<p>The yield to maturity is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_rate_of_return" rel="nofollow noreferrer">internal rate of return</a> on the bond assuming no default. Given a series of promised cashflows in the future, to quote Prof. John Cochrane, "... the yield is just a convenient way to quote the price." </p>

<p>In the case of a zero-coupon bond with price <span class="math-container">$p_0$</span> and face value <span class="math-container">$c_t$</span> due <span class="math-container">$t$</span> periods in the future, the yield to maturity is the fictional, constant interest rate <span class="math-container">$y$</span> that solves the equation:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$ p_0 = \frac{c_t}{(1 + y)^t} $$</span></p>

<p>More generally in the case of a non-negative series of payments <span class="math-container">$(c_1, \ldots, c_T)$</span>, the yield to maturity is the fictional, constant interest rate <span class="math-container">$y$</span> that solves:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$ p_0 = \sum_{t=1}^T \frac{c_t}{\left(1 + y\right)^t}$$</span></p>

<p>Given a series of promised coupon payments and the bond's face value, listing either a bond price or bond yield conveys the same information.</p>

<p>The yield to maturity does not tell you the expected return because you don't know the probability of default, recovery rate, etc....</p>

<h3>Problems/errors with Investopedia's definition</h3>

<p>The Investopedia definition you quoted is flawed because it's missing the critical phrase, "<em>assuming no default</em>." I've seen other sloppy, incomplete, or confused definitions on Investopedia and prefer Wikipedia.</p>

<h3>Problems with your statements on the cost of capital</h3>

<p>The yield to maturity has an unambiguous, widely agreed upon definition and is easily computable. On the other hand, the cost of capital is a more nebulous concept. Different practitioners or academics often use somewhat different definitions for the cost of capital and estimate these somewhat different notions of the cost of capital in different ways.</p>

<p>If you define the cost of capital as the return expected to be earned by investors, then yield to maturity is not the cost of capital over the period because the yield to maturity ignores the probability of default. (That said, it appears common practice in corporate finance to just ignore default probabilities and use yields as the cost of debt.)</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-09T09:32:44.777Z
Even when not missing the phrase "assuming no default" , what trips me up with YTM is that in order to actually get this return the coupons will have to be subjected to the same YTM rate. On the other hand there is this paper "https://www.economics-finance.org/jefe/econ/ForbesHatemPaulpaper.pdf" that says that YTM always yields the correct return. I am probably missing something since I am completely new to all of this. I can see how it useful for comparing different bonds but I can't see how it always yields the correct return (assuming no default).
Liarokapis Alexandros
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-09T21:02:57.107Z
@LiarokapisAlexandros Imagine I borrow \$100 from you and agree to pay you \$105 next year. You could say either: (i) my debt to you has a face value of 105 and a price of 100 or (ii) my debt to you has a face value of 105 and a yield of 5%. (i) and (ii) are equivalent. The yield is just another way to say the price of a debt security (given a promised payment or series of promised payments).
Matthew Gunn
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-08T17:46:21.533Z
2018-11-08T18:47:22.383Z
2018-11-08T18:47:22.383Z
Matthew Gunn
<p>Another answer here defines the yield-to-maturity. I just want to comment on the cost of capital part of the question.</p>

<p>The yield-to-maturity is similar to an internal rate of return calculation on an assets that generates future cash flows, with a single outflow (the invoice price). (Market yield calculation conventions may differ from an internal rate of return.) By definition, the NPV of the position is zero, if we use the discount rate matching the quoted yield.</p>

<p>Bringing in the cost of capital implies that we are looking at the cost of financing the position. Since costs vary by investor, we cannot give values that everyone will agree on - unlike the bond yield. That is why the yield-to-maturity is quoted in markets, while there are no quotes based on the cost of capital.</p>

<p>In order to calculate the cost of capital, weneed to know exactly:</p>

<ul>
<li>what are the types (debt, equity) of financing;</li>
<li>what are the “interest” rates associated with each financing instrument (possibly the cost of equity).</li>
</ul>

<p>Once we pin down the financing information, we can either:</p>

<ul>
<li>determine the Net Present Value of the position; or</li>
<li>determine the internal return on equity.</li>
</ul>

<p>For example, if we finance the bond position by borrowing at a lower rate of interest, we would expect to generate net positive cash flows, and hence a positive NPV.</p>

<p>Also note that if the position is 100% equity financed, the expected return on equity is the rate of return on the asset, or the bond yield.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-08T19:37:54.333Z
2018-11-08T19:37:54.333Z
Brian Romanchuk
<p>From investopedia: "YTM is the total return anticipated on a bond if the bond is held until it matures"</p>

<p>I have also seen this interpretation used in other sources however this seems wrong to me.</p>

<p>More specifically the I don't see how the anticipated rate of return can be independent from the cost of capital. </p>

<p>What I get from the math is that YTM expresses the cost of capital required for the net present value to be zero.</p>

<p>If the YTM is low then I can probably use a higher discount rate when calculating the present value of the bond. But using a higher discount rate than the YTM, by it's definition means a lower present value and therefore a negative net present value.</p>

<p>If the YTM is high enough then I will most likely use a lower discount rate, meaning a  higher present value and therefore a positive net present value.</p>

<p>Is my understanding correct?</p>

<finance><self-study><investment><bonds><discount-rate>
Yield To Maturity exact meaning
Liarokapis Alexandros
# Yield To Maturity exact meaning

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-11-08)

From investopedia: "YTM is the total return anticipated on a bond if the bond is held until it matures"

I have also seen this interpretation used in other sources however this seems wrong to me.

