<p>There are already precedents that show the international capacity is there, technically, and economically to deliver the carbon reduction necessary, in time. And there are indications that the political will to do so is growing to sufficient levels, too.</p>

<p>Firstly, with the number of participating nations being 195 (the <a href="http://unfccc.int/" rel="nofollow">UNFCCC</a> nation parties), that's about the right size to create a management group that prevents the destruction of the commons, despite the short-run market incentives being ones that would otherwise lead to such destruction: see <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2009/ostrom-facts.html" rel="nofollow">the Nobel-winning work</a> by <a href="http://elinorostrom.indiana.edu/" rel="nofollow">Elinor Ostrom</a> for lots of information on this - I highly recommend it, it's a very good read. This addresses the aspect of your question about whether the market can accommodate information about the common good and the future.</p>

<p>Secondly, there are already examples of individual nations putting primary legislation in place, and acting on it: the <a href="https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/the-legal-landscape/global-action-on-climate-change/" rel="nofollow">UK's Climate Change Act</a> was the first such law in a major industrialised nation; other countries have done similar.</p>

<p>Thirdly, there are already examples of nations collaborating on global environmental problems successfully: the international action to reduce emissions of ozone-destroying chemicals, the <a href="http://ozone.unep.org/en/treaties-and-decisions/montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer" rel="nofollow">Montreal Protocol</a>, is working.</p>

<p>And fourthly, <a href="http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/" rel="nofollow">the COP21 Paris Agreement</a> showed <strong>unanimity</strong> among the 195 nations plus the institution of the EU in the need to address this problem. Pause for a moment to consider the enormity of that. The Paris Agreement wasn't just approved by majority consensus, but unanimously by all 195 countries.</p>

<p>All of these things happened within the context of the international economic system. So it's certainly not a barrier.</p>

