question: What do scientists mean when they state we are moving through the universe at insanely fast speeds and what proof is there to justify it? What else is moving with us? What ISNT moving?
comment: Motion is relative, so it all depends on the point of reference. The Earth is moving 0 moh relative to itself, 67,000 mph relative to the sun, and 483,000 mph relative to the center of the Galaxy.
passages: The Milky Way Galaxy is moving through space and many astronomers believe the velocity of this motion to be approximately relative to the observed locations of other nearby galaxies. Another reference frame is provided by the Cosmic microwave background. This frame of reference indicates that the Milky Way is moving at around .
  
  Section::::List of "imperceptible" human motions.:Sun and solar system.
   Section::::List of "imperceptible" human motions.:Universe.
  
  Spacetime (the fabric of the universe) is expanding meaning everything in the universe is stretching like a rubber band. This motion is the most obscure as it is not physical motion as such, but rather a change in the very nature of the universe. The primary source of verification of this expansion was provided by Edwin Hubble who demonstrated that all galaxies and distant astronomical objects were moving away from Earth, known as Hubble's law, predicted by a universal expansion.
  
  Section::::List of "imperceptible" human motions.:Galaxy.
   In 2005, at the Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Warren Brown and his team attempted to measure the speeds of hypervelocity stars using the Doppler Technique, by which light is observed for the similar changes that occur in sound when an object is moving away or toward something. But the speeds found are only estimated minimums, as in reality their speeds may be larger than the speeds found by the researchers. "One of the newfound exiles is moving in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major at about 1.25 million mph with respect to the galaxy. It is 240,000 light-years away. The other is headed toward the constellation Cancer, outbound at 1.43 million miles per hour and 180,000 light-years away."
   Thermodynamics of the universe is a field of study that explores which form of energy dominates the cosmos – relativistic particles which are referred to as radiation, or non-relativistic particles referred to as matter. Relativistic particles are particles whose rest mass is zero or negligible compared to their kinetic energy, and so move at the speed of light or very close to it; non-relativistic particles have much higher rest mass than their energy and so move much slower than the speed of light.
   BULLET::::- The IceCube Neutrino Observatory announces that they have traced a neutrino that hit their Antarctica-based research station in September 2017 back to its point of origin in a blazar 3.7 billion light-years away. This is the first time that a neutrino detector has been used to locate an object in space.
  
  BULLET::::- Using NASA's Hubble and ESA's Gaia, astronomers make the most precise measurements to date of the universe's expansion rate – a figure of 73.5 km (45.6 miles) per second per megaparsec – reducing the uncertainty to just 2.2 percent.
   Isler's work seeks "... to research blazars and better understand the jets they shoot out nearly at the speed of light". Isler states that her research focuses on understanding how Nature does particle acceleration. I use blazars –supermassive black holes at the centers of massive galaxies that “spin up” jets of particles moving at nearly the speed of light – as my laboratory. By obtaining observations across the electromagnetic spectrum: from radio, optical and all the way through to gamma-rays, I piece together how and why these black holes are able to create such efficient particle accelerators and, by extension, understand the Universe a tiny bit better. I’m also very interested in and active about creating more equitable STEM spaces for scholars of color broadly, and particularly, for women of color.
   Flyby anomaly
  
  The flyby anomaly is a discrepancy between current scientific models and the actual increase in speed (i.e. increase in "kinetic energy") observed during a planetary flyby (usually of Earth) by a spacecraft. In multiple cases, spacecraft have been observed to gain greater speed than scientists had predicted, but thus far no convincing explanation has been found. This anomaly has been observed as shifts in the S-band and X-band Doppler and ranging telemetry. The largest discrepancy noticed during a flyby has been 13 mm/s.
  
  Section::::Observations.
   BULLET::::- Extra-fast stars: Stars in galaxies follow a distribution of velocities where stars on the outskirts are moving faster than they should according to the observed distributions of normal matter. Galaxies within galaxy clusters show a similar pattern. Dark matter, which would interact through gravitation but not electromagnetically, would account for the discrepancy. Various modifications to Newtonian dynamics have also been proposed.
  
