<p>The firm can’t really sell any quantity they wanted at the equilibrium price (even if it had not increasing but constant marginal costs). Since Revenue is <span class="math-container">$R = P q$</span>, we have that the marginal revenue is <span class="math-container">$MR = P + q \frac{dP}{dq}$</span>.</p>
<p>That second term is usually negative because consumers only demand a limited quantity for a given price level. So the firms would have to reduce the price in order to sell a lot more units.</p>
<p>It’s just that when there are a lot of firms, i.e. in an oligopoly with <span class="math-container">$N$</span> firms for big enough <span class="math-container">$N$</span> (which is what actually happens in real life), the price effect they generate with their supply is very small (not actually <span class="math-container">$0$</span>), and for simplicity, it can be approximated to <span class="math-container">$0$</span> for big enough <span class="math-container">$N$</span> (the perfect competion model):</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="math-container">$\frac{dP}{dq} \approx 0$</span></li>
</ul>
<p>Derivatives are actually a linear approximation of how one variable changes with respect to small changes in another related variable.</p>
<p>But if a firm went crazy and suddenly produced a trillion units, those “very small changes” would really add up and the price would suffer a severe crash.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T15:10:39.187Z
I  often thought about price taking behaviour  as depending on a large number of very small firms,  this is indeed a possible economic explanation. But I then thought that it is better to explain it  pointing out the ‘subjective’ aspect of the firm’s behaviour, the ‘as if’ behaviour: price taking behaviour takes place when firms ‘believe’ they can’t affect the price varying production.  This is the case when there are many small firms, but this is not necessary, it could take place also if there are only a few firms, but they *fear *there could be potential competitors entering the market.
BakerStreet
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T15:11:48.950Z
Rarely microeconomic texts deal with this question. For a book that explains the matter along the lines I followed here, see for example Frank, *Microeconomic Theory*
BakerStreet
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T14:39:35.227Z
2022-11-14T14:39:35.227Z
Nicolas Torres
<p>In my opinion, you are right. This is a question that upsets many students, and I think they are right.</p>
<p>'The individual firm can sell ANY quantity as long as they sell at the equilibrium price' is a way of saying, but it isn't very rigorous.</p>
<p>The point of the question is about the horizontal line in correspondence of the market equilibrium price,  about what is called 'the individual demand function’, in opposition to the 'market demand function'.</p>
<p>This line says simply that the price the firm faces is the same regardless of  the quantity it supplies. That is, in formal terms, the price  is a constant function of <span class="math-container">$Q$</span>.
This does not mean that the firm actually can sell whatever quantity it wants: instead, maybe, it could be better  to say that the firm chooses the optimal quantity 'as if' it could sell whatever quantity of product.</p>
<p>The core of the definition of a perfect competitive market is that a firm is <em>price taker</em>: in the sense that the firm <em>believes</em> that it can't affect the market price with its actions, in particular with the quantity it supplies, and takes the price as given. So,  the price line is horizontal.</p>
<p>The fact that, at the market equilibrium price, the firm actually sells all the quantity it wants is an <em><strong>ex post</strong></em> consideration, that depends on the equilibrium assumption, not on the 'individual demand' being horizontal: if the price is at its equilibrium level, by definition, demand equals supply, so the plans of the agents are consistent, and the firm can sell the optimal quantity chosen in correspondence of that price.</p>
<p>If the firms made their optimal choices at a price different from equilibrium price, for example at a higher price, and the exchanges occurs out of equilibrium, they couldn't sell what they would.
But this depends on the fact of being outside equilibrium.  The individual optimization problem would be, in the same way, on the basis of a horizontal 'individual demand', a horizontal line in correspondence of the non-equilibrium price:  but evidently in this case firms cannot sell what they want, after optimization, even if the ‘individual demand curve’ is still horizontal.</p>
<p>We are in a context of equilibrium and of maximizing behaviour of the firms: these hypotheses are crucial to say that the firms can sell what they want. But suppose that the firm's owners go crazy, they stop optimizing and decide to produce at loss, supplying a big amount of product at the market equilibrium price:  they can't  sell what they want at the 'theoretical' equilibrium price of the market.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, their 'individual demand curve' is still horizontal.</p>
<p>These are just imaginative examples  to remark the importance of both assumptions, optimizing behaviour and the fact that exchanges occur in equilibrium.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T13:05:42.550Z
2022-11-14T13:05:42.550Z
BakerStreet
<p>The textbook model assumes that an individual firm <em>could</em> sell any quantity at the market price, but of course it <em>will</em> only sell the quantity which maximizes its profit. (Graphically speaking, while the firm could choose any point on the red line in the right figure, it will choose point <span class="math-container">$A$</span>.)</p>
<p>You seem to argue that an individual firm even <em>could not</em> sell more at the market price than <em>total quantity demanded</em> in the industry (i.e., the equilibrium quantity in the left figure). That's true: In &quot;reality&quot; the red horizontal line should start to decline at some extremely large output quantity, where it already serves a significant fraction of industry demand. But this is irrelevant for the firm's actual quantity decision, since out there, marginal costs would already be astronomical anyway. The horizontal individual demand curve is just a simplification that ignores this irrelevant difficulty. The individual firm is simply assumed to act <em>as if</em> it could sell any quantity it wished to sell at the prevailing market price, just as it is assumed to act <em>as if</em> the market price didn't react to its own quantity decision (which is also, strictly speaking, wrong).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T11:54:12.840Z
This does not seem to address the concern that the quantity demanded at market price $p$ is the finite quantity $D(p)$, seen in the left side graph.
Giskard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T15:01:43.610Z
@Giskard, that's true, thanks! I have now substantially edited my answer to take this point into account.
VARulle
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T17:44:37.673Z
Thank you so much for your answer. Also, is it just me, or does the quantity demanded for the single firm graph look higher than the total quantity demanded for the market graph on the left?
Anthony Fallone
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-15T13:34:26.593Z
@AnthonyFallone, only if you assume that both graphs have the same units on the quantity axis, but they have not. What I find more unfortunate is that both graphs use the same letter $Q$ to denote the equilibrium/optimal quantity, while the $Q$ in the left graph is really a large multiple of the $Q$ in the right graph.
VARulle
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T10:30:20.140Z
2022-11-14T15:00:23.770Z
2022-11-14T15:00:23.770Z
VARulle
<p>I keep hearing that under perfect competition, an individual firm can sell ANY quantity as long as they sell at the equilibrium price. But this doesn’t make sense to me. For the market supply and demand graph, the equilibrium price has an equilibrium quantity to go along with it. Wouldn’t the maximum quantity that a supplier would be able to sell at the equilibrium price also be the equilibrium quantity?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/A9t0w.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/A9t0w.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>For instance, shouldn’t the quantity that the single firm is able to sell at the equilibrium price (price P) be the same as the quantity represented by Q in the industry graph?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-14T19:55:25.710Z
Isn't [this](https://economics.stackexchange.com/q/53439/40033) exactly the same question?
Alex
<microeconomics><supply-and-demand><perfect-competition><equilibrium-price>
How can an individual firm sell ANY quantity for the market price under perfect competition?
Anthony Fallone
# How can an individual firm sell ANY quantity for the market price under perfect competition?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-11-13)

