<p>Core as a nice and simple "real world" example of a quasilinear utility function:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Angela is a farmer who values two things: grain (which she consumes)
  and free time. She values grain at some constant amount relative to
  free time, independently of how much grain she already has.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Therefor, the indifference curves has the property that the MRS depends only on free time: </p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/4Bvtd.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/4Bvtd.png" alt="Indifference curves with the property that the MRS depends only on free time. "></a></p>

<p>A utility function with the property that the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between  and  depends only on  is:</p>

<p>(,) = () + </p>

<p>Of course, this is not evidence but an imaginary case that help understand where such function may be useful.</p>

<p>Source (full text): <a href="https://core-econ.org/the-economy/book/text/leibniz-05-04-01.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://core-econ.org/the-economy/book/text/leibniz-05-04-01.html</a> .</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-11T14:32:37.163Z
2019-01-11T14:32:37.163Z
gagarine
<p>Quasilinear utility functions are useful in much of the demand estimation literature, particularly in discrete choice. For instance, check out <a href="http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~rslee/teaching/io/papers.demand/Berry%20%281994%20RAND%29%20-%20Estimating%20Discrete%20Choice%20Models%20of%20Product%20Differentiation.pdf" rel="nofollow">Berry 1994</a>,<a href="http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~acollard/BLP.pdf" rel="nofollow">Berry Levinsohn Pakes 1995</a> and the many applications in <a href="http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~rslee/teaching/io/papers.demand/Nevo%20%282000%20JEMS%29%20-%20A%20Research%20Assistants%20Guide%20to%20Random%20Coefficients%20Discrete%20Choice%20Models%20of%20Demand.pdf" rel="nofollow">Nevo's papers on demand estimation (here's a "practicioner's guide")</a>. Ken Train's book on it is available for free <a href="http://eml.berkeley.edu/books/choice2.html" rel="nofollow">here!</a></p>

<p>To summarize, they can lead to indirect utility of the form $$u_{ijt}=\alpha_i\underbrace{(y_i-p_i)}_\text{real income}+\underbrace{X{jt}\beta_i}_\text{observed product characteristics$*\beta_i$}+\underbrace{\xi_{jt}}_\text{unobserved product characteristics}+\underbrace{\epsilon_{ijt}}_\text{mean zero stochastic term}$$
where $i$ represents individuals $i=1,\dots,I_t$ in each of the $t=1,\dots,T$ markets selling $j=1,\dots,J$ products. Here, $\alpha_i$ represents the marginal utility of income and $\beta_i$ represents the marginal utility from the product characteristics observed in $X_{jt}$.</p>

<p>Suppose that we restrict the heterogeneity across consumers to only enter through the stochastic term $\epsilon_{ijt}$. Then both the individual specific parameters $(\alpha_i,\beta_i)$ must be equal to $(\alpha,\beta)$ and the market share of each good can be represented by
$$s_{jt}=\frac{exp(X_{jt}\beta-\alpha p_{jt}+\epsilon_{jt})}{1+\Sigma_{k=1}^{J}exp(X_{kt}\beta-\alpha p_{kt}+\xi_{kt})}$$</p>

<p>The equation for the market share is a function of variables that only vary at the product-market level, so you only need information on prices and quantities (and product characteristics) for a crude estimation. However it gives some quirky results. Particularly regarding the elasticity of market share wrt own price and cross price (market share) elasticities, and consumer subsitution patterns. Things can get more robust the more you read on demand estimation, you can introduce consumer characteristics and get results that have more desirable substitution properties. </p>

<p>There are also many criticisms of the conclusions that this type of modeling can draw, but I'll leave that up to you to imagine should you want to read on the topic.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-11T14:05:34.057Z
Real world means "do we have evidences" for this model. Do we observe preferences that follow a quasilinear function?  It should not be an "exception" but a case than can be generalized (I said that because economist are good a providing one exception and say "look it works!" -> ex. giffen goods)
gagarine
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-26T14:19:30.630Z
The share fraction above should read $$s_{jt}=\frac{exp(X_{jt}\beta-\alpha p_{jt}+\xi_{jt})}{1+\Sigma_{k=1}^{J}exp(X_{kt}\beta-\alpha p_{kt}+\xi_{kt})}$$
Hessian
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-03T13:27:09.343Z
2015-05-19T14:43:38.417Z
2015-05-19T14:43:38.417Z
Hessian
<p>I am told a quasilinear utility function is a function like $$U(x,y) = \sqrt{x}+y$$</p>

<p><strong>My Question:</strong></p>

<p>Can someone provide a real world example of a quasilinear utility function? </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-03T05:31:56.043Z
In the context of moral hazard, agent's preference is represented as utility of monetary gain plus the disutility of exerting effort.
Metta World Peace
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-03T05:40:24.527Z
Can you  that in equation form so I can see the quasilinearity of it?
Stan Shunpike
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-03T14:27:25.633Z
Every partial equilibrium model uses a quasilinear utility.
user157623
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-03T14:58:01.330Z
"A real world example of a [...] utility function"? Utility functions are defined over preferences which are assumed and partially tested.
FooBar
<consumer-theory>
What is an example application of a quasilinear utility function?
Stan Shunpike
# What is an example application of a quasilinear utility function?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2015-05-03)

I am told a quasilinear utility function is a function like $$U(x,y) = \sqrt{x}+y$$

**My Question:**

Can someone provide a real world example of a quasilinear utility function?

