<p>Regarding your first question:</p>

<p>Usually public economists assume that utility is a concave function of income. Therefore, the utility gain from one additional dollar of income is lower for a rich person than for a poor person. This is consistent with risk averse behavior of individuals which we often observe when individuals face risky choices.</p>

<p>If utility is concave in income and the total income is fixed, then the optimal utilitarian distribution would be that all individuals receive the same amount of income. Any deviation from this optimal income generates some loss in social welfare, which you may call "social harm". However, in many cases the optimal utilitarian distribution of income will still be unequal if a higher level of total income can be reached by allowing for inequality. Reasons for this may be asymmetric information or labor market incentives. Thus, higher inequality alone does not necessarily mean lower social welfare. But higher inequality with lower or equal income means lower social welfare in a utilitarian framework.</p>

<p>Disclaimer: notice that if your definition of social welfare is not utilitarian, none of this applies.</p>

<p>Extended reading: in case you are interested in this subject, I recommend you to read an introductory textbook on public finance or public economics.</p>

<p>For a more detailed survey of how social welfare and inequality are related, see:</p>

<p>Lambert, Peter J. "Evaluating impact effects of tax reforms." Journal of Economic Surveys 7.3 (1993): 205-242.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-11-19T03:11:28.230Z
2015-11-19T03:11:28.230Z
HRSE
<p>Regarding your second question: Is inequality increasing consistently around the world? Or is it decreasing in some places?</p>

<p>The short answer: on average the income inequality is increasing around the world. Income inequality in OECD countries is at its highest level for the past half century. The average income of the richest 10% of the population is about nine times that of the poorest 10% across the OECD, up from seven times 25 years ago. Source <a href="http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm" rel="nofollow">OECD</a>.</p>

<p>In emerging economies, such as China and India, a sustained period of strong economic growth has helped lift millions of people out of absolute poverty. But the benefits of growth have not been evenly distributed and high levels of income inequality have risen further. Source <a href="http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm" rel="nofollow">OECD</a>.</p>

<p>The long answer: A good reference to answer this question is the <a href="http://www.wid.world/#Home:" rel="nofollow">The World Top Incomes Database</a> by Facundo Alvaredo, Tony Atkinson, Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez. You can plot different variables on inequality for different countries and years. You can also select, retrieve and download the data.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-11-19T02:44:05.150Z
Do you have a source for rising inequality around the world? From the database, I can see that inequality in each country is rising. However it does not tell me that aggregate inequality is rising. Since rich countries are currently growing slower than emerging economies, my first intuition would be that aggregate inequality is falling.
HRSE
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-11-19T04:17:54.353Z
My understanding of "around the world" is that @dwjohnston wants to know if inequality is rising in different places in the world, and not in the world in general. By the way, it is not trivial to compare income inequality across countries. You question is more related to the economic concept of convergence, see the corresponding [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_%28economics%29) link.
emeryville
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-11-19T02:01:24.903Z
2015-11-19T02:01:24.903Z
emeryville
<p>I have a series of related questions. </p>

<p>My understanding is. </p>

<ol>
<li>Economic wealth (ie. GDP) per capita is increasing around the world. We can refer to this as 'the pie is getting bigger'. </li>
<li>At the same time, inequality (the distribution of the pie) is also increasing. </li>
<li>Economic inequality is correlated with social harm, such as crime. </li>
</ol>

<p>The questions I have is:</p>

<ul>
<li>Is it correct to say that inequality is correalated with social harm? What do we mean by this? </li>
<li>Is inequality increasing consistantly around the world? Or is it decreasing in some places?</li>
<li>If it is increasing, are we also seeing a corresponding increase in social harm?</li>
</ul>

<economic-growth><inequality>
Is inequality increasing? Does it correspond to increasing social harm?
dwjohnston
# Is inequality increasing? Does it correspond to increasing social harm?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2015-11-19)

I have a series of related questions.

My understanding is.

1. Economic wealth (ie. GDP) per capita is increasing around the world. We can refer to this as 'the pie is getting bigger'.
2. At the same time, inequality (the distribution of the pie) is also increasing.
3. Economic inequality is correlated with social harm, such as crime.

The questions I have is:

* Is it correct to say that inequality is correalated with social harm? What do we mean by this?
* Is inequality increasing consistantly around the world? Or is it decreasing in some places?
* If it is increasing, are we also seeing a corresponding increase in social harm?

**Tags:** economic-growth, inequality

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2015-11-19. Score: 3

Regarding your first question:

Usually public economists assume that utility is a concave function of income. Therefore, the utility gain from one additional dollar of income is lower for a rich person than for a poor person. This is consistent with risk averse behavior of individuals which we often observe when individuals face risky choices.

If utility is concave in income and the total income is fixed, then the optimal utilitarian distribution would be that all individuals receive the same amount of income. Any deviation from this optimal income generates some loss in social welfare, which you may call "social harm". However, in many cases the optimal utilitarian distribution of income will still be unequal if a higher level of total income can be reached by allowing for inequality. Reasons for this may be asymmetric information or labor market incentives. Thus, higher inequality alone does not necessarily mean lower social welfare. But higher inequality with lower or equal income means lower social welfare in a utilitarian framework.

Disclaimer: notice that if your definition of social welfare is not utilitarian, none of this applies.

Extended reading: in case you are interested in this subject, I recommend you to read an introductory textbook on public finance or public economics.

For a more detailed survey of how social welfare and inequality are related, see:

Lambert, Peter J. "Evaluating impact effects of tax reforms." Journal of Economic Surveys 7.3 (1993): 205-242.


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### Answer by username_2 on 2015-11-19. Score: 0

Regarding your second question: Is inequality increasing consistently around the world? Or is it decreasing in some places?

The short answer: on average the income inequality is increasing around the world. Income inequality in OECD countries is at its highest level for the past half century. The average income of the richest 10% of the population is about nine times that of the poorest 10% across the OECD, up from seven times 25 years ago. Source [OECD](http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm).

In emerging economies, such as China and India, a sustained period of strong economic growth has helped lift millions of people out of absolute poverty. But the benefits of growth have not been evenly distributed and high levels of income inequality have risen further. Source [OECD](http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm).

The long answer: A good reference to answer this question is the [The World Top Incomes Database](http://www.wid.world/#Home:) by Facundo Alvaredo, Tony Atkinson, Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez. You can plot different variables on inequality for different countries and years. You can also select, retrieve and download the data.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Do you have a source for rising inequality around the world? From the database, I can see that inequality in each country is rising. However it does not tell me that aggregate inequality is rising. Since rich countries are currently growing slower than emerging economies, my first intuition would be that aggregate inequality is falling.  
> **username_2**: My understanding of "around the world" is that @dwjohnston wants to know if inequality is rising in different places in the world, and not in the world in general. By the way, it is not trivial to compare income inequality across countries. You question is more related to the economic concept of convergence, see the corresponding [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_%28economics%29) link.  

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