question: Why does liquified gas burn our skin
comment: What we call a "Burn" reflects tissue damage from a variety of sources. Including cold, heat, electricity, acids, bases, and so on. Heat is a common (if not *the most common*) source.
passages: An example of this would be breathing air in a heliox environment. The helium in the heliox diffuses into the skin quickly, while the nitrogen diffuses more slowly from the capillaries to the skin and out of the body. The resulting effect generates supersaturation in certain sites of the superficial tissues and the formation of inert gas bubbles. These isobaric skin lesions (urticaria) do not occur when the ambient gas is nitrogen and the breathing gas is helium.
  
  Section::::Diving Relevance.:Deep tissue ICD.
   BULLET::::- Erythrasma
  
  BULLET::::- Tinea pedis
  
  Section::::Treatment.
   In February 2006, Dan Ford, from Wareham in Dorset, received permanent scarring to his face after being sprayed with CS during an arrest by police. Ford was subsequently advised by doctors to stay out of sunlight for at least 12 months. After the incident, his cousin, Donna Lewis, was quoted as saying, "To look at him, it was like looking at a melting man, with liquid oozing from his face."
   BULLET::::5. Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water
  
  BULLET::::6. Absorption through the skin: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts; some animals use their skin as their sole respiration organ (in humans, the cells comprising the outermost 0.25–0.40 mm of the skin are "almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen", although the "contribution to total respiration is negligible") Some medications are absorbed through the skin.
   In large burns (over 30% of the total body surface area), there is a significant inflammatory response. This results in increased leakage of fluid from the capillaries, and subsequent tissue edema. This causes overall blood volume loss, with the remaining blood suffering significant plasma loss, making the blood more concentrated. Poor blood flow to organs such as the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract may result in renal failure and stomach ulcers.
   where is the absorbance at a given wavelength , is the particle concentration as a number density, and is the path length. The absorbance of the radiation is the logarithm (decadic or, more usually, natural) of the reciprocal of the transmittance :
  
  Section::::Scattering of light on extended bodies.
   Section::::Reaction.
   BULLET::::- High voltage burn. This burn is very severe as the victim makes direct contact with the high voltage supply and the damage runs its course throughout the body. Exterior injuries are misleading as most of the damage occurs underneath the skin. In this case, subdermal tissues are severely damaged.
   Section::::Other versions.:Ultimate Marvel.
  
  In the Ultimate Marvel universe it was mentioned by Sunspot that Skin had nearly been beaten to death by humans.
  
  Section::::In other media.
  
  Section::::In other media.:Film.
  
  BULLET::::- Skin was portrayed by Augustin Rodriguez in the 1996 made-for-TV movie "Generation X". In the film his powers were closer to true elasticity, similar to the powers of Mister Fantastic. However, it caused him pain to use this power.
  
  BULLET::::- In the film "X2" his name appears on a list of names Mystique scrolls through on Stryker's computer while looking for Magneto's file.
  
  Section::::External links.
   BULLET::::- In first degree beta burns the damage is largely limited to epidermis. Dry or wet desquamation occurs; dry scabs are formed, then heal rapidly, leaving a depigmented area surrounded with irregular area of increased pigmentation. The skin pigmentation returns to normal within several weeks.
  
  BULLET::::- Second degree beta burns lead to formation of blisters.
   The effective temperature of the photosphere also decreases for an increasing distance from the center of the star. The radiation emitted from a gas is approximately black-body radiation, which is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. Thus, even before the optical depth in a direction becomes finite, the emitted energy comes more from cooler parts of the photosphere, resulting in less total energy reaching the viewer.
   BULLET::::- In some cases hydrocarbon lubricating oil may be drawn into the compressor's cylinder directly through damaged or worn seals, and the oil may (and usually will) then undergo combustion, being ignited by the immense compression ratio and subsequent temperature rise. Since heavy oils don't burn well – especially when not atomized properly – incomplete combustion will result in carbon monoxide production.
   Section::::Factors influencing absorption.
  
