<p>For a product to exist in a competitive marketplace at a higher price, it must both provide higher value, <em>and</em> have higher cost. Note that the &quot;provide higher value&quot; requirement is merely that there are situations where
<em>some</em> potential customers would prefer it. If it has higher cost, but no higher value, then it will simply be eliminated from the marketplace. If it has a lower cost, then firms will compete and push the price down.</p>
<p>It is understandable that a business might, when asked by a potential customer about higher prices, explain to that customer what greater benefits there are to that customer, rather than talking about their cost structure. It is reasonable to expect a customer to be more willing to pay the higher price when the former is explained to them, rather than the latter, and so it is in the business' interest to focus on the former. And it is reasonable for a business, when asked to explain the entirety of their cost breakdown to some random person off the street, to not be interested in compiling a detailed accounting.</p>
<p>A further issue is when some of the costs are marginal, and others are fixed. For instance, at a restaurant, rent is a fixed cost that must be amortized across all menu items, while ingredients are a marginal cost for a particular menu item. It is quite possible that there are two menu items for which the one with the higher ingredient cost has a lower menu cost: the rent cost is distributed among the menu items according to how the restaurant thinks customers will pay (price sensitivity/elasticity), not based on ingredient cost.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T22:32:20.120Z
2020-10-07T22:32:20.120Z
Acccumulation
<p>What's right here is that people who are experts on a subject generally know a lot more about it than people who have a cursory understanding of a topic.  That applies to almost any human endeavor.</p>
<p>Your economic analysis is flawed, probably on several levels, but specifically in one area.  You did not mention any consideration of the setup cost or batch size.  I used to be responsible for a newsletter that had a distribution of a few thousand copies.  What I came to understand is that there is a setup cost associated with printing that is not associated with copying.  Using some made up numbers to help illustrate this, let's assume that they will charge you 5 cents for each photocopy.  For printing, let's say that there is a setup cost of \$100, and then each copy is 2 cents after that.  When you ask for a quote for 2000 copies, they may not tell you that pricing structure.  Instead they may simply say that it will be \$100 for the copying or $140 for printing it.  But if you are getting 10,000 copies made, then the photocopies will be \$500, but the printing will be \$300.  So in that case, the setup cost is amortized over a larger print run and equates to fewer cents per copy for printing versus copying.</p>
<p>So the problem with your economic analysis is that you were looking at only the marginal cost per page, not the marginal costs + fixed costs.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T18:10:58.303Z
2020-10-07T18:10:58.303Z
Itsme2003
<p>No one is &quot;right&quot; here, there is rarely a &quot;should&quot; in economics, it is not about morals.</p>
<p>When making a purchase, you are usually willing to pay an amount <span class="math-container">$x$</span> larger than the price <span class="math-container">$p$</span> which is larger than the cost <span class="math-container">$c$</span> it took to make the product/provide the service. You are arguing that price should only depend on cost. The store is arguing that if you are willing to pay more, they can charge more. Unless they have competition who undercuts them, they are right.</p>
<p>In the theoretical model of perfect competition, where there is a single type of product and firms face very strong competition the price would equal the average cost in the long run. I would argue the model does not apply here, competition is not perfect (if I am wrong, go to the competition). In case of imperfect competition it is normal to charge people whose demand is less elastic w.r.t. price more.</p>
<hr />
<p>What you can do: pay them or find a better offer. If you are convinced that you are <strong>right</strong>, found a rival printing firm, undercut them and put them out of business.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T09:33:10.267Z
+1 because you are as usual on point but shouldn’t in the model of perfect competition price be to equal marginal cost not average costs? I know in long run $MC=ATC$ on perfect market but in short-run as far as I understand that equality does not need to hold and profit maximizing firm in perfect competition will always set $P=MC$ even when $MC \neq ATC$
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T10:36:56.820Z
Indeed I meant the long run. I felt it is important to write average instead of marginal cost, as recovery of fixed costs plays an important role in real life pricing.
