<p><strong><em>Note</em>: This answer was posted <em>4 months</em> before the OP clarified what it really wanted to ask (see comments below the answer).</strong></p>

<p>I will accept @Ubiquitous view of the question, which in summary is:</p>

<p><strong>Why not having a publicly owned monopoly in the banking sector? Instead of a, however regulated, private banking sector?</strong>  </p>

<p>It would be naive to counter "then why not nationalize all production activities?". This is <em>not</em> a "socialism or capitalism?" socio-philosophico-ideological issue. Strictly from the point of view of how the Economics discipline analyzes things, we must recognize the <em>critical</em> and <em>special</em> role the banking system plays in modern economies (because it intermediates savings and investment, consumption smoothing and intertemporal allocation of resources), as well as its <em>peculiarities</em>.<br>
And whenever the words "critical","special", "peculiar", arise in economic analysis, the merits of a private-market structure against a publicly controlled one must be carefully analyzed and assessed.  </p>

<p>First let's define what is the main business-line of a bank, in the most basic, abstract sense: <strong>sublessor of perfectly liquid capital</strong>. It borrows capital from the savers and lends it to the debtors -for a fee, which is the interest, and which depends on the length of the lease. And as with any lease, the lessee must also return what has been lent.  </p>

<p>Let's move now to some of the main reasons that have made societies produced a good/service through a state monopoly (obviously I won't go through all the taxonomy and intricacies of the various categories of public goods):</p>

<p><strong>Non-excludability</strong>  pertains to public goods like national safety: we cannot exclude those citizens that don't pay for it. This creates disincentives to pay for it. But the society as a whole needs it. So everybody pays whether they want it or not (through taxes that are backed by the monopoly of violence that the state holds), and the service is offered to all by a state monopoly. Does non-excludability holds for what the banking sector offers? No, because <em>the bank</em> gets to decide who gets the service or not. And the "service" is then at the control of the debtor.  So this cannot be an argument in favor of a public monopoly in the banking sector.</p>

<p><strong>Decreasing Average Costs</strong> with the scale of production, is what traditionally defines a "natural monopoly": it is in the nature of the production process to have decreasing average costs as quantity produced increases, and so the state steps in so that the benefits to the monopolist accrue to all society through the state. Is the business of a bank characterized by "automatically" decreasing average costs as credit expands?  </p>

<p>What are the "production costs" here? Various administrative costs certainly (branches, overheads etc), which are unlikely to exhibit a downward trend through out -rather they are very well likely to have the familiar U-shape, falling for initial small levels of credit volume, then perhaps a stage of constant returns to scale, then decreasing returns to scale (and so increasing average costs). A distinct and peculiar cost here, is <strong>outright loss of the capital</strong>. Surely, when one lets an apartment, it may suffer various damages from the use of it by the tenant -but it won't disappear with him. These costs will almost certainly <em>increase</em> with the "scale of production" (credit expansion) as the bank expands to less trustworthy debtors. So no "decreasing average costs here" - <strong>the banking sector is not a natural monopoly</strong>.  </p>

<p>A case of <strong>negative externalities</strong> can be made, that moreover <em>cannot be reversed</em>: the choices a bank makes as to where it will lend its capital, and for what purposes, may not satisfy the needs of the economy as a whole: the economy may need transportation infrastructure -but the banks may lend capital for building office space, which are less needed. But once capital is sunk into buildings, it cannot be transformed into roads (certainly not directly, while indirectly, it won't be timely and it will have dead burden costs). But externalities are regulated in other ways, not by imposing a state monopoly.  </p>

<p>What about the <strong>various imperfections</strong> that inadvertently characterize all actual markets, banking sector included? Incomplete and asymmetric information, rigidities, straightforward inefficiency, etc? Here, the matter becomes <strong><em>quantitative</em></strong>, exactly in view of the <em>criticality</em> of the banking sector: a given level of imperfection and inefficiency would matter less for society if observed in another market, compared to the banking sector. So we have to <em>measure</em> it -and then compare this with the level of inefficiency and imperfection that we would observe if we had a public monopoly instead.  </p>

