<p>1) The following quote is a poor description of how to look at bond markets.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Inflation is a bond's worst enemy. Inflation erodes the purchasing
  power of a bond's future cash flows. Put simply, the higher the
  current rate of inflation and the higher the (expected) future rates
  of inflation, the higher the yields will rise across the yield curve,
  as investors will demand this higher yield to compensate for inflation
  risk"</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The statement that higher expected inflation will raise nominal bond yields is outright incorrect. It assumes that real yields are constant. We can look at the inflation-linked market to see that real yields are highly variable, and in fact have moved more than inflation expectations in countries like Canada and the United States in the past couple of decades.</p>

<p>Trying to change that to assuming that inflation expectations rise and we assume that real yields are constant is just a way of saying that higher nominal yields generate capital losses for bonds. Everybody knows that already.</p>

<p>A proper analysis needs to look very carefully at what we mean by "inflation."</p>

<ol>
<li>Is it observed inflation? Which measure - e.g., headline or core (ex-food and energy)?</li>
<li>Is it breakeven inflation, which can be extracted from inflation-linked bond prices?</li>
<li>Is it a survey of inflation expectations? However, we need a survey of bond investors, not economists or consumers - and such surveys are not available.</li>
</ol>

<p>However, we can look at any of these definitions of inflation, and find cases where nominal bond yields fell, yet the inflation measure rose. For example, an oil price spike can be associated with a recession, which causes the central bank to cut interest rates.</p>

<p>As was pointed out in a comment, one could argue that poor inflation performance could raise term premia. (Essentially, adding an inflation risk premium on top of existing term premia.) This is a plausible argument. However, it is not exactly in line with the quoted text. It is not just “inflation” itself that is the problem - we already have inflation - rather, it has to be a significant burst of unanticipated inflation. However, most central banks would probably react violently to a big burst of inflation, and the curve would likely be fairly flat. Hard to distinguish between a term premium and rate expectations in that environment. In any event, that story is quite different than the quoted text from the external article.</p>

<p>2) The statement:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>the funds rate is set to control inflation, the inflation expectations
  should be pretty much the same as short term rate expectations due to
  this.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>is incorrect. Once again, it assumes that the real rate is constant. This is certainly not the case. </p>

<p>We can look at the Fed Funds rate (<a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DFF" rel="nofollow noreferrer">link to FRED database</a>) and see that it has varied in a range from 0-5% since the early 2000s. Meanwhile, core PCE inflation (the Fed's preferred measure of inflation) has been stuck between 1-2.5% over that period. (<a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=nqnX" rel="nofollow noreferrer">link to FRED</a>). Surveys of inflation have been similarly far more stable than nominal rates.</p>

<p>The only way to phrase this is to say that the central bank sets nominal interest rates at a level to keep inflation near target. Bond market pricing is heavily influenced by the expected path of those nominal rates -- although a term premium exists. However, if the inflation targeting is effective, there will be no link between observed inflation and nominal yields -- since real yields are being adjusted to keep inflation stable.</p>

<p>Take a look at the post-1995 history in Canada and the United States (and working from memory, the U.K., Australia, New Zealand...). Just plugging in "2%" (or sometimes 2.5%, depending on the inflation series) was a very effective "forecasting algorithm," and probably outperformed a lot of human forecasters. This did not mean that nominal yields were constant.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-17T06:07:05.940Z
1) well a bond is "locked in" compared to a stock,it has a maturity, hence imo investors should keep expected inflation in mind to a larger extent as this changes the value of the nominal amout and coupons. See here
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/09/bond-market-interest-rates.asp
under Inflation Expectations Determine the Investor's Yield Requirements
user123124
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-17T16:52:39.480Z
“Losing value” normally implies a monetary loss in nominal terms. No such loss occurs. Arguing that a loss of purchasing power affects one asset and not another is logically inconsistent.
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-17T17:32:42.533Z
As an addendum: the US Treasury market has been in a bull market since the early 1980s. Meanwhile, inflation has been positive. A significant portion of months are characterised by positive inflation, yet the nominal and inflation-adjusted returns are positive. In what sense did the bond owner “lose money”?
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-17T18:07:51.857Z
He borrowed 1 dollar to someone which was a Snickers later on he got one dollar back later which was half a  Snickers.
user123124
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-17T18:25:55.773Z
That’s not a loss in nominal terms. You asked a question whether your interpretation of an article was correct. The answer is that the article is either incorrect, or your summary of it is misleading.
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-18T06:23:42.480Z
I am sorry, but are you referring to "the question" here on the forum or in the comments? and the article from inverstopedia? furthermore i would put this long term inflation and inflation uncertainty into the term premium. Since in the end you are not subject to inflation the same way as you are in say a stock.
user123124
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-18T12:37:33.790Z
The actual question. These comments are too long, and may be deleted by a moderator. Your question as it stands right now is asking whether some statements are correct. They are either written in a misleading fashion or wrong. I am not chasing off and writing about articles on other websites. You need to fix the question, or accept that what you wrote was an incorrect interpretation of what you read.
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-18T13:19:19.160Z
Thanks for the feedback and clarifying. I understand your critic of the phrasing of the question. Ill try to rewrite them in a way such that they'll suit your understanding of things. That way we will get to the bottom regarding if it is just misleading instead of wrong.
user123124
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-19T05:52:01.383Z
I added some text and reference on 1), feel free to dismiss either my interpretation or the source. Regarding 2) I am saying that inflation expt. and rate expt. are the same in that the short rate will move in such a way that the inflation target is met. I.e if central banks say predict a fall in inflation then then lower rate as much as they think is needed. The goal is to have stable inflation which in turn may require big moves in rates, it is in this sense that I mean them to be the same maybe "interconnected" is better?
user123124
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-20T17:09:01.337Z
regarding 1), what about inflation and inflation expectations effect on term premiums? is it possible to find counterexamples theoretical or real for this case as well?
user123124
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-20T18:20:45.427Z
I added a comment. There’s not that much of a history to work with in the developed countries - there was only one big inflation burst in the 1970s. Developing countries might offer more data to work with, but not my area of expertise.
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T17:43:38.640Z
been revisiting this. Would you say it is easier to consider real yields instead of nominal and then keep inflation and its expectations as a separate factor when it comes to these bonds?
user123124
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T23:55:13.903Z
Central banks set a nominal rate, which drives the nominal curve. Real yields are the residual between that nominal rate and inflation.
Brian Romanchuk
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-17T01:06:36.050Z
2020-02-20T18:19:19.160Z
2020-02-20T18:19:19.160Z
Brian Romanchuk
<p>As a follow up on <a href="https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/23842/long-short-term-interest-rates-and-inflation">Long-,short-term interest rates and inflation</a>.</p>

