<p>The closest we can get to an answer would be by looking at previous exits from currency unions. Rose published a <a href="http://www.mas.gov.sg/~/media/resource/publications/staff_papers/StaffPaper44Rose.pdf" rel="noreferrer">paper</a> studying extensively all exits after WWII.</p>

<p>The abstract resumes well the conclusions of the paper:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>This paper studies the characteristics of departures from monetary unions. 
  During the post-war period, almost seventy distinct countries or territories 
  have left a currency union, while over sixty have remained continuously in 
  currency unions. I compare countries leaving currency unions to those 
  remaining within them, and find that leavers tend to be larger, richer, and 
  more democratic; they also tend to have higher inflation. However, there are 
  typically no sharp macroeconomic movements before, during, or after exits</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The effect denoted are very small, which leads me to conclude the choice should be made on political, not economical grounds, but everybody is free to have their own answer about this.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T16:27:31.080Z
Rose does not consider the Gold Standard and its effects in the 1930s. Eichengreen and Sachs show in "Exchange Rates and Economic Recovery in the 1930s" [Journal of Economic History, Vol. 45, No. 4, (Dec, 1985), pp. 925-946] that all countries which left the Gold Standard saw an increase in output. Rose notes that in the absence of an independent monetary policy, asymmetric shocks "can potentially be handled by fiscal policy." This option is ruled out for countries in the eurozone by the EU's Stability and Growth Pact which limits deficits to 3 percent and government debt to 60 percent of GDP.
Marko Amnell
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T19:27:12.870Z
@MarkoAmnell the Gold Standard is not a "currency union" as defined by Rose, and is not post WWII. He does ignore it because it doesn't fit in a framework that seems large enough to him to envision today's European union. You're free to work on such a study on the whole XXth century, I'm sure many would love to learn from conclusions from **a significant number** of examples.
VicAche
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2015-05-21T20:31:46.880Z
No, Rose explicitly says his study does _not_ include the European Union. See Footnote 2 on page 2: "Parenthically, I note that 19 countries have entered currency unions post-war. This is too small a number to study sensibly with statistical techniques, especially given that a dozen of them are associated with EMU and thus highly dependent." His study only includes countries that have "continuously been members of currency unions" since World War II. Thus, the whole European Monetary Union project is excluded as countries entered it after World War II.
Marko Amnell
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2015-05-21T20:56:12.497Z
With respect to the Gold Standard, yes Rose only considers currency unions and excludes any other currency arrangements that fix exchange rates. He also excludes currency boards. Rose writes on page 2: "Hard fixes of exchange rates, such as those of Hong Kong, Estonia, or Denmark, do not qualify as currency unions, even if they are currency boards." The problem with these restrictions, and not looking at events during the 1930s, is that Rose excludes the very cases which _do_ show a clear improvement in economic performance following an exit from some form of fixed exchange-rate system.
Marko Amnell
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2015-05-21T21:38:07.747Z
@MarkoAmnell "seems large enough to him to envision". I studied Rose paper, I know what he wrote. He is studying exit, so there is no reason for him to talk about European union. Luxembourg and Belgium where actually in a currency union before WWII already, but I agree it's a detail.
VicAche
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T21:39:16.433Z
@MarkoAmnell having the opinions that he has, I don't believe he biased his research in this way. Look closely at his conclusions, he's rather a fan of exits but admits it is not a subject for macroeconomics to decide.
VicAche
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T22:21:39.867Z
I did not mean to imply Rose was cooking the data. I merely pointed out the data he examines does not include the interesting cases from the 1930s where an exit from the Gold Standard led to significant economic improvement. In my opinion, these experiences from the 1930s are relevant to the economic problems eurozone countries such as Finland and Greece are experiencing. Greece's problems are so bad that Joseph Stiglitz said recently that "If Germany and the rest of Europe refuses to change the [austerity] program, I think there's no alternative" to Greece leaving the eurozone.
Marko Amnell
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2015-05-21T22:24:07.430Z
@MarkoAmnell This is true but I don't see how it makes a relevant question on that answer. Narrow minded of me most certainly.
VicAche
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2015-05-21T22:30:40.663Z
@MarkoAmnell you also seem to forget that the EU has a budget, which makes monetary union much more reasonable. It's how we deal with economic disparities within a country, and it could/should/is how Europe can handle diverging needs for the countries that accepted to give up currency tools.
VicAche
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T22:41:52.833Z
Well, the countries in the eurozone have their _own_ national budgets. The EU is not a full political union. I am tempted to add "yet" as the European integration project is certainly intended to result in a political union with one budget for the whole EU. Read Connolly's book about that. But most Europeans do not want to give up their sovereignty, and prefer to have their own national budget. The efficacy of national fiscal policy is seriously curtailed by the Stability and Growth Pact which limits national budget deficits to 3 percent of GDP and government debt to 60 percent of GDP.
Marko Amnell
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T22:47:17.740Z
This is a subject that can be discussed at length but again, I believe Rose's study puts the burden of proof on those that believe it will change much macro-wise to drop out.
VicAche
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2015-05-24T01:38:37.137Z
It's simply mind-boggling that anyone can describe EMU as "reasonable." I can't resist quoting from _The Shifts and the Shocks_, the new book by the FT's main economic commentator Martin Wolf: "The euro has been a disaster ... For all its cultural and economic achievements, Europe has a long history of catastrophic errors, which have usually been the result of blind arrogance and wishful thinking bordering on insanity ... Europe is under the sway of ideas of Heinrich Brüning, the German chancellor between 1930 and 1932, whose disastrous policy of austerity prepared the way for Adolf Hitler."
Marko Amnell
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2015-05-24T09:55:41.657Z
@MarkoAmnell I think you win a Godwin Point for this one, well done ;). I don't think any Euro-zone instance ever advocated for an openly deflationist policy, which hopefully makes Euro-zone not-quite-as-insane as Brüning's government... If you could post a separate answer to advocate your views on Euro-zone, I would greatly appreciate reading it, but I think we're done with not-commenting on this answer ;)
VicAche
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2015-05-24T13:52:54.700Z
:). In case it may have been mistaken for irony, I do believe your comments are interesting. Just that they are not comment. Thus my proposition to you to make an answer... which just seem not to happen. Time? Afraid of the nasty downvotes from unionists?
VicAche
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T12:11:44.870Z
2015-05-21T12:11:44.870Z
VicAche
<p><em>(I guess a long answer can be fitting to a long question...)</em>  </p>

