"of",
"land",
",",
"the",
"transfer",
"of",
"existing",
"e",
"##quitable",
"interests",
",",
"or",
"where",
"the",
"trust",
"is",
"made",
"in",
"a",
"will",
".",
"trusts",
"over",
"land",
"must",
"comply",
"with",
"section",
"53",
"(",
"1"
] | 732,190 |
##usa, or where the settlor did all he could do, as in re rose, or where it would be " unconscionable " to hold the gift invalid, as in pennington v waine. = = formality = = as a general rule, there is no requirement for particular formalities in trust instruments, they can be oral or written. the only requirement is that they show an intention to create a trust. the exceptions are where it is a transfer of land, the transfer of existing equitable interests, or where the trust is made in a will. trusts over land must comply with section 53 ( 1
| 233 |
[
"from",
"12",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"25",
"and",
"with",
"the",
"over",
"50",
"##s",
",",
"taking",
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"the",
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".",
"the",
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"to",
"expand",
"their",
"work",
"into",
"other",
"inner",
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"areas",
",",
"so",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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".",
"the",
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"room",
"on",
"the",
"site",
"features",
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"and",
"3d",
"models",
"to",
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"teach",
"people",
"about",
"the",
"site",
"'",
"s",
"history",
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"helping",
"the",
"townspeople",
".",
"in",
"the",
"book",
"the",
"remains",
"of",
"distant",
"times",
":",
"archaeology",
"and",
"the",
"national",
"trust",
",",
"priscilla",
"bon",
"##iface",
"critic",
"##izes",
"what",
"she",
"believes",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"national",
"trust",
"'",
"s",
"lack",
"of",
"interest",
"in",
"operating",
"in",
"urban",
"environments",
"but",
"praises",
"the",
"inner",
"city",
"project",
"as",
"a",
"step",
"towards",
"rec",
"##tify"
] | 121,760 |
from 12 @ - @ 25 and with the over 50s, taking them out to the countryside. the national trust needed a central office to expand their work into other inner city areas, so a 25 @ - @ year lease was negotiated with the council. the exhibition room on the site features touch screens and 3d models to help teach people about the site's history of helping the townspeople. in the book the remains of distant times : archaeology and the national trust, priscilla boniface criticizes what she believes to be the national trust's lack of interest in operating in urban environments but praises the inner city project as a step towards rectify
| 233 |
[
"the",
"faith",
"that",
"his",
"intention",
"will",
"be",
"carried",
"out",
".",
"the",
"most",
"important",
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"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"and",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
"concerns",
"the",
"communication",
"of",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
".",
"communication",
"must",
"be",
"either",
"at",
"or",
"before",
"the",
"execution",
"of",
"the",
"will",
",",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
",",
"when",
"it",
"may",
"post",
"##date",
"the",
"will",
"so",
"long",
"as",
"it",
"pre",
"##dates",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
".",
"in",
"blackwell",
",",
"viscount",
"sumner",
"said",
"that",
":",
"\"",
"[",
"a",
"]",
"test",
"##ator",
"cannot",
"reserve",
"to",
"himself",
"a",
"power",
"of",
"making",
"future",
"un",
"##wi",
"##tness",
"##ed",
"disposition",
"##s",
"by",
"merely",
"naming",
"a",
"trustee",
"and",
"leaving",
"the",
"purposes",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
"to",
"be",
"supplied",
"afterwards",
"\"",
",",
"a",
"passage",
"given",
"its",
"traditional",
"interpretation",
"in"
] | 378,343 |
the faith that his intention will be carried out. the most important distinction between half @ - @ secret and fully secret trusts concerns the communication of the terms of the trust. communication must be either at or before the execution of the will, in contrast to fully secret trusts, when it may postdate the will so long as it predates the death of the testator. in blackwell, viscount sumner said that : " [ a ] testator cannot reserve to himself a power of making future unwitnessed dispositions by merely naming a trustee and leaving the purposes of the trust to be supplied afterwards ", a passage given its traditional interpretation in
| 233 |
[
"trust",
"was",
"created",
"by",
"the",
"donor",
"and",
"trustee",
"during",
"the",
"donor",
"'",
"s",
"life",
",",
"and",
"simply",
"not",
"constituted",
"until",
"his",
"death",
";",
"it",
"does",
"not",
"have",
"to",
"follow",
"the",
"wills",
"act",
",",
"because",
"it",
"was",
"not",
"created",
"by",
"a",
"will",
".",
"this",
"view",
"was",
"expressed",
"by",
"mega",
"##rry",
"vc",
"in",
"re",
"snow",
"##den",
",",
"where",
"he",
"said",
"\"",
"the",
"whole",
"basis",
"of",
"secret",
"trusts",
".",
".",
".",
"is",
"that",
"they",
"operate",
"outside",
"the",
"will",
",",
"changing",
"nothing",
"that",
"is",
"written",
"in",
"it",
",",
"and",
"allowing",
"it",
"to",
"operate",
"according",
"to",
"its",
"tenor",
",",
"but",
"then",
"fast",
"##ening",
"a",
"trust",
"on",
"to",
"the",
"property",
"in",
"the",
"hands",
"of",
"the",
"recipient",
"\"",
".",
"this",
"suggests",
"that",
"secret",
"trusts",
"are",
"not",
"constructive",
"trusts",
"but",
"rather",
"express",
"trusts",
".",
"it",
"has"
] | 378,330 |
trust was created by the donor and trustee during the donor's life, and simply not constituted until his death ; it does not have to follow the wills act, because it was not created by a will. this view was expressed by megarry vc in re snowden, where he said " the whole basis of secret trusts... is that they operate outside the will, changing nothing that is written in it, and allowing it to operate according to its tenor, but then fastening a trust on to the property in the hands of the recipient ". this suggests that secret trusts are not constructive trusts but rather express trusts. it has
| 233 |
[
"2",
")",
".",
"two",
"cases",
",",
"re",
"bail",
"##lie",
"and",
"ottawa",
"##y",
"v",
"norman",
",",
"have",
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"land",
".",
"in",
"neither",
"case",
"were",
"the",
"formal",
"##ity",
"requirements",
"of",
"53",
"(",
"1",
")",
"(",
"b",
")",
"met",
",",
"but",
"neither",
"judgment",
"considered",
"why",
"53",
"(",
"1",
")",
"(",
"b",
")",
"did",
"not",
"apply",
".",
"this",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"to",
"support",
"the",
"theory",
"that",
"secret",
"trusts",
"are",
"constructive",
".",
"however",
",",
"an",
"express",
"trust",
"may",
"still",
"be",
"exempt",
"##ed",
"from",
"the",
"requirements",
"of",
"53",
"(",
"1",
")",
"(",
"b",
")",
"by",
"a",
"separate",
"application",
"of",
"the",
"maxim",
"\"",
"equity",
"will",
"not",
"allow",
"a",
"statute",
"to",
"be",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"cloak",
"for",
"fraud",
"\"",
"–",
"the",
"fraud",
"would",
"be",
"for",
"the",
"trustee",
"to",
"deny",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"the"
] | 378,334 |
2 ). two cases, re baillie and ottaway v norman, have concerned secret trusts over land. in neither case were the formality requirements of 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) met, but neither judgment considered why 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) did not apply. this has been used to support the theory that secret trusts are constructive. however, an express trust may still be exempted from the requirements of 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) by a separate application of the maxim " equity will not allow a statute to be used as a cloak for fraud " – the fraud would be for the trustee to deny the existence of the
| 233 |
[
",",
"the",
"house",
"of",
"lords",
"decided",
"in",
"chapman",
"v",
"chapman",
"that",
"this",
"would",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"permitted",
",",
"creating",
"a",
"gap",
"between",
"the",
"rights",
"of",
"trusts",
"under",
