question: Does CBD oil give you the munchies? If so, why?
comment: There are 113 known cannabinoids. Many have some effect or another on appetite, but those effects vary greatly. THC, the most well-known cannabinoid (mostly for creating the 'high'), seems to have the greatest impact on appetite according to current research. THC is often found in small amounts in CBD oil (up to .3% is legal federally). THC affects appetite in 3 ways. First, it boosts a hormone called 'ghrelin', which makes you feel hungry. Normally, the body only releases ghrelin when your stomach is empty. Second, THC can interact with CB1 receptors in areas of the brain that modulate appetite (I think these interactions can actually boost or suppress appetite, depending on circumstance). Third, THC can boost dopamine and our senses of smell and taste, all of which help us get more pleasure from eating. TLDR ; CBD itself doesn't cause the munchies. However, it does quell nausea and pain. For people who struggle to eat enough because of pain or nausea, CBD could help. If you're concerned about over-eating as a result of taking CBD oil, you shouldn't have any issues. Just consider using one of the totally THC free products, rather than one with .3%, to be safe.
passages: CBD shares a precursor with THC and is the main cannabinoid in CBD-dominant "Cannabis" strains. CBD has been shown to play a role in preventing the short-term memory loss associated with THC.
  
  There is tentative evidence that CBD had an anti-psychotic effect, but research in this area is limited.
  
  Section::::Phytocannabinoids.:Cannabis-derived cannabinoids.:Types.:Cannabinol.
   Similar to energy drinks and protein bars which may contain vitamin or herbal additives, food and beverage items can be infused with CBD as an alternative means of ingesting the substance. In the United States, numerous products are marketed as containing CBD, but in reality contain little or none. Some companies marketing CBD-infused food products with claims that are similar to the effects of prescription drugs have received warning letters from the Food and Drug Administration for making unsubstantiated health claims. In February 2019, the New York City Department of Health announced plans to fine restaurants that sell food or drinks containing CBD, beginning in October 2019.
   Some manufacturers ship CBD products nationally, an illegal action which the FDA did not enforce in 2018, with CBD remaining the subject of an FDA investigational new drug evaluation, and is not considered legal as a dietary supplement or food ingredient . Federal illegality has made it difficult historically to conduct research on CBD. CBD is openly sold in head shops and health food stores in some states where such sales have not been explicitly legalized.
   Cannabidiol can be taken into the body in multiple ways, including by inhalation of cannabis smoke or vapor, as an aerosol spray into the cheek, and by mouth. It may be supplied as CBD oil containing only CBD as the active ingredient (no included tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] or terpenes), a full-plant CBD-dominant hemp extract oil, capsules, dried cannabis, or as a prescription liquid solution. CBD does not have the same psychoactivity as THC, and may change the effects of THC on the body if both are present. As of 2018, the mechanism of action for its biological effects has not been determined.
   CBD does not appear to have any psychotropic ("high") effects such as those caused by ∆9-THC in marijuana, but may have anti-anxiety and anti-psychotic effects. As the legal landscape and understanding about the differences in medical cannabinoids unfolds, experts are working to distinguish "medical marijuana" (with varying degrees of psychotropic effects and deficits in executive function) – from "medical CBD therapies” which would commonly present as having a reduced or non-psychoactive side-effect profile.
   Laboratory evidence indicated that cannabidiol may reduce THC clearance, increasing plasma concentrations which may raise THC availability to receptors and enhance its effect in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro, cannabidiol inhibited receptors affecting the activity of voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels, which may affect neural activity. A small clinical trial reported that CBD partially inhibited the CYP2C-catalyzed hydroxylation of THC to 11-OH-THC. Little is known about potential drug interactions, but CBD-mediates a decrease in clobazam metabolism.
  
  Section::::Pharmacology.
  
  Section::::Pharmacology.:Pharmacodynamics.
   In one study of current daily users of cannabis, oral nabilone at 4, 6, and 8 mg produced sustained and dose-dependent mood elevation and psychomotor slowing comparable to 10 or 20 mg oral dronabinol (THC). Nabilone had a slower onset of peak action and a greater dose-dependence of effects, which the investigators attributed to greater bioavailability. 
  
