question: If living in a low gravity environment for extended periods of time tends to make us weaker, would living in a slightly stronger gravity environment have the opposite effect and make us stronger?
comment: Physically it could. However, just as likely to happen, is muscles getting too dense and blocking arteries (people who lose a arm, or use of one, can over develop muscles blocking arteries. A family friend had to have some ribs cut up because of this) or for muscles like our heart to overwork, becoming enlarged from pumping blood in higher g, and failing.
passages: Section::::Effects on the synthesis of materials.
  
  High gravity conditions generated by centrifuge is applied in the chemical industry, casting, and material synthesis. The convection and mass transfer are greatly affected by the gravitational condition. Researchers reported that the high-gravity level can effectively affect the phase composition and morphology of the products.
  
  Section::::Effects on rate of aging of rats.
   Typical examples of the influence of maximum forces and the resulting elastic deformations on bone growth or bone loss are extended flights of astronauts and cosmonauts as well as patient with paraplegia due to an accident. Extended periods in free fall do not lead to loss of bone from the skull, providing support to the idea that its bone is maintained by a genetic not a mechanical influence. (Skull bone often increases in long term space flights, something thought to be related to fluid shifts within the body.) 
   Section::::Historical overview.:Experimental animal studies.:Are atrophied muscles vulnerable to injury.
   Ever since Pearl proposed the rate of living theory of aging, numerous studies have demonstrated its validity in poikilotherms. In mammals, however, satisfactory experimental demonstration is still lacking because an externally imposed increase of basal metabolic rate of these animals (e.g. by placement in the cold) is usually accompanied by general homeostatic disturbance and stress. The present study was based on the finding that rats exposed to slightly increased gravity are able to adapt with little chronic stress but at a higher level of basal metabolic expenditure (increased 'rate of living'). The rate of aging of 17-month-old rats that had been exposed to 3.14 "g" in an animal centrifuge for 8 months was larger than of controls as shown by apparently elevated lipofuscin content in heart and kidney, reduced numbers and increased size of mitochondria of heart tissue, and inferior liver mitochondria respiration (reduced 'efficiency': 20% larger ADP: 0 ratio, P less than 0.01; reduced 'speed': 8% lower respiratory control ratio, P less than 0.05). Steady-state food intake per day per kg body weight, which is presumably proportional to 'rate of living' or specific basal metabolic expenditure, was about 18% higher than in controls (P less than 0.01) after an initial 2-month adaptation period. Finally, though half of the centrifuged animals lived only a little shorter than controls (average about 343 vs. 364 days on the centrifuge, difference statistically nonsignificant), the remaining half (longest survivors) lived on the centrifuge an average of 520 days (range 483–572) compared to an average of 574 days (range 502–615) for controls, computed from onset of centrifugation, or 11% shorter (P less than 0.01). Therefore, these results show that a moderate increase of the level of basal metabolism of young adult rats adapted to hypergravity compared to controls in normal gravity is accompanied by a roughly similar increase in the rate of organ aging and reduction of survival, in agreement with Pearl's rate of living theory of aging, previously experimentally demonstrated only in poikilotherms.
   "Capabilities" consist of the set of attributes that enable performance and allow individuals, groups, political systems, and entire societies to engage in activity to "manage their demands". Given that states extensively in their capabilities, their environmental effects will also vary, as will the attendant pressures on the integrity of social systems.
  
  Section::::Basics.:Master variables.
   The size of single biological cells is inversely proportional to the strength of the gravitational field exerted on the cell. That is, in stronger gravitational fields the size of cells decreases, and in weaker gravitational fields the size of cells increases. Gravity is thus a limiting factor in the growth of individual cells.
   Unlike the R* theory that predicts that competitive ability is determined by the ability to grow under low levels of resources, the CSR theory predicts that competitive ability is determined by relative growth rate and other size related traits. While some experiments supported the R* predictions, other supported the CSR predictions.
   In the "Doctor Who" story "The Sontaran Experiment", a Sontaran used similar technology to make a bar above a human very heavy, so that his friends had to lift it up with as much force as they could to prevent him being crushed. The Sontaran gradually increased the bar's weight as part of an experiment to study not only their physical strength but also their loyalty, as their friend had recently attempted to betray them.
   Microgravity can also lead to height increases; in 2018 a Japanese astronout reported growing 2 centimetres in just three weeks of micro-gravity on board the International Space Station.
  
  Section::::Health effects of the micro-g environment.:Cardiovascular effects.
   BULLET::::2. Examining whether these facets affect all non-ability individual differences uniformly, or if some facets affect the expression of some traits more so than others.
  
  BULLET::::3. If facets do in fact have differential effects on the expression of various behaviors and predictor-outcome relationships, it will be necessary to develop theory regarding the specific mechanisms through which these facet-based effects occur.
  
