<p>I think its a fair comment on the film's light touch around why sub-prime lending boomed in the years prior to 2007. Your question asks what was happening in 2002 or 2005; I think the key thing about the pre-crisis years is that there was a complex system generating mortgage debt that matured throughout the period up to 2007 and afterwards. Focussing specifically on why 2007 became the tipping point is perhaps to use too much hindsight. In my view it is probably more helpful to think of an unstable complex system that tended towards a crisis; even in the film there is a scene in which Michael Burry says something along the lines of "I wasn't wrong, I was just early". What can be usefully addressed is the question as to what was happening in the US economy in years leading up to 2007 that created this unstable system. There is obviously a huge amount of economic and historical literature around the crisis. Most of my understanding has come from two sources: Niall Fergusson <em>The Great Degeneration</em> (2013) and Adam Tooze <em>Crashed</em> (2018). The below is an attempt to summarise my understanding, which is heavily derivative of these two books:</p>

<p>First it is worth emphasising the incentive structure faced by banking executives: As with most large corporations today, the executives of the large US and global banks in the pre-crisis era were heavily incentivised to maximise shareholder value (stock awards/options make up the majority of executive pay). One of the easiest ways to do this is to increase the bank's leverage (purchase more assets against a relatively small equity base). The key point about the years leading up to the crisis was that the financial regulation in place expressly permitted the banks to do just that; the Basel regulations at this time specified the amount of equity a bank was required to hold compared to assets on a risk-weighted basis (if an asset was considered low- or no-risk the banks could stuff their balance sheets with as much as they could get without having to hold any more equity against it). And the risk weightings for these assets were provided initially by the banks themselves and then by the ratings agencies...who were paid by the banks and competed with each other for banking business (hugely incentivised to underplay the riskiness of any security with which the banks presented them).</p>

<p>So why were mortgage backed securities and their associated derivatives the assets of choice for banks to feed through this perverse incentive structure? There were a number of forces distorting the US mortgage market that made investing in mortgages an attractive prospect for banks. Government Sponsored Enterprises (Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae) acted as a back-stop to the mortgage market; they were licensed to purchase mortgages meeting certain quality criteria, using the extremely cheap debt that they had access to given their high credit rating as GSEs. This essentially begat the originate-to-distribute mortgage system, whereby a commercial bank could originate a mortgage loan and then immediately turn around and sell it to the GSE, which in turn enables them to go an make more loans. This had been going on in the US in one form or another since the 30s but the pace and risk of lending was increased in the 90s as the US government issued targets for mortgage lending to low-income areas. It was viewed as politically desirable to increase the number of US citizens that owned their own homes, but the unintended (or perhaps intended??) consequence was an increase in sub-prime lending.</p>

<p>At the same time financial innovators were coming up with evermore creative ways to "manage" this increasing risk inherent in mortgage lending. A common principle in finance is that risk can be diversified away; if two risky assets have uncorrelated returns and are combined into a single portfolio, the risk of the portfolio is less than the risk of either of the individual assets (when one is down the other might be up). As any explanation of the myriad complexities of CDOs, CDSs, CDOs squared etc is far beyond my knowledge, I will make the sweeping statement that pretty much all of these financial products were predicated on the principle that risk could be reduced through diversification: buying one dodgy mortgage may be risky, but buying small pieces of hundreds or even thousands is fine. What are the chances they will all go bad at the same time right? And this is where the unsuitability of the risk analysis of banks and the ratings agencies came into play. They were viewing the return one mortgage as being fundamentally unrelated to the return on another mortgage. This was incorrect because underlying economic forces could hit all mortgages at the same time; there simply wasn't a precedent for this in the relatively small data sets on which they were building their "Value at Risk" models.</p>

<p>Finally there were two additional market distorting factors that were affecting the broader US economy, which allowed this unsustainable lending to go on without a correction for much longer than it should have  under 'normal' circumstances. </p>

