<p>ok i think i have figured out the answer to my question!  the answer is indeed that borrowing locally, ie the private sector borrowing from itself, cannot possibly help in funding the CAD because the private sectors borrowings from itself always net out to ZERO  , ie private sector's indebtedness to itself is ZERO always!  this is because if A borrows from B 100, then A's debt to B is 100, and B's credit to A is 100, ie B's debt to A is -100 , so total of the debt of A and B is 100+-100 = ZERO.  The key here is to think in terms of total net debt of the private sector to itself, rather than think of total gross debts (which in my example are 100 as for total gross debt, you do not net off the credit).
So while the CAD may cause a redistribution of private debt to itself between various sectors of itself, eg between firms and household , poor and rich , or an increase in gross debts within itself,  it has no affect on total private debt to itself.</p>

<p>And in particular , if the CAD is bigger than the budget deficit , then money is leaking out of private sector so private sector is dissaving , so private sectors holdings of foreign assets (assets in gov sector or foreign sector, eg holdings of money , treasuries , and foreign equities, foreign properties, foreign assets) must fall and private sectors debts owed to foreign countries rises, and also, foreigners holdings of your countries assets may increase.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-06-04T19:37:04.317Z
2019-06-04T19:44:27.810Z
2019-06-04T19:44:27.810Z
Randor
<blockquote>
  <p>A current account deficit is when a country imports more goods, services, and capital than it exports. The current account measures trade plus transfers of capital. </p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href="https://www.thebalance.com/current-account-deficit-definition-components-and-causes-3305831" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.thebalance.com/current-account-deficit-definition-components-and-causes-3305831</a></p>

<p>When a country imports goods, it has to pay for them. That means it moves money from the importing goods. When it exports goods, money moves into the country. If imports are more than exports, then the net effect of the imports and exports is for money to go out of the country. There are three basic places this money can be coming from: external debt, printing money (which in a way is debt), or drawing down cash reserves. </p>

<p>Internal borrowing can't account for the deficit, because each dollar of internally borrowing is, by definition, matched with a dollar of internal lending. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-06-02T21:33:35.350Z
a 4th place i believe the money can come from is from foreign investment in local assets , eg foreigners buying property , or shares?    Can you elaborate on your last sentence , i am not sure what you mean, eg are you talking about new issuance of government bonds , or loans from banks?  and what does it matter., Also do u think my reasoning in my OP is correct ?
Randor
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-06-02T20:51:58.610Z
2019-06-02T20:51:58.610Z
Acccumulation
<p>The current account deficit is an effect, not a cause. The cause is cause of a current account deficit is more foreign borrowing than foreign lending -- that imbalance must be accounted for somewhere, and that place is the CAD.  </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-06-02T19:03:06.043Z
man that totally makes no sense!  CAD is defined as exports minus imports, not what you wrote!
Randor
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-06-02T19:00:29.970Z
2019-06-02T19:00:29.970Z
Michael
<p>I think you're referring to slide 19 in that presentation, which seems self-explanatory to me</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Financing a CA deficit:</p>
<p>– Equity investment into the country, E<br />
– Borrowing (accumulation of foreign debt, D)<br />
– Drawing down foreign assets, FA (bank deposits abroad, or reserves of monetary authorities)</p>
<p>To the extent
a CA deficit is not financed by equity
investment or a drawdown of foreign assets, external
debt is increasing.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So there are two ways to avoid accumulating foreign debt outlined in there.</p>
<p>Since that presentation was given in Myanmar (and is mostly about that country), the context is one of developing countries, so printing your their currency to pay for their CA deficit (which is US dollar denominated in that presentation) isn't an option in that context. Of course, if you are the US, that idea might <a href="https://www.theglobalist.com/trump-trade-deficit-china-economy/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">pop</a> in someone's head...</p>
<p>For (someone in) Myanmar to borrow US dollars from an internal Myanmar source in order to pay for [excess] imports, how does that internal source get a hold of US dollars in the first place? It's ultimately [i.e. ignoring more Myanmar intermediaries] through one of the there sources outlined in that slide.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-06-03T05:58:30.160Z
please make no assumption at all about the country with the CAD or the currency of their debt!  that slide was just an example, perhaps i should not have included it.   i dont understand precisely what debt you r talking about
Randor
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-06-02T22:33:33.000Z
2019-06-02T23:05:01.680Z
2020-06-17T09:40:54.643Z
fantastic peace and prosperity
<p>a current account deficit (CAD) means you have money leaking out of your country and going to ROW (rest of world).  i see here (<a href="https://www.imf.org/external/region/tlm/rr/pdf/fpp5.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.imf.org/external/region/tlm/rr/pdf/fpp5.pdf</a>) that it can be 'funded' via a number of ways.  but why is borrowing locally not one of the ways?
i am guessing maybe its something to do with that if you borrow locally, then yes money is created , but thats only Inside Money, whereas the money leaking out was Outside Money = HPM = Bank Reserves + Notes&amp;Coins?</p>

