<p>Although it is true that the First order Conditions for a strictly convex utility function will yield the same solution as that of a strictly concave one, <strong>the second order conditions</strong> are entirely different. Instead of finding a maximum, you are indeed finding a minimum. In other words, FOCs are necessary but not sufficient.</p>

<p><strong>Intuitively</strong></p>

<p>Intuitively, a strictly convex function means the marginal utility of consumption is <strong>increasing</strong>. As such, you would like to allocate as much consumption to a given period as possible. </p>

<p>For instance, take $u(c)=c^2$. Although it is still mathematically true that $u(c_{1}) = u(c_{2}) \Rightarrow c_{1} = c_{2}$, allocating one more pound/dollar/etc from, say $C_{2}$ to $C_{1}$ would increase the present value of your lifetime consumption. You can see this below, by comparing the case of consumption smoothing (c) with the average of non-smoothing (shifting consumption from one period to the other). The utility of the former is below that of the latter. Thus, you would rather allocate all your lifetime wealth to a single period.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/h9jzb.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/h9jzb.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>(LaTeX/TikZ code of figure for replication <a href="https://pastebin.ubuntu.com/24354920/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>)</p>

<p><strong>Mathematically</strong></p>

<p>Mathematically, let us consider the case of just two period. First period is $x$ and second is $y$. For simplicity, define the budget constraint as $x+y=1$. If you maximize $U(x,y)=x^2+y^2$ subject to $x+y=1$, the FOC alone will give you $x^∗=y^∗=1/2$ (this is, smooth consumption). </p>

<p>However, in this case $U^∗=1/2$, which is <strong>smaller</strong> than simply setting, say $x^∗=1$ and $y^∗=0$ (which gives $U^∗=1$). What is going on? Here, you can show that the SOC is positive, which is not the case of a maximum, but actually, <strong>of a minimum</strong>. So actually, the <strong>optimisation problem</strong> (what this exercise truly is) is that of a <strong>minimisation</strong>. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-10T14:47:00.130Z
2017-04-10T16:57:21.770Z
2017-04-10T16:57:21.770Z
luchonacho
<p>The argument relayed in the question as regards consumption smoothing is flawed. Consumption smoothing does not mean consumption equality over periods, but rather, <em>tendency</em> to avoid corner solutions, or near-corner solutions. So it has nothing to do with whether, in the context of this family of models, $\beta (1+r) =1$ or not (after all, in a more comprehensive model, this condition is the long-run equilibrium one, and it does not hold for the transition towards equilibrium).  </p>

<p>Consumption smoothing in the intertemporal setting has similarities with "variety in consumption" in a static setting with more than one goods: there, with a concave utility function, we get convex indifference curves and so interior solutions, i.e. a solution where the consumer consumes a mix of goods available, not just one, or very few of them, given the linear budget constraint</p>

<p>As general equilibrium theorists point out, timing of consumption can be seen as just one more feature of a good, and so, when the same good has a different "consumption time stamp", <em>it is a different good after all</em>.  </p>

<p>So, in the basic two-period setting, we have a <em>bivariate</em> intertemporal utility function</p>

<p>$$U(c_1, c_2) = u(c_1) +\beta u(c_2)$$</p>

<p>To examine its indifference curves we fix the value of the function at $\bar U$ and we examine the second derivative of $c_2$ with respect to $c_1$:</p>

<p>$$c_2 = u^{-1}\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \cdot \big[\bar U - u(c_1)\big]\right)$$</p>

<p>$$\implies \frac {\text{d} c_2}{\text{d} c_1} = \frac 1 {\beta} \frac {-u'(c_1)}{u'\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \cdot \big[\bar U - u(c_1)\big]\right)}$$</p>

<p>and</p>

<p>$$\frac {\text{d}^2 c_2}{\text{d} c^2_1} = \frac 1 {\beta}\frac{-u''(c_1)\cdot u'\left (\frac 1 {\beta}  \big[\bar U - u(c_1)\big]\right) - (1/\beta)u''\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \big[\bar U - u(c_1)\big]\right)\cdot [u'(c_1)]^2}{\left[u'\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \cdot \big[\bar U - u(c_1)\big]\right)\right]^2}$$</p>

<p>For the indifference curve to be convex we need this derivative to be positive, and so we need the second derivative of the period-utility function $u$ to be negative, $u''()&lt;0$.</p>

<p>Then with a linear budget constraint with negative slope (say for exogenous endowments per period),</p>

<p>$$c_2 = y_2 +(1+r) (y_1-c_1) = \big[y_2+(1+r)y_1\big] - (1+r)c_1$$</p>

<p>we can get the familiar graphical solution of interior tangency at the optimum, which excludes corner solutions we would have obtained if the indifference curve between present and future was concave (and so the period-utility function was convex).  </p>

