question: How do ski jumpers not sustain injury when landing? Vertically it appears to be at least a 100 foot drop.
comment: The direction they fall after their jump is similar to the direction of the slope they hit. So they just keep on going, and it doesn't jar their legs too much.
passages: As jumps have increased in distance, sometimes the absolute hill limit – designated as the "fall line" – is exceeded. This is known as "out-jumping the hill", "landing on the flat", or in the worst case a "flat-ground crash", which occurs when an athlete jumps too far beyond the safety of the slope and lands near, or onto, completely flat ground.
  
  Section::::In other media.
  
  BULLET::::- From 1970 to 1998, Vinko Bogataj's crash in Oberstdorf was featured prominently on the opening montage of "ABC's Wide World of Sports" in the United States
   Much like aircraft wings, the skis are flexible to an extent, resulting in them bending and vibrating significantly upon takeoff. Maintaining stability in the air is paramount: a loss of balance, or a differential pressure under the skis, can lead to disaster (see list of ski flying accidents). A few athletes have a natural tendency to drift over to one side of the hill, invariably shortening their jump distance.
   Immediately afterwards, Ulf Findeisen fell out of the air on his jump, crashing down face-first from 9 m and flipping head over heels repeatedly along the slope, only coming to a stop several seconds later. Al Trautwig, commentating for American TV network ABC, likened Findeisen to "a ragdoll" after the fall. Former ski jumper Jeff Hastings, co-commentating, said: "I'm feeling a little sick to my stomach, Al... I can't believe this. I've never seen ski flying like this... So many falls." Findeisen was barely conscious and had to be stretchered away, later going into cardiac arrest but surviving.
   The top of the hill is the start. This allows the jury to regulate the speed of the jumpers in varying wind conditions, by shortening or lengthening the distance along the in-run. The platform has a bar across it, which the jumper sits on. By leaning forward, the jumper will naturally start to glide down the prepared tracks along the in-run. The in-run normally has an angle of 38 to 36 degrees, which then curves into a transition; the last part of the in-run, the take-off, typically has an angle between 7 and 12 degrees downhill. The landing slope has a smooth curve which closely follows the profile of the ski jump; this means that the skier is never more than about above the ground. The skier will land on the landing slope, and the rules allow jumpers to land up to ten percent past the construction point. Past the landing slope is the outrun, which is either flat or even uphill, where the skier can slow down. The speed of the skier is normally measured about before the end of the takeoff; jumpers can reach speeds of on large hills and on ski flying hills.
   There were two accidents during the individual women competition at normal hill.Line Jahr fell after her 90-meter jump and Léa Lemare fell after she jumped 84 meters.
  
  During the individual men competition at large hill, Thomas Morgenstern fell after his first jump. It happen just after he crossed the fall line and his notes were normal. Because of the fall, Morgenstern's knee was injured and he couldn't jump in some competitions after the Championships.
   Skiers are required to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style (), named after the Norwegian county of Telemark. This involves the landing with one foot in front of the other with knees slightly bent, mimicking the style of Telemark skiing. Failure to execute a Telemark landing leads to the deduction of style points, issued by the judges.
  
  Section::::Major competitions.
  
  All major ski jumping competitions are organized by the International Ski Federation.
   A ski jumping hill is located on a steep slope, and it consists of the jumping ramp ("in-run"), take-off table, and a landing hill. Competitors glide down from a common point at the top of the in-run, achieving considerable speeds at the take-off table, where they take off with help of speed and their own leap. While airborne, they maintain an aerodynamic position with their bodies and skis, that would allow them to maximize the length of the jump. The landing slope is constructed so that the jumper's trajectory is near-parallel with it, and the athlete's relative height to the ground is gradually lost, allowing for a gentle and safe landing. The landing space is followed by an "out-run", a substantial flat or counter-inclined area that permits the skier to safely slow down. The out-run area is fenced and surrounded by a public auditorium.
   Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can achieve. In order to prevent an unfair advantage due to a "sailing" effect of the ski jumping suit, material, thickness and relative size of the suit are regulated.
  
  Section::::Techniques.
  