<debt><balance-of-payments>
why is it always said that a CAD must be financed by borrowing from foreign countries
Randor
# why is it always said that a CAD must be financed by borrowing from foreign countries

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-06-02)

a current account deficit (CAD) means you have money leaking out of your country and going to ROW (rest of world). i see here (<https://www.imf.org/external/region/tlm/rr/pdf/fpp5.pdf>) that it can be 'funded' via a number of ways. but why is borrowing locally not one of the ways?
i am guessing maybe its something to do with that if you borrow locally, then yes money is created , but thats only Inside Money, whereas the money leaking out was Outside Money = HPM = Bank Reserves + Notes&Coins?

**Tags:** debt, balance-of-payments

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## 4 answers

### Answer by username_0 on 2019-06-04. Score: 0 | Accepted answer

ok i think i have figured out the answer to my question! the answer is indeed that borrowing locally, ie the private sector borrowing from itself, cannot possibly help in funding the CAD because the private sectors borrowings from itself always net out to ZERO , ie private sector's indebtedness to itself is ZERO always! this is because if A borrows from B 100, then A's debt to B is 100, and B's credit to A is 100, ie B's debt to A is -100 , so total of the debt of A and B is 100+-100 = ZERO. The key here is to think in terms of total net debt of the private sector to itself, rather than think of total gross debts (which in my example are 100 as for total gross debt, you do not net off the credit).
So while the CAD may cause a redistribution of private debt to itself between various sectors of itself, eg between firms and household , poor and rich , or an increase in gross debts within itself, it has no affect on total private debt to itself.

And in particular , if the CAD is bigger than the budget deficit , then money is leaking out of private sector so private sector is dissaving , so private sectors holdings of foreign assets (assets in gov sector or foreign sector, eg holdings of money , treasuries , and foreign equities, foreign properties, foreign assets) must fall and private sectors debts owed to foreign countries rises, and also, foreigners holdings of your countries assets may increase.


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### Answer by username_1 on 2019-06-02. Score: 2

> A current account deficit is when a country imports more goods, services, and capital than it exports. The current account measures trade plus transfers of capital.

<https://www.thebalance.com/current-account-deficit-definition-components-and-causes-3305831>

When a country imports goods, it has to pay for them. That means it moves money from the importing goods. When it exports goods, money moves into the country. If imports are more than exports, then the net effect of the imports and exports is for money to go out of the country. There are three basic places this money can be coming from: external debt, printing money (which in a way is debt), or drawing down cash reserves.

Internal borrowing can't account for the deficit, because each dollar of internally borrowing is, by definition, matched with a dollar of internal lending.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: a 4th place i believe the money can come from is from foreign investment in local assets , eg foreigners buying property , or shares?    Can you elaborate on your last sentence , i am not sure what you mean, eg are you talking about new issuance of government bonds , or loans from banks?  and what does it matter., Also do u think my reasoning in my OP is correct ?  

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### Answer by username_2 on 2019-06-02. Score: 0

The current account deficit is an effect, not a cause. The cause is cause of a current account deficit is more foreign borrowing than foreign lending -- that imbalance must be accounted for somewhere, and that place is the CAD.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: man that totally makes no sense!  CAD is defined as exports minus imports, not what you wrote!  

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### Answer by username_3 on 2019-06-02. Score: 0

I think you're referring to slide 19 in that presentation, which seems self-explanatory to me

> Financing a CA deficit:
>
> – Equity investment into the country, E  
> – Borrowing (accumulation of foreign debt, D)  
> – Drawing down foreign assets, FA (bank deposits abroad, or reserves of monetary authorities)
>
> To the extent
> a CA deficit is not financed by equity
> investment or a drawdown of foreign assets, external
> debt is increasing.

So there are two ways to avoid accumulating foreign debt outlined in there.

Since that presentation was given in Myanmar (and is mostly about that country), the context is one of developing countries, so printing your their currency to pay for their CA deficit (which is US dollar denominated in that presentation) isn't an option in that context. Of course, if you are the US, that idea might [pop](https://www.theglobalist.com/trump-trade-deficit-china-economy/) in someone's head...

For (someone in) Myanmar to borrow US dollars from an internal Myanmar source in order to pay for [excess] imports, how does that internal source get a hold of US dollars in the first place? It's ultimately [i.e. ignoring more Myanmar intermediaries] through one of the there sources outlined in that slide.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: please make no assumption at all about the country with the CAD or the currency of their debt!  that slide was just an example, perhaps i should not have included it.   i dont understand precisely what debt you r talking about  

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