<p>I found this excellent Economic Letter from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco that speaks to this observation. It is from Carl R. Walsh (july 16,2004) (<a href="https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2004/july/the-productivity-and-jobs-connection-the-long-and-the-short-run-of-it/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2004/july/the-productivity-and-jobs-connection-the-long-and-the-short-run-of-it/</a>  )</p>

<p>In this letter he notes that, newspaper articles blame strong productivity growth for a “jobless recovery,” as economic output grows yet employment does not. </p>

<p>While it appears that faster productivity growth allows businesses to increase production without increasing employment. </p>

<p>His answer lays in the difference between macroeconoimcs and microeconomics perspective on productivity and between the short-run and long-run effects of changes in productivity.</p>

<p>From a micro perspective, productivity growth and new technological innovations are constantly leading to structural changes in the economy, causing one industry to expand in terms of both production and employment, while other industries contract.   However, jobs in other industries also expand.   </p>

<p>For example, the manufacturing sector productivity increase but there share of total employment declined while employment and output in areas such as the computer industry have grown rapidly.</p>

<p>These shifts in the economy cause jobs to disappear in some sectors while jobs are created in others.</p>

<p>In the short-run, if demand of products rise this will lead to expanding product. And if labor productivity is unchanged, then typically they need to hire more workers to do this.
But, if overall demand in the economy has not expanded, then an increase in labor productivity could lead to a fall in employment in the short run.</p>

<p>In the long run, there is an emphasis that an increase in labor productivity increases potential GDP. It does so directly by allowing more output to be produced with the same level of employment, but it also increases employment because it decreases the cost of labor to firms and promotes the creation of new industries.  </p>

<p>The cost of labor is noted as not just wages and benefits but also cost relative to the output the workers are able to produce.</p>

<p>A rise in labor productivity lowers the cost of labor at a given level of wages and benefits. If higher productivity makes labor less costly, firms will find it profitable to expand employment.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-14T14:30:05.757Z
2020-05-14T14:30:05.757Z
Mike J
<p>The logic you presented is known as <strong>technological unemployment</strong>. It is true that due to technological improvements, you would need less people to do the same amount of work. But along with technological progress, you would need more highly skilled workers to operate these high-tech machinery. </p>

<p>What Mankiw meant (at least according to me) is that the demand for skilled workers may increase by more than the demand for unskilled workers because of <strong>skill-biased technological change</strong>. If the technological advances that are being introduced constantly into the labor market are good substitutes for unskilled workers and complement the skills of highly educated workers, this type of technological change would lower the demand for unskilled labor and increase the demand for skilled labor.</p>

<p>This is also being supported by the <strong>capital-skill complementarity hypothesis</strong> suggesting that subsidies to investments in physical capital (e.g. an investment tax credit) will have a differential impact on different groups of workers. Because an investment tax credit lowers the price of capital to the firm, it increases the demand for capital, reduces the demand for unskilled workers, and increases the demand for skilled workers. But it also suggests that that technological
progress - for example, the substantial reduction in the price of computing power
in recent decades - can have a substantial impact on income inequality, again because it
increases the demand for skilled workers and reduces the demand for unskilled workers.</p>

<p>Both terms, skilled-biased technological change and capital-skill complementarity hypothesis come from the George Borjas <em>"Labour Economics 8th edition"</em> course book. I highly recommend you have a look at it.</p>

<p>It might also be worth noting, that some researchers have argued that skill-biased technological change explains most of the increase in wage inequality in the United States. See for example, John Bound and George Johnson, <em>“Changes in the Structure of Wages in the 1980s: An Evaluation
of Alternative Explanations,” American Economic Review 82 (June 1992): 371–392</em></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-16T11:12:16.823Z
Thank you for your answer!! This is really helpful! A small follow I have is whether there exist any opinions on will the increase in demand for skilled labor be greater than the decrease of demand for unskilled labor? If there is a fixed quantity of product to be produced, and a skilled laborer is twice as productive, wouldn't it be the case that for every skilled employed, there are 2 unskilled unemployed? Eventually the unskilled will be trained to be skilled, driving down the wages but will not be needed since all that needs to be produced is already being produced? Or am I overthinking?
boinka
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-16T12:02:41.137Z
Again, yes and no. Technological unemployment can be studied at different levels of the economic system: at the level of individuals, companies, productive sectors, countries, or global economy. It is a fact that at least one individual has lost his job because the employer has purchased a machine that can accurately perform hid duties. Similarly, it cannot be denied that entire companies (or even entire economic sectors) have been automated and this process has resulted in a drastic reduction of employment inside the company (or sector).
bajun65537
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-16T12:03:48.937Z
In my answer I mainly spoke about the high-skilled workers that you would need to operate the high-tech machinery. I don’t know if there was any study that would answer your question. But it is not the whole picture. While some economic sectors have been largely emptied of their workforce, other sectors have grown. The typical example here is the care giving. The logic is that since people do not need to work so hard in factories (because machines can do “the hard work”), they can stay healthier and that somebody has to take care of them later on.
bajun65537
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-15T07:54:30.070Z
2020-05-15T07:54:30.070Z
bajun65537
<p>My textbook says that advances in technology <em>typically</em> raise the marginal product of labor and shift the labor demand curve to the right and calls it labor-augmenting technological advances. The book then claims that this <strong>labor-augmenting advancement is responsible for the simultaneous growth in wages and employment</strong>.</p>

<p>I am struggling to make sense of this as the way I understand it is that if fewer workers are needed to produce a certain output quantity, then why would someone hire more workers and pay them higher wages when they can hire fewer workers and pay them lower wages (since more applicants will be per one spot)</p>

<p>Thank you for your response.</p>

<p>The book is Principles of economics by Gregory Mankiw, 8th edition pg 367 btw.</p>

<labor-economics><productivity><technology><technological-progress>
Why labor-augmenting technological progress increases employment and wages?
boinka
# Why labor-augmenting technological progress increases employment and wages?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-05-14)

My textbook says that advances in technology *typically* raise the marginal product of labor and shift the labor demand curve to the right and calls it labor-augmenting technological advances. The book then claims that this **labor-augmenting advancement is responsible for the simultaneous growth in wages and employment**.