<p>The current state of knowledge as to "how to run a socioeconomic area (SEA)" could be grossly summarized as follows:<br>
There is a Government that has the right to collect taxes and conducts fiscal policy, in order to provide some public goods, and also to partially smooth economic inequality through redistribution (not because we are good and humanitarian people, but so as not for the inequality to eventually threaten the SEA's existence).<br>
There is the area's fiat money, backed by the Government's sovereignty.<br>
There is a Central Bank that makes loans to the Government, so as for monetary policy to be a "negotiated outcome" between the Government and the Central Bank, attempting to partly offset the short-horizon that politicians are forced (or like) to have. The Central Bank has also the role of "lender of last resort" for the commercial banks, so as to secure the stability of the fiat money system. </p>

<p>If a <strong>SEA-wide</strong> shock hits, and an economic recession or crisis sets in, monetary policy can be used in what is in effect a "reverse-causation" scheme: instead of first producing and then creating the money in order to match this new production for exchange purposes, we first create the fiat money, that now functions as windfall-wealth, in order to increase demand and thus generate new production that will eventually match the money (that's what "demand side policy" is all about). If the economy is in a recession, and there is a large amount of unemployed factors of production, it has some good chances of succeeding (i.e. the increased demand will activate again factors of production rather than just create inflation). Note that the use of fiscal policy in such a situation essentially amounts to the same thing -but instead of strengthening the demand of the private sector towards the private sector, it is the government that directly, through fiscal policy, purposefully raises aggregate demand in order to induce supply.</p>

<p>If an <strong>asymmetric shock hits selectively only some parts of the SEA</strong>, then the government can use its tax revenues for (usually geographic, but also sectoral) redistributive purposes, channeling resources to the regions/sectors that are hit. <strong>Moreover</strong>, if factors of production are mobile enough, they will move towards the comparatively more economically healthy regions/sectors, alleviating the problem of production factors' unemployment, which if it persists, will create a <em>social</em> problem, and will threaten the SEA's cohesion.  </p>

<p>Now <strong>consider the European Union</strong>:
It has a currency alright, and a Central Bank -but the Central Bank is not permitted to act as a lender of last resort proper -the currently observed "quantitative easing" is a silently accepted bending (not breaking) of the official rules of the ECB. Why deprive the European Central Bank of such a fundamental function of a central bank? Because it was Germany's non-negotiable condition in order to create a common currency, originating from Germany's experience with  hyperinflation. Germany did not impose this to others, having made an exception for itself: when there was still a Deutsche mark, Germany's central bank also was not permitted to act as a lender of last resort for the commercial banks (and Germany's economy proved strong enough to not ever come in need of such a safety valve).  </p>

<p>The EU also has a "Government" (the European Commission) -but its fiscal budget is so small compared to the EU's economy, that it cannot adequately perform any redistributive function to the required degree, in the case of an asymmetric shock (redistribution happens alright -but it is slow and long-term). Also, members' national budgets are under scrutiny and hard-pressed at a political level in order not to go south. </p>

<p>Finally, due to history and culture, factors of production, especially human ones, have very low mobility.  </p>

<p>So while a SEA-wide shock is not really likely for such a diverse area like the EU, asymmetric shocks are much more likely for the very same reasons -and it is for these asymmetric shocks that the EU is really lacking the tools to deal with, at least the tools that are currently known and used.  </p>

<p>Therefore, it appears that we have to concede that the European Union, including monetary union, was a "premature" action, if judged by macroeconomic criteria: on the balance, the tangible economic benefits appear to be outweighed by the hardships introduced. Theoretically, we should have first wait for economic homogeneity and integration to happen or nearly-happen, and then strengthen it through the creation of the EU. And indeed, this was the original plan: the European Union started as partial (country-wise and sector-wise) economic semi-unions here and there, to slowly and gradually help economic integration -and then it accelerated, because the global geopolitical situation suddenly changed and (deep) uncertainty once more ruled the land...</p>

<p>...We should make a mental effort to imagine what the experience of two devastating World Wars (which are not that old, anyway), has imprinted on this continent. The forced/hurried economic unity/integration represented by the EU, was and still is in my opinion mainly an attempt to lay these continent-wide nightmares to rest. Since this is a "negative" motive, it is only natural that "positive" motives emerged in the process.</p>

<p>Especially after the crisis of 2008, one could argue with some strength that currently, the European Union is little more than "feeling asphyxiated, but sticking together, grinding our teeth"... </p>

<p><strong>...So, perhaps "everyone should exit"?</strong></p>

<p>The real issue as I see it is whether the alternative will be eventually along the lines of (economically and/or physically) "sharpening our teeth to each others' neck" -or not.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-07-01T15:26:00.083Z
Your statement that the EU is "little more than 'feeling asphyxiated, but sticking together, grinding our teeth'" is similar to the view of Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and Luigi Zingales in "Monnet's Error?" who say: "Europe seems trapped in catch-22: there is no desire to go backward, no interest in going forward, but it is economically unsustainable to stay still." But Greece may soon "go backward" and leave the euro. In Finland, one centrist politician, Paavo Väyrynen, has recently said that if Greece leaves the euro (Grexit), Finland should also give up the euro (which he calls "Fixit").
Marko Amnell
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2015-07-01T15:39:52.270Z
@MarkoAmnell Certainly I do not claim any unexpected originality in my answer, the weaknesses of the EU, especially in the face of economic crises are by now extensively discussed. Clever slogans like "Fix-it" are certainly entertaining to the intellect, and I am glad clever politicians exist in some country. My worries with breaking up the Union, (and it is usually done piece-by-piece), lie in the long-term. And if Economics have taught me one thing, is that more often than not, the short-run interests and desires conflict with the long-run ones.
Alecos Papadopoulos
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2015-07-01T15:58:01.890Z
The article "Monnet's Error?" is available at: http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/bpea/papers/2014/monnets-error  The authors note, _inter alia_, that the contradictions in the European integration project that you describe in your answer are part of Monnet's grand functionalist plan (ridiculed as "outdated functionalist sociology" by Bernard Connolly in _The Rotten Heart of Europe_). Guiso et al. write: "The functionalist view, advanced by Jean Monnet, assumes that moving some policy functions to the supranational level will create pressure for more integration
Marko Amnell
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2015-07-01T16:06:10.713Z
(continued): through both positive feedback loops (as voters realize the benefits of integrating some functions and will want to integrate more) and negative ones (as partial integration leads to inconsistencies that force further integration). In the functionalists’ view integration is the result of a democratic process, but the product of an enlightened elite’s effort. In its desire to push forward the European agenda, this élite accept to make unsustainable integration steps, in the hope that future crises will force further integration." (p. 3)
Marko Amnell
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2015-06-30T13:25:10.410Z
2015-06-30T13:25:10.410Z
Alecos Papadopoulos
<p>In the present legal environment it's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_Eurozone#Legal_environment" rel="nofollow noreferrer">not possible</a> for a country to exit just the Eurozone voluntarily, by itself. The only sure way is the complicated scenario in which a country would leave the EU and rejoin it without rejoining the Eurozone; it is so far out there that I doubt you can find any serious economic analysis of it. A few other scenarios have been posited in which all the EU member countries would essentially have to agree to it... but since they have given no indication they would do that for Greece, it's even more doubtful they would do it for Finland.</p>