<p>Firstly, the federal reserve took a very one-sided approach to monetary policy. It would intervene by cutting interest rates if asset prices dropped too rapidly but would not intervene to increase rates if prices rose too rapidly, providing the rise did not affect the Fed's measure of inflation, which curiously included consumer price indices but excluded house price indices. This meant that the cheap credit could keep flowing into the housing market despite the rapid house price appreciation of the pre-crisis years (which in turn encourages speculative investments related to house prices: find some way to borrow at cheap rates, invest in a rising housing market and sell out before anyone realises the houses have appreciated far beyond anything close to fundamental value).</p>

<p>Secondly, China contributed in a big way to the persistently low interest rates of the pre-crisis period. After joining the WTO in 2001 China managed to build up a massive current account surplus against the US (huge imports of Chinese goods into the US), which in turn led to huge capital flows from China into the US (US pays for Chinese goods in dollars, which the Chinese in turn invest in dollar denominated securities). The majority of this capital would have flown into US government debt, thereby keeping interest rates much lower than they would have been for much longer than they would have stayed.</p>

<p>So to summarise: leading up to 2007 you have an economy that is flooded with cheap credit through a combination of one-sided monetary policy and  huge flows of Chinese capital into US debt, meaning the banks have got plenty of capital just looking for a home (pun not intended). The banks in turn are incentivised by corporate remuneration norms and financial regulation to absorb as much of this cheap credit as they can and plough it into productive assets, and due to the government drive to get the US population on the housing ladder, the asset of choice was sub-prime mortgages. Financial innovation just exacerbated the whole thing by creating nifty ways to pretend that risk had just disappeared due to fundamentally misunderstanding return correlations. </p>

<p>I appreciate the thrust of your question was why 2007 but I am not sure it is possible to answer that with any conviction; there is no generally accepted science behind predicting when the heady waves of economic exuberance will turn into fear, but certainly it seems likely that if some of the afore mentioned factors were different the market correction could have occurred earlier or later. I hope that is useful.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T22:25:20.037Z
As I understand it, your answer boils down to "OP's premise is that the specific timing was important and predictable, but that isn't actually true (contrary to TBS's presentation of the situation)"? Have I got that right?
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T22:25:50.137Z
(FTAOD, that answer seems entirely reasonable! I'm just trying to check that I've correctly interpretted you!)
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T22:19:19.443Z
2020-06-14T22:19:19.443Z
NickPJ
<p>One issue is that it is an attempt to fact-check a movie. A movie has an incentive to give a simplistic explanation of the crisis.</p>

<p>There are probably hundreds of academic papers on the crisis. The reader is free to do an internet search. The most reliable account that I am aware of in the public domain is a the U.S. Federal Government’s report (which clocks in at 663 pages): <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-FCIC/pdf/GPO-FCIC.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Link to report.</a></p>

<p>None of the data that would be useful for my answer is in the public domain. However, it is safe to say that sub-prime mortgage lending grew almost continuously since it developed as a serious concept in the 1990s.</p>

<p>The key to understanding subprime mortgages was either the borrower refinanced before the teaser rate expired, or they were going to have to sell the house/default. The theory is that by servicing the mortgage for a few years, they could refinance into a conventional mortgage.</p>

<p>Given steady growth in issuance, it is mechanically the case that the amount of subprime mortgages that hit the end of teaser rates grew every year. As such, there would have been a “record” amount of rate expiries on a continuing basis.</p>

<p>Why did the refinancing blow up in 2007? The housing market started slowing in 2005, and the ability to refinance subprime mortgages decreased. Meanwhile, the bond markets stopped accepting subprime mortgage issuance. No refinancing implies a massive jump in teaser rate expiries.</p>