  Along with inhalation, ingestion and injection, dermal absorption is a route of exposure for bioactive substances including medications. Absorption of substances through the skin depends on a number of factors:
  
  BULLET::::- Concentration
  
  BULLET::::- Molecular Weight of the molecule
  
  BULLET::::- Duration of contact
  
  BULLET::::- Solubility of medication
  
  BULLET::::- Physical condition of the skin
  
  BULLET::::- Part of the body exposed including the amount of hair on the skin
   Section::::History.:UV products and expansion (2000-2013).
   Section::::Reception.
  
  Section::::Reception.:Ratings.
   BULLET::::2. Pyrene Excimer Formation: Pyrene monomer and excimer emission wavelengths are different. The emission wavelength of monomer is around 400 nm and that of excimer is around 470 nm. In this method, membrane labeled with Pyrene combines with unlabeled membrane. Pyrene self associates in membrane and then excited pyrene excites other pyrene. Before fusion, the majority of the emission is excimer emission. After fusion, the distance between probes increases and the ratio of excimer emission decreases.
   Fuel gas is pre-mixed with air, and the resulting flame is directed at the surface to be treated. The flame has a light blue inner cone, called primary, and a dull blue outer cone, called secondary. The hottest part of the flame is the primary, which may be up The tip of the inner cone (primary) contains an assortment of highly reactive chemicals, including unburned oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and free radicals atomic oxygen (O) and hydroxyl (OH).
   Section::::Reception.
   In unipolar cauterization, the physician contacts the tissue with a single small electrode. The circuit's exit point is a large surface area, such as the buttocks, to prevent electrical burns. The amount of heat generated depends on the size of contact area, power setting or frequency of current, duration of application, and waveform. A constant waveform generates more heat than intermittent. The frequency used in cutting the tissue is higher than in coagulation mode.
  
  Section::::Electrocautery.:Bipolar.
   If the bleeding is too copious, the chemical cautery may not be effective, as the flowing blood can wash away the chemical before it can react with the tissue. It can also be accidentally spread to undesirable locations where it can cause skin staining and tissue burns. This is especially important, as it is often used in the nose where accidental aerosolization can occur, splattering the clinician or other parts of the patient and causing unintentional burns. Accidental application to unintended tissue is treated with copious water irrigation, and saline solution will inactivate the chemical reaction.
   Contact angle decreased with treatment by some, but not all, plasma gases – in one study, argon plasma decreased the contact angle from about 105 degrees to 30 degrees after 1 hour of treatment, but oxygen plasma did not affect the contact angle.
  
  Surface energy increased from 16.4 mN/m to 48.8 mN/m after ammonia plasma treatment and 36.8 mN/m after hydrogen plasma.
   BULLET::::- Inspired gas contains no carbon dioxide (CO)
  
  BULLET::::- Nitrogen (and any other gases except oxygen) in the inspired gas are in equilibrium with their dissolved states in the blood
  
  BULLET::::- Inspired and alveolar gases obey the ideal gas law
  
  BULLET::::- Carbon dioxide (CO) in the alveolar gas is in equilibrium with the arterial blood i.e. that the alveolar and arterial partial pressures are equal
  
  BULLET::::- The alveolar gas is saturated with water
  
  Section::::Equation.
  
  If formula_2 is small, or more specifically if formula_3 then the equation can be simplified to:
  
  where:
   Section::::Tissue damage.:Skin.
   "Alpha burns" are caused by alpha particles, which can cause extensive tissue damage if inhaled. Due to the keratin in the epidermal layer of the skin, external alpha burns are limited to only mild reddening of the outermost layer of skin.
  
  Section::::Beta burns.
   BULLET::::8. Absorption: the cells comprising the outermost 0.25–0.40 mm of the skin are "almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen", although the "contribution to total respiration is negligible". In addition, medicine can be administered through the skin, by ointments or by means of adhesive patch, such as the nicotine patch or iontophoresis. The skin is an important site of transport in many other organisms.
  
  BULLET::::9. Water resistance: The skin acts as a water-resistant barrier so essential nutrients are not washed out of the body.
  
  Section::::Functions.:Skin flora.
  
raw_presuppositions: Liquified gas shouldn't burn our skin.
raw_corrections: A burn is actually just tissue damage from any variety of sources. Cold, heat, etc can all cause "burns".