question: How do letters find their destination between countries with different alphabets (i.e. Russia and America)?
comment: The mail sorting system have to take such things into consideration. In addition it have to handle typos and other mistakes. So when the Russian mail system scans the letter and recognize the characters of the address they notice that they are in Latin and not Cyrillic. So when tries to look up the address in the database it have it tries different variations of conversions between Latin and Cyrillic alphabets as well as different spelling errors or it might not have recognized the character properly. There are special database engines designed for this kind of searching. So it ends up with several possible addresses and picks the most likely one. In the worst case your letter is sent to an office which reads the addresses by hand and tries to interpret it. This is often how you have letters with far from complete address on them arrive safely.
passages: Section::::Production.
   The following table lists each letter in its modern order, showing an image of the letter (round variant), the corresponding modern Cyrillic letter, the approximate sound transcribed with the , the name, and suggestions for its origin. Several letters have no modern counterpart.
  
  Note that "yery" () is a digraph of either "yer" () or "yerь" (), followed by either "izhe" () or "i" (Ⰻ).
  
  In older texts, "uk" () and three out of four "yus"es () also can be written as digraphs, in two separate parts.
   When the source language uses a fairly phonetic spelling system (e.g. Spanish, Turkish), a Cyrillization scheme may often be adopted that almost amounts to a transliteration, i.e. using a mapping scheme that simply maps each letter of the source alphabet to some letter of the destination alphabet, sometimes augmented by position-based rules. Among such schemes are several schemes universally accepted in Eastern Slavic languages:
  
  BULLET::::- Cyrillization of Chinese
  
  BULLET::::- Cyrillization of English
  
  BULLET::::- Cyrillization of Esperanto
  
  BULLET::::- Cyrillization of French
  
  BULLET::::- Cyrillization of German
  
  BULLET::::- Cyrillization of Italian
  
  BULLET::::- Cyrillization of Angolan Portuguese
  
  BULLET::::- Cyrillization of Spanish
   Section::::Table.:Frequency.
  
  The frequency of characters in a corpus of written Russian was found to be as follows:
  
  Section::::Non-vocalized letters.
  
  Section::::Non-vocalized letters.:Hard sign.
   BULLET::::6. The local post office dispatches the letters to their delivery personnel who deliver them to the proper addresses.
  
  This process, depending on how far the sender is from the recipient, can take anywhere from a day to 3–4 weeks. International mail is sent via trains and airplanes to other countries.
   BULLET::::- M – me as in "men"
  
  BULLET::::- N – ne as in "never"
  
  BULLET::::- Ñ – ñe as in "English" and "song"
  
  BULLET::::- O – o as in "orchestra" and "obligation"
  
  BULLET::::- Ö – ö as in "urbane" and like German ö
  
  BULLET::::- P – pe as in "pen"
  
  BULLET::::- Q – qu as in "Iraq"
  
  BULLET::::- R – re as in Spanish "carro" (the tongue vibrates doing a few touches of palate during pronunciation of one sound)
  
  BULLET::::- S – se as in "sell"
  
  BULLET::::- Ş – şe as in ""slash"
   BULLET::::- In Polish, specifically Polish letters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals: A, Ą, B, C, Ć, D, E, Ę, ..., L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ó, P, ..., S, Ś, T, ..., Z, Ź, Ż. The digraphs for collation purposes are treated as if they were two separate letters.
   The first message transmitted over the hotline was on August 30, 1963. Washington sent Moscow the text: "[[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog|The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog's]] back 1234567890". This included all the Latin alphabet, as well as all [[Arabic numerals]] and the apostrophe, to test that the keyboard and printer were working correctly.
   The Glagolitic and early Cyrillic alphabets, although not consisting of ideograms, also have letters named acrophonically. The letters representing /a, b, v, g, d, e/ are named "Az", "Buky", "Vedi", "Glagol", "Dobro", "Est". Naming the letters in order, one recites a poem, a mnemonic which helps students and scholars learn the alphabet: "Az buky vedi, glagol’ dobro est’" means "I know letters, [the] word is good" in Old Church Slavonic.
   For Chinese, Chinese telegraph code is used to map Chinese characters to four-digit codes and send these digits out using standard Morse code. Korean Morse code uses the SKATS mapping, originally developed to allow Korean to be typed on western typewriters. SKATS maps hangul characters to arbitrary letters of the Latin script and has no relationship to pronunciation in Korean. For Russian and Bulgarian, Russian Morse code is used to map the Cyrillic characters to four-element codes. Many of the characters are encoded the same way (A, O, E, I, T, M, N, R, K, etc.). Bulgarian alphabet contains 30 characters, which exactly match all possible combinations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 dots and dashes (Russian Ы is used as Bulgarian Ь, Russian Ь is used as Bulgarian Ъ). Russian requires 2 extra characters, "Э" and "Ъ" which are encoded with 5 elements.
   Section::::Operations.:Pochtomat.
  
