question: Why is water bad for leather when it is just animal skin?
comment: The oils that an animal produces when they wear their own skin are stripped from it when processed. You can buy an oil that you rub on the jacket that can make it water proof, there's also. A spray.
passages: The higher cost associated with the treatment of effluents than to untreated effluent discharging leads to illegal dumping to save on costs. For instance, in Croatia in 2001, proper pollution abatement cost US$70–100 per ton of raw hides processed against $43/t for irresponsible behavior. In November 2009, one of Uganda's main leather making companies was caught directly dumping waste water into a wetland adjacent to Lake Victoria.
  
  Section::::Role of enzymes.
   To idealize the "victimless" of the jacket, immortalized cell lines or cells that divide and multiply forever once they are removed from an animal or human host forming a renewable resource, have been used in the project. The 3T3 mouse cells all come from a mouse who lived in the 1970s.
  
  Section::::Research and development.
   One estimate of the carbon footprint of leather goods is 0.51 kg of CO equivalent per £1 of output at 2010 retail prices, or 0.71 kg COeq per £1 of output at 2010 industry prices.
  
  Section::::Environmental impact.:Water footprint.
  
  One ton of hide or skin generally produces 20 to 80 m of waste water, including chromium levels of 100–400 mg/l, sulfide levels of
   The higher cost associated to the treatment of effluents as compared to untreated effluent discharging leads to environmental dumping to reduce costs. For instance, in Croatia in 2001, proper pollution abatement cost 70-100 USD/t of raw hides processed against 43 USD/t for irresponsible behaviour.
  
  No general study seems to exist, but the current news is rife with documented examples of untreated effluent discharge. In November 2009 for instance, it was discovered that one of Uganda's main leather producing companies directly dumped its waste water in a wetland adjacent to Lake Victoria.
   For some leathers a surface coating is applied. Tanners refer to this as finishing. Finishing operations may include:
  
  BULLET::::- oiling
  
  BULLET::::- brushing
  
  BULLET::::- padding
  
  BULLET::::- impregnation
  
  BULLET::::- buffing
  
  BULLET::::- spraying
  
  BULLET::::- roller coating
  
  BULLET::::- curtain coating
  
  BULLET::::- polishing
  
  BULLET::::- plating
  
  BULLET::::- embossing
  
  BULLET::::- ironing
  
  BULLET::::- combing (hair-on)
  
  BULLET::::- glazing
  
  Section::::Environmental impact.
  
  In addition to the other environmental impacts of leather, the production processes have a high environmental impact, most notably due to:
  
  BULLET::::- the heavy use of polluting chemicals in the tanning process
   Because the artificial leather is made semi-living, the project might be seen as speculative and provocative to some people – questioning whether it is better to kill semi-living beings rather than living beings. "One of the most common and somewhat surprising comments we heard was that people were disturbed by our ethics of using living cells to grow living fabric, while the use of leather obtained from animals seems to be accepted without any concern for the well-being of the animals from which the skin has been removed." artist Ionat Zurr uttered after showing the jacket to the public on "The Space Between" exhibition in Australia.
   BULLET::::- Chamois leather is a form of aldehyde tanning that produces a porous and highly water-absorbent leather. Chamois leather is made using marine oils (traditionally cod oil) that oxidize to produce the aldehydes that tan the leather.
  
  BULLET::::- Brain tanned leathers are made by a labor-intensive process that uses emulsified oils, often those of animal brains such as deer, cattle, and buffalo. They are known for their exceptional softness and washability.
   Modern neatsfoot oil is still made from cattle-based products, and is sometimes criticized for a tendency to speed oxidation of leather. This formulation does darken leather, which means that use on light-colored leather is likely to change its color. If mineral oil or other petroleum-based material is added, the product may be called "neatsfoot oil compound". Some brands have also been shown to be adulterated with rapeseed oil, soya oil, and other oils. The addition of mineral oils may lead to more rapid decay of non-synthetic stitching or speed breakdown of the leather itself.
  
  Section::::Manufacture.
   These same applications can alternately use artificial leather constructed in a similar appearance to bonded leather.
  
  Section::::Advantages and disadvantages.
  