  Each jump is divided into four parts: in-run, take-off (jump), flight, and landing.
   Moments before being launched off the table, the athlete undergoes a sudden increase in g-force due to the curvature – or 'compression' – of the bottom of the inrun. They then initiate a very powerful, explosive jump that requires great leg strength. At this instant the skis are opened up into a horizontal "V" shape, legs straightened and spread apart, and arms held backwards as the athlete adopts their own unique flying position and enters the "transition". This highly aerodynamic "V" essentially turns the athlete into a 'flying wing', and all of this takes place in only a tenth of a second before the transition is then "closed" and the flying position maintained until the end of the jump.
   A number of athletes have been regarded as ski flying specialists for their ability to consistently produce very long jumps and often world records. Those who are currently active with notable ski flying achievements include (as of 3 February 2018):
  
  BULLET::::- Stefan Kraft – current world record holder with 253.5 m; nicknamed "Air Kraft" by Eurosport.
  
  BULLET::::- Peter Prevc – 2016 World Champion; former world record holder; first to land a jump of 250 m.
  
  BULLET::::- Robert Kranjec – 2012 World Champion; widely acknowledged as a ski flying expert.
  
  BULLET::::- Robert Johansson – former world record holder.
   Mike Holland later described his own jump:
  
  The world record jump was very smooth. It felt like I was lying on my stomach on a glass coffee table, watching a movie projected on a screen underneath the table. Although the flight was very smooth, it seemed like the movie projector was running the film faster than intended.
  
  Section::::History.:1980s.:Safety issues reach their peak.
   However, there is a fine line between aggressiveness and over-aggressiveness at takeoff. One of the most common mistakes made by athletes, including those at world class level, is to raise the ski tips too much during the transition. This excessive angle of attack causes the skis to act more as a spoiler than an efficient aerodynamic device to cut through the air, resulting in more height than distance; a flight curve that is too steep or shallow is unfavourable. In a well-executed jump, athletes will spend several seconds longer airborne than in ski jumping – up to five seconds more – which requires a different level of skill in order to sustain flight for a longer period, and showcases how the role of aerodynamics is magnified in ski flying. Not all athletes who excel in ski jumping are able do so in ski flying (see the section on specialists), and it can be difficult for them to hone their skills in the latter due to the hills being off-limits when competitions are not staged.
   Aerialists train for their jumping maneuvers during the summer months by skiing on specially constructed water ramps and landing in a large swimming pool. An example of this is the Utah Olympic Park training facility. A water ramp consists of a wooden ramp covered with a special plastic mat that when lubricated with sprinklers allows an athlete to ski down the ramp towards a jump. The skier then skis off the wooden jump and lands safely in a large swimming pool. A burst of air is sent up from the bottom of the pool just before landing to break up the surface tension of the water, thus softening the impact of the landing. Skiers sometimes reinforce the skis that they use for water-ramping with 6mm of fiberglass or cut holes in the front and back in order to soften the impact when landing properly on their skis.
   Timing is crucial and there is next to no margin for error at this phase: a jump that begins too early or late off the table can mean the difference between an excellent, average or poor effort. Each athlete has their own method of generating as much inrun speed as possible, depending on such intricacies as crouch depth, hip and knee angle, arm placement, or how far the torso is positioned over the knees. Body weight is also a significant factor (see power-to-weight ratio), which has led to some athletes' health becoming a concern over the past two decades.
   Once the athlete has taken flight, characteristics similar to that of a glider come into force. Ski flyers are able to cover such tremendous distances and land safely primarily due to the skis they use, which are substantially wider and longer than their cross-country or Alpine skiing counterparts. Each ski is first clipped in securely at the front of the boot, which is placed nearer the tail end of the ski and has an exaggerated forward slant. The heel of the boot is then attached to a wedge on the ski using a hinged binding peg and backup strap, allowing the athlete to lean forward into their preferred aerodynamic position and spread the skis wide apart.
   The distance of a ski jump is measured from the end of the 'table' (the very tip of the 'inrun' ramp) to halfway between the athletes' feet when they touch ground. To qualify, the jump must be made in a sanctioned competition, or official trial or qualification runs for these, with a system to control the actual length. To win a competition, an athlete needs both distance and style, the latter of which is achieved by attaining a proper Telemark landing; therefore jumpers are not motivated to jump as far as possible, only as far necessary to attain a good landing. Jumps are invalid if the jumper falls, defined as touching the ground with his hands or body before reaching the fall line. However, if an athlete touches the snow with any part of their body after landing, and receives style points greater than 14 from at least three judges, the jump is valid and counts as an official world record.
   BULLET::::- Roar Ljøkelsøy – 2004 and 2006 World Champion; described by David Goldstrom as "one of the top ski flyers of his time."
  
