<p><strong>tl;dr: it's basic engineering: efficiencies improved between 1970 and 2010. Additionally, net USA imports increased from 0.75 trillion cubic feet in 1970 to 3.8 trillion cubic feet in 2007</strong></p>

<p>I think there may be some misunderstandings. Firstly: the first chart shows domestic gas production. "Domestic" doesn't refer to residential-only use - it just means natural gas produced <em>within</em> country, rather than imported by pipeline or on ship. Secondly: the second graph does <strong>not</strong> show the amount of gas uesd to generate electricity. It shows the amount of electricity generated by gas. There's a huge difference. The latter is the former multiplied by the volume-weighted efficiency of the generation fleet. And thirdly, you discuss the lack of responsiveness because of the need for gas infrastructure, but the period under consideration is 40 years, which <em>is</em> the long run: that's sufficient time for replacement of capital; pretty much all costs are variable over 40 years in gas.</p>

<p>Just because there may have been an increase in demand for gas-fuelled energy services, does not mean there has been a big increase in demand for gas, for example, when part of the increase in demand is stimulated by improvements in energy efficiency.</p>

<p>The USA has two sources of natural gas: domestic production, and imports. One of the ways you get a disconnect between local production and local consumption is a change in net imports, which is what happened:  <a href="http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_move_ist_a2dcu_nus_a.htm">net USA imports</a> increased from 0.75 trillion cubic feet in 1970 to a peak of 3.8 trillion cubic feet in 2007.</p>

<p>Natural gas gets used directly for heating, including in industrial processes; it also gets used for electricity generation. The latter also had a local peak around 1970. The amount of electricity generated by gas turbines very closely tracks domestic gas production until about 1990.</p>

<p>What's happened over the last 40 years is that energy efficiency has improved. There has been fuel-switching, so that some processes that were done using gas now use coal or electricity; and some processes that did use coal now use gas. There have been net efficiency gains over time, just as you'd expect. Some of this was outside the residential sector, and some is within it.</p>

<p>Some energy efficiency improvements have come about through improvements in boiler technology such as the mainstream appearance of condensing gas boilers; as well as a better understanding of maintenance. And improvements in building heat tightness, from enforced tighter building controls, better materials, better construction techniques. In the UK, we've also seen the replacement of open gas fires with central heating systems, which tends to be more efficient too, and that may have played a role in the USA over the last 40 years.</p>

<p>And particularly, from 1990, the upward trend in electricity generated from gas (the second graph) is stronger than the domestic increase in gas production. Around 1990, there was the introduction of a new type of process, the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), which increased the gas-to-electricity efficiencies from around 30% to around 55% - i.e. almost doubling. By 2007, CCGTs had displaced pretty much all the old open-cycle turbines, resulting in almost twice the electricity generated from the same amount of gas.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-16T07:52:44.383Z
2014-12-16T10:05:38.073Z
2014-12-16T10:05:38.073Z
410 gone
<p>The following historical graph of US Marketable Natural Gas volume has me puzzled:</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/xhmZD.png" alt="US Marketable Natural Gas 1900-2015"></p>

<p>How was the gas used in 1970 (a peak production period), given that we would seem to be using a lot more gas now? Normally, I think of natural gas as having relatively inelastic demand because it relies on fixed distribution networks which are time-consuming and expensive to build. </p>

<p>In 2010, the graph shows <em>less</em> gas being produced than in 1970, but considering the huge increase in the retail use of natural gas for heating in recent decades, how can this be? Apparently there was some huge, elastic demand in 1970, which I presume was some industrial process. What would that have been? Before you say "power generation" look at this graph:</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/2tEXL.jpg" alt="power generation from natural gas"></p>

<p>So, we are using a LOT more natural gas now compared to 1970 both in homes and for power generation. So, what is this huge extra use of natural gas in 1970? Where was it going?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-16T01:16:26.397Z
@EnergyNumbers sorry, that was a typo, I meant 1970.
Lassie Fair
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-16T03:01:11.120Z
@EnergyNumbers ??? I already included one graph showing we are generating a lot more electricity from gas now. Are you seriously asking whether residential gas usage is higher now than in 1970? If you don't understand the subject, please don't waste my time asking trivial questions. I am looking for somebody who has an ANSWER, not someone who requires "proof" of the growth of residential gas infrastructure.
Lassie Fair
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-16T07:07:26.767Z
Oh, are either of those graphs strictly residential? I thought they were both national totals for all uses: please can you label the residential one(s) accordingly?
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-16T07:58:08.717Z
You also mention elasticity in your title, but you don't discuss prices at all, so which elasticities are you interested in? I've tried to answer something you might be asking, but question seems unclear.
410 gone
<microeconomics><supply-and-demand><usa><energy-economics><commodities>
Usage of natural gas in 1970 (where was the demand elasticity?)
Lassie Fair
# Usage of natural gas in 1970 (where was the demand elasticity?)

