question: why are flouride rinses promoted for children after brushing, but not as recommended for adults?
comment: Children's toothpastes were flouride-free for a long time because there was a concern that they'd swallow too much of it while brushing. The flouride rinse made up for that. The American Academy of Pediatrics actually updated their guidelines relatively recently. They now recommend flouride toothpaste for all ages, and recommend *not* using a rinse for kids under 6 - ironically enough, because of concerns that they'll swallow too much of it while rinsing. But hey, part of science is being able to admit that you were wrong before and change as the research changes.
passages: It is recommended to brush children’s teeth using a soft bristled, age and size appropriate toothbrush and age appropriate toothpaste twice daily, however children below the age of two usually don’t require toothpaste. These researches also suggest that it is suitable to brush children’s teeth until they reach the approximate age of 6; where they will begin to learn adequate dexterity and cognition needed for adequate brushing by themselves. It is encouraged to watch children brushing their teeth until they are competently able to brush appropriately alone.
  
  Section::::Prevention.:Fluoride.
   The use of fluoridated toothpaste is highly recommended by dental professionals; whereby studies suggest that the correct daily use of fluoride on the dentition of children has a high caries-preventive effect and therefore prevents has potential to prevent ECC. However, it is important to use fluoridated toothpastes correctly; children below the age of two do not usually require toothpaste unless they are already at a high risk of ECC as diagnosed by a dental professional, and therefore it is it is recommended to use a small sized ‘smear’ of toothpaste to incorporate fluoride, with caution removing the toothpaste from within the mouth and not allowing the child to swallow the substances.
   Mouthwashes come in a variety of compositions, many claiming to kill bacteria that make up plaque or to freshen breath. In their basic form, they are usually recommended for use after brushing but some manufacturers recommend pre-brush rinsing. Dental research has recommended that mouthwash should be used as an aid to brushing rather than a replacement, because the sticky resistant nature of plaque prevents it from being actively removed by chemicals alone, and physical detachment of the sticky proteins is required.
  
  Section::::Types of dentifrices.:Tooth soap.
   Fluoride is a natural mineral that naturally occurs throughout the world – it is also the active ingredient of many toothpastes specifically for its remineralizing effects on enamel, often repairing the tooth surface and reducing the risk of caries.
   Fluoride mouth rinses are recommended for use in conjunction with other fluoride therapies, but is usually contraindicated for children under 6 years old as they may swallow the rinse and increase their risk of dental fluorosis. In areas without fluoridated drinking water, these rinses are recommended for children.
  
  Many brands of topical fluoride exist. They are not recommended if a person is drinking water that already contains sufficient fluoride.
  
  Section::::Delivery.:Gels/foams.
   By 1924, diatomaceous earth was mined for tooth powder. In modern times, baking soda has been the most commonly used tooth powder, although this has now been mostly supplanted by commercial toothpastes. 
  
  The use of powdered substances such as charcoal, brick, and salt for cleaning teeth has been historically widespread in India, particularly in rural areas. Modern tooth powder has been positioned as a cost-effective substitute for toothpaste, as it can be applied with the index finger without requiring use of a toothbrush.
  
  Section::::Types of dentifrices.:Mouthwash.
   In some countries, oral mouthcare product Bonjela (not the form specifically designed for teething) has labeling cautioning against its use in children, given its salicylate content. There have been no cases of Reye syndrome following its use, and the measure is a precaution. Other medications containing salicylates are often similarly labeled as a precaution.
   The risk of using fluoride is low enough that the use of full-strength toothpaste (1350–1500 ppm fluoride) is advised for all ages. However, smaller volumes are used for young children, for example, a smear of toothpaste until three years old. A major concern of dental fluorosis is for children under 12 months ingesting excessive fluoride through toothpaste. Nausea and vomiting are also problems which might arise with topical fluoride ingestion.
  
  Section::::Safety.:Diethylene glycol.
   Pursuant to findings published in 2006 by the Shenkar College of Engineering and Design indicating that liquid detergents are "much more environment-friendly" than powdered detergents, Israel's Ministry of the Environment began recommending that consumers prefer liquid detergent over powdered ones "for laundry which is not heavily stained."
   Harder tooth brushes reduce plaque more efficiently but are more stressful to teeth and gum; using a medium to soft tooth brush for a longer cleaning time was rated to be the best compromise between cleaning result and gum and tooth health.
  
