<p>I am an economist and I am skeptical that the value will be large, remember that the planet has a 65 trillion dollar economy and so while a billion dollars is a lot of money to me, it isn't a lot of money in the big scheme of things.</p>

<p>On the surface, blockchain appears to improve accountability and reduce fraud.  I said on the surface because very few large scale blockchain frauds have happened yet.  Also, the most inefficient components of the world economy usually depend upon graft and those systems are resistant to implementing processes that improve accountability.</p>

<p>I do think that adding blockchain will improve system integrity, but I am wondering how the mafia will get to the outside nodes to degrade the information quality before it enters the process.  Consider a WalMart buys a set of goods numbered X0001 through X0050 and they are physically delivered.  Imagine that the shipping container is surreptitiously intercepted and a general manifest marking X0001 through X0050 as received goes through the process rather than the time consuming manual process of scanning each good.  The blockchain is defeated.</p>

<p>Now let us imagine that the packaging for each good is given a RFID with a unique encryption.  This is costly.  The mafia hires hackers to break into the system from the source and determine the encryption system itself.  </p>

<p>Learning from this, they hire amazing network security, so the mafia hires a janitor to bug the place and steal documents.</p>

<p>Blockchain is nothing more than a distributed information recording system.  It is resistant to system destruction, facilitates verification and validation, and improves accountability <em>but</em> we have seen very few large scale failures.  Consider this, the Internet is resistant to system destruction, facilitates verification and validation of actors and nearly guarantees signal propagation as long as enough underlying communication systems survive.</p>

<p>The Internet's value has been heavily located in porn and cat videos.  Fraud is rampant and it is an open system, largely.  So is blockchain.  Open systems, like public highways, still depend upon policing and monitoring.</p>

<p>Although blockchain is proposing to replace centralized systems, as the Internet did for the postal service and BBS, it isn't clear that it will be of GREAT value for strong centralized systems.  Instead, the gains will probably be in poor centralized systems such as the international wire system.  It is aged, outmoded and outdated and hasn't seen real improvements in my lifetime.  It hasn't changed greatly since its 19th-century antecedents.  The same is true for the ACH system because Congress refuses to allocate the money.  On the other hand, the Swedish or British systems are great.</p>

<p>My guess is that its greatest value will be in exposing graft.  For example, if you could continuously track a container in a port in Ghana, then you could track what workers actually did what work and you would be able to expose clearly the pattern of bribes which speed up or slow down the harbor.  That is, you could if the customs and dock workers use the tools as intended.</p>

<p>Blockchain just decentralizes signal.  It is a human system and it will be implemented as part of greater human systems.  I think roving bandits like hackers and stationary bandits like customs workers haven't had a real chance to attack it yet.</p>

<p>If I were working in blockchain, I would be working on the inputs to the system and not the system itself.  The money is still in preventing GIGO.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T20:17:44.920Z
Your view takes the physical world into account which, in the hyped expectations, has simply disappeared. Was wondering if I should give you the bounty. It is not a detailed explanation of how one of the claimed goals can be met, but if there are any such blockchains that **really** achieve those goals, the owners are not revealing their secret sauce yet. So an answer like the one I am looking for may not yet exist. So I will release the bounty to you. Will probably have to see how it evolves. As per Gartner, in 2016, blockchain technology was at the Peak of Inflated Expectations stage.
Ajoy Bhatia
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T22:52:07.947Z
My gut says there is no secret sauce.  While there are a handful of technologies that are really really clever, such as asymmetric cryptography, most are really mundane but very useful.  Blockchain is mundane and really useful in the same sense that + is useful.  Our lives are way simpler because we both can add and have a symbol for addition.  That is really clever and mundane.  I don't think blockchain will ever achieve the hype, except in highly inefficient systems such as the North American system of land transfers.
Dave Harris
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T22:54:56.397Z
And thanks for the points.  If I were going into blockchain for money, I would hunt down experts on highly inefficient systems.  Except for the three western states that use "grant deeds," the system of land transfer is inefficient.  It is even more so in the colonial states.  Usually you will see "experts" in those fields such as title attorneys or people who specialize in customs and duties.  When you start seeing specialists, you usually are discussing a structural inefficiency.  There are plenty around.  Ambulance dispatching, though I cannot believe blockchain will improve it, is an issue
Dave Harris
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T22:55:54.077Z
The secret sauce is getting an entire industry to bow to your standard before it bows to your competitors standard, but remember the fate of RealPlayer or Lotus 123.
Dave Harris
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-10-21T04:32:57.020Z
"The mafia hires hackers to break into the system from the source and determine the encryption system itself"  -  Good luck trying that, not happening until there is Quantum computing
NaN
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T18:45:52.773Z
2017-05-08T18:45:52.773Z
Dave Harris
<p>Here are some extracts from research (some have paywall):</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w22952.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">NBER article</a>:</li>
</ul>

