question: How Much Electricity Can I Produce With 10000 Liters Of Water? (Hydropower)
comment: Depends how far the water falls. Hydropower converts potential energy to electricity. Potential energy is mass X force of gravity X height. Hydropower is around 90% efficient so we multiply by 90/100. 10,000 litres of water weighs 10,000 kg So for each metre it falls you'll produce 10,000*9.8*.9 joules. So that's 88.2 kilojoules or 0.0245kwh. If you take it to the top of a 100m hill, you'll get 2.45kwh.
passages: The power available from falling water can be calculated from the flow rate and density of water, the height of fall, and the local acceleration due to gravity:
  
  To illustrate, the power output of a turbine that is 85% efficient, with a flow rate of 80 cubic metres per second (2800 cubic feet per second) and a head of 145 metres (480 feet), is 97 Megawatts:
   Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.
  
  Section::::Power from renewable energy.:Solar.
  
  Solar energy can be turned into electricity either directly in solar cells, or in a concentrating solar power plant by focusing the light to run a heat engine.
   Section::::Calculating the amount of available power.
  
  A hydropower resource can be evaluated by its available power. Power is a function of the hydraulic head and volumetric flow rate. The head is the energy per unit weight (or unit mass) of water. The static head is proportional to the difference in height through which the water falls. Dynamic head is related to the velocity of moving water. Each unit of water can do an amount of work equal to its weight times the head.
   BULLET::::- Low head hydro power
  
  BULLET::::- Marine current power
  
  BULLET::::- Marine energy
  
  BULLET::::- Ocean thermal energy conversion
  
  BULLET::::- Osmotic power
  
  BULLET::::- Wave power
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- International Hydropower Association
  
  BULLET::::- International Centre for Hydropower (ICH) hydropower portal with links to numerous organizations related to hydropower worldwide
  
  BULLET::::- IEC TC 4: Hydraulic turbines (International Electrotechnical Commission – Technical Committee 4) IEC TC 4 portal with access to scope, documents and TC 4 website
  
  BULLET::::- Micro-hydro power, Adam Harvey, 2004, Intermediate Technology Development Group. Retrieved 1 January 2005
  
  BULLET::::- Microhydropower Systems, US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2005
   BULLET::::- Gravitation water vortex power
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- Portal on microhydro power
  
  BULLET::::- SMART - Strategies to promote small scale hydro electricity production in Europe (project financed by the European Commission, involves Italy, Croatia, Norway, Greece and Austria)
  
  BULLET::::- Micro Hydro information, Dorado Vista ranch application
  
  BULLET::::- European Small Hydropower Association
  
  BULLET::::- Micro Hydro Association UK
  
  BULLET::::- Hydropower Prospector, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
  
  BULLET::::- Ashden Awards hydro power winners
  
  BULLET::::- Example of a new Scottish Highland micro hydro system
  
  BULLET::::- Home built micro hydro project
  
  BULLET::::- Microhydro in Afghanistan with drawings of equipment
  
  BULLET::::- Kourispower transportable micro hydropower
   Efficiency is often higher (that is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines. Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations, the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.
  
  Section::::Properties.
  
  Section::::Properties.:Advantages.
  
  Section::::Properties.:Advantages.:Flexibility.
   Micro-hydro installations can also provide multiple uses. For instance, micro-hydro projects in rural Asia have incorporated agro-processing facilities such as rice mills alongside standard electrification into the project design.
  
  Section::::Cost.
  
  The cost of a micro hydro plant can be between 1,000 and 20,000 U.S. dollars
  
  Section::::Advantages and disadvantages.
  
  Section::::Advantages and disadvantages.:Advantages.
   To acquire certification from FERC, a request must be submitted that includes (taken directly from the outline in):
  
  A. Historic Average Annual Hydropower Production (baseline):
  
  BULLET::::1. A calculation of the historic average annual hydropower production baseline for the facility, along with the supporting water flow information and corresponding actual annual power production data for the period of record. Such calculations must be based on the units operating capacities as authorized under a Commission's license or exemption.
  
  B. Percentage of Average Annual Hydropower Production Attributable to Efficiency Improvements or Additions of Capacity
   Ultimate electricity requirement for river water pumping (excluding ground water pumping) is 570 billion kWh to pump one cubic meter of water for each square meter area by 125 m height on average for irrigating 140 million hectares of net sown area (42% of total land) for three crops in a year. 
   Section::::Use of hydropower.:Hydroelectricity.
  
  Hydroelectricity is the application of hydropower to generate electricity. 
  
  It is the primary use of hydropower today.
  
  Hydroelectric power plants can include a reservoir (generally created by a dam) to exploit the energy of falling water, or can use the kinetic energy of water as in run-of-the-river hydroelectricity.
  
  Hydroelectric plants can vary in size from small community sized plants (micro hydro) to very large plants supplying power to a whole country. 
  
  As of 2019, the five largest power stations in the world are conventional hydroelectric power stations with dams.
   BULLET::::1. Additions of Capacity: The additional installed capacity and the anticipated annual generation for the facility based on the same water flow information used to support the calculation of Historic Average Annual Hydropower Production baseline in item (A).
  
  BULLET::::2. Efficiency improvements: The manufacturer's calculation of efficiency improvements to the upgraded generating equipment and the anticipated annual generation for the facility based on the same water flow data used to support the calculation of Historic Average Annual Hydropower Production baseline.
  
