question: Where is ecall system located in car so it isn't destroyed in a car crash?
comment: It's in different locations depending on the manufacturer. On the Kia Cee'd it's located on the fascia - here's a diagram: URL_1 (Main Unit is number 5) This is also typical of the OnStar system too: URL_0 In saying that, I watched a program where they installed it under the rear seats in an area that was inaccessible for maintenance or removal so it most likely varies.
passages: BULLET::::- 1998, 5. (Saab 9-3). K-line is connected via MIU (Main Instrument Unit) to enable immobilizing from TWICE (Theft Warning Integrated Central Electronics) (not in software for markets: US and CA). Fuel pump relay is electrically supplied from main relay. Request signal for Air Condition is feed from MIU. Electrical pre heating on oxygen sensor is supplied from main relay. Requested boost pressure is raised somewhat on automobiles with manual gearbox. SID message when leakage in EVAP-system is confirmed, applicable in On-Board Diagnostics II variants.
   Anti-hijack system
  
  An anti-hijack system is an electronic system fitted to motor vehicles to deter criminals from hijacking them. Although these types of systems are becoming more common on newer cars, they have not caused a decrease in insurance premiums as they are not as widely known as other more common anti-theft systems such as alarms or steering locks. It can also be a part of an alarm or immobiliser system. An approved anti-hijacking system will achieve a safe, quick shutdown of the vehicle it is attached to. There are also mechanical anti-hijack devices. 
   Section::::Threat Model.:Controller Area Network Attacks.
  
  The most common network used in vehicles and the one that is mainly used for safety-related communication is CAN, due to its real-time properties, simplicity, and cheapness. For this reason the majority of real-world attacks have been implemented against ECUs connected through this type of network.
  
  The majority of attacks demonstrated either against actual vehicles or in testbeds fall in one or more of the following categories: 
  
  Section::::Threat Model.:Controller Area Network Attacks.:Sniffing.
   Trophy is currently operational on all Merkava Mark-IV tanks of the IDF's 401st Armored Brigade, as well as with the 7th Armored Brigade 75th Battalion new Merkava IV tanks. In July, the Israeli MOD announced it has completed the integration of Trophy on its first brigade company of NAMER APCs. At the same time, it has also been declared that the Trophy is slated to be fitted on the IDF's "Eitan" wheeled armored vehicle. in November 2016 it was announced that the IDF will purchase hundreds more Trophy systems to be installed on almost all of its Merkava 4 MBTs and NAMER APC/IFVs.
   Inside the vehicle, the ECUs are connected with each other through cabled or wireless communication networks, such as CAN bus (Controller Area Network), MOST bus (Media Oriented System Transport), FlexRay or RF (Radio Frequency) as in many implementations of TPMSs (Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems). It is important to notice that many of these ECUs require data received through these networks that arrive from various sensors to operate and use such data to modify the behavior of the vehicle (e.g., the cruise control modifies the vehicle's speed depending on signals arriving from a button usually located on the steering wheel). 
   For the 1999 model year, all Ford Motor Company vehicles equipped with the Passive Anti-Theft System use the PATS II system. The PATS II system was introduced on roughly half of the PATS equipped vehicles for the 1998 model year. The other half of the PATS equipped vehicles for the 1998 model year were equipped with the PATS I system. Many 2000 and later Ford vehicles use the E-PATS system, which uses an encrypted transponder in the key.
  
  Section::::List of equipped vehicles.
  
  PATS I equipped vehicles include the following.
  
  BULLET::::- 1998 Contour V6 Duratec
  
  BULLET::::- 1996-1997 Mustang
   In 2008, AEB was introduced in the British market.
  
  Between 2010 and 2014, Euro-ncap rewarded various constructors whose system had AEB features.
   Additional consumer communication systems are also integrated into automobile architectures including Bluetooth for wireless device connections, 4G Internet hotspots, and vehicle Wi-Fi.
  
