<ol>
<li>
<blockquote>
<p>Why is it that we must make sure banks don’t fail? Why not let them fail like anything else forcing people to diversify where they put their funds and providing impetus for banks to be more responsible simply to survive like any other business? It would moreover lead to mega banks potentially separating into smaller, more manageable, banks in the cases where they have exceeded their reasonable span of control</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ol>
<p>First, when it comes to policy we do not ever <em>need</em> to do anything. Most governments want to avoid catastrophic economic consequences that come with widespread bank collapse and that's why they are trying to make sure banks don't fail but as long as in your personal cost-benefit analysis costs of bank failure do not outweigh perceived benefits there is no reason to do anything.</p>
<p>There are several reasons why bank failures can have significant negative consequences:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Large banks are often systemically important. A systematically important bank is a bank that is so large or interconnected that when it fails either due incompetent management or due to negative idiosyncratic shock (i.e. bad luck) it triggers financial crisis. Financial crisis in turn often leads to collapse of other banks even if those other banks did not had bad management or luck (see <a href="https://www.fsb.org/work-of-the-fsb/market-and-institutional-resilience/global-systemically-important-financial-institutions-g-sifis/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">FSB</a> for examples). In fact some of these are globally systemically important meaning that even a bad shock in a single country housing one of these could trigger global financial crisis that would affect even smaller foreign banks.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Modern banks, besides their business of lending and investing, also provide 'financial' infrastructure for the economy to operate. When multiple banks collapse at the same time this financial infrastructure collapses with them.</p>
</li>
<li><p>In a current monetary system banks create portion of a money supply through lending money. When banks collapse, money supply tends to collapse with them. This can trigger terrible recession, in fact this was what caused Great Depression (see Friedman &amp; Schwartz Monetary History of the United States). This is because decline in money supply is contractionary, so doing that during recession makes things just worse.</p>
<p>Although central bank can intervene to try to prevent such collapse of money supply, it would have to do that through providing liquidity to banks, like Fed did in 2009 which helped to prevent another Great Depression (<a href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/0915_bernanke_remarks.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Bernanke 2009)</a>.  This is however de facto 'saving' the banks instead of letting them fail, so under your proposed alternative there would have to be money supply collapse and Great Depression like recession.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Moreover, some of your proposed benefits are quite unlikely. Even if banks are allowed to fail:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>it is dubious to think that it will completely solve the moral hazard issue. People might learn to diversify and keep several multiple accounts in different banks, but from individual perspective it is difficult to asses credibility of a bank. When regulatory agencies try to asses credibility of financial institutions they have whole teams and even they do not always manage to do good job because modern financial institutions are quite complex.</p>
<p>Moreover, as discussed above, when systematically important institution fails it can easily trigger failure of other banks that perhaps did not mismanage their business, have been conservative in their operation and did not had bad luck.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The reason why large banks exist is primarily due to technological progress. Modern computing creates large economies of scale where a bank will have large fixed cost of establishing all computational infrastructure and very small variable costs  (Pulley and Humphrey,
1993, Sealey and Lindley, 1977), especially now that banks are moving all business online. As a result banks are growing large because it is simply economically efficient for them to be as large as possible. So this would not necessarily make banks smaller.</p>
<p>Of course you would be correct to say that  financial regulation can contribute to making banks larger by creating barriers for entry, which prevents smaller companies to enter and establish themselves. However, I think any reasonable economist would say that the economies of scale are the primary reason. Hence, deregulating the industry would not necessary result in smaller banks.</p>
<p>Moreover, some financial regulation can keep banks smaller. In past banks were kept artificially small by the ban on interstate banking.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li>
<blockquote>
<p>How would increased regulation - which just finished failing (again - <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-bank-oversight-failed-the-economy-changed-regulators-didnt-7dbb842d" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-bank-oversight-failed-the-economy-changed-regulators-didnt-7dbb842d</a>) be a good response? It is only going to obligate banks to less efficiently allocate scarce resources (money) by mandating how they will mitigate risks and if history has taught us anything at all banks will look for a way to circumvent said regulation. (<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/it-is-time-to-admit-it-bank-regulation-doesnt-quite-work-9617d913" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.wsj.com/articles/it-is-time-to-admit-it-bank-regulation-doesnt-quite-work-9617d913</a>).</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The reason for this regulation is to make sure that banks need government assistance as little as possible. No amount of financial regulation will ever completely prevent bank failures. Similarly even though air safety regulation makes planes the most safe mode of transport, planes still crash from time to time. The point of this regulation is simply to minimize number of times banks fail and ask government for bailout.</p>
<p>You are right to point out that this regulation also has its cost. We do not really have long history of modern bank regulation. Banking was quite deregulated prior 2008, and modern regulation that came in place after that existed only for a decade or so, and hence it is difficult to <em>definitively</em> say whether this new regulation, in long run, mitigates moral hazard and other issues sufficiently enough that the cost of this regulation outweigh the benefit.  However, many, if not most, experts believe it will be worth while in the long run.</p>
<p>Even if they are wrong, its very doubtful letting banks fail would be solution. More likely if these issues of moral hazard cannot be fixed by regulation we would have to move to different monetary system like the Chicago plan or something along those lines, because I doubt any society will be willing to stomach the consequences of a systematic bank failure, and only 100% fool-proof way to prevent that is to move to full reserve system.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-11T17:32:59.107Z
2023-07-11T17:38:29.540Z
2023-07-11T17:38:29.540Z
1muflon1
