question: why do scabs disintegrate after prolonged exposure to water?
comment: Scabs are principally clumps of clotted platelets (one type of cell in blood) the air-exposed part of which dries out and hardens. Rehydration can restore the "wet" version of scab in part and make it less structurally stable. Add movement (such as the flow of water in a shower) and the sloughing away of the clot is relatively easy under wet conditions.
passages: The onset of symptoms occurs after migration into freshwater. Affected fish develop severe skin lesions which begin on the head and back, and near the tail. Lesions become infected with overgrowths of fungi, such as "Saprolegnia", giving the affected areas a slimy blue-grey appearance. The most severely affected fish frequently die before spawning.
   Long-term effects: once the scabs on the bullous have fallen off, scarring is minimal. Possible long-term effects are kidney disease.
  
  Section::::Cause.
  
  Exposure is most commonly seen in hospital wards and nurseries, and can be passed from person to person in other settings, such as close contact sports. Therefore, the patient is advised to try to limit human contact as much as possible to minimize the risk of spreading the infection.
  
  Section::::Cause.:Infectious period.
  
  After 48 hours the disease is considered no longer contagious assuming the proper antibiotic treatments have been administered.
  
  Section::::Pathogenesis.
   HLLE begins as small pits of receding epithelium (skin) around the fish’s head and/or lateral line, and sometimes onto the unpaired fins. Rarely fatal, it does cause disfigurement, making the fish less suitable for public aquarium display. At least 20 families of fish have been identified as having developed HLLE in captivity. Not all species of fish show the same symptoms, and do not always develop lesions to the same degree. 
  
  Section::::Causes.
  
  The most accepted cause that has the most evidence is the use of activated carbon in closed aquarium ecosystems.
   The midge larvae hatches and lives near the water's edge in the bank. They will grow and typically remain in the submerged mud in water that is less than 2 inches deep. They will continue to live in eutrophic areas as these areas provide the highest likelihood of survive for the larvae as well as the midge and it matures. The midges lifespan can be significantly limited based upon the initial frost, as the frost will kill the midge.
  
  Section::::Clinical signs.
   Some other possible risk factors may include the location the implant is placed, type of implant placed and the age of the subject, as it was found that these factors had significant influences on bleeding on probing (BOP).
  
  Although it is uncertain whether increased abutment roughness will cause an increase in plaque accumulation and hence increase the risk of peri-implant mucositis, a 12-month comparative analysis in humans found that “a further reduction of the surface roughness, below a certain ""threshold R(a)" (0.2 microns), has no major impact on the supra‐ and subgingival microbial composition."”
   In horses, subcutaneous pythiosis is the most common form and infection occurs through a wound while standing in water containing the pathogen. The disease is also known as leeches, swamp cancer, and bursatti. Lesions are most commonly found on the lower limbs, abdomen, chest, and genitals. They are granulomatous and itchy, and may be ulcerated or fistulated. The lesions often contain yellow, firm masses of dead tissue known as 'kunkers'. It is possible with chronic infection for the disease to spread to underlying bone. 
  
  Section::::In different animals.:Dogs.
   DecaBDE is released by different processes into the environment, such as emissions from manufacture of decaBDE-containing products and from the products themselves. Elevated concentrations can be found in air, water, soil, food, sediment, sludge, and dust. A 2006 study concluded "in general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 [i.e., decaBDE] appear to be increasing."
  
  Section::::Environmental chemistry.:The question of debromination.
   A similar study also points to carbon as a cause of HLLE.
  
  Many other causes have been suggested, but have not been substantiated by any peer-reviewed studies.
  
  Section::::Cure.
  
  "Hole in the head can be reversed by removing all activated carbon and conducting large percentage water changes. Greater than 90% water changes may need to be done to reduce the effects of activated carbon. More commonly, cures are made by moving the fish to a new aquarium that has never had fish develop HLLE in it.
   At first, fish develop red spots on the skin. These lesions expand to form ulcers and extensive erosions filled with necrotic tissue and mycelium. This is followed by the development of granulomas on the internal organs and death.
  
  A provisional diagnosis can be made by using squash preparations of the skeletal muscle from beneath an ulcer to identify the septate hyphae of the water mould. Definitive diagnosis can be made based on histopathogical findings and isolation of the pathogen.
  
  Section::::Treatment and control.
   Section::::Pathogenesis.
   An additional test to confirm distemper is a brush border slide of the bladder transitional epithelium of the inside lining from the bladder, stained with Diff-Quik. These infected cells have inclusions which stain a carmine red color, found in the paranuclear cytoplasm readability. About 90% of the bladder cells will be positive for inclusions in the early stages of distemper.
  
  Section::::Prevention.
   Section::::Disease Cycle.
  
