question: How come in many cases, when a program crashes, it will not close even after clicking "end process" when prompted. However, it closes instantly when ended through task manager.
comment: Programs are managed by the operating system. Clicking the red x or using the prompt asks the program to close itself, but the program is stuck and cannot respond to the request. Using the task manager tells the operating system to just kill the process.
passages: The "Details" tab is a more basic version of the "Processes" tab, and acts similar to the "Processes" tab in Windows 7 and earlier. It has a more rudimentary user experience and can perform some additional actions. Right-clicking a process in the list allows changing the priority the process has, setting processor affinity (setting which CPU(s) the process can execute on), and allows the process to be ended. Choosing to "End Process" causes Windows to immediately kill the process. Choosing to "End Process Tree" causes Windows to immediately kill the process, as well as all processes directly or indirectly started by that process. Unlike choosing "End Task" from the "Applications" tab, when choosing to "End Process" the program is not given warning nor a chance to clean up before ending. However, when a process that is running under a security context different from the one of the process which issued the call to TerminateProcess, the use of the KILL command line utility is required.
   A process may be terminated, either from the "running" state by completing its execution or by explicitly being killed. In either of these cases, the process moves to the "terminated" state. The underlying program is no longer executing, but the process remains in the process table as a "zombie process" until its parent process calls the codice_1 system call to read its exit status, at which point the process is removed from the process table, finally ending the process's lifetime. If the parent fails to call codice_2, this continues to consume the process table entry (concretely the process identifier or PID), and causes a resource leak.
   A state (as in the above example) is considered safe if it is possible for all processes to finish executing (terminate). Since the system cannot know when a process will terminate, or how many resources it will have requested by then, the system assumes that all processes will eventually attempt to acquire their stated maximum resources and terminate soon afterward. This is a reasonable assumption in most cases since the system is not particularly concerned with how long each process runs (at least not from a deadlock avoidance perspective). Also, if a process terminates without acquiring its maximum resource it only makes it easier on the system.
   When a login session ends, via explicit logout or network disconnection, all processes, including background processes, will by default be terminated, to prevent them from becoming orphan processes. Concretely, when the user exits the launching shell process, as part of shutdown it sends a "hangup" signal (SIGHUP) to all its jobs, to terminate all the processes in the corresponding process group. To have processes continue to run, one can either not end the session, or end the session without terminating the processes. A terminal multiplexer can be used to leave a session running but detach a virtual terminal from it, leaving processes running as child processes of the session; the user can then reattach session later. Or, termination can be prevented by either starting the process via the nohup command (telling the process to ignore SIGHUP), or by subsequently running codice_5 with the job id, which either removes the job from the job list entirely, or simply prevents SIGHUP from being sent. In the latter case when the session ends, the child processes are not terminated, either because they are not sent SIGHUP or because they ignore it, and thus become orphan processes, which are then adopted by the init process (the kernel sets the init process as their parent), and they continue running without a session, now called "daemons".
   Modern operating systems provide a mechanism for terminating hung processes, for instance, with the Unix kill command, or through a graphical means such as the "End Task" button on the Windows Task Manager. On older systems, such as those running MS-DOS, early versions of Windows, or Classic Mac OS often needed to be completely restarted in the event of a hang.
  
  On embedded devices where human interaction is limited, a watchdog timer can reboot the computer in the event of a hang.
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Abort (computing)
  
  BULLET::::- Anomaly in software
  
  BULLET::::- Blue screen of death
  
  BULLET::::- Crash (computing)
   Depending on the programming language, additional specifications in the open may establish the modules to handle these conditions. Some libraries specify a library module to the file system permitting analysis should the opening program be unable to perform any meaningful action as a result of a failure. For example, if the failure is on the attempt to open the necessary input file, the only action may be to report the failure and abort the program. Some languages simply return a code indicating the type of failure which always must be checked by the program, which decides what to report and if it can continue. 
   The kernels of operating systems such as Linux will attempt to recover from this type of OOM condition by terminating one or more processes, a mechanism known as the "OOM Killer". Linux 4.6 (released in May 2016) introduced changes in OOM situations, improving detection and reliability., cgroup awareness in OOM killer was implemented in Linux Kernel 4.19 released in October 2018, which adds an ability to kill a cgroup as a single unit .
  