<p>Why not let banks fail?  This question seems to ask where any given regime should sit on the spectrum that has laisse faire opposite to regulation. Like any question for which this spectrum applies, I think it's hard to get objective answers so it depends upon a political choice. Some people prefer that depositors treat all banks as perfectly safe because they believe the public doesn't have the time and energy and knowledge and experience to be able to monitor the safety of the bank that they use. I think that the public doesn't know how to do this.  Look at corporate bonds.  There are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency" rel="nofollow noreferrer">credit rating agencies</a> rating those corporate bonds because even people who are paid to manage investments seem to need outside help.  If the public is rationally ignorant they might have to diversify (as you said) which is inconvenient or just hold very little in deposits which can also be inconvenient unless you have automation. My belief is that in the future only a small percentage of the average persons' net worth will be in deposits when we have more tools to manage this. Of course this doesn't apply to poor people but their absolute amount of deposits per person will be low.</p>
<p>I don't think mega banks will separate into multiple smaller banks. Recently there was this...</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In comments addressing mounting pressure on U.S. regional banks at the
G7 Summit on May 13, Secretary Yellen astonishingly called for
regulators to be “open to” even more bank mergers — despite growing
awareness of their many harms.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Link...</p>
<p><a href="https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4007341-janet-yellen-is-wrong-about-bank-mergers-and-we-could-all-pay-the-price/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4007341-janet-yellen-is-wrong-about-bank-mergers-and-we-could-all-pay-the-price/</a></p>
<p>Maybe it was astonishing for somebody writing for that newspaper but it doesn't seem astonishing for Secretary Yellen. Mergers will help reduce the problem of some banks being siloed into their regions.</p>
<p>You suggested more bank failures are &quot;providing impetus for banks to be more responsible&quot;. I think it's more accurate to say this is conditional upon the depositors monitoring banks, which I suggested might not be practical or realistic.</p>
<p>You suggest that more regulation &quot;will only further reduce the incentives for internal risk compliance&quot;. They sort of already don't have any incentive. The name of the game for the people at the top of banks is to get salaries and bonuses and move on if the bank fails. Some of these people are very wealthy apart from equity in their employer so they are not going to hurt if the equity goes to zero so a rational wealth maximization strategy might entail more risk than the average person would find acceptable. Add to a measure of safety from regulation and subtract some measure of safety because decision makers have less incentive to be safe. I think the sum of the 2 terms is positive.</p>
<p>If some banks are losing deposits, they can get funding in other ways. Issue money market funds or bonds. There will be an interest expense for these banks but on the other hand they don't need to offer depositor services and ATMs for this kind of funding. Obviously a bank that has a lot of branches and ATMs is not well positioned for this so some will have to adapt.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-12T12:17:01.557Z
2023-07-12T12:17:01.557Z
H2ONaCl
<p>I was reading about the fed’s new regulatory efforts to <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/feds-barr-says-nations-biggest-banks-need-more-capital-abf3bee8?st=g5nmv0ao8o9zllj&amp;reflink=article_copyURL_share" rel="nofollow noreferrer">further increase bank’s cash holding requirements</a>. However, they’re doing this at the same time banks are facing more competition and draining deposits:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/deposit-outflows-shine-light-on-fed-program-that-pays-money-market-funds-6763e11c" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.wsj.com/articles/deposit-outflows-shine-light-on-fed-program-that-pays-money-market-funds-6763e11c</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/banks-are-finally-facing-pressure-to-pay-depositors-more-88d6447d" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.wsj.com/articles/banks-are-finally-facing-pressure-to-pay-depositors-more-88d6447d</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/regional-banks-face-years-of-trouble-bce1dbae" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.wsj.com/articles/regional-banks-face-years-of-trouble-bce1dbae</a></li>
</ul>
<p>At the same time they are facing these problems a larger regulatory requirement for cash holdings will necessarily lead to them being obligated to hold more money that has comparatively less ROI making them even more uncompetitive further exacerbating the aforementioned</p>
<p>I don’t understand:</p>
<ol>
<li>Why is it that we <em>must</em> make sure banks don’t fail? Why not let them fail like anything else forcing people to diversify where they put their funds and providing impetus for banks to be more responsible simply to survive like any other business? It would moreover lead to mega banks potentially separating into smaller, more manageable, banks in the cases where they have exceeded their reasonable span of control.</li>
<li>How would increased regulation - which just finished failing (again - <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-bank-oversight-failed-the-economy-changed-regulators-didnt-7dbb842d" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-bank-oversight-failed-the-economy-changed-regulators-didnt-7dbb842d</a>) be a good response? It is only going to obligate banks to less efficiently allocate scarce resources (money) by mandating how they will mitigate risks and if history has taught us anything at all banks will look for a way to circumvent said regulation. (<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/it-is-time-to-admit-it-bank-regulation-doesnt-quite-work-9617d913" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.wsj.com/articles/it-is-time-to-admit-it-bank-regulation-doesnt-quite-work-9617d913</a>). For more examples - <em>gestures at the many regulatory failings of the last 20 years</em></li>
</ol>
<p>Ostensibly the fed is making decisions based on the principals of economics - what data driven analysis are they using that shows more regulation now is going to fix the problem when it both necessarily is going to increase costs to banks already taking a beating and will only further reduce the incentives for internal risk compliance? Between the FDIC and regulation it seems this will necessarily increase moral hazard.</p>
<p>I also don’t understand because like any business not all banks make bad or good decisions - why would you mandate a method for risk mitigation? Particularly when in many (but not all) cases problems often occur to banks siloed in either particular regions or catering to particular business sectors which isn’t an avoidable problem. Making a regional bank even less competitive at a time when many people are going to larger banks just seems like a good way to further reduce the markets options / competition which as the Swiss just found out, can get real ugly real fast.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-11T04:16:03.877Z
Your presumption is that bank failures exist, ergo regulation doesn't work. It's like claiming I shouldn't tell a child what to do or not to do because children get injured. Many (traditional) banks who work well and did not take ridiculous risks like SVB are actually making more money now than they did in the last 20 years. Deposit interest did not increase much, existing covered bonds have low fixed interest and newly issued loans are paying high interest, as do floating rate bonds. If banks fail, there is a large risk of contagion and bank runs...
AKdemy
<banking><central-banking><regulation>
Why would the fed impose larger cash requirements on banks if they’re already struggling to compete?
Grant Curell
# Why would the fed impose larger cash requirements on banks if they’re already struggling to compete?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2023-07-11)

