question: Does touching bones(for example if I had a deep cut or a bad break that exposed bone) hurt?
comment: You can literally palpate your bones through your skin. Does it hurt when you do this? No. Any sensation is the nerve endings in your skin. With that being said, once you enter the bone, you can feel pain. In certain emergency situations, the inside of the bone has to be accessed in order to administer life saving medications. The person does not usually react to the puncturing of the bone, but they do experience severe pain when saline and/or medications are pushed into the bone marrow.
passages: The beatings are usually aimed at the vaults of the foot, not directly hitting the bone structure of the balls and the heels. The vaults are highly pain-sensitive due to the tight clustering of nerve tissue in that area.
  
  As bastinado usually causes a high amount of suffering for the receiving person while physical evidence remains mostly undetectable after a certain time, it is often used for interrogation purposes in certain countries as well.
  
  Section::::Arts and entertainment.
   The initial evaluation for open fractures is to rule out any other life-threatening injuries. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) is the initial protocol to rule out such injuries. Once the patient is stabilised, orthopedic injuries can be evaluated. Mechanism of injury is important to know the amount energy that is transferred to the patient and the level of contamination. Every limb should be exposed to evaluate any other hidden injuries. Characteristics of the wound should be noted in detail. Neurology and the vascular status of the affected limb is important to rule our any nerve or blood vessels injuries. High index of suspicion of compartment syndrome should be maintained for leg and forearm fractures.
   When a doctor sees a patient, a history and exam will be taken. Bones are then often imaged, called radiography. This might include ultrasound X-ray, CT scan, MRI scan and other imaging such as a Bone scan, which may be used to investigate cancer. Other tests such as a blood test for autoimmune markers may be taken, or a synovial fluid aspirate may be taken.
  
  Section::::Clinical significance.:Fractures.
   Evidence of perimortal fractures (or fractures inflicted on a fresh corpse) can be distinguished in unhealed metal blade injuries to the bones. Living or freshly dead bones are somewhat resilient, so metal blade injuries to bone will generate a linear cut with relatively clean edges rather than irregular shattering. Archaeologists have tried using the microscopic parallel scratch marks on cut bones in order to estimate the trajectory of the blade that caused the injury.
  
  Section::::Diet and dental health.
  
  Section::::Diet and dental health.:Caries.
   Osteoarthritis of the wrist is predominantly a clinical diagnosis, and thus is primarily based on the patients medical history, physical examination and wrist X-rays.
  
  Section::::Diagnosis.:Medical history.
  
  Medical history of the patient should include age, hand dominance, occupation and most important an evaluation of recent hand traumas.
  
  Section::::Diagnosis.:Physical examination.
   Mouse and other animal models are being heavily used to determine the neuron tissue densities in bone and mechanisms for maintenance of bone pain. This information is pertinent to determining the biological and physiological components of pain in the bone. By creating a detailed map relating the types of nerves going through the different sections of bone, it is possible to pin-point locations in the bone that are at a higher risk of being susceptible to bone pain.
   BULLET::::- Tenderness 1 cm above Lister’s Tubercle
  
  Tests:
  
  BULLET::::- Watson's test
  
  BULLET::::- Finger extension test
  
  SNAC:
  
  BULLET::::- Tenderness at the anatomical snuff box
  
  BULLET::::- Painful pronation and supination when performed against resistance
  
  BULLET::::- Pain during axial pressure
  
  Section::::Diagnosis.:X-rays.
  
  Osteoarthritis between the radius bone and the carpals is indicated by a "radiocarpal joint space" of less than 2mm.
  
  SLAC
   Section::::Types of sport injury.:Hard tissue injuries.
  
