question: How do we know such specific things about extinct animals?
comment: Everything we know about extinct animals comes from either fossil records or preserved animal specimens. If it’s an animal that has recently gone extinct, there may be observation records from scientists. There’d be a fair amount that is an educated guess, too.
passages: Section::::Sources of material.
  
  The primary sources of paleoparasitological material include mummified tissues, coprolites (fossilised dung) from mammals or dinosaurs, fossils, and amber inclusions. Hair, skins, and feathers also yield ectoparasite remains. Some archaeological artifacts document the presence of animal parasites. One example is the depiction of what appear to be mites in the ear of a "hyaena-like" animal in a tomb painting from ancient Thebes.
   BULLET::::- 14: June 1977 (no exact date)
  
  BULLET::::- 15: 15 October 1977
  
  BULLET::::- 16: 20 December 1977
  
  BULLET::::- 17: 8 February 1978
  
  BULLET::::- 18: 28 June 1978
  
  BULLET::::- 19: 6 October 1978
  
  BULLET::::- 20: 29 December 1978
  
  BULLET::::- 21: 9 April 1979
  
  BULLET::::- 22: 5 July 1979
  
  BULLET::::- 23: 15 October 1979
  
  BULLET::::- 24: 14 January 1980
  
  BULLET::::- 25: 25 April 1980
  
  BULLET::::- 26: 15 July 1980
  
  BULLET::::- 27: 18 October 1980
  
  BULLET::::- 28: 16 March 1981
  
  BULLET::::- 29-30: 22 July 1981
  
  BULLET::::- 31: 31 January 1982
  
  BULLET::::- 32: 25 May 1982
  
  BULLET::::- 33: 30 July 1982
   Section::::Kingdom Animalia.:Phylum Chordata.:Class Actinopterygii.:Order Gasterosteiformes.
  
  BULLET::::- Family Gasterosteidae
  
  BULLET::::- Techirghiol stickleback ("Gasterosteus crenobiontus")
  
  Section::::Kingdom Animalia.:Phylum Chordata.:Class Actinopterygii.:Order Perciformes.
  
  BULLET::::- Family Cichlidae
  
  BULLET::::- "Ctenochromis pectoralis"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis arcanus"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis artaxerxes"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis bartoni"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis boops"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis cassius"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis decticostoma"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis dentex"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis estor"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis flavipinnis"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis gilberti"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis gowersi"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis longirostris"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis macrognathus"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis mandibularis"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis martini"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis michaeli"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis mylergates"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis nanoserranus"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis nigrescens"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis nyanzae"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis obtusidens"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis pachycephalus"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis paraguiarti"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis paraplagiostoma"
  
  BULLET::::- "Haplochromis percoides"
   BULLET::::- List of extinct and endangered animals of Lithuania
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of the Netherlands
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Romania
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of North America
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Martinique and Guadeloupe
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Oceania
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Australia
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of New Zealand
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of South America
  
  BULLET::::- By taxon
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct birds
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct mammals
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct cetaceans
   BULLET::::- A study on the date of extinction of the Tristan moorhen, the Inaccessible Island finch and the Tristan albatross on the main island of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, aiming to place these extinctions in the context of the changing island ecosystems of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, is published by Bond, Carlson & Burgio (2019).
  
  BULLET::::- A study on the fossil bird remains from the Pliocene locality of Kanapoi (Kenya), indicating presence of many aquatic birds, will be published by Field (2019).
   BULLET::::- 34: 10 December 1982
  
  BULLET::::- 35: 28 January 1983
  
  BULLET::::- 36: 31 May 1983
  
  BULLET::::- 37: 8 July 1983
  
  BULLET::::- 38: 30 August 1983
  
  BULLET::::- 39: 18 November 1983
  
  BULLET::::- 40: 29 February 1984
  
  BULLET::::- 41: 25 May 1984
  
  BULLET::::- 42: 25 May 1984
  
  BULLET::::- 43: 7 November 1984
  
  BULLET::::- 44: 14 November 1984
  
  BULLET::::- 45: 18 January 1985
  
  BULLET::::- 46: 30 April 1985
  
  BULLET::::- 47: 15 November 1985
  
  BULLET::::- 48: 15 November 1985
  
  BULLET::::- 49: 20 April 1986
  
  BULLET::::- 50: 22 September 1986
  
  BULLET::::- 51: 31 October 1986
  
  BULLET::::- 52: 28 November 1986
  
  BULLET::::- 53: 21 January 1987
   BULLET::::- "Felis silvestris silvestris" - European wild cat
   Section::::Fossil record.
   BULLET::::- "Rhizomnium dentatum" (Baltic amber, Europe)
  
