<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_thrift" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia article</a> has several different quotations over time, though I would state the claimed paradox as a variant of (2), possibly something like </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>an increase in the <em>rate</em> of saving can lead to lower total savings</p>
</blockquote>

<p>perhaps illustrated with a graph something like </p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/uhtdX.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/uhtdX.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>which suggests that the paradox seems to depend on the the combined relationships between income and savings and between investment and output, together with some macroeconomic tautologies.  If the relationships were different, or if the tautologies did not cause changes in equilibria, there might not be a paradox </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-03T09:09:29.120Z
appreciated you pointing out that it is the initial increase in the rate of saving of individual (mps); I missed out on that
tsp216
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2017-05-03T17:48:47.947Z
Can you explain your diagram a bit more, for example what is Y?
Mick
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2017-05-03T18:02:05.647Z
@Mick: Y is total GDP on an income basis, equivalent to total GDP on an output basis (and also to [total GDP on an expenditure basis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Components_of_GDP_by_expenditure))
Henry
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2017-05-03T07:53:32.147Z
2017-05-03T07:53:32.147Z
Henry
<p>The paradox is that as people attempt to save more, the total amount of savings decreases.</p>

<p>Before I explain how this can be so, we need to understand a couple of things:</p>

<p>First of all, when economists talk about savings in aggregate, they consider the full spectrum from at one end saving a lot, through zero savings (quickly spending exactly what you earn) through to the opposite of saving - which is borrowing. I.e. "borrowing less" can be described as "saving more". Similarly the process of repaying existing loans will be described by economists as "saving more".</p>

<p>Then you need to consider the effects of our "fractional reserve banking" monetary system. In this system <a href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/quarterlybulletin/2014/qb14q102.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">loans create money and repaying loans destroys money</a>. This means that if an economy moves to a state where the rate of repayments of existing loans is greater than the rate of taking out new loans then the money supply will shrink (at least without any QE or similar).</p>

<p>Put these facts together and we can have a situation where we have "more saving" (which to an economist may just mean less borrowing), leading to a shrinking money supply. Given that savings are money - then if there is less money around then our ability to save as much as before, diminishes.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-03T16:39:20.473Z
2017-05-03T18:48:05.100Z
2017-05-03T18:48:05.100Z
Mick
<p>I understand most of the reasoning, but don't understand what the actual paradox here is, as I believe there can be up to three potential paradoxes:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>individuals increase savings when they should be spending more to get out of the initial recession</p></li>
<li><p>an increase in individual saving actually ultimately decreases total savings</p></li>
<li><p>what benefits an individual (increased saving during a recession) actually makes the overall economy as a whole worse off.</p></li>
</ol>

<p>I'm sure it's one of the three, as they were commonly repeated when I did some research on the internet, but can't quite make out which one it is.</p>

<macroeconomics><saving>
What is the actual paradox in the Paradox of Thrift?
tsp216
# What is the actual paradox in the Paradox of Thrift?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-05-03)

I understand most of the reasoning, but don't understand what the actual paradox here is, as I believe there can be up to three potential paradoxes:

1. individuals increase savings when they should be spending more to get out of the initial recession
2. an increase in individual saving actually ultimately decreases total savings
3. what benefits an individual (increased saving during a recession) actually makes the overall economy as a whole worse off.

I'm sure it's one of the three, as they were commonly repeated when I did some research on the internet, but can't quite make out which one it is.

**Tags:** macroeconomics, saving

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2017-05-03. Score: 3

The [Wikipedia article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_thrift) has several different quotations over time, though I would state the claimed paradox as a variant of (2), possibly something like

> an increase in the *rate* of saving can lead to lower total savings

perhaps illustrated with a graph something like

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/uhtdX.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/uhtdX.png)

which suggests that the paradox seems to depend on the the combined relationships between income and savings and between investment and output, together with some macroeconomic tautologies. If the relationships were different, or if the tautologies did not cause changes in equilibria, there might not be a paradox

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: appreciated you pointing out that it is the initial increase in the rate of saving of individual (mps); I missed out on that  
> **username_2**: Can you explain your diagram a bit more, for example what is Y?  
> **username_1**: @Mick: Y is total GDP on an income basis, equivalent to total GDP on an output basis (and also to [total GDP on an expenditure basis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Components_of_GDP_by_expenditure))  

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### Answer by username_2 on 2017-05-03. Score: 1

The paradox is that as people attempt to save more, the total amount of savings decreases.

Before I explain how this can be so, we need to understand a couple of things:

First of all, when economists talk about savings in aggregate, they consider the full spectrum from at one end saving a lot, through zero savings (quickly spending exactly what you earn) through to the opposite of saving - which is borrowing. I.e. "borrowing less" can be described as "saving more". Similarly the process of repaying existing loans will be described by economists as "saving more".

Then you need to consider the effects of our "fractional reserve banking" monetary system. In this system [loans create money and repaying loans destroys money](http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/quarterlybulletin/2014/qb14q102.pdf). This means that if an economy moves to a state where the rate of repayments of existing loans is greater than the rate of taking out new loans then the money supply will shrink (at least without any QE or similar).

Put these facts together and we can have a situation where we have "more saving" (which to an economist may just mean less borrowing), leading to a shrinking money supply. Given that savings are money - then if there is less money around then our ability to save as much as before, diminishes.


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