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"land",
"act",
"1925",
"(",
"which",
"could",
"be",
"altered",
"if",
"there",
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"a",
"flaw",
")",
"and",
"those",
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"that",
"were",
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"(",
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"affected",
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"the",
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")",
".",
"as",
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",",
"following",
"a",
"report",
"by",
"the",
"law",
"reform",
"committee",
",",
"pet",
"##re",
"crowd",
"##er",
"introduced",
"the",
"variation",
"of",
"trusts",
"bill",
"to",
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",",
"where",
"it",
"was",
"given",
"the",
"royal",
"assent",
"on",
"23",
"july",
"1958",
",",
"and",
"came",
"into",
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"as",
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"act",
"1958",
".",
"the",
"act",
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"near",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"unlimited",
"discretion",
"to",
"approve",
"\"",
"compromise",
"\"",
"agreements",
",",
"for"
] | 59,936 |
, the house of lords decided in chapman v chapman that this would no longer be permitted, creating a gap between the rights of trusts under the settled land act 1925 ( which could be altered if there was a flaw ) and those trusts that were not ( which were affected by the chapman decision ). as a result, following a report by the law reform committee, petre crowder introduced the variation of trusts bill to parliament, where it was given the royal assent on 23 july 1958, and came into force as the variation of trusts act 1958. the act gave the courts near @ - @ unlimited discretion to approve " compromise " agreements, for
| 233 |
[
"hbo",
"documentary",
"by",
"the",
"people",
":",
"the",
"election",
"of",
"barack",
"obama",
"led",
"to",
"a",
"soundtrack",
",",
"with",
"proceeds",
"going",
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"enterprise",
"community",
"partners",
"and",
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"a",
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"fast",
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"'",
"s",
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".",
"norton",
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"the",
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"the",
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"branch",
"of",
"the",
"ma",
"##asa",
"##i",
"wilderness",
"conservation",
"trust",
".",
"to",
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"money",
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"the",
"trust",
",",
"norton",
"fielded",
"a",
"team",
"of",
"thirty",
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"in",
"the",
"new",
"york",
"city",
"marathon",
"on",
"november",
"1",
",",
"2009",
".",
"the",
"team",
"included",
"alan",
"##is",
"mori",
"##sse",
"##tte",
"and",
"david",
"blaine",
".",
"norton",
"finished",
"the",
"event",
"first",
"among",
"celebrities",
"with",
"a",
"time",
"of",
"3",
"hours",
",",
"48",
"minutes",
".",
"norton",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"raised",
"over",
"$",
"1",
"million",
"for",
"the",
"trust"
] | 607,971 |
hbo documentary by the people : the election of barack obama led to a soundtrack, with proceeds going to enterprise community partners and united way. norton also participated in a 2008 fast company story about enterprise's green affordable housing. norton is the president of the american branch of the maasai wilderness conservation trust. to raise money for the trust, norton fielded a team of thirty runners in the new york city marathon on november 1, 2009. the team included alanis morissette and david blaine. norton finished the event first among celebrities with a time of 3 hours, 48 minutes. norton and his team raised over $ 1 million for the trust
| 233 |
[
"##ing",
"this",
".",
"she",
"wrote",
"\"",
"its",
"occasional",
"ventures",
"-",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"newcastle",
"inner",
"city",
"project",
".",
".",
".",
"by",
"their",
"frequent",
"mention",
"in",
"national",
"trust",
"communications",
",",
"merely",
"serve",
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"under",
"##line",
"how",
"few",
"of",
"their",
"type",
"the",
"trust",
"has",
"to",
"call",
"on",
"for",
"report",
".",
"\"",
"she",
"argues",
"that",
"although",
"the",
"aim",
"of",
"introducing",
"town",
"dwellers",
"to",
"the",
"countryside",
"is",
"\"",
"lau",
"##dable",
"\"",
",",
"the",
"\"",
"respectful",
"and",
"serious",
"suggestion",
"might",
"be",
"made",
",",
"though",
",",
"that",
"a",
"person",
"or",
"person",
"'",
"s",
"might",
"be",
"useful",
"##ly",
"employed",
"also",
"with",
"the",
"objective",
"of",
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"national",
"trust",
"people",
"'",
"s",
"understanding",
"of",
"and",
"confidence",
"in",
"their",
"ability",
"to",
"visit",
"and",
"enjoy",
",",
"or",
"at",
"least",
"encounter",
",",
"the",
"city",
".",
"\"",
"however",
",",
"collins",
"and"
] | 121,761 |
##ing this. she wrote " its occasional ventures - such as the newcastle inner city project... by their frequent mention in national trust communications, merely serve to underline how few of their type the trust has to call on for report. " she argues that although the aim of introducing town dwellers to the countryside is " laudable ", the " respectful and serious suggestion might be made, though, that a person or person's might be usefully employed also with the objective of raising national trust people's understanding of and confidence in their ability to visit and enjoy, or at least encounter, the city. " however, collins and
| 233 |
[
"del",
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";",
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"##am",
"then",
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"je",
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".",
"after",
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"##lka",
"'",
"s",
"death",
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"the",
"del",
"##ius",
"trust",
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"established",
",",
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"as",
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"je",
"##lka",
"'",
"s",
"will",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"operated",
"largely",
"under",
"beech",
"##am",
"'",
"s",
"direction",
".",
"after",
"beech",
"##am",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"in",
"1961",
"advisers",
"were",
"appointed",
"to",
"assist",
"the",
"trustees",
",",
"and",
"in",
"1979",
"the",
"administration",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
"was",
"taken",
"over",
"by",
"the",
"musicians",
"'",
"benevolent",
"fund",
".",
"over",
"the",
"years",
"the",
"trust",
"'"
] | 739,823 |
delius died before this provision could be legally effected ; fenby says that beecham then persuaded jelka in her own will to abandon the concerts idea and apply the royalties towards the editing and recording of delius's main works. after jelka's death in 1935 the delius trust was established, to supervise this task. as stipulated in jelka's will, the trust operated largely under beecham's direction. after beecham's death in 1961 advisers were appointed to assist the trustees, and in 1979 the administration of the trust was taken over by the musicians'benevolent fund. over the years the trust '
| 233 |
[
"##ries",
"under",
"protective",
"trusts",
"have",
"no",
"such",
"limit",
".",
"the",
"courts",
"have",
"chosen",
"to",
"interpret",
"\"",
"benefit",
"\"",
"widely",
",",
"increasing",
"their",
"powers",
"to",
"alter",
"trusts",
";",
"in",
"re",
"holt",
"'",
"s",
"settlement",
"[",
"1968",
"]",
"1",
"all",
"er",
"470",
",",
"mega",
"##rry",
"j",
"said",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"word",
"benefit",
"is",
".",
".",
".",
"plainly",
"not",
"confined",
"to",
"financial",
"benefit",
",",
"but",
"may",
"extend",
"to",
"social",
"or",
"moral",
"benefit",
"\"",
".",
"under",
"section",
"1",
"(",
"3",
")",
",",
"the",
"act",
"does",
"not",
"apply",
"to",
"trusts",
"created",
"by",