  A study by University College London found that advice on brushing technique and frequency given by 10 national dental associations, toothpaste and toothbrush companies, and in dental textbooks was inconsistent.
  
  Section::::Hygiene and care.
   The use of interdental brushes in conjunction with tooth brushing, has been shown to reduce both the amount of plaque and the incidence of gingivitis when compared to toothbrushing alone. Although there is some evidence that after tooth brushing with a conventional tooth brush, interdental brushes remove more plaque than dental floss, a systematic review reported insufficient evidence to determine such an association.
   The current oral care practices of nursing staff in the long-term care and hospital setting do not reflect evidence-based recommendations present in the literature. The American Dental Association cautioned “[the toothette] does not substitute for daily brushing and flossing for effective plaque removal from teeth and, when possible, should be used in conjunction with brushing and flossing.” Additionally, nursing mouth care policy for the Health Care Corporation of St. Johns reflects a similar perspective with a nursing alert stating: “toothettes are not recommended as a substitute for a toothbrush”. Dalhousie University’s report, Brushing up on mouth care: An oral health resource for those who provide care to older adults, further cautioned that the sponge end of toothettes does not have the ability to mechanical remove oral biofilm from the teeth and gums because it is too soft. They further elaborate on how the toothbrush performs significantly better in promoting healing of the gums, and state that “toothbrushes are safe and effective for removing debris and plaque from all oral tissues, including the tongue, palate, cheeks and teeth”.
   Fluoride mouth rinses can be professionally-applied by a dental professional or used at home. The most common fluoride compound used in mouth rinse is neutral sodium fluoride. Fluoride mouth rinses range from 0.05% to 0.2% (225-1,000 ppm) in concentration. The fluoride rinse with a 0.05% fluoride content is used for daily rinsing, while the rinse with 0.2% fluoride content is used for weekly rinsing and in school-based weekly rinsing programs. Fluoride at these concentrations is not strong enough for people at high risk for tooth decay. Regular use of a daily (230 ppm) or weekly (900 ppm) fluoride mouth rinse under supervision results into a reduction of tooth decay in children’s permanent teeth. After a fluoride mouthrinse treatment, the fluoride in the mouthrinse is retained in the saliva which helps prevent tooth decay.
   Fluoride varnish is widely used in the United Kingdom, following guidelines from multiple sources backing its efficacy. Public Health England, a UK government organisation sponsored by the Department of Health, released guidance in 2014 recommending fluoride varnish application at least twice yearly for children and young adults. Similarly, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and the Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme have both released independent guidance recommending at least twice yearly fluoride varnish application, citing a strong clinical evidence base. SIGN recommends fluoride varnish at a concentration of 2.2%, while SDCEP recommends 5%.
  
  Section::::Types of varnish.
   Effective oral biofilm control on a regular basis is a therapeutic intervention to reduce the risk of developing numerous systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and aspiration pneumonia due to poor oral health. Therefore, it is essential that oral care policies of hospitals and long-term care settings discourage the use of toothettes as the sole tool for oral biofilm control. When used properly, toothbrushing and devices for interdental cleaning are well-established tools for regular plaque removal, and should be the predominant oral care tools used in the hospital and long-term care setting. The toothette can be used as an adjunct to toothbrushing and flossing to moisten and clear the oral cavity of food debris and thickened saliva associated with dry mouth.
   According to a tracking survey conducted by the Ad Council, less than half of children currently brush their teeth as often or as long as dental health experts recommend. Oral disease disproportionately affects children from low-income families and these children have almost twice the number of decayed teeth as compared to others in the general population.
   Section::::Health risks.
  
  Toothettes, when used improperly, pose significant health risks. They are a choking hazard because the sponge end can dislodge and be aspirated during use. On September 22, 2015 Health England Education Board banned sponge swabs from being used in the hospital and long-term care setting due to 800 safety incidents associated with their use, even causing the death of a patient in one case.
  