<p>So it is all about the utility function and has nothing to do with the Euler equation taking a specific value.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-11T13:43:23.830Z
2017-04-11T13:43:23.830Z
Alecos Papadopoulos
<p>The typical dynamic consumption-saving under certainty model can be written as:</p>

<p>$$
\max V(c)=\sum_{t=1}^{T} \beta^{t-1}\; u(c_t) 
$$
Subject to the intertemporal budget constraint
$$
\sum_{t=1}^{T}\frac{y_t}{1+r}=\sum_{t=1}^{T}\frac{c_t}{1+r}
$$</p>

<p>Where $T\leq \infty$ (finite or infinite horizon), $\beta \in (0,1)$ is the subjective discount factor, $y_t$ is the individual's income and $c_t$ is the individual's consumption in every time period. Finally, $u(\cdot)$ is the agent's subutility function, with $u^{\prime}&gt;0$ whose concavity is usually related to the agent's <em>preference for consumption smoothing</em>. The argument is equivalent to the one justifying that an individual will reveal risk aversion iff his utility function over wealth is strictly concave. 
The argument that leads to consumption smoothing is the following:
The first order condition for the problem is the well known Euler equation</p>

<p>$$
\frac{u^{\prime}(c_t)}{u^{\prime}(c_{t+1})}=\beta \; (1+r)
$$ 
It is assumed that $\beta^{-1}=(1+r)$ so that
$$
u^{\prime}(c_t)=u^{\prime}(c_{t+1}) \quad \Rightarrow \text{by strict concavity of} \; u \quad c_t=c_{t+1}
$$</p>

<p>I have two questions regarding this argument which are somehow related:</p>

<ol>
<li>The result of consumption smoothing seems to be independent of the preference for such smoothing: one needs the condition $\beta =(1+r)$ to hold in orther to obtain the result.</li>
<li>It seems to me that the implication 
$$
u^{\prime}(c_t)=u^{\prime}(c_{t+1}) \quad \Rightarrow c_t=c_{t+1}
$$</li>
</ol>

<p>Would still hold for a strictly convex utility function, as one needs a much general condition to the implication to hold, namely that the derivatives of the utility function will be unique for any increasing utility function.. it seems to be that the uniqueness of $u^{\prime}$ (i.e $u^{\prime}(a)=u^{\prime}(b) \quad \Rightarrow a=b$) will hold irrespective of the sign of $u^{\prime \prime}$ provided it is not equal to zero.</p>

<p>If my thinking is correct this would imply that the <em>desire</em> for smoothing doesn't play any role on what the individual does at the end, as this possibility is open only when $\beta =(1+r)$ holds, and furthermore, it would be optimal to smooth out consumption even to an agent with a strictly convex utility function. </p>

<mathematical-economics><utility><consumption><dynamic-optimization>
Preference for consumption smoothing and actual smoothing
thekiciminister
# Preference for consumption smoothing and actual smoothing

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-04-10)

The typical dynamic consumption-saving under certainty model can be written as:

$$
\max V(c)=\sum\_{t=1}^{T} \beta^{t-1}\; u(c\_t)
$$
Subject to the intertemporal budget constraint
$$
\sum\_{t=1}^{T}\frac{y\_t}{1+r}=\sum\_{t=1}^{T}\frac{c\_t}{1+r}
$$

Where $T\leq \infty$ (finite or infinite horizon), $\beta \in (0,1)$ is the subjective discount factor, $y\_t$ is the individual's income and $c\_t$ is the individual's consumption in every time period. Finally, $u(\cdot)$ is the agent's subutility function, with $u^{\prime}>0$ whose concavity is usually related to the agent's *preference for consumption smoothing*. The argument is equivalent to the one justifying that an individual will reveal risk aversion iff his utility function over wealth is strictly concave.
The argument that leads to consumption smoothing is the following:
The first order condition for the problem is the well known Euler equation

$$
\frac{u^{\prime}(c\_t)}{u^{\prime}(c\_{t+1})}=\beta \; (1+r)
$$
It is assumed that $\beta^{-1}=(1+r)$ so that
$$
u^{\prime}(c\_t)=u^{\prime}(c\_{t+1}) \quad \Rightarrow \text{by strict concavity of} \; u \quad c\_t=c\_{t+1}
$$

I have two questions regarding this argument which are somehow related:

1. The result of consumption smoothing seems to be independent of the preference for such smoothing: one needs the condition $\beta =(1+r)$ to hold in orther to obtain the result.
2. It seems to me that the implication
   $$
   u^{\prime}(c\_t)=u^{\prime}(c\_{t+1}) \quad \Rightarrow c\_t=c\_{t+1}
   $$

Would still hold for a strictly convex utility function, as one needs a much general condition to the implication to hold, namely that the derivatives of the utility function will be unique for any increasing utility function.. it seems to be that the uniqueness of $u^{\prime}$ (i.e $u^{\prime}(a)=u^{\prime}(b) \quad \Rightarrow a=b$) will hold irrespective of the sign of $u^{\prime \prime}$ provided it is not equal to zero.

