question: What are the mental differences and capabilities in-between the standard person and someone with downs syndrome?
comment: Down Syndrome affects everyone differently. Some people with Down Syndrome may be only mildly affected mentally and physically. Often, people will have low muscle tone, mild to moderate mental impairment, and some other physical difficulties.
passages: Angelman syndrome is the one closest to PTHS. Both have absent speech and happy disposition. One thing that they do not have in common is facial abnormalities. Of those listed above, Rett syndrome is the least close to PTHS. This syndrome is seen as a progressive encephalopathy. Mowat–Wilson syndrome is seen in early infancy and is characterized by distinctive facial abnormalities.
  
  Section::::Treatment.
  
  Currently there is no specific treatment for this condition. It is based on symptomatology. Since there is a lack of treatment, people with PTHS use behavioral and training approaches.
   They typically do fairly well with social skills. Behavior problems are not generally as great an issue as in other syndromes associated with intellectual disability. In children with Down syndrome, mental illness occurs in nearly 30% with autism occurring in 5–10%. People with Down syndrome experience a wide range of emotions. While people with Down syndrome are generally happy, symptoms of depression and anxiety may develop in early adulthood.
   If children with RTT are in school during the day, OTs PTs and speech pathologists can play a role in teaching special education assistants (SEAs) about the self-care needs of the child. This can include education on feeding techniques that are suitable for the child, proper mechanics of lifts and transfers, as well as toileting techniques and routines.
  
  Section::::Leisure.
   Section::::Management.:Other.
  
  Tympanostomy tubes are often needed and often more than one set during the person's childhood. Tonsillectomy is also often done to help with sleep apnea and throat infections. Surgery, however, does not always address the sleep apnea and a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine may be useful. Physical therapy and participation in physical education may improve motor skills. Evidence to support this in adults, however, is not very good.
   BULLET::::- The Down Syndrome Centre Seminars series began in June with “Promoting the Early Development of Children with Intellectual Disability”, delivered by Early Intervention expert, Ann Haig Wheeler. Ann worked in Ireland for over 10 years before returning to live in the US. As well as being a recognised professional, who offers practical methods for achieving successful intervention, she is also the mother of a 10-year-old daughter, Allie, who has Down syndrome and Autism.
   Reading difficulties in special populations such as Downs syndrome, autism, and cerebral palsy follow similar patterns of reading development and reading difficulty as described in the subgroups of reading problems section.
  
  Section::::Reading in special populations.:Down syndrome.
   Individuals with Down syndrome may learn better visually. Drawing may help with language, speech, and reading skills. Children with Down syndrome still often have difficulty with sentence structure and grammar, as well as developing the ability to speak clearly. Several types of early intervention can help with cognitive development. Efforts to develop motor skills include physical therapy, speech and language therapy, and occupational therapy. Physical therapy focuses specifically on motor development and teaching children to interact with their environment. Speech and language therapy can help prepare for later language. Lastly, occupational therapy can help with skills needed for later independence.
   Some of the AAC systems common to individuals with RTT include eye-gaze boards, communication boards, switches, or voice output communication devices. Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs), often with specialized AAC training and knowledge, provide education and training to families, educational teams, and other communication partners on these tools. AAC options are often divided into three levels of technology: no technology, low technology, and higher technology (mid-tech or high-tech, consisting of systems requiring the use of a battery or powercord). The simplest way to communicate is through ‘no technology’ or "unaided" methods in which the individuals with RTT indicates a response (i.e., points, blinks their eyes, raises their eyebrows) to indicate a response. The second type are ‘low technology’ communication systems which often include using pictures, symbols, and/or objects placed on a board. A person then uses eye gaze or finger pointing to show his or her choices. Communication boards can be set up by the SLP and OT in both home and school environments. The third and most complex level of technology is ‘higher technology’. Some of the more commonly used technological devices include voice output systems and computer communication software. Low-technology, mid-technology, and high-technology systems are considered "aided" systems, as they require the use of an object other than one's own body to communicate. The SLP and OT work with the child, as well as the family, caregivers, and school assistants to encourage the child to communicate as much as possible by using all these different tools.
   Section::::Screening for inattention and hyperactivity.
  
  The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham—IV (SNAP-IV) rating scale forms are included for parent / guardian and teachers to complete. 
   PWS is often misdiagnosed as other syndromes due to many in the medical community's unfamiliarity with it. Sometimes it is misdiagnosed as Down syndrome, simply because of the relative frequency of Down syndrome compared to PWS.
  
  Section::::Treatment.
   Hearing aids or other amplification devices can be useful for language learning in those with hearing loss. Speech therapy may be useful and is recommended to be started around nine months of age. As those with Down syndrome typically have good hand-eye coordination, learning sign language may be possible. Augmentative and alternative communication methods, such as pointing, body language, objects, or pictures, are often used to help with communication. Behavioral issues and mental illness are typically managed with counseling or medications.
   CP is not a progressive disorder (meaning the brain damage does not worsen), but the symptoms can become more severe over time. A person with the disorder may improve somewhat during childhood if he or she receives extensive care, but once bones and musculature become more established, orthopedic surgery may be required. People with CP can have varying degrees of cognitive impairment or none whatsoever. The full intellectual potential of a child born with CP is often not known until the child starts school. People with CP are more likely to have learning disorders, but have normal intelligence. Intellectual level among people with CP varies from genius to intellectually disabled, as it does in the general population, and experts have stated that it is important not to underestimate the capabilities of a person with CP and to give them every opportunity to learn.
   The NDSC was an outgrowth of meetings held by the Arc of the United States, and the NDSC was officially formed in 1973. It was the first organization to focus specifically on the needs of individuals with Down syndrome, rather than generalized intellectual or cognitive disabilities. Though originally based in Illinois, the national headquarters is now in Atlanta, Georgia.
  