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-12-15)

The following historical graph of US Marketable Natural Gas volume has me puzzled:

![US Marketable Natural Gas 1900-2015](https://i.sstatic.net/xhmZD.png)

How was the gas used in 1970 (a peak production period), given that we would seem to be using a lot more gas now? Normally, I think of natural gas as having relatively inelastic demand because it relies on fixed distribution networks which are time-consuming and expensive to build.

In 2010, the graph shows *less* gas being produced than in 1970, but considering the huge increase in the retail use of natural gas for heating in recent decades, how can this be? Apparently there was some huge, elastic demand in 1970, which I presume was some industrial process. What would that have been? Before you say "power generation" look at this graph:

![power generation from natural gas](https://i.sstatic.net/2tEXL.jpg)

So, we are using a LOT more natural gas now compared to 1970 both in homes and for power generation. So, what is this huge extra use of natural gas in 1970? Where was it going?

**Tags:** microeconomics, supply-and-demand, usa, energy-economics, commodities
> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: @EnergyNumbers sorry, that was a typo, I meant 1970.  
> **username_0**: @EnergyNumbers ??? I already included one graph showing we are generating a lot more electricity from gas now. Are you seriously asking whether residential gas usage is higher now than in 1970? If you don't understand the subject, please don't waste my time asking trivial questions. I am looking for somebody who has an ANSWER, not someone who requires "proof" of the growth of residential gas infrastructure.  
> **username_1**: Oh, are either of those graphs strictly residential? I thought they were both national totals for all uses: please can you label the residential one(s) accordingly?  
> **username_1**: You also mention elasticity in your title, but you don't discuss prices at all, so which elasticities are you interested in? I've tried to answer something you might be asking, but question seems unclear.  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2014-12-16. Score: 8 | Accepted answer

**tl;dr: it's basic engineering: efficiencies improved between 1970 and 2010. Additionally, net USA imports increased from 0.75 trillion cubic feet in 1970 to 3.8 trillion cubic feet in 2007**

I think there may be some misunderstandings. Firstly: the first chart shows domestic gas production. "Domestic" doesn't refer to residential-only use - it just means natural gas produced *within* country, rather than imported by pipeline or on ship. Secondly: the second graph does **not** show the amount of gas uesd to generate electricity. It shows the amount of electricity generated by gas. There's a huge difference. The latter is the former multiplied by the volume-weighted efficiency of the generation fleet. And thirdly, you discuss the lack of responsiveness because of the need for gas infrastructure, but the period under consideration is 40 years, which *is* the long run: that's sufficient time for replacement of capital; pretty much all costs are variable over 40 years in gas.

Just because there may have been an increase in demand for gas-fuelled energy services, does not mean there has been a big increase in demand for gas, for example, when part of the increase in demand is stimulated by improvements in energy efficiency.

The USA has two sources of natural gas: domestic production, and imports. One of the ways you get a disconnect between local production and local consumption is a change in net imports, which is what happened: [net USA imports](http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_move_ist_a2dcu_nus_a.htm) increased from 0.75 trillion cubic feet in 1970 to a peak of 3.8 trillion cubic feet in 2007.

Natural gas gets used directly for heating, including in industrial processes; it also gets used for electricity generation. The latter also had a local peak around 1970. The amount of electricity generated by gas turbines very closely tracks domestic gas production until about 1990.

What's happened over the last 40 years is that energy efficiency has improved. There has been fuel-switching, so that some processes that were done using gas now use coal or electricity; and some processes that did use coal now use gas. There have been net efficiency gains over time, just as you'd expect. Some of this was outside the residential sector, and some is within it.

Some energy efficiency improvements have come about through improvements in boiler technology such as the mainstream appearance of condensing gas boilers; as well as a better understanding of maintenance. And improvements in building heat tightness, from enforced tighter building controls, better materials, better construction techniques. In the UK, we've also seen the replacement of open gas fires with central heating systems, which tends to be more efficient too, and that may have played a role in the USA over the last 40 years.

And particularly, from 1990, the upward trend in electricity generated from gas (the second graph) is stronger than the domestic increase in gas production. Around 1990, there was the introduction of a new type of process, the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), which increased the gas-to-electricity efficiencies from around 30% to around 55% - i.e. almost doubling. By 2007, CCGTs had displaced pretty much all the old open-cycle turbines, resulting in almost twice the electricity generated from the same amount of gas.


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