<p>This is what I had to offer as food for thought. I close with some responses to the OP's specific projections:  </p>

<p><em>(In case of a state monopoly, the businesses would have)</em><br>
<strong>A lower interest rate</strong><br>
Why? The central bank would lend <em>public money</em>. To <em>private</em> businesses. It would also have to bear administrative costs. Also, it would be accountable for public money. This would introduce conservatism into the system, to avoid accusations for favoritism for example. Either higher interest rates, or much more stringent criteria to grant a loan. Would that be desirable, as there will be no-one else (<em>officially</em>) lending capital in the economy?) What about the possible increase in loan-shark activity? </p>

<p><strong>Control on their interest rate</strong><br>
I do not understand what that means.</p>

<p><strong>Theoretically no limit</strong><br>
No way. Either the OP has in mind that the central bank will have vastly larger amounts of capital to lend (it will, but will it lend it "easily"? -see previous remark), or he has in mind <em>creation of capital out of thin air</em> based on the "state's authority", which of course would have solved all humanity's materialistic issues, if it could happen.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-18T18:16:40.497Z
I downvoted your post because it does not answer the question asked.
John Donn
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-18T18:20:39.577Z
@JohnDonn The OP explicitly wrote "When a government controls the central bank, why doesn't the government _lend_ money from it instead of business banks?". The "edit" where the OP didn't clarify but _completely changed_ the question, came _4 months after the answers_ (see edit history). So both ubiquitous and myself answered indeed the question we had in front of us when we posted our answers.  This edit revealed that the OP  wanted initially to write "why the government is not _borrowing_ money from..." and not "lend" -(see also comments above), but we are not oracles here.
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-18T18:37:13.087Z
it looks to me you're right, sorry; I tried to cancel my downvote, but by stack exchange policy I cannot cancel it unless you edit somehow your post.
John Donn
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-18T19:00:14.837Z
@JohnDonn Thanks. I added an explanatory note on the beginning of my answer, on the mismatch between current question and answer.
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-20T19:35:49.337Z
Really confused about this answer. The asker never said that the central bank should be exclusive and deny citizens services, so I don't see the non-exludibility problem. Plus, subsidies for R&D and so forth are excludable already, nobody seems to care. Your increasing average costs argument needs support, because banking is certainly a monopolized industry and always has been. About the favoritism problem- this applies to virtually everything the government does, that's actually more of a fundamental argument against the state.
D J Sims
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-20T20:57:48.543Z
@Mustang Banking is a monopolized industry not because it is a "natural monopoly" (which is the case I discussed in my answer), but because societies have erected by law severe barriers to entry (and it is another discussion about why they have done so).
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-20T21:14:38.190Z
That's just your conjecture.
D J Sims
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-03-15T13:36:02.180Z
My question was only about the government lending money directly from the central bank. The private sector would still get money from private banks which still get money from the central bank.
Jimmy R.T.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-03-15T14:38:42.380Z
@user13676 Maybe that was your intent, but you had to edit your question to reflect that. Anyway, when we say that "the government prints/issues new amounts of money", what do you think that actually happens? The government borrows from the central bank (It issues bonds and the central bank buys them). So the question perhaps is "why doesn't the government borrow _exclusively_ from the central bank?"... I would suggest to open a new question on the matter.
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-03-15T20:12:10.440Z
But bonds are not meant to be bought only by the central bank but anyone. Or am I off the track?
Jimmy R.T.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-03-15T20:20:43.003Z
In general they are - but more often than not, their issuance is "restricted": "People's bonds" is not the norm. Usually they are issued to be bought by financial institutions only, and then they may be issued in order to be bought exclusively by the central bank.
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-11T02:12:31.363Z
2016-02-18T18:58:49.053Z
2016-02-18T18:58:49.053Z
Alecos Papadopoulos
<p>The central bank gives money to the business banks, who then give that money to people, companies and government agencies/units.</p>

