<p>Event study is actually not just a study of some event, almost any study studies events as broadly defined (e.g. in any diff-in-diff you will have an important event which will be considered to be treatment, but diff-in-diff is not an event study).</p>
<p>Event study is name for a specific methodology for studying events which is primarily used in the field of finance (although you can find non-financial applications in the literature as well). Following the seminal work of MacKinlay (1997) on event studies an event study studies impact of identifiable event or events with the following steps:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Event/Event Window Identification</strong>:</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>The initial task of conducting an event study is to define the event of interest
and identify the period over which the
security prices of the firms involved in
this event will be examined-the event
window. For example, if one is looking at
the information content of an earnings
with daily data, the event will be the
earnings announcement and the event
window will include the one day of the
announcement. It is customary to define
the event window to be larger than the
specific period of interest. This permits
examination of periods surrounding the event. . In practice, the period of interest
is often expanded to multiple days, including at least the day of the announcement and the day after the announcement. This captures the price
effects of announcements which occur
after the stock market closes on the announcement day. The periods prior to
and after the event may also be of interest. For example, in the earnings announcement case, the market may acquire information about the earnings
prior to the actual announcement and
one can investigate this possibility by examining pre-event returns.</p>
</blockquote>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong>Selection Criteria</strong></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>After identifying the event, it is necessary to determine the selection criteria
for the inclusion of a given firm in the
study. The criteria may involve restrictions imposed by data availability such as
listing on the New York Stock Exchange
or the American Stock Exchange or may
involve restrictions such as membership
in a specific industry</p>
</blockquote>
<ol start="3">
<li><strong>Measuring Abnormal Returns</strong></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>Appraisal of the event's impact requires a measure of the abnormal return.
The abnormal return is the actual ex post
return of the security over the event window minus the normal return of the firm
over the event window. The normal return is defined as the expected return
without conditioning on the event taking
place.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This can be done in various different ways. However, generally you will have to select some estimation window based on which you create an auxiliary model that will tell you what a normal returns should be during the event and then abnormal returns are just the difference between normal estimated and observed ex-post returns.</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong>Design Testing Framework</strong>:</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>Next
comes the design of the testing framework for the abnormal returns. Important considerations are defining the null
hypothesis and determining the techniques for aggregating the individual
firm abnormal returns.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Once you calculate your abnormal returns its important to test somehow to see if these are significant. Again there are various ways how to do that, often you see people testing whether the abnormal returns are statistically significantly different from zero using normal or <span class="math-container">$t$</span> distribution.</p>
<hr />
<p>You can have further look at some student friendly explanation of event study methodology in Brooks Introductory Econometrics for Finance pp640. Also, note most sources do not break the methodology into 4 distinct steps and just present it as a whole, I just broken it down into 4 steps so its easier to follow, but its all part of single methodology.</p>
<hr />
<p>PS: Note the terminology might not be always used consistently across different fields/subfields, but in economics when we talk about event studies it is typically the above.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-08T05:36:03.953Z
Thanks @1muflon1, It is a very clear answer, actually I used to deal with the event study. However, I just feel confused a little bit with my question above. Your answer is exactly what I did in my thesis step-by-step (**one more step is testing for confounding event**). Back to my question. I still not totally clear, so from my understanding what you explained, it seems that if different countries applies laws in different years, it is still event study?
Phil Nguyen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-08T07:58:59.113Z
@BeautifulMindset if you follow the methodology above then yes, if you follow some other methodology like did then no. Event study is methodology not your subject matter
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-09T05:22:07.437Z
Hi 1muflon1, I saw an [answer here](https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/533892/319998), and it seems that their event study is different from your description?
Phil Nguyen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-09T06:51:28.017Z
@BeautifulMindset I don’t have time to go over that answer right now but note as explained in the PS this terminology is not always consistently applied in all subfields
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-07T11:43:50.507Z
2021-07-07T11:43:50.507Z
1muflon1
<p>I am quite confused about the definition of an event study. From my understanding, an &quot;event study&quot; is when we examine the impact of an event (e.g., a law) on a dependent variable (e.g., asset growth).</p>
<p>However, can we call the staggered implementation of laws an &quot;<strong>event study</strong>&quot;? I mean, for example, we examine the impact of a law being implemented at different times by different countries on firms' assets growth.</p>

<nonexpert><definition><economic-terms>
Clarifying the definition of "event study"?
Phil Nguyen
# Clarifying the definition of "event study"?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-07-07)

I am quite confused about the definition of an event study. From my understanding, an "event study" is when we examine the impact of an event (e.g., a law) on a dependent variable (e.g., asset growth).