Giskard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T07:02:39.527Z
2020-10-07T10:37:14.183Z
2020-10-07T10:37:14.183Z
Giskard
<p>I am a Natural Science student and read a little about economics. I am not sure this question is related to economics or not, decided to give it a try.</p>
<p>Recently, I am looking for printing service. From more than one service providers, I got the details that, printing a page is more expensive than photocopying a page. I asked them why is that so, and they said because <strong>the quality from printing is better than the quality of photocopying</strong> (photocopying inevitably causes a little dislodgement, cannot be 100% same as the original). <strong>They confirmed that the inks and papers used for both are the same.</strong> This is what I replied: ''Raw materials required for both are equal, printing needs way less work than photocopying each page one by one, so I actually expect the price for printing to be at worst the same as photocopying if printing is not cheaper than photocopying.'' And I didn't hear back from them.</p>
<p>Who is right here?</p>
<p>If the shoppers are right and printing should cost more than photocopying, do you really want to penalise your customer for reducing you work?</p>
<p>If I am right and printing should cost less than photocopying, do the shoppers really want to give higher-quality product to customers at lower price?</p>
<p>Is there any economics theory for this and other similar everyday occurrence?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T09:49:40.423Z
I think this question is in spirit very close to this older SE question: [What's a “correct price” really? Does it exist?](https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/37964/whats-a-correct-price-really-does-it-exist/37976#37976]). The answer there and as also implied by Giskard in his +1 answer here is that every price at which people are willing to transact is a correct price. In  [answer](https://economics.stackexchange.com/a/37976/15517) to that Q I provide some history of how the notions of 'right' price developed within the profession that might also help with understanding this issue
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T13:27:51.267Z
While it doesn't change the answer to your actual question, your premise that "printing needs way less work than photocopying each page one by one" is simply wrong. Photocopying entire manuscripts is not done page by page, it will use an automatic document feeder. And printing requires dealing with a source document that can be very problematic (Just think about different Word versions). Customers also have higher quality expectations and are thus more likely to complain, requiring an approval process.
Michael Borgwardt
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T13:44:11.313Z
@MichaelBorgwardt Exactly. Photocopying doesn't involve much human labor - feed in physical pages and duplicate them. Printing on the other hand, can involve a myriad of technical problems that need manual negotiation/monitoring/fixing, like file formats (JPEG/PNG/PSD/DOC/PDF/etc.), resolution, file size, color space (RGB/CMYK/etc.), margins, and much more.
Nayuki
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-07T21:39:13.213Z
In what format is the document you wish to print?  What format do you want the end product to be in?  If you are just handing them a drive with a PDF and all you want is the unbound printed sheets, then I will agree that the cost should be equivalent to a request to copy the same number of pages.
Michael Richardson
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-08T10:17:45.543Z
Imagine the reverse - you go in asking for a photocopy but see the printed versions coming out in much higher quality for the same price. You could argue you shouldn't have to pay the same price for a lower quality result - maybe they agree and reduce the price of photocopying.
Lio Elbammalf
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-08T19:31:41.120Z
Price is almost always basically determined by how much people are willing to pay for something, businesses will always try to charge the maximum that they're able to charge to maximize their profit. For the most part, price is unrelated to the cost of production or providing service, although if the cost of production/service is higher than the amount people are willing to pay, that's not a feasible business and less people will be willing to enter that business; and if the price is obscenely higher than the cost, competitors might see an opportunity which may or may not force price down.
Lie Ryan
<price-level>
Should selling price depend on product quality or on work to produce the product if both not in positive correlation?
TheLearner
# Should selling price depend on product quality or on work to produce the product if both not in positive correlation?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-10-07)