  BULLET::::- "Rhus malloryi" (Washington, USA)
  
  BULLET::::- "Rhus rooseae" (Central Oregon, USA)
  
  BULLET::::- "Sassafras hesperia" (Okanogan Highlands)
  
  BULLET::::- "Saxonipollis" ("East Germany")
  
  BULLET::::- "Stonebergia" (British Columbia, Canada)
  
  BULLET::::- "Taxus masonii" (Central Oregon, USA)
  
  BULLET::::- "Tilia johnsoni" (Washington, USA)
  
  BULLET::::- "Torreya clarnensis" (Central Oregon, USA)
  
  BULLET::::- "Trochodendron drachukii" (Okanogan Highlands)
  
  BULLET::::- "Trochodendron nastae" (Washington, USA)
  
  Section::::Extinct plants by geologic period.:Oligocene.
  
  BULLET::::- "Acer ashwilli" (John Day Formation, Oregon)
  
  BULLET::::- "Acer chaneyi" (Oligocene to Miocene)
  
  BULLET::::- "Acer dettermani" (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene; Meshik Volcanics, Alaska)
  
  BULLET::::- "Acer ivanofense" (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene; Meshick Volcanics, Alaska)
   BULLET::::- List of extinct arachnids
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct insects
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct butterflies
  
  BULLET::::- Fossil taxa
  
  BULLET::::- List of dinosaur genera
  
  BULLET::::- List of fossil bird genera
  
  BULLET::::- List of fossil primates
  
  BULLET::::- Recent extinction
  
  BULLET::::- List of North American animals extinct in the Holocene
  
  BULLET::::- List of bird extinctions by year
  
  BULLET::::- List of recently extinct mammals
  
  BULLET::::- List of recently extinct birds
  
  BULLET::::- List of recently extinct invertebrates
  
  BULLET::::- List of recently extinct reptiles
  
  BULLET::::- List of recently extinct amphibians
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct dog breeds
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Lists of extinct species
   BULLET::::- An assemblage of 54 bird bones from early Eocene marine sediments of the Ampe quarry near Egem in Belgium is described by Mayr & Smith (2019).
  
  BULLET::::- Remains of 32 species of seabirds and related taxa will be reported from the middle–late Pleistocene Shiriya local fauna (northeastern Japan) by Watanabe, Matsuoka & Hasegawa (2019).
   Section::::Kingdom Animalia.:Phylum Chordata.:Class Reptilia.:Order Squamata.
  
  BULLET::::- Family Anguidae
  
  BULLET::::- Jamaica giant galliwasp ("Celestus occiduus")
  
  BULLET::::- Family Bolyeridae
  
  BULLET::::- Round Island burrowing boa ("Bolyeria multocarinata")
  
  BULLET::::- Family Colubridae
  
  BULLET::::- Saint Croix racer ("Alsophis sanctaecrucis")
  
  BULLET::::- Family Cordylidae
  
  BULLET::::- Eastwood's long-tailed seps ("Tetradactylus eastwoodae")
  
  BULLET::::- Family Dipsadidae
  
  BULLET::::- Underwood's mussurana ("Clelia errabunda")
  
  BULLET::::- Barbados racer ("Erythrolamprus perfuscus")
  
  BULLET::::- Family Gekkonidae
  
  BULLET::::- Delcourt's giant gecko ("Hoplodactylus delcourti")
  
  BULLET::::- Rodrigues day gecko ("Phelsuma edwardnewtoni")
  
  BULLET::::- Rodrigues giant day gecko ("Phelsuma gigas")
  
  BULLET::::- Family Scincidae
  
  BULLET::::- "Alinea luciae"
  
  BULLET::::- "Copeoglossum redondae"
  
  BULLET::::- Mauritian giant skink ("Leiolopisma mauritiana")
  
  BULLET::::- Cape Verde giant skink ("Macroscincus coctei")
   BULLET::::- Saint Helena Olive – "Nesiota elliptica" (2003, Saint Helena)
  
