<p>No because the financial markets do not provide firms with capital they provide them with funds to buy capital which is a difference. You can call those funds financial capital but it’s not <em>capital</em> in economic sense.</p>

<p>In common usage in English capital is often used as a synonym for money. For example in Oxford dictionary under the word capital the second entry is simply money (see <a href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/capital_1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>).</p>

<p>However, in economics capital, especially when we are talking about factor markets, is used in the following definition:</p>

<p>“The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services.”</p>

<p>The above definition is taken from Mankiw and Taylor (2014), Economics the 3rd edition. In different textbooks the exact wording may change but to my best knowledge no conventional textbook would include money as it’s definition.</p>

<p>Also generally money is not considered a factor of production in itself hence it’s a tautology that <em>factor</em> markets should provide only <em>factors</em> of production.</p>

<p>Moreover, generally financial markets are often considered quite distinct from other economic activity. In fact often you can hear economists speak of ‘real’ economy and financial markets separately. This is due to the classical dichotomy which makes sharp distinctions between real and monetary (nominal) variables. Factor markets are considered to be part of real economy, where real goods, services, and factors circulate, while financial markets are part of monetary sector which covers the circulation of money and other financial goods and services. </p>

<hr>

<p>In comment @user161005 asks additional question of why the arrow going to factor markets includes interest, since answer to this might be of interest (no pun intended) to other users who skip comments I put the answer also here:</p>

<p>In economics the income derived from labor is called wages, the income from land rent, and income derived from capital interest. </p>

<p>The last often confuses students because many textbook models call the interest earn from capital <span class="math-container">$r$</span> instead of <span class="math-container">$i$</span> but this is because <span class="math-container">$i$</span> is already used widely in other macroeconomic models. </p>

<p>The profit is what is left after the wages are paid to the labor, rent to landowners and interest to capital owners. Profit is considered to be the reward for entrepreneurship which can be considered as another factor of production. </p>

<p>A good entry level explanation of this is provided in this FED St. Louis podcast that you can listen to (or read transcript to) <a href="https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/economic-lowdown-podcast-series/episode-2-factors-of-production" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-13T14:50:37.957Z
So, money and financial capital aren't factors of production, okay. But then what do firms buy on the factor markets that they need to pay interest for it?? I just can't understand origin of this pesky interest in the flow from the firms to the factor markets and in the flow from the factor markets to the households.
KarmaPeasant
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-13T14:59:42.867Z
@user161005 In economics labor earns wages, land earns rent and capital earns interest. This sometimes confuses students because the interest earned from capital is called also return on capital and often abbreviated by r since i is already used in monetary economics but r is not for rent but for interest. Also profit is something that is left after wages, rent and interest for capital are paid.
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-13T16:16:48.927Z
@user161005 1. return on invested capital ROIC is special formula from financial economics I did not meant that that’s why I said return on capital. Not return on invested capital. In economics return is defined as profit from investment and can be used broadly, you can have return on education (to the extent you consider education investment in human capital), return on capital return on bonds, return on assets etc.
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-13T16:18:11.383Z
2. Since you deleted the comment I no longer see what the point two was
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-13T16:18:28.070Z
(from my clipboard) 2.I also don't understand how non-financial capital can earn interest –
KarmaPeasant
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-13T16:19:57.383Z
But I think I understood, interest is defined as money that you get from renting/selling capital, right?
KarmaPeasant
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-13T16:23:48.583Z
@user161005 I am not sure if I understand the question as interest is defined as what you earn from capital. For example, let’s suppose you have a machine X you give that machine to some entrepreneur who will use it to produce his goods or services and he pays you 100\$ that would be the interest you earn from your capital. You could also convert it to percentage of original value of the capital but even if you look at accounting of many firms you will see there interest not as an percentage but as a \$ number (although accountants do not necessary use interest in the same sense as Econs)
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-13T16:25:06.517Z
@user161005 yes your last comment that I saw only after I finished writing mine is correct. You might wanna go over the source I provided in answer under the line it explains it very neatly
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-05-12T18:31:24.437Z
2020-05-13T16:57:49.903Z
2020-05-13T16:57:49.903Z
1muflon1
<p>Here is a circular flow of income that I took from Krugman's macroenomics textbook.<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/53kq3.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/53kq3.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>We can see that when firms want to borrow they can go to the financial sector and borrow savings of national and foreign households. BUT, it seems like there is also another way for firms to borrow money: the factor market. Capital is a factor of production. And there are different kinds of capital, in our case we're interested in <strong>financial</strong> capital, specifically in financial capital that is basically a pile of money. And how can we, sort of, buy such financial capital? By borrowing it! So firms "buy" financial capital from households and then pay them interest (you can see that interest is paid to households from the diagram).</p>

<p>I don't get the purpose of this duplication. Why use financial sector for borrowing when we have the factor market? Or why use the factor market for borrowing when we have the financial sector? Is there some kind of important difference between them that makes both of them necessary in borrowing? Or did I make a mistake in my reasonings and firms can't get borrow money from the factor market? If yes, then why do households get paid interest from the factor market?</p>