<p>And we know that the economic incentives to prevent catastrophic climate change far outweigh the costs of doing so, at any sane discount rate. However, there is a <a href="http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=principal%2Fagent-problem" rel="nofollow">principal-agent problem</a>, and decades of lag between cause and full outcome; therefore market mechanisms alone cannot be sufficient. But there are no pure market economies - it's all a blend of private and public agents - so that's only a hindrance, but not a barrier.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T09:27:02.333Z
"We know that the economic incentives to prevent catastrophic climate change far outweigh the costs of doing so, at any sane discount rate" Do you have a source for this?
Dole
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T09:28:29.607Z
@Dole yup, several hundred peer-reviewed pieces of work. I recommend that you start with the [IPCC summaries](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/), and work from there.
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T09:40:39.450Z
I read the summary for policymakers and did not find policy suggestions, nor any cost/benefit analysis. Do you have any papers more directed towards the economics?
Dole
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T09:44:40.190Z
Yes, you'll need the detailed working group reports, rather than just the summary for policy makers. Same link as above. See also work by various folk (including some of my colleagues): Chris Hope, Nick Stern, Mark Z. Jacobson, Paul Ekins.
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T01:34:22.153Z
The Montreal Protocol stands alone as  a huge success story among many failed attempts at reaching environmental action consensus.  Perhaps it's also slightly misleading to mention Montreal because it dealt with a far smaller, even minuscule  problem,  compared  carbon emissions control.  Paris agreement is non-binding, so it's really just 2% of the battle that's been won.  Watch governments get kicked out when they try to implement,  and people get upset about loosing they SUVs and pickup trucks.
Hexatonic
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T07:27:46.790Z
@PederJakobsen If you've got a follow-up question about the economics, please do ask it here. If there's a question about sustainability, please do ask on [sustainability.se]. And [Politics.se] is probably the place to ask about democratic legitimacy. Remember that the Montreal Protocol is not alone: sulphur emissions reductions, the DDT ban, the end of open-air nuclear testing, the removal of lead from petrol/gasoline ...
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T14:34:09.693Z
@EnergyNumbers International agreements on how to maximize limited resources in the face of unlimited needs and wants doesn't belong in the realm of economics, but in Sustainable Living and Politics?   I wonder if that's actually true, since the problem of of carbon emissions is market driven.  Hence the solutions must be market driven, not by political or individual choices.   Eg. carbon taxes and trading is surely pure economics with a ton of theory behind it, plus empirical data from countries who've already tried it.
Hexatonic
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T14:44:16.817Z
@EnergyNumbers let me rephrase.  By your answer, you appear confident that there is nothing to worry about and that the market will solve this problem in time.  Do you rule out 4 degrees celcius of warming completely?
Hexatonic
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T15:09:42.087Z
@PederJakobsen crikey, there's lots to worry about. The loss of 90%+ of global GDP, and a possible existential threat to human civilisation.The economics and technology favour decarbonisation. Politics, social inertia and sunk capital do not. It's a battle I've been part of for ~30 years, and this is the first time that it's felt like humans might win and fossil-fuel companies might lose.
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T18:56:34.667Z
@EnergyNumbers got it.  So how does one go about predicting the reduction in emissions for the next few decades?   Can we take an example country, and say what specific behaviours would need to change to meet targets?  For example, 40% of urban commuters must use public transport or electric vehicles.  Surely someone must be crunching such hypothetical scenarios to get an idea of the scope of the changes required.  If so, I'd love to read more.
Hexatonic
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T19:21:19.447Z
@PederJakobsen yes, quite a few people - including me - work on those questions, in departments at most of the world's leading universities. http://thesolutionsproject.org/ is as good a place to start as any
410 gone
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T09:20:18.057Z
2016-01-04T13:37:53.877Z
2016-01-04T13:37:53.877Z
410 gone
<p>I'll partially answer this question, by pointing out 
that this is a classic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" rel="nofollow">prisoner's dilemma</a> issue. </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Two members of a criminal gang are arrested and imprisoned. Each
  prisoner is in solitary confinement with no means of communicating
  with the other. The prosecutors lack sufficient evidence to convict
  the pair on the principal charge. They hope to get both sentenced to a
  year in prison on a lesser charge. Simultaneously, the prosecutors
  offer each prisoner a bargain. Each prisoner is given the opportunity
  either to: betray the other by testifying that the other committed the
  crime, or to cooperate with the other by remaining silent. The offer
  is:</p>
  
  <ul>
  <li>If A and B each betray the other, each of them serves 2 years in prison</li>
  <li>If A betrays B but B remains silent, A will be set free and B will serve 3 years in prison (and vice versa)</li>
  <li>If A and B both remain silent, both of them will only serve 1 year in prison (on the lesser charge)</li>
  </ul>
</blockquote>

<p>In the prisoner's dilemma - <em>in a single instance of the game</em> and <em>assuming no collaboration between the prisoners</em> and <em>assuming no other costs</em> (ie. you're not going to be shamed for being a snitch), the best move is to betray the other. </p>

<ul>
<li>If the other has chosen to betray you, you get two years instead of three </li>
<li>If the other has chosen not to betray you, you get zero years, instead of one. </li>
</ul>

<p>However, in the long run (ie a series of repeated games), it makes sense that prisoners should cooperate, each opting for a series of one year sentences, rather than a series of two and three year sentences. </p>

<p>The scenario for climate change is the same. </p>

<p>Choosing to cooperate in solving the climate change has a cost for a given country (restrictions on their economic growth, unhappy business constituents), and there is also a reward (avoiding catastrophic climate change). The decision matrix for a single country looks like this: </p>

<pre><code>                | Rest of world coooperates | Rest of world doesn't cooperate|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cooperate       | Pay economic cost         | Pay economic cost              |
                | No catastrophe            | Catastrophe                    |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Don't cooperate | Don't pay economic cost   | Don't pay economic cost        |
                | No catastrophe            | Catastrophe                    |
</code></pre>

<p>The important thing to note here, is that the best outcome <em>from the perspective of an individual country</em> is that they <em>don't</em> cooperate on climate change, but the rest of the world does. </p>