I am a Natural Science student and read a little about economics. I am not sure this question is related to economics or not, decided to give it a try.

Recently, I am looking for printing service. From more than one service providers, I got the details that, printing a page is more expensive than photocopying a page. I asked them why is that so, and they said because **the quality from printing is better than the quality of photocopying** (photocopying inevitably causes a little dislodgement, cannot be 100% same as the original). **They confirmed that the inks and papers used for both are the same.** This is what I replied: ''Raw materials required for both are equal, printing needs way less work than photocopying each page one by one, so I actually expect the price for printing to be at worst the same as photocopying if printing is not cheaper than photocopying.'' And I didn't hear back from them.

Who is right here?

If the shoppers are right and printing should cost more than photocopying, do you really want to penalise your customer for reducing you work?

If I am right and printing should cost less than photocopying, do the shoppers really want to give higher-quality product to customers at lower price?

Is there any economics theory for this and other similar everyday occurrence?

**Tags:** price-level
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I think this question is in spirit very close to this older SE question: [What's a “correct price” really? Does it exist?](https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/37964/whats-a-correct-price-really-does-it-exist/37976#37976]). The answer there and as also implied by Giskard in his +1 answer here is that every price at which people are willing to transact is a correct price. In  [answer](https://economics.stackexchange.com/a/37976/15517) to that Q I provide some history of how the notions of 'right' price developed within the profession that might also help with understanding this issue  
> **username_2**: While it doesn't change the answer to your actual question, your premise that "printing needs way less work than photocopying each page one by one" is simply wrong. Photocopying entire manuscripts is not done page by page, it will use an automatic document feeder. And printing requires dealing with a source document that can be very problematic (Just think about different Word versions). Customers also have higher quality expectations and are thus more likely to complain, requiring an approval process.  
> **username_3**: @MichaelBorgwardt Exactly. Photocopying doesn't involve much human labor - feed in physical pages and duplicate them. Printing on the other hand, can involve a myriad of technical problems that need manual negotiation/monitoring/fixing, like file formats (JPEG/PNG/PSD/DOC/PDF/etc.), resolution, file size, color space (RGB/CMYK/etc.), margins, and much more.  
> **username_4**: In what format is the document you wish to print?  What format do you want the end product to be in?  If you are just handing them a drive with a PDF and all you want is the unbound printed sheets, then I will agree that the cost should be equivalent to a request to copy the same number of pages.  
> **username_5**: Imagine the reverse - you go in asking for a photocopy but see the printed versions coming out in much higher quality for the same price. You could argue you shouldn't have to pay the same price for a lower quality result - maybe they agree and reduce the price of photocopying.  
> **username_6**: Price is almost always basically determined by how much people are willing to pay for something, businesses will always try to charge the maximum that they're able to charge to maximize their profit. For the most part, price is unrelated to the cost of production or providing service, although if the cost of production/service is higher than the amount people are willing to pay, that's not a feasible business and less people will be willing to enter that business; and if the price is obscenely higher than the cost, competitors might see an opportunity which may or may not force price down.  

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_9 on 2020-10-07. Score: 33 | Accepted answer

No one is "right" here, there is rarely a "should" in economics, it is not about morals.

When making a purchase, you are usually willing to pay an amount $x$ larger than the price $p$ which is larger than the cost $c$ it took to make the product/provide the service. You are arguing that price should only depend on cost. The store is arguing that if you are willing to pay more, they can charge more. Unless they have competition who undercuts them, they are right.

In the theoretical model of perfect competition, where there is a single type of product and firms face very strong competition the price would equal the average cost in the long run. I would argue the model does not apply here, competition is not perfect (if I am wrong, go to the competition). In case of imperfect competition it is normal to charge people whose demand is less elastic w.r.t. price more.

---

What you can do: pay them or find a better offer. If you are convinced that you are **right**, found a rival printing firm, undercut them and put them out of business.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: +1 because you are as usual on point but shouldn’t in the model of perfect competition price be to equal marginal cost not average costs? I know in long run $MC=ATC$ on perfect market but in short-run as far as I understand that equality does not need to hold and profit maximizing firm in perfect competition will always set $P=MC$ even when $MC \neq ATC$  
> **username_9**: Indeed I meant the long run. I felt it is important to write average instead of marginal cost, as recovery of fixed costs plays an important role in real life pricing.  

---

### Answer by username_8 on 2020-10-07. Score: 11

What's right here is that people who are experts on a subject generally know a lot more about it than people who have a cursory understanding of a topic. That applies to almost any human endeavor.

Your economic analysis is flawed, probably on several levels, but specifically in one area. You did not mention any consideration of the setup cost or batch size. I used to be responsible for a newsletter that had a distribution of a few thousand copies. What I came to understand is that there is a setup cost associated with printing that is not associated with copying. Using some made up numbers to help illustrate this, let's assume that they will charge you 5 cents for each photocopy. For printing, let's say that there is a setup cost of \$100, and then each copy is 2 cents after that. When you ask for a quote for 2000 copies, they may not tell you that pricing structure. Instead they may simply say that it will be \$100 for the copying or $140 for printing it. But if you are getting 10,000 copies made, then the photocopies will be \$500, but the printing will be \$300. So in that case, the setup cost is amortized over a larger print run and equates to fewer cents per copy for printing versus copying.

So the problem with your economic analysis is that you were looking at only the marginal cost per page, not the marginal costs + fixed costs.


---

### Answer by username_7 on 2020-10-07. Score: 6

For a product to exist in a competitive marketplace at a higher price, it must both provide higher value, *and* have higher cost. Note that the "provide higher value" requirement is merely that there are situations where
*some* potential customers would prefer it. If it has higher cost, but no higher value, then it will simply be eliminated from the marketplace. If it has a lower cost, then firms will compete and push the price down.

It is understandable that a business might, when asked by a potential customer about higher prices, explain to that customer what greater benefits there are to that customer, rather than talking about their cost structure. It is reasonable to expect a customer to be more willing to pay the higher price when the former is explained to them, rather than the latter, and so it is in the business' interest to focus on the former. And it is reasonable for a business, when asked to explain the entirety of their cost breakdown to some random person off the street, to not be interested in compiling a detailed accounting.

A further issue is when some of the costs are marginal, and others are fixed. For instance, at a restaurant, rent is a fixed cost that must be amortized across all menu items, while ingredients are a marginal cost for a particular menu item. It is quite possible that there are two menu items for which the one with the higher ingredient cost has a lower menu cost: the rent cost is distributed among the menu items according to how the restaurant thinks customers will pay (price sensitivity/elasticity), not based on ingredient cost.


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