If my thinking is correct this would imply that the *desire* for smoothing doesn't play any role on what the individual does at the end, as this possibility is open only when $\beta =(1+r)$ holds, and furthermore, it would be optimal to smooth out consumption even to an agent with a strictly convex utility function.

**Tags:** mathematical-economics, utility, consumption, dynamic-optimization

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2017-04-10. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

Although it is true that the First order Conditions for a strictly convex utility function will yield the same solution as that of a strictly concave one, **the second order conditions** are entirely different. Instead of finding a maximum, you are indeed finding a minimum. In other words, FOCs are necessary but not sufficient.

**Intuitively**

Intuitively, a strictly convex function means the marginal utility of consumption is **increasing**. As such, you would like to allocate as much consumption to a given period as possible.

For instance, take $u(c)=c^2$. Although it is still mathematically true that $u(c\_{1}) = u(c\_{2}) \Rightarrow c\_{1} = c\_{2}$, allocating one more pound/dollar/etc from, say $C\_{2}$ to $C\_{1}$ would increase the present value of your lifetime consumption. You can see this below, by comparing the case of consumption smoothing (c) with the average of non-smoothing (shifting consumption from one period to the other). The utility of the former is below that of the latter. Thus, you would rather allocate all your lifetime wealth to a single period.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/h9jzb.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/h9jzb.png)

(LaTeX/TikZ code of figure for replication [here](https://pastebin.ubuntu.com/24354920/))

**Mathematically**

Mathematically, let us consider the case of just two period. First period is $x$ and second is $y$. For simplicity, define the budget constraint as $x+y=1$. If you maximize $U(x,y)=x^2+y^2$ subject to $x+y=1$, the FOC alone will give you $x^∗=y^∗=1/2$ (this is, smooth consumption).

However, in this case $U^∗=1/2$, which is **smaller** than simply setting, say $x^∗=1$ and $y^∗=0$ (which gives $U^∗=1$). What is going on? Here, you can show that the SOC is positive, which is not the case of a maximum, but actually, **of a minimum**. So actually, the **optimisation problem** (what this exercise truly is) is that of a **minimisation**.


---

### Answer by username_2 on 2017-04-11. Score: 3

The argument relayed in the question as regards consumption smoothing is flawed. Consumption smoothing does not mean consumption equality over periods, but rather, *tendency* to avoid corner solutions, or near-corner solutions. So it has nothing to do with whether, in the context of this family of models, $\beta (1+r) =1$ or not (after all, in a more comprehensive model, this condition is the long-run equilibrium one, and it does not hold for the transition towards equilibrium).

Consumption smoothing in the intertemporal setting has similarities with "variety in consumption" in a static setting with more than one goods: there, with a concave utility function, we get convex indifference curves and so interior solutions, i.e. a solution where the consumer consumes a mix of goods available, not just one, or very few of them, given the linear budget constraint

As general equilibrium theorists point out, timing of consumption can be seen as just one more feature of a good, and so, when the same good has a different "consumption time stamp", *it is a different good after all*.

So, in the basic two-period setting, we have a *bivariate* intertemporal utility function

$$U(c\_1, c\_2) = u(c\_1) +\beta u(c\_2)$$

To examine its indifference curves we fix the value of the function at $\bar U$ and we examine the second derivative of $c\_2$ with respect to $c\_1$:

$$c\_2 = u^{-1}\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \cdot \big[\bar U - u(c\_1)\big]\right)$$

$$\implies \frac {\text{d} c\_2}{\text{d} c\_1} = \frac 1 {\beta} \frac {-u'(c\_1)}{u'\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \cdot \big[\bar U - u(c\_1)\big]\right)}$$

and

$$\frac {\text{d}^2 c\_2}{\text{d} c^2\_1} = \frac 1 {\beta}\frac{-u''(c\_1)\cdot u'\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \big[\bar U - u(c\_1)\big]\right) - (1/\beta)u''\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \big[\bar U - u(c\_1)\big]\right)\cdot [u'(c\_1)]^2}{\left[u'\left (\frac 1 {\beta} \cdot \big[\bar U - u(c\_1)\big]\right)\right]^2}$$

For the indifference curve to be convex we need this derivative to be positive, and so we need the second derivative of the period-utility function $u$ to be negative, $u''()<0$.

Then with a linear budget constraint with negative slope (say for exogenous endowments per period),

$$c\_2 = y\_2 +(1+r) (y\_1-c\_1) = \big[y\_2+(1+r)y\_1\big] - (1+r)c\_1$$

we can get the familiar graphical solution of interior tangency at the optimum, which excludes corner solutions we would have obtained if the indifference curve between present and future was concave (and so the period-utility function was convex).

So it is all about the utility function and has nothing to do with the Euler equation taking a specific value.


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