<blockquote>
  <p>A well functioning market (and economy), relies on robust identity verification as well as on the
  ability to verify the goods and services being exchanged (e.g.  in terms of their provenance, how
  they were changed through the supply chain etc.), and the credentials of the parties involved (e.g.
  degrees on a curriculum vitae, professional licensing status, bad actor status, driving record etc.). ... Current solutions to the identity and credentials verification problem typically rely on insecure
  secrets and documents (e.g.  social security number,  passwords,  passports,  signatures,  university
  transcripts etc.)  or public-key encryption and hardware (e.g.  multiple factor authentication, certificates). </p>
  
  <p>Blockchain technology can reduce this risk by allowing for authentication without
  disclosure of sensitive information.  The same way a distributed ledger can track the attributes of
  financial transactions, it can also track changes to an individual’s status and credentials (or firm, good, service).  For example, an individual’s ability to perform (or not) a certain action could be
  recorded  on  a  blockchain  and  queried  when  needed  by  a  third-party  (e.g.   a  bank  could  verify, after being authorized by a customer, her status in the country or credit history).  Similarly, access to medical records (or parts of them) could be granted,  revoked or ported between providers as
  needed.</p>
</blockquote>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2662660" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Handbook of Digital Transformations article</a>:</li>
</ul>

<blockquote>
  <p>In a globalized world, every commodity we consume corresponds to
  “a journey of 
  people, places and materials” (Steiner, 2015). Yet, the underlying supply chains are often 
  opaque to the end consumer. How do we recreate transparency and new relationships with
  consumer goods, so as to enable active participation (Williams, 2015), to verify 
  product authenticity and ethical standards? Blockchain technology provides a 
  groundbreaking solution. A shared, consensus - based and immutable ledger helps track the origin an d the transformations undergone in the supply chain. The blockchain will 
  create a formal registry enabling the identification and the tracking of 
  possession of a good throughout the supply chain. 
  One could also resort to connected objects installed in 
  fishing boats, shipping trucks and storage coolers that will keep track of the environmental conditions, such as 
  temperature or location, ensuring that a product was 
  safely handled, complying with health and safety norms. Finally, because the blockchain ensures anonymity; promotions and discounts could be sent to users, without disclosing their personal information. </p>
</blockquote>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Images/infographics/au-deloitte-technology-bitcoin-blockchain-distributed-ledgers-180416.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Deloitte report</a> (interesting, about preventing illegal items entering the supply chain):</li>
</ul>

<blockquote>
  <p>Moving a physical, central property registry onto a distributed ledger has the 
  potential to extend access to property registries into underprivileged areas. By 
  reducing the cost and effort required to access the register in remote locations 
  it could help the people living there secure title to their land. This might not be 
  a problem in mature nations with well develop institutions, but the shift has 
  the potential to bring real benefits to jurisdictions where there is sovereign risk. 
  Distributed ownership registers also bring certainty to the ownership of assets that 
  pass through multiple jurisdictions, such as tracking provenance to prevent ‘blood’ 
  diamonds from entering the supply chain.</p>
</blockquote>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.etla.fi/wp-content/uploads/ETLA-Working-Papers-38.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A Finnish research centre report</a>:</li>
</ul>

<blockquote>
  <p>Another effect potentially resulting from the digital trust and
   disintermediation trends is the reconfiguration of the balance of power in supply chain networks. Up until the present day, 
  decisions relating to the supply chain of a product have mainly
   fallen within the domain of 
  companies. Even if customers were able to have some idea of what kinds of raw materials and 
  labour inputs went into the products, they would seldom have any visibility into the division 
  of costs and profits in those supply chains — not to mention any decisive power over such 
  matters. </p>
  
  <p>Due to the increased visibility into supply chain networks enabled by blockchain technology, 
  customers are able to demand much more detailed information about their products and 
  services.  With  blockchain  applications,  consumers  could  even  specify  minimum  and 
  maximum prices that they are willing to pay for each ingredient
   and labour input individually 
  and then scan for products that meet their specified criteria. </p>
  
