question: Why censoring the eyes (and not others parts of the face) in a persons picture is enough to make them unidentifiable?
comment: It is definitely not enough to make someone unidentifiable, but it does make it more difficult.
passages: In a seminal study on this topic, Yale psychiatrist Charles Morgan and a team of researchers tested the ability of trained, military survival school students to identify their interrogators following low- and high-stress scenarios. In each condition, subjects were face-to-face with an interrogator for 40 minutes in a well-lit room. The following day, each participant was asked to select his or her interrogator out of either a live or photo lineup. In the case of the photo spreadthe most common form of police lineup in the U.S.those subjected to the high-stress scenario falsely identified someone other than the interrogator in 68% of cases, compared to 12% of misidentifications by persons in the low-stress scenario.
   Attributional complexity is the ability to efficiently deduce causality in necessary situations. High levels of attributional complexity do not alter the effects of the camera perspective bias. Participants separated in low attributional complexity and high attributional complexity groups according to individual differences, showed no significant differences in the camera perspective effect that was still present in both groups. Therefore, possessing a high level of attributional complexity does not shield one from the camera perspective bias in videotaped confessions.
  
  Section::::Taping interrogations and confessions.:Causes.:Visual attention.
   David Brin's 1989 novel "Earth" portrays citizens equipped with both augmented reality gear ("Tru-Vu Goggles") and cameras exercising reciprocal accountability, with each other and with authority figures, discussing effects on crime and presaging today's "cop cam" developments. Elites are allowed only temporary, cached secrecy. In Robert Sawyer's Neanderthal Parallax trilogy, the Homo neanderthalensis occupying a parallel universe have what are called companion implants. These are comprehensive recording and transmission devices, mounted in the forearm of each person. Their entire life is constantly monitored and sent to their alibi archive, a repository of recordings that are only accessible by their owner, or by the proper authorities when investigating an infraction, and in the latter case only in circumstances relevant to the investigation. Recordings are maintained after death; it is not made clear what the reasoning is for this and under what circumstances and or by whom a deceased person's archive can be accessed.
   Recording a situation is only part of the sousveillance process. Communicating is also important. Video-sharing sites such as YouTube and photo-sharing sites such as Flickr play a vital role. For example, police "agents provocateur" were quickly revealed on YouTube when they infiltrated a demonstration in Montebello, Quebec, against the leaders of Canada, Mexico and the United States (August 2007). When the head of the Quebec police publicly stated that there was no police presence, a sousveillance video showed him to be wrong. When he revised his statement to say that the police provocateurs were peaceful observers, the same video showed them to be masked, wearing police boots, and in one case holding a rock.
   The psychologist R. E. Fancher, however, has claimed that retouching of faces of the sort which is apparent in Goddard's work was a common procedure at the time, in order to avoid a "washed out" look which was common to early photographic printing methods (poor halftones). Furthermore, Fancher argued, malicious editing on Goddard's part would take away from one of his primary claims: that only a trained eye can spot the moron in the crowd.
  
  Section::::Present-day evaluation.:Influence.
   Other similar projects include the work of Shinseungback Kimyonghun: "[the] Aposematic Jacket is a wearable computer for self-defense. The lenses on the jacket give off the warning signal, " ... I can record you"..., to prevent possible attack. When the wearer pushes a button under threat, the jacket records the scene in 360 degrees and sends the images to the Web."
  
  Section::::In fiction.
   Jules Verne's 1902 novel, "Les Frères Kip" ("The Brothers Kip"), contains a reference to optography as a key plot point. The Kip brothers of the title are arrested and imprisoned for the murder of a ship's captain. When the victim's son examines an enlarged photograph of his late father's head, he discerns in the eyes the faces of the true murderers—two of the captain's shipmates—and the brothers are exonerated. Verne explained the scientific basis of the conclusion in the book's final chapter:
   Firstly, the possible human eye regions are detected by testing all the valley regions in the gray-level image. Then the genetic algorithm is used to generate all the possible face regions which include the eyebrows, the iris, the nostril and the mouth corners.
   The Samsung Galaxy S8's iris recognition system claims to be "one of the safest ways to keep your phone locked and the contents private" as "patterns in your irises are unique to you and are virtually impossible to replicate", as quoted in official Samsung content. However, in some cases, using a high resolution photograph of the phone owner's iris and a lens, the CCC claimed to be able to trick the authentification system.
  
