question: why can't we have polished metal cars, like some planes that aren't painted?
comment: You can. You could get a DMC DeLorean. The difference is most aircraft are aluminum which doesn't rust, and most cars are steel, which does rust, so it needs to be protected by paint. Now, many aircraft are becoming carbon fibre so they are painted. And some cars are becoming aluminum, but they have lots of plastics bits as well, so they are painted to appear all uniform. The DeLorean was stainless steel which didn't rust.
passages: Among the companies they made parts for were Ford, General Motors, Harrison Radiator Corporation, and Chrysler. A large percentage of the parts were fuel lines for Ford's F-150 and Ranger.
  
  Section::::History.
  
  Pilot was a plastic extrusion co. Until they acquired R&C Fabricators, Big Rapids, Mi, which was a metal tubing manufacturing co. in 1990.
  
  Due to heat issues with the extruded nylon fuels line supplied to Ford by Pilot, Ford insisted Pilot develop metals manufacturing capability in order to retain their current supplier contracts
   The NPL was also responsible for perhaps the first deliberately engineered aerospace material, Y alloy. This first of the nickel-aluminium alloys was discovered after a series of experiments during World War I, deliberately setting out to find a better material for the manufacture of pistons for aircraft engines.
  
  Section::::History.:Interwar period.
   After sorting out some issues with prototype #4 attention turned to tooling. Tooling to produce the bodywork in aluminum turned out to be prohibitively expensive, but a company named Abbate was found in Turin that would make tooling out of resin that would be able to produce up to 100 body sets in steel. The price for the set would be £100,000.
   BULLET::::- Work is being done in developing ceramic parts for gas turbine engines. Currently, even blades made of advanced metal alloys used in the engines' hot section require cooling and careful limiting of operating temperatures. Turbine engines made with ceramics could operate more efficiently, giving aircraft greater range and payload for a set amount of fuel.
   Further implications, apart from the initial impact damage, come from the exposure of the damaged area to moisture and other degrading factors like chemicals, lubricants, fuel, hydraulic fluids, etc. The presence of such environments may result in further deterioration of the mechanical performance.
  
  Section::::Repair flow chart.
   Liquid paints account for more than 90% of the coatings used for prepainted metal. Films are often used where very high aesthetic quality is required. Variations in film thickness, colours and finish (smooth, structured or printed) can be achieved. Powder coatings can be described as "solid paint" which can be melted to form a continuous film over the substrate. Each type of coating has its own specific advantages, be it thickness, gloss, hardness, flexibility, durability in harsh weather or resistance to chemical attack. The choice of the most suitable system must be based on its usage and expected performance.
  
  Section::::Process.
   BULLET::::- Work is being done in developing ceramic parts for gas turbine engines. Currently, even blades made of advanced metal alloys used in the engines' hot section require cooling and careful limiting of operating temperatures. Turbine engines made with ceramics could operate more efficiently, giving aircraft greater range and payload for a set amount of fuel.
   The 1947 model engine was mostly made of alloy, but, as an experiment, the head was cast in silver for increased thermal efficiency. Due to the softness of silver, it had to be alloyed to make it hard enough for racing use. By the time this was achieved the thermal efficiency gains were lost, and the experiment was abandoned. There is dispute as to whether the silver cylinder head went beyond feasibility-study stage.
  
  Section::::Mechanicals.:Frame.
   BULLET::::- Solid paints have no sparkle effects except the color. This is the easiest type of paint to apply, and the most common type of paint for heavy transportation vehicles, construction equipment and aircraft. It is also widely used on cars, trucks, and motorcycles. Clear coat was not used on solid colors until the early 1990s.
   Because heat-resistant titanium is hard to weld and difficult to work with, welded nickel steel was used for the Mach 2.8 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 fighter, first flown in 1964; and the Mach 3.1 North American XB-70 Valkyrie used brazed stainless steel honeycomb panels and titanium but was cancelled by the time it flew in 1964.
   BULLET::::- Some automotive disc brakes use MMCs. Early Lotus Elise models used aluminum MMC rotors, but they have less than optimal heat properties, and Lotus has since switched back to cast iron. Modern high-performance sport cars, such as those built by Porsche, use rotors made of carbon fiber within a silicon carbide matrix because of its high specific heat and thermal conductivity. 3M developed a preformed aluminum matrix insert for strengthening cast aluminum disc brake calipers, reducing weight by half compared to cast iron while retaining similar stiffness. 3M has also used alumina preforms for AMC pushrods.
   Working together in the early 1970s at Corning Inc. in Corning, N.Y., Lachman, Bagley and Lewis all used cellular ceramic technology to create the ceramic honeycomb that became the essential core component of catalytic converters. Lachman and Lewis worked on the project for two years to develop a new ceramic material that had all the key characteristics they had been in need of: high temperature durability, low thermal expansion, low thermal conductivity at high temperatures, light weight and controlled porosity.
   The original concept was "Polishing of Metal" would be printed book format but no publisher showed interest in what would be a specialty textbook on this form of music, and the cost of self-publishing proved to be prohibitive, so the project was set aside.
  
  Section::::History.:Technological & Commercial Development.
   The use of metallic colors is not limited to those colors that approximate the appearance of actual metals. In some instances, it has been noted, "[b]eetles with bright metallic colors are made up into tie pins and cuff links". One popular modern use of metallic colors is for automobiles, which use metallic paint to achieve a particular shine. Such colors "are made from a combination of different pigments and aluminum flakes that have different weights and particle sizes". Crayon-maker Crayola has manufactured several lines of "metallic" products, including "Metallic FX" crayons, and "Metallic Colors" colored pencils, which have flecks of sparkles to achieve the metallic effect.
   Quality control in manufacturing these ceramic metal composites was hard to standardize. Production had to be kept to small batches and within these batches, the properties varied greatly. Failure of the material was usually a result of undetected flaws usually nucleated during processing.
  