  The integration of these various communications and software systems leaves automobiles vulnerable to attack. Security researchers have begun demonstrating the multitude of potential attack vectors in modern vehicles, and some real-world exploits have resulted in manufacturers issuing vehicle recalls and software updates to mobile applications.
   This new generation of COMAND systems was introduced on the model year 2002 W211 E-class and is in fact a complete redesign. MOST replaces the D2B optical ring network. The Mercedes-Benz option code became 527 (although, confusingly, COMAND 2.0 MOPF was also given this option code). These new MOST based systems were given the name COMAND-APS to distinguish them from the older D2B systems.
   Many new Police, Fire and Ambulance vehicles manufactured by SVP (Specialist Vehicle Preparartion) have Premier Hazard Systems installed. This usually consists of a Controller and Control pad which allows the user to switch 'Siren' 'Rear Reds' 'Rear Blues' '360 only' and 'Flash Headlamps' function. As well as user defined processes such as 'Alley Lamps' and 'Run Lock' (Run Lock allows the engines to continue to run without the need for keys in the ignition) to avoid the vehicle being stolen whilst attending an incident.
   As with all schemes to add mandatory wireless transceivers to cars, there are privacy concerns to be addressed. Depending on the final implementation of the system, it may be possible for the system to become activated without an actual crash taking place. Also, the occupants of the car have no control over the remote activation of the microphone, making a car susceptible to eavesdropping.
  
  Section::::Similar Initiatives.
  
  In Russia, a fully interoperable system called ERA-GLONASS is being deployed, with the aim to require an eCall terminal and a GPS/GLONASS receiver in new vehicles by 2015-2017.
   For example, the 94–95 Corvettes have one post-catalyst oxygen sensor (although they have two catalytic converters), and have a subset of the OBD-II codes implemented. For a 1994 Corvette the implemented OBD-II codes are P0116-P0118, P0131-P0135, P0151-P0155, P0158, P0160-P0161, P0171-P0175, P0420, P1114-P1115, P1133, P1153 and P1158.
   Two minor incidents were reported during testing of various KERS systems in . The first occurred when the Red Bull Racing team tested their KERS battery for the first time in July: it malfunctioned and caused a fire scare that led to the team's factory being evacuated. The second was less than a week later when a BMW Sauber mechanic was given an electric shock when he touched Christian Klien's KERS-equipped car during a test at the Jerez circuit.
  
  Section::::Use in motor sport.:FIA.
   Some car models have an SOS button that connects them to the car company's emergency centre or the emergency services (112) and provide GPS location data. If the car crashes, and the airbags inflate, then the emergency phone inside the car activates, even if the occupant(s) cannot reach it. Within Europe the eCall initiative is intended to bring this functionality to all new cars sold after April 2018.
   In 2016, 40% of US car model have AEB as an option.
  
  As of January 2017, in the United Kingdom, an estimated 1,586,103 vehicles had AEB. This makes AEB available in 4.3% of the British vehicle fleet.
  
  Section::::History.:United States.
  
  In 2019, 66% of autobrake systems evaluate by the IIHS in 2019 models earn the highest rating of superior for front crash prevention.
  
  Section::::Benefits.
   The system consists of a bracket that surrounds the driver's head and is connected at three points to the vehicle frame. The component is made of titanium and weighed around 7 kilograms in the version presented in 2016. The weight rose to 9 kilograms in 2017.
  
  The system is not developed by the teams, but is manufactured by three approved external manufacturers chosen by the FIA and is the same specification for all vehicles.
   Additional vehicle-specific diagnostic and control circuits are also available on this connector. For instance, on the Corvette there are interfaces for the Class 2 serial data stream from the PCM, the CCM diagnostic terminal, the radio data stream, the airbag system, the selective ride control system, the low tire pressure warning system, and the passive keyless entry system.
  
  An OBD 1.5 has also been used on Mitsubishi cars of '95 '97 vintage, and in the Ford Scorpio since 95.
   Since the development of cheap wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, LTE, Wi-Fi, RFID and similar, automotive producers and OEMs have designed ECUs that implement such technologies with the goal of improving the experience of the driver and passengers. Safety-related systems such as the OnStar from General Motors, telematic units, communication between smartphones and the vehicle's speakers through Bluetooth, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, and RKES (Remote Keyless Entry Systems) are just examples of how the vehicle has become externally connected to devices and, in some cases, to the internet. Furthermore, since 2016, with the development and implementation in marketed vehicles of V2X technologies, the long- and short-range communication interfaces of the vehicle have become considerably bigger.
   In the US, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety website shows availability of ESC in individual US models and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration website lists US models with ESC.
  
