question: How is data conveyed over waves such as WiFi?
comment: > one wave One wave *frequency* travelling at the speed of light. By changing either the frequency or the amplitude of waves, you can convey ideas like "on" and "off". For example: you can program an antenna to understand that a wave peak above X volts is a 1, and below X volts is a 0, over a given period of time (typically miniscule fractions of a second). Because light is fast [source required], you can communicate a LOT of 1s and 0s over a short period of time. Those 1s and 0s are translated and compiled as code which executes as whatever data the application is trying to run, like a movie. Edited to fix mobile autocorrect
passages: Section::::Technology.
  
  Cell Broadcast allows a text or binary message to be defined and distributed to all mobile terminals connected to a set of cells.
   There are generally two forms of media access control: distributed and centralized. Both of these may be compared to communication between people. In a network made up of people speaking, i.e. a conversation, they will each pause a random amount of time and then attempt to speak again, effectively establishing a long and elaborate game of saying "no, you first".
  
  The Media Access Control sublayer also determines where one frame of data ends and the next one starts – frame synchronization. There are four means of frame synchronization: time based, character counting, byte stuffing and bit stuffing.
   WLAN-based V2X communication is based on a set of standards drafted by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The ASTM E 2213 series of standards looks at wireless communication for high-speed information exchange between vehicles themselves as well as road infrastructure. The first standard of this series was published 2002. Here the acronym Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) was first used for V2X communication.
   Using a standard SDI transport, the extra data is placed within normal active video, between Start of Active Video (SAV), and End of Active Video (EAV). This gives 1440 10bit words of data at 270Mbit/s (1920 words in the 8bit 360Mbit/s standard).
   A number of alternative possibilities exist as to how this frequency domain spreading can take place, such as by using a long PN code and multiplying each data symbol, d, on a subcarrier by a chip from the PN code, c, or by using short PN codes and spreading each data symbol by an individual PN code — i.e. d is multiplied by each c and the resulting vector is placed on N subcarriers, where N is the PN code length.
   Data transmission
  
  Data transmission (also data communication or digital communications) is the transfer of data (a digital bitstream or a digitized analog signal) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses. The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal. 
   Some manufacturers use proprietary spread-spectrum techniques, enabling typical operational ranges of up to 80 metres in-building. By also employing externally mounted antennas, operational ranges in excess 2000 metres (clear line-of-sight) have been achieved and several such models are sold under the Digi-Sender brand.
  
  Section::::Digital Wireless.:Wi-Fi.
   The data link layer in an air interface is often divided farther than the simple Media access control (MAC) and Logical link control (LLC) sublayers found in other OSI terminology. While the MAC sublayer is generally unmodified, the LLC sublayer is subdivided into two or more additional sublayers depending on the standard. Common sublayers include; 
  
  BULLET::::- Radio Link Control (RLC)
  
  BULLET::::- Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
  
  BULLET::::- Radio Resource Control (RRC)
  
  Especially in mobile telecommunication and internet broadband Maximal combined input ratio with respect to signal to noise ratio estimation
  
  1.The signals from each channel are added together
   BULLET::::- Modulation schemes: typically 100% amplitude-shift keying (ASK). May also involve pulse-position modulation, biphase/manchester encoding, etc. of the transmitted pulses (as opposed to the carrier itself). Most remotes use the length of the space between pulses to encode data.
  
  BULLET::::- Data rate: usually significantly lower than the carrier frequency. Most protocols seem to range between 120 bits/second and 4 bits/second. Data rate may be variable as some common bit encoding schemes vary the timing between pulses to distinguish between a 1 and 0.
   Data transmission is utilized in computers in computer buses and for communication with peripheral equipment via parallel ports and serial ports such as RS-232 (1969), Firewire (1995) and USB (1996). The principles of data transmission are also utilized in storage media for Error detection and correction since 1951.
  
  Data transmission is utilized in computer networking equipment such as modems (1940), local area networks (LAN) adapters (1964), repeaters, repeater hubs, microwave links, wireless network access points (1997), etc.
   The latest inclusion in the field is magnetic media (magnetic stripe) whose application is common in the fastest growing information technology field. Modern day IT media is commonly used in the banking sector and by the Income Tax Department for the purpose of providing the easiest and fastest possible services to consumers. In this magnetic strip, account information linking to all the data relating to a particular consumer is stored. The main features of these types of media are prepared unrecorded (blank form), and data is normally stored at a later stage as per the requirement of its user or consumer.
   There is wireless network that for data transmission uses visible light, and does not use intensity modulation of optical sources. The idea is to use vibration generator instead of optical sources for data transmission.
  