<p>When a government controls the central bank, why doesn't the government lend money from it instead of business banks?</p>

<p>That way they would have:</p>

<ul>
<li>a lower interest rate</li>
<li>control on their interest rate</li>
<li>theoritically no limit</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>EDIT:</strong>
My question is only about where the government gets the money. I'm not suggesting that the central bank should lend money directly to people or companies.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-10T20:33:00.533Z
Hello there, and welcome. Please could you add a little bit more information about the motivation behind your question, as well as adding in what you've already found out to date?
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-10T20:41:43.897Z
Why do I need to specify a motivation?
Jimmy R.T.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-10T20:43:37.283Z
You don't need to. But it will help your question get better answers. At the moment, it reads like a fairly basic question; one that's answered in any foundational macroeconomic textbook.
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-10T20:55:39.490Z
I don't have any foundational macroeconomic textbook.
Jimmy R.T.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-10T21:58:54.260Z
The firms want to buy, say, capital goods to make investments, so the government/central bank "prints money" (or creates electronic money, it is the same thing), and lends it to them. And with money in their central bank account, the firms go out and order whatever they want to order, from the local market or from abroad. Next month, some other firms want to do the same thing, so again the government etc... Is this the scenario about which you ask "why not?"
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-10T22:54:04.190Z
I am not sure this question is as naive as people seem to think. The basic question seems to be: what do we gain by having privately owned commercial banks instead of a having the central bank serve as a monopoly supplier of banking services directly to the consumer. The banking industry is not perfectly competitive and therefore must introduce inefficiencies into the market--not to mention the moral hazard problems we have had to deal with recently. What do we get in return for tolerating this, and why would it not be a good policy to completely nationalise the banking sector?
Ubiquitous
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-11T08:23:31.137Z
@Ubiquitous I interpreted the question as effectively being equivalent to "why doesn't a government always use [UK-flavoured] Quantitative Easing rather than issue bonds". The lack of clarity in the question, as well as it seeming to fall short of [the expected level we seem to be converging to](http://meta.economics.stackexchange.com/q/142/44), makes this a good candidate for closure
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-03-26T23:31:31.010Z
I voted to "leave the question closed" because the OP changed fundamentally the initial question, making my answer irrelevant in the process (but the answer was very relevant to how the question was posed initially). The OP meant to ask something different -fine, in that case he should post a new question.
Alecos Papadopoulos
<government><central-banking>
Why do national governments not rent money from central banks directly?
Jimmy R.T.
# Why do national governments not rent money from central banks directly?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-12-10)

The central bank gives money to the business banks, who then give that money to people, companies and government agencies/units.

When a government controls the central bank, why doesn't the government lend money from it instead of business banks?

That way they would have:

* a lower interest rate
* control on their interest rate
* theoritically no limit
* etc.

**EDIT:**
My question is only about where the government gets the money. I'm not suggesting that the central bank should lend money directly to people or companies.

