question: How do bugs and other insects survive winter when theu have such a short lifespan?
comment: Depends on the insect, some dont have that short of a lifespan. But mostly its just reproduction. If you dont make it thru the winter, your grandson's grandson will
passages: As temperatures decrease in the late Arctic summer, larvae begin synthesizing cryoprotective compounds, such as glycerol and betaine. Accumulation of these "antifreezes" (which protect cells from cold conditions) is aided by the bottlenecking of oxidative phosphorylation through mitochondrial degradation. While the larvae continue to produce energy from stored glycogen in their frozen state, this mitochondrial degradation causes their metabolism to drop so low as to almost stop entirely, inducing dormancy. Mitochondrial functioning may be fully restored in the spring after mere hours of resumed larval activity.
  
  Section::::Conservation.
  
  Section::::Conservation.:Warming temperatures and herbivory.
   BULLET::::- March – April: Daytime temperature stays above 20 °C for a few hours. The Blissus leucopterus emerge from hibernation and begin mating.
  
  BULLET::::- April – May: The adults fly to fields with small grains growing (such as wheat) and start sucking the sap out of them. They continue to mate while the females begin laying eggs on the lower leaves of plants, or on the roots. They will continue to do so for the next 30 days, laying a total of around 200 eggs.
   Section::::Freeze tolerance.
   Some species of Collembola tolerate extreme cold by the shedding of the mid-gut during moulting.
   Lethal freezing occurs when insects are exposed to temperatures below the freezing point of their body fluids; therefore, insects that do not migrate from regions with the onset of colder temperatures must devise strategies to either tolerate or avoid freezing of intracellular and extracellular body fluids. Surviving colder temperatures, in insects, generally falls under two categories: Freeze-tolerant insects can tolerate the formation of internal ice and freeze-avoidant insects avoid freezing by keeping the bodily fluids liquid. The general strategy adopted by insects also differs between the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. In temperate regions of the northern hemisphere where cold temperatures are expected seasonally and are usually for long periods of time, the main strategy is freeze avoidance. In temperate regions of the southern hemisphere, where seasonal cold temperatures are not as extreme or long lasting, the main strategy is freeze tolerance. However, in the Arctic, where freezing occurs seasonally, and for extended periods (9 months), freeze tolerance also predominates.
   Some specialized forms live in temporary ponds and flood plains, and typically have a much shorter lifespan. Such species, known as "annuals", live no longer than nine months, and are used as models for studies on aging. Examples include the African genus "Nothobranchius" and South American genera ranging from the cold water "Austrolebias" of Argentina and Uruguay to the more tropical "Gnatholebias", "Pterolebias", "Simpsonichthys" and "Terranatos".
  
  Section::::Territorial behavior.
   Section::::Life cycle.:Pupa.
  
  After burrowing into the bark, larvae compose golden brown cocoons which stick out from the tree. Compared to the larval stage, the pupal stage is much shorter at two weeks. 
  
  Section::::Life cycle.:Adults.
  
  Adults emerge from their cocoons in early summer. 
  
  Section::::Physiology.
  
  Section::::Physiology.:Flight activity.
  
  After emergence in early summer, adults are active in flight from May through August. Because "Synanthedon myopaeformis" thrives in warm weather, flight activity is temperature dependent. The adults are significantly less active on cold days compared to warm days. Flight activity ceases at the end of summer when average temperature drops to 15-16°C.
   In late June or early July, the larvae prepare to overwinter by weaving silken hibernacula and entering diapause until the subsequent snowmelt. This typically occurs when daytime temperatures are at a maximum of 5-10 °C. In their diapausal state, "G. groenlandica" can withstand temperatures as low as -70 °C, and winter mortality is limited to, on average, a maximum of 13% of the population.
   This mayfly may have a shorter life cycle than other members of its genus. In the laboratory when kept at a warm temperature it has been reared from egg to adulthood in thirteen weeks, but in the Keokuk area there is believed to be a single generation per year, whereas in Kentucky Lake there is mixed voltinism, with some adults emerging at 14 months and others at 22 months.
  