  In late 2010 a new delivery method with automated machines called "Pochtomat" () which is a combination of the words "почта", "post" in Russian, and automat, came into use. In 2011 number of those postmats were deployed in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. In April 2013 the first "Pochtomat" began working in Saransk and in the summer of 2013 first "Pochtomat" in the South Urals began in Chelyabinsk. Automatic issue of shipments is made under a special code that the recipient receives via cell phone as an SMS. By June 2013, Russian Post operated 145 "Pochtomats" in 60 cities.
   The earliest mail service between St Petersburg and Constantinople consisted of diplomatic pouches carried from 1721 on. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774 provided for a regular mail service, for which a consular post office was established in Constantinople. It began using handstamped postal markings around 1830. Beginning in 1779 a mail boat circulated between Constantinople and Kherson, and 1781 saw the establishment of an overland route through Bucharest to Bratzlav.
   Similarly, words originally with in their source language are either pronounced with ), as in the name ('Thelma') or, if borrowed early enough, with or , as in the names ('Theodore') and ('Matthew').
  
  For the affricate, which is common in the Asian countries that were parts of the Russian Empire and USSR, the letter combination is used: this is often transliterated into English either as or the Dutch form .
  
  Section::::Numeric values.
   BULLET::::- Baltimore, #12
  
  BULLET::::- Boston, #13
  
  BULLET::::- Harrisburg, #14
  
  Chartered later in 1852:
  
  BULLET::::- Rochester, #15
  
  BULLET::::- Chicago, #16
  
  BULLET::::- New Orleans, #17
  
  BULLET::::- Detroit, #18
  
  BULLET::::- Elmira, #19
  
  BULLET::::- Nashville, #20
  
  BULLET::::- San Francisco, #21
  
  "The Typographical Journal" records that in May 1892 there were 300 locals.
  
  Section::::Administration.:Office headquarters.
   BULLET::::- Telegraph I bis Euterpe I"
  
  BULLET::::- "Vindobona II" to "Flora"
  
  BULLET::::- "Antilope I" to "Mazeppa"
  
  BULLET::::- "Tiberius" to "Pilades"
  
  BULLET::::- Borsig 815–820, 828–833"
  
  BULLET::::- "Jupiter II" to "Clio"
  
  Section::::Legacy.
   The Latin alphabet of 1928–1932's displayed all phonemes in contrast to the current alphabet but did not differentiate aspirated and non-aspirated consonants (k and kʰ, p-pʰ, t-tʰ, q-qʰ, t͡ʃ-t͡ʃʰ, and t͡s-t͡sʰ). The alphabet was as follows:
  
  Section::::Lezgin Latin alphabet 1932–38.
  
  The first Latin alphabet was changed in 1932. A comparison of the two alphabets follows:
  
  Section::::Lezgin Cyrillic alphabet.
  
  There are 54 consonants in Lezgin. Aspiration is not normally indicated in the orthography, despite the fact that it is phonemic. The current Lezgin Cyrillic alphabet is as follows:
  
  Notes:
   Section::::The "Russian letters" in Vita Constantini.
  