More specifically the I don't see how the anticipated rate of return can be independent from the cost of capital.

What I get from the math is that YTM expresses the cost of capital required for the net present value to be zero.

If the YTM is low then I can probably use a higher discount rate when calculating the present value of the bond. But using a higher discount rate than the YTM, by it's definition means a lower present value and therefore a negative net present value.

If the YTM is high enough then I will most likely use a lower discount rate, meaning a higher present value and therefore a positive net present value.

Is my understanding correct?

**Tags:** finance, self-study, investment, bonds, discount-rate

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2018-11-08. Score: 2

The yield to maturity is the [internal rate of return](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_rate_of_return) on the bond assuming no default. Given a series of promised cashflows in the future, to quote Prof. John Cochrane, "... the yield is just a convenient way to quote the price."

In the case of a zero-coupon bond with price $p\_0$ and face value $c\_t$ due $t$ periods in the future, the yield to maturity is the fictional, constant interest rate $y$ that solves the equation:

$$ p\_0 = \frac{c\_t}{(1 + y)^t} $$

More generally in the case of a non-negative series of payments $(c\_1, \ldots, c\_T)$, the yield to maturity is the fictional, constant interest rate $y$ that solves:

$$ p\_0 = \sum\_{t=1}^T \frac{c\_t}{\left(1 + y\right)^t}$$

Given a series of promised coupon payments and the bond's face value, listing either a bond price or bond yield conveys the same information.

The yield to maturity does not tell you the expected return because you don't know the probability of default, recovery rate, etc....

### Problems/errors with Investopedia's definition

The Investopedia definition you quoted is flawed because it's missing the critical phrase, "*assuming no default*." I've seen other sloppy, incomplete, or confused definitions on Investopedia and prefer Wikipedia.

### Problems with your statements on the cost of capital

The yield to maturity has an unambiguous, widely agreed upon definition and is easily computable. On the other hand, the cost of capital is a more nebulous concept. Different practitioners or academics often use somewhat different definitions for the cost of capital and estimate these somewhat different notions of the cost of capital in different ways.

If you define the cost of capital as the return expected to be earned by investors, then yield to maturity is not the cost of capital over the period because the yield to maturity ignores the probability of default. (That said, it appears common practice in corporate finance to just ignore default probabilities and use yields as the cost of debt.)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Even when not missing the phrase "assuming no default" , what trips me up with YTM is that in order to actually get this return the coupons will have to be subjected to the same YTM rate. On the other hand there is this paper "https://www.economics-finance.org/jefe/econ/ForbesHatemPaulpaper.pdf" that says that YTM always yields the correct return. I am probably missing something since I am completely new to all of this. I can see how it useful for comparing different bonds but I can't see how it always yields the correct return (assuming no default).  
> **username_1**: @LiarokapisAlexandros Imagine I borrow \$100 from you and agree to pay you \$105 next year. You could say either: (i) my debt to you has a face value of 105 and a price of 100 or (ii) my debt to you has a face value of 105 and a yield of 5%. (i) and (ii) are equivalent. The yield is just another way to say the price of a debt security (given a promised payment or series of promised payments).  

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### Answer by username_2 on 2018-11-08. Score: 0

Another answer here defines the yield-to-maturity. I just want to comment on the cost of capital part of the question.

The yield-to-maturity is similar to an internal rate of return calculation on an assets that generates future cash flows, with a single outflow (the invoice price). (Market yield calculation conventions may differ from an internal rate of return.) By definition, the NPV of the position is zero, if we use the discount rate matching the quoted yield.

Bringing in the cost of capital implies that we are looking at the cost of financing the position. Since costs vary by investor, we cannot give values that everyone will agree on - unlike the bond yield. That is why the yield-to-maturity is quoted in markets, while there are no quotes based on the cost of capital.

In order to calculate the cost of capital, weneed to know exactly:

* what are the types (debt, equity) of financing;
* what are the “interest” rates associated with each financing instrument (possibly the cost of equity).

Once we pin down the financing information, we can either:

* determine the Net Present Value of the position; or
* determine the internal return on equity.

For example, if we finance the bond position by borrowing at a lower rate of interest, we would expect to generate net positive cash flows, and hence a positive NPV.

Also note that if the position is 100% equity financed, the expected return on equity is the rate of return on the asset, or the bond yield.


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