<p>The whole system went off the rails in 2007, and one needs to look at what was happening in the entire system to understand why. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-15T01:19:43.997Z
+1, by the way good source for understanding what happened is the hall of mirrors from Barry Eichengreen who I think makes quite a good account of the whole Great Recession in general. Especially good source for non-economists as the explanations are not overtly technical - a source I would recommend to @Brondahl or any other person interested in searching for answer to this issue
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T22:52:59.090Z
2020-06-14T22:52:59.090Z
Brian Romanchuk
<p>I recently watched The Big Short, which added to my existing-but-superficial understanding of the 2007/8 financial crisis.</p>

<p>One major component of that crisis was a relatively sudden and sharp rise in the proportion of defaults on sub-prime mortgages. <em>(In the film, this was the repeated references to"hitting 8%". I don't know whether the 8% figure was true and/or significant?)</em></p>

<p><em>The Big Short</em> asserts that this rise came about because many of those sub-prime mortgages were on <em>Adjustable-rates</em>, i.e. they start with a low "teaser-rate" which then goes up steeply after the initial low-rate period. And a lot of these bad mortgages were going to hit their new rate in 2007.</p>

<p>But I didn't really feel like the film explained <em>why</em> there were suddenly loads of sub-prime mortgages that were all going to hit their ADR limit in 2007?</p>

<p><strong>What was it that happened in e.g. 2002 to create a load of sub-prime mortgages with 5-year teaser rates? (Or 2000 with a lead time of 7 years, or 2005 with a lead-time of 2 years, etc. etc.)</strong></p>

<p><hr>
<em>For the avoidance of doubt, I'm not really interested in <strong>other</strong> causes of the 2007/8 crisis, if they don't really interact with the sub-prime mortgage system.</em></p>

<p><em>Similarly, if you agree that there was a sub-prime crisis but don't think that it tied into the wider financial crisis then I'm not really interested in a discussion of that point either; I just want to understand what happened to the sub-prime mortgage system.</em></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T19:24:00.750Z
This question assumes that every single subprime mortgage hit the end of teaser rates at the same time. That’s not what happened. Since  the entire premise is wrong, there’s no answer to the question.
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:01:13.293Z
@BrianRomanchuk No of course it doesn't. Where on earth did you get such an absurd exaggeration from?
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:05:43.520Z
“ What was it that happened in e.g. 2002 to create a load of sub-prime mortgages with 5-year teaser rates? ” is bolded in the question. That’s not how it worked.
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:12:51.103Z
@BrianRomanchuk are seriously unable to see a distinction between "a load of" and "every single one"!?
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:15:18.783Z
But to respond to (what I assume was) your actual point... please do expand. I *don't* understand these systems, so it's entirely possible that I've missed something, but I laid out the steps I was following in the question. Which step do you think doesn't follow from the previous step, and why?
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:15:58.080Z
(i.e. don't just say "this statement isn't true". Explain why you think it didn't follow from the previous statement). Explain why you think there was some other explanation
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:17:09.443Z
Do you agree that there was a sharp increase in the number of sub-prime defaults in 2007?
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:18:04.347Z
Do you agree that *that* sharp increase in defaults was caused by a sharp increase in the number of sub-prime mortgages that moved to paying at their adjusted rate, rather than their teaser rate?
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:18:25.537Z
Do you agree that the teaser rates end after some fixed number of years, agreed at the start of the mortgage contract?
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:20:16.410Z
Supposing that you agree with all the above (which you might well not!) then there must have been a sharp increase in the number of sub-prime mortgages sold *several years earlier*.... So what caused that?
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:23:05.943Z
(and to be clear, when I refer to "a sharp increase" I'm talking about a move from ~1% to ~8% over the course of 3-4 years, I think?)
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:28:06.160Z
Sigh. In any given year before 2007, “a load of” subprime mortgages needed to be refinanced. In previous years, that could be accommodated, because the markets accepted subprime issuance. In 2007, the deterioration in credit quality was clear, and the refinancing window shut. In order to understand why this happened, you need to look at the condition of the entire financial system. There are tons of books and reports on the Financial Crisis of 2008, nobody is going to re-type them here.
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-14T21:29:19.413Z
Let us [continue this discussion in chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/109364/discussion-between-brondahl-and-brian-romanchuk).
Brondahl
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-15T12:38:29.720Z
@Fair enough. Apologies if my response was a little sharp - I had a grumpy day yesterday :(
Brondahl
<economic-crisis>
What caused the sharp increase in subprime-mortgages moving to punishingly high-rates in 2007, (which lead to defaults and a financial crisis)
Brondahl
# What caused the sharp increase in subprime-mortgages moving to punishingly high-rates in 2007, (which lead to defaults and a financial crisis)