<p>I actually voted to close this question as primarily opinion-based, but retracted since that is unfair given that I do answer it, even though with a "not really answerable" answer in many (and actually in the least unplausible, IMO) scenarios. It also turn out there is one paper, albeit not a deep analysis attempting to estimate this for Finland in particular. And given that a somewhat similar question <a href="https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/12357/is-a-brexit-really-that-bad">about the costs of Brexit</a>, wasn't closed... and that I <a href="https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/29613/the-economics-of-a-no-deal-brexit">answered</a> a specific-Brexit-scenario question myself... I will answering this in more depth, to the extent that is possible based on publications I found.</p>

<p>Regarding euro-exit, for starters, you can read opinions/proposals like</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>In 2018, Columbia University economics professor and Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, in the context of arguing that Italy faces "a choice [the country] shouldn’t have to make: between membership in the Eurozone and economic prosperity," remarked that "the challenge [of exit] will be to find a way to leave the Eurozone that minimizes the economic and political costs. A massive debt restructuring, carefully done, with special attention to the consequences for domestic financial institutions, will be essential. Without such a restructuring," Stiglitz argued, "the burden of euro denominated debt would soar, offsetting possibly a large part of the potential gains." He claimed that from "an economic perspective, the easiest thing to do would be for [the exiting country's] entities (governments, corporations and individuals) to simply redenominate debts from Euros into the new [national currency]" and then "enact a super-Chapter 11 bankruptcy law, providing expeditious recourse to debt restructuring to any entity for whom the new national currency presents severe economic problems."</p>
</blockquote>

<p>But that's not really an answer that quantifies anything, like what would the blowback be if a EU member unilaterally did this.</p>

<p>Likewise, there are some off-the-cuff estimates, such as:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>At the American Economic Association's annual meeting of 2015, Berkeley University economic historian Barry Eichengreen predicted that the withdrawal of a member state, such as Greece, from the Eurozone, would "set off [a] devastating turmoil in financial markets."</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Actually this one offered a sort of quantification <a href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/greek-euro-exit-would-be-lehman-brothers-squared-economist-2015-01-03" rel="nofollow noreferrer">calling it</a> "Lehman Brothers squared", but offered no deep analysis behind that "number".</p>

<p>For Italy, it turns out there is more serious attempt to quantify something. There's a 2017 paper by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.04.010" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Bagnai et al.</a>. It finds that if Italy exited the euro,</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>the Italian economy would recover its pre-crisis GDP level by 2020 i.e. five years before the year currently assumed by the IMF.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>However, some of the caveats are that they assume the worst the EU could do in return is to impose </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>a retaliatory tariff on Italian products by core countries, equal to 5% for the first two years of the simulation sample</p>
</blockquote>

<p>And another limitations is that they basically assume a fixed exchange rate for the new currency</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>In conceptual terms, our simulation experiments therefore amount to analysing the effects of realignment within a system of fixed exchange rates. </p>
</blockquote>

<p>Frankly this seems a big limitation given that somewhat similar <a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/economy/global-economy-watch/assets/pdfs/global-economy-watch-march-2015.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">analyses</a> on Greece have suggested its new currency would face fairly rapid devaluation.</p>

<p>And as it turns out, one of the handful of papers citing Bagnai... is one about Finland, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ev-2018-0020" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Malinen et al. (2018)</a>. Its abstract concludes:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Although there is a way out of the euro for Finland and other member countries, exit would not be easy, nor would its short-term costs be known beforehand with any clear margin. We find the lack of a domestic payments system and uncertainty concerning the redenomination costs to be the biggest risks associated with the cost of Finland’s exit. Still, the costs of Finland’s exit need not be very large, around 10 billion euros in the best-case scenario, but we also acknowledge a very costly scenario for the exit.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The authors favor a unilateral exit after secret preparations. But in the draft one can find on SSRN, on page 11 the authors acknowledge that</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Probably the biggest single uncertainty concerning the euro exit is the role that the exiting country would have in the EU after an exit, especially in the case of a unilateral withdrawal from the Eurozone.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>And on p. 23</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>What remains unclear is whether the Eurozone authorities are willing and legally entitled to impose EU-related rather than Eurozone-specific hardships on an exiting country. If a country exiting the Eurozone also faced exclusion from the European Single Market, for instance, disincentives could become prohibitive. The European Court of Justice should in such cases be asked to assess whether such practices are legally allowed. The problem is that it may take years for the ECJ to reach a decision on this issue. In any case, present initiatives to develop a multi-speed EU may, under ideal scenarios, affect both the acceptability of exit and the need for retaliation.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>On p. 35 it is revealed that in the optimistic scenario (the $10B euros one)</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>we assume that both ECB and EBA will provide Finnish monetary authorities the support they need and that Finland will be allowed to continue as a member of the EU.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>As for the more pessimistic one(s)... they don't advance a figure.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Euro area authorities may be less than helpful in supporting the exit process. In the worst case, the ECB would even immediately stop euro clearing payments from Finland. Finland could also be cut off from SEPA, forcing Finland to rely completely on makeshift measures to run its payments system (see Section 3.1). The commission could even try to oust Finland from the EU, leading to major uncertainty, possibly large legal costs and (probably) to a political crisis in Finland and/or in the EU itself. Unfavorable derivative positions for exit could lead to unexpectedly large-scale losses for firms and banks with, e.g., need for substantial temporary financial support in the case of heavy depreciation of the NM. Finnish authorities could also fail on their preparations and/or on their efforts to achieve the trust of markets. Possible make-shift measures applied in banks could lead to failures of the payment systems causing additional hardship to the economy. These could lead to serious detrimental developments in, for example, Finland’s forex markets, domestic markets, trade and/or the balance of payments. We will not try to estimate these costs or their probability, as they are highly uncertain, but just to note that a much more costly scenario for Finland to exit the euro also exists.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Frankly, for the optimistic scenario the assumption of secret preparations doesn't quite square off with the assumption of complete support from the EU authorities. They do discuss the possibility of leaks (during the preparations) in the paper, but again that is not translated in quantitative terms. They do mention that if secrecy of preparations is not maintained, Finland may have to impose capital controls.</p>

<p>They estimate that 33% of the debts would have to be redenominated. On the plus side (from a realism perspective) they do take into account a depreciation of the new Finnish currency (NM) of 5-15% even in the optimistic scenario. But I find it strange the only effect of a depreciation considered is to actually <em>reduce</em> the cost of the exit, but reducing the value of the debts. The effects of the new currency depreciation on other aspects of the economy is not considered as an exit cost.</p>