  BULLET::::- Flyby anomaly: Various spacecraft have experienced greater acceleration than expected during gravity assist maneuvers.
   The Milky Way is rotating around its dense galactic center, thus the sun is moving in a circle within the galaxy's gravity. Away from the central bulge, or outer rim, the typical stellar velocity is between . All planets and their moons move with the sun. Thus, the solar system is moving.
  
  Section::::List of "imperceptible" human motions.:Earth.
   One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference. The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley supercluster, behind it. The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster.
   This metric contains a scale factor, which describes how the size of the universe changes with time. This enables a convenient choice of a coordinate system to be made, called comoving coordinates. In this coordinate system, the grid expands along with the universe, and objects that are moving only because of the expansion of the universe, remain at fixed points on the grid. While their "coordinate" distance (comoving distance) remains constant, the "physical" distance between two such co-moving points expands proportionally with the scale factor of the universe.
   From the perspective of an onboard observer, the crew will feel a gravitational field opposite the engine's acceleration, and the universe ahead will appear to fall in that field, undergoing hyperbolic motion. As part of this, distances between objects in the direction of the ship's motion will gradually contract until the ship begins to decelerate, at which time an onboard observer's experience of the gravitational field will be reversed.
   BULLET::::- Tucana-Horologium Association
  
  BULLET::::- TW Hydrae association
  
  BULLET::::- Ursa Major Moving Group
  
  BULLET::::- Wolf 630 moving group
  
  BULLET::::- Zeta Herculis moving group
  
  BULLET::::- Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Astrometry
  
  BULLET::::- "Gaia" (spacecraft)
  
  BULLET::::- Hipparcos
  
  BULLET::::- n-body problem
  
  BULLET::::- Open cluster remnant
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- ESO press release about runaway stars
  
  BULLET::::- Entry in the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
  
  BULLET::::- Two Exiled Stars Are Leaving Our Galaxy Forever
  
  BULLET::::- Entry in the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
  
  BULLET::::- Hypervelocity stars. I. The spectroscopic survey information on HV 6 & HV 7
   Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference.
   Starships in the Slammers universe use FTL drives to travel between star systems, or to travel short distances within a system. In the Slammers universe, the FTL drive is called "Transit drive." Distances between planets and star systems are measured in Transit Minutes, referring to the overall time spent in Transit "jumps". Travel by Transit usually involves a series of instantaneous short distance jumps followed by a period of recalculation; the calculations involved in Transit navigation take anywhere from ten to a hundred times as long as the actual Transit process. Distances of seventy Transit Minutes are considered extremely long, for instance.
   Within small distances and short trips, the expansion of the universe during the trip can be ignored. This is because the travel time between any two points for a non-relativistic moving particle will just be the proper distance (that is, the comoving distance measured using the scale factor of the universe at the time of the trip rather than the scale factor "now") between those points divided by the velocity of the particle. If the particle is moving at a relativistic velocity, the usual relativistic corrections for time dilation must be made.
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Comoving and proper distances
   By the year 2553 however, the UNSC had reverse-engineered numerous Forerunner and Covenant technologies for their own advancement, including vast improvements in slipspace drives. Before 2553, the standard estimates for space travel times for crossing the galaxy were led by the Forerunner, who were able to make such a trip in mere days or even minutes, while Covenant ships would take many months, and human ships years. Post 2553, with the addition of the UNSC "Infinity" and other technologies throughout the fleets, humanity is now at least level with Covenant speeds. Perhaps human innovativeness and natural ability with Forerunner tech will allow humanity to develop advanced slipspace travel similar to that of the Forerunner and the Ancient Human Empire speeds. As previously stated, this will allow travelers to reach any point within the Milky Way in less than two days.
   It may seem obvious that distance is measured by a straight line, but in many cases it is not. For example, long haul aircraft travel along a curve known as a "great circle" and not a straight line, because that is a better metric for air travel. (A straight line would go through the earth). Another example is planning a car journey, where one might want the shortest journey in terms of travel time - in that case a straight line is a poor choice of metric because the shortest distance by road is not normally a straight line, and even the path nearest to a straight line will not necessarily be the quickest. A final example is the internet, where even for nearby towns, the quickest route for data can be via major connections that go across the country and back again. In this case the metric used will be the shortest time that data takes to travel between two points on the network.
   BULLET::::- 14 Em – 1,500 light years – Approximate thickness of the plane of the Milky Way galaxy at the Sun's location
  