"an",
"act",
"of",
"parliament",
".",
"the",
"wide",
"scope",
"of",
"the",
"act",
"was",
"quan",
"##ti",
"##fied",
"in",
"re",
"ste",
"##ed",
"'",
"s",
"will",
"trusts",
",",
"where",
"the",
"court",
"of",
"appeal",
"ruled",
"that",
"the",
"word",
"\"",
"arrangement",
"\"",
"was",
"\"",
"deliberately",
"used",
"in"
] | 59,942 |
##ries under protective trusts have no such limit. the courts have chosen to interpret " benefit " widely, increasing their powers to alter trusts ; in re holt's settlement [ 1968 ] 1 all er 470, megarry j said that " the word benefit is... plainly not confined to financial benefit, but may extend to social or moral benefit ". under section 1 ( 3 ), the act does not apply to trusts created by an act of parliament. the wide scope of the act was quantified in re steed's will trusts, where the court of appeal ruled that the word " arrangement " was " deliberately used in
| 233 |
[
"to",
"the",
"public",
",",
"and",
"competing",
"with",
"no",
"special",
"status",
"amongst",
"the",
"bid",
"##ders",
",",
"the",
"rum",
"##oured",
"competitors",
"to",
"the",
"trust",
"were",
"listed",
"by",
"the",
"media",
"to",
"have",
"included",
"composer",
"lord",
"andrew",
"lloyd",
"webber",
",",
"and",
"pop",
"stars",
"madonna",
"and",
"kylie",
"minogue",
".",
"however",
",",
"the",
"new",
"director",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"general",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"trust",
",",
"fiona",
"reynolds",
",",
"launched",
"a",
"£",
"35",
"million",
"appeal",
"in",
"may",
"2002",
"via",
"the",
"\"",
"save",
"ty",
"##ntes",
"##field",
"\"",
"campaign",
",",
"with",
"support",
"from",
"designer",
"laurence",
"ll",
"##ew",
"##ely",
"##n",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"bowen",
",",
"news",
"##rea",
"##der",
"jon",
"snow",
"and",
"several",
"top",
"architects",
"and",
"historians",
".",
"the",
"trust",
"'",
"s",
"appeal",
"collected",
"£",
"8",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"million",
"in",
"just",
"100",
"days",
",",
"with",
":",
"£",
"3"
] | 809,049 |
to the public, and competing with no special status amongst the bidders, the rumoured competitors to the trust were listed by the media to have included composer lord andrew lloyd webber, and pop stars madonna and kylie minogue. however, the new director @ - @ general of the national trust, fiona reynolds, launched a £ 35 million appeal in may 2002 via the " save tyntesfield " campaign, with support from designer laurence llewelyn @ - @ bowen, newsreader jon snow and several top architects and historians. the trust's appeal collected £ 8 @. @ 2 million in just 100 days, with : £ 3
| 233 |
[
"=",
"advantages",
"of",
"charity",
"status",
"=",
"=",
"there",
"are",
"a",
"variety",
"of",
"advantages",
"to",
"charity",
"status",
".",
"within",
"english",
"trusts",
"law",
",",
"a",
"standard",
"express",
"trust",
"has",
"a",
"relationship",
"between",
"the",
"trustees",
"and",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
";",
"this",
"does",
"not",
"apply",
"to",
"charitable",
"trusts",
",",
"partially",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"special",
"definition",
"of",
"trustee",
"used",
"and",
"partially",
"because",
"there",
"are",
"no",
"individual",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"identified",
"in",
"a",
"charitable",
"trust",
".",
"instead",
",",
"the",
"attorney",
"general",
"of",
"england",
"and",
"wales",
"sue",
"##s",
"on",
"behalf",
"of",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"to",
"enforce",
"a",
"charitable",
"trust",
".",
"because",
"of",
"this",
"lack",
"of",
"a",
"relationship",
",",
"the",
"trustees",
"'",
"powers",
"are",
"far",
"wider",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ranging",
",",
"only",
"being",
"regulated",
"by",
"the",
"charity",
"commission",
"and",
"actions",
"brought",
"by"
] | 346,766 |
= advantages of charity status = = there are a variety of advantages to charity status. within english trusts law, a standard express trust has a relationship between the trustees and the beneficiaries ; this does not apply to charitable trusts, partially because of the special definition of trustee used and partially because there are no individual beneficiaries identified in a charitable trust. instead, the attorney general of england and wales sues on behalf of beneficiaries to enforce a charitable trust. because of this lack of a relationship, the trustees'powers are far wider @ - @ ranging, only being regulated by the charity commission and actions brought by
| 233 |
[
"are",
"directly",
"run",
"to",
"make",
"a",
"profit",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"girls",
"'",
"public",
"day",
"school",
"trust",
".",
"this",
"also",
"exclude",
"##s",
"benefit",
"societies",
"where",
"the",
"benefits",
"are",
"limited",
"to",
"those",
"who",
"have",
"funded",
"it",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"ho",
"##lb",
"##orn",
"air",
"raid",
"distress",
"fund",
".",
"a",
"charitable",
"trust",
"created",
"from",
"a",
"gift",
"must",
"be",
"exclusively",
"charitable",
";",
"if",
"there",
"are",
"any",
"purposes",
"which",
"would",
"not",
"be",
"charitable",
"on",
"their",
"own",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"fails",
".",
"trust",
"instruments",
"should",
"ideally",
"identify",
"that",
"the",
"money",
"is",
"to",
"be",
"used",
"for",
"\"",
"charitable",
"purposes",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"other",
"words",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"beneficial",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"benevolent",
"\"",
"causes",
"the",
"trust",
"to",
"fail",
"at",
"creation",
",",
"as",
"the",
"words",
"are",
"not",
"synonymous",
"with",
"charity",
".",
"an",
"example"
] | 346,793 |
are directly run to make a profit, as in re girls'public day school trust. this also excludes benefit societies where the benefits are limited to those who have funded it, as in re holborn air raid distress fund. a charitable trust created from a gift must be exclusively charitable ; if there are any purposes which would not be charitable on their own, the trust fails. trust instruments should ideally identify that the money is to be used for " charitable purposes ". the use of other words such as " beneficial " or " benevolent " causes the trust to fail at creation, as the words are not synonymous with charity. an example
| 233 |
[
"acquire",
"tc",
"&",
"i",
".",
"this",
"would",
"effectively",
"save",
"moore",
"&",
"sc",
"##hl",
"##ey",
"and",
"ave",
"##rt",
"the",
"crisis",
".",
"the",
"executives",
"and",
"board",
"of",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"steel",
"studied",
"the",
"situation",
"and",
"offered",
"to",
"either",
"loan",
"moore",
"&",
"sc",
"##hl",
"##ey",
"$",
"5",
"million",
",",
"or",
"buy",
"tc",
"&",
"i",
"for",
"$",
"90",
"a",
"share",
".",
"by",
"7",
"p",
".",
"m",
".",
"an",
"agreement",
"had",
"not",
"been",
"reached",
"and",
"the",
"meeting",
"ad",
"##jou",
"##rned",
".",
"by",
"then",
",",
"john",
"pier",
"##pon",
"##t",
"morgan",
"was",
"drawn",
"into",
"another",
"situation",
".",
"there",
"was",
"deep",
"concern",
"that",
"the",
"trust",
"company",
"of",
"america",
"and",
"the",
"lincoln",
"trust",
"might",
"fail",
"to",
"open",
"on",
"monday",
"due",
"to",
"continuing",
"runs",
"by",
"deposit",
"##ors",
".",
"on",
"saturday",
"evening",
"40",
"–",
"50",
"bankers",
"had",
"gathered"
] | 876,230 |
acquire tc & i. this would effectively save moore & schley and avert the crisis. the executives and board of u. s. steel studied the situation and offered to either loan moore & schley $ 5 million, or buy tc & i for $ 90 a share. by 7 p. m. an agreement had not been reached and the meeting adjourned. by then, john pierpont morgan was drawn into another situation. there was deep concern that the trust company of america and the lincoln trust might fail to open on monday due to continuing runs by depositors. on saturday evening 40 – 50 bankers had gathered
| 233 |
[
"the",
"state",
"of",
"the",
"roads",
"in",
"somerset",
",",
"which",
"were",
"notorious",
"down",
"to",
"the",
"middle",
"of",
"the",
"18th",
"century",
".",
"parishes",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"sometimes",
"neglected",
"or",
"refused",
"to",
"repair",
"those",
"roads",
"which",
"were",
"heavily",
"used",
"by",
"coal",
"carts",
".",
"thus",