I am struggling to make sense of this as the way I understand it is that if fewer workers are needed to produce a certain output quantity, then why would someone hire more workers and pay them higher wages when they can hire fewer workers and pay them lower wages (since more applicants will be per one spot)

Thank you for your response.

The book is Principles of economics by Gregory Mankiw, 8th edition pg 367 btw.

**Tags:** labor-economics, productivity, technology, technological-progress

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-05-14. Score: 2

I found this excellent Economic Letter from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco that speaks to this observation. It is from Carl R. Walsh (july 16,2004) (<https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2004/july/the-productivity-and-jobs-connection-the-long-and-the-short-run-of-it/> )

In this letter he notes that, newspaper articles blame strong productivity growth for a “jobless recovery,” as economic output grows yet employment does not.

While it appears that faster productivity growth allows businesses to increase production without increasing employment.

His answer lays in the difference between macroeconoimcs and microeconomics perspective on productivity and between the short-run and long-run effects of changes in productivity.

From a micro perspective, productivity growth and new technological innovations are constantly leading to structural changes in the economy, causing one industry to expand in terms of both production and employment, while other industries contract. However, jobs in other industries also expand.

For example, the manufacturing sector productivity increase but there share of total employment declined while employment and output in areas such as the computer industry have grown rapidly.

These shifts in the economy cause jobs to disappear in some sectors while jobs are created in others.

In the short-run, if demand of products rise this will lead to expanding product. And if labor productivity is unchanged, then typically they need to hire more workers to do this.
But, if overall demand in the economy has not expanded, then an increase in labor productivity could lead to a fall in employment in the short run.

In the long run, there is an emphasis that an increase in labor productivity increases potential GDP. It does so directly by allowing more output to be produced with the same level of employment, but it also increases employment because it decreases the cost of labor to firms and promotes the creation of new industries.

The cost of labor is noted as not just wages and benefits but also cost relative to the output the workers are able to produce.

A rise in labor productivity lowers the cost of labor at a given level of wages and benefits. If higher productivity makes labor less costly, firms will find it profitable to expand employment.


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### Answer by username_2 on 2020-05-15. Score: 1

The logic you presented is known as **technological unemployment**. It is true that due to technological improvements, you would need less people to do the same amount of work. But along with technological progress, you would need more highly skilled workers to operate these high-tech machinery.

What Mankiw meant (at least according to me) is that the demand for skilled workers may increase by more than the demand for unskilled workers because of **skill-biased technological change**. If the technological advances that are being introduced constantly into the labor market are good substitutes for unskilled workers and complement the skills of highly educated workers, this type of technological change would lower the demand for unskilled labor and increase the demand for skilled labor.

This is also being supported by the **capital-skill complementarity hypothesis** suggesting that subsidies to investments in physical capital (e.g. an investment tax credit) will have a differential impact on different groups of workers. Because an investment tax credit lowers the price of capital to the firm, it increases the demand for capital, reduces the demand for unskilled workers, and increases the demand for skilled workers. But it also suggests that that technological
progress - for example, the substantial reduction in the price of computing power
in recent decades - can have a substantial impact on income inequality, again because it
increases the demand for skilled workers and reduces the demand for unskilled workers.

Both terms, skilled-biased technological change and capital-skill complementarity hypothesis come from the George Borjas *"Labour Economics 8th edition"* course book. I highly recommend you have a look at it.

It might also be worth noting, that some researchers have argued that skill-biased technological change explains most of the increase in wage inequality in the United States. See for example, John Bound and George Johnson, *“Changes in the Structure of Wages in the 1980s: An Evaluation
of Alternative Explanations,” American Economic Review 82 (June 1992): 371–392*

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you for your answer!! This is really helpful! A small follow I have is whether there exist any opinions on will the increase in demand for skilled labor be greater than the decrease of demand for unskilled labor? If there is a fixed quantity of product to be produced, and a skilled laborer is twice as productive, wouldn't it be the case that for every skilled employed, there are 2 unskilled unemployed? Eventually the unskilled will be trained to be skilled, driving down the wages but will not be needed since all that needs to be produced is already being produced? Or am I overthinking?  
> **username_2**: Again, yes and no. Technological unemployment can be studied at different levels of the economic system: at the level of individuals, companies, productive sectors, countries, or global economy. It is a fact that at least one individual has lost his job because the employer has purchased a machine that can accurately perform hid duties. Similarly, it cannot be denied that entire companies (or even entire economic sectors) have been automated and this process has resulted in a drastic reduction of employment inside the company (or sector).  
> **username_2**: In my answer I mainly spoke about the high-skilled workers that you would need to operate the high-tech machinery. I don’t know if there was any study that would answer your question. But it is not the whole picture. While some economic sectors have been largely emptied of their workforce, other sectors have grown. The typical example here is the care giving. The logic is that since people do not need to work so hard in factories (because machines can do “the hard work”), they can stay healthier and that somebody has to take care of them later on.  

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