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-06-14)

I recently watched The Big Short, which added to my existing-but-superficial understanding of the 2007/8 financial crisis.

One major component of that crisis was a relatively sudden and sharp rise in the proportion of defaults on sub-prime mortgages. *(In the film, this was the repeated references to"hitting 8%". I don't know whether the 8% figure was true and/or significant?)*

*The Big Short* asserts that this rise came about because many of those sub-prime mortgages were on *Adjustable-rates*, i.e. they start with a low "teaser-rate" which then goes up steeply after the initial low-rate period. And a lot of these bad mortgages were going to hit their new rate in 2007.

But I didn't really feel like the film explained *why* there were suddenly loads of sub-prime mortgages that were all going to hit their ADR limit in 2007?

**What was it that happened in e.g. 2002 to create a load of sub-prime mortgages with 5-year teaser rates? (Or 2000 with a lead time of 7 years, or 2005 with a lead-time of 2 years, etc. etc.)**

---

*For the avoidance of doubt, I'm not really interested in **other** causes of the 2007/8 crisis, if they don't really interact with the sub-prime mortgage system.*

*Similarly, if you agree that there was a sub-prime crisis but don't think that it tied into the wider financial crisis then I'm not really interested in a discussion of that point either; I just want to understand what happened to the sub-prime mortgage system.*

**Tags:** economic-crisis
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: This question assumes that every single subprime mortgage hit the end of teaser rates at the same time. That’s not what happened. Since  the entire premise is wrong, there’s no answer to the question.  
> **username_0**: @BrianRomanchuk No of course it doesn't. Where on earth did you get such an absurd exaggeration from?  
> **username_1**: “ What was it that happened in e.g. 2002 to create a load of sub-prime mortgages with 5-year teaser rates? ” is bolded in the question. That’s not how it worked.  
> **username_0**: @BrianRomanchuk are seriously unable to see a distinction between "a load of" and "every single one"!?  
> **username_0**: But to respond to (what I assume was) your actual point... please do expand. I *don't* understand these systems, so it's entirely possible that I've missed something, but I laid out the steps I was following in the question. Which step do you think doesn't follow from the previous step, and why?  
> **username_0**: (i.e. don't just say "this statement isn't true". Explain why you think it didn't follow from the previous statement). Explain why you think there was some other explanation  
> **username_0**: Do you agree that there was a sharp increase in the number of sub-prime defaults in 2007?  
> **username_0**: Do you agree that *that* sharp increase in defaults was caused by a sharp increase in the number of sub-prime mortgages that moved to paying at their adjusted rate, rather than their teaser rate?  
> **username_0**: Do you agree that the teaser rates end after some fixed number of years, agreed at the start of the mortgage contract?  
> **username_0**: Supposing that you agree with all the above (which you might well not!) then there must have been a sharp increase in the number of sub-prime mortgages sold *several years earlier*.... So what caused that?  
> **username_0**: (and to be clear, when I refer to "a sharp increase" I'm talking about a move from ~1% to ~8% over the course of 3-4 years, I think?)  
> **username_1**: Sigh. In any given year before 2007, “a load of” subprime mortgages needed to be refinanced. In previous years, that could be accommodated, because the markets accepted subprime issuance. In 2007, the deterioration in credit quality was clear, and the refinancing window shut. In order to understand why this happened, you need to look at the condition of the entire financial system. There are tons of books and reports on the Financial Crisis of 2008, nobody is going to re-type them here.  
> **username_0**: Let us [continue this discussion in chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/109364/discussion-between-brondahl-and-brian-romanchuk).  
> **username_0**: @Fair enough. Apologies if my response was a little sharp - I had a grumpy day yesterday :(  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-06-14. Score: 3 | Accepted answer

One issue is that it is an attempt to fact-check a movie. A movie has an incentive to give a simplistic explanation of the crisis.

