question: People cover the cameras on their laptops but don't cover the front or back cameras on their phones, even though both the devices will be connected to the same network. Any particular reason why people do it?
comment: If you arent using your phone it's generally in a pocket/handbag/backpack etc. If you are using it you are aware of where it is and your surroundings. Computer cameras are stationary. And can be pointed right at intimate moments you dont want to be filmed. That's why they are covered but phones generally arent.
passages: Section::::Other applications.
  
  While still in its infancy, visual networking applications are beginning to emerge that span both consumer and business markets.
  
  Section::::Other applications.:Mobile video.
  
  Proliferation of multi-function mobile devices, particularly those with built-in digital cameras and/or video cameras is making it easier for individuals to share first person photos and videos in real-time with their friends
  
  Section::::Other applications.:Interactive TV.
   During 2003 (as camera phones were gaining popularity), in Europe some phones without cameras had support for MMS and external cameras that could be connected with a small cable or directly to the data port at the base of the phone. The external cameras were comparable in quality to those fitted on regular camera phones at the time, typically offering VGA resolution.
   BULLET::::2. Video Sharing has no privacy implications for the recipient since the sharing of video is one-way. The camera on the sender’s mobile phone is usually pointed at some object or activity that he/she wants to share with the recipient. On the other hand, Video Calling has historically been “I see you, you see me” type of service where the camera is pointed at the parties on the call (e.g., videophone, webcam).
   Photo sharing is not confined to the web and personal computers, but is also possible from portable devices such as camera phones, either directly or via MMS. Some cameras now come equipped with wireless networking and similar sharing functionality themselves.
  
  Section::::History.
   Due to improvements in technology, it is necessary to make a distinction between a VMS and the built-in features of modern network based security cameras. Many modern network cameras offer internal capabilities to record and review video directly themselves via a web browser and without the use of a VMS. However a camera's built-in web interface is typically exclusive to the camera itself and does not normally provide a shared access capability across other network cameras.
  
  Section::::Additional capabilities.
   Upon the arrival of the 4G mobile network in the United Kingdom, Kevin Bacon appears in several commercials for the EE Network in which he links himself to several well known celebrities and TV shows in the UK.
  
  Section::::Popularization.:Popularization of offline practice.:Six Degrees of Der Kommissar.
   Cameras such as Apple's older external iSight cameras include lens covers to thwart this. Some webcams have built-in hardwired LED indicators that light up whenever the camera is active, sometimes only in video mode. However, it is possible for malware to circumvent the indicator and activate the camera surrepticiously, as researchers demonstrated in the case of a MacBook's built-in camera in 2013.
   BULLET::::1. Copresence: Otherwise known as colocation. Group members are in the same physical location. If group members are not able to share the same physical environment, they cannot use the ability to see and hear and interact with what their partner is interacting with, thus slowing down the grounding process.
  
  BULLET::::2. Visibility: Group members can see each other. Though video-conferencing allows groups to see each other's faces, it does not allow groups to see what each other are doing like copresence does.
   Originally, the whole episode was shot with crew members, just as a proof of concept. During the shootings, the actors were supposed to hold the recording devices by themselves; however, to avoid recording the ceiling or other items that were not useful to the episode, the cameramen were holding the devices while the actors placed their hands to the cameramen's hands so that it looked like a selfie.
   The role of cellular phones, such as the iPhone, has created the inability to be in social isolation, and the potential of ruining relationships. The iPhone activates the insular cortex of the brain, which is associated with feelings of love. People show similar feelings to their phones as they would to their friends, family and loved ones. Countless people spend more time on their phones, while in the presence of other people than spending time with the people in the same room or class.
  
