question: why can't we just transfer antibodies from immune people to sick people to cure them easily?
comment: Give a man antibodies and he's immune for however long they last. Teach a man's B-cells to make antibodies and they are immune for life (unless they stop making them in immune-compromised situations). Antibodies are single use. They bind to something determined bad to mark it disposal and are removed with the bad thing. If there are not enough antibodies, you can't get rid of the bad things before the bad things make more of themselves. Certain treatments do harvest antibodies made from chemical reactions or manufactured cells to be put in humans. Meanwhile, if you can train your body's immune B-cells to make antibodies, you will be immune as long as those cells produce antibodies. Vaccines give your body a taste of the bad things so you can produce your own immunity. This may be needed a few times to build up immunity (chicken pox) or repeatedly if the bad thing changes quickly (flu virus).
passages: Synthetic (recombinant or cell-clone) human immunoglobulins can now be made, and for several reasons (including the risk of prion contamination of biological materials) are likely to be used more and more often. However, they are expensive to produce and are not in large-scale production as of 2013. In the future it might be possible to artificially design antibodies to fit specific antigens, then produce them in large quantities to induce temporary immunity in people in advance of exposure to a specific pathogen, such as a bacterium, a virus, or a prion. At present, the science to understand this process is available but not the technology to perform it.
   In order to fix this problem, vaccines must be able to cover the wide variety of strains within a bacterial population. In recent research of "Neisseria meningitidis", the possibility of such broad coverage may be achieved through the combination of multi-component polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. However, in order to further improve upon broadening the scope of vaccinations, epidemiological surveillance must be conducted to better detect the variation of escape mutants and their spread.
   BULLET::::4. Detection antibodies: At this point, the wells must be rinsed in order to get rid of the cells and any other undesirable substances. All that should remain are the cytokine specific monoclonal antibodies and any cytokine that bonded to the antibodies. Biotinylated cytokine-specific detection antibodies are then added to the well. These cytokine-specific detection antibodies will bind to any cytokine that is left in the well since the cytokine is still attached to the first set of antibodies used. Since the cytokine attached to the first set of antibodies coating the wells, the cytokine was not washed away when the wells were rinsed.
   However, it is important to realize that the recombinant antibody production presents several obstacles as well. First of all the yields of the final recombinant antibodies are not as high as from the hybridomas as mentioned in the previous paragraph. Secondly an experienced technician is required to perform the phage display and third it is almost inevitable to include outsource companies in the process for the gene synthesis and construct generation.
   The potential of recombinant antibodies in human and animal medicine is immense as shown even by the few selected examples. As mentioned previously the recombinant antibodies and especially those, which have been developed in phage display are highly specific, have great pharmacokinetics and could be used in wide range of treatments. However, it is important to realize that it is not expected or desired for the recombinant antibodies created in phage display to completely replace the hybridoma antibody production but rather to complement it.
  
  Section::::Advantages of using recombinant antibodies.
   Some immune deficiencies, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia, result in partial or complete lack of antibodies. These diseases are often treated by inducing a short term form of immunity called passive immunity. Passive immunity is achieved through the transfer of ready-made antibodies in the form of human or animal serum, pooled immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies, into the affected individual.
  
  Section::::Medical applications.:Prenatal therapy.
   Neutralizing antibodies have potential in the treatment of retroviral infections. Researchers have shown how the encoding of genes which influence the production of this particular type of antibody could help in the treatment of infections which attack the immune system. Research is ongoing as to whether neutralising antibodies can treat or prevent HIV.
  
  Recently, potent and broadly neutralizing human antibodies against influenza (such as CR6261), HIV and hepatitis C have been reported, and have suggested possible strategies to generate an improved vaccine that would confer long-lasting immunity. 
   It is possible to exploit human immune reaction in the discovery of monoclonal antibodies. Simply put, human immune response works in the same way as that in a mouse or other non-human mammal. Therefore, persons experiencing a challenge to their immune system, such as an infectious disease, cancer or a vaccination are a potential source of monoclonal antibodies directed at that challenge. This approach seems especially apt for the development of anti-viral therapies that exploit the principles of passive immunity. Variants of this approach have been demonstrated in principle and some are finding their way into commercial development.
  
