question: how do they monitor speed by aircraft on highways?
comment: There are marks painted on the pavement a known distance apart. The vehicle in question is timed from when it crosses one mark until it crosses the next mark. Divide the distance between marks by the time measured and you get speed. Then they radio down the details.
passages: Electronic data, which include test timing, vehicle position, velocity, and acceleration, are routinely collected at the HHSTT. These data are captured by various means, including Doppler radar, optical beam interrupter blades, breakwire installations and magnetic sensors, and a wide variety of component sensors to collect specialized data such as acceleration forces, strain, temperature, etc.
   The DOW fleet has collected data in 200 tornadoes and inside the cores of thirteen hurricanes. DOWs have been deployed to Europe twice, for the MAP and COPS field programs, and to Alaska twice for the JAWS-Juneau projects. DOWs have operated as high as on Bristol Head and at for the ASCII project at Battle Pass. Three DOWs, Mobile Mesonets and PODS were deployed for the OWLeS lake-effect snow study. The DOWs have participated in many field programs including VORTEX, VORTEX2, COPS, MAP, ASCII, IHOP, SCMS, CASES, ROTATE, PAMREX, SNOWD-UNDER, FLATLAND, HERO, UIDOW, UNDEO.
   BULLET::::- West Coast to East Coast of USA
  
  BULLET::::- Los Angeles To Washington D.C.
  
  BULLET::::- St Louis To Cincinnati
  
  BULLET::::- Kansas City To Washington D.C.
  
  The above records were confirmed on 15 March 1990 after the initial release on 6 March 1990, in the same corresponding order of 212.62 mph, 2153.24 mph, 2205.48 mph and 2242.48 mph
  
  Section::::History.:Beale Air Force Base.:Gulf War.
   Virginia is the only state that prohibits the use of radar detectors (the District of Columbia does as well, though it is not a state).
  
  Section::::Wake Island.
  
  The speed limit on Wake Island is 40 mph (64 km/h).
  
  Section::::Washington.
   BULLET::::- Remote Pipeline monitoring: Ground or sea pipeline systems can be monitored at regular intervals to ensure the safety of the system and the environment. Optical and infra-red cameras can be used, as well as various multispectral and hyperspectral sensors.
  
  BULLET::::- Power line Corridor Mapping: Regular 3D scanning of power line corridors is crucial for planning and management. Using a UAV can provide an effective way of delivering this essential service
   Track algorithms were migrated from analog equipment to digital computers from the 1950s through the 1980s. This was necessary to eliminate limitations that include mid-air collisions and other problems linked with obsolete equipment that was socialized by PATCO and United States Department of Defense. Similar migration trends occurred in other countries throughout the world for similar reasons.
  
  Modern civilian air traffic and military combat systems depend upon a custom track algorithms used with real-time computing slaved to displays and peripherals.
   BULLET::::- Gulf of Mexico — in the Gulf of Mexico, where ATC radar coverage is incomplete, the FAA is locating ADS-B (1090 MHz) receivers on oil rigs to relay information received from aircraft equipped with ADS-B extended squitters back to the Houston Center to expand and improve surveillance coverage.
  
  BULLET::::- Terminal Airspace — ADS-B is currently in service for two terminal airspace areas, Louisville, Kentucky, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  
  BULLET::::- FAA segment 3 (2015–20)
   In the city of Fort Dodge, Iowa, speed camera contractor Redspeed discovered a location where drivers of school buses, big panel trucks and similar vehicles have been clocked speeding by the city's mobile speed camera and radar unit even though they were obeying the 25 mph speed limit. The errors were due to what was described as an "electromagnetic anomaly".
   The data are collected with a variety of onboard data acquisition systems or telemetered for post-test analysis. Additionally, world-class technical imagery, including high-speed digital images, is available for customers to examine the status of their payloads. Track personnel use the same imagery to determine the status of the sled vehicle during tests. All data can be post-processed and merged using a common time reference to verify the accuracy of the data, and to produce a unified data product.
  
  Optical imagery is captured with high-speed digital cameras.
   BULLET::::- Silver Lake Air Warning Station, Everett, Washington, United States
  
  BULLET::::- Silver Lake Bank, Montrose, Pennsylvania, United States
  
  BULLET::::- Silver Lake Dam, a dam in New York
  
  BULLET::::- Silver Lake Dam (Michigan), a former dam near Marquette, Michigan, United States
  
  BULLET::::- Silver Lake District, a historic district in Harrisville, New Hampshire, United States
  
  BULLET::::- Silver Lake Farm, a historic site in Harrisville, New Hampshire, United States
  
  BULLET::::- Silver Lake Film Festival, a former film festival in Los Angeles
  
  BULLET::::- Silver Lake Forest Service Strip, an airfield in Lake County, Oregon, United States
   BULLET::::- Use GPS navigation devices, such as Waze, which contain databases of known camera locations to alert them in advance. These databases may, in some cases, be updated in near-realtime. The use of GPS devices to locate speed cameras is illegal in some jurisdictions, such as France. In Australia, the use of GPS devices within the category of intelligent speed adaptation are being encouraged.
  