  Section::::Political campaigns in the United States.
   Software such as LoJack for Laptops, Laptop Cop, and GadgetTrack have been engineered to help people locate and recover their stolen laptop in the event of theft. Setting one's laptop with a password on its firmware (protection against going to firmware setup or booting), internal HDD/SSD (protection against accessing it and loading an operating system on it afterwards), and every user account of the operating system are additional security measures that a user should do. Fewer than 5% of lost or stolen laptops are recovered by the companies that own them, however, that number may decrease due to a variety of companies and software solutions specializing in laptop recovery. In the 2010s, the common availability of webcams on laptops raised privacy concerns. In "Robbins v. Lower Merion School District" (Eastern District of Pennsylvania 2010), school-issued laptops loaded with special software enabled staff from two high schools to take secret webcam shots of students at home, via their students' laptops.
   A common accessory for laptops is a laptop sleeve, laptop skin, or laptop case, which provides a degree of protection from scratches. Sleeves, which are distinguished by being relatively thin and flexible, are most commonly made of neoprene, with sturdier ones made of low-resilience polyurethane. Some laptop sleeves are wrapped in ballistic nylon to provide some measure of waterproofing. Bulkier and sturdier cases can be made of metal with polyurethane padding inside and may have locks for added security. Metal, padded cases also offer protection against impacts and drops. Another common accessory is a laptop cooler, a device which helps lower the internal temperature of the laptop either actively or passively. A common active method involves using electric fans to draw heat away from the laptop, while a passive method might involve propping the laptop up on some type of pad so it can receive more air flow. Some stores sell laptop pads which enable a reclining person on a bed to use a laptop.
   This control helps users to take greater risks with their self-disclosures online. These people also begin to incorporate their Internet lives with their non-Internet lives and engage in a presence–control exchange. In this exchange, Internet users start their relationships with relatively high control and gradually trade that for physical closeness as their comfort levels and knowledge of the other person increases. This seems to be the Internet version of social penetration theory, where individuals have a mutual exchange of self-disclosures. As the relationship develops in face-to-face communication the individuals' disclosures gradually become more revealing and cover a wide range of topics. This equivalent on the Internet includes the partners exchanging control of the conversation for physical closeness. The stages this occurs in could include moving from messaging online, to telephone conversations and eventually face-to-face communication.
   This new trend also frees IT departments from having to keep up with new technology available on the market, which in recent years has become a complex and constantly growing challenge.
  
  Section::::Prevalence.
  
  The Middle East has one of the highest adoption rates (about 80%) of the practice worldwide in 2012.
  
  According to research by Logicalis, high-growth markets (including Brazil, Russia, India, UAE, and Malaysia) demonstrate a much higher propensity to use their own device at work. Almost 75% of users in these countries did so, compared to 44% in the more mature developed markets.
   of camera phones sold every year provide the same opportunities, yet these functions are altered and allow for a different user experience. As mobile phones are constantly carried, camera phones allow for capturing moments at any time. Mobile communication also allows for immediate transmission of content (for example via Multimedia Messaging Services), which cannot be reversed or regulated. Brooke Knight observes that "the carrying of an external, non-integrated camera (like a DSLR) always changes the role of the wearer at an event, from participant to photographer". The camera phone user, on the other hand, can remain a participant in whatever moment they photograph. Photos taken on a camera phone serve to prove the physical presence of the photographer. The immediacy of sharing and the liveness that comes with it allows the photographs shared through camera phones to emphasize their indexing of the photographer.
   Since enterprises are turning to cellular networks to enable full-time connectivity for their users, major vendors of rugged computers offer both built-in wireless LAN and wireless WAN capabilities, and partner with cellular carriers, such as Verizon and AT&T, as part of their offerings. During the handoff between the various wireless LAN and wireless WAN connections, a mobile VPN allows the connection to persist, creating an always-connected infrastructure that is simpler for the user and eliminates application crashes and data loss.
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- List of emerging technologies
  
