question: why do boys get 'blueballs'?
comment: When males are aroused their penis becomes engorged with blood, causing an erection. Their testicals also receive more blood, although this isn't as visible. After an orgasm this blood flow is released. Some males experience pain in the testicals when they go for long periods of being aroused without release. This is due to an increase in pressure from the excess blood flow. This pain is called "blue balls."
passages: Section::::Types.:Congenital abnormalities.
  
  Examples of congenital abnormalities of the reproductive system include:
  
  BULLET::::- Kallmann syndrome - Genetic disorder causing decreased functioning of the sex hormone-producing glands caused by a deficiency or both testes from the scrotum.
  
  BULLET::::- Androgen insensitivity syndrome - A genetic disorder causing people who are genetically male (i.e. XY chromosome pair) to develop sexually as a female due to an inability to utilize androgen.
  
  BULLET::::- Intersexuality - A person who has genitalia and/or other sexual traits which are not clearly male or female.
  
  Section::::Types.:Examples of cancers.
  
  Examples of cancers of the reproductive system include:
   Section::::Laboratory-grown technique.
  
  In April 2014, a team of scientists led by Anthony Atala reported that they had successfully transplanted laboratory-grown vaginas into four female teenaged girls with a rare medical condition called Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome that causes the vagina to develop improperly, or sometimes not at all. Between 1 of 1,500 to 4,000 females are born with this condition.
   BULLET::::5. Brain defects (especially corpus callosum)
  
  In 1989, Hogdall used ultrasonographs to diagnose X-linked Type I Opitz G/BBB Syndrome after 19 weeks of pregnancy, by identifying hypertelorism (widely-spaced eyes) and hypospadias (irregular urinary tract openings in the penis).
   Section::::Types.:Lumps.
   Tadpole pupil symptoms occur in episodes. Episodes are generally brief and less than 5 minutes, however, some episodes have been reported to last anywhere from 3 to 15 minutes. The episodes can occur multiple times a day for days, weeks, or months.
  
  Studies show that a majority of those experiencing tadpole pupil are younger women from an age range of 24 to 48 years old, with no apparent health problems. Although women generally have the tadpole pupil, men are not unaffected by this disease and some have been reported to experience the symptoms.
  
  Section::::Diagnosis.
   Section::::Types.:Persistent genital arousal disorder.
   BULLET::::- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (also known as CAH) - A condition that causes excessive androgen production, which causes excessive virilization. It is most problematic in genetic females, where severe virilization can result in her having vaginal agenesis (absence of vagina) and a functional penis which is capable of penetrative intercourse. Females with this condition are usually fertile, with the ability to become pregnant and give birth. The salt-wasting variety of this condition is fatal in infants if left untreated.
   BULLET::::- Aphallia - A rare occurrence where a male is born without a penis or where a female is born without a clitoris. As of 2005, only 75 cases of aphallia have been documented. It should not be confused with intentional or accidental amputation of the genitalia.
  
  BULLET::::- Aposthia - A congenital defect where a male is born without a foreskin.
   Section::::Causes.:Rokitansky-Mayer-Küster-Hauser syndrome.
   Section::::Causes.
   Section::::Causes.:Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.
  
  Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a cliopathic human genetic disorder that can affect various parts of the body. Parts of the urogenital system where the effects of BBS are seen include: ectopic urethra, renal failure, uterus duplex, hypogonadism, septate vagina, and hypoplasia of the fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries. Some of the common characteristics associated with this syndrome include intellectual disorders, loss of vision, kidney problems, and obesity.
   BULLET::::- Persistent müllerian duct syndrome - A rare type of pseudohermaphroditism that occurs in 46 XY males, caused by either a mutation in the Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) gene, on 19p13, or its type II receptor, 12q13. Results in a retention of Müllerian ducts (persistence of rudimentary uterus and fallopian tubes in otherwise normally virilized males), unilateral or bilateral undescended testes and sometimes causes infertility.
   Section::::Treatment and prevention.:Vaccines.
   Section::::Career.
   Section::::Diagnosis.
   There is no cure available for individuals with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, however there are methods of treatment for some of the signs and symptoms within each individual. Corrective surgery of malformation related to the disorder may be an option for treatment. Genetic counseling is also something that could be beneficial to families with this disorder.
   BULLET::::- Whether the patient has had past radiation treatment to the pelvis
  
  Section::::Epidemiology.
  