<p>(As an aside, the journal in which this latter paper was published, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economists%27_Voice" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Economists' Voice</a> "is a publishing forum for professional economists that seeks to fill the gap between op-ed pages of newspapers and scholarly journal articles." Also, I'm somewhat unsurprised that Stiglitz turns out to be an editor of this journal. The journal might contain other similar [Euro-exit] articles, because the topic has been of a fair bit of interest to Stiglitz; he wrote a [Euro-skeptical] book about.)</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-19T22:43:35.647Z
Thank you for your interesting reply. It may be worth mentioning some other prominent people who have commented on this topic. German economist Thomas Meyer (former chief economist of Deutsche Bank) has predicted that Finland will be the first country to leave the euro. http://www.di.se/artiklar/2013/7/2/toppekonom-finland-narmast-lamna-euron/ Heikki Koskenkylä (former long-time economist at the Bank of Finland) has written that "The economic side of Fixit (Finland's euro exit) could be managed, just like joining the euro was."
Marko Amnell
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-19T22:51:58.513Z
(continued) http://www.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/koskenkyla-suomen-ero-eurosta-harkintaan/3deecff1-d565-39ec-b73b-62f04fdf0bb1 Antti Tanskanen (former CEO of OP Financial Group, Finland's largest financial group) also spoke out in favour of Finland's euro exit. Tanskanen says that while the exit process and its effects are difficult to evaluate, the evaluation
is affected by over how long a time period one estimates the effects. 
"The longer the evaluation period is, the less weight the costs of exit have." http://www.hs.fi/paakirjoitukset/art-2000002892037.html [translations are mine]
Marko Amnell
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-15T12:27:51.567Z
2019-09-15T21:45:39.610Z
2019-09-15T21:45:39.610Z
fantastic peace and prosperity
<p>Finland's economic recovery from the shock of the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 has been very weak. The country has been in recession for the past three years, with GDP expected to expand by only 0.8 percent this year. See Chart 1 below (Source: <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11541657/How-sleepy-Finland-could-tear-apart-the-euro-project.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Mehreen Khan, "How sleepy Finland could tear apart the euro project," The Telegraph, April 18, 2015</a>):</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/CITmF.png" alt="Finland&#39;s stuttering recovery"></p>

<p>Before Finland adopted the Euro, the common European currency, it faced two severe recessions (or depressions) during its years of independence after 1917. The first was the Great Depression of the 1930s  and the second was during the early 1990s (the causes of which included the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and a banking crisis in the Nordic countries). </p>

<p>As Lars Christensen, Danske Bank's chief analyst, has pointed out in his <a href="http://marketmonetarist.com/2014/11/16/great-greater-greatest-three-finnish-depressions/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">blog</a>, Finland recovered from its economic downturns in the 1930s and the early 1990s, at least partially as a result of devaluing its currency, the Markka. Finland gave up the gold standard in October 1931, which was followed by a very strong economic recovery. Similarly, during the early 1990s, Finland followed a "strong Markka" policy of high interest rates, tying the Markka's exchange rate to the ECU currency basket (in the run-up to the launch of the Euro in 1999).  This policy was abandoned in September 1992, allowing the Markka to float freely and devalue, which was followed by a strong economic recovery. See Chart 2 (Source: <a href="http://marketmonetarist.com/2014/11/16/great-greater-greatest-three-finnish-depressions/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Lars Christensen, "Great, Greater, Greatest -- Three Finnish Depressions</a>", November 16, 2014) below, which compares the performance of the Finnish economy during three depressions:</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/N0dbh.jpg" alt="Three Finnish Depressions"></p>

<p>As can be seen from Chart 2, the tight monetary policy of the ECB in the years after the 2007–2008 global financial crisis has been accompanied by a very weak recovery in the Finnish economy. In fact, as Christensen notes, the ECB's interest rate hikes in 2011 were followed by a contraction in the Finnish economy after some initial recovery.</p>

<p>The evidence strongly suggests that Finland needs to devalue its currency to recover from serious recessions. Devaluations boost the country's important export sector, including the forest products industry. As a member of the eurozone, Finland cannot devalue its currency and its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank. </p>

<p>These problems were foreseen in the 1990s by economists and commentators, with Bernard Connolly's book <a href="https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/057117521X" rel="nofollow noreferrer" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>The Rotten Heart of Europe: The Dirty War for Europe's Money</em></a> being among the most vociferous criticisms. Connolly was fired by the European Commission for criticizing the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, which he used to help run. He saw the Euro as primarily a political project, not an economic one, part of the French and German project of ever-greater political integration in Europe.</p>

<p>As Connolly and others warned before the launch of the Euro, small countries situated on the periphery of Europe with economies whose structures differed from Germany and France, would suffer from asymmetric shocks that could not be appropriately dealt with as the small countries would lack an independent monetary and exchange-rate policy. The Finnish economy, for example, relies to a great extent on exports for economic growth. An asymmetric shock is a situation in which a shock to supply or demand differs from one geographic region to another, or when such shocks do not change in tandem.</p>

<p>The classic arguments in favour of flexible exchange rates are made by Milton Friedman in "The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates," (in <em>Essays in Positive Economics</em>, The University of Chicago Press, 1953, pp. 157–203) and Robert Mundell in "A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas" [<em>The American Economic Review</em>, Vol. 51, No. 4 (September, 1961), pp. 657–665]. However, later in his career, Robert Mundell offered an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimum_currency_area#OCA_with_international_risk_sharing" rel="nofollow noreferrer">argument in favour of a shared European currency</a>.</p>

<p>Should Finland leave the eurozone and return to its old national currency, the Markka? In light of my comments, obviously my strong suggestion is that it should, but leaving the eurozone would undoubtedly have various negative consequences, both for Finland and the European Union. Would these negative consequences outweigh the positive effects?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-01T20:51:39.800Z
Marko, please bear in mind that this is a Q&A site. If you want to write huge screeds on the Euro, please do so, **but not here**: this is not a blogging site. I've reverted your lengthy additions which added nothing to the question. You already have two good answers to this three-year-old question. I find it hard to see any good reason for substantive edits on the question now.
410 gone
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-01T21:21:47.270Z
@EnergyNumbers: OK, I see your point. In general, however, I think long questions can sometimes be useful (and I think the new quote from Paul de Grauwe, which you deleted, did add something substantial to the question). This question (including the chart made by Lars Christensen) has been quoted on at least one economics blog: http://bruegel.org/2015/12/finland-and-asymmetric-shocks/
Marko Amnell
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-20T17:17:04.633Z
Economists are and were against the european currency union, its advantages are mainly political. The reasons for entering were mostly political. Whether - in the short run - the consequences outweigh the effects, sounds to me like speculation. Summa summarum, off topic.
FooBar
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-20T21:08:43.417Z
I note FooBar said the advantages of European monetary union are "mainly political." There are some economic advantages. One example is that European multinational companies do not have to plan for fluctuations in exchange rates inside the eurozone.
Marko Amnell
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T00:04:32.313Z
@MarkoAmnell These benefits are smaller for larger firms, who could always hedge against these risks rather cost effectively. Anyhow, these benefits are rather second-order, once you compare them to the less of monetary authority. We diverge. Perhaps you are interested in posting this as a separate question, I can also refer you to my post here: http://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/4951/what-would-happen-if-the-world-switched-to-a-single-currency/4955#4955
FooBar
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-05-21T00:50:37.050Z
@FooBar, I read your post and agree the countries of the European Union do not constitute an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). Barry Eichengreen presents evidence in favour of this conclusion in Chapter 3 of his book _European Monetary Unification_, where he writes: "I find that real exchange rates within the Community have been more variable than real exchange rates within the United States, typically by a factor of three to four." (p. 52)
Marko Amnell
<macroeconomics><monetary-policy><currency><exchange-rates><euro-area>
Should Finland leave the eurozone?
Marko Amnell
# Should Finland leave the eurozone?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2015-05-20)