  "Obrěte že tu evaggelie i psaltyrь rusьskymi pismeny pisano, i člověka ōbrětъ glagoljušta toju besědoju, i besědova s nimъ, i silu rěči priimъ, svoei besědě prikladaa različnaa pismena, glasnaa sъglasnaa, i kъ bogu molitvy tvorę, vъskorě načętъ česti i skazati, i mnoǆi sę emu divlęxu, boga xvalęšte."
   In Ingush, there are no ejectives, so for example "кӏ" is pronounced . Some of the other values are also different: аь "etc.", уь "etc.", кх (vs. къ ), хь 
  
  The vowel digraphs are used for front vowels for other Dagestanian languages and also the local Turkic languages Kumyk and Nogay. digraphs for ejectives is common across the North Caucasus, as is гӏ for .
  
  Section::::Kabardian.
  
  Kabardian uses for labialization, as ӏу . гу is , though г is ); ку is , despite the fact that к is not used outside loan words. Other digraphs are:
   In 1717, Russian Tsar Peter the Great visited Reims and, upon seeing the manuscript, noticed the Cyrillic alphabet. 
   This order and representation reflects the Russian national standard. The Bulgarian standard is the same except for the two letters given in parentheses; the Bulgarian language does not use "Ы", while "Ъ", missing in the Russian standard, is frequent. The letter Ё does not have a Morse equivalent, with Е used instead.
  
  Section::::Hebrew.
  
  Hebrew letters are mostly represented using the Morse representation of a similar-sounding Latin letter (e.g. "Bet" ב≡B); however the representation for several letters are from a Latin letter with a similar shape (e.g. "Tet" ט ≡U, while "Tav" ת≡T).
  
  Section::::Persian.
  
  See also 
  
  Section::::Devanagari.
   Section::::Structure, genre, and style.:Sublimity.
   As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928 the Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current Cyrillic script. Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called "palochka" ("stick", Ӏ). As that letter cannot be typed with common keyboard layouts, it is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( "I" ), small Latin letter L ( "l" ), or the numerical digit "1".
  
  Section::::Orthography.
   The first result of the work of these translators was the publication in 1858 Тунгусского букваря on the Church Slavonic chart. The alphabet of this primer included the following letters: А а, Б б, В в, Г̱ г̱, Ҥ̱ ҥ̱, Д д, Е е, И и, Ж ж, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, Т т, У у, Х х, Ч ч, Ш ш, С с, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Ѣ ѣ, Э э, Ю ю, Ꙗ ѧ. Following this alphabet were published dictionary (1859, reprinted in 1900) and the Gospel of Matthew (1880).
   The convention is that the addressee's information is written on the bottom right portion of the letter. The sender's information is written either on the top left portion of the letter or on the top reverse side of the letter (except for parcel packages).
  
  The internal post letters, parcels and postal money transfers are written in the Bulgarian Cyrillic while the international postal letters and parcels are written in the Latin script (usually in English due to its global usage) with Hindu-Arabic numerals.
   The "foreign" letters also sometimes appear in the spelling of otherwise-indigenous family names. For example, many of the Danish families that use the surname "Skov" (literally: "Forest") spell it "Schou".
  
  Section::::Letter names in Danish.
  
  BULLET::::- A, a:
  
  BULLET::::- B, b:
  
  BULLET::::- C, c:
  
  BULLET::::- D, d:
  
  BULLET::::- E, e:
  
  BULLET::::- F, f:
  
  BULLET::::- G, g:
  
  BULLET::::- H, h:
  
  BULLET::::- I, i:
  
  BULLET::::- J, j:
  
  BULLET::::- K, k:
  
  BULLET::::- L, l:
  
  BULLET::::- M, m:
  
  BULLET::::- N, n:
  
  BULLET::::- O, o:
  
  BULLET::::- P, p:
  
  BULLET::::- Q, q:
  
  BULLET::::- R, r:
  
  BULLET::::- S, s:
  
  BULLET::::- T, t:
  
  BULLET::::- U, u:
  
  BULLET::::- V, v:
  