  Section::::Fake Chaos Computer Club France.
   The most recent serious research into the use of optography in criminology occurred in 1975, when police in Heidelberg asked Evangelos Alexandridis at the University of Heidelberg to re-evaluate Kühne's experiments and findings with modern scientific techniques, knowledge and equipment. Like Kühne, Alexandridis successfully produced a number of distinct high-contrast images from the eyes of rabbits, but conclusively negatively assessed the technique as a forensic tool.
  
  Section::::Optography in fiction.
   Camera perspective bias is a result of fundamental attribution error and, more specifically, illusory causation. People commit attribution error when they ascribe causality to people or environmental entities to which they are attending. Illusory causation occurs when people ascribe unwanted causality to a stimulus simply because it is more noticeable or salient than other available stimuli. Illusory causation is perceptual-based, meaning it occurs because salient information is registered and perceptually organized differently from nonsalient information. In regards to camera perspective bias, the perspective of the camera determines which interactant (detective or suspect) is salient and which one is nonsalient.
   The second study was directly into covert facial recognition in prosopagnosia. In this study faces were taken from a set of 166 faces, hair and background were removed. In the first task, 36 pictures were shown, half actors and have politicians. When the face was shown the subject was asked if it was a politician or actor. Both the control and prosopagnosia patients were able to identify which faces were which therefore reaction time was compared. The second task was to say which of the faces were famous in a set of forty famous and forty non-famous. Prosopagnosia subjects had little ability to make this distinction. Further, the third task also showed forty famous faces but instead of a random string written names were used. The faces remained until one was decided upon to match the name. The covert recognition was only present in two tasks. This was not on the first task which was meant to prime and lead to the fact that the prime may be the impairment of prosopagnosia. SCR tests are often used to test covert facial processing but none of the experiments displayed significant results
   It divided the face image into four key regions: the eyes, nose, mouth and cheek areas. For each area, it learns a separate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) basis and reconstructs the area separately. However, the reconstructed face images in this method have visible artifacts between different regions.
  
  Section::::Methods.:Face Hallucination via Sparse Coding.
  
  This method was proposed by J. Yang and H. Tang and it is based in hallucinating of High-Resolution face image by taking Low-Resolution input value. 
   Perceived trustworthiness is interpreted by the individual from looking at a face, and this decreases when someone is lying. Such observations are "too subtle to be explicitly processed by observers, but [do] affect implicit cognitive and affective processes." These results, in a study by Heussen, Binkofski, and Jolij, were obtained through a study with an N400 paradigm including two conditions within the experiment: truthful faces and lying faces. Faces flashed for 100ms and then the participants rated them. However, the limitations of this study would be that it only had 15 participants and the mean age was 24.
  
  Section::::Eye-tracking.
   Hide Your Smiling Faces
  
  Hide Your Smiling Faces is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Daniel Patrick Carbone. The film stars Ryan Jones, Nathan Varnson, Colm O'Leary, Thomas Cruz, Christina Starbuck and Chris Kies. The film was released on March 25, 2014, by Tribeca Film.
  
  Section::::Cast.
  
  BULLET::::- Ryan Jones as Tommy
  
  BULLET::::- Nathan Varnson as Eric
  
  BULLET::::- Colm O'Leary as Ian's Father
  
  BULLET::::- Thomas Cruz as Tristan
  
  BULLET::::- Christina Starbuck as Mother
  
  BULLET::::- Chris Kies as Father
  
  BULLET::::- Andrew M. Chamberlain as Blake
  
  BULLET::::- Clark Middleton as Religious Man
  
  BULLET::::- Ivan Tomic as Ian
  
  Section::::Release.
   Although the ability for overt facial recognition is inhibited in patients with prosopagnosia, there have been many studies done which show that some of these individuals may have the ability to recognize familiar faces covertly. These experiments have used behavioral and physiological measures in order to demonstrate covert facial recognition. A common physiological measure that is used is the measure of autonomic activity by using skin-conductance responses (SCR) which show a larger response in individuals with prosopagnosia who are shown pictures of familiar faces compared to pictures of unfamiliar faces.
  
