question: Why aren't plastic water bottles being replaced by canned water?
comment: It exists, but affects the taste some. We're also used to plastic bottles and people tend to see them as a better product, so theres more demand for plastic than aluminum. Glass is also a good option that overcomes these issues but is more difficult to transport.
passages: The effects of plastic bottled water on the environment are catastrophic. It is known that only about 9% of all plastic is recycled. About 79% of this plastic waste is ending up in landfills and polluting the lands and oceans. In contrast, 65% of all aluminum cans are recycled. Making aluminum cans the most recycled beverage container on the planet. Due to the detrimental impact of plastic on the environment, many manufacturers are turning towards aluminum cans and aluminum bottles as a more viable solution to package drinking water. 
   Energy drinks
  
  Consideration for the Environment
  
  BULLET::::- Approximately 10% of all virgin (rejected) bottles before being filled are sterilized and re-injected into the line.
  
  BULLET::::- Re-use of the liners that come with the pallets of empty cans, for lining the sugar pallets, and the stacked finished product.
  
  BULLET::::- Collection of wasted water in special pipe lines to re-use for cooling equipment on the plant.
  
  BULLET::::- Since 2004 SMJ has been making PET bottles lighter in weight by using less material in its composition to create less post consumer waste.
   Another alternative to single use plastic bottled water is aluminum canned and bottled water. Aluminum cans are unique in that they are most often recycled directly back into themselves meaning that the average can has a very high percentage of recycled content. This means that aluminum cans have more than 3X the recycled content than EPA estimates for glass or plastic, with 70 percent recycled content on average.
   Section::::Alternatives to plastic bottles.
  
  Some alternatives to plastic bottles are already available and many more are to be designed. For example, a simple solution to this is to use a reusable bottle and fill it up at stations, water fountains, or food establishments.
   Canned water
  
  Canned water is drinking water, including spring water, purified water, carbonated water and mineral water, packaged in tin cans or beverage cans.
  
  In individual serving cans, it is less common alternative to bottled water. Canned water is often used where storage or distribution systems are set up for cans. Some companies have launched water in cans, claiming a more environmentally sustainable alternative to plastic bottles. 
   Arguments in favor of reusing bottles, or recycling them into other products, are compelling. It is estimated that in the U.S. alone, consumers use 1,500 plastic water bottles every single second. But only about 23% of PET plastic, which is the plastic used in disposable plastic water bottles, gets recycled. Thus, about 38 billion water bottles are thrown away annually, equating to roughly $1 billion worth of plastic. The average American spends $242 per year per person on disposable, single use plastic water bottles. The environmental and cost consequences associated with disposable plastic water bottles are a strong argument for reusing bottles.
   Companies like Aquafina have also taken recycling into consideration. Previously when water bottles were bought in packs of 24, there was a plastic wrap around the bottles and there was a cardboard base. This packaging wasn't recyclable, but now some water companies have made the packaging totally recyclable, and also have eliminated the cardboard base. Just eliminating the cardboard base saves 20 million pounds of corrugated material annually. The plastic reduction in the bottles themselves saves 75 million pounds of plastic.
  
  Section::::Replacements for plastics.
   Because the manufacturing and transportation of disposable water bottles requires petroleum, a non-renewable resource, the single-serve bottled water industry has come under pressure from concerned consumers. The Pacific Institute calculates that it required about 17 million barrels of oil to make the disposable plastic bottles for single-serve water that Americans consumed in 2006. To sustain the consumptive use of products relying on plastic components and level of manufactured demand for plastic water bottles, the end result is shortages of fossil fuels. Furthermore, it means not only a shortage of the raw materials to make plastics, but also a shortage of the energy required to fuel their production.
   Additional to environmental impacts, plastics are known to leave behind chemicals detrimental to human health such as the neurotoxin Bisphenol A (also known as BPA). Other chemicals in plastics have even been linked to cancer.
  
  For these reasons some governments are interested in banning the use of single-use plastic water bottles in their regions to lower these impacts on the environment and promote sustainability within their boundaries.
  
  Section::::Sub-national bans by country.
  
