question: why, at airport security screenings, do electronics need to be put in a separate tray? Can't scanners see through a bag/luggage?
comment: Large batteries and metal bodies of your laptop/tablets block x-rays, making it hard/impossible to see other things in the bag.
passages: Baggage screening of all bags entering the airport wasn't implemented until after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Carry on bags typically go through two stages of inspection: an X-ray screening of he contents in the bag and a manual inspection by a Security Screening Operator (SSO). A manual inspection is only necessary if a SSO has doubts of the contents in the bags. After security checkpoints, carry on bags can be inspected further through random searches and checked in bags are screened for explosives or other dangerous items before being sent out to a passenger's respective flight.
   Since the introduction of full body X-ray scanners to airports in 2007, many concerns over traveler privacy have arisen. Individuals are asked to step inside a rectangular machine that takes an alternate wavelength image of the person's naked body for the purpose of detecting metal and non-metal objects being carried under the clothes of the traveler. This screening technology comes in two forms, millimeter wave technology (MM-wave technology) or backscatter X-rays (similar to x-rays used by dentists). Full-body scanners were introduced into airports to increase security and improve the quality of screening for objects such as weapons or explosives due to an increase of terrorist attacks involving airplanes occurring in the early 2000s.
   SSSS passengers will go through a more intensive screening process which may include enhanced pat-downs. Their carry-on luggage may also be inspected by hand. In the case of film or other items that cannot be X-rayed, the agent may perform a test for possible explosive materials. The screener may also use a hand held metal detector to search the passenger for metal objects.
  
  Section::::Selection criteria.
  
  Neither the TSA nor the airlines publish the criteria that are used when boarding passes are issued to identify passengers who will be given extra screening or be denied boarding.
  
  Some criteria are:
   In 2008, the European Union considered the use of full body scanners to overcome the challenges with metal detectors in not being able to detect nonmetal weapons and also the challenge of pat-downs. The European commission came to the consensus that passengers must have an option to decline body scanning.
  
  Section::::Technology and privacy.
  
  Section::::Technology and privacy.:Body screening.
   BULLET::::- Class 2 – Also Portable Electronic Devices, and range from modified COTS equipment to purpose-built devices. Mounting, power (ship's power as primary) or data connectivity of an EFB typically requires the application of an STC, Type Certificate or Amended Type Certificate. (ref: FAA Order 8900.1)
   A recent development is the controversial use of backscatter X-rays to detect hidden weapons and explosives on passengers. These devices, which use Compton scattering, require that the passenger stand close to a flat panel and produce a high resolution image. A technology released in Israel in early 2008 allows passengers to pass through metal detectors without removing their shoes, a process required as walk-through gate detectors are not reliable in detecting metal in shoes or on the lower body extremities. Alternately, the passengers step fully shoed onto a device which scans in under 1.2 seconds for objects as small as a razor blade.
   Some airports required that passengers display their baggage receipt obtained at check-in so that it can be positively matched against the bag they are trying to remove from baggage reclaim, and many airports still recommend the baggage receipt is checked against the bag tag of the bag reclaimed. This serves two purposes: first it reduces baggage theft, and secondly it helps to prevent passengers from accidentally leaving the airport with another passenger's bag that bears resemblance to their own.
   In July 2007, the "Times Union" of Albany, New York reported that TSA screeners at Albany International Airport failed multiple covert security tests conducted by the TSA. Among them was a failure to detect a fake bomb.
  
  In December 2010, ABC News Houston reported in an article about a man who accidentally took a forgotten gun through airport security, that "the failure rate approaches 70 percent at some major airports".
  
  In June 2011 TSA fired 36 screeners at the Honolulu airport for regularly allowing bags through without being inspected.
   Generally people are screened through airport security into areas where the exit gates to the aircraft are located. These areas are often called "secure", "sterile" and airside. Passengers are discharged from airliners into the sterile area so that they usually will not have to be re-screened if disembarking from a domestic flight; however they are still subject to search at any time. Airport food outlets have started using plastic glasses and utensils as opposed to glasses made out of glass and utensils made out of metal to reduce the usefulness of such items as weapons.
   CATSA uses x-ray machines to verify the contents of all carry-ons as well as metal detectors, explosive trace detection (ETD) equipment and random physical searches of passengers at the pre-board screening points. X-ray machines, CTX machines, high-resolution x-rays and ETDs are also used to scan checked bags. All checked baggage is always x-rayed at all major commercial airports.
   Fast Travel Global Ltd has developed a re-usable electronic luggage tag product called the eTag. This is also electronic paper-based but is not limited to a single airline. The passenger will check in using a supported airline's smartphone app and send the relevant flight information to the tag via Bluetooth Low Energy.
   At the end of the mobile check-in process, some airlines send a mobile boarding pass to a passenger's mobile device, which can be scanned at the airport during security checks and boarding. However, others send an electronic confirmation with a barcode that can be presented to the staff at check-in or scanned at the kiosks to continue the check-in process (i.e., to have boarding passes issued).
   Unaccompanied suitcases led to the downing of four flights, when a bomb inside the suitcase exploded:
  
  BULLET::::- 1983: Gulf Air Flight 771
  
  BULLET::::- 1985: Air India Flight 182
  
  BULLET::::- 1988: Pan Am Flight 103
  
  BULLET::::- 1989: UTA Flight 772
  
  Section::::Restrictions.
  
  Spare lithium-ion batteries, inclusive of battery packs and powerbanks are not allowed on checked-in luggage.
  