<p>Inflation is clearly a factor(tho not possible to model mathematically) when it comes to the market price of a bond. I can think of two ways in which it enters(in the short run), let me know weather these two are true or not i.e this is my main question,</p>

<ol>
<li>Via the loss in value of nominal amount;this I extraced this from this quote</li>
</ol>

<p>"Inflation is a bond's worst enemy. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of a bond's future cash flows. Put simply, the higher the current rate of inflation and the higher the (expected) future rates of inflation, the higher the yields will rise across the yield curve, as investors will demand this higher yield to compensate for inflation risk"[1]</p>

<ol start="2">
<li>Long term rates are the expected average of short term rates and the shortest i.e the funds rate is set to control inflation, the inflation expectations should be pretty much the same as short term rate expectations due to this, if this is how one should think about it. In conclusion, short term rate expectations and inflation expectations are pretty much the same thing and these in turn determine the longer term government bond rate.</li>
</ol>

<p>Any comments on other factors and the logic behind their impact would be great to have</p>

<p>[1]<a href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/09/bond-market-interest-rates.asp" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/09/bond-market-interest-rates.asp</a></p>

<inflation><government-debt><bonds>
Most significant factors in the price of a goverments bonds
user123124
# Most significant factors in the price of a goverments bonds

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-02-15)

As a follow up on [Long-,short-term interest rates and inflation](https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/23842/long-short-term-interest-rates-and-inflation).

Inflation is clearly a factor(tho not possible to model mathematically) when it comes to the market price of a bond. I can think of two ways in which it enters(in the short run), let me know weather these two are true or not i.e this is my main question,

1. Via the loss in value of nominal amount;this I extraced this from this quote

"Inflation is a bond's worst enemy. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of a bond's future cash flows. Put simply, the higher the current rate of inflation and the higher the (expected) future rates of inflation, the higher the yields will rise across the yield curve, as investors will demand this higher yield to compensate for inflation risk"[1]

2. Long term rates are the expected average of short term rates and the shortest i.e the funds rate is set to control inflation, the inflation expectations should be pretty much the same as short term rate expectations due to this, if this is how one should think about it. In conclusion, short term rate expectations and inflation expectations are pretty much the same thing and these in turn determine the longer term government bond rate.

Any comments on other factors and the logic behind their impact would be great to have

[1]<https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/09/bond-market-interest-rates.asp>

**Tags:** inflation, government-debt, bonds

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-02-17. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

1) The following quote is a poor description of how to look at bond markets.

> Inflation is a bond's worst enemy. Inflation erodes the purchasing
> power of a bond's future cash flows. Put simply, the higher the
> current rate of inflation and the higher the (expected) future rates
> of inflation, the higher the yields will rise across the yield curve,
> as investors will demand this higher yield to compensate for inflation
> risk"

The statement that higher expected inflation will raise nominal bond yields is outright incorrect. It assumes that real yields are constant. We can look at the inflation-linked market to see that real yields are highly variable, and in fact have moved more than inflation expectations in countries like Canada and the United States in the past couple of decades.

Trying to change that to assuming that inflation expectations rise and we assume that real yields are constant is just a way of saying that higher nominal yields generate capital losses for bonds. Everybody knows that already.

A proper analysis needs to look very carefully at what we mean by "inflation."