**Tags:** government, central-banking
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Hello there, and welcome. Please could you add a little bit more information about the motivation behind your question, as well as adding in what you've already found out to date?  
> **username_0**: Why do I need to specify a motivation?  
> **username_1**: You don't need to. But it will help your question get better answers. At the moment, it reads like a fairly basic question; one that's answered in any foundational macroeconomic textbook.  
> **username_0**: I don't have any foundational macroeconomic textbook.  
> **username_2**: The firms want to buy, say, capital goods to make investments, so the government/central bank "prints money" (or creates electronic money, it is the same thing), and lends it to them. And with money in their central bank account, the firms go out and order whatever they want to order, from the local market or from abroad. Next month, some other firms want to do the same thing, so again the government etc... Is this the scenario about which you ask "why not?"  
> **username_3**: I am not sure this question is as naive as people seem to think. The basic question seems to be: what do we gain by having privately owned commercial banks instead of a having the central bank serve as a monopoly supplier of banking services directly to the consumer. The banking industry is not perfectly competitive and therefore must introduce inefficiencies into the market--not to mention the moral hazard problems we have had to deal with recently. What do we get in return for tolerating this, and why would it not be a good policy to completely nationalise the banking sector?  
> **username_1**: @Ubiquitous I interpreted the question as effectively being equivalent to "why doesn't a government always use [UK-flavoured] Quantitative Easing rather than issue bonds". The lack of clarity in the question, as well as it seeming to fall short of [the expected level we seem to be converging to](http://meta.economics.stackexchange.com/q/142/44), makes this a good candidate for closure  
> **username_2**: I voted to "leave the question closed" because the OP changed fundamentally the initial question, making my answer irrelevant in the process (but the answer was very relevant to how the question was posed initially). The OP meant to ask something different -fine, in that case he should post a new question.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2014-12-11. Score: 3

***Note*: This answer was posted *4 months* before the OP clarified what it really wanted to ask (see comments below the answer).**

I will accept @Ubiquitous view of the question, which in summary is:

**Why not having a publicly owned monopoly in the banking sector? Instead of a, however regulated, private banking sector?**

It would be naive to counter "then why not nationalize all production activities?". This is *not* a "socialism or capitalism?" socio-philosophico-ideological issue. Strictly from the point of view of how the Economics discipline analyzes things, we must recognize the *critical* and *special* role the banking system plays in modern economies (because it intermediates savings and investment, consumption smoothing and intertemporal allocation of resources), as well as its *peculiarities*.  
And whenever the words "critical","special", "peculiar", arise in economic analysis, the merits of a private-market structure against a publicly controlled one must be carefully analyzed and assessed.

First let's define what is the main business-line of a bank, in the most basic, abstract sense: **sublessor of perfectly liquid capital**. It borrows capital from the savers and lends it to the debtors -for a fee, which is the interest, and which depends on the length of the lease. And as with any lease, the lessee must also return what has been lent.

Let's move now to some of the main reasons that have made societies produced a good/service through a state monopoly (obviously I won't go through all the taxonomy and intricacies of the various categories of public goods):

**Non-excludability** pertains to public goods like national safety: we cannot exclude those citizens that don't pay for it. This creates disincentives to pay for it. But the society as a whole needs it. So everybody pays whether they want it or not (through taxes that are backed by the monopoly of violence that the state holds), and the service is offered to all by a state monopoly. Does non-excludability holds for what the banking sector offers? No, because *the bank* gets to decide who gets the service or not. And the "service" is then at the control of the debtor. So this cannot be an argument in favor of a public monopoly in the banking sector.

**Decreasing Average Costs** with the scale of production, is what traditionally defines a "natural monopoly": it is in the nature of the production process to have decreasing average costs as quantity produced increases, and so the state steps in so that the benefits to the monopolist accrue to all society through the state. Is the business of a bank characterized by "automatically" decreasing average costs as credit expands?

What are the "production costs" here? Various administrative costs certainly (branches, overheads etc), which are unlikely to exhibit a downward trend through out -rather they are very well likely to have the familiar U-shape, falling for initial small levels of credit volume, then perhaps a stage of constant returns to scale, then decreasing returns to scale (and so increasing average costs). A distinct and peculiar cost here, is **outright loss of the capital**. Surely, when one lets an apartment, it may suffer various damages from the use of it by the tenant -but it won't disappear with him. These costs will almost certainly *increase* with the "scale of production" (credit expansion) as the bank expands to less trustworthy debtors. So no "decreasing average costs here" - **the banking sector is not a natural monopoly**.

