<p>The previous +1 answer gives the correct economic mechanism but let me give you some case specific answer here.</p>
<p>First of all there actually already is another drug that targets the same disease called Spinraza (see <a href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/explainer_how-can-a-drug-cost--2.1-million-/44996728" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>) with cost of \$750,000 for the first year and then \$350,000 per year after that, so about \$4 million a decade.  Assuming people with this deasease can live up to 70 years (which would cost patient \$28 million over life time) <strong>that means the Zolgensma drug is already <span class="math-container">$92.5\%$</span> cheaper than their competitors</strong> over patients lifetime (although the figure is less impressive if this person dies earlier - but even at 10 years it is already almost half the price of the other treatment). Sure this does not answer question why it could not be even more cheaper - but it already puts the high price tag in some perspective.</p>
<p>Given that these more expensive therapy exists I assume that the market for it wont be 0. Even if the cost is high it can be manageable with insurance that spreads the high cost over large number of people. I doubt most patients will pay the price out of the pocket.</p>
<p>Second, the article you cited says that this drug was developed for a rare disease that affects only about 1 in 10000 people, so it is not like this drug can be sold by thousands.</p>
<p>Let us just do some back of an envelope calculation. These gene therapy treatment is particular valuable and applicable to those diagnosed in early childhood. According to the Our World In data the population increase in 2019 was about 80 million. Now many of these people will live in countries without sufficient infrastructure/supply chains etc to administer any treatment. Especially in sub-Saharan Africa there are issues even with giving people cheap deworming pills due to conflicts/anarchy, people living in rural areas without clinics, lack of education etc. so no matter what is the price it won't be accessible to about <span class="math-container">$33\%$</span> of world population. That gives us about 50 million.  Since the disease will affect about 1 out of 10000 people that means yearly the market for the drug is about 5000 people.</p>
<p>Next, we actually know exactly in this case how much the medicine costs because it was not developed by the company but acquired from another company <a href="https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/zolgensma-expensive-3552644/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">reportedly</a> for $8.7 billion from US firm AveXis. Furthermore, <a href="https://www.aplususapharma.com/blog/7-drugs-that-will-lose-protection-from-patents-in-2020/#:%7E:text=A%20drug%20patent%20term%20is,company%20applies%20for%20a%20patent.&amp;text=It%20can%20take%20several%20years,a%20drug%20reaches%20the%20market." rel="nofollow noreferrer">patents for drugs last 20 years</a> from the day they are patented and since the FDA approval process takes some time and there is always a threat of a new competitor coming up in with a new drug it is not reasonable to say company will have all 20 years to recoup costs. Let's for a sake of argument say that it will have 10 years. Furthermore, these are just development costs. As far as I understand gene therapy is not as easy to manufacture as regular pill (but I am not medical professional), plus there are all other associated with running the business but let us forget about those for a second.</p>
<p>Well that gives us the total market for this drug over 10 years to be about 50000. Now we need to spread all the 8.7 billion over 50000 people. Hence to break even (just on development costs and nothing else) the drug would have to be priced at \$174000. Again this is just development cost so I would guess that at your proposed \$200000 the company would still not break even.</p>
<p>In addition any company needs also some healthy profit because R&amp;D is risky business any wins have to pay for all failures to successfully develop drug. Even in cases like here where R&amp;D was done by different firm there is still an issue that you never know when the new competitor arrives. If we would change the above assumption that the company will enjoy monopoly for 10 years to just 1 year because maybe better treatment will come next year suddenly <em>just to break even on development</em> the treatment would have to cost \$1740000 which is much closer to current price.</p>
<p>In fact according to  <a href="https://icer.org/news-insights/press-releases/sma_evidence_report/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Institute for Clinical and Economic Review</a>, that took into account wide range of factors the new gene therapy would be justifiable at cost \$1.1 million to \$1.9 million per treatment. Now this is still lower than the \$2.1 million per treatment but less so.</p>
<p>Now this answer is actually complementary to the answer of Bayesian above since undoubtedly thanks to their monopoly on the drug the company charges more than it would if there would be more competition and this mechanism is correctly described by Bayesian, but the point is that even without this issue assuming that price would have to cover the development cost etc it would still have to be priced around million.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-22T17:17:01.110Z
2020-12-22T17:33:43.687Z