  Section::::Colour shift keying.
   Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation (PCM) or more advanced source coding (analog-to-digital conversion and data compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment.
  
  Section::::Serial and parallel transmission.
   Channels can be established between a pair of Devices (inter-Device communication), or between one Device and many Devices (broadcast communication), or in the case of the Message Channel, from all devices to all other devices (shared).
  
  Section::::Channels.:Control Channels.
  
  Control Space is divided into three types of channels: Framing, Guide, and Message.
   Data is transmitted in units of 4 bits (1 nibble) for which the interval between two falling edges (single edge) of the modulated signal with a constant amplitude voltage is evaluated. A SENT message is 32 bits long (8 nibbles) and consists of the following components: 24 bits of signal data (6 nibbles) that represents 2 measurement channels of 3 nibbles each (such as pressure and temperature), 4 bits (1 nibble) for CRC error detection, and 4 bits (1 nibble) of status/communication information. Optionally, data can be transferred in 20 bit messages (5 nibbles) composed of a single 12 bit (3 nibble) measurement, a 4 bit (1 nibble) CRC error checksum, and a 4 bit (1 nibble) status/communication field.
   The first byte of the Information Element Identifies (IEI) what information is to follow. The second byte of the Information Element is the 'Information Element Data Length' or IEDL. It tells the phone how many of the following bytes are part of the Information Identifier. The third and subsequent bytes of the Information Element are the actual information being conveyed. This is called the IED or Information Element Data.
  
  A valid example of a Smart Message Header, expressed in hex is 0B0504158200000003010201.
  
  This means:
  
  Section::::Internal structure.:Data content.
   Section::::Filter-like devices.:Diplexers and duplexers.
   The features or services of the network are implemented in distinct "layers". For example, sending ones and zeros across a wire, fiber, etc. is done by the physical layer, organizing the ones and zeros into chunks of data and getting them safely to the right place on the wire is done by the data link layer, passing data chunks over multiple connected networks is done by the network layer and delivery of the data to the right software application at the destination is done by the transport layer.
   Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream, for example, using pulse-code modulation (PCM) or more advanced source coding (analog-to-digital conversion and data compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment.
  
  Section::::Distinction between related subjects.
  
  Courses and textbooks in the field of "data transmission" as well as "digital transmission" and "digital communications" have similar content.
   The adjustment is accomplished by dividing each bit into a number of time slices called quanta, and assigning some number of quanta to each of the four segments within the bit: synchronization, propagation, phase segment 1 and phase segment 2. 
  
  The number of quanta the bit is divided into can vary by controller, and the number of quanta assigned to each segment can be varied depending on bit rate and network conditions.
   Depending on the bandwidth requirement, the standard makes use of a variable number of USB Type-C's four SuperSpeed differential pairs to carry each TMDS lane: a single lane is required for resolutions up to 4K/60 Hz, two lanes for 4K/120 Hz, and all four lanes for 8K/60 Hz. The MHL eCBUS signal is sent over a side-band (SBU) pin on the USB Type-C connector. When one or two lanes are used, USB 3.1 data transfer is supported.
   Scanning data in other objects and generation of event reports, who can be sendend, is the sense of this objects.
  
  The scanner objects have a wide range of different attributes (e.g. scan interval, scan lists, scan period etc.), for a wide range of applications of the DIM.
  
  As an example, the FastPeriCfgScanner object (Fast Periodic Configurable Scanner) is specially constructed for the requirements of real-time data exchange in conjunction with the RealTimeSampleArray object to transmit live data from egc devices.
  
  Section::::Domain information model.:Communication package.
  
  The objects in these package contain information, which are responsible for basic communication profiles.
   There are many limited-function media servers on the market that don’t actually do any media (signal) processing. There is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) “RFC” (2833) that defines how a gateway can perform the in-band-tone analysis to extract some of the embedded information, such as DTMF and caller ID. In this case, all the media server need do is parse the RTP buffers from a gateway to derive the tone information.
   The structure of this frame is described in the ITU-T Rec. G.751 (see Figure 20). As in the previous case, the frame is divided into four groups, each of length 384 bits:
  
  BULLET::::- Group I contains the FAS, with sequence "1111010000"; the A-bit (remote alarm); the S-bit (spare); and 372 T-bits (tributary) transporting data.
  
  BULLET::::- Groups II and III contain a block of four J-bits (justification control) and 380 T-bits transporting data.
   Section::::PPS (Pulse per second) timing use.
  
  The serial DCD pin can be used to accurately detect a PPS signal, as described in RFC 2783:
  
  Section::::As used with other hardware.
  