"in",
"161",
"##7",
"the",
"inhabitants",
"of",
"stoke",
"st",
"michael",
".",
".",
".",
"complained",
"that",
"\"",
"of",
"late",
"by",
"reason",
"of",
"many",
"coal",
"##mine",
"##s",
".",
".",
".",
"the",
"highways",
"there",
"are",
"much",
"in",
"decay",
"and",
"grown",
"very",
"founder",
"##ous",
"\"",
".",
"in",
"somerset",
",",
"turnpike",
"roads",
"began",
"in",
"1707",
"with",
"the",
"establishment",
"of",
"the",
"bath",
"trust",
",",
"but",
"turnpike",
"##s",
"did",
"not",
"reach",
"the",
"coal",
"##field",
"until",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"1700",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"bristol",
"trust",
",",
"which",
"passed",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"western",
"boundary",
"of"
] | 302,381 |
the state of the roads in somerset, which were notorious down to the middle of the 18th century. parishes in the area sometimes neglected or refused to repair those roads which were heavily used by coal carts. thus in 1617 the inhabitants of stoke st michael... complained that " of late by reason of many coalmines... the highways there are much in decay and grown very founderous ". in somerset, turnpike roads began in 1707 with the establishment of the bath trust, but turnpikes did not reach the coalfield until the mid @ - @ 1700s. the bristol trust, which passed close to the western boundary of
| 233 |
[
"the",
"british",
"coal",
"industry",
"and",
"keep",
"jobs",
",",
"the",
"court",
"held",
"that",
"because",
"this",
"would",
"make",
"less",
"money",
"than",
"other",
"investments",
"it",
"would",
"be",
"a",
"breach",
"of",
"trust",
".",
"subsequent",
"case",
"law",
"has",
"qualified",
"this",
"controversial",
"principle",
",",
"such",
"as",
"ha",
"##rries",
"v",
"the",
"church",
"commissioners",
"for",
"england",
"[",
"1992",
"]",
"1",
"w",
"##lr",
"124",
"##1",
",",
"and",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"point",
"of",
"ongoing",
"debate",
".",
"it",
"is",
"assumed",
"by",
"academics",
"that",
",",
"if",
"a",
"trust",
"suffered",
"a",
"loss",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"a",
"trustee",
"investing",
"in",
"unsuitable",
"areas",
",",
"the",
"trustee",
"would",
"be",
"liable",
"for",
"breach",
"of",
"trust",
".",
"under",
"section",
"5",
",",
"trustees",
"are",
"required",
"to",
"obtain",
"\"",
"proper",
"advice",
"\"",
"before",
"investing",
",",
"unless",
"the",
"circumstances",
"mean",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"inappropriate",
"or",
"unnecessary",
"to",
"do"
] | 855,852 |
the british coal industry and keep jobs, the court held that because this would make less money than other investments it would be a breach of trust. subsequent case law has qualified this controversial principle, such as harries v the church commissioners for england [ 1992 ] 1 wlr 1241, and it is a point of ongoing debate. it is assumed by academics that, if a trust suffered a loss as a result of a trustee investing in unsuitable areas, the trustee would be liable for breach of trust. under section 5, trustees are required to obtain " proper advice " before investing, unless the circumstances mean that it is inappropriate or unnecessary to do
| 233 |
[
"types",
"of",
"secret",
"trust",
"shared",
"a",
"single",
"justification",
".",
"a",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
"appears",
"closer",
"to",
"fulfilling",
"the",
"formal",
"##ity",
"requirements",
"as",
"laid",
"down",
"in",
"the",
"wills",
"act",
",",
"so",
"the",
"conclusion",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"less",
"likely",
"to",
"be",
"enforced",
"seems",
"contradictory",
".",
"also",
",",
"such",
"a",
"rule",
"would",
"encourage",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
",",
"with",
"a",
"wider",
"possibility",
"for",
"fraud",
".",
"it",
"would",
"also",
"spark",
"considerable",
"litigation",
"on",
"whether",
"a",
"particular",
"clause",
"resulted",
"in",
"a",
"fully",
"secret",
"or",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
".",
"thus",
"it",
"may",
"be",
"argued",
"that",
"despite",
"the",
"difficulties",
",",
"a",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
"should",
"be",
"enforced",
"if",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
"are",
".",
"the",
"secret",
"trust",
"was",
"originally",
"conceived",
"to",
"prevent",
"fraud",
"enabled",
"by",
"statute",
"or",
"the"
] | 378,321 |
types of secret trust shared a single justification. a half @ - @ secret trust appears closer to fulfilling the formality requirements as laid down in the wills act, so the conclusion that it is less likely to be enforced seems contradictory. also, such a rule would encourage fully secret trusts, with a wider possibility for fraud. it would also spark considerable litigation on whether a particular clause resulted in a fully secret or half @ - @ secret trust. thus it may be argued that despite the difficulties, a half @ - @ secret trust should be enforced if fully secret trusts are. the secret trust was originally conceived to prevent fraud enabled by statute or the
| 233 |
[
"type",
"of",
"dominance",
"they",
"will",
"however",
"breed",
"and",
"live",
"together",
".",
".",
".",
".",
".",
"=",
"creation",
"of",
"express",
"trusts",
"in",
"english",
"law",
"=",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"express",
"trusts",
"in",
"english",
"law",
"must",
"involve",
"four",
"elements",
"for",
"the",
"trust",
"to",
"be",
"valid",
":",
"capacity",
",",
"certainty",
",",
"constitution",
"and",
"formal",
"##ity",
".",
"capacity",
"refers",
"to",
"the",
"set",
"##tl",
"##or",
"'",
"s",
"ability",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"trust",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"place",
";",
"generally",
"speaking",
",",
"anyone",
"capable",
"of",
"holding",
"property",
"can",
"create",
"a",
"trust",
".",
"there",
"are",
"exceptions",
"for",
"statutory",
"bodies",
"and",
"corporations",
",",
"and",
"minors",
"who",
"usually",
"cannot",
"hold",
"property",
"can",
",",
"in",
"some",
"circumstances",
",",
"create",
"trusts",
".",
"certainty",
"refers",
"to",
"the",
"three",
"certain",
"##ties",
"required",
"for",
"a",
"trust",
"to",
"be",
"valid",
".",
"the",
"trust",
"instrument",
"must"
] | 732,179 |
type of dominance they will however breed and live together..... = creation of express trusts in english law = the creation of express trusts in english law must involve four elements for the trust to be valid : capacity, certainty, constitution and formality. capacity refers to the settlor's ability to create a trust in the first place ; generally speaking, anyone capable of holding property can create a trust. there are exceptions for statutory bodies and corporations, and minors who usually cannot hold property can, in some circumstances, create trusts. certainty refers to the three certainties required for a trust to be valid. the trust instrument must
| 233 |
[
".",
"if",
"the",
"money",
"is",
"to",
"be",
"spent",
"on",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"charitable",
"purposes",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"fails",
",",
"regardless",
"of",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"it",
"applies",
"to",
"a",
"particular",
"area",
".",
"this",
"class",
"of",
"charities",
"can",
"be",
"held",
"valid",
"even",
"when",
"it",
"only",
"impacts",
"on",
"a",
"class",
"within",
"a",
"locality",
",",
"as",
"in",
"goodman",
"v",
"salt",
"##ash",
"corporation",
".",
"this",
"can",
"apply",
"even",
"when",
"the",
"class",
"\"",
"flu",
"##ct",
"##uate",
"##s",
"\"",
",",
"such",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"christchurch",
"inc",
"##los",
"##ure",
"act",
",",
"where",
"a",
"gift",
"was",
"for",
"the",
"benefit",
"of",
"the",
"inhabitants",
"of",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"cottages",
",",
"whoever",
"those",
"inhabitants",
"might",
"be",
".",
"charitable",
"trusts",
"have",
"historically",
"been",
"invalid",
"if",
"they",
"include",
"\"",
"purely",
"recreational",
"past",
"##ime",
"##s",
"\"",
",",
"as",
"in",
"ir",
"##c",
"v"
] | 346,786 |
