<p>When someone says two things are equivalent, what that means is that they give the same result for some test; they are equivalent with respect to that test. For instance, in Texas Hold 'Em, getting dealt the ace of spades, then the ace of diamonds, is equivalent to getting dealt the ace of diamonds and then the ace of spades, because strength of hands doesn't depend on the order that you received your cards. So to answer the question &quot;How are these functions equivalent?&quot;, we have to know what test they're equivalent with respect to.</p>
<p>A utility function is a tool that's used to determine, given two options, which one someone would take. The idea is that we look at what utility each option has, and the person will take the one with the higher utility. For this test, we only look at which is larger, not the absolute size. So if you have two functions <span class="math-container">$f$</span> and <span class="math-container">$g$</span> that always give the same order, they are equivalent with respect to this test. That is, given any two options <span class="math-container">$a$</span> and <span class="math-container">$b$</span>, if <span class="math-container">$f(a)&lt;f(b)$</span>, then <span class="math-container">$g(a)&lt;g(b)$</span>.</p>
<p>Now, if we set <span class="math-container">$f$</span> to <span class="math-container">$(x,y) \rightarrow xy$</span> and <span class="math-container">$g$</span> to <span class="math-container">$(x,y) \rightarrow (xy)^2$</span>, we can introduce <span class="math-container">$h: u \rightarrow u^2$</span>. Then <span class="math-container">$g(x,y) = h(f(x,y)$</span>. In other words, <span class="math-container">$g$</span> is <span class="math-container">$h$</span> composed with <span class="math-container">$f$</span>. If we assume that <span class="math-container">$x$</span> and <span class="math-container">$y$</span> are positive, then <span class="math-container">$h$</span> is monotonically increasing, and thus composing it with any function doesn't change ordering; if <span class="math-container">$n&lt;m$</span>, then <span class="math-container">$n^2&lt;m^2$</span> (again, for positive numbers). Any time two functions are such that one can be written as a monotonically increasing function composed with the other, the two functions are equivalent with respect to ordering.</p>
<p>However, it is important to note that utility functions are also used for evaluating a concept called &quot;lotteries&quot;. This is where someone chooses between options that involve different probabilities of different outcomes. For instance, someone might have a choice between &quot;1% chance of getting \$1m and 99% of getting nothing&quot; versus &quot;100% chance of getting \$100k&quot;. When evaluating lotteries, the functions that you list are <em>not</em> equivalent when applied to the outcomes.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-09-28T18:27:27.797Z
2020-09-28T18:27:27.797Z
Acccumulation
<p>I'm doing an econ course after not having any math or micro for a few years, now I'm totally missing the basics again.
I'm wondering how to show that utility functions are an equivalent to each other:
3xy+2, (xy)^2, e^xy, lnx + lny</p>
<p>should be equal to xy.</p>
<p>Could someone explain me in words what to do? Do you have to take the derivative or can it also be found in another way?</p>
<p>I've seen this post, but for me the explanation is too mathematical.
<a href="https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/13364/how-can-i-tell-if-2-different-utility-functions-represent-the-same-preferences">How can I tell if 2 different utility functions represent the same preferences?</a></p>
<p>Kind regards and thanks for your help!</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-09-27T10:25:01.720Z
I think the answer you linked already explains this in very simple terms. The answer does not even include much mathematics as all just uses simple concept of function itself. If that answer is too mathematical for you then any answer to your particular problem will be too mathematical as well. In that case you simply need to catch up on your math skills.
1muflon1
<microeconomics><utility>
Comparing utility functions
LostStudent
# Comparing utility functions

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-09-27)

I'm doing an econ course after not having any math or micro for a few years, now I'm totally missing the basics again.
I'm wondering how to show that utility functions are an equivalent to each other:
3xy+2, (xy)^2, e^xy, lnx + lny

should be equal to xy.

Could someone explain me in words what to do? Do you have to take the derivative or can it also be found in another way?

I've seen this post, but for me the explanation is too mathematical.
[How can I tell if 2 different utility functions represent the same preferences?](https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/13364/how-can-i-tell-if-2-different-utility-functions-represent-the-same-preferences)

Kind regards and thanks for your help!

**Tags:** microeconomics, utility
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I think the answer you linked already explains this in very simple terms. The answer does not even include much mathematics as all just uses simple concept of function itself. If that answer is too mathematical for you then any answer to your particular problem will be too mathematical as well. In that case you simply need to catch up on your math skills.  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2020-09-28. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

When someone says two things are equivalent, what that means is that they give the same result for some test; they are equivalent with respect to that test. For instance, in Texas Hold 'Em, getting dealt the ace of spades, then the ace of diamonds, is equivalent to getting dealt the ace of diamonds and then the ace of spades, because strength of hands doesn't depend on the order that you received your cards. So to answer the question "How are these functions equivalent?", we have to know what test they're equivalent with respect to.

A utility function is a tool that's used to determine, given two options, which one someone would take. The idea is that we look at what utility each option has, and the person will take the one with the higher utility. For this test, we only look at which is larger, not the absolute size. So if you have two functions $f$ and $g$ that always give the same order, they are equivalent with respect to this test. That is, given any two options $a$ and $b$, if $f(a), then $g(a).

Now, if we set $f$ to $(x,y) \rightarrow xy$ and $g$ to $(x,y) \rightarrow (xy)^2$, we can introduce $h: u \rightarrow u^2$. Then $g(x,y) = h(f(x,y)$. In other words, $g$ is $h$ composed with $f$. If we assume that $x$ and $y$ are positive, then $h$ is monotonically increasing, and thus composing it with any function doesn't change ordering; if $n, then $n^2 (again, for positive numbers). Any time two functions are such that one can be written as a monotonically increasing function composed with the other, the two functions are equivalent with respect to ordering.

However, it is important to note that utility functions are also used for evaluating a concept called "lotteries". This is where someone chooses between options that involve different probabilities of different outcomes. For instance, someone might have a choice between "1% chance of getting \$1m and 99% of getting nothing" versus "100% chance of getting \$100k". When evaluating lotteries, the functions that you list are *not* equivalent when applied to the outcomes.


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