  Four facets of situational strength have been identified:
  
  BULLET::::1. Clarity: The extent to which cues regarding work-related responsibilities or requirements are available and easy to understand.
   From Eq. 2 one can show that the mean strength and the coefficient of variation of strength are obtained as follows:
  
  (where formula_24 is the gamma function) The first equation shows that the size effect on the mean nominal strength is
  
  a power function of size formula_1, regardless of structure geometry.
   The question whether pressure is an impediment to (microbial) life is surprisingly opposite what has been assumed for a long time. Anurag Sharma, a geochemist, James Scott, a microbiologist, and others at the Carnegie Institution of Washington performed an experiment with Diamond Anvil Cell and utilized "direct observations" on microbial activity to over 1.0 Gigapascal pressures.
   Gravitational biology
  
  Gravitational biology is the study of the effects gravity has on living organisms. Throughout the history of the Earth life has evolved to survive changing conditions, such as changes in the climate and habitat. However, one constant factor in evolution since life first began on Earth is the force of gravity. As a consequence, all biological processes are accustomed to the ever-present force of gravity and even small variations in this force can have significant impact on the health and function and the system of organisms.
  
  Section::::Gravity and life on Earth.
   Section::::Historical overview.:Experimental animal studies.:Muscle fiber phenotype remodeling in response to spaceflight and hind-limb suspension.
   Additionally, it was found that individuals with a higher pro-inflammatory ratio TNFα/IL-10 had a significantly higher incidence of death due to cardiovascular disease in old age. Yet, it was hypothesized that this genotype was prevalent because higher ratios of TNFα/IL-10 allow individuals to more effectively combat infection during reproductive years.
  
  Sickle cell anemia, Beta-thalassemia, and cystic fibrosis are some other examples of the role antagonistic pleiotropy may play in genetic disorders.
  
  Section::::Ubiquity.
   The effects of gravity on many-celled organisms is considerably more drastic. During the period when animals first evolved to survive on land some method of directed locomotion and thus a form of inner skeleton or outer skeleton would have been required to cope with the increase in the force of gravity due to the weakened upward force of buoyancy. Prior to this point, most lifeforms were small and had a worm- or jellyfish-like appearance, and without this evolutionary step would not have been able to maintain their form or move on land.
   This equation can be solved for formula_40 using Newton's method.
  
  Section::::Equibiaxial extension.:Incompressible neo-Hookean material.
  
  For an incompressible material formula_67 and the differences between the principal Cauchy stresses take the form
  
  Under plane stress conditions we have
  
  Section::::Pure dilation.
  
  For the case of pure dilation
  
  Therefore, the principal Cauchy stresses for a compressible neo-Hookean material are given by
  
  If the material is incompressible then formula_72 and the principal stresses can be arbitrary.
   Again, the decreases in muscle volume and myofiber CSA observed in these ground-based analogs of spaceflight bring about changes in the neuronal-activation patterns of the unloaded muscles, including decreased electrically evoked maximal force, reduced maximal integrated electromyography, and neuromuscular junction dysfunction. Certainly such decreases in the neural drive in unloaded muscle play a role in the atrophic response.
   Section::::Historical overview.:Experimental animal studies.:Effects of spaceflight and hindlimb suspension on muscle mass, protein content and gross morphological properties of skeletal muscle.
   The inference of these findings is that there is indeed a propensity for muscle injury secondary to the atrophic process that weakens the muscle, and given the instability of the animal after spaceflight as described above, there is most likely a potential for injury if stressful stimuli are imposed on the muscle system before it can regain its proper structural and functional capability.
  
  Section::::Historical overview.:Experimental animal studies.:Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy in response to unloading stimuli.
   It is not yet known whether exposure to high gravity for short periods of time is as beneficial to health as continuous exposure to normal gravity. It is also not known how effective low levels of gravity would be at countering the adverse effects on health of weightlessness. Artificial gravity at 0.1"g" and a rotating spacecraft period of 30 s would require a radius of only . Likewise, at a radius of 10 m, a period of just over 6 s would be required to produce standard gravity (at the hips; gravity would be 11% higher at the feet), while 4.5 s would produce 2"g". If brief exposure to high gravity can negate the harmful effects of weightlessness, then a small centrifuge could be used as an exercise area.
   In the anime "Dragon Ball Z", gravity simulation plays a key part in various characters' training regime. It is also used to demonstrate the characters' increasing strength. For example, when Goku first arrives on King Kai's planet, he is nearly crushed by the gravity, which is ten times that of Earth's. By the end of his visit, nearly a year later, he is able to move at great speed under such conditions. This method of training gradually appears more and more in the universe, and the gravity gets stronger as well. Ten times Earth's gravity goes from a seemingly indomitable level of opposition to nothing, and several hundred times Earth's gravity becomes the standard. Vegeta even had a Gravity Room built into his house.
   Section::::Historical overview.:Experimental animal studies.:Functional correlates to the alterations in muscle mass and contractile phenotype in response to spaceflight.
   where "V" and "V" are respectively the initial and final volume of the joint, "P" is the pressure in the suit, and "W" is the resultant work. It is generally true that all suits are more mobile at lower pressures. However, because a minimum internal pressure is dictated by life support requirements, the only means of further reducing work is to minimize the change in volume.
   The second group consist of those involving gravitational fields of more than one "g", termed "hypergravity". For brief periods during take-off and landing of space craft astronauts are under the influence of hypergravity. Understanding the effects of hypergravity are also necessary if colonization of planets larger than the Earth is ever to take place.
  
  Section::::Gravity and life elsewhere.:Recent experiments.
  
raw_presuppositions: living in high gravity would cause us to be stronger. living in high gravity would cause us to be stronger.
raw_corrections: It could, but it could also cause other unforseen issues that would be worse. It could, but it could also cause other unforseen issues that would be worse..