  A study comparing nabilone with metoclopramide, conducted before the development of modern 5-HT antagonist anti-emetics such as ondansetron, revealed that patients taking cisplatin chemotherapy preferred metoclopramide, while patients taking carboplatin preferred nabilone to control nausea and vomiting.
   The CB receptor inverse agonist rimonabant has been found to reduce intake of food or sweet solutions in both humans and mice. Targeting this receptor with rimonabant has been found to prevent the THC-induced enhancement of DA release in the nucleus accumbens shell from food, suggesting that these receptors may be involved in determining the hedonic value of food. In addition, CB1 facilitates ghrelin release, normally happening when the stomach is constricted In the presence of a relatively active system, overeating is promoted. This is the genesis of its appetite-stimulating effects, colloquially called "the munchies."
  
  Section::::Function.:Cardiovascular activity.
   Col Cheney is the host of the CBD Source Podcast (Launched 4/20/2019) based in the Hudson Valley. It is currently a weekly show that blends humor, education, and artistic metaphors through segments, news, bits, and interviews with industry professionals and "actual CBD users" to inform and spread advocacy about Cannabidiol (CBD) and it's benefits, as well as the other over 100 cannabinoids in Industrial Hemp, and Cannabis.
  
  Section::::Sketch365.com.
   Via CB receptor activation, THC indirectly increases dopamine release and produces psychotropic effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) also acts as an allosteric modulator of the μ- and δ-opioid receptors. THC also potentiates the effects of the glycine receptors. It is unknown if or how these actions contribute to the effects of cannabis.
  
  Section::::Chemistry.
  
  Section::::Chemistry.:Detection in body fluids.
   Cannabis is being investigated for its possible use in inflammatory bowel disease but there is only weak evidence for its benefits as a treatment.
  
  A 2007 review said cannabidiol had shown potential to relieve convulsion, inflammation, cough, congestion and nausea, and to inhibit cancer cell growth. Preliminary studies have also shown potential over psychiatric conditions such as anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Because cannabidiol relieves the aforementioned symptoms, cannabis strains with a high amount of CBD may benefit people with multiple sclerosis or frequent anxiety attacks.
  
  Section::::External links.
   A greater CBD to THC ratio in hair analyses of cannabis users correlates with protection against gray matter reduction in the right hippocampus. CBD has also been observed to attenuate the deficits in prose recall and visuo-spatial associative memory of those currently under the influence of cannabis, implying neuroprotective effects against heavy THC exposure. Neurogenesis might play a role in its neuroprotective effects, but further research is required.
   Consuming THC through ingestion results in absorption through the liver and, through metabolic processes, the conversion of a significant proportion of it into 11-Hydroxy-THC.
  
  Section::::Types.
  
  Section::::Types.:Baked good.
  
  A cannabis-infused baked good is a common type of cannabis edible. Popular varieties include hash cookies, pot brownies, and space cakes.
   Inhaled and vaporized THC have similar absorption profiles to smoked THC, with a bioavailability ranging from 10 to 35%. Oral administration has the lowest bioavailability of approximately 6%, variable absorption depending on the vehicle used, and the longest time to peak plasma levels (2 to 6 hours) compared to smoked or vaporized THC.
  
  Similar to THC, CBD has poor oral bioavailability, approximately 6%. The low bioavailability is largely attributed to significant first-pass metabolism in the liver and erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. However, oral administration of CBD has a faster time to peak concentrations (2 hours) than THC.
   BULLET::::- "Spasticity". Based on the results of 3 high quality trials and 5 of lower quality, oral cannabis extract was rated as effective, and THC as probably effective, for improving people's subjective experience of spasticity. Oral cannabis extract and THC both were rated as possibly effective for improving objective measures of spasticity.
  