I keep hearing that under perfect competition, an individual firm can sell ANY quantity as long as they sell at the equilibrium price. But this doesn’t make sense to me. For the market supply and demand graph, the equilibrium price has an equilibrium quantity to go along with it. Wouldn’t the maximum quantity that a supplier would be able to sell at the equilibrium price also be the equilibrium quantity?

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/A9t0w.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/A9t0w.jpg)

For instance, shouldn’t the quantity that the single firm is able to sell at the equilibrium price (price P) be the same as the quantity represented by Q in the industry graph?

**Tags:** microeconomics, supply-and-demand, perfect-competition, equilibrium-price
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Isn't [this](https://economics.stackexchange.com/q/53439/40033) exactly the same question?  

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-11-14. Score: 3 | Accepted answer

The textbook model assumes that an individual firm *could* sell any quantity at the market price, but of course it *will* only sell the quantity which maximizes its profit. (Graphically speaking, while the firm could choose any point on the red line in the right figure, it will choose point $A$.)

You seem to argue that an individual firm even *could not* sell more at the market price than *total quantity demanded* in the industry (i.e., the equilibrium quantity in the left figure). That's true: In "reality" the red horizontal line should start to decline at some extremely large output quantity, where it already serves a significant fraction of industry demand. But this is irrelevant for the firm's actual quantity decision, since out there, marginal costs would already be astronomical anyway. The horizontal individual demand curve is just a simplification that ignores this irrelevant difficulty. The individual firm is simply assumed to act *as if* it could sell any quantity it wished to sell at the prevailing market price, just as it is assumed to act *as if* the market price didn't react to its own quantity decision (which is also, strictly speaking, wrong).