  Types of hard tissue injuries can include dental and bone injuries and are less frequent than soft tissue injuries in sport, but are often more serious. Hard tissue injuries to teeth and bones can occur with contusions, such as Battle sign, which indicates basilar skull fracture, and so-called raccoon eyes, which indicate mid-face fractures. However, tooth fractures are the most common type of tooth injury, and can be categorized as crown infractions, enamel-only fracture, enamel-dentin fractures, and fractures that extend through the enamel and dentin into the pulp which are defined below.
   BULLET::::- Foot (52 bones in total, 26 per foot)
  
  BULLET::::- Tarsus
  
  BULLET::::- Calcaneus or heel bone (2 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Talus (2 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Navicular bone (2 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Medial cuneiform bone (2 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Intermediate cuneiform bone (2 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Lateral cuneiform bone (2 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Cuboid bone (2 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Metatarsals (10 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Phalanges of the foot
  
  BULLET::::- Proximal phalanges (10 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Intermediate phalanges ( 8 bones)
  
  BULLET::::- Distal phalanges ( 10 bones)
  
  Axial skeleton = 80
  
  Skull =22
  
  Vertebral Coloumn = 26
  
  Ribs = 12
  
  Fore limb = 60
  
  Hind limb = 60
  
  Section::::Bones.:Sesamoid bones.
   In normal bone, fractures occur when there is significant force applied, or repetitive trauma over a long time. Fractures can also occur when a bone is weakened, such as with osteoporosis, or when there is a structural problem, such as when the bone remodels excessively (such as Paget's disease) or is the site of the growth of cancer. Common fractures include wrist fractures and hip fractures, associated with osteoporosis, vertebral fractures associated with high-energy trauma and cancer, and fractures of long-bones. Not all fractures are painful. When serious, depending on the fractures type and location, complications may include flail chest, compartment syndromes or fat embolism.
   Section::::Mechanical stress and activity indicators.:Injury and workload.
  
  Fractures to bones during or after excavation will appear relatively fresh, with broken surfaces appearing white and unweathered. Distinguishing between fractures around the time of death and post-depositional fractures in bone is difficult, as both types of fractures will show signs of weathering. Unless evidence of bone healing or other factors are present, researchers may choose to regard all weathered fractures as post-depositional.
   Whilst traumatic injuries such as broken and malformed bones can be easy to spot, evidence of other conditions, for example infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis, can also be found in bones. Arthropathies, that is joint diseases such as osteoarthritis and gout, are also not uncommon.
   For many years it has been known that bones are innervated with sensory neurons. Yet their exact anatomy remained obscure due to the contrasting physical properties of bone and neural tissue. More recently, it is becoming clear what types of nerves innervated which sections of bone. The periosteal layer of bone tissue is highly pain-sensitive and an important cause of pain in several disease conditions causing bone pain, like fractures, osteoarthritis, etc. However, in certain diseases the endosteal and haversian nerve supply seems to play an important role, e.g. in osteomalacia, osteonecrosis, and other bone diseases. Thus there are several types of bone pain, each with many potential sources or origins of cause.
   In the case of bone fractures, surgical treatment is generally the most effective. Analgesics can be used in conjunction with surgery to help ease pain of damaged bone.
  
  Section::::Research.
   Ten of these 12 skeletons show lesions caused by violence—in the head, neck, ribs, hands, and knees, all the parts of the skeleton most commonly involved in cases of violence. These include 2 cases of projectiles in direct association with the remains, one still embedded on the side of the skull, 2 cases of sharp-force trauma to the neck, 7 cases of blunt and/or sharp-force trauma to the head, 2 cases of blunt-force trauma to the knees and 1 to the ribs, and 2 cases of fractures to the hands, possibly caused while parrying a blow.
   BULLET::::- Lower arm bones (4 bones in total, 2 on each side)
  
  BULLET::::- Ulna (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Radius (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Hand (54 bones in total; 27 in each hand)
  
  BULLET::::- Carpals
  
  BULLET::::- Scaphoid bone (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Lunate bone (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Triquetral bone (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Pisiform bone (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Trapezium (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Trapezoid bone (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Capitate bone (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Hamate bone (2)
  
  BULLET::::- Metacarpals (10 bones in total; 5 on each side)
  
  BULLET::::- Phalanges of the hand
  
  BULLET::::- Proximal phalanges (10 bones in total; 5 on each side)
  
  BULLET::::- Intermediate phalanges (8 bones in total; 4 on each side)
   BULLET::::- Robin Lumley (2002): "To this day I can proudly count Michael Palin and Terry Jones as good pals! I got Mike to do the sleeve notes on "Do They Hurt?" (which is itself a line from Holy Grail (witch sequence)... He wanted 25 pence for writing the notes... Charisma didn't pay him so he threatened to sue! (a joke of course)".
   Finger injuries are usually diagnosed with x-ray and can get to be considerably painful. The majority of finger injuries can be dealt with conservative care and splints. However, if the bone presents an abnormal angularity or if it is displaced, one may need surgery and pins to hold the bones in place.
  
