question: How are scientists able to discover so much about space/blcak holes when we have such limited access to it?
comment: Observation and experimentation. We can't do anything with black holes, but we can do lots of stuff with light and solid matter of all sorts of different types. We do tons of experiments with what we have to learn all of its properties, and then we observe how it acts differently around a black hole. Similarly, while we can't bring a star into a laboratory to experiment with it, we've observed *lots* of them, very closely, at every stage of development, and come to a pretty solid understanding of how they work, so, similarly when we observe what happens to them near black holes we learn all sorts of stuff. Then we take all that data and use, as u/suwampert said, math. The data gives us points to base the math off of, and then we use the math to predict and hypothesize(in fact, when we were learning about stars and gravity the math actually told us black holes were there before we ever actually observed them, and then they proved to be real, and over and over again since they do what we expect them to\[usually\]), and then parts of our predictions and hypotheses either prove true or don't as we make further observations and do further experiments with things like vacuum chambers and particle accelerators.
passages: BULLET::::- Gravitational singularities: Does general relativity break down in the interior of a black hole due to quantum effects, torsion, or other phenomena?
  
  BULLET::::- No-hair theorem: Do black holes have an internal structure? If so, how might the internal structure be probed?
   BULLET::::- IOP science, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Volume 2006 January 2006, C J Hailey
  
  BULLET::::- Gizmag, Dark matter, WIMPS, and NASA's Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer data, By Brian Dodson, May 19, 2013
  
  BULLET::::- UCLA, UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy, GAPS (General Antiparticle Spectrometer) project
  
  BULLET::::- NASA, The General Antiparticle Spectrometer Experiment: Search for Dark Matter and Primordial Black Holes, by Charles J. Hailey (for the GAPS Collaboration), Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University.
   The rapid development of this field has led to the design of new types of infrastructure. In underground laboratories or with specially designed telescopes, antennas and satellite experiments, astroparticle physicists employ new detection methods to observe a wide range of cosmic particles including neutrinos, gamma rays and cosmic rays at the highest energies. They are also searching for dark matter and gravitational waves. Experimental particle physicists are limited by the technology of their terrestrial accelerators, which are only able to produce a small fraction of the energies found in nature.
  
  Facilities, experiments and laboratories involved in astroparticle physics include:
   BULLET::::- 2009 – The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data combined with previous large-scale surveys now provide the most complete view of the detailed structure of cosmic voids.
  
  Section::::Methods for finding.
   Gravimetry studies use changes in densities to characterize subsurface properties. This method is well applied when identifying dense subsurface anomalies including granite bodies, which are vital to locate in the geothermal exploration projects. Subsurface fault lines are also identifiable with gravitational methods. These faults are often identified as prime drilling locations as their densities are much less than surrounding material. Developments in airborne gravitational studies yield large amounts of data, which can be used to model the subsurface 3 dimensionally with relatively high levels of accuracy.
   There exist a number of ways for finding voids with the results of large-scale surveys of the universe. Of the many different algorithms, virtually all fall into one of three general categories. The first class consists of void finders that try to find empty regions of space based on local galaxy density. The second class are those which try to find voids via the geometrical structures in the dark matter distribution as suggested by the galaxies. The third class is made up of those finders which identify structures dynamically by using gravitationally unstable points in the distribution of dark matter. The three most popular methods through the study of cosmic voids are listed below:
   A more promising technique, although still in the laboratory, is quantum gradiometry, which is an extension of atomic clock techniques, much like those in GPS. Off-the-shelf atomic clocks measure changes in atomic waves over time rather than the spatial changes measured in a quantum gravity gradiometer. One advantage of using GRACE in satellites is that measurements can be made from a number of points over time, with a resulting improvement as seen in synthetic aperture radar and sonar. Still, finding deeply buried structures of human scale is a tougher problem than the initial goals of finding mineral deposits and ocean currents.
   Section::::Research Programs.:Extreme Physics and Chemistry.
   By their very nature, black holes do not directly emit any electromagnetic radiation other than the hypothetical Hawking radiation, so astrophysicists searching for black holes must generally rely on indirect observations. For example, a black hole's existence can sometimes be inferred by observing its gravitational interactions with its surroundings.
   BULLET::::- Measurement of gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon on the Earth and the deep structure of the Earth.
  