. if the money is to be spent on non @ - @ charitable purposes, the trust fails, regardless of the fact that it applies to a particular area. this class of charities can be held valid even when it only impacts on a class within a locality, as in goodman v saltash corporation. this can apply even when the class " fluctuates ", such as in re christchurch inclosure act, where a gift was for the benefit of the inhabitants of a group of cottages, whoever those inhabitants might be. charitable trusts have historically been invalid if they include " purely recreational pastimes ", as in irc v
| 233 |
[
"trust",
"will",
"be",
"held",
"void",
",",
"unless",
"it",
"was",
"made",
"during",
"a",
"luc",
"##id",
"period",
"when",
"the",
"person",
"was",
"capable",
"of",
"understanding",
"their",
"actions",
".",
"corporations",
"and",
"statutory",
"bodies",
"only",
"have",
"the",
"powers",
"granted",
"to",
"them",
"by",
"their",
"memorandum",
"of",
"association",
"or",
"author",
"##ising",
"statute",
";",
"if",
"these",
"do",
"not",
"author",
"##ise",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"trusts",
",",
"any",
"such",
"trust",
"will",
"be",
"held",
"to",
"be",
"ultra",
"vi",
"##res",
".",
"=",
"=",
"three",
"certain",
"##ties",
"=",
"=",
"for",
"an",
"express",
"trust",
"to",
"be",
"valid",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"instrument",
"must",
"show",
"certainty",
"of",
"intention",
",",
"subject",
"matter",
"and",
"object",
".",
"certainty",
"of",
"intention",
"means",
"that",
"it",
"must",
"be",
"clear",
"that",
"the",
"set",
"##tl",
"##or",
"or",
"test",
"##ator",
"wishes",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"trust",
";",
"this",
"is",
"not",
"dependent",
"on",
"any",
"particular"
] | 732,184 |
trust will be held void, unless it was made during a lucid period when the person was capable of understanding their actions. corporations and statutory bodies only have the powers granted to them by their memorandum of association or authorising statute ; if these don't authorise the creation of trusts, any such trust will be held to be ultra vires. = = three certainties = = for an express trust to be valid, the trust instrument must show certainty of intention, subject matter and object. certainty of intention means that it must be clear that the settlor or testator wishes to create a trust ; this is not dependent on any particular
| 233 |
[
"be",
"communicated",
"to",
"the",
"trustee",
"before",
"the",
"execution",
"of",
"the",
"will",
",",
"whereas",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"a",
"fully",
"secret",
"trust",
"the",
"terms",
"may",
"be",
"communicated",
"after",
"the",
"execution",
"of",
"the",
"will",
",",
"as",
"long",
"as",
"this",
"is",
"before",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
"'",
"s",
"death",
".",
"secret",
"trusts",
"do",
"not",
"comply",
"with",
"the",
"formal",
"##ity",
"requirements",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"witnessing",
")",
"laid",
"down",
"in",
"the",
"wills",
"act",
"1837",
".",
"despite",
"this",
",",
"the",
"courts",
"have",
"chosen",
"to",
"uphold",
"them",
"as",
"valid",
".",
"although",
"various",
"justification",
"##s",
"have",
"been",
"given",
"for",
"this",
",",
"they",
"are",
"generally",
"cat",
"##ego",
"##rise",
"##d",
"as",
"either",
"based",
"on",
"preventing",
"fraud",
",",
"or",
"as",
"regarding",
"secret",
"trusts",
"as",
"outside",
"(",
"de",
"##hor",
"##s",
")",
"the",
"operation",
"of",
"the",
"wills",
"act",
".",
"the",
"first",
"is"
] | 378,313 |
be communicated to the trustee before the execution of the will, whereas in the case of a fully secret trust the terms may be communicated after the execution of the will, as long as this is before the testator's death. secret trusts don't comply with the formality requirements ( such as witnessing ) laid down in the wills act 1837. despite this, the courts have chosen to uphold them as valid. although various justifications have been given for this, they are generally categorised as either based on preventing fraud, or as regarding secret trusts as outside ( dehors ) the operation of the wills act. the first is
| 233 |
[
"in",
"other",
"sorts",
"of",
"cases",
"is",
"inc",
"##on",
"##clusive",
".",
"=",
"=",
"classification",
"=",
"=",
"whether",
"secret",
"trusts",
"are",
"express",
"or",
"constructive",
"trusts",
"is",
"unclear",
".",
"s",
"##nell",
"'",
"s",
"equity",
"includes",
"them",
"in",
"its",
"section",
"on",
"express",
"trusts",
",",
"as",
"does",
"under",
"##hill",
"and",
"hay",
"##ton",
",",
"although",
"both",
"op",
"##ine",
"that",
"they",
"are",
"better",
"classified",
"as",
"constructive",
".",
"53",
"(",
"1",
")",
"(",
"b",
")",
"of",
"the",
"law",
"of",
"property",
"act",
"1925",
"requires",
"that",
"\"",
"a",
"declaration",
"of",
"trust",
"respecting",
"any",
"land",
"or",
"any",
"interest",
"there",
"##in",
"must",
"be",
"manifested",
"and",
"proved",
"by",
"some",
"writing",
"signed",
"by",
"some",
"person",
"who",
"is",
"able",
"to",
"declare",
"such",
"trust",
"or",
"by",
"his",
"will",
"\"",
".",
"constructive",
"trusts",
"are",
"removed",
"from",
"the",
"operation",
"of",
"this",
"section",
"by",
"section",
"53",
"("
] | 378,333 |
in other sorts of cases is inconclusive. = = classification = = whether secret trusts are express or constructive trusts is unclear. snell's equity includes them in its section on express trusts, as does underhill and hayton, although both opine that they are better classified as constructive. 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) of the law of property act 1925 requires that " a declaration of trust respecting any land or any interest therein must be manifested and proved by some writing signed by some person who is able to declare such trust or by his will ". constructive trusts are removed from the operation of this section by section 53 (
| 233 |
[
"the",
"trustee",
"cannot",
"benefit",
"personally",
"and",
"his",
"possibility",
"for",
"fraud",
"(",
"under",
"any",
"meaning",
")",
"seems",
"small",
".",
"indeed",
",",
"it",
"appears",
"to",
"create",
"an",
"alternative",
"route",
":",
"the",
"trustee",
"may",
"bring",
"false",
"oral",
"testimony",
"in",
"favour",
"of",
"a",
"third",
"party",
"who",
"was",
"not",
"the",
"intended",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
",",
"a",
"party",
"that",
"cannot",
"benefit",
"if",
"the",
"law",
"did",
"not",
"uphold",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trusts",
".",
"secondly",
",",
"a",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
"ought",
"to",
"fail",
"for",
"uncertainty",
",",
"being",
"a",
"trust",
"with",
"no",
"terms",
",",
"with",
"a",
"resulting",
"trust",
"to",
"the",
"res",
"##id",
"##uary",
"leg",
"##ate",
"##e",
".",
"those",
"in",
"favour",
"of",
"its",
"enforcement",
"must",
"therefore",
"di",
"##sp",
"##lace",
"this",
"resulting",
"trust",
",",
"and",
"the",
"\"",
"fraud",
"\"",
"theory",
"seems",
"insufficient",
"to"
] | 378,327 |
the trustee cannot benefit personally and his possibility for fraud ( under any meaning ) seems small. indeed, it appears to create an alternative route : the trustee may bring false oral testimony in favour of a third party who was not the intended beneficiary, a party that cannot benefit if the law did not uphold half @ - @ secret trusts. secondly, a half @ - @ secret trust ought to fail for uncertainty, being a trust with no terms, with a resulting trust to the residuary legatee. those in favour of its enforcement must therefore displace this resulting trust, and the " fraud " theory seems insufficient to
| 233 |
[
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"under",
"that",
"trust",
"the",
"'",
"secondary",
"done",
"##e",
"'",
".",
"the",
"essential",
"elements",
"which",
"must",
"be",
"proved",
"to",
"exist",
"are",
":",
"(",
"i",
")",
"the",
"intention",
"of",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
"to",
"subject",
"the",
"primary",
"done",
"##e",
"to",
"an",
"obligation",
"in",
"favour",
"of",
"the",
"secondary",
"done",
"##e",
";",
"(",
"ii",
")",
"communication",
"of",
"that",
"intention",
"to",
"the",
"primary",
"done",
"##e",
";",
"and",
"(",
"iii",
")",
"the",
"acceptance",
"of",
"that",
"obligation",
"by",
"the",
"primary",
"done",
"##e",
"either",
"express",
"##ly",
"or",
"by",
"ac",
"##qui",
"##escence",
".",
"it",
"is",
"im",
"##mate",
"##rial",
"whether",
"these",
"elements",
"pre",
"##cede",
"or",
"succeed",
"the",
"will",
"of",
"the",
"donor",
".",
"for",
"a",
"fully",
"secret",
"trust",
"to",
"be",
"valid",
",",
"therefore",
",",
"it",
"must",
"be",
"proved",
"that",
"there",
"was",
"intention",
",",
"that",