  Section::::Human impact.
  
  Sometimes "H. bilineata" adults emerge simultaneously in vast numbers. On July 14, 1958, The Des Moines Register reported that the previous evening:
   Freeze avoidance involves both physiological and biochemical mechanisms. One method of freeze avoidance is the selection of a dry hibernation site in which no ice nucleation from an external source can occur. Insects may also have a physical barrier such as a wax-coated cuticle that provides protection against external ice across the cuticle. The stage of development at which an insect over-winters varies across species, but can occur at any point of the life cycle (i.e., egg, pupa, larva, and adult).
   However, insect hibernacula are generally required to be:
  
  BULLET::::- Well-insulated from extreme temperature changes
  
  BULLET::::- Protected from weather
  
  BULLET::::- Dry (except for freeze-tolerant insects)
  
  Section::::Insects.:Lady beetles.
   Examples of freeze tolerant insects include: the woolly bear, "Pyrrharctia isabella;" the flightless midge, "Belgica antarctica;", the alpine tree wētā, and the alpine cockroach, "Celatoblatta quinquemaculata".
  
  Section::::Freeze tolerance.:Dangers of freezing.
   BULLET::::- "Mycetophila humboldti"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila hutsoni"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila hyrcania"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila ibarragrassoi"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila ibarrai"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila ichneumonea"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila icosi"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila idonea"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila iheringi"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila illita"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila illudens"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila immaculata"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila impeccabilis"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila impellans"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila impunctata"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila incompleta"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila indecisa"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila indiana"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila indigena"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila inermis"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila inquisita"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila insecta"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila insipiens"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila integra"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila intermedia"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila interrita"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila interrupta"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila intortusa"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila irregularis"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila isabelae"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila ishiharai"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila itascae"
  
  BULLET::::- "Mycetophila javaesi"
   BULLET::::- The larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. The cycle can be repeated many times.
  
  Section::::Revived into activity after stasis.
   The lifespan of the "Blissus leucopterus" is a typically less than one year. The eggs of two generations are laid down from spring to summer, when they develop into adults. During the fall, the adults from the first generation die off, while the adults from the second generation retreat from the crops to look for overwinter shelters. The adults overwinter in any type of shelters they can find, including in hedgerows, road sides, bushy fence rows, edges of woodlands, and soybean stubble, under tree barks and bunch grass, and inside field mice nests. Once they emerge from their hibernation, they return to the crop fields to feast and breed before their death.
   The general life cycle of clerids has been known to last anywhere from 35 days to more than 3 years, and is strongly dependent on the life cycle of their prey. While the life cycle can vary in length between genus and species, temperature is also a major determinant in the length of time spent in each stage of development. The warmer the temperature is, the quicker the lifecycle, and the cooler the temperature is the slower the lifecycle. If temperatures dip below a threshold temperature for an extended period of time clerids and most other insects will have growth and developmental progress arrested. Like all beetles, Cleridae follow a holometabolous life cycle: the egg hatches into a larva, which grows and feeds, changing its skin to form a pupa, and the pupa shedding its skin to emerge as an adult. The larvae of the majority of the known species of Cleridae feed upon the eggs and young of wood-boring beetles, while the adults feed on the adult bark beetles.
   "Ephydra Hians" are susceptible to changes in temperature. When the temperature gets colder, their life span prolongs and the individual stages of development take longer. Adult flies don't lay eggs in the winter months due to the inability to have adequate developmental stages, thus creating a pause in reproduction. These flies also don't surpass roughly 15 meters deep due to the frigid temperatures and find that temperatures that are closely related to spring and autumn are the most suitable for growth. 
  
  Section::::As food for humans.
   The great Arctic is seen from early May to late September, but only every two years (mostly even numbered) due to its long life cycle. "O. n. gigas" is seen on odd numbered years.
  
