question: how does salmonella occur inside of fruits, per the latest papaya salmonella outbreak?
comment: It doesn't, it occurs on the outside due to improper handling procedures between harvest and consumption. Salmonella typically lives in the digestive tracts of animals and is found in fecal material, so there has to be transfer of fecal material onto the papayas themselves. However, the bacteria can grow outside of a digestive tract/on the outside of fruits and vegetables, so even a small cross contamination event can lead to an outbreak if it happened early in the processing and distribution.
passages: Section::::Pathogenicity in humans.
   BULLET::::- A Sun Orchard salmonellosis outbreak occurred when more than 400 people became infected with "Salmonella" Muenchen as a result of drinking contaminated unpasteurized orange juice. The juice was produced by Sun Orchard, based in Tempe, Arizona, and sold to restaurants, hotels, retail and catering outlets in 15 US states and 2 Canadian provinces under a variety of different brand names, including Sun Orchard, Earls, Joey Tomato's, Trader Joe's, Markon, Aloha, Sysco, and Voila! The outbreak resulted in 1 fatality, and is the largest outbreak of salmonellosis associated with unpasteurized juice.
   Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Host-pathogen interface
  
  BULLET::::- 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
  
  BULLET::::- 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
  
  BULLET::::- 2008–2009 peanut-borne salmonellosis
  
  BULLET::::- Bismuth sulfite agar
  
  BULLET::::- Food testing strips
  
  BULLET::::- List of foodborne illness outbreaks
  
  BULLET::::- Wright County Egg
  
  BULLET::::- Rappaport Vassiliadis soya peptone broth
  
  BULLET::::- XLD agar
  
  BULLET::::- "American Public Health Association v. Butz"
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- Background on Salmonella from the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture
  
  BULLET::::- Salmonella genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
  
  BULLET::::- Questions and Answers about commercial and institutional sanitizing methods
   As of 18 July 2008, the FDA removed raw tomatoes and cilantro as potential carriers; however, fresh jalapeño and serrano peppers still remain.
  
  In December 2008 and January 2009, several Midwestern states, including Ohio (officially confirmed by state authorities), reported an outbreak of salmonellosis from "Salmonella typhimurium" that had sickened at least 50 people, due to contaminated dairy products such as cheeses.
  
  Section::::Epidemiology.:2009.
   Food may be contaminated during all stages of food production and retailing. In order to prevent viral contamination, regulatory authorities in Europe have enacted several measures:
  
  BULLET::::- European Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of November 15, 2005
  
  BULLET::::- European Committee for Standardization (CEN): Standard method for the detection of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in food products (shellfish, fruits and vegetables, surfaces and bottled water)
  
  BULLET::::- CODEX Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH): Guideline for the application of general principles of food hygiene for the control of viruses in food
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
   Other, much rarer sources of infection (about every decade in the US) include garlic or herbs stored covered in oil without acidification, chili peppers, improperly handled baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil, tomatoes, and home-canned or fermented fish.
  
  When canning or preserving food at home, attention should be paid to hygiene, pressure, temperature, refrigeration and storage. When making home preserves, only acidic fruit such as apples, pears, stone fruits and berries should be bottled. Tropical fruit and tomatoes are low in acidity and must have some acidity added before they are bottled.
   BULLET::::- Contaminated papaya appears to be the cause of an outbreak of "Salmonella" food poisoning (salmonellosis) in 23 states, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning consumers. The FDA says papayas imported from Mexico and distributed by Agromod Produce Inc. of McAllen, Texas, is likely the source of 97 cases of "Salmonella" Agona. To date, 10 people have been hospitalized but there have been no reported deaths. As a result, all papayas sold before Saturday, July 23, 2011, have been voluntarily recalled by Agromod. The cases were reported between January 1 and July 18 in Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio. Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. While ages ranged from 1 year to 91 years old, the average age of those stricken is 20. More than half of the cases are women. Texas had the most cases with 25 people falling ill.
   Section::::1974.
  
  BULLET::::- "Salmonella" in unpasteurized apple cider caused 200 illnesses in New Jersey.
  
  Section::::1977.
  
  BULLET::::- Botulism in peppers served at the Trini and Carmen restaurant in Pontiac, Michigan, caused the largest outbreak of botulism poisonings in the United States up to that time. The peppers were canned at home by a former employee. Fifty-nine people were sickened.
  
  Section::::1978.
   Tomato plants can be toxic to dogs if they eat large amounts of the fruit, or chew plant material.
  
  Section::::Consumption.:Safety.:"Salmonella".
  
