question: What happens to condensation in double walled water bottles?
comment: The likelihood is that between the walls of the bottle is absolutely dry air - air that never contains enough moisture to condensate on that inner wall. Or better yet, a vacuum. That's how vacuum flasks work - by not having air between the layers, just having a vacuum then ~~air cannot transmit across the gap by convection flow in the liquid~~. (edit - whew I was tired when I wrote that) *heat cannot transmit across the gap by convection flow in the air*. Condensation is when moist air hits a cold surface, so if the air is dry in that gap (or there is no air) there'd be no condensation in there.
passages: The most usually used (also the most efficient) method is cooling by thermal diffusion. Most abundantly used working fluid is n-butanol; during last years water is also encountered in this use.
   Non-contacting inner seals are also introduced for Arrangement 2. One of the primary targets for non-contacting inner seals is in flashing hydrocarbon services. In some of these services, it is impossible to obtain adequate vapor margins to prevent flashing of the fluid in the seal chamber. This seal will be used with a dry running containment seal and the leakage past the inner seal will be piped to a vapor recovery system.
   Of course glass containers can also be reused, and in developing countries this is common, however the environmental impact of washing containers as against remelting them is uncertain. Factors to consider here are the chemicals and fresh water used in the washing, and the fact that a single-use container can be made much lighter, using less than half the glass (and therefore energy content) of a multiuse container. Also, a significant factor in the developed world's consideration of reuse are producer concerns over the risk and consequential product liability of using a component (the reused container) of unknown and unqualified safety.
   Air leaking across the envelope from the relatively warm & humid side to the relatively cold & dry side may cause condensation and related damage as its temperature drops below the dew point.
  
  Section::::Air leakage pathways.
  
  Leakage typically occurs at the following locations on the building envelope:
  
  BULLET::::- Junctions between walls and other walls or floors
  
  BULLET::::- Junctions between window frames and walls
  
  BULLET::::- Electrical equipment
  
  BULLET::::- Access doors and other wall penetrations
  
  Common leakage sites are listed in the Figure and explained below:
  
  BULLET::::1. Junction lower floor / vertical wall
  
  BULLET::::2. Junction window sill / vertical wall
   Section::::Generations of Hydrostatic Seals.:First Generation.:First Generation: Issues.
  
  - High pressure conditions
  
  - recycles fluid in a continuous cycle, may have stagnant fluids which cause blockage
  
  - Seal faces began to erode under certain circumstances
  
  Section::::Generations of Hydrostatic Seals.:Second Generation.
   In smaller units, some manufacturers make the condenser shell as well as waterboxes of cast iron.
  
  Section::::Corrosion.
  
  On the cooling water side of the condenser:
  
  The tubes, the tube sheets and the water boxes may be made up of materials having different compositions and are always in contact with circulating water. This water, depending on its chemical composition, will act as an electrolyte between the metallic composition of tubes and water boxes. This will give rise to electrolytic corrosion which will start from more anodic materials first.
   “The RH in most sealed packaging is near the saturation level. Therefore, even very small fluctuations in temperature during storage or shipment may result in water condensation on the surface of both film and produce. Condensed water on the produce surface may adversely affect the gas exchange, leading to an unfavorable internal atmosphere.” Even more detrimental may be the enhancement of produce decay, and physiological processes such as regrowth. In addition, certain human pathogens may proliferate when in-pack atmosphere contains high humidity and low .
  
  Section::::Hazards associated with MAP.
   When the bottles are filled with a (dark) liquid, or other dark material, the wall can function as a thermal mass, absorbing solar radiation during the day and radiating it back into the space at night, thus dampening diurnal temperature swings. This may be a pleasant feature for colder climates - but can turn a room into an oven in hotter climates.
  
  Section::::Binding mixtures.
   The bottle is normally designed to have a special shoulder radius to push out all air from the inside of the bottle when a sample solution is being filled into the bottle. According to the EPA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater or the Standard Methods 5210, the BOD bottle should include a ground-glass stopper and a flared mouth which form a water seal preventing the air from the outside of the bottle coming in. The Standard Method 5210 also recommends to use a paper, a foil or a plastic cup to cap over the mouth of the bottle reducing the evaporation during the incubation. Generally, the side of the BOD bottle is permanently screened with white writing area, and is printed with a specific number; both for the aid of the sample identification.
   BULLET::::- adsorption (as dew droplets) onto solid surface at pressures and temperatures higher than the species' triple point—also reversible as evaporation.
  
  BULLET::::- adsorption onto solid surface (as supplemental layers of solid) at pressures and temperatures lower than the species' triple point—is reversible as sublimation.
  
  Section::::Most common scenarios.
  
  Condensation commonly occurs when a vapor is cooled and/or compressed to its saturation limit when the molecular density in the gas phase reaches its maximal threshold. Vapor cooling and compressing equipment that collects condensed liquids is called a "condenser".
  
  Section::::How condensation is measured.
   A slab-on-grade or basement floor should be poured over a cross-laminated polyethylene vapor barrier over of granular fill to prevent wicking of moisture from the ground and radon gas incursion.
  
  Inside a steel building, water vapor will condense whenever it comes into contact with a surface that is below the dew point temperature. Visible condensation on windowpanes and purlins that results in dripping can be somewhat mitigated with ventilation; however insulation is the preferred method of condensation prevention.
  
  Section::::Confusion with air barrier.
   The process then continues as before, with the parison being transferred to the final-shape mould, and the glass being blown out into the mould. 
  