<p>And it's worth mentioning, that it is the position of many countries in the world that they shouldn't have to pay the full economic cost. Typically the argument is that poorer countries like African nations and India have not yet developed their economies to the same extent that rich western nations have, and that a completely equal reduction emissions would stifle that development. </p>

<p>But the scenario where the whole world doesn't cooperate is much worse the scenario of paying the cooperate cost, and avoiding the catastrophe. </p>

<p>Individual countries can use this knowledge to leverage themselves a lesser obligation to climate change targets. </p>

<p>That is - an individual country knows that every other country values avoiding catastrophe more than the cost to pick up the slack of this individual country. </p>

<p>So you can have a situation where some countries are going to free ride on the cooperation of the other countries, in order to get this most beneficial position of avoiding catastrophe, as well as not paying the economic cost. </p>

<p>There are few things the other countries can do in response: </p>

<ul>
<li>Not cooperate themselves, in a technique called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkmanship" rel="nofollow">brinksmanship</a>. Because this opens the possiblity of catastrophe, the original country may agree to start cooperating in order to avoid the the much worse alternative of catastrophe.   </li>
<li>Find other ways to punish the country for not cooperating. eg. exclude them from trade agreements. </li>
<li>Suck the cost up. </li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-06T00:38:26.047Z
2016-01-06T00:38:26.047Z
dwjohnston
<p>The problem is not that the global economy is too chaotic. It is that people have different interests. And that is no wonder because for many countries the utility of using carbon most likely exceeds the utility of fighting climate change. And in fact, a case could be made that for some countries the atmospheric carbon and a warmer environment may be beneficial.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T09:59:19.590Z
The cost of fighting climate change actually exceeds the utility of using carbon. Only economic agents fail to perceive this and dismiss global warming as insignificant.
See Martin Weitzman's work on this topic : http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/aer.104.5.544fattailsandthesocialcostofcarbon.pdf?m=1411660958
Hector
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T10:56:57.313Z
@Hector Certainly not for every agent. Also "fighting climate change" is not a well defined term. Is that spending 100 billion on it? 500 trillion? Banning oil? All of those procedures would have vastly different results to climate change and GDP growth/utility. I was talking about a theoretical policy X and why different agent may not agree upon it.
Dole
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T12:12:13.070Z
@Hector I read the paper and while being very interesting mathematical exercise, that's the extent of it. Using the same model I could prove that the social cost of not building 10 trillion dollar asteroid defense matrix is infinite. However, the model might or might not match reality (and in the paper they consider the infinite scenario an absurdity).
Dole
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T12:44:13.863Z
I don't think that such expensive asteroid defense is comparable with climate change... The later is well documented, and its potential harm and probability can be measured more precisely than that of an asteroid destructing earth.
The purpose of Weitzman's article is to show that we under-estimate the future cost of climate change, and thus that we are under-investing today to curve it. 
Having considered that, I agree with you that different agents in different regions might expect different outcomes from climate change, and that they therefore have no incentive to act in concert.
Hector
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T13:14:33.070Z
@Dole I don't disagree that we are far more adept at predicting climate than movement of astronomical objects. Yet still (and partly because of), an asteroid strike is an exceedingly small probability with a very high impact more certainly than greenhouse gas based anthropogenically caused climate catastrophe is. Thus I would say such occurrence is more relevant to the message of the paper, not less. This might warrant a new question item regarding the mechanics of dismal theorem.
Dole
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T01:40:10.510Z
Your comment assumes that people can actually predict what will happen and know what's good for them, no?  I don't think there is much reasoned decision making about the future involved in any of this, but this opinion is purely instinctual.
Hexatonic
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T08:58:54.957Z
2016-01-04T08:58:54.957Z
Dole
<p>The chaos of the international economic system is certainly no obstacle to carbon emission control. In its crudest form, environmentalism can achieve its goals simply by destroying capital or hindering capital accumulation, which is basically the point of most environmental regulation.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-05T14:56:47.227Z
Is it possible that environmental regulations simply shifts capital output in a new direction.  So it's not purely destructive.   When you refer to "the point" of environmental regulation, do you mean "the motivation".
Hexatonic
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-06T04:52:35.800Z
No most of the time polluting plants are just outlawed and demolished.
D J Sims
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-01-04T07:43:12.067Z
2016-01-04T07:43:12.067Z
D J Sims
<p>I often get frustrated when I read calls to action on climate change.   It goes something like this: "Solutions are within reach - but we must act now!"  </p>