  Section::::Per-process memory limits.
   If the program receiving the error does not handle it, the operating system performs a default action, typically involving the termination of the running process that caused the error condition, and notifying the user that the program has malfunctioned. Recent versions of Windows often report such problems by simply stating something like "this program must close" (an experienced user or programmer with access to a debugger can still retrieve detailed information). Recent Windows versions also write a minidump (similar in principle to a core dump) describing the state of the crashed process. UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems report these conditions to the user with error messages such as "segmentation violation", or "bus error", and may also produce a core dump.
   If an application consists of a collection of processes working closely together, and if some but not all of the processes are scheduled for execution, the executing processes may attempt to communicate with those that are not executing, which will cause them to block. Eventually the other processes will be scheduled for execution, but by this time the situation may be reversed so that these processes also block waiting for interactions with others. As a result, the application makes progress at the rate of at most one interprocess interaction per time slice, and will have low throughput and high latency.
   A close system call is a system call used to close a file descriptor by the kernel. For most file systems, a program terminates access to a file in a filesystem using the close system call. This flushes file buffers, updates file metadata, which may include and end-of-file indicator in the data; de-allocates resources associated with the file (including the file descriptor) and updates the system wide table of files in use. Some programming languages maintain a data structure of files opened by their runtime library and may close when the program terminates. This practice is known as resource acquisition is initialization (RAII). Some operating systems will invoke the codice_1 on files held by a program if it terminates. Some operating systems will invoke the codice_1 syscall as part of an operating system recovery as a result of a system failure.
   In Linux, the kernel may destroy the memory map of the old process and start constructing (loading) the new executable, and only then discover that the new executable can't be loaded (for example, because some fields in executable's internal tables contain invalid values). In this case, the process is killed by a fatal signal (such as SIGSEGV). Ideally, the kernel would fail codice_5 and return an error indication to the old executable, but that would be significantly more complex and slower.
  
  Section::::DOS operating systems.
   BULLET::::- Peak is the highest amount that the total commit charge has reached since the operating system was last started.
  
  The program Process Explorer reports the same set of values, labeling the Total as Current, and additionally providing percentages of Peak and Current towards the Limit value.
  
  The commit charge increases when any program is opened and used, and goes down when a program is closed. It will also change when already-running programs allocate or free private virtual memory; for example, with the VirtualAlloc and VirtualFree APIs.
   Often, your EDT handles a GUI component action, which demands the user to make a choice by means of another dialog, like JFileChooser, which pops up, stays responsive while user picks its option and action proceeds with selected file only after "OK" button is pressed. You see, this takes time (user responds in matter of seconds) and you need a responsive GUI (the messages are still pumped in EDT) during all this time while EDT is blocking (it does not handle newer, e.g. JFileChooser, messages in the queue before the dialog is closed and current component action is finished). The vicious cycle is broken through EDT entering a new message loop, which dispatches the messages as per normal until "modal dialog is over" arrives and normal message processing resumes from the blocked position in the component action.
   When a process terminates its execution, either by calling "exit" (even if implicitly, by executing a return command from the "main" function) or by receiving a signal that causes it to terminate abruptly, the operating system releases most of the resources and information related to that process, but still keeps the data about resource utilization and the termination status code, because a parent process might be interested in knowing if that child executed successfully (by using standard functions to decode the termination status code) and the amount of system resources it consumed during its execution.
   When either end point issues the SEVER method, the path enters a severed (closing) state and the other end point is notified. At this point, no new messages are allowed on the path - but the other end point may still retrieve pending messages. When the other end point also issues the SEVER method, the path is effectively dismantled.
  
  Section::::IUCV basics.:Implicit path termination.
  