I was reading about the fed’s new regulatory efforts to [further increase bank’s cash holding requirements](https://www.wsj.com/articles/feds-barr-says-nations-biggest-banks-need-more-capital-abf3bee8?st=g5nmv0ao8o9zllj&reflink=article_copyURL_share). However, they’re doing this at the same time banks are facing more competition and draining deposits:

* <https://www.wsj.com/articles/deposit-outflows-shine-light-on-fed-program-that-pays-money-market-funds-6763e11c>
* <https://www.wsj.com/articles/banks-are-finally-facing-pressure-to-pay-depositors-more-88d6447d>
* <https://www.wsj.com/articles/regional-banks-face-years-of-trouble-bce1dbae>

At the same time they are facing these problems a larger regulatory requirement for cash holdings will necessarily lead to them being obligated to hold more money that has comparatively less ROI making them even more uncompetitive further exacerbating the aforementioned

I don’t understand:

1. Why is it that we *must* make sure banks don’t fail? Why not let them fail like anything else forcing people to diversify where they put their funds and providing impetus for banks to be more responsible simply to survive like any other business? It would moreover lead to mega banks potentially separating into smaller, more manageable, banks in the cases where they have exceeded their reasonable span of control.
2. How would increased regulation - which just finished failing (again - <https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-bank-oversight-failed-the-economy-changed-regulators-didnt-7dbb842d>) be a good response? It is only going to obligate banks to less efficiently allocate scarce resources (money) by mandating how they will mitigate risks and if history has taught us anything at all banks will look for a way to circumvent said regulation. (<https://www.wsj.com/articles/it-is-time-to-admit-it-bank-regulation-doesnt-quite-work-9617d913>). For more examples - *gestures at the many regulatory failings of the last 20 years*

Ostensibly the fed is making decisions based on the principals of economics - what data driven analysis are they using that shows more regulation now is going to fix the problem when it both necessarily is going to increase costs to banks already taking a beating and will only further reduce the incentives for internal risk compliance? Between the FDIC and regulation it seems this will necessarily increase moral hazard.