  Section::::Life cycle.
   Obscure mealybugs lay eggs all year long, and during winter, under the bark of trees and vines (though there is no true dormancy). These overwintering populations include individual mealybugs from all stages of development, but are dominated by eggs and first instars; overwinter mortality for young nymphs is high, but a few individuals (normally the ones quickest to hatch) will survive and feed on the first spring leaves. Mortality in non-overwintering generations is greatly decreased.
  
  Section::::Life cycle.:Males and mating.
   Within weeks of hatching the larva has probably consumed all of its provisions and begins spinning a cocoon around itself and enters the pupal stage, and the adult matures either in the fall or winter, hibernating inside its insulatory cocoon. Most "Osmia" species are found in places where the temperature drops below 0 °C for long durations and they are well-adapted to cold winters; chilling seems to be a requirement for maturation. Some species of mason bees are semi-voltine, meaning that they have a two-year maturation cycle, with a full year (plus) spent as a larva.
  
  Section::::Management.
   The optimum temperature for rapid development of Ptinus fur is about 23 °C, at which temperature it completes its development in a mean period of 132 days. Larvae of P. fur normally moult three times at 23°Cm but some have an extra moult.
  
  Well defined diapause as mature larvae in cocoons occurs at low temperatures in some individuals of Ptinus fur: at 23 °C this lasts about 220 days after normal larvae have pupated; at 20 °C the period lasts about 280 days.
  
  The adult beetles live for several months.
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- Images of Ptinus fur female
  
  BULLET::::- Images of Ptinus fur
   In the southeastern, central, and southwestern part of the United States, the adult "C. rufifacies" is one of the first insects to arrive on a fresh corpse. The adults normally arrive within the first 10 minutes after death. The larvae also have a shorter developmental time than other species, but because of their predatory nature, they can also alter entomological-based" post mortem" interval estimation. In Texas and Florida, the species emerges from corpses that are in an advanced stage of decomposition.
  
  Section::::Distribution.
   In addition to physical preparations for winter, many insects also alter their biochemistry and metabolism. For example, some insects synthesize cryoprotectants such as polyols and sugars, which reduce the lethal freezing temperature of the body. Although polyols such as sorbitol, mannitol, and ethylene glycol can also be found, glycerol is by far the most common cryoprotectant and can be equivalent to ~20% of the total body mass. Glycerol is distributed uniformly throughout the head, the thorax, and the abdomen of insects, and is in equal concentration in intracellular and extracellular compartments. The depressive effect of glycerol on the super cooling point (SCP) is thought to be due to the high viscosity of glycerol solutions at low temperatures. This would inhibit INA activity and SCPs would drop far below the environmental temperature. At colder temperatures (below 0 °C), glycogen production is inhibited, and the breakdown of glycogen into glycerol is enhanced, resulting in the glycerol levels in freeze-avoidant insects reaching levels five times higher than those in freeze tolerant insects which do not need to cope with extended periods of cold temperatures.
   As the beetle inside the pupa matures, the beetle within becomes more prominent, for example, the eyes of the beetle may be seen through the pupal walls. When this occurs, the beetle will usually eclose a few days later.
  
  As adults, beetles of genus "Cyclommatus" generally subsist on tree sap, and many do not have a lifespan of any longer than one year.
  
  Section::::Pet trade.
   For first generation larvae, a greater percentage of the caterpillars entered diapause if they did not pupate by the end of June or beginning of July. Second generation diapause is generally to pass through the winter. Inactivity over the winter is caused by a drop in temperature, and once the temperature and humidity rise back up to a favorable range, activity is resumed. This explains how codling moths are able to survive even if a bad, sterile apple year occurs: the larvae enter diapause and emerge after the bad year has passed.
  
presuppositions: All insects have short lifespans. Bugs and insects have short lifespans.
corrections: Some insects have short lifespans, others don't. Some bugs and insects have longer lifespans.
raw_presuppositions: All insects have short lifespans. Bugs and insects have short lifespans.
raw_corrections: Some insects have short lifespans, others don't. Some bugs and insects have longer lifespans.