  Possible advantages of bonded leather include:
  
  BULLET::::- Environmentally friendly – reuses leftover leather without extra farming
  
  BULLET::::- Product consistency – no natural defects and minimal batch to batch variation
  
  BULLET::::- High cutting yield – cost efficient and reduces landfill waste
  
  Possible drawbacks include:
  
  BULLET::::- Difficult or impossible to repair or recondition after wear or damage
  
  BULLET::::- Outgassing and "sweating" of plasticizers and other chemicals from poorly formulated products
  
  BULLET::::- Typically not as durable as genuine leather
  
  Section::::Labeling.
   Kanpur, India stands as a prime example of how tannery chemicals and wastewater can negatively affect health and ecosystems. In 2013, the city became the largest exporter of leather. About 80% of the wastewater is untreated and dumped straight into Kanpur's main water source, the River Ganges. Farmland is swamped with blue-tinted water, poisoned with chromium III, lead, and arsenic. Decades of contamination in the air, water, and soil have caused a variety of diseases in the people who live in the area. Health problems include asthma, eyesight problems, and skin problems include: contact dermatitis, urticaria, hand eczema, fungal infection and atopic eczema. The tannery in Leon, Nicaragua, has also been identified as a source of major river pollution.
   For a given thickness, fish leather is typically much stronger due to its criss-crossed fibers.
  
  Section::::Environmental impact.
  
  Leather produces some environmental impact, most notably due to:
  
  BULLET::::- The carbon footprint of cattle rearing
  
  BULLET::::- Use of chemicals in the tanning process (e.g., chromium, phthalate esters, nonyl phenol ethoxylate soaps, pentachlorophenol and solvents)
  
  BULLET::::- Air pollution due to the transformation process (hydrogen sulfide is formed during mixing with acids and ammonia liberated during deliming, solvent vapors)
  
  Section::::Environmental impact.:Carbon footprint.
   BULLET::::- Bonded leather, also called "reconstituted leather", is a material that uses leather scraps that are shredded and bonded together with polyurethane or latex onto a fiber mesh. The amount of leather fibers in the mix varies from 10% to 90%, affecting the properties of the product.
  
  Section::::From other animals.
   One of the earliest was "Presstoff". Invented in 19th century Germany, it is made of specially layered and treated paper pulp. It gained its widest use in Germany during the Second World War in place of leather, which under wartime conditions was rationed. "Presstoff" could be used in almost every application normally filled by leather, excepting items like footwear that were repeatedly subjected to flex wear or moisture. Under these conditions "Presstoff" tends to delaminate and lose cohesion.
   BULLET::::- DDT - now banned
  
  BULLET::::- p-dichlorobenzene - mothball
  
  BULLET::::- Disinfectant 1473 - used as a fungicide
  
  BULLET::::- Dowicide A - water-soluble fungicide made of sodium salt of orth-phenyl phenol
  
  BULLET::::- Draftclean
  
  BULLET::::- Ethylene glycol
  
  BULLET::::- Ethylene-vinyl acetate
  
  BULLET::::- Facteka A - granular cleaner for suede or leather with abraded surfaces. Rubber like and made from rape oil.
  
  BULLET::::- French chalk or talc
  
  BULLET::::- Fuller's earth
  
  BULLET::::- Gelatin
  
  BULLET::::- Genklene - non-flammable (1,1,1-trichloroethane)
  
  BULLET::::- Glue
  
  BULLET::::- Invasol S - Synthetic anionic oil
  
  BULLET::::- Isopropanol or Isopropyl alcohol
  
  BULLET::::- Japanese tissue paper
  
  BULLET::::- Lanolin anhydrous
  
  BULLET::::- Lipoderm Liquor SA
   The production of the PVC used in the production of many artificial leathers requires a plasticizer called a phthalate to make it flexible and soft. PVC requires petroleum and large amounts of energy thus making it reliant on fossil fuels. During the production process carcinogenic byproducts, dioxins, are produced which are toxic to humans and animals. Dioxins remain in the environment long after PVC is manufactured. When PVC ends up in a landfill it does not decompose like genuine leather and can release dangerous chemicals into the water and soil. 
  
  Polyurethane is currently more popular for use than PVC.
   Tanneries process animal skins with the use of chemicals to alter the proteins and produce a durable and flexible product. Whether the tanning process is done using vegetable tanning, chromium salt tanning or another process, solid and water waste are inevitable by-products. 
  