  Section::::See also.
   Antibodies are produced naturally by the body and play a key role in fighting infections caused by bacteria and viruses. They can also be used to treat infections by use of injections with blood plasma that contain large amounts of them. The use of whole, natural antibodies as medicines presents many problems: they can only be produced by live cells and this process is difficult to control on an industrial scale, they are large molecules and following administration by injection, they do not diffuse easily from the blood to the tissues and other sites of infections where they are needed.
   There are technologies that completely avoid the use of mice or other non-human mammals in the process of discovering antibodies for human therapy. Examples of such systems include various "display" methods (primarily phage display) as well as methods that exploit the elevated B-cell levels that occur during a human immune response.
  
  Section::::Antibodies for human therapy derived without using mice.:Display methods.
   Several groups have attempted to design vaccines for HIV and hepatitis C based on induction of cytotoxic (CTL) responses. The finding that CTL may be biased by original antigenic sin, may help to explain the limited effectiveness of these vaccines. Viruses like HIV are highly variable and undergo mutation frequently, and thus, due to original antigenic sin, HIV infection induced by viruses that express slightly different epitopes (than those in a viral vaccine) would fail to be controlled by the vaccine. In fact, the vaccine might make the infection even worse, by "trapping" the immune response into the first, ineffective, response it made against the virus.
   These newly formed antibodies would arrive too late in an acute infection, however, so what we think of as "immunology" constitutes only the second half of the process. Because this phase would always start too late to play an essential role in the defense process, a faster-acting principle is applied ahead of it, one that occurs only in forms of life that are phylogenetically more highly developed.
   Antigenic escape is not only crucial for resistance of a host's natural immune response, but also for the resistance against vaccinations. The problem of antigenic escape has greatly deterred the process of creating new vaccines. Because vaccines generally cover a small ratio of strains of one virus, the recombination of antigenic DNA that lead to diverse pathogens allows these invaders to resist even newly developed vaccinations. Some antigens may even target pathways different than those the vaccine had originally intended to target. Recent research on many vaccines, including the malaria vaccine, has focused on how to anticipate this diversity and create vaccinations that can cover a broader spectrum of antigenic variation.
   As was mentioned in the beginning of this section, recombinant antibodies can also be used in diagnosis, an example of such diagnostic application is the detection of rabies virus. Since the current diagnostic antibodies are not as accurate as would be desired, the recombinant antibodies offer a promising alternative. In case of rabies infection, which is only treatable shortly after exposure, accurate and precise diagnosis is vital for survival of the patient. In comparison to commercially produced and commonly available antibodies, the recombinant antibodies are cheaper to produce and more accurate in determining the infection. Another advantage of the recombinant antibody is the potential application as a neutralizing antibody as part of the subsequent treatment.
   In 2006, a Malawian man joined a study within weeks of becoming infected. Over a year, he repeatedly donated blood, which researchers used to create a timeline of changes in his virus' gp120, his antibody response and the ultimate emergence of a bNAb. Researchers want to direct this evolution in other subjects to achieve similar results. A screen of massive gp120 libraries led to one that strongly bound both an original antibody and the mature bNAb that evolved from it. Giving patients a modified gp120 that contains little more than the epitope that both antibodies target could act to "prime" the immune system, followed by a booster that contains trimer spikes in the most natural configuration possible. However, it is still under study whether bNAbs could prevent HIV infection.
   Antibody therapy is also used to treat viral infections. In 1945, hepatitis A infections, epidemic in summer camps, were successfully prevented by immunoglobulin treatment. Similarly, hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) effectively prevents hepatitis B infection. Antibody prophylaxis of both hepatitis A and B has largely been supplanted by the introduction of vaccines; however, it is still indicated following exposure and prior to travel to areas of endemic infection.
   BULLET::::- less sensitive to target diversification such as viral escape mutants
  
  BULLET::::- hit multiple targets simultaneously
  
  BULLET::::- create large immune complexes that activate effector functions
  
  BULLET::::- create a higher density of antibodies on target surfaces enhancing downstream effector functions such as complement lysis, phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  
  Section::::Symplex technology.
  
  Symplex Technology is a process used to discover antibodies that are customized from plasma cells for a particular therapeutic application, and it involves direct isolation of the antibody genes from the immune system.
  