  BULLET::::- Improvement of atmospheric models.
  
  BULLET::::- Measurement of the fundamental speed of gravity.
  
  BULLET::::- The tracking of the Huygens probe as it passed through Titan's atmosphere, allowing wind velocity measurements.
  
  BULLET::::- First imaging of a supermassive black hole.
  
  Section::::VLBI arrays.
   The abundance of voids, particularly when combined with the abundance of clusters of galaxies, is a promising method for precision tests of deviations from general relativity on large scales and in low-density regions.
   BULLET::::- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
  
  BULLET::::- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)
  
  BULLET::::- German Aerospace Center (DLR)
  
  BULLET::::- Italian Space Agency (ASI)
  
  BULLET::::- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA/JPL)
  
  BULLET::::- Lockheed Martin
  
  BULLET::::- Paris Institute of Earth Physics (IPGP)
  
  BULLET::::- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ)
  
  BULLET::::- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
  
  BULLET::::- Imperial College London
  
  BULLET::::- Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)
  
  BULLET::::- University of Oxford
  
  BULLET::::- Spanish Astrobiology Center (CAB)
  
  BULLET::::- Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK)
  
  Section::::Name chips.
   DEAP-1 demonstrated good pulse-shape discrimination of backgrounds on the surface and began operation in SNOLAB. The deep underground location reduces unwanted cosmogenic background events. It ran from 2007 to 2011, including two changes in the experimental setup. DEAP-1 characterized background events, determining design improvements needed in DEAP-3600.
  
  Section::::DEAP-3600.
   After the data is obtained, some of the observations from the Bouguer data indicate the following:
  
  BULLET::::- The Bouguer anomaly data is directly related to the subsurface topology of the region.
  
  BULLET::::- The positive Bouguer anomalies indicate igneous intrusions in the sub-surface.
  
  BULLET::::- The gravity studies also indicate the presence of sub-surface aquifers. Hence, it can be guessed that the water circulation in the region of igneous intrusions can be a source of geothermal energy.
  
  Section::::Applications.:Oil exploration.
   Savaglio research has centered around the young universe: distant galaxies and cosmic chemical evolution, GRB (gamma-ray bursts) and super luminous supernovae. In university Savaglio worked with Riccardo Giacconi, between 1996 and 1998, who would win the Physics Noble Prize in 2002. From there, after a brief post-doc in France, Savaglio moved on to Johns Hopkins University from September 2001 to February 2006, where she taught courses and worked with Prof. Karl Glazebrook. She taught courses at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. She also worked with Space Telescope Science Institute while in Baltimore.
   QUIET iwas the result of an international collaboration that had its origins in the CAPMAP, Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) and QUaD collaborations. The collaboration consisted of 7 groups in the United States (the California Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, Columbia University, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the University of Miami, Princeton University and Stanford University), 4 groups in Europe (the University of Manchester, the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Bonn, the University of Oslo and the University of Oxford) and one group in Japan (KEK; the first time a Japan group has been involved in CMB studies). Other members of the collaboration are from the University of California, Berkeley, the Goddard Space Flight Center and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
   BULLET::::- Being aware of safety requirements at all times,
  
  BULLET::::- Training the participants in leadership skills.
  
  Section::::A space analogue.
  
  The cave environment is an exceptional space analogue, as it allows to recreate, on Earth, most of the stress elements and specific characteristics encountered in long duration spaceflight. Such peculiar elements include:
  
  BULLET::::- Unknown / unfamiliar environment – The crew knows about the cave only what previous expeditions have found and documented
  
  BULLET::::- Permanent darkness / need for artificial illumination
  
  BULLET::::- Lack of time parameters – This is a direct consequence of the condition of permanent darkness in the cave
   BULLET::::- 1988 – and colleagues at TU Deflt and Philips Research discovered the quantized conductance in a two-dimensional electron gas.
  
