<p>IMO, the force that would prevent everyone getting a bigger piece of your UBI pie is competition. If one landlord tried to price gouge, you could rent a different apartment. If one ice cream parlor tried to price gouge, you could go to another or satisfy your sweet tooth with a cookie.</p>
<p>In that regard, income from a UBI is no different than income you earn. Suppose you have 1k a month from your UBI and I have a wage of 1k a month. If your landlord can price-gouge you, why can't mine price-gouge me? If competition keeps me safe from price-gouging, it will keep you safe, too.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-04T13:40:35.137Z
2021-02-04T13:40:35.137Z
Slopezian
<p>Well, a universal basic income would undoubtedly cause inflation, which would technically raise the poverty line. However, the UBI would mainly be to tide people over for the temporal gap between mass unemployment due to near total automation and the implementation of a post-scarcity system. A post scarcity economy is a theoretical one in which automation is so total and our resource use is so efficient that everyone could be just given food, medicine, housing, etc. Such a system could also come about with atomic nanotechnology that could convert one substance to another, like turning a block of wood into a cheeseburger for example.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-06-01T03:31:47.947Z
2024-06-01T03:31:47.947Z
Aristocratic Jack
<p>No, this question is based on fundamentally flawed premises.  There is a plenty that you can criticize about UBI and generally literature does not consider UBI efficient redistribution policy, but none of what is mentioned in the question holds for UBI.</p>
<h2>Addressing UBI</h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>Lets start by correcting misconceptions:</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Theory of tragedy of commons has nothing to do with what you describe. The theory of tragedy of commons is:</p>
<p>a) A theory about situation where private property rights are non-existent. Unless you want to make claim that property rights are missing in the market for ice cream, barber services or entire market generally suffers from lack of property rights - which is empirically absurd assertion outside few specific markets or countries like North Korea - tragedy of the commons simply does not apply here as for tragedy of the <strong>commons</strong> you first have to have some commons to begin with.</p>
<p>b) the tragedy of the commons is not about increases in prices. In fact, under tragedy of the commons prices will tend to be lower, or in some cases even impossible to exist without further government intervention (e.g. clean air is an example of resource suffering from tragedy of commons) than they would be in presence of property rights. Furthermore, the tragedy of the commons will generally cause prices to be <strong>undesirably</strong> low (from societal perspective) which will result in overexploitation of common resource.</p>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong>UBI Should not Cause Significant Inflation</strong>:</li>
</ol>
<p>First, it is important to understand that profit maximizing firms can't just set prices in arbitrary fashion. They are limited by the parameters of the market such as the level of competition or market structure we are talking about. Inflation, is generally unaffected by redistribution.</p>
<p>Inflation is macroeconomic phenomenon and depends on the equilibrium price level set on the money market. The money market equilibrium can be in it's simples form described by equation of exchange (See Mankiw Macroeconomics pp 87) as:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$MV=PY$$</span></p>
<p>Where M is the money supply, V velocity of money, P price level and Y output.</p>
<p>Solving for price level and log-linearizing we get:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$\ln P=\ln M+\ln V−\ln Y$$</span></p>
<p>Thanks to everything being in logs we can directly interpret any change in <span class="math-container">$P$</span> (i.e. inflation if change is positive or deflation if negative) in response to right hand side variables as percentage changes. So if money supply would expand by <span class="math-container">$1\%$</span> we would expect inflation to increase by <span class="math-container">$1\%$</span> ceteris paribus.</p>
<p>However, UBI does not directly affect the right hand side variables.</p>
<p>a) Provided that UBI is funded by taxes not high powered money it does not affect money stock of economy at all. So it does not affect <span class="math-container">$M$</span> at all.</p>
<p>b) Velocity of money is quite constant in a long-run, in short-run it depends mainly on the business cycle and interest rates. There is no reason to suspect UBI would have any effect.</p>
<p>c) UBI is a redistribution measure so it transfers output from one part of economy into another. To the extent this is funded by distortionary taxation it reduces economic efficiency and output in an economy which has no market imperfections. However, real life economies contain externalities, missing markets and other issues that can create efficiency cause for redistribution (see discussion of this in Atkinson (2015) Inequality). Generally, empirical literature shows that too large levels of redistribution can lead to lower growth of output, but modest redistribution seems to have little to none impact on it (see Jonathan, Ostry and Berg: Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth). Consequently, unless the UBI would be set to some extremely large value it should have no significant effect on <span class="math-container">$Y$</span> and thus again no effect on inflation.</p>
<p>UBI could distort relative prices because while everyone receives the UBI only some people pay for it. To the extent that the spending patterns of people who receive net transfer and those who on net pay into the system relative prices could change in a way that would hurt poor even if inflation remains overall constant. This would happen because it would lead to increase in demand for goods that low-income people consume while simultaneously decreasing demand for items that high income people consume. However, this effect would happen with any redistributive measure, and in addition there is no reason to believe this effect would be large enough to offset real increase in welfare of the poor thanks to the redistribution.</p>
<h2>Literature on UBI</h2>
<p>For overview of literature on this you can see <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030237" rel="noreferrer">Hoynes and Rothstein (2019)</a> or <a href="https://opus.bath.ac.uk/publications/assessing-the-case-for-a-universal-basic-income-in-the-uk/attachments/ipr-policy-brief-assessing-the-case-for-a-universal-basic-income-in-the-uk.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Martinelli (2017)</a> and sources cited therein. As mentioned, at the beginning, literature is generally negative towards UBI but that is because research shows it is less efficient and more wasteful than traditional redistribution systems, not because it would lead to inflation.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-03T04:41:29.737Z
Annoying that we have a multitude of news sources and pundits and politicians but yours is the first comment I've seen that mentions traditional redistribution in the same sentence as UBI.
H2ONaCl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-03T18:11:30.097Z
Useful answer but it raises some questions, most importantly, I am reading "Good Economics for Hard Times" by Abhijit Banerjee which points out that UBI should be less wasteful because conditional welfare wastes money to assert if the conditions are met.