  <p>Alternatively, taking things one step further, consumers could 
  even utilize smart contracts to 
  customize the entire production 
  process to match their own consumer preferences. In other 
  words, instead of choosing a standard product from a vendor’s catalogue, the consumer could 
  transact with the producers and manufacturers directly. By doing so, the customer could 
  arrange each step in the supply chain to their own liking, using specified raw materials and 
  suppliers for a product produced exactly as the customer wants 
  it. Smart contracts could even 
  allow consumers to automate the 
  optimization of all the parameters, so that if a more optimal 
  contract  for  a  certain  production  phase  is  offered,  it  is  automatically  accepted  and 
  incorporated into the 
  chain of production.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>There is plenty of more research. Check it <a href="http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?ft=blockchain+supply+" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T20:00:31.643Z
These are not explanations of how these goals will be achieved but examples of the kind of hype I have found. Looking at cases where physical objects are moved, consider the 2nd quote (from HBD article) How does blockchain ensure that a product was "safely handled"? If a handler drops a fish in mud, picks it up and puts it back after just a little washing, or if a handler picks up fish with dirty hands, how does that information get onto the blockchain? I have similar objections to the Finnish research report. This is a problem whenever the use case involves movable physical objects.
Ajoy Bhatia
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T20:03:15.580Z
Essentially, blockchain is being seen as a panacea for all the ills of the world, but there are some problems that require changes in human behavior and culture, i.e. social changes. These and others are not problems that technology can solve.
Ajoy Bhatia
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T20:10:56.650Z
Finnish research center report says that consumers could specify exactly each step in the supply chain, using specified suppliers and raw materials. However, that does not mean that making the product would be feasible or economical for the manufaturer. And where will the verification of all specs occur? Regarding automated optimization of all parameters, how could a smart contract find a more optimal contract? Smart contracts cannot read the data storage of other contracts and are isolated from each other. So the devil is in the details.
Ajoy Bhatia
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-08T11:50:49.450Z
2017-05-08T11:50:49.450Z
luchonacho
<p>I am a software developer, and have been studying Bitcoin, Ethereum and blockchain technology over the last 8 months or so. I have read a lot on the Internet about how blockchain technology will revolutionize the supply chain. The content I found was either on:</p>

<ol>
<li>websites of tech companies working on this, so I guess they do not want to reveal the details of how exactly their solution works.</li>
</ol>

<p><strong>OR</strong></p>

<ol start="2">
<li>commerce news sites, written by people not knowledgeable about the technical aspects, describing the benefits of blockchain technology and what it would enable in the supply chain but only at a very high level without any explanation of how those goals would be achieved in the supply chain space.</li>
</ol>

<p>I want to understand how exactly people in the business / commerce / economics world see blockchain technology being applied to supply chains to achieve the stated benefits of "eliminating inefficiencies, speed up transactions, enable innovative new business models, transparency, trackability,... on and on, including but not limited to "tracking freshness of produce".</p>

<p>I am looking for someone who knows the technology and the domain and can explain how these business goals can be achieved using blockchain technology.</p>

<software><technology><international-trade>
How exactly can blockchain technology be used to make a supply chain more efficient?
Ajoy Bhatia
# How exactly can blockchain technology be used to make a supply chain more efficient?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-05-05)

I am a software developer, and have been studying Bitcoin, Ethereum and blockchain technology over the last 8 months or so. I have read a lot on the Internet about how blockchain technology will revolutionize the supply chain. The content I found was either on:

1. websites of tech companies working on this, so I guess they do not want to reveal the details of how exactly their solution works.

**OR**

2. commerce news sites, written by people not knowledgeable about the technical aspects, describing the benefits of blockchain technology and what it would enable in the supply chain but only at a very high level without any explanation of how those goals would be achieved in the supply chain space.

I want to understand how exactly people in the business / commerce / economics world see blockchain technology being applied to supply chains to achieve the stated benefits of "eliminating inefficiencies, speed up transactions, enable innovative new business models, transparency, trackability,... on and on, including but not limited to "tracking freshness of produce".

I am looking for someone who knows the technology and the domain and can explain how these business goals can be achieved using blockchain technology.

**Tags:** software, technology, international-trade

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2017-05-08. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

I am an economist and I am skeptical that the value will be large, remember that the planet has a 65 trillion dollar economy and so while a billion dollars is a lot of money to me, it isn't a lot of money in the big scheme of things.

On the surface, blockchain appears to improve accountability and reduce fraud. I said on the surface because very few large scale blockchain frauds have happened yet. Also, the most inefficient components of the world economy usually depend upon graft and those systems are resistant to implementing processes that improve accountability.