  BULLET::::- "Centrally mediated pain and painful spasms". Based on the results of 4 high quality trials and 4 low quality trials, oral cannabis extract was rated as effective, and THC as probably effective in treating central pain and painful spasms.
   Evidence for the role of the endocannabinoid system in food-seeking behavior comes from a variety of cannabinoid studies. Emerging data suggests that THC acts via CB receptors in the hypothalamic nuclei to directly increase appetite. It is thought that hypothalamic neurons tonically produce endocannabinoids that work to tightly regulate hunger. The amount of endocannabinoids produced is inversely correlated with the amount of leptin in the blood. For example, mice without leptin not only become massively obese but express abnormally high levels of hypothalamic endocannabinoids as a compensatory mechanism. Similarly, when these mice were treated with an endocannabinoid inverse agonists, such as rimonabant, food intake was reduced. When the CB receptor is knocked out in mice, these animals tend to be leaner and less hungry than wild-type mice. A related study examined the effect of THC on the hedonic (pleasure) value of food and found enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and increased pleasure-related behavior after administration of a sucrose solution. A related study found that endocannabinoids affect taste perception in taste cells In taste cells, endocannabinoids were shown to selectively enhance the strength of neural signaling for sweet tastes, whereas leptin decreased the strength of this same response. While there is need for more research, these results suggest that cannabinoid activity in the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens is related to appetitive, food-seeking behavior.
   Neuroscientists often utilize transgenic CB knockout mice to discern novel roles for the endocannabinoid system. While CB knockout mice are healthy and live into adulthood, there are significant differences between CB knockout and wild-type mice. When subjected to a high-fat diet, CB knockout mice tend to be about sixty percent leaner and slightly less hungry than wildtype. Compared to wildtype, CB knockout mice exhibit severe deficits in motor learning, memory retrieval, and increased difficulty in completing the Morris water maze. There is also evidence indicating that these knockout animals have an increased incidence and severity of stroke and seizure.
   Research shows the effect of cannabinoids might be modulated by aromatic compounds produced by the cannabis plant, called terpenes. This interaction would lead to the entourage effect.
  
  Section::::Phytocannabinoids.:Pharmacology.:Cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals.
   CBD is a 5-HT receptor agonist, which may also contribute to an anxiolytic effect. This likely means the high concentrations of CBD found in "Cannabis indica" mitigate the anxiogenic effect of THC significantly. The cannabis industry claims that sativa strains provide a more stimulating psychoactive high while indica strains are more sedating with a body high. However this is disputed by researchers.
  
  Section::::Varieties and strains.:Psychoactive ingredients.
   Nonetheless, a study directed at Rutgers University demonstrated how synchronization of action potentials in the hippocampus of rats was altered after THC administration. Lack of synchronization corresponded with impaired performance in a standard test of memory.
  
  Recent studies indicate that a natural cannabinoid of cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), increases adult neurogenesis while having no effect on learning. THC however impaired learning and had no effect on neurogenesis. 
   The newly produced strains of autoflowering cannabis have proven that they can produce quality medicine comparable with classical short-day strains. Breeders have reported THC content in the low 20% in some newer varieties while many varieties also have high CBD content. The advantages that autoflower breeders report with their plants include:
  
  BULLET::::- Short life span with many going from seed to harvest in under 13 weeks (some as short as seven weeks)
  
  BULLET::::- Can be kept short in stature for "stealth" growing
  
  BULLET::::- The "Cannabis ruderalis" heritage causes flowering after 2–3 weeks from germination
   The most psychoactive cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant is tetrahydrocannabinol (or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC). Other cannabinoids include delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabigerol (CBG); they have less psychotropic effects than THC, but may play a role in the overall effect of cannabis. The most studied are THC, CBD and CBN.
   Cannabinol (CBN) is the primary product of THC degradation, and there is usually little of it in a fresh plant. CBN content increases as THC degrades in storage, and with exposure to light and air. It is only mildly psychoactive. Its affinity to the CB receptor is higher than for the CB receptor.
  
  Section::::Phytocannabinoids.:Cannabis-derived cannabinoids.:Types.:Cannabigerol.
  
  Cannabigerol (CBG) is non-psychoactive but still contributes to the overall effects of Cannabis.
  
  Section::::Phytocannabinoids.:Cannabis-derived cannabinoids.:Types.:Tetrahydrocannabivarin.
  
  Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is prevalent in certain central Asian and southern African strains of "Cannabis". It is an antagonist of THC at CB receptors and lessens the psychoactive effects of THC.
   Evidence supports the use of cannabinoids for some forms of neuropathic pain. A 2018 Cochrane review of cannabis-based medicines for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain included 16 studies. All of these studies included THC as a pharmacological component of the test group. The authors rated the quality of evidence as very low to moderate. The primary outcome was quoted as, "Cannabis-based medicines may increase the number of people achieving 50% or greater pain relief compared with placebo" but "the evidence for improvement in Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) with cannabis to be of very low quality". The authors also conclude, "The potential benefits of cannabis-based medicine... might be outweighed by their potential harms." 
   Preliminary research indicates that cannabidiol may reduce adverse effects of THC, particularly those causing intoxication and sedation, but only at high doses. Safety studies of cannabidiol showed it is well-tolerated, but may cause tiredness, diarrhea, or changes in appetite as common adverse effects. Epidiolex documentation lists sleepiness, insomnia and poor quality sleep, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and fatigue.
  
  Section::::Potential interactions.
  