<p>If one assumes that the international economic system is chaotic and reactive,  and that no one is in charge, where is the theory to back up what seems to be a wild claim that "we can act".  Who are "we", and are markets even able to deal with information about the common good or the future.   </p>

<p>Suggestions for further reading on relevant theory would be appreciated. </p>

<environmental-economics>
Is the international economic system too chaotic to "work towards" carbon emission reduction
Hexatonic
# Is the international economic system too chaotic to "work towards" carbon emission reduction

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-01-04)

I often get frustrated when I read calls to action on climate change. It goes something like this: "Solutions are within reach - but we must act now!"

If one assumes that the international economic system is chaotic and reactive, and that no one is in charge, where is the theory to back up what seems to be a wild claim that "we can act". Who are "we", and are markets even able to deal with information about the common good or the future.

Suggestions for further reading on relevant theory would be appreciated.

**Tags:** environmental-economics

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-01-04. Score: 3

There are already precedents that show the international capacity is there, technically, and economically to deliver the carbon reduction necessary, in time. And there are indications that the political will to do so is growing to sufficient levels, too.

Firstly, with the number of participating nations being 195 (the [UNFCCC](http://unfccc.int/) nation parties), that's about the right size to create a management group that prevents the destruction of the commons, despite the short-run market incentives being ones that would otherwise lead to such destruction: see [the Nobel-winning work](http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2009/ostrom-facts.html) by [Elinor Ostrom](http://elinorostrom.indiana.edu/) for lots of information on this - I highly recommend it, it's a very good read. This addresses the aspect of your question about whether the market can accommodate information about the common good and the future.

Secondly, there are already examples of individual nations putting primary legislation in place, and acting on it: the [UK's Climate Change Act](https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/the-legal-landscape/global-action-on-climate-change/) was the first such law in a major industrialised nation; other countries have done similar.

Thirdly, there are already examples of nations collaborating on global environmental problems successfully: the international action to reduce emissions of ozone-destroying chemicals, the [Montreal Protocol](http://ozone.unep.org/en/treaties-and-decisions/montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer), is working.

And fourthly, [the COP21 Paris Agreement](http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/) showed **unanimity** among the 195 nations plus the institution of the EU in the need to address this problem. Pause for a moment to consider the enormity of that. The Paris Agreement wasn't just approved by majority consensus, but unanimously by all 195 countries.

All of these things happened within the context of the international economic system. So it's certainly not a barrier.

