question: Why do tech companies like Twitter and Google need so many software engineers when they’ve essentially provided the same service for years?
comment: Because they are constantly expanding the service, adding new features, adding new security, etc. Even basic maintenance requires software engineers.
passages: As of April 6, 2011, Twitter engineers confirmed that they had switched away from their Ruby on Rails search stack to a Java server they call Blender.
   A 2011 report by Gartner outlines a five stage model on the maturity of firms when it comes to the uptake of cloud collaboration tools. A firm in the first stage is said to be "reactive", with only email as a collaboration platform and a culture which resists information sharing. A firm in the fifth stage is called "pervasive", and has universal access to a rich collaboration toolset and a strong collaborative culture. The article argues that most firms are in the second stage, but as cloud collaboration becomes more important, most analysts expect to see the majority of firms moving up in the model.
   Gartner's prognostic report, The Rise of Collaborative Decision Making, predicts that this new technology will minimize the cost and lag in the decision-making process, leading to improved productivity, operational efficiencies and ultimately, better, more timely decisions.
  
  Recent McKinsey Global and Aberdeen Group research have indicated that organizations with collaborative technologies respond to business threats and complete key projects faster, experiencing decreased time to market for new products as well as improved employee satisfaction.
  
  Section::::Components.
   BULLET::::- Access - By 2018, it has been estimated that over than half of all B2E (business-to-employee) mobile apps would be created by enterprise business analysts using codeless tools. This ongoing shift is increasing the number of potential app creators from individuals with coding skills to anyone with internet access and functional business acumen.
  
  BULLET::::- Agility - NCDPs typically provide some degree of templated user-interface and user experience functionality for common needs such as forms, workflows, and data display allowing creators to expedite parts of the app creation process.
   All the teams are fully independent and they work separately on the different projects. The structure is quite simple and all the employees reports to one person, what make the situation quite clear however it is not a good solution in terms of knowledge exchange and optimal usage of human resources.
   Firms are becoming more open when it comes to collaborations outside the boundaries of a firm. Though the shift to open innovation is no guarantee for a firm’s success. Many companies are not able to take advantage out of the opened innovation process for different reasons. Outsourcing those activities to technology intermediaries might be a potentially useful solution.
   Section::::Career.
  
  Fowler was a platform engineer at financial technology company Plaid in early 2015 and a DevOp engineer at data infrastructure company PubNub later in the year before joining Uber in November 2015.
  
  Section::::Career.:Uber.
   The lead user method integrates the trend leading user into product developments, but its limitations become obvious in the context of increasingly complex products. Lead users need to understand the complex context of the development to realise why something is possible or not. Furthermore, the great organisational effort and the processing of such huge amounts of information delay the product launch. It can also result in concentrating on niche solutions that are not suitable for the masses or a compulsive need to differentiate from competitors by using all kind of parameters, such as function, design or business models.
   Twitter has a history of both using and releasing open source software while overcoming technical challenges of their service. A page in their developer documentation thanks dozens of open source projects which they have used, from revision control software like Git to programming languages such as Ruby and Scala. Software released as open source by the company includes the Gizzard Scala framework for creating distributed datastores, the distributed graph database FlockDB, the Finagle library for building asynchronous RPC servers and clients, the TwUI user interface framework for iOS, and the Bower client-side package manager. The popular Twitter Bootstrap web design library was also started at Twitter and is the second most popular repository on GitHub.
   BULLET::::- People do not have incentive to change their behaviour.
  
  BULLET::::- Teams that want to or are selected to use the software do not have strong team leaders who push for more collaboration.
  
  BULLET::::- Senior management is not actively involved in or does not support the team collaboration initiative.
   Information technology and changing business processes and management style can produce a work climate favorable to innovation. For example, the software tool company Atlassian conducts quarterly "ShipIt Days" in which employees may work on anything related to the company's products. Google employees work on self-directed projects for 20% of their time (known as Innovation Time Off). Both companies cite these bottom-up processes as major sources for new products and features.
   To create and manage the experiences, businesses must evaluate, implement, integrate, and build experiences from a fragmented landscape. Such needs are met by experience management platforms, which help automate the process of measuring and improving experiences across an organization by coordinating content, customer data and core services, and unifying marketing, commerce and service processes.
   With product data an important addition is the handling of high volumes of geometry and metadata. Exactly what techniques and technology is required depends on the level of collaboration being carried out and the commonality (or lack thereof) of the partner sites’ systems.
  
  Section::::Technologies and methods used.:Specific to PLM and CAx collaboration.
  
  Collaboration using PLM and CAx tools requires technology to support the needs of: 
  
  BULLET::::1. People. Personnel of different disciplines and skill levels;
  
  BULLET::::2. Organizations: Organizations throughout an enterprise or extended enterprise with different rules, processes and objectives;
  
  BULLET::::3. Data: Data from different sources in different formats.
   Traditionally data scientists have not been part of IT development teams, like regular Java programmers. This is because their skills set them apart in their own department not normally related to IT, i.e., math, statistics, and data science. So it is logical to conclude that their approach to writing software code does not enjoy the same efficiencies as the traditional programming team. In particular traditional programming has adopted the Continuous Delivery approach to writing code and the agile methodology. That releases software in a continuous circle, called iterations.
   In 2014, companies used the benefits from the cloud hosting milestone to transfer HR functionality on mobile devices. Ever since popular vendors have been releasing special Android and iPad/iPhone applications to meet the needs of all teams and businesses.
  
