question: Currently watching Sharknado, why don’t we see more large aquatic animals thrown ashore during hurricanes?
comment: 1). Sea creatures know when to get the hell out of Dodge when a hurricane is coming. 2) large sea creatures don’t dwell close enough to the shore to be pushed ashore by storm surge. The water is too shallow that close to shore.
passages: BULLET::::3. Does not consider storm-absent survival of larvae: Admittedly, one study supported the SOH by documenting a correlation between increased daily mortality rates of first-feeding anchovy larvae and intervals of unperturbed, storm-absent conditions. Yet it is important to realize, as Peterman and Bradford did, that all this evidence does not affirm a certain relationship between larval survival and severe weather; this is particularly true given the lack of data regarding larval survival in the absence of storm events for context and comparison. Furthermore, Peterman and Bradford (1987) did not find a strong relationship between the larval survival rates documented adjacent to wind/storm events and recruitment levels observed months afterward.
   The risks to the New York Metropolitan Region also include wind and flooding damage from winter nor’easter storms which can be as serious, or even more dangerous, than rarer hurricanes. While hurricanes are short and violent, nor’easters tend to persist longer — for several days — also producing large storm surges that ride atop successive high tides that occur twice daily.
   Section::::Hurricanes.
  
  As one would expect, the majority of these images reveal large increases in turbidity in the regions where a hurricane has made landfall. The increases are primarily due to sediments that have been resuspended from the shallow bottom regions. In areas near shore some of the signal may also be due to sediments eroded from beaches as well as from sediment laden river plumes. In some cases a post-hurricane phytoplankton bloom due to increased nutrient availability may perhaps be detectable.
   The wetlands of the Gulf Coast have provided natural protection against hurricane flood for centuries as every 2.7 miles of wetlands can reduce a storm surge by one foot. Decades of dredging in the waters off the Louisiana coast, however, in conjunctions with the construction of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO), have severely degraded the wetlands in and around the New Orleans delta. In addition to floodwater protections, these wetlands are home to 25% of the total domestic marine catch, including shrimp, crabs, and crawfish
   BULLET::::2. Life-stage specific: Lasker's suggestion that storms ultimately have negative impacts on first-feeding anchovy larvae should come with the disclaimer that this applies only to first-feeding larvae entering the critical period. Older anchovy larvae can, in fact, be positively affected by storm activity, which often prompts increases in planktonic production.
   The source of energy for all hurricanes is the elevated temperatures of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the associated warm surface temperatures of the Gulf Stream flowing northwards along the eastern seaboard. Accordingly, hurricanes are most dangerous when their track lies slightly offshore.
   Hurricanes are an ever-present threat during the fall season. Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula are generally at the greatest risk. However, though the island and the peninsula provide some shielding, the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge.
  
  Section::::Ecosystem.
   The first major storm to strike the region in 40 years, Hurricane Eloise did not directly kill anyone in the state of Florida. However, four deaths of an indirect nature were attributed to the hurricane; two of them were related to heart attacks. Numerous people sustained injuries, largely from broken glass or cleanup efforts. Overall property damage from the storm in Florida amounted to $150 million. In the storm's aftermath, a study of the hurricane's effect on aquatic animals living in the "swash zone" (the immediate area where land and the ocean meet) of Panama City Beach was conducted. The study concluded that compared to 11 consecutive months of data prior to the storm, the swash zone experienced a brief influx of animal species normally found offshore. However, the number decreased to near normal shortly thereafter. Also along the shore, the hurricane dismantled or severely impaired several piers, including the total destruction of a extension of the Okaloosa Island Pier built just three years earlier and part of its original span. A fishing pier at St. Andrews State Park also suffered vast damage, along with another wooden pier at Mexico Beach and the M.B. Miller Pier at Panama City Beach, which lost its end section to the storm.
   BULLET::::- American herring gull ("Larus smithsonianus") A common sight that is present almost year round. Some will nest on the many tall buildings afforded in all five boroughs, none of which is more than a few miles from the water.
  
  BULLET::::- American oystercatcher ("Haematopus pallatius")
  
  BULLET::::- American wigeon ("Anas americana")
   Although less frequently observed than river transport and sea cliff erosion, storms may account for a large percentage of coastal sedimentary budgets. Following Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita in 2005, over 131 x 10 metric tons of sediment were deposited along the Louisiana and eastern Texas Gulf Coast. Study of the western Louisiana coastal wetlands found hurricanes appear to be the "overwhelming pathway" by which sediment is deposited in that location, accounting for amounts of sediment far greater than amounts deposited by the local river systems. Based annualized estimates of magnitude of sediment deposition, hurricanes have been found to deposit hundreds of times more sediment in these coastal wetland regions than man-made river diversions intended to redirect river-transported sediment to starving wetland systems. For salt marsh wetlands, particularly those of coastal Louisiana, sediment accumulation from hurricanes is "sufficient" to account for the entire inorganic sedimentary budget.
   The Beebe bird deaths were repeated again on New Year's Eve of the following year, 2011, with the reported number of dead birds being 5,000.
  
  Section::::January 2011.
  
  Between December 28, 2010 and January 3, 2011, 100 tons of dead fish washed ashore on the Brazilian coast.
  