And we know that the economic incentives to prevent catastrophic climate change far outweigh the costs of doing so, at any sane discount rate. However, there is a [principal-agent problem](http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=principal%2Fagent-problem), and decades of lag between cause and full outcome; therefore market mechanisms alone cannot be sufficient. But there are no pure market economies - it's all a blend of private and public agents - so that's only a hindrance, but not a barrier.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: "We know that the economic incentives to prevent catastrophic climate change far outweigh the costs of doing so, at any sane discount rate" Do you have a source for this?  
> **username_1**: @Dole yup, several hundred peer-reviewed pieces of work. I recommend that you start with the [IPCC summaries](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/), and work from there.  
> **username_2**: I read the summary for policymakers and did not find policy suggestions, nor any cost/benefit analysis. Do you have any papers more directed towards the economics?  
> **username_1**: Yes, you'll need the detailed working group reports, rather than just the summary for policy makers. Same link as above. See also work by various folk (including some of my colleagues): Chris Hope, Nick Stern, Mark Z. Jacobson, Paul Ekins.  
> **username_0**: The Montreal Protocol stands alone as  a huge success story among many failed attempts at reaching environmental action consensus.  Perhaps it's also slightly misleading to mention Montreal because it dealt with a far smaller, even minuscule  problem,  compared  carbon emissions control.  Paris agreement is non-binding, so it's really just 2% of the battle that's been won.  Watch governments get kicked out when they try to implement,  and people get upset about loosing they SUVs and pickup trucks.  
> **username_1**: @PederJakobsen If you've got a follow-up question about the economics, please do ask it here. If there's a question about sustainability, please do ask on [sustainability.se]. And [Politics.se] is probably the place to ask about democratic legitimacy. Remember that the Montreal Protocol is not alone: sulphur emissions reductions, the DDT ban, the end of open-air nuclear testing, the removal of lead from petrol/gasoline ...  
> **username_0**: @EnergyNumbers International agreements on how to maximize limited resources in the face of unlimited needs and wants doesn't belong in the realm of economics, but in Sustainable Living and Politics?   I wonder if that's actually true, since the problem of of carbon emissions is market driven.  Hence the solutions must be market driven, not by political or individual choices.   Eg. carbon taxes and trading is surely pure economics with a ton of theory behind it, plus empirical data from countries who've already tried it.  
> **username_0**: @EnergyNumbers let me rephrase.  By your answer, you appear confident that there is nothing to worry about and that the market will solve this problem in time.  Do you rule out 4 degrees celcius of warming completely?  
> **username_1**: @PederJakobsen crikey, there's lots to worry about. The loss of 90%+ of global GDP, and a possible existential threat to human civilisation.The economics and technology favour decarbonisation. Politics, social inertia and sunk capital do not. It's a battle I've been part of for ~30 years, and this is the first time that it's felt like humans might win and fossil-fuel companies might lose.  
> **username_0**: @EnergyNumbers got it.  So how does one go about predicting the reduction in emissions for the next few decades?   Can we take an example country, and say what specific behaviours would need to change to meet targets?  For example, 40% of urban commuters must use public transport or electric vehicles.  Surely someone must be crunching such hypothetical scenarios to get an idea of the scope of the changes required.  If so, I'd love to read more.  
> **username_1**: @PederJakobsen yes, quite a few people - including me - work on those questions, in departments at most of the world's leading universities. http://thesolutionsproject.org/ is as good a place to start as any  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2016-01-06. Score: 1

I'll partially answer this question, by pointing out 
that this is a classic prisoner's dilemma issue. 

Two members of a criminal gang are arrested and imprisoned. Each
  prisoner is in solitary confinement with no means of communicating
  with the other. The prosecutors lack sufficient evidence to convict
  the pair on the principal charge. They hope to get both sentenced to a
  year in prison on a lesser charge. Simultaneously, the prosecutors
  offer each prisoner a bargain. Each prisoner is given the opportunity
  either to: betray the other by testifying that the other committed the
  crime, or to cooperate with the other by remaining silent. The offer
  is:

If A and B each betray the other, each of them serves 2 years in prison
If A betrays B but B remains silent, A will be set free and B will serve 3 years in prison (and vice versa)
If A and B both remain silent, both of them will only serve 1 year in prison (on the lesser charge)


In the prisoner's dilemma - in a single instance of the game and assuming no collaboration between the prisoners and assuming no other costs (ie. you're not going to be shamed for being a snitch), the best move is to betray the other. 

If the other has chosen to betray you, you get two years instead of three 
If the other has chosen not to betray you, you get zero years, instead of one. 

However, in the long run (ie a series of repeated games), it makes sense that prisoners should cooperate, each opting for a series of one year sentences, rather than a series of two and three year sentences. 
The scenario for climate change is the same. 
Choosing to cooperate in solving the climate change has a cost for a given country (restrictions on their economic growth, unhappy business constituents), and there is also a reward (avoiding catastrophic climate change). The decision matrix for a single country looks like this: 
                | Rest of world coooperates | Rest of world doesn't cooperate|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cooperate       | Pay economic cost         | Pay economic cost              |
                | No catastrophe            | Catastrophe                    |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Don't cooperate | Don't pay economic cost   | Don't pay economic cost        |
                | No catastrophe            | Catastrophe                    |