A case of **negative externalities** can be made, that moreover *cannot be reversed*: the choices a bank makes as to where it will lend its capital, and for what purposes, may not satisfy the needs of the economy as a whole: the economy may need transportation infrastructure -but the banks may lend capital for building office space, which are less needed. But once capital is sunk into buildings, it cannot be transformed into roads (certainly not directly, while indirectly, it won't be timely and it will have dead burden costs). But externalities are regulated in other ways, not by imposing a state monopoly.

What about the **various imperfections** that inadvertently characterize all actual markets, banking sector included? Incomplete and asymmetric information, rigidities, straightforward inefficiency, etc? Here, the matter becomes ***quantitative***, exactly in view of the *criticality* of the banking sector: a given level of imperfection and inefficiency would matter less for society if observed in another market, compared to the banking sector. So we have to *measure* it -and then compare this with the level of inefficiency and imperfection that we would observe if we had a public monopoly instead.

This is what I had to offer as food for thought. I close with some responses to the OP's specific projections:

*(In case of a state monopoly, the businesses would have)*  
**A lower interest rate**  
Why? The central bank would lend *public money*. To *private* businesses. It would also have to bear administrative costs. Also, it would be accountable for public money. This would introduce conservatism into the system, to avoid accusations for favoritism for example. Either higher interest rates, or much more stringent criteria to grant a loan. Would that be desirable, as there will be no-one else (*officially*) lending capital in the economy?) What about the possible increase in loan-shark activity?

**Control on their interest rate**  
I do not understand what that means.

**Theoretically no limit**  
No way. Either the OP has in mind that the central bank will have vastly larger amounts of capital to lend (it will, but will it lend it "easily"? -see previous remark), or he has in mind *creation of capital out of thin air* based on the "state's authority", which of course would have solved all humanity's materialistic issues, if it could happen.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: My question was only about the government lending money directly from the central bank. The private sector would still get money from private banks which still get money from the central bank.  
> **username_2**: @user13676 Maybe that was your intent, but you had to edit your question to reflect that. Anyway, when we say that "the government prints/issues new amounts of money", what do you think that actually happens? The government borrows from the central bank (It issues bonds and the central bank buys them). So the question perhaps is "why doesn't the government borrow _exclusively_ from the central bank?"... I would suggest to open a new question on the matter.  
> **username_0**: But bonds are not meant to be bought only by the central bank but anyone. Or am I off the track?  
> **username_2**: In general they are - but more often than not, their issuance is "restricted": "People's bonds" is not the norm. Usually they are issued to be bought by financial institutions only, and then they may be issued in order to be bought exclusively by the central bank.  
> **username_4**: I downvoted your post because it does not answer the question asked.  
> **username_2**: @JohnDonn The OP explicitly wrote "When a government controls the central bank, why doesn't the government _lend_ money from it instead of business banks?". The "edit" where the OP didn't clarify but _completely changed_ the question, came _4 months after the answers_ (see edit history). So both ubiquitous and myself answered indeed the question we had in front of us when we posted our answers.  This edit revealed that the OP  wanted initially to write "why the government is not _borrowing_ money from..." and not "lend" -(see also comments above), but we are not oracles here.  
> **username_4**: it looks to me you're right, sorry; I tried to cancel my downvote, but by stack exchange policy I cannot cancel it unless you edit somehow your post.  
> **username_2**: @JohnDonn Thanks. I added an explanatory note on the beginning of my answer, on the mismatch between current question and answer.  
> **username_5**: Really confused about this answer. The asker never said that the central bank should be exclusive and deny citizens services, so I don't see the non-exludibility problem. Plus, subsidies for R&D and so forth are excludable already, nobody seems to care. Your increasing average costs argument needs support, because banking is certainly a monopolized industry and always has been. About the favoritism problem- this applies to virtually everything the government does, that's actually more of a fundamental argument against the state.  
> **username_2**: @Mustang Banking is a monopolized industry not because it is a "natural monopoly" (which is the case I discussed in my answer), but because societies have erected by law severe barriers to entry (and it is another discussion about why they have done so).  
> **username_5**: That's just your conjecture.  

---