  In 2017, Dr. Kishore Vellody, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was elected president of the organization. Since 2003, David Tolleson has served as Executive Director.
  
  Section::::Convention.
   Those with micro syndrome are born appearing normal. At the age of one, mental and physical delays become apparent, along with some limb spasms. By the age of eight micro syndrome has already set in, and the patient will have joint contractures, Ocular Atrophy will become noticeable, the patient will most likely lose ability to walk, speak, and sometimes move at all.
   Other common traits reported by care givers of affected individuals are:
  
  BULLET::::- Low muscle tone
  
  BULLET::::- Seizures
  
  BULLET::::- Repetitive self-stimulatory behavior
  
  BULLET::::- Sensory processing disorder
  
  BULLET::::- Delayed development of gross motor skills and fine motor skills
  
  BULLET::::- Delayed cognitive development
  
  BULLET::::- Chewing and swallowing difficulties
  
  BULLET::::- Digestion or bowel problems
  
  BULLET::::- Slow growth resulting in below average height and weight
  
  Section::::Clinical significance.:Prognosis and treatment.
  
  In combination, these traits affect walking, talking, feeding, and learning skills. No impact on life expectancy has been found. As with many developmental disabilities, there is no "cure".
   Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and intellectual disabilities. As adults, their mental abilities are typically similar to those of an 8- or 9-year-old. They also typically have poor immune function and generally reach developmental milestones at a later age. They have an increased risk of a number of other health problems, including congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, and mental disorders.
  
  Section::::Signs and symptoms.:Physical.
   Although in the original clinical description short stature was included in the characteristics of MDP syndrome, looking at the data closely it showed that many patients were well within the normal range. If growth is of concern growth hormone therapy could be considered and coordinated with testosterone replacement where appropriate.
  
  Section::::Management.:Deafness.
  
  Deafness is a feature of MDP syndrome as a result of the nerves not working well and people often have difficulty getting hearing aids because of the small size of their ears. Digital hearing aids can be helpful and audiometry follow up will be needed.
  
  Section::::Management.:Feet/contractures.
   A study also showed that there is also an increased risk of atrioventricular canal in patients who suffer from Noonan syndrome. The pattern seen in those patients with Noonan syndrome differ from those patients who have Down syndrome in that "partial" AVCD is more prevalent in those who suffer from NS, where as those who suffer from down syndrome show a prevalence of the "complete" form of AVCD.
  
  Section::::Pathophysiology.
   Electroencephalograms show an excess of slow components.
  
  According to the clinical diagnosis. PTHS is in the same group as Pervasive Developmental Disorders.
  
  Evaluations
  
  BULLET::::- Developmental assessment
  
  BULLET::::- Assessment for communication devices
  
  BULLET::::- Talk to a child behavior specialist
  
  BULLET::::- Pulmonary consultation
  
  BULLET::::- Child neurology consultation
  
  BULLET::::- Ophthalmology evaluation
  
  BULLET::::- Gastroenterology
  
  BULLET::::- Musculoskeletal evaluation
  
  BULLET::::- Talk to a clinical geneticist
  
  Section::::Diagnosis.:Differential diagnosis.
  
  Differential diagnosis includes Angelman syndrome, Rett syndrome, and Mowat–Wilson syndrome.
   Tomblin has co-edited several books including "Understanding Individual Differences in Language Development Across the School Years" (with Marilyn Nippold), and U"nderstanding Developmental Language Disorders: From Theory to Practice" (with Courtenay Norbury and Dorothy V. M. Bishop). 
  
  Section::::Biography.
   The NDSS was founded by Betsy Goodwin and Arden Moulton. Goodwin's daughter Carson was born in 1978 with Down Syndrome. The parents soon discovered that the support and resources available to parents with Down syndrome children were very limited. Goodwin and Arden decided to create the NDSS, which gained official nonprofit status in 1979.
  
  Section::::Areas of Programming.
  
  NDSS focuses on four items of programming to enhance the quality of life for those with Down syndrome.
  
  BULLET::::- The National Policy Center creates systematic change through legislative policy.
   At birth, all children should get an electrocardiogram and ultrasound of the heart. Surgical repair of heart problems may be required as early as three months of age. Heart valve problems may occur in young adults, and further ultrasound evaluation may be needed in adolescents and in early adulthood. Due to the elevated risk of testicular cancer, some recommend checking the person's testicles yearly.
  
  Section::::Management.:Cognitive development.
   Although there is no cure for 13q deletion syndrome, symptoms can be managed, usually with the involvement of a neurologist, rehabilitation physician, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, psychotherapist, nutritionist, special education professional, and/or speech therapist. If the affected child's growth is particularly slow, growth hormone treatment can be used to augment growth. Plastic surgeries can repair cleft palates, and surgical repair or monitoring by a pediatric cardiologist can manage cardiac defects. Some skeletal, neurological, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and ophthalmic abnormalities can be definitively treated with surgery. Endocrine abnormalities can often be managed medically. Special educators, speech and occupational therapists, and physiotherapists can help a child develop skills in and out of school.
   This is a list of people with Down syndrome, a condition also known as Down's syndrome or trisomy 21. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this number varies widely. Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans, occurring in about one per 1000 babies born each year.
   Many alternative medical techniques are used in Down syndrome; however, they are poorly supported by evidence. These include: dietary changes, massage, animal therapy, chiropractic and naturopathy, among others. Some proposed treatments may also be harmful.
  
  Section::::Prognosis.
  