"this",
"was",
"communicated"
] | 378,337 |
##eficiary under that trust the'secondary donee '. the essential elements which must be proved to exist are : ( i ) the intention of the testator to subject the primary donee to an obligation in favour of the secondary donee ; ( ii ) communication of that intention to the primary donee ; and ( iii ) the acceptance of that obligation by the primary donee either expressly or by acquiescence. it is immaterial whether these elements precede or succeed the will of the donor. for a fully secret trust to be valid, therefore, it must be proved that there was intention, that this was communicated
| 233 |
[
"valid",
"document",
",",
"and",
"the",
"gift",
"made",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"it",
"can",
"create",
"a",
"charitable",
"trust",
".",
"if",
"the",
"gift",
"is",
"of",
"land",
"and",
"made",
"during",
"the",
"donor",
"'",
"s",
"lifetime",
",",
"it",
"must",
"comply",
"with",
"section",
"53",
"(",
"1",
")",
"(",
"b",
")",
"of",
"the",
"law",
"of",
"property",
"act",
"1925",
",",
"which",
"requires",
"that",
"the",
"agreement",
"be",
"a",
"written",
"document",
"signed",
"by",
"the",
"person",
"giving",
"it",
".",
"if",
"the",
"gift",
"is",
"of",
"personal",
"property",
"and",
"made",
"inter",
"vivo",
"##s",
",",
"there",
"are",
"no",
"formal",
"requirements",
";",
"it",
"is",
"enough",
"that",
"an",
"oral",
"declaration",
"is",
"made",
"creating",
"the",
"trust",
".",
"once",
"constituted",
"properly",
",",
"a",
"charitable",
"trust",
",",
"like",
"all",
"express",
"trusts",
",",
"cannot",
"be",
"undone",
"unless",
"there",
"is",
"something",
"allowing",
"that",
"within",
"the",
"trust",
"instrument",
".",
"="
] | 346,765 |
valid document, and the gift made as part of it can create a charitable trust. if the gift is of land and made during the donor's lifetime, it must comply with section 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) of the law of property act 1925, which requires that the agreement be a written document signed by the person giving it. if the gift is of personal property and made inter vivos, there are no formal requirements ; it is enough that an oral declaration is made creating the trust. once constituted properly, a charitable trust, like all express trusts, cannot be undone unless there is something allowing that within the trust instrument. =
| 233 |
[
"—",
"a",
"slump",
"of",
"35",
"%",
"over",
"32",
"years",
".",
"a",
"supporters",
"'",
"trust",
",",
"trust",
"in",
"luton",
",",
"owns",
"shares",
"in",
"the",
"club",
"and",
"elects",
"a",
"representative",
"to",
"the",
"club",
"'",
"s",
"board",
".",
"the",
"club",
"'",
"s",
"official",
"supporters",
"'",
"group",
",",
"luton",
"town",
"supporters",
"'",
"club",
",",
"merged",
"with",
"trust",
"in",
"luton",
"in",
"2014",
".",
"the",
"club",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"another",
"supporters",
"'",
"group",
",",
"the",
"breakaway",
"loyal",
"luton",
"supporters",
"club",
".",
"trust",
"in",
"luton",
"has",
",",
"since",
"march",
"2014",
",",
"held",
"the",
"legal",
"right",
"to",
"veto",
"any",
"changes",
"to",
"the",
"club",
"'",
"s",
"identity",
",",
"including",
"name",
",",
"nickname",
",",
"colours",
",",
"club",
"crest",
"and",
"mascot",
".",
"luton",
"town",
"supporters",
"maintain",
"a",
"bitter",
"rivalry",
"with",
"hertfordshire",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"watford",
".",
"watford",
"have"
] | 808,952 |
— a slump of 35 % over 32 years. a supporters'trust, trust in luton, owns shares in the club and elects a representative to the club's board. the club's official supporters'group, luton town supporters'club, merged with trust in luton in 2014. the club is associated with another supporters'group, the breakaway loyal luton supporters club. trust in luton has, since march 2014, held the legal right to veto any changes to the club's identity, including name, nickname, colours, club crest and mascot. luton town supporters maintain a bitter rivalry with hertfordshire @ - @ based watford. watford have
| 233 |
[
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trusts",
"are",
"not",
",",
"because",
"their",
"mention",
"in",
"wills",
"makes",
"fraud",
"unlikely",
";",
"they",
"are",
"instead",
"express",
"trusts",
".",
"the",
"house",
"of",
"lords",
"in",
"blackwell",
"v",
"blackwell",
",",
"however",
",",
"considered",
"the",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
"to",
"have",
"the",
"same",
"basis",
"as",
"the",
"fully",
"secret",
"trust",
".",
"=",
"=",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
"=",
"=",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
"are",
"awkward",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"evidence",
"pertaining",
"to",
"their",
"existence",
"and",
"terms",
".",
"in",
"ottawa",
"##y",
"v",
"norman",
",",
"bright",
"##man",
"j",
"set",
"out",
"the",
"test",
"for",
"proving",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"a",
"fully",
"secret",
"trust",
".",
"this",
"is",
":",
"it",
"will",
"be",
"convenient",
"to",
"call",
"the",
"person",
"on",
"whom",
"such",
"a",
"trust",
"is",
"imposed",
"the",
"'",
"primary",
"done",
"##e",
"'",
",",
"and",
"the",
"ben"
] | 378,336 |
- @ secret trusts are not, because their mention in wills makes fraud unlikely ; they are instead express trusts. the house of lords in blackwell v blackwell, however, considered the half @ - @ secret trust to have the same basis as the fully secret trust. = = fully secret trusts = = fully secret trusts are awkward because of the lack of evidence pertaining to their existence and terms. in ottaway v norman, brightman j set out the test for proving the existence of a fully secret trust. this is : it will be convenient to call the person on whom such a trust is imposed the'primary donee ', and the ben
| 233 |
[
"chat",
"##tel",
"##s",
"passes",
".",
"we",
"are",
"concerned",
"with",
"a",
"declaration",
"of",
"trust",
"\"",
".",
"he",
"instead",
"concluded",
"that",
"as",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"tangible",
"distinction",
"between",
"the",
"shares",
",",
"and",
"as",
"such",
"no",
"reason",
"to",
"hold",
"the",
"trust",
"void",
"just",
"because",
"the",
"shares",
"had",
"not",
"been",
"segregated",
".",
"as",
"such",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"was",
"valid",
".",
"=",
"=",
"significance",
"=",
"=",
"hunter",
"is",
"commonly",
"cited",
"as",
"having",
"said",
"that",
"with",
"int",
"##ang",
"##ible",
",",
"identical",
"property",
",",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"necessary",
"to",
"se",
"##gre",
"##gate",
"the",
"trust",
"and",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"trust",
"sections",
".",
"in",
"fact",
"dillon",
"l",
"##j",
"never",
"said",
"such",
"a",
"thing",
",",
"although",
"\"",
"it",
"is",
"the",
"obvious",
"conclusion",
"to",
"draw",
"[",
"from",
"his",
"statement",
"]",
"\"",
".",
"he",
"merely",
"distinguished",
"re",
"london",
"wine"
] | 700,456 |
chattels passes. we are concerned with a declaration of trust ". he instead concluded that as there was no tangible distinction between the shares, and as such no reason to hold the trust void just because the shares had not been segregated. as such, the trust was valid. = = significance = = hunter is commonly cited as having said that with intangible, identical property, it is not necessary to segregate the trust and non @ - @ trust sections. in fact dillon lj never said such a thing, although " it is the obvious conclusion to draw [ from his statement ] ". he merely distinguished re london wine
| 233 |
[
"its",
"very",
"nature",
",",
"does",
"not",
"require",
"segregation",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"certainty",
"of",
"objects",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"requirement",
"that",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"of",
"a",
"trust",
",",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"objects",
",",
"be",
"certain",
".",
"within",
"express",
"trusts",
"this",
"is",
"a",
"particularly",
"complex",
"area",
",",
"because",
"the",
"test",
"used",
"to",
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"varies",
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"fixed",
"trusts",
",",
"mere",
"powers",
"and",
"discretion",
"##ary",
"trusts",
".",
"fixed",
"trusts",
"are",
"trusts",
"for",
"a",
"specific",