  BULLET::::- Install active laser jammer or radar jammer devices which actively transmit signals that interfere with the measuring device. These devices are illegal in many jurisdictions.
   Photographs are typically time-stamped by a high resolution timing device so that a vehicle's speed can be checked manually after the fact if necessary using the secondary method of calculating its speed between a series of calibrated lines (known as "Dragon's Teeth") painted on the road surface.
   PeSEAS and PerMIATE software automate and record the movement observed in the WAMI video. This technology uses software to track and record the movements of pedestrians and vehicles using automatic object recognition software across the entire frame, generating "tracklets" or chronographs of every car and pedestrian movements. 24/7 deployment of this technology has been suggested by the DHS on spy blimps such as the recently killed Blue Devil Airship.
   Most states are now starting to replace older analogue film fixed cameras with modern digital variants.
  
  Fixed speed cameras can use Doppler RADAR or Piezo strips embedded in the road to measure a vehicle's speed as it passes the camera.
   BULLET::::- 2 Hughes (MD500) 369Ds
  
  BULLET::::- 1 Cessna 182S Skylane
  
  BULLET::::- 1 Raytheon (Beechcraft) B300 Super King Air
  
  Section::::Rogue officers.
  
  Section::::Rogue officers.:George Gwaltney.
   To enforce speed limits, two approaches are generally employed. In the United States, it is common for the police to patrol the streets and use special equipment (typically a radar unit) to measure the speed of vehicles, and pull over any vehicle found to be in violation of the speed limit. In Brazil, Colombia and some European countries, there are computerized speed-measuring devices spread throughout the city, which will automatically detect speeding drivers and take a photograph of the license plate (or number plate), which is later used for applying and mailing the ticket. Many jurisdictions in the U.S. use this technology as well.
   BULLET::::- Frank Hawks sets a transcontinental airspeed record for a flight across the continental United States, flying the Lockheed Air Express "Texaco Five" (registration NR7955) across the country in 17 hours 38 minutes.
  
  BULLET::::- June 13 – The United States Coast Guard establishes an "air traffic flight-following" capability along the coast of the continental United States employing a network of Coast Guard radio stations.
   BULLET::::- LIDAR speed guns utilize the time of flight of laser pulses to make a series of timestamped measurements of a vehicle's distance from the laser; the data is then used to calculate the vehicle's speed.
  
  BULLET::::- Sensors embedded in the roadway in pairs, for example electromagnetic induction or Piezo-electric strips a set distance apart.
  
  BULLET::::- Infra-red light sensors located perpendicular to the road, e.g. TIRTL
  
  Section::::Methods.:Pacing.
   High-speed turbulence and vortices can be difficult to see directly, but strobe lights and film cameras or high-speed digital cameras can help to capture events that are a blur to the naked eye.
  
  High-speed cameras are also required when the subject of the test is itself moving at high speed, such as an airplane propeller. The camera can capture stop-motion images of how the blade cuts through the particulate streams and how vortices are generated along the trailing edges of the moving blade.
  
  Section::::Flow visualization.:Quantitative methods.
   Each separate object has its own independent track information. This is called track history. This could be as much as an hour for airborne objects. Track history for underwater objects can extend back several weeks.
  
  Each different kind of sensor produces different kinds of track data. A 2D radar with a fan beam produces no altitude information. A 4D radar with a pencil beam will produce radial Doppler velocity in addition to bearing, elevation, and slant range.
  
  Section::::Store.
  
  New sensor data is stored for a limited period of time. This occurs before track, capture and drop processing.
   In recent years, some radar detectors have added GPS technology. This allows users to manually store the locations where police frequently monitor traffic, with the detector sounding an alarm when approaching that location in the future (this is accomplished by pushing a button and doesn't require coordinates to be entered). These detectors also allow users to manually store the coordinates of sites of frequent false alarms, which the GPS enabled detector will then ignore. The detector can also be programmed to mute alerts when traveling below a preset speed, limiting unnecessary alerts. Some GPS enabled detectors can download the GPS coordinates of speed monitoring cameras and red-light cameras from the Internet, alerting the driver that they are approaching the camera.
   BULLET::::- I-90 Lake Effect Corridor. A 60-mile section of Interstate 90, located in the far northeast "Snow Belt" corner of the state, will have DSRC units installed along its length. Wireless units will also be installed on public service vehicles to test the communication system. This area was chosen as a pilot because of its dangerous lake-effect snow conditions. I-90 is part of the "Smart Belt Coalition" between Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.
  
  BULLET::::- Ohio Turnpike. Similar to the I-90 project, the Ohio Turnpike will also receive DSRC units, along with units in a set of test vehicles.
   Milton Ernest in Bedfordshire, on the A6 north of Bedford, was the first UK place in December 2012 to have the Siemens SafeZone average speed cameras (similar to SPECS, with much-reduced infrastructure) using Sicore ANPR cameras.
  
  Section::::Transport.:Rail.
  
  The region is serviced by Network Rail Route 5 West Anglia and Route 7 Great Eastern as well as parts of
  
  Route 6 North London Line and Thameside, Route 8 East Coast Main Line
   Doppler on Wheels
  
  Doppler on Wheels (or DOW) is a fleet of X-band radar trucks maintained by the Center for Severe Weather Research (CSWR) in Boulder, Colorado, led by principal investigator Joshua Wurman, with the funding largely provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The DOW fleet and its associated Mobile Mesonet and Pod deployable weather stations are Lower Atmospheric Observing Facilities (LAOF) "National Facilities" supporting a wide variety NSF-sponsored research.
  
  Section::::History and deployment.
   The DOW fleet was deployed to the nocturnal convection study, PECAN, in June–July 2015.
  
  Section::::Findings.
  