  A path may be implicitly closed when
  
  BULLET::::- A virtual machine logs off
  
  BULLET::::- A virtual machine is reset
  
  BULLET::::- A virtual machine terminates IUCV operations using the RETRIEVE BUFFER method
   Usually, code for a graceful exit exists when the alternative—allowing the error to go undetected and unhandled—would produce spurious errors or later anomalous behavior that would be more difficult for the programmer to debug. The code associated with a graceful exit may also take additional steps, such as closing files, to ensure that the program leaves data in a consistent, recoverable state.
   Right-clicking any of the applications in the list allows switching to that application or ending the application's task. Issuing an "end task" causes a request for graceful exit to be sent to the application.
  
  Section::::Functionality.:Processes and details.
   In Java, any method can call codice_10, unless a security manager does not permit it. This will terminate the currently running Java Virtual Machine. "The argument serves as a status code; by convention, a nonzero status code indicates abnormal termination."
  
  Section::::Semantics.:OpenVMS.
  
  In OpenVMS, success is indicated by odd values and failure by even values.
  
  The value is a 32 bit integer with sub-fields: control bits, facility number, message number and severity. Severity values are divided between success (Success, Informational) and failure (Warning, Error, Fatal).
  
  Section::::Semantics.:POSIX.
   As soon as a file is no longer needed, the program should close it. This will cause run-time library and filesystem buffers to be updated to the physical media and permit other processes to access the data if exclusive use had been required. Some run-time libraries may close a file if the program calls the run-time exit. Some filesystems may perform the necessary operations if the program terminates. Neither of these is likely to take place in the event of a kernel or power failure. This can cause damaged filesystem structures requiring the running of privileged and lengthy filesystem utilities during which the entire filesystem may be inaccessible.
   The phrase "graceful exit" has also been generalized to refer to letting go from a job or relationship in life that has ended.
  
  Section::::In Perl.
  
  In the Perl programming language, graceful exits are generally implemented via the die operator. For example, the code for opening a file often reads like the following: 
  
  If the attempt to open the file codice_1 fails, the containing program will terminate with an error message and an exit status indicating abnormal termination.
  
  Section::::In Java.
   The commit limit may be increased by either creating additional pagefiles or, if pagefile expansion is enabled, by expanding an existing one. The operating system will expand the pagefile automatically, if possible, when the total commit charge approaches the limit. In such an event a popup window will be displayed stating that "The system is running low on virtual memory."
   It is sometimes possible to bypass the usual cleanup; C99 offers the codice_1 function which terminates the current process without any extra program clean-up. This may be used, for example, in a fork-exec routine when the codice_2 call fails to replace the child process; calling codice_3 routines would erroneously release resources belonging to the parent.
  
  Section::::How it works.:Orphans and zombies.
   "Presumed abort" or "Presumed commit" are common such optimizations. An assumption about the outcome of transactions, either commit, or abort, can save both messages and logging operations by the participants during the 2PC protocol's execution. For example, when presumed abort, if during system recovery from failure no logged evidence for commit of some transaction is found by the recovery procedure, then it assumes that the transaction has been aborted, and acts accordingly. This means that it does not matter if aborts are logged at all, and such logging can be saved under this assumption. Typically a penalty of additional operations is paid during recovery from failure, depending on optimization type. Thus the best variant of optimization, if any, is chosen according to failure and transaction outcome statistics.
   The Linux kernel provides preemptive scheduling under certain conditions. Until kernel version 2.4, only user processes were preemptive, i.e., in addition to time quantum expiration, an execution of current process in user mode would be interrupted if higher dynamic priority processes entered codice_1 state. Toward 2.6 series of the Linux kernel, an ability to interrupt a task executing kernel code was added, although with that not all sections of the kernel code can be preempted.
   During the commit phase the coordinator sends a commit message to each of the nodes to record in their individual logs. Until this message is added to a node's log, any changes made will be recorded as incomplete. If any of the nodes reported a failure the coordinator will instead send a rollback message. This will remove any changes the nodes have written to disk.
  
raw_presuppositions: Closing program through program should be the same as closing through task manager. Clicking "end process" on a crashed program forces the program to close.
raw_corrections: Task manager goes through the OS instead of the application itself which circumvents the freeze. Clicking "end process" on a crashed program only asks the program to close.