question: Why does sleeping for too long give you a headache?
comment: Dehydration too, depending how long you're asleep and how warm you are. 10hrs is a long time without water.
passages: Symptomatic treatment usually involves analgesics for both cranial and spinal CSF leaks. Caffeine and short-term bed rest can alleviate symptoms of low CSF pressure, while elevated rest and acetazolamide can alleviate symptoms of high CSF pressure.
   BULLET::::- hypnic headache: moderate-severe headache that starts a few hours after falling asleep and lasts 15–30 minutes. The headache may recur several times during night. Hypnic headaches are usually in older women. They may be treated with lithium.
  
  Section::::Cause.:Secondary.
  
  Headaches may be caused by problems elsewhere in the head or neck. Some of these are not harmful, such as cervicogenic headache (pain arising from the neck muscles). Medication overuse headache may occur in those using excessive painkillers for headaches, paradoxically causing worsening headaches.
  
  More serious causes of secondary headaches include:
   Section::::History.:Currently.
   Section::::Signs and symptoms.
  
  Most people who develop SCSFLS feel the sudden onset of a severe and acute headache. This headache is usually made worse by standing and typically becomes prominent throughout the day, with the pain becoming less severe when lying down. Orthostatic headaches can become chronic and disabling to the point of incapacitation. Some patients with SCSFLS will develop headaches that begin in the afternoon. This is known as "second-half-of-the-day headache". This may be an initial presentation of a spontaneous CSF leak or appear after treatment such as an epidural patch, and likely indicates a slow CSF leak.
   Section::::History.:2006.
   Treatment for a current tension headache is to drink water and confirm that there is no dehydration. If symptoms do not resolve within an hour for a person who has had water, then stress reduction might resolve the issue.
  
  Section::::Treatment.:Medications.
  
  Section::::Treatment.:Medications.:Treatment of ETTH.
   Lithium carbonate 200–600 mg at bedtime is an effective treatment for most patients but for those that can not tolerate Lithium, Verapamil, indomethacin, melatonin or methysergide may be tried. Two patients have also responded to flunarizine 5 mg. It has also been shown that 1–2 cups of coffee or 100–200 mg of caffeine before bed can prevent hypnic headaches.
   Regular use of over-the-counter drugs such as paracetamol and NSAIDs can also be a cause of MOH. OTC medication for headache should be limited to use for not more than two days weekly. Concurrent with MOH, overuse of acetaminophen (AKA paracetamol in some countries) for treating headaches risks causing liver damage and NSAID overuse can cause gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  Section::::Prevention.
   MOH is a serious, disabling and well-characterized disorder, which represents a worldwide problem and is now considered the third-most prevalent type of headache. Population-based studies report the prevalence rate of MOH to be 1% to 2% in the general population, but its relative frequency is much higher in secondary and tertiary care.
  
  Section::::Classification.
   Medication overuse headache
  
  Medication overuse headache (MOH), also known as rebound headache usually occurs when analgesics are taken frequently to relieve headaches. Rebound headaches frequently occur daily, can be very painful and are a common cause of chronic daily headache. They typically occur in patients with an underlying headache disorder such as migraine or tension-type headache that "transforms" over time from an episodic condition to chronic daily headache due to excessive intake of acute headache relief medications. 
   Section::::History.:2006.:Fall 2006.
   MOH is known to occur with frequent use of many different medications, including most commonly: triptans, ergotamines, analgesics, opioids. Dietary and medicinal caffeine consumption appears to be a modest risk factor for chronic daily headache onset, regardless of headache type. The underlying mechanisms that lead to the development of the condition are still widely unknown and clarification of their role is hampered by a lack of experimental research or suitable animal models. Various pathophysiological abnormalities have been reported and they seem to have an important role in initiating and maintaining chronic headache (genetic disposition, receptor and enzyme physiology and regulation, psychological and behavioural factors, physical dependencies, recent functional imaging results).
   A number of different causes contribute to this class of headache. Several common chemicals may be the culprit. Nitrite compounds dilate blood vessels, causing dull and pounding headaches with repeat exposure. Nitrite is found in dynamite, heart medicine and it is a chemical used to preserve meat (ergo these being known as "nitrite" or "hot dog" headaches). Eating foods prepared with monosodium glutamate (MSG) may thus result in headache. Acetaldehyde from alcohol may also cause a headache either acutely or after a number of hours (hangover).
   Early hydrocephalus can also cause severe excessive daytime sleepiness. Additionally, head trauma can be associated with a primary/central hypersomnia, and symptoms similar to those of idiopathic hypersomnia can be seen within 6–18 months following the trauma. However, the associated symptoms of headaches, memory loss, and lack of concentration may be more frequent in head trauma than in idiopathic hypersomnia. "The possibility of secondary narcolepsy following head injury in previously asymptomatic individuals has also been reported."
  
  Section::::Diagnosis.:Differential diagnosis.:Secondary hypersomnias.
  
  Secondary hypersomnias are extremely numerous.
   Given the possible role of hyperactive GABA receptors in idiopathic hypersomnia, medications that could counteract this activity are being studied to test their potential to improve sleepiness. These currently include clarithromycin and flumazenil.
  