",",
"named",
"list",
"of",
"individuals",
",",
"with",
"ala",
"##sta",
"##ir",
"hudson",
"giving",
"the",
"example",
"of",
"\"",
"£",
"10",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"to",
"be",
"held",
"upon",
"trust",
"equally",
"for",
"the",
"complete",
"team",
"of",
"11",
"sunderland",
"football",
"club",
"players",
"who",
"started",
"the",
"1992",
"cup",
"final",
"at",
"wembley",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"test",
"for",
"fixed"
] | 681,101 |
its very nature, does not require segregation. = = = certainty of objects = = = there is a requirement that the beneficiaries of a trust, known as the objects, be certain. within express trusts this is a particularly complex area, because the test used to determine certainty varies between fixed trusts, mere powers and discretionary trusts. fixed trusts are trusts for a specific, named list of individuals, with alastair hudson giving the example of " £ 10 @, @ 000 to be held upon trust equally for the complete team of 11 sunderland football club players who started the 1992 cup final at wembley ". the test for fixed
| 233 |
[
"##ries",
",",
"not",
"on",
"the",
"trustees",
"to",
"prove",
"the",
"trust",
"was",
"valid",
".",
"mega",
"##w",
"l",
"##j",
",",
"however",
",",
"took",
"the",
"approach",
"that",
"a",
"trust",
"could",
"be",
"valid",
",",
"even",
"with",
"uncertain",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
",",
"if",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"\"",
"core",
"number",
"\"",
"of",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"who",
"were",
"certain",
".",
"=",
"=",
"uncertainty",
"=",
"=",
"where",
"there",
"is",
"not",
"sufficient",
"clarity",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"may",
"be",
"held",
"void",
"as",
"uncertain",
".",
"the",
"applicable",
"forms",
"of",
"uncertainty",
"have",
"been",
"cat",
"##ego",
"##rise",
"##d",
"as",
":",
"conceptual",
"uncertainty",
".",
"evident",
"##ial",
"uncertainty",
".",
"as",
"##cer",
"##tain",
"##ability",
".",
"administrative",
"un",
"##work",
"##ability",
".",
"conceptual",
"uncertainty",
"is",
"the",
"\"",
"most",
"fundamental",
"in",
"the",
"validity",
"of",
"a",
"trust",
"or",
"power",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"is",
"where",
"the",
"language"
] | 681,106 |
##ries, not on the trustees to prove the trust was valid. megaw lj, however, took the approach that a trust could be valid, even with uncertain beneficiaries, if there was a " core number " of beneficiaries who were certain. = = uncertainty = = where there is not sufficient clarity, the trust may be held void as uncertain. the applicable forms of uncertainty have been categorised as : conceptual uncertainty. evidential uncertainty. ascertainability. administrative unworkability. conceptual uncertainty is the " most fundamental in the validity of a trust or power ", and is where the language
| 233 |
[
"the",
"cd",
"spans",
"ten",
"minutes",
",",
"though",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"duration",
"is",
"silent",
"due",
"to",
"each",
"\"",
"u",
"##gu",
"\"",
"lasting",
"less",
"than",
"two",
"seconds",
"on",
"each",
"track",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"about",
"one",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"third",
"of",
"the",
"cd",
"as",
"rendered",
"blank",
".",
"=",
"variation",
"of",
"trusts",
"act",
"1958",
"=",
"the",
"variation",
"of",
"trusts",
"act",
"1958",
"(",
"c",
"62",
")",
"is",
"an",
"act",
"of",
"the",
"parliament",
"of",
"the",
"united",
"kingdom",
"that",
"govern",
"##s",
"the",
"courts",
"'",
"ability",
"to",
"vary",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"trust",
"documents",
".",
"prior",
"to",
"the",
"1950s",
",",
"the",
"courts",
"were",
"willing",
"to",
"approve",
"\"",
"compromise",
"\"",
"agreements",
"as",
"to",
"what",
"terms",
"meant",
",",
"not",
"only",
"when",
"they",
"were",
"disputed",
"but",
"also",
"for",
"the",
"benefit",
"of",
"certain",
"parties",
",",
"such",
"as",
"minors",
".",
"in",
"1954"
] | 59,935 |
the cd spans ten minutes, though most of the duration is silent due to each " ugu " lasting less than two seconds on each track, resulting in about one @ - @ third of the cd as rendered blank. = variation of trusts act 1958 = the variation of trusts act 1958 ( c 62 ) is an act of the parliament of the united kingdom that governs the courts'ability to vary the terms of trust documents. prior to the 1950s, the courts were willing to approve " compromise " agreements as to what terms meant, not only when they were disputed but also for the benefit of certain parties, such as minors. in 1954
| 233 |
[
"trusts",
"is",
"that",
"the",
"trustees",
"must",
"be",
"able",
"to",
"give",
"a",
"complete",
"list",
"of",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
",",
"as",
"laid",
"down",
"in",
"ir",
"##c",
"v",
"broadway",
"cottages",
".",
"if",
"there",
"are",
"any",
"potential",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"who",
"the",
"trustees",
"are",
"not",
"certain",
"of",
",",
"or",
"the",
"trustees",
"cannot",
"com",
"##pile",
"a",
"complete",
"list",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"is",
"void",
"for",
"uncertainty",
".",
"a",
"more",
"complex",
"test",
"is",
"found",
"with",
"mere",
"powers",
".",
"these",
"are",
"where",
"a",
"person",
"is",
"granted",
"the",
"power",
"(",
"the",
"ability",
")",
"to",
"exercise",
"a",
"trust",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"like",
"power",
",",
"but",
"without",
"any",
"obligation",
"to",
"do",
"so",
",",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"trustee",
"may",
"give",
"£",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"to",
"x",
"\"",
",",
"or",
"\"",
"the",
"trustee",
"can",
","
] | 681,102 |
trusts is that the trustees must be able to give a complete list of the beneficiaries, as laid down in irc v broadway cottages. if there are any potential beneficiaries who the trustees are not certain of, or the trustees cannot compile a complete list, the trust is void for uncertainty. a more complex test is found with mere powers. these are where a person is granted the power ( the ability ) to exercise a trust @ - @ like power, but without any obligation to do so, such as " the trustee may give £ 1 @, @ 000 to x ", or " the trustee can,
| 233 |
[
".",
"if",
"the",
"trust",
"instrument",
"was",
"created",
"prior",
"to",
"3",
"august",
"1961",
",",
"however",
",",
"its",
"provisions",
"regarding",
"investments",
"are",
"treated",
"as",
"void",
".",
"the",
"new",
"provisions",
"apply",
"retrospective",
"##ly",
",",
"i",
".",
"e",
".",
"to",
"trusts",
"created",
"before",
"the",
"passage",
"of",
"the",
"act",
".",
"they",
"do",
"not",
",",
"however",
",",
"apply",
"to",
"trusts",
"governed",
"by",
"the",
"charities",
"act",
"1993",
",",
"authorised",
"unit",
"trusts",
"or",
"occupational",
"pension",
"schemes",
".",
"section",
"4",
"of",
"the",
"act",
"requires",
"trustees",
"to",
"look",
"at",
"the",
"\"",
"standard",
"investment",
"criteria",
"\"",
"when",
"investing",
".",
"these",
"criteria",
"are",
"defined",
"in",
"section",
"4",
"(",
"3",
")",
"as",
"the",
"need",
"to",
"check",
"the",
"suit",
"##ability",
"of",
"investments",
"for",
"the",
"trust",
",",
"and",
"the",
"importance",
"of",
"divers",
"##ification",
".",
"section",
"4",
"(",
"2",
")",
"requires",
"that",
",",
"having"
] | 855,850 |
. if the trust instrument was created prior to 3 august 1961, however, its provisions regarding investments are treated as void. the new provisions apply retrospectively, i. e. to trusts created before the passage of the act. they don't, however, apply to trusts governed by the charities act 1993, authorised unit trusts or occupational pension schemes. section 4 of the act requires trustees to look at the " standard investment criteria " when investing. these criteria are defined in section 4 ( 3 ) as the need to check the suitability of investments for the trust, and the importance of diversification. section 4 ( 2 ) requires that, having
| 233 |
[
"heart",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"fraud",
"\"",
",",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"clear",
"why",
"courts",
"have",
"considered",
"the",
"appropriate",
"remedy",
"to",
"recognise",
"a",
"trust",
"on",
"behalf",
"of",
"others",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"a",