So could you please throw some light on why you said that UBI is more wasteful?
atb00ker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-03T18:16:23.303Z
@atb00ker unconditional does not mean not means tested. You are right literature shows unconditional cash programs are more efficient than conditional cash programs - when above I was talking about traditional redistribution measures I only meant it from perspective of means testing since the special feature of UBI is not that it’s unconditional- but it is that it is universal
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-03T19:11:20.910Z
@1muflon1 I was under the impression that "not means tested" was *precisely* what the U stood for. Elaborate?
Criticize SE actions means ban
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-03T19:15:34.993Z
@user253751 yes that is true for UBI but what are you actually talking about - I never said UBI is means tested. UBI is not mean tested - but transfers can be: cash or in kind; conditional or unconditional; means tested or not means tested. UBI is cash unconditional and not means tested - but it is special only in the means testing category.
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-02T21:15:42.877Z
2021-02-02T21:27:15.913Z
2021-02-02T21:27:15.913Z
1muflon1
<p>Imagine if a country starts to pay $1000/month to all citizens.
Then my landlord knows that I can afford to pay a bit more rent from next month.
So will my favorite ice-cream place, my barber and in general the entire market around me raises it's price because of the theory of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" rel="nofollow noreferrer">tragedy of commons</a> and everyone would want a bigger piece of pie from my income.</p>
<p>Some of the proponents of UBI argue that we would effectively remove poverty with UBI, but with the logic above, it seems like a snowball effect will make everything more expensive and nullify the effect  of UBI to remove poverty by causing inflation.</p>
<ol>
<li>When everything becomes more expensive, wouldn't it just raise the poverty line keeping the poor still in need of support?</li>
<li>Is there any research done on this subject?</li>
</ol>
<p>P.S: I realize this is home-cooked economics, I have never studied economics academically so excuse me if the solution is fairly obvious but I can't see it and Googling it isn't helping as I don't think I know the right terms that I should lookup.</p>

<macroeconomics><basic-income>
UBI - Raising the Poverty line
atb00ker
# UBI - Raising the Poverty line

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-02-02)

Imagine if a country starts to pay $1000/month to all citizens.
Then my landlord knows that I can afford to pay a bit more rent from next month.
So will my favorite ice-cream place, my barber and in general the entire market around me raises it's price because of the theory of [tragedy of commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons) and everyone would want a bigger piece of pie from my income.

Some of the proponents of UBI argue that we would effectively remove poverty with UBI, but with the logic above, it seems like a snowball effect will make everything more expensive and nullify the effect of UBI to remove poverty by causing inflation.

1. When everything becomes more expensive, wouldn't it just raise the poverty line keeping the poor still in need of support?
2. Is there any research done on this subject?

P.S: I realize this is home-cooked economics, I have never studied economics academically so excuse me if the solution is fairly obvious but I can't see it and Googling it isn't helping as I don't think I know the right terms that I should lookup.

**Tags:** macroeconomics, basic-income

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2021-02-02. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

No, this question is based on fundamentally flawed premises. There is a plenty that you can criticize about UBI and generally literature does not consider UBI efficient redistribution policy, but none of what is mentioned in the question holds for UBI.

## Addressing UBI

1. **Lets start by correcting misconceptions:**

Theory of tragedy of commons has nothing to do with what you describe. The theory of tragedy of commons is:

a) A theory about situation where private property rights are non-existent. Unless you want to make claim that property rights are missing in the market for ice cream, barber services or entire market generally suffers from lack of property rights - which is empirically absurd assertion outside few specific markets or countries like North Korea - tragedy of the commons simply does not apply here as for tragedy of the **commons** you first have to have some commons to begin with.

b) the tragedy of the commons is not about increases in prices. In fact, under tragedy of the commons prices will tend to be lower, or in some cases even impossible to exist without further government intervention (e.g. clean air is an example of resource suffering from tragedy of commons) than they would be in presence of property rights. Furthermore, the tragedy of the commons will generally cause prices to be **undesirably** low (from societal perspective) which will result in overexploitation of common resource.

