question: How are digital maps (google maps, Apple maps) able to assess and display live traffic conditions?
comment: They use location data from people's phones. If a bunch of iphones are moving slowly down the highway, Apple knows there is traffic there.
passages: In June 2015, Here published an interface specification named the Sensor Ingestion Interface Specification. This standard defines how sensor data gathered by vehicles on the road can be sent to the cloud to update maps on the fly. The premise of the technology is to allow for the collection of data to alert other cars on the road to traffic obstacles or accidents in the vicinity. Here has called for leading car manufacturers from across the world to promote its specification and call for a standardised data format, thereby leading to all consumers receiving the same traffic data reporting.
   The data from the different sensing technologies can be combined in intelligent ways to determine the traffic state accurately. A Data fusion based approach that utilizes the road side collected acoustic, image and sensor data has been shown to combine the advantages of the different individual methods.
  
  Section::::Intelligent transportation applications.
  
  Section::::Intelligent transportation applications.:Emergency vehicle notification systems.
   Big data operation: DiDi is building a cloud platform to integrate anonymized data from sensors on vehicles, static information and real-time events from roads with anonymized platform data including pick-up and drop-off, trips and carrying capacity information. This data allows platform supply and demand to be balanced efficiently, and enables mitigation tactics for traffic congestion.
   PeSEAS and PerMIATE software automate and record the movement observed in the WAMI video. This technology uses software to track and record the movements of pedestrians and vehicles using automatic object recognition software across the entire frame, generating "tracklets" or chronographs of every car and pedestrian movements. 24/7 deployment of this technology has been suggested by the DHS on spy blimps such as the recently killed Blue Devil Airship.
   The Oregon Department of Transportation used Iteris Freeway Performance Measurement software in Central Oregon to use mobile phone data to monitor and predict traffic problems associated with the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. In May, the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development signed a $2 million contract with Arcadis, Iteris, and Alliance Transportation Group to help prepare the state for vehicular automation. Iteris evaluated the necessity to keep nearly a dozen traffic signals in Columbus, Nebraska, in 2017.
  
  Section::::Products and services.:Agriculture and weather.
   Normally optimization of signals along a road is a challenging and expensive task, because the sources for traffic monitoring have been limited to inductive loops, cameras or manually counting. However, due to recent advances in information technology, portable devices with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi communication are becoming more common,enabling real-time continuous traffic monitoring and adjustments to traffic signal timing.
   The sources of which data can be collected to create a model are a key choice to the model and algorithms. Data can be collected through non embedded traffic monitoring devices as loop detectors. Those devices can register the number of vehicles passed in an interval giving the occupancy. Other sources are literally embedded into vehicles and collect position or other vehicle behavior during its full trip. Such devices can be wireless sensors like Global positioning system (GPS), floating car data (FCD) and mobile phones. These data can eventually be collected in real-time.
  
  Section::::Traffic Flow Models.
   Making decisions on transportation policy can also be aided with urban computing. London’s Cycle Hire system is a heavily used bicycle sharing system run by their transit authority. Originally, it required users to have a membership. They changed it to not require a membership after a while, and analyzed data of when and where bikes were rented and returned, to see what areas were active and what trends changed. They found that removing membership was a good decision that increased weekday commutes somewhat and heavily increased weekend usage. Based on the patterns and characteristics of a bicycle sharing system, the implications for data-driven decision supports have been studied for transforming urban transportation to be more sustainable.
   Mobile operators use different methods when it comes to compiling their coverage maps, Opensignal standardises this process by using crowdsourced signal data from their users to measure the true state of carrier coverage. By crowdsourcing from client devices, the firm can build a picture of the network as it is experienced by its users, rather than modelling coverage using drive testing. 
   The firm's pedestrian detection technology is based on the use of mono cameras only, using pattern recognition and classifiers with image processing and optic flow analysis. Both static and moving pedestrians can be detected to a range of around 30 m using VGA resolution imagers. The firm announced in 2008 that by mid-2010 they would launch a world's first application of full emergency braking for collision mitigation for pedestrians. Mobileye announced in May 2009 as part of the next generation Volvo radar-vision fusion system which also provides lane departure warning and vehicle detection with radar-vision fusion for an enhanced collision mitigation by braking system on the next Volvo S60 vehicle.
   To capture as much telemetry data as possible, custom circuitry termed 'sensor nodes' were developed. Sensor nodes are designed so they can all communicate to each other across the length of the vehicle, as well as each individual node being able to interface with over 20 different sensors each. This also allows some data to be relayed to the driver via the dashboard.
  
  Section::::DUSC (2017).
  
  Section::::DUSC (2017).:Mechanical design.
   Here also works in the field of automated vehicles, with the recent provision of its HD Map data for manufacturers in testing their vehicles. The highly accurate mapped data of private test tracks provides these cars with a highly accurate navigation system to complement data collected from on-board sensors. Much like existing map data is collected for consumer driving, the same LiDAR technology is used to map these private test tracks along with the roads that are used for public testing. HD Map data is also highly accurate, with accuracy to a level of 10 to 20 centimetres, and the collection of lane geometry is also part of the data collection task. Here makes approximately 2.7 million changes to its global map database every day.
   Since traffic safety applications are highly dependent on accurate vehicle positions, there has been significant research in the literature towards efficiently verifying the location advertisements by the vehicles in VANETs. The subsequent sections present several publications in the literature, which propose techniques for this location verification.
  