<macroeconomics><banking><debt>
Is there unnecessary duplication for borrowing in this circular flow of income diagram?
KarmaPeasant
# Is there unnecessary duplication for borrowing in this circular flow of income diagram?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-05-12)

Here is a circular flow of income that I took from Krugman's macroenomics textbook.[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/53kq3.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/53kq3.png)

We can see that when firms want to borrow they can go to the financial sector and borrow savings of national and foreign households. BUT, it seems like there is also another way for firms to borrow money: the factor market. Capital is a factor of production. And there are different kinds of capital, in our case we're interested in **financial** capital, specifically in financial capital that is basically a pile of money. And how can we, sort of, buy such financial capital? By borrowing it! So firms "buy" financial capital from households and then pay them interest (you can see that interest is paid to households from the diagram).

I don't get the purpose of this duplication. Why use financial sector for borrowing when we have the factor market? Or why use the factor market for borrowing when we have the financial sector? Is there some kind of important difference between them that makes both of them necessary in borrowing? Or did I make a mistake in my reasonings and firms can't get borrow money from the factor market? If yes, then why do households get paid interest from the factor market?

**Tags:** macroeconomics, banking, debt

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-05-12. Score: 3 | Accepted answer

No because the financial markets do not provide firms with capital they provide them with funds to buy capital which is a difference. You can call those funds financial capital but it’s not *capital* in economic sense.

In common usage in English capital is often used as a synonym for money. For example in Oxford dictionary under the word capital the second entry is simply money (see [here](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/capital_1)).

However, in economics capital, especially when we are talking about factor markets, is used in the following definition:

“The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services.”

The above definition is taken from Mankiw and Taylor (2014), Economics the 3rd edition. In different textbooks the exact wording may change but to my best knowledge no conventional textbook would include money as it’s definition.

Also generally money is not considered a factor of production in itself hence it’s a tautology that *factor* markets should provide only *factors* of production.

Moreover, generally financial markets are often considered quite distinct from other economic activity. In fact often you can hear economists speak of ‘real’ economy and financial markets separately. This is due to the classical dichotomy which makes sharp distinctions between real and monetary (nominal) variables. Factor markets are considered to be part of real economy, where real goods, services, and factors circulate, while financial markets are part of monetary sector which covers the circulation of money and other financial goods and services.

---

In comment @user161005 asks additional question of why the arrow going to factor markets includes interest, since answer to this might be of interest (no pun intended) to other users who skip comments I put the answer also here:

In economics the income derived from labor is called wages, the income from land rent, and income derived from capital interest.

The last often confuses students because many textbook models call the interest earn from capital $r$ instead of $i$ but this is because $i$ is already used widely in other macroeconomic models.

The profit is what is left after the wages are paid to the labor, rent to landowners and interest to capital owners. Profit is considered to be the reward for entrepreneurship which can be considered as another factor of production.

A good entry level explanation of this is provided in this FED St. Louis podcast that you can listen to (or read transcript to) [here](https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/economic-lowdown-podcast-series/episode-2-factors-of-production).

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: So, money and financial capital aren't factors of production, okay. But then what do firms buy on the factor markets that they need to pay interest for it?? I just can't understand origin of this pesky interest in the flow from the firms to the factor markets and in the flow from the factor markets to the households.  
> **username_1**: @user161005 In economics labor earns wages, land earns rent and capital earns interest. This sometimes confuses students because the interest earned from capital is called also return on capital and often abbreviated by r since i is already used in monetary economics but r is not for rent but for interest. Also profit is something that is left after wages, rent and interest for capital are paid.  
> **username_1**: @user161005 1. return on invested capital ROIC is special formula from financial economics I did not meant that that’s why I said return on capital. Not return on invested capital. In economics return is defined as profit from investment and can be used broadly, you can have return on education (to the extent you consider education investment in human capital), return on capital return on bonds, return on assets etc.  
> **username_1**: 2. Since you deleted the comment I no longer see what the point two was  
> **username_0**: (from my clipboard) 2.I also don't understand how non-financial capital can earn interest –  
> **username_0**: But I think I understood, interest is defined as money that you get from renting/selling capital, right?  
> **username_1**: @user161005 I am not sure if I understand the question as interest is defined as what you earn from capital. For example, let’s suppose you have a machine X you give that machine to some entrepreneur who will use it to produce his goods or services and he pays you 100\$ that would be the interest you earn from your capital. You could also convert it to percentage of original value of the capital but even if you look at accounting of many firms you will see there interest not as an percentage but as a \$ number (although accountants do not necessary use interest in the same sense as Econs)  
> **username_1**: @user161005 yes your last comment that I saw only after I finished writing mine is correct. You might wanna go over the source I provided in answer under the line it explains it very neatly  

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