  Tomatoes were linked to seven "Salmonella" outbreaks between 1990 and 2005, and may have been the cause of a salmonellosis outbreak causing 172 illnesses in 18 US states in 2006. The 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak caused the temporary removal of tomatoes from stores and restaurants across the United States and parts of Canada, although other foods, including jalapeño and serrano peppers, may have been involved.
  
  Section::::Nutrition.
   BULLET::::- In August through September 2015, over 300 people were infected with "Salmonella". The bulk of the cases were in California and Arizona with the states of California and Texas having one fatality each. It was traced to cucumbers from Mexico distributed by Andrew & Williamson Fresh Produce who, on September 4, 2015, voluntarily issued a recall.
   In 2008, fresh jalapeños from Mexico were tested positive for "Salmonella" leading the FDA to believe that the peppers were responsible for much of the 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak. This large outbreak of "Salmonella" led to increased research into the detection of foodborne illnesses on jalapeños, the frequency and behavior of foodborne illness on jalapeños, and ways to prevent foodborne illnesses on fresh jalapeños. Contaminated irrigation water and processing water are the two most common methods by which jalapeños become infected, as was the case in the 2008 outbreak. Jalapeños have similar microbial properties to tomatoes. The outer layer of their skin provides a safe environment for foodborne illnesses to survive and if damaged or chopped provides a growth medium for pathogens. Washing fresh jalapeños is important to reduce pathogen counts both at the farm and consumer level, but without cold storage it is insufficient to prevent pathogen spread.
   In July, 2008 the CDC isolated the outbreak strain of "Salmonella" from jalapeño peppers at a distributor that distributed to restaurants associated with the outbreak, and found that the peppers had likely been imported from a farm in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Later that month, the outbreak strain was isolated from serrano peppers from another farm in Tamaulipas. The outbreak strain could not be isolated from tomato samples from either of these farms, or any distributor that the CDC investigated.
   Foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been reported in the United States since the mid-1990s and have been linked to various types of imported fresh produce, including raspberries, basil, snow peas, mesclun lettuce, and cilantro; no commercially frozen produce has been implicated to date. U.S. foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis that occurred before 2000 were summarized previously, as were the major documented outbreaks in 2013 and 2014. Foodborne outbreaks during the 15-year period of 2000–2014 are summarized in table. 
   BULLET::::- Unlike meat, which can be rid of bacteria through proper cooking, fresh produce is often meant to be consumed raw.
  
  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration noted in 2007 that fruit and vegetable-related outbreaks of food poisoning are on the rise and had struck in spinach, tomatoes, lettuce and cantaloupes. The agency urged fruit and vegetable processors to adopt food safety plans similar to those in the meat industry.
   Section::::Legislative and regulatory matters.
  
  Traceability of food is legally required in the European Union (Regulation 178/2002)with dedicated initiatives in EU countries like the UK and Northern Ireland.
  
  In the United States, various government agencies have oversight or regulatory control over different aspects of fresh fruit and produce production, processing and distribution. These include the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control. Some groups have pushed for a single food-safety agency, on-farm improvements and improved reporting and surveillance of foodborne illness outbreaks.
   in Natick, Massachusetts. The infection was traced to an employee at the store.
  
  Section::::1997.
  
  BULLET::::- Hepatitis A on frozen strawberries from Andrew & Williamson Sales Co. of San Diego, California. The strawberries were grown in Baja California, Mexico and processed by A&W. Thousands of students from Arizona, California, Georgia, Iowa, Michigan, and Tennessee may have been exposed to the virus from eating strawberries in school lunches. Over 2.6 million pounds of strawberries were recalled.
   From 2000 to 2010 there were over 1700 cases in North America of illnesses related to drinking unpasteurized juice and ciders. The pathogens related to these food-borne illnesses included parasites, bacteria, and viruses. The most common pathogens were "" and 0111, "Salmonella", "Cryptosporidium", "Clostridium botulinum", and Hepatitis A. Pathogens can be spread in a number of ways, such as contamination where the fruit is grown, being carried in contaminated containers, or due to poor handling and washing.
  
  Section::::Storage.
   BULLET::::- "E. coli" O157:H7 was found in the drinking water at the Washington County Fair in Easton, New York. Over 700 people were affected and 2 people died.
  
  Section::::2000.
  