  Section::::History.:Recent developments.
  
  In 2015, HR software users got acquainted with gamification technology namely systems that attach an entertaining dimension to traditional HR operations, and motivate employees to perform better by awarding them with badges and bonuses.
   The learning management systems (LMS) allow for supervision and support by the course administrator or professor. One limitation of these systems is their availability; most LMS are restricted by course enrollment. Students must be enrolled in a particular course or subscribe to a specific class to gain access to the tools and content stored in the system. Cloud-based solutions on the other hand, such as Google Apps, OneNote, and the Office 365 suit offer collaborative tools outside the traditional education setting. Educators of all kinds (K-12 schools, colleges, and universities, vocational training, HR training teams, etc.) can access these cloud-based solutions and collaborate with anyone around the world by simply sharing a link. These tools range in availability from free with an email account to subscription costs based on the suit purchased. In addition to potential financial limitations, these cloud-based systems are always as secure or private as an LMS that requires course enrollment. Both LMS and cloud-based solutions present learners with opportunities to collaborate in a variety of ways while brainstorming the meaning of the problem and developing a plan for research and future collaboration.
   The need for UC management has evolved from the growing complexity that surrounds next generation communications environments. As the demands on a company’s communication platform increases – with the introduction of new UC services and applications – the task for an IT team to manage the platform manually becomes more and more complex. Employees need to be trained in multiple systems and the company needs to invest in separate ticketing systems, knowledge systems and reporting systems to manage the complexity.
   Section::::Capabilities.
  
  The integration of PMW activities offers new opportunities. It generates transparency among resource requirements and demands of system of systems. This leads to a better allocation of hardware, licensing and other costs to organizational units and enables to reduce overall costs. Since these transparencies are also available at an early stage, cross-organizational investments are able to be more cost-efficient. For instance, the choice of cloud or service providers can be more targeted as knowledge about performance metrics allows a better bargaining position.
   The most common reason businesses engage cloud professional services are for assistance with incorporating cloud technology into existing IT environments, and to plan how to implement cloud, according to a study published in February 2014 by the independent research firm Technology Business Research, Inc. According to published reports, the use of cloud professional services indicates that businesses do not have adequate internal resources that are knowledgeable about implementing cloud.
  
  Section::::Converged Cloud characteristics and components.
  
  Section::::Converged Cloud characteristics and components.:Converged infrastructure.
   Some of these expected changes have forces the executives of various firms to start shifting budgets away from the Information and technology departments towards their marketing teams. They are doing this so as to consequently hire digital marketing talent who have additional tech and skills specializations currently needed.
   On May 13, 2019, Twitter disclosed that they had discovered a bug that accidentally shared location data from iOS devices to an advertiser. They assured that the data was not retained and that the bug was fixed.
  
  Section::::Privacy, security, and harassment.:Open source.
   In May 2013, Asana launched Organizations, a way for companies of all sizes to use Asana, reporting tools to help teams monitor project progress, and IT admin tools.
  
  In 2014, Asana launched Calendar View for projects and tasks, its native iOS app, and Dashboards.
  
  In January 2015, Asana released its native Android app. Later that year, the company added team conversations. In September 2015, Asana unveiled a completely redesigned application and brand.
   Companies commonly use SAP Afaria to manage a large number of company-owned or employee-owned mobile devices that employees use for work. Due to the increasing popularity of smartphones and other mobile devices in the general population, many people now bring their own devices (BYOD) to work. Companies are finding that they must support the use of employees' personal mobile devices in conjunction with corporate email and other applications. An organization that does so benefits from the increased engagement and productivity of its workforce, as employees are able to more easily respond to work tasks when they’re away from the office.
   At Microsoft's Ignite 2018 conference, Microsoft announced an Technology Adopters Program that Enterprises could build skills that could be developed and deployed into Azure tenants, accessible by organizational units or security groups.
  
  Presently third-party skills are only available in the US and in US English.
  
  Section::::Privacy concerns.
   The researchers also note that the user organization's customer representatives could take longer to resolve customer problems, as their questions may require input from the external cloud services provider. Furthermore, migrating to cloud computing could reduce job satisfaction among IT staffers, whose jobs change from a hands-on technical role to managing external service providers. User organizations must also learn to cope with a new way of managing IT as they are no longer in charge of software support contracts or hardware maintenance issues.
  
presuppositions: Online apps require no upkeep. Tech companies provide a static service.
corrections: Basic maintenance requires software engineers Tech companies constantly add new features and security.
raw_presuppositions: Online apps require no upkeep. Tech companies provide a static service.
raw_corrections: Basic maintenance requires software engineers Tech companies constantly add new features and security.