2020-12-22T17:33:43.687Z
1muflon1
<p>In general, a monopolist prices such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The revenue is price times quantity. You can increase this revenue by increasing quantity and by increasing price, but you should know that each has an adverse effect on the other. Under monopoly typically less quantity is provided compared to other market forms in order to keep the price up. While this introduces an inefficiency, it is needed to have high profits which might be necessary to cover the R&amp;D costs.</p>
<p>In your example it must be the case that at least some people are expected to pay this high price. Otherwise, it would indeed be suboptimal. When you cannot (or are not allowed to) price-discriminate between different types of consumers, it can turn out to be optimal to exclude consumers with low willingness-(or ability)-to-pay and only serve consumers with a high willingness-to-pay. (wto)</p>
<p>Take a very simple example with complete information and marginal cost of zero.
There is one consumer with wtp \$ 2 million  and 1 million consumers with wtp \$1.
You can serve all consumers at price \$1 to gain revenue (=profit here) of \$1.000.001 or you can set the price at $2.000.000 and only serve the rich guy leading to a profit of \$2.000.000. While this is quite ugly, now suppose that the development of the drug costs \$1.500.000 and without this ugly monopoly pricing not even the rich guy would be able to get the drug.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-22T16:35:33.520Z
While I agree with this logic I have a feeling that in case of drugs it has to be a bit different in a sense that you need to have specific disease to be willing to pay for it, unlike with other goods where you have more people willing to pay for e.g. car cause they just want it. Nobody buys drugs for fun. So isn't in this case pharmaceutical company just "hopes" that there will be somebody rich AND sick? Don't they worry that for the whole year absolutely nobody will be both able to pay and also in need for the drug? Seems too optimistic of them, unless by their stats its not that uncommon.
ScienceSamovar
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-22T17:41:47.960Z
The wtp for drugs is usually very, very high, whole families mortgage their houses to pay for treatment of a loved one. Depending on your tarif an insurance may cover a large fraction of the cost. Pharma companies constantly track the demand by checking health stats.
Bayesian
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-22T16:11:23.427Z
2020-12-22T16:11:23.427Z
Bayesian
<p>I've recently learned about Zolgensma drug that is currently priced at \$2.1 million (read more <a href="https://fortune.com/2020/02/07/zolgensma-high-drug-prices/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>)</p>
<p>Since the biggest factor in price is probably R&amp;D costs I wonder why won't they decrease the price in order to sell more of it in a given year and hence get more revenue and pay back R&amp;D costs faster.</p>
<p>With current price of $2.1 million the potential customers are incredibly limited:</p>
<ul>
<li>Millionaires, but the chance that some of them might need this specific drug is so low that this category probably can be dismissed.</li>
<li>Governments. Some countries may pay for expensive drugs, but I suppose there is always a limit of how much they can spend on this kind of things, so it's a bit risky for the pharmaceutical company to hope they will be stable primary customers.</li>
<li>Charity organizations. While it might be possible for charity to raise this amount of money I wouldn't expect that it is certain that every charity campaign aiming to raise \$2 millions will be successful. There is one campaign right now in Russia that aims to buy this drug, but they barely even got 40% of the price despite being quite visible in the media.</li>
</ul>
<p>So it seems that with this kind of price tag there is absolutely no guarantee that even 1 package of this drug will be purchased in a given year, so the risk of returning \$0 revenue in the end of the year is highly probable. I might be wrong because I don't have enough understanding of economics of this kind of drugs, but at least from layman perspective it sure looks risky.</p>
<p>Then why won't they decrease the price substantially, for example make it only \$200000? This would be much more manageable amount of money for governments, individuals and charities. Of course you'd need to sell 10 packages of the drug to get the same amount of money as with current price, but at least the risk of turning \$0 by the end of the year seems much lower.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-22T14:12:26.720Z
I'm not sure this is on-topic, as there were apparently no drug pricing questions here before.
fantastic peace and prosperity
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-22T14:27:11.593Z
I’m voting to close this question because it is an economic question not a medical science question. Answers will relate more closely to other questions of pricing (why sell X for $ABC rather than $123?)
Bryan Krause
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-22T18:11:33.270Z
This probably *is* the price where they expect to make the most money. If they could get more money by lowering the price, they would.
Criticize SE actions means ban
<industrial-organisation><pricing><innovation><health-economics>
Drug pricing, amount of sales and R&D costs
ScienceSamovar
# Drug pricing, amount of sales and R&D costs