  The container is then picked up from the mould by the "take-out" mechanism, and held over the "deadplate", where air cooling helps cool down the still-soft glass. Finally, the bottles are swept onto a conveyor by the "push out paddles" that have air pockets to keep the bottles standing after landing on the "deadplate"; they're now ready for annealing.
  
  Section::::Glass container production.:Hot end.:Forming machines.
   Water itself is not a hazard to stable glass, but in the case of a piece with existing “glass disease,” it can accelerate problems associated with it such as weeping, and crizzling as mentioned above. Here, glass should not be kept in places where the threat of water exposure could occur, such as low to the ground, or near places where water might pool. 
  
  Pollutants that are airborne or atmospheric pose less of a threat to glass. However, intrinsic pollutants might cause deterioration or degradation. 
   Section::::Alternatives to plastic bottles.
  
  Some alternatives to plastic bottles are already available and many more are to be designed. For example, a simple solution to this is to use a reusable bottle and fill it up at stations, water fountains, or food establishments.
   Similar condensation effects can be observed as Wilson clouds, also called condensation clouds, at large explosions in humid air and other Prandtl–Glauert singularity effects.
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Nuclear emulsion – also used to record and investigate fast charged particles
  
  BULLET::::- Bubble Chamber
  
  BULLET::::- Spark chamber
  
  BULLET::::- Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory science kit for children (1950–1951)
  
  BULLET::::- Contrail
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- YouTube: "A Diffusion Cloud Chamber"
  
  BULLET::::- Many pictures of nuclear interaction and experiences
  
  BULLET::::- Video of a cloud chamber with radioactive sources
  
  BULLET::::- Video demonstration of a cloud chamber, Peter Wothers, Royal Institution, December 2012
   More recently, on the International Space Station, the Zvezda module includes a humidity control system. The water it collects is usually used to supply the Elektron system that electrolyses water into hydrogen and oxygen, but it can be used for drinking in an emergency.
  
  There are a number of designs that minimise the energy requirements of active condensers:
   Non-deposit glass containers are collected in large glass garbage bins, for clear or coloured glass, placed centrally in most urban areas.
  
  The 1.5 L refillable PET bottle with a deposit of 4.00 kr has been discontinued, and has been replaced by the 1.5 L non-refillable PET bottle. The last day for returning bottles made by Spendrups for deposit was 30 June 2007, and the last day for bottles made by Coca-Cola Sweden was 30 June 2008.
   Bottles can also be duct taped together to create a window-type effect. Two similar size bottles can be taped together with the openings allowing a light passageway. This also traps air and creates a small amount of insulation. Filling glass with liquid that will be subjected to freezing and thawing is not a good idea, but is useful if the glass is protected from temperature extremes.
  
  Section::::Construction.:Heat sink.
   A simple basin-type solar still can be constructed with 2–4 stones, plastic film or transparent glass, a central weight to make a point and a container for the condensate. A cubic hole in moist ground is created of about on each side. Into the centre of this hole, a collection container is placed. Then a sheet of plastic film is stretched over the hole. Stills can also be made from water bottles or plastic bags.
  
  Section::::Variations.
  
  Section::::Variations.:Transpiration bag.
   After the forming process, some containers—particularly those intended for alcoholic spirits—undergo a treatment to improve the chemical resistance of the inside, called "internal treatment" or dealkalization. This is usually accomplished through the injection of a sulfur- or fluorine-containing gas mixture into bottles at high temperatures. The gas is typically delivered to the container either in the air used in the forming process (that is, during the final blow of the container), or through a nozzle directing a stream of the gas into the mouth of the bottle after forming. The treatment renders the container more resistant to alkali extraction, which can cause increases in product pH, and in some cases container degradation.
   BULLET::::- Routine ‘backwashing’, is used to achieve this. Depending on the specific application of the membrane, backwashing is carried out in short durations (typically 3 to 180 s) and in moderately frequent intervals (5 min to several hours). Turbulent flow conditions with Reynolds numbers greater than 2100, ideally between 3000 - 5000 should be used. This should not however be confused with ‘backflushing’, a more rigorous and thorough cleaning technique, commonly practiced in cases of particulate and colloidal fouling.
   Section::::Bottles intended for reuse by households.
  
  Reusable drinking bottles for water, coffee, salad dressing, soup, baby formula, and other beverages have gained in popularity by consumers in recent years, due to the costs and environmental problems associated with single use plastic bottles. Common materials used to make reusable drinking bottles include glass, aluminum, stainless steel, and plastic. Reusable bottles include both single and double wall insulated bottles. Some baby bottles have an inner bag or bladder that can be replaced after each use.
  
  Section::::Health and safety concerns associated with reusable bottles.
  
  Section::::Health and safety concerns associated with reusable bottles.:Bacterial concerns.
   OPUR began a study of dew condensation under laboratory conditions; they developed a special hydrophobic film and experimented with trial installations, including a collector in Corsica. Vital insights included the idea that the mass of the condensing surface should be as low as possible so that it cannot easily retain heat, that it should be protected from unwanted thermal radiation by a layer of insulation, and that it should be hydrophobic, so as to shed condensed moisture readily.
   The Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance (IGMA) undertook an extensive study to characterize the failures of commercial insulating glass units over a 25-year period.
  
  For a standard construction IG unit, condensation collects between the layers of glass when the perimeter seal has failed and when the desiccant has become saturated, and can generally only be eliminated by replacing the IGU. Seal failure and subsequent replacement results in a significant factor in the overall cost of owning IGUs.
   The use of empty vessels in construction dates back at least to ancient Rome, where many structures used empty amphorae embedded in concrete. This was not done for aesthetic reasons, but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures, and also to reduce concrete usage. This technique was used for example in the Circus of Maxentius.
  