There are probably hundreds of academic papers on the crisis. The reader is free to do an internet search. The most reliable account that I am aware of in the public domain is a the U.S. Federal Government’s report (which clocks in at 663 pages): [Link to report.](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-FCIC/pdf/GPO-FCIC.pdf)

None of the data that would be useful for my answer is in the public domain. However, it is safe to say that sub-prime mortgage lending grew almost continuously since it developed as a serious concept in the 1990s.

The key to understanding subprime mortgages was either the borrower refinanced before the teaser rate expired, or they were going to have to sell the house/default. The theory is that by servicing the mortgage for a few years, they could refinance into a conventional mortgage.

Given steady growth in issuance, it is mechanically the case that the amount of subprime mortgages that hit the end of teaser rates grew every year. As such, there would have been a “record” amount of rate expiries on a continuing basis.

Why did the refinancing blow up in 2007? The housing market started slowing in 2005, and the ability to refinance subprime mortgages decreased. Meanwhile, the bond markets stopped accepting subprime mortgage issuance. No refinancing implies a massive jump in teaser rate expiries.

The whole system went off the rails in 2007, and one needs to look at what was happening in the entire system to understand why.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: +1, by the way good source for understanding what happened is the hall of mirrors from Barry Eichengreen who I think makes quite a good account of the whole Great Recession in general. Especially good source for non-economists as the explanations are not overtly technical - a source I would recommend to @Brondahl or any other person interested in searching for answer to this issue  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2020-06-14. Score: -1

I think its a fair comment on the film's light touch around why sub-prime lending boomed in the years prior to 2007. Your question asks what was happening in 2002 or 2005; I think the key thing about the pre-crisis years is that there was a complex system generating mortgage debt that matured throughout the period up to 2007 and afterwards. Focussing specifically on why 2007 became the tipping point is perhaps to use too much hindsight. In my view it is probably more helpful to think of an unstable complex system that tended towards a crisis; even in the film there is a scene in which Michael Burry says something along the lines of "I wasn't wrong, I was just early". What can be usefully addressed is the question as to what was happening in the US economy in years leading up to 2007 that created this unstable system. There is obviously a huge amount of economic and historical literature around the crisis. Most of my understanding has come from two sources: Niall Fergusson *The Great Degeneration* (2013) and Adam Tooze *Crashed* (2018). The below is an attempt to summarise my understanding, which is heavily derivative of these two books:

First it is worth emphasising the incentive structure faced by banking executives: As with most large corporations today, the executives of the large US and global banks in the pre-crisis era were heavily incentivised to maximise shareholder value (stock awards/options make up the majority of executive pay). One of the easiest ways to do this is to increase the bank's leverage (purchase more assets against a relatively small equity base). The key point about the years leading up to the crisis was that the financial regulation in place expressly permitted the banks to do just that; the Basel regulations at this time specified the amount of equity a bank was required to hold compared to assets on a risk-weighted basis (if an asset was considered low- or no-risk the banks could stuff their balance sheets with as much as they could get without having to hold any more equity against it). And the risk weightings for these assets were provided initially by the banks themselves and then by the ratings agencies...who were paid by the banks and competed with each other for banking business (hugely incentivised to underplay the riskiness of any security with which the banks presented them).