I also don’t understand because like any business not all banks make bad or good decisions - why would you mandate a method for risk mitigation? Particularly when in many (but not all) cases problems often occur to banks siloed in either particular regions or catering to particular business sectors which isn’t an avoidable problem. Making a regional bank even less competitive at a time when many people are going to larger banks just seems like a good way to further reduce the markets options / competition which as the Swiss just found out, can get real ugly real fast.

**Tags:** banking, central-banking, regulation
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Your presumption is that bank failures exist, ergo regulation doesn't work. It's like claiming I shouldn't tell a child what to do or not to do because children get injured. Many (traditional) banks who work well and did not take ridiculous risks like SVB are actually making more money now than they did in the last 20 years. Deposit interest did not increase much, existing covered bonds have low fixed interest and newly issued loans are paying high interest, as do floating rate bonds. If banks fail, there is a large risk of contagion and bank runs...  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2023-07-11. Score: 1

1. > Why is it that we must make sure banks don’t fail? Why not let them fail like anything else forcing people to diversify where they put their funds and providing impetus for banks to be more responsible simply to survive like any other business? It would moreover lead to mega banks potentially separating into smaller, more manageable, banks in the cases where they have exceeded their reasonable span of control

First, when it comes to policy we do not ever *need* to do anything. Most governments want to avoid catastrophic economic consequences that come with widespread bank collapse and that's why they are trying to make sure banks don't fail but as long as in your personal cost-benefit analysis costs of bank failure do not outweigh perceived benefits there is no reason to do anything.

There are several reasons why bank failures can have significant negative consequences:

* Large banks are often systemically important. A systematically important bank is a bank that is so large or interconnected that when it fails either due incompetent management or due to negative idiosyncratic shock (i.e. bad luck) it triggers financial crisis. Financial crisis in turn often leads to collapse of other banks even if those other banks did not had bad management or luck (see [FSB](https://www.fsb.org/work-of-the-fsb/market-and-institutional-resilience/global-systemically-important-financial-institutions-g-sifis/) for examples). In fact some of these are globally systemically important meaning that even a bad shock in a single country housing one of these could trigger global financial crisis that would affect even smaller foreign banks.
* Modern banks, besides their business of lending and investing, also provide 'financial' infrastructure for the economy to operate. When multiple banks collapse at the same time this financial infrastructure collapses with them.
* In a current monetary system banks create portion of a money supply through lending money. When banks collapse, money supply tends to collapse with them. This can trigger terrible recession, in fact this was what caused Great Depression (see Friedman & Schwartz Monetary History of the United States). This is because decline in money supply is contractionary, so doing that during recession makes things just worse.

  Although central bank can intervene to try to prevent such collapse of money supply, it would have to do that through providing liquidity to banks, like Fed did in 2009 which helped to prevent another Great Depression ([Bernanke 2009)](https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/0915_bernanke_remarks.pdf). This is however de facto 'saving' the banks instead of letting them fail, so under your proposed alternative there would have to be money supply collapse and Great Depression like recession.

Moreover, some of your proposed benefits are quite unlikely. Even if banks are allowed to fail:

* it is dubious to think that it will completely solve the moral hazard issue. People might learn to diversify and keep several multiple accounts in different banks, but from individual perspective it is difficult to asses credibility of a bank. When regulatory agencies try to asses credibility of financial institutions they have whole teams and even they do not always manage to do good job because modern financial institutions are quite complex.

  Moreover, as discussed above, when systematically important institution fails it can easily trigger failure of other banks that perhaps did not mismanage their business, have been conservative in their operation and did not had bad luck.
* The reason why large banks exist is primarily due to technological progress. Modern computing creates large economies of scale where a bank will have large fixed cost of establishing all computational infrastructure and very small variable costs (Pulley and Humphrey,
  1993, Sealey and Lindley, 1977), especially now that banks are moving all business online. As a result banks are growing large because it is simply economically efficient for them to be as large as possible. So this would not necessarily make banks smaller.