The important thing to note here, is that the best outcome from the perspective of an individual country is that they don't cooperate on climate change, but the rest of the world does. 
And it's worth mentioning, that it is the position of many countries in the world that they shouldn't have to pay the full economic cost. Typically the argument is that poorer countries like African nations and India have not yet developed their economies to the same extent that rich western nations have, and that a completely equal reduction emissions would stifle that development. 
But the scenario where the whole world doesn't cooperate is much worse the scenario of paying the cooperate cost, and avoiding the catastrophe. 
Individual countries can use this knowledge to leverage themselves a lesser obligation to climate change targets. 
That is - an individual country knows that every other country values avoiding catastrophe more than the cost to pick up the slack of this individual country. 
So you can have a situation where some countries are going to free ride on the cooperation of the other countries, in order to get this most beneficial position of avoiding catastrophe, as well as not paying the economic cost. 
There are few things the other countries can do in response: 

Not cooperate themselves, in a technique called brinksmanship. Because this opens the possiblity of catastrophe, the original country may agree to start cooperating in order to avoid the the much worse alternative of catastrophe.   
Find other ways to punish the country for not cooperating. eg. exclude them from trade agreements. 
Suck the cost up.


---

### Answer by username_2 on 2016-01-04. Score: 0

The problem is not that the global economy is too chaotic. It is that people have different interests. And that is no wonder because for many countries the utility of using carbon most likely exceeds the utility of fighting climate change. And in fact, a case could be made that for some countries the atmospheric carbon and a warmer environment may be beneficial.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: The cost of fighting climate change actually exceeds the utility of using carbon. Only economic agents fail to perceive this and dismiss global warming as insignificant. See Martin Weitzman's work on this topic : http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/aer.104.5.544fattailsandthesocialcostofcarbon.pdf?m=1411660958  
> **username_2**: @Hector Certainly not for every agent. Also "fighting climate change" is not a well defined term. Is that spending 100 billion on it? 500 trillion? Banning oil? All of those procedures would have vastly different results to climate change and GDP growth/utility. I was talking about a theoretical policy X and why different agent may not agree upon it.  
> **username_2**: @Hector I read the paper and while being very interesting mathematical exercise, that's the extent of it. Using the same model I could prove that the social cost of not building 10 trillion dollar asteroid defense matrix is infinite. However, the model might or might not match reality (and in the paper they consider the infinite scenario an absurdity).  
> **username_4**: I don't think that such expensive asteroid defense is comparable with climate change... The later is well documented, and its potential harm and probability can be measured more precisely than that of an asteroid destructing earth. The purpose of Weitzman's article is to show that we under-estimate the future cost of climate change, and thus that we are under-investing today to curve it.  Having considered that, I agree with you that different agents in different regions might expect different outcomes from climate change, and that they therefore have no incentive to act in concert.  
> **username_2**: @Dole I don't disagree that we are far more adept at predicting climate than movement of astronomical objects. Yet still (and partly because of), an asteroid strike is an exceedingly small probability with a very high impact more certainly than greenhouse gas based anthropogenically caused climate catastrophe is. Thus I would say such occurrence is more relevant to the message of the paper, not less. This might warrant a new question item regarding the mechanics of dismal theorem.  
> **username_0**: Your comment assumes that people can actually predict what will happen and know what's good for them, no?  I don't think there is much reasoned decision making about the future involved in any of this, but this opinion is purely instinctual.  

---

### Answer by username_5 on 2016-01-04. Score: -3

The chaos of the international economic system is certainly no obstacle to carbon emission control. In its crudest form, environmentalism can achieve its goals simply by destroying capital or hindering capital accumulation, which is basically the point of most environmental regulation.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Is it possible that environmental regulations simply shifts capital output in a new direction.  So it's not purely destructive.   When you refer to "the point" of environmental regulation, do you mean "the motivation".  
> **username_5**: No most of the time polluting plants are just outlawed and demolished.  

---