  BULLET::::- Industrial PC
  
  BULLET::::- IP68
  
  BULLET::::- Military computers
  
  BULLET::::- MIL-STD-810
  
  BULLET::::- Mobile computer
   BULLET::::- Immediacy: Carrying a laptop means having instant access to information, including personal and work files. This allows better collaboration between coworkers or students, as a laptop can be flipped open to look at a report, document, spreadsheet, or presentation anytime and anywhere.
   Kitenges (plural "vitenge" in Swahili; "zitenge" in Tonga) serve as an inexpensive, informal piece of clothing that is often decorated with a huge variety of colors, patterns and even political slogans.
   "Warwalking", or "warjogging", is similar to wardriving, but is done on foot rather than from a moving vehicle. The disadvantages of this method are slower speed of travel (but leading to discovery of more infrequently discovered networks) and the absence of a convenient computing environment. Consequently, handheld devices such as pocket computers, which can perform such tasks while users are walking or standing, have dominated this practice. Technology advances and developments in the early 2000s expanded the extent of this practice. Advances include computers with integrated Wi-Fi, rather than CompactFlash (CF) or PC Card (PCMCIA) add-in cards in computers such as Dell Axim, Compaq iPAQ and Toshiba pocket computers starting in 2002. More recently, the active Nintendo DS and Sony PSP enthusiast communities gained Wi-Fi abilities on these devices. Further, many newer smartphones integrate Wi-Fi and Global Positioning System (GPS).
   BULLET::::- Closed-circuit television (CCTV) generally uses pan tilt zoom cameras (PTZ), for security, surveillance, and/or monitoring purposes. Such cameras are designed to be small, easily hidden, and able to operate unattended; those used in industrial or scientific settings are often meant for use in environments that are normally inaccessible or uncomfortable for humans, and are therefore hardened for such hostile environments (e.g. radiation, high heat, or toxic chemical exposure).
  
  BULLET::::- Webcams are video cameras which stream a live video feed to a computer.
  
  BULLET::::- Many smartphones have built-in video cameras.
   BULLET::::- Connectivity: In the 2010s, a proliferation of Wi-Fi wireless networks and cellular broadband data services (HSDPA, EVDO and others) in many urban centers, combined with near-ubiquitous Wi-Fi support by modern laptops meant that a laptop could now have easy Internet and local network connectivity while remaining mobile. Wi-Fi networks and laptop programs are especially widespread at university campuses.
  
  Other advantages of laptops:
   Despite the improvement in telecommunication to overcome distance as an obstacle for collaboration, working in separate locations still increases the odds that people are not on common ground, and are not aware of it. Common ground, i.e. mutual knowledge, is an important element to successful communication and coordinated activity. Working separately, through technology makes it more difficult to detect and resolve misunderstandings from a lack of common ground.
  
  Section::::Difficulties of Common Ground in Virtual Teams.:Technology and Common Ground in Virtual Teams.
   Around the turn of the 21st century, computer hardware manufacturers began building webcams directly into laptop and desktop screens, thus eliminating the need to use an external USB or FireWire camera. Gradually webcams came to be used more for telecommunications, or videotelephony, between two people, or among several people, than for offering a view on a Web page to an unknown public.
   Snooperscope was developed by Marco Montresor and Eros Luca Parise, Italians. According to Marco, he came up with the idea of Snooperscope after having developed several applications with some camera devices for smartphones in 2013 and "noticing that my awesome devices are lacking the most intuitive input camera sensor for night vision." Marco then quit his day job of an application developer, teamed up with his friend Eros, and started working on the development of the Snooperscope. During the development of the device, the team grew to include a usability experience specialist, and a web developer.
   Technologies such as video with higher media richness can provide more context for common ground and are proven to be more effective in negotiation. It is important to consider the frequency of negotiations in our everyday conversations. Negotiation of meaning happens regularly especially for people of different backgrounds and cultures. Throughout all the smaller negotiations made between two actors in order to achieve common ground, it can be seen that higher media richness does in fact improve common ground. The cost and difficulties of video and other high media rich technology, and further show the disadvantages of a virtual to a collocated team.
  