  Section::::Management.:GABA-directed medications.:Flumazenil.
   BULLET::::12. Royal Roommate - Due to the King's weird sleep habits, the Queen kicks him out of the castle. Surrounded by dark shadows and unusual sounds, the King quickly seeks refuge at Bello's house, but they are a long way from a good night's sleep. After a series of strange bedtime rituals, Bello's finally understands the problem and helps the King conquer his fear of the night.
   BULLET::::- Modafinil is a drug that is prescribed for narcolepsy and other disorders that involve excessive daytime exhaustion. It has been approved in various military situations and for astronauts thanks to its ability to stave off fatigue. It is unclear whether astronauts sometimes use the drug because they are sleep-deprived – it might only be used on spacewalks and in other high-risk situations.
   BULLET::::- headaches
  
  BULLET::::- malaise
  
  BULLET::::- stye
  
  BULLET::::- periorbital puffiness, commonly known as "bags under eyes" or eye bags
  
  BULLET::::- increased blood pressure
  
  BULLET::::- increased stress hormone levels
  
  BULLET::::- increased risk of diabetes
  
  BULLET::::- lowering of immunity, increased susceptibility to illness
  
  BULLET::::- increased risk of fibromyalgia
  
  BULLET::::- irritability
  
  BULLET::::- nystagmus (rapid involuntary rhythmic eye movement)
  
  BULLET::::- obesity
  
  BULLET::::- seizures
  
  BULLET::::- temper tantrums in children
  
  BULLET::::- violent behavior
  
  BULLET::::- yawning
  
  BULLET::::- mania
  
  BULLET::::- symptoms similar to:
  
  BULLET::::- attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  
  BULLET::::- psychosis
  
  Section::::Physiological effects.:Diabetes.
   The most frequent presenting symptoms are headache, drowsiness, confusion, seizures, hemiparesis or speech difficulties together with fever with a rapidly progressive course. Headache is characteristically worse at night and in the morning, as the intracranial pressure naturally increases when in the supine position. This elevation similarly stimulates the medullary vomiting center and area postrema, leading to morning vomiting. 
   Medication overuse headache is a recognized ICHD (International Classification of Headache Disorders) classification. Over the years different sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed and revised by the major experts of headache disorders. The term MOH first appeared in the ICHD 2nd edition in 2004. It was defined as a secondary headache, with the aim of emphasising excessive drug intake as the basis of this form of headache. The two subsequent revisions of the diagnostic criteria for MOH (2005 and 2006) refined and extended the definition of the condition on the basis of both its chronicity (headache on more than 15 days/month for more than three months) and drug classes, thereby identifying the main types of MOH. In the case of ergotamine, triptans, opioids and combination medications in particular, intake on  10 days/month for  3 months is required, whereas simple analgesics are considered overused when they are taken on  15 days/month for 3 months.
   BULLET::::- mild or moderate intensity
  
  BULLET::::- not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs
  
  BULLET::::- Both of the following:
  
  BULLET::::- no nausea or vomiting
  
  BULLET::::- no more than one of photophobia (sensitivity to bright light) or phonophobia (sensitivity to loud sounds)
  
  Tension-type headaches may be accompanied by tenderness of the scalp on manual pressure during an attack.
  
  Section::::Cause.
  
  Section::::Cause.:Risk Factors.
  
  Various precipitating factors may cause tension-type headaches in susceptible individuals:
  
  BULLET::::- Anxiety
  
  BULLET::::- Stress
  
  BULLET::::- Sleep problems
  
  BULLET::::- Young age
  
  BULLET::::- Poor health
  
  Section::::Mechanism.
  
  Section::::Mechanism.:Overview of Pathophysiology of ETTH and CTTH.
   Hypnic headaches are benign primary headaches that affect the elderly, with the average age of onset being 63 ± 11 years. They are moderate, throbbing, bilateral or unilateral headaches that wake the sufferer from sleep once or multiple times a night. They typically begin a few hours after sleep begins and can last from 15–180 min. There is normally no nausea, photophobia, phonophobia or autonomic symptoms associated with the headache. They commonly occur at the same time every night possibly linking the headaches with circadian rhythm, but polysomnography has recently revealed that the onset of hypnic headaches may be associated with REM sleep.
   Finally, on the opposite end of the spectrum, other patients may report feeling that they have slept much longer than is observed. It has been proposed that this experience be subclassified under sleep state misperception as "positive sleep state misperception", "reverse sleep state misperception", and "negative sleep state misperception".
  
  Section::::Symptoms and diagnosis.:Diagnostic criteria.
   BULLET::::6. headaches of a new type, pattern, or severity;
  
  BULLET::::7. unrefreshing sleep;
  
  BULLET::::8. post-exertional malaise lasting more than 24 hours.
  
  BULLET::::- Final requirement
  
  All other known causes of chronic fatigue must have been ruled out, specifically clinical depression, side effects of medication, eating disorders and substance abuse.
  
  The clinical evaluation should include:
  
  BULLET::::1. A thorough history that covers medical and psychosocial circumstances at the onset of fatigue; depression or other psychiatric disorders; episodes of medically unexplained symptoms; alcohol or other substance abuse; and current use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and food supplements;
   Nazareth is a writer of Goan origin. He was associate professor in Iowa University's Department of English and the Afro-American Studies Program at the time of writing the novel. 
  
  Section::::Plot.
  
  The setting is "Damibia" set in "Africa. To be precise, Central Africa" (p. 21). There, the President-General of the country has just announced that "all the East Indians in the country have to leave by the next moon".
  