  Section::::Treatment.
  
  Most hand injuries are minor and can heal without difficulty. However, any time the hand or finger is cut, crushed or the pain is ongoing, it is best to see a physician. Hand injuries when not treated on time can result in long term morbidity.
   In a case of an adolescent with rear foot pain, the physical exam will reveal that the foot movement is limited. This is both because there is a physical blockade to movement and because the brain will 'turn on' the muscles around the area to stop the joint moving toward the painful 'zone'. X-rays will usually be ordered and, in general, if there is enough toughness to the tissue bridge that pain has begun – there will usually be enough bone laid down to show up in an x-ray.
   Evaluating soft-tissue involvement is the most important aspect of the clinical examination because of its association with patient outcome. Skin blisters may become infected if medical attention is delayed, which can lead to necrotizing fasciitis or osteomyelitis, causing permanent damage to muscle or bone. Ligament and tendon involvement should also be explored. Achilles tendon injury can be seen with posterior (Type C) fractures. Since calcaneal fractures are related to falls from height, other concomitant injuries should be evaluated. Vertebral compression fractures occur in approximately 10% of these patients. A trauma-focused clinical approach should be implemented; tibial, knee, femur, hip, and head injuries should be ruled out by means of history and physical exam.
   One of the primary concerns is the risk of pelvic fracture, which itself is associated with a myriad of complications including bleeding, damage to the urethra and bladder, and nerve damage. If pelvic trauma is suspected, emergency medical services personnel may place a pelvic binder on patients to stabilize the patient's pelvis and prevent further damage to these structures while patients are transported to a hospital. During the evaluation of trauma patients in an emergency department, the stability of the pelvis is typically assessed by the healthcare provider to determine whether fracture may have occurred. Providers may then decide to order imaging such as an X-ray or CT scan to detect fractures; however, if there is concern for life threatening bleeding, patients should receive an X-ray of the pelvis. Following initial treatment of the patient, fractures may be need to be treated surgically if significant, while some minor fractures may heal without requiring surgery. 
   Crush injuries are the most common form of injuries, followed by falls from standing height, and road traffic accidents. Open fractures tend to occur more often in males than females at the ratio of 7 to 3 and the age of onset of 40.8 and 56 years respectively. In terms of anatomy location, fractures of finger phalanges are the most common one at the rate of 14 per 100,000 people per year in the general population, followed by fracture of tibia at 3.4 per 100,000 population per year, and distal radius fracture at 2.4 per 100,000 population per year. Infection rates for Gustilo Grade I fractures is 1.4%, followed by 3.6% for Grade II fractures, 22.7% for Grade IIIA fractures, and 10 to 50% of Grade IIIB and IIIC fractures.
   An arthroscope can be used at the time of fixation to evaluate for soft-tissue injury. Structures at risk include the triangular fibrocartilage complex and the scapholunate ligament. Scapholunate injuries in radial styloid fractures where the fracture line exits distally at the scapholunate interval should be considered. TFCC injuries causing obvious DRUJ instability can be addressed at the time of fixation.
   Pittsburgh knee rules
  
  The Pittsburgh knee rules are medical rules created to ascertain whether a knee injury requires the use of X-ray to assess a fracture.
  
  Section::::Criteria.
  
  BULLET::::- Blunt trauma or a fall as mechanism of injury AND either of the following:
  
  BULLET::::- Age younger than 12 years or older than 50 years.
  
  BULLET::::- Inability to walk four weight-bearing steps in the emergency department.
  
  If the patient satisfies the above criteria, they should receive an X-ray to assess for a possible fracture.
  
  Section::::Accuracy.
   Additionally, the Ottawa ankle rules indicate whether a foot X-ray series is required. It states that it is indicated if:
  
  BULLET::::- There is any pain in the midfoot zone; and,
  
  BULLET::::- Any one of the following:
  
  BULLET::::- Bone tenderness at the base of the fifth metatarsal (for foot injuries), OR
  
  BULLET::::- Bone tenderness at the navicular bone (for foot injuries), OR
  
  BULLET::::- An inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department for four steps.
  