  BULLET::::- "Salmonella" in bean sprouts from Pacific Coast Sprout Farms. They bought dry seeds in China and Australia and when germinated, the sprouts caused an outbreak from Oregon to Massachusetts. At least 67 people became ill, and 17 were hospitalized.
   An outbreak of "Salmonella" Saintpaul in 2008 was characterized by the US Center for Disease Control as the largest foodborne outbreak in a decade. Some 1304 infected persons were identified in 43 states, at least 252 were hospitalized and two deaths were possibly linked to the outbreak. CDC noted that the trace back of fresh produce, such as tomatoes, through the supply chain could be very difficult and labor-intensive. Ironically, the carrier item was ultimately determined to be jalapeño peppers, not tomatoes.
  
  Section::::Benefits.
   East Coast tomatoes tend to have higher rates of "Salmonella" infection than West Coast tomatoes. This seems to be due to the microbiome of the East Coast of the United States, where there are far less soil bacteria that destroy "Salmonella" versus the microbiome of the West Coast where these bacteria are abundant. Because of the anti-salmonella bacteria limiting its spread, fewer people on the West Coast report cases of salmonellosis. Additionally, street-sold natural tomatoes have been consistently tied to outbreaks of "Salmonella". Street-sold (unregulated) items are independently produced and sold to consumers. This does not include fresh produce markets. These strong links to salmonellosis is in due in part do the lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight on unregistered vendors. Another cause of "Salmonella" bacteria growth may be due to contact with contaminated irrigation water. The tomatoes (or any plant) are much more likely to become infected if the soil in which the roots are located are contaminated or if the actual blossom is contaminated. These two entry points lead to the most likely scenarios in which a healthy tomato plant may become infected with some serotype of "Salmonella".
   BULLET::::- If you are not sure of the safety of drinking water, boil it, or disinfect it with chemical disinfectant.
  
  BULLET::::- Wash hands thoroughly and frequently with soap, especially after using the toilet and after contact with pets and farm animals.
  
  BULLET::::- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, especially if they are to be eaten raw. Peel fruits and vegetables whenever possible.
  
  BULLET::::- Food handlers, professionals and at home, should observe hygienic rules during food preparation.
  
  BULLET::::- Professional food handlers should immediately report to their employer any fever, diarrhea, vomiting or visible infected skin lesions.
  
  Section::::Treatment.
   "Salmonella" sv. Newport has signs of adaptation to a plant colonization lifestyle, which may play a role in its disproportionate association with foodborne illness linked to produce. A variety of functions selected for during sv. Newport persistence in tomatoes have been reported to be similar to those selected for in sv. Typhimurium from animal hosts. The "papA" gene, which is unique to sv. Newport, contributes to the strain's fitness in tomatoes, and has homologs in genomes of other Enterobacteriaceae that are able to colonize plant and animal hosts.
  
  Section::::Genetics.
   BULLET::::- "Cercospora longipes" - causes brown spot on sugarcane
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora longissima" - found in several types of lettuce
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora mamaonis" - found on papaya
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora mangiferae" - causes mango leaf spot
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora medicaginis" - found on alfalfa
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora melongenae"
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora minima" - found on pear leaves
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora minuta"
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora musae" - found on banana
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora nicotianae" - causes "frogeye" spot on tobacco
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora odontoglossi"
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora oryzae"
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora papayae" - found on papaya
  
  BULLET::::- "Cercospora penniseti" - causes leaf spot on pearl millet
   BULLET::::- 1984 – Rajneeshee bioterror attack: Cult members of a small town in Oregon spiked the salad bars of ten local restaurants with salmonella in an attempt to incapacitate voters ahead of an upcoming election. About 750 people contracted salmonellosis.
  
  BULLET::::- 1985 – Adulteration of Austrian wines with diethylene glycol.
  
  BULLET::::- 1986 – Adulteration of Italian wines with ethylene glycol killed more than 18 people
   In celery, CMV can cause streaking and spotting and can be often confused with symptoms of the celery mosaic virus.
  
  Symptoms of CMV in lettuce can be similar to those of lettuce mosaic virus. Infected plants show symptoms of chlorosis, stunting and often do not properly head.
  
  Some of the most important fruits and vegetables affected by CMV are peppers, bananas, tomatoes and cucurbits.
  
  CMV in peppers causes slightly different symptoms than the previously mentioned. Pepper plants often have severe foliar damage, shown as mosaic and necrotic rings. Often the peppers themselves are misshapen and contain chlorotic rings and spots.
  
presuppositions: Salmonella occurs inside of fruits. Salmonella occurs inside of fruits.
corrections: Salmonella occurs on the outside due to improper handling procedures. Salmonella occurs outside of fruits.
raw_presuppositions: Salmonella occurs inside of fruits. Salmonella occurs inside of fruits.
raw_corrections: Salmonella occurs on the outside due to improper handling procedures. Salmonella occurs outside of fruits.