  In Australia, the National Roads and Motorists' Association (NRMA) shows the availability of ESC in Australian models.
  
  Section::::Future.
   The system is used in Formula 1, as well as in all of the FIA formula classes. However, as vehicles will have to be redesigned to introduce this system, for many classes the halo will only be introduced in the new generation of single-seaters.
  
  In August 2017 the Dallara F2 2018, a new Formula 2 car, was presented and was the first to install the halo system. The SRT05e Formula E car presented in January 2018 had a halo. In November 2018, the 2019 FIA Formula 3 car, which was unveiled in Abu Dhabi, installed the halo too.
   In 2012, vehicles produced by BMW, Porsche, Opel, Renault, Mercedes, Volkswagen and Toyota were stolen by programming a blank key fob to start the car through the OBD connection. BMW offered all owners a free fix through a software update, and all newer vehicles have upgraded software that fixed this vulnerability.
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- OBD-II PIDs ("Parameter IDs")
  
  BULLET::::- Engine control unit
  
  BULLET::::- Immobiliser
  
  BULLET::::- JTAG
  
  BULLET::::- ELM327 very common integrated circuit inside scan tools
  
  BULLET::::- Scan tool (automotive) scan tool that can connect to the DLC
  
  BULLET::::- Data link connector (automotive) the standard Data Link Connector
   Section::::Functional safety requirements.
  
  In order to minimize the risk of dangerous failures, safety related electronic systems have to be developed following the applicable product liability requirements. Disregard for, or inadequate application of these standards can lead to not only personal injuries, but also severe legal and economic consequences such as product cancellations or recalls.
   As more functions of the automobile are connected to short- or long-range networks, cybersecurity of systems against unauthorized modification is required. With critical systems such as engine controls, transmission, air bags, and braking connected to internal diagnostic networks, remote access could result in a malicious intruder altering the function of systems or disabling them, possibly causing injuries or fatalities. Every new interface presents a new "attack surface". The same facility that allows the owner to unlock and start a car from a smart phone app also presents risks due to remote access. Auto manufacturers may protect the memory of various control microprocessors both to secure them from unauthorized changes and also to ensure only manufacturer-authorized facilities can diagnose or repair the vehicle. Systems such as keyless entry rely on cryptographic techniques to ensure "replay" or "man-in-the-middle attacks" attacks cannot record sequences to allow later break-in to the automobile. 
   ESC is built on top of an anti-lock brake system, and all ESC-equipped vehicles are fitted with traction control. ESC components include a yaw rate sensor, a lateral acceleration sensor, a steering wheel sensor, and an upgraded integrated control unit. In the USA, federal regulations have required that ESC be installed as a standard feature on all passenger cars and light trucks as of the 2012 model year. According to NHTSA research, ABS in 2005 cost an estimated US$368; ESC cost a further US$111. The retail price of ESC varies; as a stand-alone option it retails for as little as $250 USD. ESC was once rarely offered as a sole option, and was generally not available for aftermarket installation. Instead, it was frequently bundled with other features or more expensive trims, so the cost of a package that included ESC was several thousand dollars. Nonetheless, ESC is considered highly cost-effective and may pay for itself in reduced insurance premiums.
   Various manufacturers provide AEB, but they might use different alternative names such as:
  
  BULLET::::- City Safety – Volvo
  
  BULLET::::- SCBS – Smart City Brake Support – Mazda
  
  BULLET::::- Active City Stop – Ford
  
  BULLET::::- City Emergency Braking – Volkswagen
  
  In countries, such as the UK, one quarter of new vehicles might have some kind of AEB system; but only 1% of previously sold cars might have AEB.
  
  Section::::Automobile manufacturers.:Audi.
  
  2010: "Pre sense" autonomous emergency braking system uses twin radar and monocular camera sensors and was introduced in 2010 on the 2011 Audi A8.
  