  Section::::Issues surrounding lemon glycerine swabsticks.
   The use of fluoride toothpaste (with concentrations of 1000 ppm and above) and fluoride supplements in children below the age of six years, and especially within the first three years of life, is associated with a greater risk of dental fluorosis. However, the use of fluoride supplements during the last 6 months of pregnancy has no significant impact on the incidence of fluorosis in children. It has also been estimated that optimal water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries increases the prevalence of dental fluorosis by 4 to 5%. The observed effects are mild to moderate, usually of minimal aesthetic concern.
   BULLET::::- Based on published findings, professionally applied fluoride varnish does not appear to be a risk factor for dental fluorosis, even in children under the age of 6. This is due to the reduction in the amount of fluoride which may potentially be swallowed during the fluoride treatment because of the small quantities used and the adherence of the varnish to the teeth.
  
  BULLET::::- Fluoride varnish treatments are shown to reduce the number of the cariogenic bacteria S. Mutans by over ten-fold.
   BULLET::::- The Cleanliness Institute, with a mission of increasing sales of personal care products through education and press releases, was founded in New York City by Sidney M. Colgate, president of the Association of American Soap and Glycerine Producers. "The institute was short-lived," an observer noted 80 years later, "but helped give birth to the shelves of deodorants, soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, mouthwashes, teeth-whiteners, douches and antibacterial lotions that fill our pharmacy shelves today."
  
  BULLET::::- Born: Bob Fosse, American choreographer and director, winner of 8 Tony Awards; in Chicago (d. 1987)
  
  Section::::June 24, 1927 (Friday).
   For low caries risk children, the aim is to maintain the baby's of oral health. Clinical sessions include hygiene with Hydrogen peroxide (1 part of HO + 3 parts of boiled or filtered water) and application of 0.1% sodium fluoride (NaF) solution using cotton swab. At home, parents/caregivers are instructed to keep the same dietary and hygiene habits, and apply a 0.05% NaF solution once/day with a cotton swab at night time, before the baby is put to sleep. Recalls are booked quarterly. At the first recall session, the caregiver will be asked to perform the hygiene procedures and to apply the fluoridated solution under professional supervision, in order to evaluate how skilled he/she is in performing those tasks, as well as to correct possible mistakes. If caries risk remains low, a quarterly scheme can be kept.
   Disclosing solutions can be used at home to make the less obvious plaque deposits more visible to ensure thorough cleaning of plaque. Food dyes can be utilised as a disclosing solution when used correctly.
  
  Instead of brushing their dentures with soap and water, patients can use pastes designed for dentures or conventional toothpaste to clean their dentures. However, the American Dental Association advises against using toothpaste since it can be too harsh for cleaning dentures.
  
  Section::::Care.:Immersion.
   Often oral health education and training is limited for healthcare aids and nurses, leading to suboptimal oral care for dependent patients in long-term care and hospital settings. The toothette is inaccurately used in the long-term care and hospital setting as the predominant tool for oral care, and toothbrushes are rarely used Grap et al. found that nursing staff in an intensive care unit most commonly use toothettes and mouthwash as the predominant tool for oral care, especially for intubated patients. This is concerning because it is well-established that the toothette does not effectively remove oral biofilm, and the toothbrush is significantly better at promoting health of the gums and controlling oral biofilm. When the efficacy of the toothbrush and toothette are compared, the toothbrush is better at removing plaque from the oral cavity.
   There are a number of common oral hygiene misconceptions. It is not correct to rinse the mouth with water after brushing. It is also not recommended to brush immediately after drinking acidic substances, including sparkling water. It is also recommended to floss once a day, with a different piece of floss at each flossing session. The Effectiveness of Tooth Mousse is in debate. Visits to a dentist for a checkup every year at least are recommended.
  
  Section::::Culinary (food) hygiene.
   In another study in Belize done on six-year-old children given xylitol or sorbitol pellets to chew, the results showed the Relative Risk to be 0.35 and 0.44 relative. This study shows that although both xylitol and sorbitol are effective in reduction of incidence of dental caries, xylitol is more effective.
  
  In yet another study done on school children in Estonia, that were either given xylitol gums or hard candies to chew/eat for three and two years respectively, the results showed overall results in reduction caries rates versus the control group to be 53.5% for gums and 33-59% for candies.
  