<p>The net value of the two villages increases because value is in the eye of the beholder. If commodity S is more valuable to village A than to village B, and commodity T is more valuable to B than A, then, when they trade, both villages gained something of more value <em>to them</em> and the relative wealth of both villages increased.</p>

<p>Value comes from the valuator. </p>

<p>This is why--one of the reasons, anyway--Marxism was doomed. Value doesn't come from labor at all. Only cost comes from labor. For example, if I go stand in the middle of the road and labor all day pointing at the sky, I've worked hard but created no value, because no one else values my sky-pointing. Similarly, if I build two houses and put exactly the same amount of labor into both of them, but one is on a mountain with a beautiful view of the city, and the other is next to the city dump, the first will be far more valuable because people would value the location of the first, "envaluating" the house. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-21T11:53:07.987Z
2017-07-21T11:53:07.987Z
CWill
<p>The example by @CWill is correct in an <strong>exchange economy</strong> (explore more of it <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>), but does not apply to a <strong>production economy</strong>. </p>

<p>As David Ricardo <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation" rel="nofollow noreferrer">explained</a>, the only condition needed for exchange is the existence of <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage" rel="nofollow noreferrer">comparative advantage</a></em>. This is when say  group A is <em>relatively</em> more productive in the production of one good than another group B. Then, group A will specialise in the production of that good, whilst group B will specialise in the other good. Trade will expand the overall <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production%E2%80%93possibility_frontier" rel="nofollow noreferrer">production possibility frontier</a>, which means consumers in both groups will see an expansion in their consumption possibilities. Thus, through trade, they can both consume more. Importantly, this is independent of any different in consumption (actually, trade still occurs if preferences are identical). The role of preferences is to determine the relative prices of the goods.</p>

<p>Notice that one reason why a group might have comparative advantage is relative abundance. For instance, one country might have a sea with so many fish that, even if using a net of the same size than another group, the output of such fishing will be very high. In this case, relative productivity is different between groups; comparative advantage exists.</p>

<p>Another nice example is that of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy#Comparative_advantage" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Robinson Crusoe's economy</a>.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-23T20:56:46.090Z
I'm probably not following your argument, but the OP was asking about the values of S & T, not the consumption opportunities for the villagers.
CWill
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-24T07:27:20.680Z
@CWill Yes, but the traded good has higher price than in autarky, which is what expands the value of the total transactions (i.e. GDP of village A + B is higher after trade). I will add this to the answer. In any case, the person is not explicit in whether the goods are produced or not. I attempted to give an explanation for the case it does. If not, your answer is still true.
luchonacho
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-27T05:23:14.517Z
Autarky being the "production economy"?
CWill
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-27T05:40:33.070Z
@CWill Autarky is an economy that does not interact (in this case, via trade) with another country.
luchonacho
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-23T08:24:07.227Z
2017-07-23T08:24:07.227Z
luchonacho
<p>Let's say village A has all the <em>something</em> S they need, and village B has all the <em>something</em> T they need. The properties of S outweigh the benefits of T.</p>

<p>Village A and village B start to trade S for T.</p>

<p>After trading, is the value V of S + T now different?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-20T07:22:42.300Z
First you are asking why "value" increases, and then you are asking what "value" is? I am afraid that is not very clear.
Giskard
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-20T07:42:27.413Z
I tried to make the question clearer now, but not sure if I succeeed.
lash
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-20T08:17:24.530Z
A) The phrase "The properties of S outweigh the benefits of T" is totally confusing. "Outweigh" in what sense? In terms of utility from its consumption? In terms of some concept/metric of productivity? And do both villages agree on that? B) More generally you have first to clarify or define the meaning of "value" (market value? "value in use"? etc) and how it is measured (in utility terms? In monetary terms? what?)
Alecos Papadopoulos
<international-trade>
How does trading create value?
lash
# How does trading create value?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-07-20)

Let's say village A has all the *something* S they need, and village B has all the *something* T they need. The properties of S outweigh the benefits of T.

Village A and village B start to trade S for T.

After trading, is the value V of S + T now different?

**Tags:** international-trade
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: First you are asking why "value" increases, and then you are asking what "value" is? I am afraid that is not very clear.  
> **username_0**: I tried to make the question clearer now, but not sure if I succeeed.  
> **username_2**: A) The phrase "The properties of S outweigh the benefits of T" is totally confusing. "Outweigh" in what sense? In terms of utility from its consumption? In terms of some concept/metric of productivity? And do both villages agree on that? B) More generally you have first to clarify or define the meaning of "value" (market value? "value in use"? etc) and how it is measured (in utility terms? In monetary terms? what?)  

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2017-07-21. Score: 2

The net value of the two villages increases because value is in the eye of the beholder. If commodity S is more valuable to village A than to village B, and commodity T is more valuable to B than A, then, when they trade, both villages gained something of more value *to them* and the relative wealth of both villages increased.

Value comes from the valuator.

This is why--one of the reasons, anyway--Marxism was doomed. Value doesn't come from labor at all. Only cost comes from labor. For example, if I go stand in the middle of the road and labor all day pointing at the sky, I've worked hard but created no value, because no one else values my sky-pointing. Similarly, if I build two houses and put exactly the same amount of labor into both of them, but one is on a mountain with a beautiful view of the city, and the other is next to the city dump, the first will be far more valuable because people would value the location of the first, "envaluating" the house.


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### Answer by username_4 on 2017-07-23. Score: 1

The example by @CWill is correct in an **exchange economy** (explore more of it [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box)), but does not apply to a **production economy**.

As David Ricardo [explained](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation), the only condition needed for exchange is the existence of *[comparative advantage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage)*. This is when say group A is *relatively* more productive in the production of one good than another group B. Then, group A will specialise in the production of that good, whilst group B will specialise in the other good. Trade will expand the overall [production possibility frontier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production%E2%80%93possibility_frontier), which means consumers in both groups will see an expansion in their consumption possibilities. Thus, through trade, they can both consume more. Importantly, this is independent of any different in consumption (actually, trade still occurs if preferences are identical). The role of preferences is to determine the relative prices of the goods.

Notice that one reason why a group might have comparative advantage is relative abundance. For instance, one country might have a sea with so many fish that, even if using a net of the same size than another group, the output of such fishing will be very high. In this case, relative productivity is different between groups; comparative advantage exists.

Another nice example is that of [Robinson Crusoe's economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy#Comparative_advantage).

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: I'm probably not following your argument, but the OP was asking about the values of S & T, not the consumption opportunities for the villagers.  
> **username_4**: @CWill Yes, but the traded good has higher price than in autarky, which is what expands the value of the total transactions (i.e. GDP of village A + B is higher after trade). I will add this to the answer. In any case, the person is not explicit in whether the goods are produced or not. I attempted to give an explanation for the case it does. If not, your answer is still true.  
> **username_3**: Autarky being the "production economy"?  
> **username_4**: @CWill Autarky is an economy that does not interact (in this case, via trade) with another country.  

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