  Those most affected are:
  
  BULLET::::- older women
  
  BULLET::::- peak incidence 60-79 years
  
  BULLET::::-  15% in women  50 years old
  
  BULLET::::-  10% in women  40 years old
  
  BULLET::::- Fifty percent of SCCV associated with hysterectomy
  
  BULLET::::- Incidence may increase with pelvic organ prolapse
  
  BULLET::::- More prevalent in black and Hispanic women
  
  BULLET::::- accounts for 80%-90% of all vaginal cancers
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- Clearinghouse of Information for DES daughters and Sons
  
  BULLET::::- National Cancer Institute: Vaginal Cancer
  
  BULLET::::- Clinically reviewed vaginal cancer information for patients
   The mechanism that causes BBS is still remains unclear. Mutations in more than 20 genes can cause BBS and is an inherited recessive condition. Some of the gene mutations that occur in BBS are listed below:
  
  "BBS1, BBS2, ARL6 (BBS3), BBS4, BBS5, MKKS (BBS6), BBS7, TTC8 (BBS8), BBS9, BBS10, TRIM32 (BBS11), BBS12, MKS1 (BBS13), CEP290 (BBS14), WDPCP (BBS15), SDCCAG8 (BBS16), LZTFL1 (BBS17), BBIP1 (BBS18), IFT27 (BBS19), IFT72 (BBS20)", and "C8ORF37(BBS21") The majority of the genes that are related to BBS encode proteins which are called cilia and basal bodies, which are related structures.
  
  Section::::Causes.:Fraser Syndrome.
   Section::::Anomalies associated with syndromes.
   BULLET::::- Müllerian agenesis (also known as MRKH or Vaginal Agenesis) - A condition that causes the uterus and other reproductive organs in a 46,XX female to be small or absent, as well as the vaginal canal itself. It affects 1 out of 4,500 to 5,000 females and can also come with skeletal or endocrine system issues at conception.
  
  Section::::Controversy.
   A female with McKusick-Kaufman syndrome has vaginal atresia that is often present with imperforate anus, heart defects, hydrometrocolpos, and/or polydactyly, The female will still develop secondary sexual characteristics.
  
  Section::::Treatment and prognosis.
  
  Section::::Treatment and prognosis.:Treatment.
   Surgical reconstruction of abnormal genitalia has been offered to parents of severely virilized girls with CAH since the first half of the 20th century. The purposes of surgery have generally been a combination of the following:
  
  BULLET::::1. To make the external genitalia look more female than male
  
  BULLET::::2. To make it possible for these girls to participate in normal sexual intercourse when they grow up
  
  BULLET::::3. To improve their chances of fertility
  
  BULLET::::4. To reduce the frequency of urinary infections
   The most common DSD is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which results in a person with female (XX) chromosomes having genitals that look somewhat masculine. In mild cases, CAH results in a slightly enlarged clitoris, while in more severe cases it can be difficult to decide on observation whether a baby is male or female (ambiguous genitalia). CAH is caused by a problem with the adrenal glands and is usually treated by taking a daily medication to replace or supplement the missing adrenal hormones. (When this adrenal problem occurs in people with male (XY) chromosomes, the result is over-masculinization and premature puberty).
   Vaginal atresia can sometimes be diagnosed by physical examination soon after birth. A child with vaginal atresia often has other congenital abnormalities and other tests such as x-ray and tests to evaluate the kidney are done. Findings in adolescents may include abdominal pain, difficulty voiding, and backache, but most present with amenorrhea. Difficulties with sexual intercourse can suggest atresia. In the event that the condition is not caught shortly after birth, vaginal atresia becomes more evident when no menstrual cycle is occurs. If vaginal atresia is suspected by the doctor, a blood test may also be request for any of the previously mentioned syndromes, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test, or an ultrasound. A regular evaluation of children born with an imperforate anus or anorectal malformation should be paired with the assessment of the results from these tests.
   Section::::Abnormal discharge.:Vaginal yeast infection.
  