  Section::::Excess baggage.
   Section::::Smart luggage.
  
  Smart luggage is baggage that has a built-in or a removable battery within. It often includes features designed to help with travel, including GPS tracking and USB ports to charge electronics. Some bags include a WiFi hotspot and electric wheels for personal transportation.
  
  Several smart luggage companies have shut down as a result of a ban which came into effect in January 2018 on smart luggage with non-removable batteries being carried as check-in luggage on flights.
  
  Section::::Baggage claim/reclaim.
   BULLET::::- Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport NOTAM;
  
  BULLET::::- Type B
  
  BULLET::::- Static or dynamic electronic "charts" to include (though not requiring) panning, zooming, and scrolling; (AC120-76(), Appendix B)
  
  BULLET::::- Type C
  
  BULLET::::- For example: Airport Moving Map functionality deployed under a Technical Standard Order Authorization, and some elements of an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast system
  
  Note: Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements and as such must be developed in conformance with DO-178()/ED-12() objectives. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB.
   Beginning in November 2010, TSA added new enhanced screening procedures. Passengers are required to choose between an enhanced patdown, allowing TSOs to more thoroughly check areas on the body such as waistbands, groin, and inner thigh. or instead to be imaged by the use of a full body scanner (that is, either backscatter X-ray or millimeter wave detection machines) in order to fly. TSA encouraged flyers to choose scanners by emphasizing the "intrusive" nature of the "enhanced" patdown. These changes were said to be made in reaction to the Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab bombing attempt.
   Some incidents have been the result of travelers carrying either weapons or items that could be used as weapons on board aircraft so that they can hijack the plane. Travelers are screened by metal detectors and/or millimeter wave scanners. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines (a.k.a. "puffer machines"). In the United States, the TSA is working on new scanning machines that are still effective searching for objects that aren't allowed in the airplanes but that don't depict the passengers in a state of undress that some find embarrassing. Explosive detection machines can also be used for both carry-on and checked baggage. These detect volatile compounds given off from explosives using gas chromatography.
   Although the amount of shielding required depends on the system, its sensitivity, and the distance and orientation of the tags relative to its antennas, total enclosure of tags is not strictly necessary. Indeed, some shoplifters use clothes lined with aluminum foil. Low-frequency magnetic systems will require more shielding than radio-frequency systems due to their use of near-field magnetic coupling. Magnetic shielding, with steel or mu-metal, would be more effective, but also cumbersome and expensive.
   It is important to note that, in both cases, theoretical access to the USML items overseas or by foreign persons is sufficient to constitute a breach of ITAR. Files on a laptop carried overseas do not need to be opened overseas, and foreign persons do not need to have actual access to USML items on computer networks for a breach to occur.
   Furthermore, people may sell their devices and forget to wipe sensitive information before the handover. Family members may share devices such as tablets; a child could play games on a parent's tablet and accidentally share sensitive content via email or other means such as Dropbox.
  
  IT security departments wishing to monitor usage of personal devices must ensure that they monitor only activities that are work-related or access company data or information.
   BULLET::::- the list of exceptions for liquids (baby milk, diabetes diet) is identical to EU guidelines.
  
  The TSA has additional restrictions for security searches: for example, the baggage should not be locked (except with a special luggage locks that TSA staff can open), gifts should not be wrapped, and shoes may be required to be taken off during body search with the metal detector. Food items in the luggage may be mistaken for dangerous material triggering an intensive search.
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Suitcase
  
  BULLET::::- Checked baggage
  
  BULLET::::- Baggage allowance
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- Hand luggage size and weight restrictions by airline
   A summary of body scanning techniques for airport security reveals that the BCB can evade most of the commonly used sensor strategies. For instance, the current operational methods are:
  
  BULLET::::- Metal Detector: The detectability of a BCB is subject to the sensitivity of the detector and metal content of the BCB. High sensitivity leads to high false alarm rates, making detection problematic. Security personnel need to be aware of the BCB threat, in order to interpret the signal from a handheld metal detector correctly.
   In June 2010, the TSA's commissioners report regulated that screening must follow a framework to ensure fundamental rights and health provisions for travelers. Members of particular groups including disabled people, transgender people, older people, children, women and religious groups have experienced additional negative effects on privacy. On April 15, 2010, a letter from the TSA stated that the TSA had in their possession about 2000 body scanned photos from devices that they claimed were unable to store data/images.
   In the United States, in 2010 the TSA required that their full-body scanners "allow exporting of image data in real time", and cases of the government's storing of images have been confirmed.
   Software imaging technology can also mask specific body parts. Proposed remedies for privacy concerns include scanning only people who are independently detected to be carrying contraband, or developing technology to mask genitals and other private parts. In some locations, travelers have the choice between the body scan or a "patdown". In Australia, the scans are mandatory however in the UK passengers may opt out of being scanned. In this case the individual must either be screened by an alternative method which includes at least an enhanced hand search in private, as set out on the UK Government website.
  
presuppositions: Scanners should be able to see through everything.  Scanners can see through electronics.
corrections: Batteries block x-rays so they need to be in a different place.  Electronics can block X-rays which makes it hard for scanners to see through electronics.
raw_presuppositions: Scanners should be able to see through everything.  Scanners can see through electronics.
raw_corrections: Batteries block x-rays so they need to be in a different place.  Electronics can block X-rays which makes it hard for scanners to see through electronics.