  The existing technology in the 1950s reached a limit for jet engines where little more could be improved. Subsequently, engine manufactures were reluctant to develop ceramic metal engines.
   BULLET::::- Other metals used include chrome, gold, silver, and titanium. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.
  
  Section::::Man-made substances.:Plastics.
   Despite their strength and low weight, composites have not been a miracle solution for aircraft structures. Composites are typically difficult to inspect for flaws. Some of them absorb moisture. Most importantly, they can be prohibitively expensive, primarily because they are labor-intensive and often require complex and expensive fabrication machines. Aluminium, by contrast, is easy and inexpensive to manufacture and repair, for example in a minor collision an aluminium component can often be hammered back into its original shape, whereas a crunched fiberglass component will likely have to be completely replaced.
   Character shading supervisor on the film Thomas Jordan explained that chrome and car paint were the main challenges on the film, saying: "Chrome and car paint were our two main challenges on this film. We started out by learning as much as we could. At the local body shop, we watched them paint a car, and we saw the way they mixed the paint and applied the various coats. We tried to dissect what goes into the real paint and recreated it in the computer. We figured out that we needed a base paint, which is where the color comes from, and the clearcoat, which provides the reflection. We were then able to add in things like metallic flake to give it a glittery sparkle, a pearlescent quality that might change color depending on the angle, and even a layer of pin-striping for characters like Ramone." Supervising technical director on the film Eben Ostby explained that the biggest challenge for the technical team was creating the metallic and painted surfaces of the car characters, and the reflections that those surfaces generate, saying: "Given that the stars of our film are made of metal, John had a real desire to see realistic reflections, and more beautiful lighting than we’ve seen in any of our previous films. In the past, we’ve mostly used environment maps and other matte-based technology to cheat reflections, but for "Cars" we added a ray-tracing capability to our existing Renderman program to raise the bar for Pixar."
   Section::::Special products.
  
  Many special products are possible with powder metallurgy technology. A nonexhaustive list includes AlO whiskers coated with very thin oxide layers for improved refraction; iron compacts with AlO coatings for improved high-temperature creep strength; light bulb filaments made with powder technology; linings for friction brakes; metal glasses for high-strength films and ribbons; heat shields for spacecraft reentry into Earth's atmosphere; electrical contacts for handling large current flows; magnets; microwave ferrites; filters for gases; and bearings which can be infiltrated with lubricants.
   Damage to a granite surface plate will usually result in a chip but does not affect the accuracy of the overall plane. Even though chipped, another flat surface can still make contact with the undamaged portion of a chipped surface plate whereas damage to a cast-iron plate often raises the surrounding material above the working plane causing inspected objects to no longer sit parallel to the surface plate.
  
  Granite is also inherently stable, non-magnetic, has excellent vibration damping characteristics, and will not rust.
   There are many types of steel used for the "ha-gane" of Japanese planes and chisels:
  
  BULLET::::- White steel, "shiro-gane"; a nearly pure steel that takes a very keen edge and resharpens easily. There are several types of white steel, #1 and #2 being the most common.
   While aerospace is the predominant market for advanced composites today, the industrial and automotive markets will increasingly see the use of advanced composites toward the year 2000(Its now 2017 this is out of date). At present, both manual and automated processes are employed in making advanced-composite parts. As automated processes become more predominant, the costs of advanced composites are expected to decline to the point at which these materials will be used widely in electronic, machinery, and surface transportation equipment.
   In general, there are three main types of paint protection that is currently available to apply to cars and trucks: Waxes, Paint Sealants, and Ceramic Coatings.
  
  Wax are natural products that are applied on top of a vehicle's' finish to protect it and increase its shine. The majority of these are carnauba wax. Carnauba wax has a short typical lifespan of weeks making it less than ideal as a car finish protectant, requiring reapplication at least monthly. Carnauba wax is still considered superior in its ability to create a deep, wet, glossy shine.
   Lead sled
  
  In automotive usage, a lead sled is a standard production automobile with a body heavily modified in particular ways (see below); especially, though not exclusively, a 1949, 1950 or 1951 model year Ford 'Shoebox' or Mercury Eight car.
  
  Period auto body repair, by an auto body mechanic used to be achieved through a combination of re-shaping sheet metal using specialist hand tools and the application of molten lead to damaged body panels, fulfilling the role of more modern polyester fillers / bondo. 
   Unseen to Collins-Habovick was the financial disaster left by the previous management. When the previous management ceased operation, substantial debt remained behind. Mold sets like the B-25 and F-3F were not paid off completely, and mold commitments for the NASCAR stock car, SB2U, and an R-4 were not funded at all even though a fair amount of tooling had been complete. All of this (not including unpaid artists, printers, and many others) had to be overcome before anything else could be achieved.
  
presuppositions: Cars can't be polished metal. It's not possible to have polished metal cars.
corrections: The DeLorean is a stainless steel car that would not rust. It is possible to get a polished metal car.
raw_presuppositions: Cars can't be polished metal. It's not possible to have polished metal cars.
raw_corrections: The DeLorean is a stainless steel car that would not rust. It is possible to get a polished metal car.