  Section::::Wireless Localization.
   Section::::Applications and examples.:Transportation.
  
  One of the major application areas of urban computing is to improve private and public transportation in a city. The primary sources of data are floating car data (data about where cars are at a given moment). This includes individual GPS’s, taxi GPS’s, WiFI signals, loop sensors, and (for some applications) user input.
   BULLET::::- The City of Sacramento, California uses VTScada for monitoring and control of its fresh and wastewater infrastructure, with a license that supports up to 500,000 data points
  
  BULLET::::- Toyota uses VTScada to control its Kentucky assembly plant
  
  BULLET::::- Shannon Airport in Shannon, Ireland, and Halifax Stanfield International Airport in Halifax, Canada use the software to control their customs systems
  
  BULLET::::- The Miami Dade County, Florida Water and Sewer Department uses VTScada in their stormwater management system, to monitor up to 500,000 data points
  
  Section::::History.
   It is also possible to measure traffic density on a road using the audio signal that consists of the cumulative sound from tire noise, engine noise, engine-idling noise, honks and air turbulence noise. A roadside-installed microphone picks up the audio that comprises the various vehicle noise and audio signal processing techniques can be used to estimate the traffic state. The accuracy of such a system compares well with the other methods described above.
  
  Section::::Wireless communications.:Sensing technologies.:Information fusion from multiple traffic sensing modalities.
   Also part of the field of autonomous vehicles and automated driving is the Live Roads technology. Here is currently developing such a technology that will be able to alert drivers of conditions such as weather to alert other drivers of possible hazards, or to avoid a particular area whilst driving. An example is the aggregation of data from windshield wipers and slipping tyres to notify other drivers to avoid an ice-filled area. The company is also investigating Humanised Driving where data is collected on driving habits on roads, and provisioning this data to allow automated cars to follow how drivers behave (speed, traffic lights etc.) when driving on certain roads.
   In the 1989 Race Across America, one team (Team Strawberry) used an experimental device comprising a rear wheel hub, a sensor, and a handlebar mounted processor, to measure each cyclist's power output.
   In Nov 2010, the Land Transport Authority announced the release of the Location Table for Singapore. Quantum Inventions offers a traffic data service based on this location table and includes traffic incidents information, traffic speeds, parking availability, weather, road closures, etc. Various brands of GPS systems using the Galactio software provide these dynamic data in the navigation system.
  
  Section::::TMC services in operation.:Slovakia.
  
  There are two RDS-TMC services running in Slovakia.
   ITS Platform consists of a mobile unit in a car and an ITS server. The mobile unit, called the InnBox, collects information about things like the driver’s position, speed, and acceleration. The collected information is sent to the server, where it will be retained and re-sent to the drivers, who thus receives targeted and individual traffic information both during and after their driving.
  
  Section::::Concept.:Applications.
   In June 2006, GEWI Europe GmbH & Co. KG released the first TISA certified TMC Location Table for Singapore. Its Singapore company, GEWI Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. offered the service. The latest location table version 1.3, updated and certified in March 2014, includes the Marina Coastal Expressway, more than 150 car park locations within the Central Business District and downtown areas. GEWI's traffic services are available on several models of Smartphones, PAPAGO!, Garmin and TomTom navigation devices, Honda and Toyota in-car navigation systems.
   Garmin has been using Here for its mapping system since the days it has been branded as Navteq. With its recent models of Garmin GPS navigation units, Here has facilitated and used DAB to broadcast live traffic information free to users. This is done through the power cable of the GPS unit acting as an antenna, and provides enough data with low latency, allowing data to be updated in very fast intervals. This is in comparison to data charges stemming from using devices with a SIM card to provide this same level of detailed traffic information.
   Services are available in the largest U.S. metro areas including: 
  
  BULLET::::- Atlanta, Georgia
  
  BULLET::::- Baltimore, Maryland
  
  BULLET::::- Chicago, Illinois
  
  BULLET::::- Dallas, Texas
  
  BULLET::::- Houston, Texas
  
  BULLET::::- Los Angeles, California
  
  BULLET::::- New York City Metro Area
  
  BULLET::::- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  
  BULLET::::- Silicon Valley, California
  
  BULLET::::- Seattle, Washington
  
  BULLET::::- Washington, D.C. Metro Area
  
  Section::::Service detail.
   BULLET::::- SenSys 2015, Seoul, South Korea, November 1–4, 2015
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2014, Memphis, Tennessee, USA, November 3–6, 2014
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2013, Rome, Italy, November 11–14, 2013
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2012, Toronto, Canada, November 6–9, 2012
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2011, Seattle, WA, USA, November 1–4, 2011
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2010, Zurich, Switzerland, November 3–5, 2010
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2009, Berkeley, California, USA, November 4–6, 2009
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2008, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, November 5–7, 2008
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2007, Sydney, Australia, November 6–9, 2007
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2006, Boulder, Colorado, USA, November 1–3, 2006
  
  BULLET::::- SenSys 2005, San Diego, CA, USA, November 2–4, 2005
   The Illinois Structural Health Monitoring Project was founded in 2002 when Professor Bill F. Spencer, director of the Smart Structures Technology Laboratory, and Professor Gul Agha, director of the Open Systems Laboratory, began a collaborative effort between the two laboratories at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The project aims to develop reliable wireless hardware and software for distributed real-time structural health monitoring of various infrastructure using multiple sensors on a single structure. Each sensor's data corresponding to a specific region on the structure is used to assess the overall health of the structure.
  