2. **UBI Should not Cause Significant Inflation**:

First, it is important to understand that profit maximizing firms can't just set prices in arbitrary fashion. They are limited by the parameters of the market such as the level of competition or market structure we are talking about. Inflation, is generally unaffected by redistribution.

Inflation is macroeconomic phenomenon and depends on the equilibrium price level set on the money market. The money market equilibrium can be in it's simples form described by equation of exchange (See Mankiw Macroeconomics pp 87) as:

$$MV=PY$$

Where M is the money supply, V velocity of money, P price level and Y output.

Solving for price level and log-linearizing we get:

$$\ln P=\ln M+\ln V−\ln Y$$

Thanks to everything being in logs we can directly interpret any change in $P$ (i.e. inflation if change is positive or deflation if negative) in response to right hand side variables as percentage changes. So if money supply would expand by $1\%$ we would expect inflation to increase by $1\%$ ceteris paribus.

However, UBI does not directly affect the right hand side variables.

a) Provided that UBI is funded by taxes not high powered money it does not affect money stock of economy at all. So it does not affect $M$ at all.

b) Velocity of money is quite constant in a long-run, in short-run it depends mainly on the business cycle and interest rates. There is no reason to suspect UBI would have any effect.

c) UBI is a redistribution measure so it transfers output from one part of economy into another. To the extent this is funded by distortionary taxation it reduces economic efficiency and output in an economy which has no market imperfections. However, real life economies contain externalities, missing markets and other issues that can create efficiency cause for redistribution (see discussion of this in Atkinson (2015) Inequality). Generally, empirical literature shows that too large levels of redistribution can lead to lower growth of output, but modest redistribution seems to have little to none impact on it (see Jonathan, Ostry and Berg: Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth). Consequently, unless the UBI would be set to some extremely large value it should have no significant effect on $Y$ and thus again no effect on inflation.

UBI could distort relative prices because while everyone receives the UBI only some people pay for it. To the extent that the spending patterns of people who receive net transfer and those who on net pay into the system relative prices could change in a way that would hurt poor even if inflation remains overall constant. This would happen because it would lead to increase in demand for goods that low-income people consume while simultaneously decreasing demand for items that high income people consume. However, this effect would happen with any redistributive measure, and in addition there is no reason to believe this effect would be large enough to offset real increase in welfare of the poor thanks to the redistribution.

## Literature on UBI

For overview of literature on this you can see [Hoynes and Rothstein (2019)](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030237) or [Martinelli (2017)](https://opus.bath.ac.uk/publications/assessing-the-case-for-a-universal-basic-income-in-the-uk/attachments/ipr-policy-brief-assessing-the-case-for-a-universal-basic-income-in-the-uk.pdf) and sources cited therein. As mentioned, at the beginning, literature is generally negative towards UBI but that is because research shows it is less efficient and more wasteful than traditional redistribution systems, not because it would lead to inflation.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: Annoying that we have a multitude of news sources and pundits and politicians but yours is the first comment I've seen that mentions traditional redistribution in the same sentence as UBI.  
> **username_0**: Useful answer but it raises some questions, most importantly, I am reading "Good Economics for Hard Times" by Abhijit Banerjee which points out that UBI should be less wasteful because conditional welfare wastes money to assert if the conditions are met.  So could you please throw some light on why you said that UBI is more wasteful?  
> **username_3**: @atb00ker unconditional does not mean not means tested. You are right literature shows unconditional cash programs are more efficient than conditional cash programs - when above I was talking about traditional redistribution measures I only meant it from perspective of means testing since the special feature of UBI is not that it’s unconditional- but it is that it is universal  
> **username_5**: @1muflon1 I was under the impression that "not means tested" was *precisely* what the U stood for. Elaborate?  
> **username_3**: @user253751 yes that is true for UBI but what are you actually talking about - I never said UBI is means tested. UBI is not mean tested - but transfers can be: cash or in kind; conditional or unconditional; means tested or not means tested. UBI is cash unconditional and not means tested - but it is special only in the means testing category.  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-02-04. Score: 1

IMO, the force that would prevent everyone getting a bigger piece of your UBI pie is competition. If one landlord tried to price gouge, you could rent a different apartment. If one ice cream parlor tried to price gouge, you could go to another or satisfy your sweet tooth with a cookie.

In that regard, income from a UBI is no different than income you earn. Suppose you have 1k a month from your UBI and I have a wage of 1k a month. If your landlord can price-gouge you, why can't mine price-gouge me? If competition keeps me safe from price-gouging, it will keep you safe, too.


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### Answer by username_2 on 2024-06-01. Score: 0

Well, a universal basic income would undoubtedly cause inflation, which would technically raise the poverty line. However, the UBI would mainly be to tide people over for the temporal gap between mass unemployment due to near total automation and the implementation of a post-scarcity system. A post scarcity economy is a theoretical one in which automation is so total and our resource use is so efficient that everyone could be just given food, medicine, housing, etc. Such a system could also come about with atomic nanotechnology that could convert one substance to another, like turning a block of wood into a cheeseburger for example.


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