<p>Yes, this is pretty standard stuff in economics. </p>

<p>First, the simplest models contain it in a hidden form. Supply curves are derived from production functions, and include (marginal) cost of production. Technology innovation is then reflected in reduced production costs per unit. It can also change the indifference curves of consumers, leading to changes in the demand curve (shifts, slope change, etc.) Labor costs are also affected, thus also changing macroeconomic models. </p>

<p>Second, there are models which focus specifically on innovation. Look up the Schumpeterian models, or (for a more business-oriented than economic-oriented theory) Christensen's work. </p>

<p>Third, some of the more involved models can accommodate the consequences of a specific technology as opposed to a generic assumption of innovation. For example, brick-and-mortar stores are known to max out at some size due to rising overhead, while for online stores, overhead is considered to rise underproportionally to profit, which predicts "winner takes all" markets, which is what we are seeing today. Similarly, when you look at information assymmetry models, you see that modern information technology can remove some asymmetries from specific markets (new ways for principals to monitor agents, allowing price comparison in some markets, eliminating transaction costs or discovery costs thus making intermediars obsolete). You can get a good, if somewhat dated, review of the results of IT developments on economic models in Macho-Stadler and Perez-Castrillo's "An introduction to the economy of information". </p>

<p>I know this is a rather vague answer, but I'm afraid your question is similarly vague. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-07T20:31:46.123Z
2016-10-07T20:31:46.123Z
rumtscho
<p>Measuring technological progress (especially in specific sectors is relatively simple). The basic idea is that a technological improvement can be understood as an improvement in efficiency, i.e. it can be measured how much the output improves while keeping constant the amount of input or initial resources. For example, even with a simplified production model such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas_production_function" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Cobb-Douglas function</a>:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$Y_t = A_t K_t^\alpha L_t^{(1-\alpha)}$$</span></p>
<p>where <span class="math-container">$K_t$</span> is amount of &quot;capital&quot; used, and <span class="math-container">$L_t$</span> the total labor used, <span class="math-container">$0&lt; \alpha &lt; 1$</span> is an adimensional parameter. Then a technological improvement will mean that <span class="math-container">$A_{t+1} &gt; A_t$</span>, and by using the same amount of <span class="math-container">$K_t$</span> and <span class="math-container">$L_t$</span> the output will be greater than the conditions with the old technology.</p>
<p>What is more difficult is to predict the technical rate of change and whether there is a clear and direct relationship with economic factors. So much so that many models consider technical progress to be an exogenous shock and essentially unpredictable, other models treat it as a stochastic process <span class="math-container">$\epsilon_t$</span>. Where technological progress could be modeled approximately as:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$A_{t+1} = A_t e^{\epsilon_t}$$</span></p>
<p>There are even models that consider the time in which two technologies coexist and study the transition between them. An interesting model of this type is <a href="https://flora.insead.edu/fichiersti_wp/inseadwp1997/97-101.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ayres (1997)</a>, where the transition from an old to a new technology evolves as:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$z = \frac{1-a e^{-(a+b)(t-t_0)}}{1- b e^{-(a+b)(t-t_0)}}$$</span></p>
<p>where <span class="math-container">$0 &lt; z &lt; 1$</span> is the proportion of use of the new technology (<span class="math-container">$b \ge a &gt; 0$</span>).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-06-23T21:44:36.020Z
2022-06-23T21:44:36.020Z
Davius
<p>There has been tremendous improvement in technologies in recent years. My question is: have economists been able to properly evaluate and factor the values of recent innovations in the technology sector? We often hear about various economics indicators such has Manufacturing PMI and industrial productions, but these indicators often fail to mention technology related jobs or the values of recent innovations. Can anyone help me understand how technology is valued?</p>

<macroeconomics><value><technology>
Factoring Technology into Economics models
christian Martin
# Factoring Technology into Economics models

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-10-07)

There has been tremendous improvement in technologies in recent years. My question is: have economists been able to properly evaluate and factor the values of recent innovations in the technology sector? We often hear about various economics indicators such has Manufacturing PMI and industrial productions, but these indicators often fail to mention technology related jobs or the values of recent innovations. Can anyone help me understand how technology is valued?

**Tags:** macroeconomics, value, technology

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-10-07. Score: 3

Yes, this is pretty standard stuff in economics.

First, the simplest models contain it in a hidden form. Supply curves are derived from production functions, and include (marginal) cost of production. Technology innovation is then reflected in reduced production costs per unit. It can also change the indifference curves of consumers, leading to changes in the demand curve (shifts, slope change, etc.) Labor costs are also affected, thus also changing macroeconomic models.

Second, there are models which focus specifically on innovation. Look up the Schumpeterian models, or (for a more business-oriented than economic-oriented theory) Christensen's work.

Third, some of the more involved models can accommodate the consequences of a specific technology as opposed to a generic assumption of innovation. For example, brick-and-mortar stores are known to max out at some size due to rising overhead, while for online stores, overhead is considered to rise underproportionally to profit, which predicts "winner takes all" markets, which is what we are seeing today. Similarly, when you look at information assymmetry models, you see that modern information technology can remove some asymmetries from specific markets (new ways for principals to monitor agents, allowing price comparison in some markets, eliminating transaction costs or discovery costs thus making intermediars obsolete). You can get a good, if somewhat dated, review of the results of IT developments on economic models in Macho-Stadler and Perez-Castrillo's "An introduction to the economy of information".

I know this is a rather vague answer, but I'm afraid your question is similarly vague.


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### Answer by username_2 on 2022-06-23. Score: 0

Measuring technological progress (especially in specific sectors is relatively simple). The basic idea is that a technological improvement can be understood as an improvement in efficiency, i.e. it can be measured how much the output improves while keeping constant the amount of input or initial resources. For example, even with a simplified production model such as the [Cobb-Douglas function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas_production_function):

$$Y\_t = A\_t K\_t^\alpha L\_t^{(1-\alpha)}$$

where $K\_t$ is amount of "capital" used, and $L\_t$ the total labor used, $0< \alpha < 1$ is an adimensional parameter. Then a technological improvement will mean that $A\_{t+1} > A\_t$, and by using the same amount of $K\_t$ and $L\_t$ the output will be greater than the conditions with the old technology.

What is more difficult is to predict the technical rate of change and whether there is a clear and direct relationship with economic factors. So much so that many models consider technical progress to be an exogenous shock and essentially unpredictable, other models treat it as a stochastic process $\epsilon\_t$. Where technological progress could be modeled approximately as:

$$A\_{t+1} = A\_t e^{\epsilon\_t}$$

There are even models that consider the time in which two technologies coexist and study the transition between them. An interesting model of this type is [Ayres (1997)](https://flora.insead.edu/fichiersti_wp/inseadwp1997/97-101.pdf), where the transition from an old to a new technology evolves as:

$$z = \frac{1-a e^{-(a+b)(t-t\_0)}}{1- b e^{-(a+b)(t-t\_0)}}$$

where $0 < z < 1$ is the proportion of use of the new technology ($b \ge a > 0$).


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