"resulting",
"trust",
"in",
"favour",
"of",
"the",
"estate",
"(",
"the",
"res",
"##id",
"##uary",
"leg",
"##ate",
"##e",
")",
".",
"to",
"this",
"it",
"has",
"been",
"argued",
"that",
",",
"since",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
"is",
"dead",
",",
"a",
"resulting",
"trust",
"is",
"often",
"fatal",
"to",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"'",
"s",
"claims",
"since",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
"is",
"not",
"in",
"a",
"position",
"to",
"attempt",
"again",
".",
"having",
"admitted",
"external",
"evidence",
"to",
"establish",
"the",
"trust",
"exists",
",",
"any",
"claim",
"that",
"the",
"formal",
"##ity",
"requirement",
"is",
"further",
"weakened",
"by",
"enforcing",
"the",
"trust",
"is",
"not",
"strong",
".",
"a",
"resulting",
"trust",
"would",
"be",
"a",
"result",
"not",
"party",
"intended"
] | 378,325 |
heart of the " fraud ", it is not clear why courts have considered the appropriate remedy to recognise a trust on behalf of others, rather than a resulting trust in favour of the estate ( the residuary legatee ). to this it has been argued that, since the testator is dead, a resulting trust is often fatal to the beneficiary's claims since the testator is not in a position to attempt again. having admitted external evidence to establish the trust exists, any claim that the formality requirement is further weakened by enforcing the trust is not strong. a resulting trust would be a result not party intended
| 233 |
[
"chance",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"holt",
"'",
"s",
"settlement",
";",
"on",
"other",
"occasions",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"cohen",
"'",
"s",
"settlement",
"trusts",
"[",
"1965",
"]",
"3",
"all",
"er",
"139",
",",
"they",
"have",
"found",
"that",
"if",
"the",
"claim",
"##ant",
",",
"a",
"member",
"of",
"a",
"class",
"of",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
",",
"applies",
"and",
"cannot",
"benefit",
"(",
"although",
"other",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"class",
"can",
")",
",",
"the",
"court",
"is",
"obliged",
"to",
"refuse",
"the",
"request",
".",
"it",
"is",
"de",
"##bat",
"##able",
"as",
"to",
"whether",
"the",
"intentions",
"of",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
"should",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
";",
"in",
"re",
"ste",
"##ed",
"'",
"s",
"will",
"trusts",
"[",
"1960",
"]",
"1",
"all",
"er",
"the",
"courts",
"refused",
"to",
"alter",
"a",
"trust",
"document",
",",
"partially",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"test",
"##ator",
"'",
"s",
"wishes",
";",
"in",
"re"
] | 59,944 |
chance, as in re holt's settlement ; on other occasions, as in re cohen's settlement trusts [ 1965 ] 3 all er 139, they have found that if the claimant, a member of a class of beneficiaries, applies and cannot benefit ( although other members of the class can ), the court is obliged to refuse the request. it is debatable as to whether the intentions of the testator should be taken into account ; in re steed's will trusts [ 1960 ] 1 all er the courts refused to alter a trust document, partially due to the testator's wishes ; in re
| 233 |
[
"trust",
";",
"in",
"2010",
",",
"the",
"trust",
"raised",
"£",
"12",
"@",
",",
"@",
"500",
"for",
"the",
"club",
"to",
"sign",
"andy",
"robinson",
"on",
"loan",
".",
"in",
"2011",
",",
"they",
"raised",
"£",
"200",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"and",
"plan",
"to",
"purchase",
"a",
"controlling",
"interest",
"in",
"tran",
"##mere",
".",
"ts",
"##b",
"(",
"tran",
"##mere",
"stanley",
"boys",
")",
"is",
"the",
"ho",
"##oli",
"##gan",
"firm",
"associated",
"with",
"the",
"club",
".",
"the",
"club",
"has",
"been",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"an",
"independent",
"supporters",
"'",
"fan",
"##zine",
"give",
"us",
"an",
"r",
"since",
"the",
"1990s",
".",
"despite",
"being",
"geographically",
"closest",
"to",
"everton",
"and",
"liverpool",
",",
"tran",
"##mere",
"'",
"s",
"time",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"leagues",
"has",
"meant",
"that",
"they",
"have",
"formed",
"rival",
"##ries",
"with",
"other",
"clubs",
"against",
"whom",
"they",
"regularly",
"compete",
".",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"football",
"fans",
"census",
"of"
] | 202,774 |
trust ; in 2010, the trust raised £ 12 @, @ 500 for the club to sign andy robinson on loan. in 2011, they raised £ 200 @, @ 000 and plan to purchase a controlling interest in tranmere. tsb ( tranmere stanley boys ) is the hooligan firm associated with the club. the club has been the subject of an independent supporters'fanzine give us an r since the 1990s. despite being geographically closest to everton and liverpool, tranmere's time in the lower leagues has meant that they have formed rivalries with other clubs against whom they regularly compete. according to the football fans census of
| 233 |
[
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ries",
"from",
"the",
"public",
",",
"as",
"in",
"re",
"grove",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"grady",
",",
"where",
"the",
"trust",
"sought",
"to",
"provide",
"\"",
"a",
"refuge",
"[",
"for",
"animals",
"]",
".",
".",
".",
"so",
"that",
"they",
"shall",
"be",
"safe",
"from",
"mole",
"##station",
"and",
"destruction",
"by",
"man",
"\"",
".",
"charities",
"for",
"the",
"purpose",
"of",
"creating",
"animal",
"san",
"##ct",
"##uaries",
"usually",
"pass",
"the",
"public",
"benefit",
"test",
"despite",
"this",
",",
"because",
"they",
"do",
"not",
"completely",
"exclude",
"the",
"public",
"and",
"often",
"have",
"educational",
"value",
".",
"the",
"third",
"sub",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"category",
"covers",
"charitable",
"trusts",
"for",
"the",
"benefit",
"of",
"localities",
".",
"a",
"trust",
"for",
"the",
"benefit",
"of",
"a",
"locality",
"has",
"long",
"been",
"held",
"only",
"to",
"apply",
"to",
"that",
"area",
";",
"if",
"its",
"purpose",
"within",
"that",
"area",
"is",
"charitable",
",",
"it",
"is",
"valid"
] | 346,785 |
beneficiaries from the public, as in re grove @ - @ grady, where the trust sought to provide " a refuge [ for animals ]... so that they shall be safe from molestation and destruction by man ". charities for the purpose of creating animal sanctuaries usually pass the public benefit test despite this, because they don't completely exclude the public and often have educational value. the third sub @ - @ category covers charitable trusts for the benefit of localities. a trust for the benefit of a locality has long been held only to apply to that area ; if its purpose within that area is charitable, it is valid
| 233 |
[
"will",
"holds",
"as",
"trustee",
"only",
"is",
"declared",
"on",
"the",
"face",
"of",
"the",
"will",
",",
"but",
"not",
"the",
"other",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"trust",
".",
"this",
"must",
"go",
"further",
"than",
"the",
"mere",
"\"",
"hope",
"\"",
"that",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"(",
"again",
"i",
"believe",
"this",
"should",
"read",
"\"",
"trustee",
"\"",
"-",
"the",
"ben",
"##ef",
"##icia",
"##ry",
"is",
"the",
"passive",
"party",
"to",
"a",
"trust",
")",
"of",
"the",
"will",
"will",
"act",
"in",
"accordance",
"with",
"its",
"terms",
".",
"the",
"requirements",
"for",
"a",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"secret",
"trust",
"to",
"be",
"valid",
"are",
"similar",
"to",
"those",
"for",
"fully",
"secret",
"trusts",
",",
"and",
"were",
"laid",
"out",
"in",
"blackwell",
"v",
"blackwell",
",",
"where",
"a",
"test",
"##ator",
"gave",
"five",
"trustees",
"pieces",
"of",
"property",
",",
"ins",
"##tructing",
"them",
"(",
"in",
"the",
"will",
")",
"to",
"hold",
"on",
"to"
] | 378,341 |
will holds as trustee only is declared on the face of the will, but not the other terms of the trust. this must go further than the mere " hope " that the beneficiary ( again i believe this should read " trustee " - the beneficiary is the passive party to a trust ) of the will will act in accordance with its terms. the requirements for a half @ - @ secret trust to be valid are similar to those for fully secret trusts, and were laid out in blackwell v blackwell, where a testator gave five trustees pieces of property, instructing them ( in the will ) to hold on to
| 233 |
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