  BULLET::::- Mike Holland – last American ski jumper to hold a world record; quoted as saying "Ski flying was my speciality."
  
  Section::::Women in ski flying.
   The ultimate aim is to land on, or ideally surpass, a line marked across the hill called the "K-point", "critical point", or "calculation line". In order to attain the most points from the style judges, athletes strive for a "Telemark" landing: instead of landing with simply both feet together (a "two-footed" landing), one foot is planted clearly in front of the other (without sliding the skis), both feet held no more than four ski widths' apart, and the body held stable with a straight back and arms outstretched. This pose must be maintained until the "outrun" – a line at the very end of the hill, where the slope has fully flattened out – is reached. The exact placement of landing is measured between the athlete's front and back feet. Failing to make a Telemark landing results in a loss of style points. Considerably more points are lost if a landing fails before the outrun line, such as falling over or touching the ground with any part of the body except the feet. When the hill begins to flatten out, it becomes increasingly difficult to make a Telemark landing.
   BULLET::::- Jump – The skier travels over a small, fiberglass jump ramp. They have three jumps and the longest one successfully landed counts. Professionals can jump as far as 90 feet (27.4 meters).
  
  The current world record for Men's Open division of 29.9 meters (98.1 feet) was set by David Small on August 11, 2010.
  
  With a jump of 23.4 meters (76.8 feet) Ashleigh Stebbeings set the Women's Open world record on February 19, 2017.
  
  Tee-Jay Russo jumped 26.7 meters (87.6 feet) to set the Boy's division world record on December 29, 2018
   Distance score depends on the hill's K-point. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K-point is set at 90 metres and 120 metres, respectively. Competitors are awarded 60 points (normal and large hills) and 120 points (flying hills) if they land on the K-point. For every metre beyond the K-point, the competitor is awarded extra points; the typical value is 2 points per metre in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski flying hills. A competitor's distance is measured between the takeoff and the point where the feet came in full contact with the landing slope (for abnormal landings, touchpoint of one foot, or another body part is considered). Jumps are measured with accuracy of 0.5 metres for all competitions.
   This mark is, in fact, the point where ski flying starts to be inhuman. Walter Steiner was in very great danger. If he'd flown more, he'd have landed down here on the flat. Just imagine, it's like falling from a height of onto a flat surface: to a certain death.
   On all active ski flying hills, the K-point is set between 185–200 m; far greater than the largest ski jumping hills, which only have K-points of up to . The hill size, which is the total length of the slope from the table down to a certain distance beyond the K-point, is set between 210–240 m on ski flying hills; on ski jumping hills it is a maximum of . In the landing zone, the angle of the hill is between 33.2–35 degrees.
   Regarding other service/accident experience with the Nimbus-4 family of gliders, the BFU has recorded four incidents/accidents with the single-seat versions. Three events are known of non-injury accidents during off-field landings, and one fatal accident was due to collision with a mountain.
   In 2013, Ahonen revealed that the consequences of not reining in the jump prematurely in the way he did would have likely resulted in broken legs, or worse:
   Although his achievement initially came under scrunity, as it appeared that he touched the snow with his backside as he was forced to squat down on essentially flat ground, slow-motion replay analysis confirmed that his landing was valid with only millimetres to spare. A week later, Planica caught up to Vikersund with a plethora of more personal bests, and three athletes – including Kraft, twice – landing jumps of, or beyond, 250 m. Kamil Stoch would claim the current hill record of 251.5 m, with the season finale competition drawing an attendance of 16,500. In 2018, in Planica, Gregor Schlierenzauer equalled the world record but touched the snow with his hands upon landing.
  
presuppositions: Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump.
corrections: Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, due to this they don't really hurt themselves.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so they are able to continue without being effected too much.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so are not really as effected as it would seem they would be.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so don't take damage during landing.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so they are not effected severely. 
raw_presuppositions: Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump. Ski jumpers should be injured due to the height of their jump.
raw_corrections: Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, due to this they don't really hurt themselves.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so they are able to continue without being effected too much.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so are not really as effected as it would seem they would be.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so don't take damage during landing.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so they are not effected severely.  Ski jumpers fall in a similar direction to the direction of the slope they hit, so they just keep on going.