  Of course you would be correct to say that financial regulation can contribute to making banks larger by creating barriers for entry, which prevents smaller companies to enter and establish themselves. However, I think any reasonable economist would say that the economies of scale are the primary reason. Hence, deregulating the industry would not necessary result in smaller banks.

  Moreover, some financial regulation can keep banks smaller. In past banks were kept artificially small by the ban on interstate banking.

2. > How would increased regulation - which just finished failing (again - <https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-bank-oversight-failed-the-economy-changed-regulators-didnt-7dbb842d>) be a good response? It is only going to obligate banks to less efficiently allocate scarce resources (money) by mandating how they will mitigate risks and if history has taught us anything at all banks will look for a way to circumvent said regulation. (<https://www.wsj.com/articles/it-is-time-to-admit-it-bank-regulation-doesnt-quite-work-9617d913>).

The reason for this regulation is to make sure that banks need government assistance as little as possible. No amount of financial regulation will ever completely prevent bank failures. Similarly even though air safety regulation makes planes the most safe mode of transport, planes still crash from time to time. The point of this regulation is simply to minimize number of times banks fail and ask government for bailout.

You are right to point out that this regulation also has its cost. We do not really have long history of modern bank regulation. Banking was quite deregulated prior 2008, and modern regulation that came in place after that existed only for a decade or so, and hence it is difficult to *definitively* say whether this new regulation, in long run, mitigates moral hazard and other issues sufficiently enough that the cost of this regulation outweigh the benefit. However, many, if not most, experts believe it will be worth while in the long run.

Even if they are wrong, its very doubtful letting banks fail would be solution. More likely if these issues of moral hazard cannot be fixed by regulation we would have to move to different monetary system like the Chicago plan or something along those lines, because I doubt any society will be willing to stomach the consequences of a systematic bank failure, and only 100% fool-proof way to prevent that is to move to full reserve system.


---

### Answer by username_3 on 2023-07-12. Score: 0

Why not let banks fail? This question seems to ask where any given regime should sit on the spectrum that has laisse faire opposite to regulation. Like any question for which this spectrum applies, I think it's hard to get objective answers so it depends upon a political choice. Some people prefer that depositors treat all banks as perfectly safe because they believe the public doesn't have the time and energy and knowledge and experience to be able to monitor the safety of the bank that they use. I think that the public doesn't know how to do this. Look at corporate bonds. There are [credit rating agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency) rating those corporate bonds because even people who are paid to manage investments seem to need outside help. If the public is rationally ignorant they might have to diversify (as you said) which is inconvenient or just hold very little in deposits which can also be inconvenient unless you have automation. My belief is that in the future only a small percentage of the average persons' net worth will be in deposits when we have more tools to manage this. Of course this doesn't apply to poor people but their absolute amount of deposits per person will be low.

I don't think mega banks will separate into multiple smaller banks. Recently there was this...

> In comments addressing mounting pressure on U.S. regional banks at the
> G7 Summit on May 13, Secretary Yellen astonishingly called for
> regulators to be “open to” even more bank mergers — despite growing
> awareness of their many harms.

Link...

<https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4007341-janet-yellen-is-wrong-about-bank-mergers-and-we-could-all-pay-the-price/>

Maybe it was astonishing for somebody writing for that newspaper but it doesn't seem astonishing for Secretary Yellen. Mergers will help reduce the problem of some banks being siloed into their regions.

You suggested more bank failures are "providing impetus for banks to be more responsible". I think it's more accurate to say this is conditional upon the depositors monitoring banks, which I suggested might not be practical or realistic.

You suggest that more regulation "will only further reduce the incentives for internal risk compliance". They sort of already don't have any incentive. The name of the game for the people at the top of banks is to get salaries and bonuses and move on if the bank fails. Some of these people are very wealthy apart from equity in their employer so they are not going to hurt if the equity goes to zero so a rational wealth maximization strategy might entail more risk than the average person would find acceptable. Add to a measure of safety from regulation and subtract some measure of safety because decision makers have less incentive to be safe. I think the sum of the 2 terms is positive.

If some banks are losing deposits, they can get funding in other ways. Issue money market funds or bonds. There will be an interest expense for these banks but on the other hand they don't need to offer depositor services and ATMs for this kind of funding. Obviously a bank that has a lot of branches and ATMs is not well positioned for this so some will have to adapt.


---