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: This does not seem to address the concern that the quantity demanded at market price $p$ is the finite quantity $D(p)$, seen in the left side graph.  
> **username_4**: @Giskard, that's true, thanks! I have now substantially edited my answer to take this point into account.  
> **username_0**: Thank you so much for your answer. Also, is it just me, or does the quantity demanded for the single firm graph look higher than the total quantity demanded for the market graph on the left?  
> **username_4**: @AnthonyFallone, only if you assume that both graphs have the same units on the quantity axis, but they have not. What I find more unfortunate is that both graphs use the same letter $Q$ to denote the equilibrium/optimal quantity, while the $Q$ in the left graph is really a large multiple of the $Q$ in the right graph.  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2022-11-14. Score: 0

The firm can’t really sell any quantity they wanted at the equilibrium price (even if it had not increasing but constant marginal costs). Since Revenue is $R = P q$, we have that the marginal revenue is $MR = P + q \frac{dP}{dq}$.

That second term is usually negative because consumers only demand a limited quantity for a given price level. So the firms would have to reduce the price in order to sell a lot more units.

It’s just that when there are a lot of firms, i.e. in an oligopoly with $N$ firms for big enough $N$ (which is what actually happens in real life), the price effect they generate with their supply is very small (not actually $0$), and for simplicity, it can be approximated to $0$ for big enough $N$ (the perfect competion model):

* $\frac{dP}{dq} \approx 0$

Derivatives are actually a linear approximation of how one variable changes with respect to small changes in another related variable.

But if a firm went crazy and suddenly produced a trillion units, those “very small changes” would really add up and the price would suffer a severe crash.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: I  often thought about price taking behaviour  as depending on a large number of very small firms,  this is indeed a possible economic explanation. But I then thought that it is better to explain it  pointing out the ‘subjective’ aspect of the firm’s behaviour, the ‘as if’ behaviour: price taking behaviour takes place when firms ‘believe’ they can’t affect the price varying production.  This is the case when there are many small firms, but this is not necessary, it could take place also if there are only a few firms, but they *fear *there could be potential competitors entering the market.  
> **username_3**: Rarely microeconomic texts deal with this question. For a book that explains the matter along the lines I followed here, see for example Frank, *Microeconomic Theory*  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2022-11-14. Score: 0

In my opinion, you are right. This is a question that upsets many students, and I think they are right.

'The individual firm can sell ANY quantity as long as they sell at the equilibrium price' is a way of saying, but it isn't very rigorous.

The point of the question is about the horizontal line in correspondence of the market equilibrium price, about what is called 'the individual demand function’, in opposition to the 'market demand function'.

This line says simply that the price the firm faces is the same regardless of the quantity it supplies. That is, in formal terms, the price is a constant function of $Q$.
This does not mean that the firm actually can sell whatever quantity it wants: instead, maybe, it could be better to say that the firm chooses the optimal quantity 'as if' it could sell whatever quantity of product.

The core of the definition of a perfect competitive market is that a firm is *price taker*: in the sense that the firm *believes* that it can't affect the market price with its actions, in particular with the quantity it supplies, and takes the price as given. So, the price line is horizontal.

The fact that, at the market equilibrium price, the firm actually sells all the quantity it wants is an ***ex post*** consideration, that depends on the equilibrium assumption, not on the 'individual demand' being horizontal: if the price is at its equilibrium level, by definition, demand equals supply, so the plans of the agents are consistent, and the firm can sell the optimal quantity chosen in correspondence of that price.

If the firms made their optimal choices at a price different from equilibrium price, for example at a higher price, and the exchanges occurs out of equilibrium, they couldn't sell what they would.
But this depends on the fact of being outside equilibrium. The individual optimization problem would be, in the same way, on the basis of a horizontal 'individual demand', a horizontal line in correspondence of the non-equilibrium price: but evidently in this case firms cannot sell what they want, after optimization, even if the ‘individual demand curve’ is still horizontal.

We are in a context of equilibrium and of maximizing behaviour of the firms: these hypotheses are crucial to say that the firms can sell what they want. But suppose that the firm's owners go crazy, they stop optimizing and decide to produce at loss, supplying a big amount of product at the market equilibrium price: they can't sell what they want at the 'theoretical' equilibrium price of the market.

Nevertheless, their 'individual demand curve' is still horizontal.

These are just imaginative examples to remark the importance of both assumptions, optimizing behaviour and the fact that exchanges occur in equilibrium.


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