**Tags:** consumer-theory
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: In the context of moral hazard, agent's preference is represented as utility of monetary gain plus the disutility of exerting effort.  
> **username_0**: Can you  that in equation form so I can see the quasilinearity of it?  
> **username_2**: Every partial equilibrium model uses a quasilinear utility.  
> **username_3**: "A real world example of a [...] utility function"? Utility functions are defined over preferences which are assumed and partially tested.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_5 on 2015-05-03. Score: 10 | Accepted answer

Quasilinear utility functions are useful in much of the demand estimation literature, particularly in discrete choice. For instance, check out [Berry 1994](http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~rslee/teaching/io/papers.demand/Berry%20%281994%20RAND%29%20-%20Estimating%20Discrete%20Choice%20Models%20of%20Product%20Differentiation.pdf),[Berry Levinsohn Pakes 1995](http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~acollard/BLP.pdf) and the many applications in [Nevo's papers on demand estimation (here's a "practicioner's guide")](http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~rslee/teaching/io/papers.demand/Nevo%20%282000%20JEMS%29%20-%20A%20Research%20Assistants%20Guide%20to%20Random%20Coefficients%20Discrete%20Choice%20Models%20of%20Demand.pdf). Ken Train's book on it is available for free [here!](http://eml.berkeley.edu/books/choice2.html)

To summarize, they can lead to indirect utility of the form $$u\_{ijt}=\alpha\_i\underbrace{(y\_i-p\_i)}\_\text{real income}+\underbrace{X{jt}\beta\_i}\_\text{observed product characteristics$\*\beta\_i$}+\underbrace{\xi\_{jt}}\_\text{unobserved product characteristics}+\underbrace{\epsilon\_{ijt}}\_\text{mean zero stochastic term}$$
where $i$ represents individuals $i=1,\dots,I\_t$ in each of the $t=1,\dots,T$ markets selling $j=1,\dots,J$ products. Here, $\alpha\_i$ represents the marginal utility of income and $\beta\_i$ represents the marginal utility from the product characteristics observed in $X\_{jt}$.

Suppose that we restrict the heterogeneity across consumers to only enter through the stochastic term $\epsilon\_{ijt}$. Then both the individual specific parameters $(\alpha\_i,\beta\_i)$ must be equal to $(\alpha,\beta)$ and the market share of each good can be represented by
$$s\_{jt}=\frac{exp(X\_{jt}\beta-\alpha p\_{jt}+\epsilon\_{jt})}{1+\Sigma\_{k=1}^{J}exp(X\_{kt}\beta-\alpha p\_{kt}+\xi\_{kt})}$$

The equation for the market share is a function of variables that only vary at the product-market level, so you only need information on prices and quantities (and product characteristics) for a crude estimation. However it gives some quirky results. Particularly regarding the elasticity of market share wrt own price and cross price (market share) elasticities, and consumer subsitution patterns. Things can get more robust the more you read on demand estimation, you can introduce consumer characteristics and get results that have more desirable substitution properties.

There are also many criticisms of the conclusions that this type of modeling can draw, but I'll leave that up to you to imagine should you want to read on the topic.

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: The share fraction above should read $$s_{jt}=\frac{exp(X_{jt}\beta-\alpha p_{jt}+\xi_{jt})}{1+\Sigma_{k=1}^{J}exp(X_{kt}\beta-\alpha p_{kt}+\xi_{kt})}$$  
> **username_4**: Real world means "do we have evidences" for this model. Do we observe preferences that follow a quasilinear function?  It should not be an "exception" but a case than can be generalized (I said that because economist are good a providing one exception and say "look it works!" -> ex. giffen goods)  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2019-01-11. Score: 1

Core as a nice and simple "real world" example of a quasilinear utility function:

> Angela is a farmer who values two things: grain (which she consumes)
> and free time. She values grain at some constant amount relative to
> free time, independently of how much grain she already has.

Therefor, the indifference curves has the property that the MRS depends only on free time:

[![Indifference curves with the property that the MRS depends only on free time. ](https://i.sstatic.net/4Bvtd.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/4Bvtd.png)

A utility function with the property that the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between and depends only on is:

(,) = () +

Of course, this is not evidence but an imaginary case that help understand where such function may be useful.

Source (full text): <https://core-econ.org/the-economy/book/text/leibniz-05-04-01.html> .


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