Finland's economic recovery from the shock of the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 has been very weak. The country has been in recession for the past three years, with GDP expected to expand by only 0.8 percent this year. See Chart 1 below (Source: [Mehreen Khan, "How sleepy Finland could tear apart the euro project," The Telegraph, April 18, 2015](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11541657/How-sleepy-Finland-could-tear-apart-the-euro-project.html)):

![Finland's stuttering recovery](https://i.sstatic.net/CITmF.png)

Before Finland adopted the Euro, the common European currency, it faced two severe recessions (or depressions) during its years of independence after 1917. The first was the Great Depression of the 1930s and the second was during the early 1990s (the causes of which included the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and a banking crisis in the Nordic countries).

As Lars Christensen, Danske Bank's chief analyst, has pointed out in his [blog](http://marketmonetarist.com/2014/11/16/great-greater-greatest-three-finnish-depressions/), Finland recovered from its economic downturns in the 1930s and the early 1990s, at least partially as a result of devaluing its currency, the Markka. Finland gave up the gold standard in October 1931, which was followed by a very strong economic recovery. Similarly, during the early 1990s, Finland followed a "strong Markka" policy of high interest rates, tying the Markka's exchange rate to the ECU currency basket (in the run-up to the launch of the Euro in 1999). This policy was abandoned in September 1992, allowing the Markka to float freely and devalue, which was followed by a strong economic recovery. See Chart 2 (Source: [Lars Christensen, "Great, Greater, Greatest -- Three Finnish Depressions](http://marketmonetarist.com/2014/11/16/great-greater-greatest-three-finnish-depressions/)", November 16, 2014) below, which compares the performance of the Finnish economy during three depressions:

![Three Finnish Depressions](https://i.sstatic.net/N0dbh.jpg)

As can be seen from Chart 2, the tight monetary policy of the ECB in the years after the 2007–2008 global financial crisis has been accompanied by a very weak recovery in the Finnish economy. In fact, as Christensen notes, the ECB's interest rate hikes in 2011 were followed by a contraction in the Finnish economy after some initial recovery.

The evidence strongly suggests that Finland needs to devalue its currency to recover from serious recessions. Devaluations boost the country's important export sector, including the forest products industry. As a member of the eurozone, Finland cannot devalue its currency and its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank.

These problems were foreseen in the 1990s by economists and commentators, with Bernard Connolly's book [*The Rotten Heart of Europe: The Dirty War for Europe's Money*](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/057117521X) being among the most vociferous criticisms. Connolly was fired by the European Commission for criticizing the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, which he used to help run. He saw the Euro as primarily a political project, not an economic one, part of the French and German project of ever-greater political integration in Europe.

As Connolly and others warned before the launch of the Euro, small countries situated on the periphery of Europe with economies whose structures differed from Germany and France, would suffer from asymmetric shocks that could not be appropriately dealt with as the small countries would lack an independent monetary and exchange-rate policy. The Finnish economy, for example, relies to a great extent on exports for economic growth. An asymmetric shock is a situation in which a shock to supply or demand differs from one geographic region to another, or when such shocks do not change in tandem.

The classic arguments in favour of flexible exchange rates are made by Milton Friedman in "The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates," (in *Essays in Positive Economics*, The University of Chicago Press, 1953, pp. 157–203) and Robert Mundell in "A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas" [*The American Economic Review*, Vol. 51, No. 4 (September, 1961), pp. 657–665]. However, later in his career, Robert Mundell offered an [argument in favour of a shared European currency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimum_currency_area#OCA_with_international_risk_sharing).

Should Finland leave the eurozone and return to its old national currency, the Markka? In light of my comments, obviously my strong suggestion is that it should, but leaving the eurozone would undoubtedly have various negative consequences, both for Finland and the European Union. Would these negative consequences outweigh the positive effects?

**Tags:** macroeconomics, monetary-policy, currency, exchange-rates, euro-area
> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Economists are and were against the european currency union, its advantages are mainly political. The reasons for entering were mostly political. Whether - in the short run - the consequences outweigh the effects, sounds to me like speculation. Summa summarum, off topic.  
> **username_0**: I note FooBar said the advantages of European monetary union are "mainly political." There are some economic advantages. One example is that European multinational companies do not have to plan for fluctuations in exchange rates inside the eurozone.  
> **username_2**: @MarkoAmnell These benefits are smaller for larger firms, who could always hedge against these risks rather cost effectively. Anyhow, these benefits are rather second-order, once you compare them to the less of monetary authority. We diverge. Perhaps you are interested in posting this as a separate question, I can also refer you to my post here: http://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/4951/what-would-happen-if-the-world-switched-to-a-single-currency/4955#4955  
> **username_0**: @FooBar, I read your post and agree the countries of the European Union do not constitute an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). Barry Eichengreen presents evidence in favour of this conclusion in Chapter 3 of his book _European Monetary Unification_, where he writes: "I find that real exchange rates within the Community have been more variable than real exchange rates within the United States, typically by a factor of three to four." (p. 52)  
> **username_1**: Marko, please bear in mind that this is a Q&A site. If you want to write huge screeds on the Euro, please do so, **but not here**: this is not a blogging site. I've reverted your lengthy additions which added nothing to the question. You already have two good answers to this three-year-old question. I find it hard to see any good reason for substantive edits on the question now.  
> **username_0**: @EnergyNumbers: OK, I see your point. In general, however, I think long questions can sometimes be useful (and I think the new quote from Paul de Grauwe, which you deleted, did add something substantial to the question). This question (including the chart made by Lars Christensen) has been quoted on at least one economics blog: http://bruegel.org/2015/12/finland-and-asymmetric-shocks/  

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2015-05-21. Score: 7

The closest we can get to an answer would be by looking at previous exits from currency unions. Rose published a [paper](http://www.mas.gov.sg/~/media/resource/publications/staff_papers/StaffPaper44Rose.pdf) studying extensively all exits after WWII.