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-12-22)

I've recently learned about Zolgensma drug that is currently priced at \$2.1 million (read more [here](https://fortune.com/2020/02/07/zolgensma-high-drug-prices/))

Since the biggest factor in price is probably R&D costs I wonder why won't they decrease the price in order to sell more of it in a given year and hence get more revenue and pay back R&D costs faster.

With current price of $2.1 million the potential customers are incredibly limited:

* Millionaires, but the chance that some of them might need this specific drug is so low that this category probably can be dismissed.
* Governments. Some countries may pay for expensive drugs, but I suppose there is always a limit of how much they can spend on this kind of things, so it's a bit risky for the pharmaceutical company to hope they will be stable primary customers.
* Charity organizations. While it might be possible for charity to raise this amount of money I wouldn't expect that it is certain that every charity campaign aiming to raise \$2 millions will be successful. There is one campaign right now in Russia that aims to buy this drug, but they barely even got 40% of the price despite being quite visible in the media.

So it seems that with this kind of price tag there is absolutely no guarantee that even 1 package of this drug will be purchased in a given year, so the risk of returning \$0 revenue in the end of the year is highly probable. I might be wrong because I don't have enough understanding of economics of this kind of drugs, but at least from layman perspective it sure looks risky.

Then why won't they decrease the price substantially, for example make it only \$200000? This would be much more manageable amount of money for governments, individuals and charities. Of course you'd need to sell 10 packages of the drug to get the same amount of money as with current price, but at least the risk of turning \$0 by the end of the year seems much lower.

**Tags:** industrial-organisation, pricing, innovation, health-economics
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I'm not sure this is on-topic, as there were apparently no drug pricing questions here before.  
> **username_2**: I’m voting to close this question because it is an economic question not a medical science question. Answers will relate more closely to other questions of pricing (why sell X for $ABC rather than $123?)  
> **username_3**: This probably *is* the price where they expect to make the most money. If they could get more money by lowering the price, they would.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2020-12-22. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

The previous +1 answer gives the correct economic mechanism but let me give you some case specific answer here.

First of all there actually already is another drug that targets the same disease called Spinraza (see [here](https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/explainer_how-can-a-drug-cost--2.1-million-/44996728)) with cost of \$750,000 for the first year and then \$350,000 per year after that, so about \$4 million a decade. Assuming people with this deasease can live up to 70 years (which would cost patient \$28 million over life time) **that means the Zolgensma drug is already $92.5\%$ cheaper than their competitors** over patients lifetime (although the figure is less impressive if this person dies earlier - but even at 10 years it is already almost half the price of the other treatment). Sure this does not answer question why it could not be even more cheaper - but it already puts the high price tag in some perspective.

Given that these more expensive therapy exists I assume that the market for it wont be 0. Even if the cost is high it can be manageable with insurance that spreads the high cost over large number of people. I doubt most patients will pay the price out of the pocket.

Second, the article you cited says that this drug was developed for a rare disease that affects only about 1 in 10000 people, so it is not like this drug can be sold by thousands.

Let us just do some back of an envelope calculation. These gene therapy treatment is particular valuable and applicable to those diagnosed in early childhood. According to the Our World In data the population increase in 2019 was about 80 million. Now many of these people will live in countries without sufficient infrastructure/supply chains etc to administer any treatment. Especially in sub-Saharan Africa there are issues even with giving people cheap deworming pills due to conflicts/anarchy, people living in rural areas without clinics, lack of education etc. so no matter what is the price it won't be accessible to about $33\%$ of world population. That gives us about 50 million. Since the disease will affect about 1 out of 10000 people that means yearly the market for the drug is about 5000 people.