  Currently, all hides used by S.B. Foot Tanning Company are pre-processed to a “wet-blue” state prior to delivery to the tannery for final tanning and dying. The three stages of Wet-Blue processing (pretanning, tanning, finishing) produce 450–600 kg of waste per ton of processed leather. The treatment of this waste is governed by EPA rules and regulations. 
   BULLET::::- Alum leather is transformed using aluminium salts mixed with a variety of binders and protein sources, such as flour and egg yolk. Alum leather is not actually tanned; rather the process is called "tawing", and the resulting material reverts to rawhide if soaked in water long enough to remove the alum salts.
  
  Section::::Grades.
  
  In general, leather is produced in the following grades:
   Grading is required to set producer payment as well as finished leather prices.
  
  BULLET::::- Finished Skins: Tannery for buyer
  
  BULLET::::- Graded Crust: Tannery to pay farmer or buyer purchasing crust skins
  
  BULLET::::- Graded Green: Tannery to pay farmer or trader
  
  BULLET::::- Graded Green: Trader to pay farmer
  
  Note: 1 and 2 use the same standards.
   Russia leather
  
  Russia leather is a particular form of bark-tanned cow leather. It is distinguished from other types of leather by a processing step that takes place after tanning, where birch oil is worked into the rear face of the leather. This produces a leather that is hard-wearing, flexible and resistant to water. The oil impregnation also deters insect damage.
   Section::::Clothing and fabric uses.
  
  Artificial leathers are often used in clothing fabrics, furniture upholstery, and automotive uses. One disadvantage of plastic-coated artificial leather is that it is not porous and does not allow air to pass through; thus, sweat can accumulate if it is used for clothing, car seat coverings, etc. One of its primary advantages, especially in cars, is that it requires little maintenance in comparison to leather, and does not crack or fade easily.
  
  Section::::Brand names.
  
  BULLET::::- Clarino: manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd. of Japan.
  
  BULLET::::- Fabrikoid: a DuPont brand, cotton cloth coated with nitrocellulose
   Section::::Related work and ideas.
  
  The project also focuses on human consumption, highlighting that there are victims on every level of it, and that the boundaries between harm and benefit often are blurred. The French actress Brigitte Bardot strongly opposed hunting of animals for vanity and the commercial purpose of the skin. From an indigenous point of view, the context must be seen different. An Inuit hunts the seal and uses the whole body of the animal as a basic resource for his survival.
   200–800 mg/l, high levels of fat and other solid wastes, and notable pathogen contamination. Producers often add pesticides to protect hides during transport. With solid wastes representing up to 70% of the wet weight of the original hides, the tanning process represents a considerable strain on water treatment installations.
  
  Section::::Environmental impact.:Disposal.
  
  Leather biodegrades slowly—taking 25 to 40 years to decompose. However, vinyl and petrochemical-derived materials take 500 or more years to decompose.
  
  Section::::Environmental impact.:Chemical waste disposal.
   The leather manufacturing process is divided into three fundamental subprocesses: preparatory stages, tanning, and crusting. A further subprocess, finishing, can be added into the leather process sequence, but not all leathers receive finishing.
  
  The preparatory stages are when the hide is prepared for tanning. Preparatory stages may include: soaking, hair removal, liming, deliming, bating, bleaching, and pickling.
   Rawhide is more susceptible to water than leather, and it quickly softens and stretches if left wet unless well waterproofed. "Rawhide" laces often sold for boots or baseball gloves are made of normal tanned leather rather than actual rawhide. Rawhide is not pliable when dry and would be unsuitable for that use.
   Disembodied Cuisine – Along with Victimless Leather, this is part of the "Victimless Utopia". The idea for this project was to take cells from a frog and grow them into something possible to eat, displaying it next to the still living frog the food came from. This problemetizes the whole meat industry – how we kill animals to eat them. Growing tissue outside of the body of the animal is a way to "make" meat while the animal stays healthy and living.
  
presuppositions: Leather has the same properties as the animal skin it is made from. Leather is the same as the skin on a cow.
corrections: Leather does not have the oils that protect animals from water. The oils in leather are stripped when it is processed.
raw_presuppositions: Leather has the same properties as the animal skin it is made from. Leather is the same as the skin on a cow.
raw_corrections: Leather does not have the oils that protect animals from water. The oils in leather are stripped when it is processed.