  BULLET::::3. Calculations showing the percentage of average annual hydropower production attributable to the efficiency improvements or additions of capacity.
   Hydroelectric power is the generation of electric power from the movement of water. A hydroelectric facility requires a dependable flow of water and a reasonable height for the water to fall, called the head. In a typical installation, water is fed from a reservoir through a pipe into a turbine. The water flowing through the turbine causes a electrical generator to rotate, converting the motion into electrical energy.
   Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.
   In 2011, Janice Lathen met with Tanzanian Ambassador to the US Mwanaidi Sinare Maajar, Minister of State Stephen Wasira, former Director of Information at the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology Theophilus E. Mlaki, Tanzanian Minister of Education Shukuru Kawambwa, and the President of Tanzania, Jakaya Kikwete.
  
  In 2012, Powering Potential received a grant of 13,517,874 Tsh (~$8,534) from the Tanzanian Rural Energy Agency.
   According to a report by REN21, during 2008 small hydro installations grew by 28% over year 2005 to raise the total world small hydro capacity to 85 gigawatts (GW). Over 70% of this was in China (with 65 GW), followed by Japan (3.5 GW), the United States (3 GW) and India (2 GW). Global growth is expected to be 2.8% annually until the mid-2020s when capacity will be about 150 gigawatts.
   BULLET::::- Iuka 101/102 (30 MW) Frame 6B power barges (part of a fleet of 9 power barges in Lagos) Nigeria
  
  BULLET::::- Dymani III (48 MW) W251B11 Kenya
  
  BULLET::::- Gantisan One (50 MW) LM2500 Malaysia
  
  BULLET::::- Dynami I (105 MW) W501D5 Venezuela
  
  BULLET::::- Dynami II (96 MW) W251B11 Angola
  
  BULLET::::- Dynami iV (116 MW) W501D5A Ecuador
  
  BULLET::::- Victoria 8 (144 MW) W251B11 CCGT Bangladesh
  
  BULLET::::- Rio da Luz (100 MW) P&W FT4C-3F (decommissioned)
  
  BULLET::::- Power Barge II (50 MW) MAN 51/52 Panama
  
  BULLET::::- TBGMR (250 MW) LM6000PC CCGT Mangalore
  
  BULLET::::- SmithEnron (185 MW) Frame 7 CCGT Dominican Republic
   Hydroelectricity can also be used to store energy in the form of potential energy between two reservoirs at different heights with pumped-storage hydroelectricity. 
  
  Water is pumped uphill into reservoirs during periods of low demand to be released for generation when demand is high or system generation is low.
  
  Other forms of electricity generation with hydropower include tidal stream generators using energy from tidal power generated from oceans, rivers, and human-made canal systems to generating electricity. 
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Deep water source cooling
  
  BULLET::::- Gravitation water vortex power plant
  
  BULLET::::- Hydraulic efficiency
  
  BULLET::::- Hydraulic ram
  
  BULLET::::- International Hydropower Association
   China planned to electrify a further 10,000 villages between 2005 and 2010 under their China Village Electrification Program, including further investments in small hydro and photovoltaics. By 2010, China had 45,000 small hydro installations, especially in rural areas, producing 160 Twh annually. Over 50% of the world's potential small hydro power was found in Asia; however, the report noted, "It is possible in the future that more small hydropower potential might be identified both on the African and American continents".
   Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy:
  
  BULLET::::- Historically, hydroelectric power came from constructing large hydroelectric dams and reservoirs, which are still popular in developing countries. The largest of them are the Three Gorges Dam (2003) in China and the Itaipu Dam (1984) built by Brazil and Paraguay.
   Small hydro stations may be connected to conventional electrical distribution networks as a source of low-cost renewable energy. Alternatively, small hydro projects may be built in isolated areas that would be uneconomic to serve from a network, or in areas where there is no national electrical distribution network. Since small hydro projects usually have minimal reservoirs and civil construction work, they are seen as having a relatively low environmental impact compared to large hydro. This decreased environmental impact depends strongly on the balance between stream flow and power production.
  
  Section::::Sizes, types and capacities of hydroelectric facilities.:Micro.
   Section::::Promotion.:Tax credit from efficiency improvements or capacity additions.
   Section::::Use of hydropower.
  
  Section::::Use of hydropower.:Mechanical power.
  
  Section::::Use of hydropower.:Mechanical power.:Compressed air hydro.
   Preliminary plans exist for the construction of the next largest hydroelectric power station with an installed capacity of 39,000 MW. The Project is called Grand Inga and is planned to be realised on the lower Congo River. China is said to have been working on a 50,000 MW dam as part of the Yarlung Tsangpo Hydroelectric and Water Diversion Project
  
  Another proposal, Penzhin Tidal Power Plant, presumes an installed capacity up to .
   where
  
  BULLET::::- formula_2 is power (in watts)
  
  BULLET::::- formula_3 ("eta") is the coefficient of efficiency (a unitless, scalar coefficient, ranging from 0 for completely inefficient to 1 for completely efficient).
  
  BULLET::::- formula_4 ("rho") is the density of water (~1000 kg/m)
  
  BULLET::::- formula_5 is the volumetric flow rate (in m/s)
  
  BULLET::::- formula_6 is the mass flow rate (in kg/s)
  
  BULLET::::- formula_7 ("Delta h") is the change in height (in meters)
  
  BULLET::::- formula_8 is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s)
   Some hydropower systems such as water wheels can draw power from the flow of a body of water without necessarily changing its height. In this case, the available power is the kinetic energy of the flowing water. Over-shot water wheels can efficiently capture both types of energy.
  
raw_presuppositions: Electricity can be produced with water.
raw_corrections: Electricity can be produced with moving water.