Next, we actually know exactly in this case how much the medicine costs because it was not developed by the company but acquired from another company [reportedly](https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/zolgensma-expensive-3552644/) for $8.7 billion from US firm AveXis. Furthermore, [patents for drugs last 20 years](https://www.aplususapharma.com/blog/7-drugs-that-will-lose-protection-from-patents-in-2020/#:%7E:text=A%20drug%20patent%20term%20is,company%20applies%20for%20a%20patent.&text=It%20can%20take%20several%20years,a%20drug%20reaches%20the%20market.) from the day they are patented and since the FDA approval process takes some time and there is always a threat of a new competitor coming up in with a new drug it is not reasonable to say company will have all 20 years to recoup costs. Let's for a sake of argument say that it will have 10 years. Furthermore, these are just development costs. As far as I understand gene therapy is not as easy to manufacture as regular pill (but I am not medical professional), plus there are all other associated with running the business but let us forget about those for a second.

Well that gives us the total market for this drug over 10 years to be about 50000. Now we need to spread all the 8.7 billion over 50000 people. Hence to break even (just on development costs and nothing else) the drug would have to be priced at \$174000. Again this is just development cost so I would guess that at your proposed \$200000 the company would still not break even.

In addition any company needs also some healthy profit because R&D is risky business any wins have to pay for all failures to successfully develop drug. Even in cases like here where R&D was done by different firm there is still an issue that you never know when the new competitor arrives. If we would change the above assumption that the company will enjoy monopoly for 10 years to just 1 year because maybe better treatment will come next year suddenly *just to break even on development* the treatment would have to cost \$1740000 which is much closer to current price.

In fact according to [Institute for Clinical and Economic Review](https://icer.org/news-insights/press-releases/sma_evidence_report/), that took into account wide range of factors the new gene therapy would be justifiable at cost \$1.1 million to \$1.9 million per treatment. Now this is still lower than the \$2.1 million per treatment but less so.

Now this answer is actually complementary to the answer of Bayesian above since undoubtedly thanks to their monopoly on the drug the company charges more than it would if there would be more competition and this mechanism is correctly described by Bayesian, but the point is that even without this issue assuming that price would have to cover the development cost etc it would still have to be priced around million.


---

### Answer by username_5 on 2020-12-22. Score: 0

In general, a monopolist prices such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The revenue is price times quantity. You can increase this revenue by increasing quantity and by increasing price, but you should know that each has an adverse effect on the other. Under monopoly typically less quantity is provided compared to other market forms in order to keep the price up. While this introduces an inefficiency, it is needed to have high profits which might be necessary to cover the R&D costs.

In your example it must be the case that at least some people are expected to pay this high price. Otherwise, it would indeed be suboptimal. When you cannot (or are not allowed to) price-discriminate between different types of consumers, it can turn out to be optimal to exclude consumers with low willingness-(or ability)-to-pay and only serve consumers with a high willingness-to-pay. (wto)

Take a very simple example with complete information and marginal cost of zero.
There is one consumer with wtp \$ 2 million and 1 million consumers with wtp \$1.
You can serve all consumers at price \$1 to gain revenue (=profit here) of \$1.000.001 or you can set the price at $2.000.000 and only serve the rich guy leading to a profit of \$2.000.000. While this is quite ugly, now suppose that the development of the drug costs \$1.500.000 and without this ugly monopoly pricing not even the rich guy would be able to get the drug.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: While I agree with this logic I have a feeling that in case of drugs it has to be a bit different in a sense that you need to have specific disease to be willing to pay for it, unlike with other goods where you have more people willing to pay for e.g. car cause they just want it. Nobody buys drugs for fun. So isn't in this case pharmaceutical company just "hopes" that there will be somebody rich AND sick? Don't they worry that for the whole year absolutely nobody will be both able to pay and also in need for the drug? Seems too optimistic of them, unless by their stats its not that uncommon.  
> **username_5**: The wtp for drugs is usually very, very high, whole families mortgage their houses to pay for treatment of a loved one. Depending on your tarif an insurance may cover a large fraction of the cost. Pharma companies constantly track the demand by checking health stats.  

---