  In general, not a lot is known about the life cycle of "Spongospora subterranea" f.sp "subterranea" (Sss). Most of the currently-proposed life cycle is based on that of "Plasmodiophora brassicae", a closely related and better-studied protozoan. It has been proposed, due to this similarity, that there are two distinct stages that Sss can exist as; the asexual and sexual stages.
   The carbon removed by piranha solution may be either original residues or char from the dehydration step. The oxidation process is slower than the dehydration process, taking place over a period of minutes. The oxidation of carbon exhibits itself as a gradual clearing of suspended soot and carbon char left by the initial dehydration process. In time, piranha solutions in which organic materials have been immersed typically will return to complete clarity, with no visible traces of the original organic materials remaining.
   Section::::Management.
   Section::::Importance.
   Intertidal individuals are generally smaller with thicker dermal plates, allowing them greater protection when being tossed about by waves. Despite this they are still found to be more damaged than subtidal individuals.
  
  Section::::Habitat.
   BULLET::::1. Isolation of the contaminated sediment from the benthic environment; this prevents the contaminant from spreading up the food chain. This isolation of the contaminant is the most important factor in reducing exposure risks.
  
  BULLET::::2. Prevention of resuspension and transport of the contaminant, referred to as stabilization of the sediments.
  
  BULLET::::3. Reduction of the flux of dissolved contaminants into the water column, also known as chemical isolation.
   BULLET::::- Johnny Dole & The Scabs, one of the first punk rock bands in Australia
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Scabs (disambiguation)
  
  BULLET::::- Channeled Scablands, an eroded landscape formed by Missoula Floods in the U.S. state of Washington
  
  BULLET::::- Scabies, a skin disease caused by the mite "Sarcoptes scabiei"
  
  BULLET::::- U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative, a joint government and academic program to develop control measures to minimize the threat of "Fusarium" head blight (scab) in the United States
   The presence of cortex needs to be noted for all tool categories in all materials. The presence of cortex indicates the importation of an unworked nodule, with the first flakes both preparing the core by shaping and removing the roughened exterior of the cortex (Sheets 1978:9). The percentage frequency of cortex is an important statistic to help identify lithic production areas. A low incidence of cortex would indicate quarry preforming (cortex removed at the quarry, not at the site).
   When an injury extends through the epidermis into the dermis, bleeding occurs and the inflammatory response begins. Clotting mechanisms in the blood are soon activated, and a clot of scab is formed within several hours. The scab temporarily restores the integrity of the epidermis and restricts the entry of microorganisms. After the scab is formed, cells of the stratum basale begin to divide by mitosis and migrate to the edges of the scab. A week after the injury, the edges of the wound are pulled together by contraction. Contraction is an important part of the healing process when damage has been extensive, and involves shrinking in size of underlying contractile connective tissue, which brings the wound margins toward one another. In a major injury, if epithelial cell migration and tissue contraction cannot cover the wound, suturing the edges of the injured skin together, or even replacement of lost skin with skin grafts, may be required to restore the skin.
   A medical case reported in 1957 tells of a fishing captain who worked in the Dogger Bank in the North Sea. The sea chervil, abundant in the area, frequently came up with the fishing nets and had to be thrown back into the water. After doing this repeatedly, the captain "developed an itching red eruption on the flexor aspects of the elbows and forearms which became moist, oozed serum, and spread to involve the backs of the hands, fingers and most of the arms within a few days." Although the rash disappeared after leaving the area, it reappeared with greater severity when he returned to the area and performed the same activities; this time the rash spread to his neck and face, and continued to ooze serum for two months.
   The consolidation of the in-situ cap must be considered, provided that the selected material for the cap “is fine-grained granular material." The consolidation of the underlying material should be taken into account due to “advection of pore water upward into the cap during consolidation."
  
  Section::::Cap design.:Erosional effects.
   External bacterial infections may cause spots or streaks on the body which appear red or orange Dropsy (bloating) is also a sign of a bacterial infection. "False fungal infections" look like fungus but is actually a bacterial infection known as Columnaris. These symptoms may include a white or gray film on the body. 
  
  Section::::Prevention.
   If dusting alone is not enough, smooth materials are then cleaned with water and mild soap. A cotton swab is used to apply a soapy solution sparingly. The surface can not remain damp longer than a few seconds and will immediately be dried with a soft tissue or another cotton swab. The same area will be cleaned again in the same manner to remove any soap film. If the surface is cracked or porous, water will not be applied. Bone should never be soaked.
  
  Section::::Preventative conservation.:Storage.
   Root and tuber vegetables are susceptible to infection by "Streptomyces" species as soon as the root or tuber forms, but, because this disease only affects root and tubers, the symptoms are not usually noted until harvest. Dry soils increase disease incidence and severity, therefore proper irrigation can aid in control of this disease. Common scab is suppressed if the soil pH is lower than 5.2, although scab lesions may still form in low pH soils due to physiological stresses or "S. acidiscabies".
  
  Section::::History.
  