I do think that adding blockchain will improve system integrity, but I am wondering how the mafia will get to the outside nodes to degrade the information quality before it enters the process. Consider a WalMart buys a set of goods numbered X0001 through X0050 and they are physically delivered. Imagine that the shipping container is surreptitiously intercepted and a general manifest marking X0001 through X0050 as received goes through the process rather than the time consuming manual process of scanning each good. The blockchain is defeated.

Now let us imagine that the packaging for each good is given a RFID with a unique encryption. This is costly. The mafia hires hackers to break into the system from the source and determine the encryption system itself.

Learning from this, they hire amazing network security, so the mafia hires a janitor to bug the place and steal documents.

Blockchain is nothing more than a distributed information recording system. It is resistant to system destruction, facilitates verification and validation, and improves accountability *but* we have seen very few large scale failures. Consider this, the Internet is resistant to system destruction, facilitates verification and validation of actors and nearly guarantees signal propagation as long as enough underlying communication systems survive.

The Internet's value has been heavily located in porn and cat videos. Fraud is rampant and it is an open system, largely. So is blockchain. Open systems, like public highways, still depend upon policing and monitoring.

Although blockchain is proposing to replace centralized systems, as the Internet did for the postal service and BBS, it isn't clear that it will be of GREAT value for strong centralized systems. Instead, the gains will probably be in poor centralized systems such as the international wire system. It is aged, outmoded and outdated and hasn't seen real improvements in my lifetime. It hasn't changed greatly since its 19th-century antecedents. The same is true for the ACH system because Congress refuses to allocate the money. On the other hand, the Swedish or British systems are great.

My guess is that its greatest value will be in exposing graft. For example, if you could continuously track a container in a port in Ghana, then you could track what workers actually did what work and you would be able to expose clearly the pattern of bribes which speed up or slow down the harbor. That is, you could if the customs and dock workers use the tools as intended.

Blockchain just decentralizes signal. It is a human system and it will be implemented as part of greater human systems. I think roving bandits like hackers and stationary bandits like customs workers haven't had a real chance to attack it yet.

If I were working in blockchain, I would be working on the inputs to the system and not the system itself. The money is still in preventing GIGO.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Your view takes the physical world into account which, in the hyped expectations, has simply disappeared. Was wondering if I should give you the bounty. It is not a detailed explanation of how one of the claimed goals can be met, but if there are any such blockchains that **really** achieve those goals, the owners are not revealing their secret sauce yet. So an answer like the one I am looking for may not yet exist. So I will release the bounty to you. Will probably have to see how it evolves. As per Gartner, in 2016, blockchain technology was at the Peak of Inflated Expectations stage.  
> **username_1**: My gut says there is no secret sauce.  While there are a handful of technologies that are really really clever, such as asymmetric cryptography, most are really mundane but very useful.  Blockchain is mundane and really useful in the same sense that + is useful.  Our lives are way simpler because we both can add and have a symbol for addition.  That is really clever and mundane.  I don't think blockchain will ever achieve the hype, except in highly inefficient systems such as the North American system of land transfers.  
> **username_1**: And thanks for the points.  If I were going into blockchain for money, I would hunt down experts on highly inefficient systems.  Except for the three western states that use "grant deeds," the system of land transfer is inefficient.  It is even more so in the colonial states.  Usually you will see "experts" in those fields such as title attorneys or people who specialize in customs and duties.  When you start seeing specialists, you usually are discussing a structural inefficiency.  There are plenty around.  Ambulance dispatching, though I cannot believe blockchain will improve it, is an issue  
> **username_1**: The secret sauce is getting an entire industry to bow to your standard before it bows to your competitors standard, but remember the fate of RealPlayer or Lotus 123.  
> **username_2**: "The mafia hires hackers to break into the system from the source and determine the encryption system itself"  -  Good luck trying that, not happening until there is Quantum computing  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2017-05-08. Score: 0

Here are some extracts from research (some have paywall):

* [NBER article](http://www.nber.org/papers/w22952.pdf):

> A well functioning market (and economy), relies on robust identity verification as well as on the
> ability to verify the goods and services being exchanged (e.g. in terms of their provenance, how
> they were changed through the supply chain etc.), and the credentials of the parties involved (e.g.
> degrees on a curriculum vitae, professional licensing status, bad actor status, driving record etc.). ... Current solutions to the identity and credentials verification problem typically rely on insecure
> secrets and documents (e.g. social security number, passwords, passports, signatures, university
> transcripts etc.) or public-key encryption and hardware (e.g. multiple factor authentication, certificates).
>
> Blockchain technology can reduce this risk by allowing for authentication without
> disclosure of sensitive information. The same way a distributed ledger can track the attributes of
> financial transactions, it can also track changes to an individual’s status and credentials (or firm, good, service). For example, an individual’s ability to perform (or not) a certain action could be
> recorded on a blockchain and queried when needed by a third-party (e.g. a bank could verify, after being authorized by a customer, her status in the country or credit history). Similarly, access to medical records (or parts of them) could be granted, revoked or ported between providers as
> needed.