  On January 3, more than five hundred starlings, red-winged blackbirds and sparrows fell dead in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, USA. Also on the same day, an estimated two million dead fish were found floating in the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, USA.
   In addition to competition and presumed predation, "O. joubini" also have to deal with anthropogenic threats such as pollution. In 1999, a harmful algal bloom wiped out an entire population of "Octopus mercatoris" in St Joseph’s Bay, Florida. After five years only one brooding female was collected, demonstrating the long term impact these blooms can have on species. Though research indicated that only the species "O. mercatoris" was affected, the predicament of this algal bloom could foreshadow possible threats to "O. joubini," and other species, where pollution could cause more severe and frequent algal blooms.
   Many sharks have been observed in Louisiana waters; including, but not limited to lemon sharks, tiger sharks, bull sharks and blacktip sharks. The sharks, for instance the bull shark, have often been observed throughout the Atchafalaya Basin, 900 miles up the Mississippi River, and in inland bayous and wetlands. The alligator gar and the frecklebelly madtom, which is native to Pearl River in Southeastern Louisiana, are two additional species of fish in Louisiana.
   Weather disasters and other natural occurrences are also sources of mortality. The West Indian manatee and Dugong face risks from hurricanes and cyclones, which are predicted to increase in the future. These storms may also damage seagrass populations. Exposure to brevetoxin from "Karenia brevis" during a red tide event are also sources of mortality; they may be able to be exposed to brevetoxin after a red tide has subsided, as it could settle on seagrasses. African manatees can become stranded during the dry season when rivers and lakes become too small or dry up completely.
   Studies off of Southern California oil platforms show they have produced a slight increase on bocaccio population. Juveniles like to use these platforms as they provide a resemblance of a natural habitat with more protection, and because of the availability of plankton. Studies showed that out of eight platforms there was a large amount of young juvenile bocaccio at seven platforms.
   The examination of the turbidity after the passing of a hurricane can have potentially many uses for coastal resource management including:
  
  BULLET::::- identifying regional "hot spots" where the erosion could be expected to be most severe
  
  BULLET::::- estimating the total sediment concentration that has been mobilized by the hurricane
  
  BULLET::::- determining the spatial extent of the sediment mobilization
  
  BULLET::::- identifying the extent and contribution of river plumes
  
  BULLET::::- assessing and predicting potential ecosystem impacts
   "Increased rainfall could further exacerbate flooding in both coastal and inland areas. The amount of precipitation during very heavy storms increased by 27 percent between 1958 and 2012 in the Southeast, and the trend toward increasingly severe rainstorms is likely to continue".
  
  Section::::Coastal ecosystems.
   Section::::Service history.:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
   Mojarras are a common prey and bait fish in many parts of the world, including the South American coast and Caribbean islands as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of North America. These species tend to be difficult to identify in the field and often require microscopic examination. Most species exhibit a schooling behavior and tend to exploit the shallow water refugia associated with coastal areas presumably to avoid large-bodied predators, such as the lemon shark.
   BULLET::::- National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa
  
  BULLET::::- Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
  
  BULLET::::- Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary
  
  BULLET::::- Monitor National Marine Sanctuary
  
  BULLET::::- Mallows Bay - Potomac River
  
  BULLET::::- Wisconsin - Lake Michigan
  
  BULLET::::- Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary
  
  BULLET::::- Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
  
  BULLET::::- Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary
  
  Section::::Office of Response and Restoration.
   The 2002 algal bloom in the central portion of the Florida Bay was associated with high concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus, whereas the eastern bay regions bloom was associated with high concentration of inorganic nutrients.
  
  Section::::Environmental issues.:Loss of native wildlife.
  
  By the mid 1930s, the three main species of wading birds in the bay (Roseate spoonbills, Reddish egrets, Great herons) were driven to near extinction by human harvesting for food and feathers.
   State and federal officials have recently pushed a $14 billion plan to rebuild wetlands over the next 30 years, to be funded by oil and gas royalties, called Coast 2050.
  
  Wetlands have the capacity to absorb storm surges at the rate of per . However, due to the systematic, long-term nature of wetland loss, and because wetland remediation can take decades, it is not possible to pinpoint blame for wetland loss on any specific Congress, legislature, President, or governor.
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Drainage in New Orleans
  
  BULLET::::- Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
  
  BULLET::::- Hurricane Katrina effects by region
   "Tropical storms and hurricanes have become more intense during the past 20 years. Although warming oceans provide these storms with more potential energy, scientists are not sure whether the recent intensification reflects a long-term trend. Nevertheless, hurricane wind speeds and rainfall rates are likely to increase as the climate continues to warm".
   Section::::Threats.
  
  Common predators of the greater scaup are owls, skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, and humans. Greater scaup often find themselves entangled in fishing nets, thus large numbers of them drown in nets each year. Greater scaup can catch avian influenza, so future outbreaks have the potential to threaten greater scaup populations.
   Animals are also affected by their physical death, changes in food supply and changes in the microenvironment, the degree of survival differing with each affected category. For example, the physical numbers of bird populations were largely reduced by Hurricane Gilbert, but recovered quickly, while the populations that lived in forests with foliage damage took longer to recover. The effects of hurricanes on animals and their environment is significant, but the extent is unknown because of the multiple plant species and soil quality that influence the research of the ecology after a Hurricane.
  
  Section::::Topography.
  