The abstract resumes well the conclusions of the paper:

> This paper studies the characteristics of departures from monetary unions.
> During the post-war period, almost seventy distinct countries or territories
> have left a currency union, while over sixty have remained continuously in
> currency unions. I compare countries leaving currency unions to those
> remaining within them, and find that leavers tend to be larger, richer, and
> more democratic; they also tend to have higher inflation. However, there are
> typically no sharp macroeconomic movements before, during, or after exits

The effect denoted are very small, which leads me to conclude the choice should be made on political, not economical grounds, but everybody is free to have their own answer about this.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Rose does not consider the Gold Standard and its effects in the 1930s. Eichengreen and Sachs show in "Exchange Rates and Economic Recovery in the 1930s" [Journal of Economic History, Vol. 45, No. 4, (Dec, 1985), pp. 925-946] that all countries which left the Gold Standard saw an increase in output. Rose notes that in the absence of an independent monetary policy, asymmetric shocks "can potentially be handled by fiscal policy." This option is ruled out for countries in the eurozone by the EU's Stability and Growth Pact which limits deficits to 3 percent and government debt to 60 percent of GDP.  
> **username_3**: @MarkoAmnell the Gold Standard is not a "currency union" as defined by Rose, and is not post WWII. He does ignore it because it doesn't fit in a framework that seems large enough to him to envision today's European union. You're free to work on such a study on the whole XXth century, I'm sure many would love to learn from conclusions from **a significant number** of examples.  
> **username_0**: No, Rose explicitly says his study does _not_ include the European Union. See Footnote 2 on page 2: "Parenthically, I note that 19 countries have entered currency unions post-war. This is too small a number to study sensibly with statistical techniques, especially given that a dozen of them are associated with EMU and thus highly dependent." His study only includes countries that have "continuously been members of currency unions" since World War II. Thus, the whole European Monetary Union project is excluded as countries entered it after World War II.  
> **username_0**: With respect to the Gold Standard, yes Rose only considers currency unions and excludes any other currency arrangements that fix exchange rates. He also excludes currency boards. Rose writes on page 2: "Hard fixes of exchange rates, such as those of Hong Kong, Estonia, or Denmark, do not qualify as currency unions, even if they are currency boards." The problem with these restrictions, and not looking at events during the 1930s, is that Rose excludes the very cases which _do_ show a clear improvement in economic performance following an exit from some form of fixed exchange-rate system.  
> **username_3**: @MarkoAmnell "seems large enough to him to envision". I studied Rose paper, I know what he wrote. He is studying exit, so there is no reason for him to talk about European union. Luxembourg and Belgium where actually in a currency union before WWII already, but I agree it's a detail.  
> **username_3**: @MarkoAmnell having the opinions that he has, I don't believe he biased his research in this way. Look closely at his conclusions, he's rather a fan of exits but admits it is not a subject for macroeconomics to decide.  
> **username_0**: I did not mean to imply Rose was cooking the data. I merely pointed out the data he examines does not include the interesting cases from the 1930s where an exit from the Gold Standard led to significant economic improvement. In my opinion, these experiences from the 1930s are relevant to the economic problems eurozone countries such as Finland and Greece are experiencing. Greece's problems are so bad that Joseph Stiglitz said recently that "If Germany and the rest of Europe refuses to change the [austerity] program, I think there's no alternative" to Greece leaving the eurozone.  
> **username_3**: @MarkoAmnell This is true but I don't see how it makes a relevant question on that answer. Narrow minded of me most certainly.  
> **username_3**: @MarkoAmnell you also seem to forget that the EU has a budget, which makes monetary union much more reasonable. It's how we deal with economic disparities within a country, and it could/should/is how Europe can handle diverging needs for the countries that accepted to give up currency tools.  
> **username_0**: Well, the countries in the eurozone have their _own_ national budgets. The EU is not a full political union. I am tempted to add "yet" as the European integration project is certainly intended to result in a political union with one budget for the whole EU. Read Connolly's book about that. But most Europeans do not want to give up their sovereignty, and prefer to have their own national budget. The efficacy of national fiscal policy is seriously curtailed by the Stability and Growth Pact which limits national budget deficits to 3 percent of GDP and government debt to 60 percent of GDP.  
> **username_3**: This is a subject that can be discussed at length but again, I believe Rose's study puts the burden of proof on those that believe it will change much macro-wise to drop out.  
> **username_0**: It's simply mind-boggling that anyone can describe EMU as "reasonable." I can't resist quoting from _The Shifts and the Shocks_, the new book by the FT's main economic commentator Martin Wolf: "The euro has been a disaster ... For all its cultural and economic achievements, Europe has a long history of catastrophic errors, which have usually been the result of blind arrogance and wishful thinking bordering on insanity ... Europe is under the sway of ideas of Heinrich Brüning, the German chancellor between 1930 and 1932, whose disastrous policy of austerity prepared the way for Adolf Hitler."  
> **username_3**: @MarkoAmnell I think you win a Godwin Point for this one, well done ;). I don't think any Euro-zone instance ever advocated for an openly deflationist policy, which hopefully makes Euro-zone not-quite-as-insane as Brüning's government... If you could post a separate answer to advocate your views on Euro-zone, I would greatly appreciate reading it, but I think we're done with not-commenting on this answer ;)  
> **username_3**: :). In case it may have been mistaken for irony, I do believe your comments are interesting. Just that they are not comment. Thus my proposition to you to make an answer... which just seem not to happen. Time? Afraid of the nasty downvotes from unionists?  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2015-06-30. Score: 6

*(I guess a long answer can be fitting to a long question...)*

The current state of knowledge as to "how to run a socioeconomic area (SEA)" could be grossly summarized as follows:  
There is a Government that has the right to collect taxes and conducts fiscal policy, in order to provide some public goods, and also to partially smooth economic inequality through redistribution (not because we are good and humanitarian people, but so as not for the inequality to eventually threaten the SEA's existence).  
There is the area's fiat money, backed by the Government's sovereignty.  
There is a Central Bank that makes loans to the Government, so as for monetary policy to be a "negotiated outcome" between the Government and the Central Bank, attempting to partly offset the short-horizon that politicians are forced (or like) to have. The Central Bank has also the role of "lender of last resort" for the commercial banks, so as to secure the stability of the fiat money system.