  Symplex Process:
  
  BULLET::::1. Immune cells are isolated from the spleen of mice or purified from human blood
   Recombinant antibodies have been explored as a treatment for cancer, HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and more. ScFv have been a part of the highly promising therapeutic approach of universal chimeric antigen receptors (uniCAR) technology, which shows promising results. The scFv are part of the technology in the form of target modules, which direct the immune response to specific cancer cells, expressing the target antigen. In case of research into HIV treatment, the recombinant antibodies are rather used for their neutralizing quality. The same goes for HSV infection. Specific recombinant antibodies are designed to bind with to surface heparin sulphate proteoglycan (HSP), which complicates or even disables the entry of the HSV into the host cell. This is a method which significantly decreases the severity of HSV infection.
   The pathogens will be dragged to the liver where they will be destroyed. The antibodies have a potential to be used for the treatments of many blood-borne diseases. Currently, the company focuses on the late-stage clinical trials of Anthim (Obiltoxaximab) to be used for treatment and prevention of inhaled anthrax.
  
  Section::::History.
  
  Ronald P. Taylor, a professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics at the University of Virginia developed protein complexes called heteropolymers that mimic the natural process of white and red blood cells in clearing out the disease off the bloodstream. 
   Trypanosomiasis vaccine
  
  A Trypanosomiasis vaccine is a vaccine against trypanosomiasis. No effective vaccine currently exists, but development of a vaccine is the subject of current research. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has been involved in funding research.
  
  There are many obstacles to development of such a vaccine. One obstacle is variant surface glycoprotein which makes it difficult for the immune system to recognize the infectious organism.
  
  Also, "Trypanosoma brucei" has a direct inhibitory effect upon B cells.
  
  One strategy may involve a vaccine against the initial antigens.
   While vaccines are created to strengthen the immune response to pathogens, in many cases these vaccines are not able to cover the wide variety of strains a pathogen may have. Instead they may only protect against one or two strains, leading to the escape of strains not covered by the vaccine. This results in the pathogens being able to attack targets of the immune system different than those intended to be targeted by the vaccination. This parasitic antigen diversity is particularly troublesome for the development of the malaria vaccines.
  
  Section::::Escape from vaccination.:Solutions to escape of vaccination.
   Even if the host does develop antibodies, protection might not be adequate; immunity might develop too slowly to be effective in time, the antibodies might not disable the pathogen completely, or there might be multiple strains of the pathogen, not all of which are equally susceptible to the immune reaction. However, even a partial, late, or weak immunity, such as a one resulting from cross-immunity to a strain other than the target strain, may mitigate an infection, resulting in a lower mortality rate, lower morbidity, and faster recovery.
   The main advantages are:
  
  BULLET::::- High Sensitivity 93 %
  
  BULLET::::- Early detection of active TB
  
  BULLET::::- This method does not require a specimen taken from the site of disease, it also may be useful in diagnosis of paucibacillary childhood TB.
  
  BULLET::::- Secreted antibody may be preserved for long time for further analysis
  
  Section::::Pitfalls.
   These antibodies will then act to destroy the parasites that circulate around the blood. However, from the several parasites present in the plasma, a small number of them will experience changes in their surface coats resulting in the formation of new VSGs. Thus, the antibodies produced by the immune system will no longer recognize the parasite leading to proliferation until new antibodies are created to combat the novel VSGs. Eventually the immune system will no longer be able to fight off the parasite due to the constant changes in VSGs and infection will arise.
  
  Section::::Cause.:Vector.
   Immudex has currently developed a CMV Dextramer assay for exploratory detection and quantification of CD8+ T-cells in blood samples, covering a broad range of epitopes to assist with screening and monitoring CMV progression in future clinical settings. Currently Dextramers are only available with MHC class I molecules, and there is future development and research into the applications and production of MHC class II Dextramers.
  
presuppositions: Antibodies can't be transferred to a sick person as a cure.  Giving a human antibodies is an effective way to prevent illness. 
corrections: Antibodies can be be transferred to a sick person, however a bodies own immune system works better.  Giving a human antibodies will temporarily solve the problem, while having the body learn to create antibodies will allow the body to be protected forever making it more effective.
raw_presuppositions: Antibodies can't be transferred to a sick person as a cure.  Giving a human antibodies is an effective way to prevent illness.  Giving a human antibodies is an effective way to prevent illness. 
raw_corrections: Antibodies can be be transferred to a sick person, however a bodies own immune system works better.  Giving a human antibodies will temporarily solve the problem, while having the body learn to create antibodies will allow the body to be protected forever making it more effective. Giving a human antibodies will temporarily solve the problem, while having the body learn to create antibodies will allow the body to be protected forever making it more effective.