  Section::::Sub-national bans by country.:Australia.
   Most bottled water containers are made from recyclable PET plastic, and some of these bottles end up in the waste stream in landfills. The financial and environmental costs of transportation of bottled water has been another concern because of the energy used and the consequent release of carbon dioxide and the potential impact on climate change.
   Section::::History of PET bottle recycling.
   The American mechanical engineer and inventor Nathaniel Wyeth first patented PET in 1973 and soda companies soon started using PET to package their drinks. Over the past 20 years or so, PET bottles have become the most common material to package beverages, replacing glass and metal. Especially water and soda was starting to be packaged in PET bottles. This is because PET has certain material properties that make it more favorable than glass or metal cans. Most importantly, PET is lightweight and difficult to break. Further, PET is clear and has "good barrier properties towards moisture and oxygen". Because of these qualities, PET has replaced glass bottles and metal cans in many instances, with PET bottles also being used for energy drinks, beer, wine, and juice. The introduction of PET bottles marked the final stage in the change away from reusable bottles to "one-way", nonreturnable bottles.
   In recent years, the single-serve bottled water industry has responded to consumer concern about the environmental impact of disposable water bottles by significantly reducing the amount of plastic used in bottles. The reduced plastic content also results in a lower weight product that uses less energy to transport. Other bottle manufacturing companies are experimenting with alternative materials such as corn starch to make new bottles that are more readily biodegradable.
   Globally, there is an intensifying environmental backlash against bottled water usage. As global consumption of bottled water soars, environmental groups such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Greenpeace have warned of the huge environmental footprint of the plastic in which the water is packaged.
   Section::::Types of water bottles.:Single-use plastic water bottles.
  
  Water bottle sales have increased almost every single decade in the United States for more than a decade. In 2011, greater than $11 billion was spent on U.S. bottled water products. The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) states that Americans are increasingly relying on water bottles for convenience and portability.
   It is debatable whether exporting circulating resources that damages the domestic recycling industry is acceptable or not. In Japan, overseas market pressure led to a significant cost reduction in the domestic market. The cost of the plastics other than PET bottles remained high.
  
  Section::::Process.:Sorting.
   Several countries have banned the use of plastics containing BPA used for water and other food items. Leaching of phthalates from PVC (resin identification code 3) is also a concern, but PVC is no longer used for water bottles.
   In Europe, more than one-third of recovered PET plastic is used to produce polyester fibers, and another quarter is used in the production of preformed plastic containers—such as egg cartons, fruit boxes, and other plastic beverage bottles.
  
  Section::::Water and Energy Usage.
   The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR), the trade association for the PET plastic packaging industry in the United States and Canada, identifies five major, generic end-use categories for recycled PET plastic: 1) packaging applications, including new bottles; 2) sheet and film applications, including some thermoforming applications; 3) strapping; 4) engineered resins applications; and 5) fiber applications. According to the nonprofit Recycling Across America, five individual serving PET plastic bottles provide enough fiber to make one square foot of carpet or to fill one ski jacket.
   Section::::History.:Water chemistry.
  
  Many of the early developments in the field of chemistry can be attributed to the study of natural mineral waters and attempts to replicate them for commercial sale. Joseph Priestley, who would discover oxygen in 1775, made his first contributions to the field of chemistry by dissolving carbon dioxide in water, for which he was awarded the Copley Medal in 1773. He would go on to work with Johann Jacob Schweppe, founder of Schweppes, in developing “aerated” waters for commercial sale.
  
  Section::::History.:PET plastic bottles.
   The recent documentary "Tapped" argues against the bottled water industry, asserting that tap water is healthier, more environmentally sustainable, and more ecologically sound than bottled water. The film focuses on the bottled water industry in the United States. The film has received largely positive reviews, and has spawned college campus groups such as Beyond the Bottle. Yet, as many people remain generally unaware of the negative health and environmental impacts associated with bottled water, recent research in environmental psychology has started to investigate how to reduce the public's consumption of bottled water.
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Canned water
   Research is ongoing as to whether plastic water bottles can leach hazardous chemicals into the water, especially when heated.
  
  Section::::Consequences.:Environment.
  
  Water bottles made of glass, aluminium and steel are the most readily recyclable. HDPE and LDPE bottles can be recycled as well.
   In 2008, Environmental Defence and The Workgroup for Safe Markets in the US commissioned a report, researched by a lab at the University of Missouri, which stated that plastic baby bottles from a number of manufacturers, including Avent, Evenflo, Dr. Brown's and Disney/First Years, were leaching unsafe levels of bisphenol A (BPA) when heated. This led to dozens of state and national environmental health organizations in Canada and the United States calling for an immediate moratorium on the use of BPA in baby bottles, and other food and beverage containers.
   Section::::The rise of nonreturnable bottles.
   BULLET::::- Formula must be mixed with water, which is often impure or not potable in poor countries, leading to disease in vulnerable infants. Because of the low literacy rates in developing nations, many mothers are not aware of the sanitation methods needed in the preparation of bottles. Even mothers able to read in their native language may be unable to read the language in which sterilization directions are written.
  
presuppositions: Canned water doesn't exist.
corrections: Canned water exist but water in bottles is in higher demand.
raw_presuppositions: Canned water doesn't exist. Canned water doesn't exist.
raw_corrections: Canned water exist but water in bottles is in higher demand. Canned water exist but there isn't enough demand for them.