If a **SEA-wide** shock hits, and an economic recession or crisis sets in, monetary policy can be used in what is in effect a "reverse-causation" scheme: instead of first producing and then creating the money in order to match this new production for exchange purposes, we first create the fiat money, that now functions as windfall-wealth, in order to increase demand and thus generate new production that will eventually match the money (that's what "demand side policy" is all about). If the economy is in a recession, and there is a large amount of unemployed factors of production, it has some good chances of succeeding (i.e. the increased demand will activate again factors of production rather than just create inflation). Note that the use of fiscal policy in such a situation essentially amounts to the same thing -but instead of strengthening the demand of the private sector towards the private sector, it is the government that directly, through fiscal policy, purposefully raises aggregate demand in order to induce supply.

If an **asymmetric shock hits selectively only some parts of the SEA**, then the government can use its tax revenues for (usually geographic, but also sectoral) redistributive purposes, channeling resources to the regions/sectors that are hit. **Moreover**, if factors of production are mobile enough, they will move towards the comparatively more economically healthy regions/sectors, alleviating the problem of production factors' unemployment, which if it persists, will create a *social* problem, and will threaten the SEA's cohesion.

Now **consider the European Union**:
It has a currency alright, and a Central Bank -but the Central Bank is not permitted to act as a lender of last resort proper -the currently observed "quantitative easing" is a silently accepted bending (not breaking) of the official rules of the ECB. Why deprive the European Central Bank of such a fundamental function of a central bank? Because it was Germany's non-negotiable condition in order to create a common currency, originating from Germany's experience with hyperinflation. Germany did not impose this to others, having made an exception for itself: when there was still a Deutsche mark, Germany's central bank also was not permitted to act as a lender of last resort for the commercial banks (and Germany's economy proved strong enough to not ever come in need of such a safety valve).

The EU also has a "Government" (the European Commission) -but its fiscal budget is so small compared to the EU's economy, that it cannot adequately perform any redistributive function to the required degree, in the case of an asymmetric shock (redistribution happens alright -but it is slow and long-term). Also, members' national budgets are under scrutiny and hard-pressed at a political level in order not to go south.

Finally, due to history and culture, factors of production, especially human ones, have very low mobility.

So while a SEA-wide shock is not really likely for such a diverse area like the EU, asymmetric shocks are much more likely for the very same reasons -and it is for these asymmetric shocks that the EU is really lacking the tools to deal with, at least the tools that are currently known and used.

Therefore, it appears that we have to concede that the European Union, including monetary union, was a "premature" action, if judged by macroeconomic criteria: on the balance, the tangible economic benefits appear to be outweighed by the hardships introduced. Theoretically, we should have first wait for economic homogeneity and integration to happen or nearly-happen, and then strengthen it through the creation of the EU. And indeed, this was the original plan: the European Union started as partial (country-wise and sector-wise) economic semi-unions here and there, to slowly and gradually help economic integration -and then it accelerated, because the global geopolitical situation suddenly changed and (deep) uncertainty once more ruled the land...

...We should make a mental effort to imagine what the experience of two devastating World Wars (which are not that old, anyway), has imprinted on this continent. The forced/hurried economic unity/integration represented by the EU, was and still is in my opinion mainly an attempt to lay these continent-wide nightmares to rest. Since this is a "negative" motive, it is only natural that "positive" motives emerged in the process.

Especially after the crisis of 2008, one could argue with some strength that currently, the European Union is little more than "feeling asphyxiated, but sticking together, grinding our teeth"...

**...So, perhaps "everyone should exit"?**

The real issue as I see it is whether the alternative will be eventually along the lines of (economically and/or physically) "sharpening our teeth to each others' neck" -or not.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Your statement that the EU is "little more than 'feeling asphyxiated, but sticking together, grinding our teeth'" is similar to the view of Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and Luigi Zingales in "Monnet's Error?" who say: "Europe seems trapped in catch-22: there is no desire to go backward, no interest in going forward, but it is economically unsustainable to stay still." But Greece may soon "go backward" and leave the euro. In Finland, one centrist politician, Paavo Väyrynen, has recently said that if Greece leaves the euro (Grexit), Finland should also give up the euro (which he calls "Fixit").  
> **username_4**: @MarkoAmnell Certainly I do not claim any unexpected originality in my answer, the weaknesses of the EU, especially in the face of economic crises are by now extensively discussed. Clever slogans like "Fix-it" are certainly entertaining to the intellect, and I am glad clever politicians exist in some country. My worries with breaking up the Union, (and it is usually done piece-by-piece), lie in the long-term. And if Economics have taught me one thing, is that more often than not, the short-run interests and desires conflict with the long-run ones.  
> **username_0**: The article "Monnet's Error?" is available at: http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/bpea/papers/2014/monnets-error  The authors note, _inter alia_, that the contradictions in the European integration project that you describe in your answer are part of Monnet's grand functionalist plan (ridiculed as "outdated functionalist sociology" by Bernard Connolly in _The Rotten Heart of Europe_). Guiso et al. write: "The functionalist view, advanced by Jean Monnet, assumes that moving some policy functions to the supranational level will create pressure for more integration  
> **username_0**: (continued): through both positive feedback loops (as voters realize the benefits of integrating some functions and will want to integrate more) and negative ones (as partial integration leads to inconsistencies that force further integration). In the functionalists’ view integration is the result of a democratic process, but the product of an enlightened elite’s effort. In its desire to push forward the European agenda, this élite accept to make unsustainable integration steps, in the hope that future crises will force further integration." (p. 3)  

---

### Answer by username_5 on 2019-09-15. Score: 3

In the present legal environment it's [not possible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_Eurozone#Legal_environment) for a country to exit just the Eurozone voluntarily, by itself. The only sure way is the complicated scenario in which a country would leave the EU and rejoin it without rejoining the Eurozone; it is so far out there that I doubt you can find any serious economic analysis of it. A few other scenarios have been posited in which all the EU member countries would essentially have to agree to it... but since they have given no indication they would do that for Greece, it's even more doubtful they would do it for Finland.

I actually voted to close this question as primarily opinion-based, but retracted since that is unfair given that I do answer it, even though with a "not really answerable" answer in many (and actually in the least unplausible, IMO) scenarios. It also turn out there is one paper, albeit not a deep analysis attempting to estimate this for Finland in particular. And given that a somewhat similar question [about the costs of Brexit](https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/12357/is-a-brexit-really-that-bad), wasn't closed... and that I [answered](https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/29613/the-economics-of-a-no-deal-brexit) a specific-Brexit-scenario question myself... I will answering this in more depth, to the extent that is possible based on publications I found.