So why were mortgage backed securities and their associated derivatives the assets of choice for banks to feed through this perverse incentive structure? There were a number of forces distorting the US mortgage market that made investing in mortgages an attractive prospect for banks. Government Sponsored Enterprises (Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae) acted as a back-stop to the mortgage market; they were licensed to purchase mortgages meeting certain quality criteria, using the extremely cheap debt that they had access to given their high credit rating as GSEs. This essentially begat the originate-to-distribute mortgage system, whereby a commercial bank could originate a mortgage loan and then immediately turn around and sell it to the GSE, which in turn enables them to go an make more loans. This had been going on in the US in one form or another since the 30s but the pace and risk of lending was increased in the 90s as the US government issued targets for mortgage lending to low-income areas. It was viewed as politically desirable to increase the number of US citizens that owned their own homes, but the unintended (or perhaps intended??) consequence was an increase in sub-prime lending.

At the same time financial innovators were coming up with evermore creative ways to "manage" this increasing risk inherent in mortgage lending. A common principle in finance is that risk can be diversified away; if two risky assets have uncorrelated returns and are combined into a single portfolio, the risk of the portfolio is less than the risk of either of the individual assets (when one is down the other might be up). As any explanation of the myriad complexities of CDOs, CDSs, CDOs squared etc is far beyond my knowledge, I will make the sweeping statement that pretty much all of these financial products were predicated on the principle that risk could be reduced through diversification: buying one dodgy mortgage may be risky, but buying small pieces of hundreds or even thousands is fine. What are the chances they will all go bad at the same time right? And this is where the unsuitability of the risk analysis of banks and the ratings agencies came into play. They were viewing the return one mortgage as being fundamentally unrelated to the return on another mortgage. This was incorrect because underlying economic forces could hit all mortgages at the same time; there simply wasn't a precedent for this in the relatively small data sets on which they were building their "Value at Risk" models.

Finally there were two additional market distorting factors that were affecting the broader US economy, which allowed this unsustainable lending to go on without a correction for much longer than it should have under 'normal' circumstances.

Firstly, the federal reserve took a very one-sided approach to monetary policy. It would intervene by cutting interest rates if asset prices dropped too rapidly but would not intervene to increase rates if prices rose too rapidly, providing the rise did not affect the Fed's measure of inflation, which curiously included consumer price indices but excluded house price indices. This meant that the cheap credit could keep flowing into the housing market despite the rapid house price appreciation of the pre-crisis years (which in turn encourages speculative investments related to house prices: find some way to borrow at cheap rates, invest in a rising housing market and sell out before anyone realises the houses have appreciated far beyond anything close to fundamental value).

Secondly, China contributed in a big way to the persistently low interest rates of the pre-crisis period. After joining the WTO in 2001 China managed to build up a massive current account surplus against the US (huge imports of Chinese goods into the US), which in turn led to huge capital flows from China into the US (US pays for Chinese goods in dollars, which the Chinese in turn invest in dollar denominated securities). The majority of this capital would have flown into US government debt, thereby keeping interest rates much lower than they would have been for much longer than they would have stayed.

So to summarise: leading up to 2007 you have an economy that is flooded with cheap credit through a combination of one-sided monetary policy and huge flows of Chinese capital into US debt, meaning the banks have got plenty of capital just looking for a home (pun not intended). The banks in turn are incentivised by corporate remuneration norms and financial regulation to absorb as much of this cheap credit as they can and plough it into productive assets, and due to the government drive to get the US population on the housing ladder, the asset of choice was sub-prime mortgages. Financial innovation just exacerbated the whole thing by creating nifty ways to pretend that risk had just disappeared due to fundamentally misunderstanding return correlations.

I appreciate the thrust of your question was why 2007 but I am not sure it is possible to answer that with any conviction; there is no generally accepted science behind predicting when the heady waves of economic exuberance will turn into fear, but certainly it seems likely that if some of the afore mentioned factors were different the market correction could have occurred earlier or later. I hope that is useful.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: As I understand it, your answer boils down to "OP's premise is that the specific timing was important and predictable, but that isn't actually true (contrary to TBS's presentation of the situation)"? Have I got that right?  
> **username_0**: (FTAOD, that answer seems entirely reasonable! I'm just trying to check that I've correctly interpretted you!)  

---