  BULLET::::- 1992 – Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail observe the first pulsar planets (this was the first confirmed discovery of planets outside the Solar System)
  
  BULLET::::- 1994 – Andrew Wiles proves Fermat's Last Theorem
  
  BULLET::::- 1995 – Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz definitively observe the first extrasolar planet around a main sequence star
   BULLET::::- The Gemini deep deep survey I, introduction to the survey, catalogs, and composite spectra; Roberto G. Abraham, Karl Glazebrook, Patrick J. McCarthy, David Crampton, Richard Murowinski, Inger Jorgensen, Kathy Roth, Isobel M. Hook, Sandra Savaglio, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Ronald O. Marzke, R. G. Carlberg; The Astronomical Journal; 18 Feb 2004: 
   Charles Thomas Bolton was the first astronomer to present irrefutable evidence of the existence of a black hole.
  
  Section::::1975.
  
  The Russian probe Venera 9 lands on the surface of Venus and sends back the first picture of its surface. The first probe to land on another planet, Venera 7 in 1970, had no camera. Both break down within an hour in the hostile atmosphere.
  
  Section::::1976.
   BULLET::::- Planetary atmospheres and aeronomy: The institute has been recently investigating the electric and magnetic fields, plasma instabilities and the dynamics of the upper atmosphere are being carried out by elegant radio, optical and plasma diagnostic techniques. The role of trace gases in the chemical and radiative properties of the Earth's atmosphere and their impact on climate, ionization and electrodynamical parameters of the middle atmosphere are a few of the topics which are also being studied.
   Binary black holes (BBHs) are believed to be formed during the merger and growth of galaxies. Although several binary blackhole candidates have been identified, they have yet to be verified by long-term observations. In order to ascertain that an object is a BBH, periodical luminosity change in X-ray wavelength must be detected. However, continuous observation of BBHs by large X-ray telescopes is difficult as such spacecraft are used by many groups and have numerous observation targets. Since microsatellites have comparatively low-cost, flexibility, and can fly more often than large spacecrafts, they can conduct unique studies where risks are associated. As ORBIS is dedicated to study BBHs, it can conduct continuous observation of such bodies. The scientific goals of the microsatellite is to uncover the growth process of black holes and galaxies, and to and contribute to gravitational-wave astronomy.
   BULLET::::- "Earth" (1990): a novel written by David Brin. The plot of the book involves an artificial quantum black hole which has been lost in the Earth's interior and the attempts to recover it before it destroys the planet (for a similar catastrophe on the planet Mars, see "The Hole Man" by Larry Niven, above). In the novel, the characters ask where the hole came from: "How could anybody build and conceal a black hole, for heaven’s sake—even a micro black hole—in space without word getting out? The smallest hole with a Hawking radiation temperature low enough to be contained would need the mass of a midget mountain. You don’t go hauling that kind of material into low earth orbit without someone noticing."
   Schwabe began diving in caves in 1992. Since that time, she has participated in eighteen scientific expeditions to the Bahamas, as subjects for masters and doctoral research. She has participated in a number of film expeditions. In 1999, Schwabe's discovery quest lead her to the Black Hole of Andros, Bahamas.
  
  Schwabe discovered a species of purple sulfur bacteria she named "Allocromatium palmerii" in 2003 after her late husband and diver Rob Palmer.
   BULLET::::- Chapter 1, "Coming to Our Senses", discusses how important the augmentation of our five basic senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch) is for expanding scientific knowledge. Tools that convert (seemingly) latent aspects of our environment into quantities we can sense greatly ease scientific discovery. For example, night vision goggles convert the near-infrared spectrum into the visible spectrum, making it easier for biologists to observe nocturnal animal behavior.
  
presuppositions: If there is limited access to space and black holes, scientists should not be able to learn about black holes. 
corrections: Scientists are capable of learning new things about space by simply observing and experimenting, although the study of black holes isn't practical currently. 
raw_presuppositions: If there is limited access to space and black holes, scientists should not be able to learn about black holes.  Scientists discover a lot of information about black holes.
raw_corrections: Scientists are capable of learning new things about space by simply observing and experimenting, although the study of black holes isn't practical currently.  Scientists are not able to learn much information about black holes but are generally able to observe.