Regarding euro-exit, for starters, you can read opinions/proposals like

> In 2018, Columbia University economics professor and Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, in the context of arguing that Italy faces "a choice [the country] shouldn’t have to make: between membership in the Eurozone and economic prosperity," remarked that "the challenge [of exit] will be to find a way to leave the Eurozone that minimizes the economic and political costs. A massive debt restructuring, carefully done, with special attention to the consequences for domestic financial institutions, will be essential. Without such a restructuring," Stiglitz argued, "the burden of euro denominated debt would soar, offsetting possibly a large part of the potential gains." He claimed that from "an economic perspective, the easiest thing to do would be for [the exiting country's] entities (governments, corporations and individuals) to simply redenominate debts from Euros into the new [national currency]" and then "enact a super-Chapter 11 bankruptcy law, providing expeditious recourse to debt restructuring to any entity for whom the new national currency presents severe economic problems."

But that's not really an answer that quantifies anything, like what would the blowback be if a EU member unilaterally did this.

Likewise, there are some off-the-cuff estimates, such as:

> At the American Economic Association's annual meeting of 2015, Berkeley University economic historian Barry Eichengreen predicted that the withdrawal of a member state, such as Greece, from the Eurozone, would "set off [a] devastating turmoil in financial markets."

Actually this one offered a sort of quantification [calling it](https://www.marketwatch.com/story/greek-euro-exit-would-be-lehman-brothers-squared-economist-2015-01-03) "Lehman Brothers squared", but offered no deep analysis behind that "number".

For Italy, it turns out there is more serious attempt to quantify something. There's a 2017 paper by [Bagnai et al.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.04.010). It finds that if Italy exited the euro,

> the Italian economy would recover its pre-crisis GDP level by 2020 i.e. five years before the year currently assumed by the IMF.

However, some of the caveats are that they assume the worst the EU could do in return is to impose

> a retaliatory tariff on Italian products by core countries, equal to 5% for the first two years of the simulation sample

And another limitations is that they basically assume a fixed exchange rate for the new currency

> In conceptual terms, our simulation experiments therefore amount to analysing the effects of realignment within a system of fixed exchange rates.

Frankly this seems a big limitation given that somewhat similar [analyses](https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/economy/global-economy-watch/assets/pdfs/global-economy-watch-march-2015.pdf) on Greece have suggested its new currency would face fairly rapid devaluation.

And as it turns out, one of the handful of papers citing Bagnai... is one about Finland, [Malinen et al. (2018)](https://doi.org/10.1515/ev-2018-0020). Its abstract concludes:

> Although there is a way out of the euro for Finland and other member countries, exit would not be easy, nor would its short-term costs be known beforehand with any clear margin. We find the lack of a domestic payments system and uncertainty concerning the redenomination costs to be the biggest risks associated with the cost of Finland’s exit. Still, the costs of Finland’s exit need not be very large, around 10 billion euros in the best-case scenario, but we also acknowledge a very costly scenario for the exit.

The authors favor a unilateral exit after secret preparations. But in the draft one can find on SSRN, on page 11 the authors acknowledge that

> Probably the biggest single uncertainty concerning the euro exit is the role that the exiting country would have in the EU after an exit, especially in the case of a unilateral withdrawal from the Eurozone.

And on p. 23

> What remains unclear is whether the Eurozone authorities are willing and legally entitled to impose EU-related rather than Eurozone-specific hardships on an exiting country. If a country exiting the Eurozone also faced exclusion from the European Single Market, for instance, disincentives could become prohibitive. The European Court of Justice should in such cases be asked to assess whether such practices are legally allowed. The problem is that it may take years for the ECJ to reach a decision on this issue. In any case, present initiatives to develop a multi-speed EU may, under ideal scenarios, affect both the acceptability of exit and the need for retaliation.

On p. 35 it is revealed that in the optimistic scenario (the $10B euros one)

> we assume that both ECB and EBA will provide Finnish monetary authorities the support they need and that Finland will be allowed to continue as a member of the EU.

As for the more pessimistic one(s)... they don't advance a figure.

> Euro area authorities may be less than helpful in supporting the exit process. In the worst case, the ECB would even immediately stop euro clearing payments from Finland. Finland could also be cut off from SEPA, forcing Finland to rely completely on makeshift measures to run its payments system (see Section 3.1). The commission could even try to oust Finland from the EU, leading to major uncertainty, possibly large legal costs and (probably) to a political crisis in Finland and/or in the EU itself. Unfavorable derivative positions for exit could lead to unexpectedly large-scale losses for firms and banks with, e.g., need for substantial temporary financial support in the case of heavy depreciation of the NM. Finnish authorities could also fail on their preparations and/or on their efforts to achieve the trust of markets. Possible make-shift measures applied in banks could lead to failures of the payment systems causing additional hardship to the economy. These could lead to serious detrimental developments in, for example, Finland’s forex markets, domestic markets, trade and/or the balance of payments. We will not try to estimate these costs or their probability, as they are highly uncertain, but just to note that a much more costly scenario for Finland to exit the euro also exists.

Frankly, for the optimistic scenario the assumption of secret preparations doesn't quite square off with the assumption of complete support from the EU authorities. They do discuss the possibility of leaks (during the preparations) in the paper, but again that is not translated in quantitative terms. They do mention that if secrecy of preparations is not maintained, Finland may have to impose capital controls.

They estimate that 33% of the debts would have to be redenominated. On the plus side (from a realism perspective) they do take into account a depreciation of the new Finnish currency (NM) of 5-15% even in the optimistic scenario. But I find it strange the only effect of a depreciation considered is to actually *reduce* the cost of the exit, but reducing the value of the debts. The effects of the new currency depreciation on other aspects of the economy is not considered as an exit cost.

(As an aside, the journal in which this latter paper was published, [The Economists' Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economists%27_Voice) "is a publishing forum for professional economists that seeks to fill the gap between op-ed pages of newspapers and scholarly journal articles." Also, I'm somewhat unsurprised that Stiglitz turns out to be an editor of this journal. The journal might contain other similar [Euro-exit] articles, because the topic has been of a fair bit of interest to Stiglitz; he wrote a [Euro-skeptical] book about.)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you for your interesting reply. It may be worth mentioning some other prominent people who have commented on this topic. German economist Thomas Meyer (former chief economist of Deutsche Bank) has predicted that Finland will be the first country to leave the euro. http://www.di.se/artiklar/2013/7/2/toppekonom-finland-narmast-lamna-euron/ Heikki Koskenkylä (former long-time economist at the Bank of Finland) has written that "The economic side of Fixit (Finland's euro exit) could be managed, just like joining the euro was."  
> **username_0**: (continued) http://www.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/koskenkyla-suomen-ero-eurosta-harkintaan/3deecff1-d565-39ec-b73b-62f04fdf0bb1 Antti Tanskanen (former CEO of OP Financial Group, Finland's largest financial group) also spoke out in favour of Finland's euro exit. Tanskanen says that while the exit process and its effects are difficult to evaluate, the evaluation is affected by over how long a time period one estimates the effects.  "The longer the evaluation period is, the less weight the costs of exit have." http://www.hs.fi/paakirjoitukset/art-2000002892037.html [translations are mine]  

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