  Section::::Theories and reasoning.
   If there is no particular suspect, a witness may be shown photographs or be taken to a neighbourhood in the hope that he recognises the perpetrator. Photographs should be shown to potential witnesses individually (to prevent collusion) and once a positive identification has been made, no other witnesses should be shown the photograph of the suspect.
  
  Section::::The law of eyewitness identification evidence in criminal trials.:England and Wales.:Breaches of PACE Code D.
   To the anatomical right (photo left) of the supposed "Badge Man" figure, some researchers claim there is a second person seen, the self-proclaimed witness Gordon Arnold, who claimed in 1978 that he was filming the motorcade while wearing his U.S. Army uniform when a shot passed close to his left ear.
  
  Section::::Counter-claims.
   Section::::Causes of eyewitness error.:"Estimator variables" (circumstantial factors).:Presence of a weapon.
   In a police photo lineup, an officer shows a group of photos to a witness and asks the witness to identify the individual who committed the crime. Since the officer is typically aware of who the suspect is, he may (subconsciously or consciously) influence the witness to choose the individual that he believes committed the crime. There is a growing movement in law enforcement to move to a blind procedure in which the officer who shows the photos to the witness does not know who the suspect is.
  
  Section::::Applications.:In music.
   Section::::Change detection methods.:Forced choice detection paradigm.
  
  Individuals who are tested under the forced choice paradigm are only allowed to view the two pictures once before they make a choice. Both images are also shown for the same amount of time. The flicker paradigm and the forced choice detection paradigm are known as intentional change detection tasks, which means that the participants know they are trying to detect change. These studies have shown that even while participants are focusing their attention and searching for a change, the change may remain unnoticed.
  
  Section::::Change detection methods.:Mudsplashes.
   The Innocence Project has facilitated the exoneration of 214 men who were wrongfully convicted of crimes as a result of faulty eyewitness evidence. A number of these cases have received substantial attention from the media.
   This method was proposed by Baker and Kanade, the pioneering of face hallucination technique.
  
  The algorithm is based on Bayesian MAP formulation and use gradient descent to optimize the objective function and it generates the high frequency details from a parent structure with the assistance of training samples.
  
  Section::::Methods.:Super-resolution from multiple views using learnt image models.
  
  Capel and Zisserman was the first to propose the local face image SR method.
   Looking at the United States in particular, there are 117 million Americans in the FBI's shared database according to the Georgetown Report. People can become fearful of the police's ability to identify them in public and gather information about where they've been and where they might be going. In the US, there is no federal law in place that directly protects Americans when it comes to the use of facial recognition technology. Only the states of Illinois and Texas have regulations, “that require(s) an individual to give consent for their biometrics to be used, protecting its application in a system that it was not originally intended for”.
   In the 1986 Manga "Saint Seiya", there's an episode in which Ikki receives a warning from Black Cygnus' eye.
  
  In the 1994 "", the first episode "The Future of Law Enforcement" Robocop takes an blurred image from corpse's retina and then enhances it using a computer.
  
  The 1999 film "Wild Wild West" features a scene where Artemis Gordon obtains a clue by projecting the optograms of a dead scientist on to a wall (much to the disgust of his colleague James West).
  
presuppositions: Censoring someone's eyes can make them unidentifiable. Censoring the eyes in a person's picture is enough to make them unidentifiable.
corrections: Censoring someone's eyes can make it difficult to identify them but not unidentifiable. Censoring the eyes in a person's picture is not enough to make them unidentifiable.
raw_presuppositions: Censoring someone's eyes can make them unidentifiable. Censoring the eyes in a person's picture is enough to make them unidentifiable.
raw_corrections: Censoring someone's eyes can make it difficult to identify them but not unidentifiable. Censoring the eyes in a person's picture is not enough to make them unidentifiable.