  BULLET::::- 14.2 Em – 1,520 light years – Diameter of the NGC 604
  
  BULLET::::- 30.8568 Em – 3,261.6 light years – 1 kiloparsec
  
  BULLET::::- 31 Em – 3,200 light years – Distance to Deneb according to "Hipparcos"
  
  BULLET::::- 46 Em – 4,900 light years – Distance to OGLE-TR-56, the first extrasolar planet discovered using the transit method
  
  BULLET::::- 47 Em – 5,000 light years – Distance to the Boomerang nebula, coldest place known (1 K)
   formula_5
  
  where
  
  BULLET::::- formula_6 is the recessional velocity of the galaxy or other distant object,
  
  BULLET::::- formula_7 is the comoving distance to the object, and
  
  BULLET::::- formula_8 is Hubble's constant, measured to be km/s/Mpc by the WMAP probe.
   BULLET::::- PhD, University of Washington Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics (1987)
  
  BULLET::::- Plaskett Postdoctoral Fellow, Herzberg Institute for Astrophysics, Victoria, BC (1988-1990)
  
  BULLET::::- Hubble Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California Santa Cruz (1990-1993)
  
  BULLET::::- Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California Santa Cruz (1993–present
  
  BULLET::::- Director, University of California Observatories (2005 - 2012)
  
  Section::::Research and notable publications.
  
  General research area is the nature of the oldest stars in the Galaxy and the early chemical evolution of the Universe. He has published more than 100 papers in the referred literature with ~7000 citations at the end of 2018.
   They then realised that the black holes must have something to do with a galaxy's formation, so they turned to something they thought was useless: the speed of the stars around the edge of the galaxy. This is sigma, the speed of the stars at the edge of the galaxy supposedly unaffected by the mass of the black hole at the centre.
  
  Section::::Usage In Cosmology.
   BULLET::::- Astronomers have discovered the fastest known star, which is being ejected from the galaxy by a supernova explosion. Its hypervelocity of 1,200 km/s (2.7 million mph) is high enough to escape the gravitational pull of the Milky Way.
  
  BULLET::::- The number of people affected by river flooding could nearly triple by 2030, according to a new analysis.
  
  BULLET::::- 6 March
  
  BULLET::::- A pioneering therapy using bone marrow stem cells to treat lung cancer patients is announced in the UK.
   The Voyager 1 probe launched ago, and flew beyond the edge our solar system in August 2012 to the interstellar medium. The farthest human object from the Earth, predictions include collision, an Oort cloud, and destiny, "perhaps eternally—to wander the Milky Way."
  
  Voyager 2 launched on 20 August 1977 travelling slower than Voyager 1 and reached interstellar medium by the end of 2018. Voyager 2 is the only Earth probe to have visited the ice giants of Neptune or Uranus
   Ferris believes that the Big Bang theory is correct because of microwave background radiation which gives space a temperature of 3 kelvins. The Hubble telescope has also shown, through the Doppler effect, that galaxies are moving away in proportion to their distances from earth, which is evident by the redshift caused by lower frequencies generated from their normal frequency radiation.
  
  These detectable wavelength frequencies are at other than those of visible light. He explains in detail the Hubble constant, the ratio of the speed of a galaxy to its distance from earth.
  