* [Handbook of Digital Transformations article](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2662660):

> In a globalized world, every commodity we consume corresponds to
> “a journey of
> people, places and materials” (Steiner, 2015). Yet, the underlying supply chains are often
> opaque to the end consumer. How do we recreate transparency and new relationships with
> consumer goods, so as to enable active participation (Williams, 2015), to verify
> product authenticity and ethical standards? Blockchain technology provides a
> groundbreaking solution. A shared, consensus - based and immutable ledger helps track the origin an d the transformations undergone in the supply chain. The blockchain will
> create a formal registry enabling the identification and the tracking of
> possession of a good throughout the supply chain.
> One could also resort to connected objects installed in
> fishing boats, shipping trucks and storage coolers that will keep track of the environmental conditions, such as
> temperature or location, ensuring that a product was
> safely handled, complying with health and safety norms. Finally, because the blockchain ensures anonymity; promotions and discounts could be sent to users, without disclosing their personal information.

* [Deloitte report](https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Images/infographics/au-deloitte-technology-bitcoin-blockchain-distributed-ledgers-180416.pdf) (interesting, about preventing illegal items entering the supply chain):

> Moving a physical, central property registry onto a distributed ledger has the
> potential to extend access to property registries into underprivileged areas. By
> reducing the cost and effort required to access the register in remote locations
> it could help the people living there secure title to their land. This might not be
> a problem in mature nations with well develop institutions, but the shift has
> the potential to bring real benefits to jurisdictions where there is sovereign risk.
> Distributed ownership registers also bring certainty to the ownership of assets that
> pass through multiple jurisdictions, such as tracking provenance to prevent ‘blood’
> diamonds from entering the supply chain.

* [A Finnish research centre report](https://www.etla.fi/wp-content/uploads/ETLA-Working-Papers-38.pdf):

> Another effect potentially resulting from the digital trust and
> disintermediation trends is the reconfiguration of the balance of power in supply chain networks. Up until the present day,
> decisions relating to the supply chain of a product have mainly
> fallen within the domain of
> companies. Even if customers were able to have some idea of what kinds of raw materials and
> labour inputs went into the products, they would seldom have any visibility into the division
> of costs and profits in those supply chains — not to mention any decisive power over such
> matters.
>
> Due to the increased visibility into supply chain networks enabled by blockchain technology,
> customers are able to demand much more detailed information about their products and
> services. With blockchain applications, consumers could even specify minimum and
> maximum prices that they are willing to pay for each ingredient
> and labour input individually
> and then scan for products that meet their specified criteria.
>
> Alternatively, taking things one step further, consumers could
> even utilize smart contracts to
> customize the entire production
> process to match their own consumer preferences. In other
> words, instead of choosing a standard product from a vendor’s catalogue, the consumer could
> transact with the producers and manufacturers directly. By doing so, the customer could
> arrange each step in the supply chain to their own liking, using specified raw materials and
> suppliers for a product produced exactly as the customer wants
> it. Smart contracts could even
> allow consumers to automate the
> optimization of all the parameters, so that if a more optimal
> contract for a certain production phase is offered, it is automatically accepted and
> incorporated into the
> chain of production.

There is plenty of more research. Check it [here](http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?ft=blockchain+supply+).

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: These are not explanations of how these goals will be achieved but examples of the kind of hype I have found. Looking at cases where physical objects are moved, consider the 2nd quote (from HBD article) How does blockchain ensure that a product was "safely handled"? If a handler drops a fish in mud, picks it up and puts it back after just a little washing, or if a handler picks up fish with dirty hands, how does that information get onto the blockchain? I have similar objections to the Finnish research report. This is a problem whenever the use case involves movable physical objects.  
> **username_0**: Essentially, blockchain is being seen as a panacea for all the ills of the world, but there are some problems that require changes in human behavior and culture, i.e. social changes. These and others are not problems that technology can solve.  
> **username_0**: Finnish research center report says that consumers could specify exactly each step in the supply chain, using specified suppliers and raw materials. However, that does not mean that making the product would be feasible or economical for the manufaturer. And where will the verification of all specs occur? Regarding automated optimization of all parameters, how could a smart contract find a more optimal contract? Smart contracts cannot read the data storage of other contracts and are isolated from each other. So the devil is in the details.  

---