1. Is it observed inflation? Which measure - e.g., headline or core (ex-food and energy)?
2. Is it breakeven inflation, which can be extracted from inflation-linked bond prices?
3. Is it a survey of inflation expectations? However, we need a survey of bond investors, not economists or consumers - and such surveys are not available.

However, we can look at any of these definitions of inflation, and find cases where nominal bond yields fell, yet the inflation measure rose. For example, an oil price spike can be associated with a recession, which causes the central bank to cut interest rates.

As was pointed out in a comment, one could argue that poor inflation performance could raise term premia. (Essentially, adding an inflation risk premium on top of existing term premia.) This is a plausible argument. However, it is not exactly in line with the quoted text. It is not just “inflation” itself that is the problem - we already have inflation - rather, it has to be a significant burst of unanticipated inflation. However, most central banks would probably react violently to a big burst of inflation, and the curve would likely be fairly flat. Hard to distinguish between a term premium and rate expectations in that environment. In any event, that story is quite different than the quoted text from the external article.

2) The statement:

> the funds rate is set to control inflation, the inflation expectations
> should be pretty much the same as short term rate expectations due to
> this.

is incorrect. Once again, it assumes that the real rate is constant. This is certainly not the case.

We can look at the Fed Funds rate ([link to FRED database](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DFF)) and see that it has varied in a range from 0-5% since the early 2000s. Meanwhile, core PCE inflation (the Fed's preferred measure of inflation) has been stuck between 1-2.5% over that period. ([link to FRED](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=nqnX)). Surveys of inflation have been similarly far more stable than nominal rates.

The only way to phrase this is to say that the central bank sets nominal interest rates at a level to keep inflation near target. Bond market pricing is heavily influenced by the expected path of those nominal rates -- although a term premium exists. However, if the inflation targeting is effective, there will be no link between observed inflation and nominal yields -- since real yields are being adjusted to keep inflation stable.

Take a look at the post-1995 history in Canada and the United States (and working from memory, the U.K., Australia, New Zealand...). Just plugging in "2%" (or sometimes 2.5%, depending on the inflation series) was a very effective "forecasting algorithm," and probably outperformed a lot of human forecasters. This did not mean that nominal yields were constant.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: 1) well a bond is "locked in" compared to a stock,it has a maturity, hence imo investors should keep expected inflation in mind to a larger extent as this changes the value of the nominal amout and coupons. See here https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/09/bond-market-interest-rates.asp under Inflation Expectations Determine the Investor's Yield Requirements  
> **username_1**: “Losing value” normally implies a monetary loss in nominal terms. No such loss occurs. Arguing that a loss of purchasing power affects one asset and not another is logically inconsistent.  
> **username_1**: As an addendum: the US Treasury market has been in a bull market since the early 1980s. Meanwhile, inflation has been positive. A significant portion of months are characterised by positive inflation, yet the nominal and inflation-adjusted returns are positive. In what sense did the bond owner “lose money”?  
> **username_0**: He borrowed 1 dollar to someone which was a Snickers later on he got one dollar back later which was half a  Snickers.  
> **username_1**: That’s not a loss in nominal terms. You asked a question whether your interpretation of an article was correct. The answer is that the article is either incorrect, or your summary of it is misleading.  
> **username_0**: I am sorry, but are you referring to "the question" here on the forum or in the comments? and the article from inverstopedia? furthermore i would put this long term inflation and inflation uncertainty into the term premium. Since in the end you are not subject to inflation the same way as you are in say a stock.  
> **username_1**: The actual question. These comments are too long, and may be deleted by a moderator. Your question as it stands right now is asking whether some statements are correct. They are either written in a misleading fashion or wrong. I am not chasing off and writing about articles on other websites. You need to fix the question, or accept that what you wrote was an incorrect interpretation of what you read.  
> **username_0**: Thanks for the feedback and clarifying. I understand your critic of the phrasing of the question. Ill try to rewrite them in a way such that they'll suit your understanding of things. That way we will get to the bottom regarding if it is just misleading instead of wrong.  
> **username_0**: I added some text and reference on 1), feel free to dismiss either my interpretation or the source. Regarding 2) I am saying that inflation expt. and rate expt. are the same in that the short rate will move in such a way that the inflation target is met. I.e if central banks say predict a fall in inflation then then lower rate as much as they think is needed. The goal is to have stable inflation which in turn may require big moves in rates, it is in this sense that I mean them to be the same maybe "interconnected" is better?  
> **username_0**: regarding 1), what about inflation and inflation expectations effect on term premiums? is it possible to find counterexamples theoretical or real for this case as well?  
> **username_1**: I added a comment. There’s not that much of a history to work with in the developed countries - there was only one big inflation burst in the 1970s. Developing countries might offer more data to work with, but not my area of expertise.  
> **username_0**: been revisiting this. Would you say it is easier to consider real yields instead of nominal and then keep inflation and its expectations as a separate factor when it comes to these bonds?  
> **username_1**: Central banks set a nominal rate, which drives the nominal curve. Real yields are the residual between that nominal rate and inflation.  

---