However, can we call the staggered implementation of laws an "**event study**"? I mean, for example, we examine the impact of a law being implemented at different times by different countries on firms' assets growth.

**Tags:** nonexpert, definition, economic-terms

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-07-07. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

Event study is actually not just a study of some event, almost any study studies events as broadly defined (e.g. in any diff-in-diff you will have an important event which will be considered to be treatment, but diff-in-diff is not an event study).

Event study is name for a specific methodology for studying events which is primarily used in the field of finance (although you can find non-financial applications in the literature as well). Following the seminal work of MacKinlay (1997) on event studies an event study studies impact of identifiable event or events with the following steps:

1. **Event/Event Window Identification**:

> The initial task of conducting an event study is to define the event of interest
> and identify the period over which the
> security prices of the firms involved in
> this event will be examined-the event
> window. For example, if one is looking at
> the information content of an earnings
> with daily data, the event will be the
> earnings announcement and the event
> window will include the one day of the
> announcement. It is customary to define
> the event window to be larger than the
> specific period of interest. This permits
> examination of periods surrounding the event. . In practice, the period of interest
> is often expanded to multiple days, including at least the day of the announcement and the day after the announcement. This captures the price
> effects of announcements which occur
> after the stock market closes on the announcement day. The periods prior to
> and after the event may also be of interest. For example, in the earnings announcement case, the market may acquire information about the earnings
> prior to the actual announcement and
> one can investigate this possibility by examining pre-event returns.

2. **Selection Criteria**

> After identifying the event, it is necessary to determine the selection criteria
> for the inclusion of a given firm in the
> study. The criteria may involve restrictions imposed by data availability such as
> listing on the New York Stock Exchange
> or the American Stock Exchange or may
> involve restrictions such as membership
> in a specific industry

3. **Measuring Abnormal Returns**

> Appraisal of the event's impact requires a measure of the abnormal return.
> The abnormal return is the actual ex post
> return of the security over the event window minus the normal return of the firm
> over the event window. The normal return is defined as the expected return
> without conditioning on the event taking
> place.

This can be done in various different ways. However, generally you will have to select some estimation window based on which you create an auxiliary model that will tell you what a normal returns should be during the event and then abnormal returns are just the difference between normal estimated and observed ex-post returns.

4. **Design Testing Framework**:

> Next
> comes the design of the testing framework for the abnormal returns. Important considerations are defining the null
> hypothesis and determining the techniques for aggregating the individual
> firm abnormal returns.

Once you calculate your abnormal returns its important to test somehow to see if these are significant. Again there are various ways how to do that, often you see people testing whether the abnormal returns are statistically significantly different from zero using normal or $t$ distribution.

---

You can have further look at some student friendly explanation of event study methodology in Brooks Introductory Econometrics for Finance pp640. Also, note most sources do not break the methodology into 4 distinct steps and just present it as a whole, I just broken it down into 4 steps so its easier to follow, but its all part of single methodology.

---

PS: Note the terminology might not be always used consistently across different fields/subfields, but in economics when we talk about event studies it is typically the above.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks @1muflon1, It is a very clear answer, actually I used to deal with the event study. However, I just feel confused a little bit with my question above. Your answer is exactly what I did in my thesis step-by-step (**one more step is testing for confounding event**). Back to my question. I still not totally clear, so from my understanding what you explained, it seems that if different countries applies laws in different years, it is still event study?  
> **username_1**: @BeautifulMindset if you follow the methodology above then yes, if you follow some other methodology like did then no. Event study is methodology not your subject matter  
> **username_0**: Hi 1muflon1, I saw an [answer here](https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/533892/319998), and it seems that their event study is different from your description?  
> **username_1**: @BeautifulMindset I don’t have time to go over that answer right now but note as explained in the PS this terminology is not always consistently applied in all subfields  

---