  BULLET::::- "Oldenlandia adscensionis" (1889, Ascension Island)
  
  BULLET::::- "Orchidea eupolyanthis" (1910, Cameroon)
  
  BULLET::::- "Osteospermum hirsutum" (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora)
  
  BULLET::::- "Pausinystalia brachythyrsum" (1898, Cameroon)
  
  BULLET::::- "Polhillia ignota" (1950s, South Africa: Cape Flora)
  
  BULLET::::- "Psoralea cataracta" (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora)
  
  BULLET::::- "Psoralea gueinzii" (1930, South Africa: Cape Flora)
  
  BULLET::::- Silphium – "Ferula ?" (c. 50, Cyrene)
  
  BULLET::::- "Sporobolus durus" (1886, Ascension Island)
  
  BULLET::::- "Thamnea depressa" (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora)
  
  BULLET::::- "Trochetiopsis melanoxylon" (1771, Saint Helena)
  
  BULLET::::- "Vernonella africana" (1900, South Africa)
  
  BULLET::::- "Willdenowia affinis" (1920, South Africa: Cape Flora)
   BULLET::::- A study on the fossil "Sporormiella", pollen and microscopic particles of charcoal recovered from sediments of Lake Mares and Lake Olhos d’Agua (Brazil) which spanned the time of megafaunal extinction and human arrival in southeastern Brazil, and on their implications for inferring the timing of the decline of local megafauna and its ecological implications, is published by Raczka, Bush & De Oliveira (2018).
   BULLET::::- "Triaenodes tridonata"
  
  BULLET::::- Family Rhyacophilidae
  
  BULLET::::- "Rhyacophila amabilis"
  
  Section::::Kingdom Animalia.:Phylum Chordata.
  
  Section::::Kingdom Animalia.:Phylum Chordata.:Class Actinopterygii.
  
  Section::::Kingdom Animalia.:Phylum Chordata.:Class Actinopterygii.:Order Cypriniformes.
  
  BULLET::::- Family Catostomidae
  
  BULLET::::- Snake River sucker ("Chasmistes muriei")
  
  BULLET::::- Harelip sucker ("Moxostoma lacerum")
  
  BULLET::::- Family Cyprinidae
  
  BULLET::::- "Acanthobrama hulensis"
  
  BULLET::::- Beyşehir bleak ("Alburnus akili")
  
  BULLET::::- İznik shemaya ("Alburnus nicaeensis")
  
  BULLET::::- "Barbus microbarbis"
  
  BULLET::::- "Chondrostoma scodrense"
  
  BULLET::::- "Cyprinus yilongensis"
  
  BULLET::::- Mexican dace ("Evarra bustamantei")
  
  BULLET::::- Plateau chub ("Evarra eigenmanni")
  
  BULLET::::- Endorheic chub ("Evarra tlahuacensis")
  
  BULLET::::- Thicktail chub ("Gila crassicauda")
  
  BULLET::::- Pahranagat spinedace ("Lepidomeda altivelis")
  
  BULLET::::- Ameca shiner ("Notropis amecae")
  
  BULLET::::- Durango shiner ("Notropis aulidion")
  
  BULLET::::- Phantom shiner ("Notropis orca")
   Fossils of great diversity and unique preservation (only 10 my. after the ‘great extinction’ of dinosaurs, ammonites etc.) Most unusual, if not unique, diversity of life from both ocean and land with extremely good preservation of details rarely seen, therefore very reliable reconstruction of palaeobiology. By far most of the important ‘Danekræ’ fossils since 1990 have been found in the ‘Mo-clay area’.
  
  Section::::Fossils.:Birds.
   BULLET::::- An incus of "Hyaenodon" (the first known auditory ossicle of this genus and of any hyaenodont mammal so far) is described and compared to a large set of includes of extant carnivorans by Bastl, Nagel & Solé (2017).
  
  BULLET::::- A study on the frequency of traumatic injuries across skeletal elements in the saber-toothed cat "Smilodon fatalis" and the dire wolf ("Canis dirus") from La Brea Tar Pits is published by Brown "et al." (2017).
   BULLET::::- An ichthyodectiform fossil specimen preserving a small skull and anterior part of the trunk is described from a core recovered from a well drilled in the Cape Verde Basin, ca. 400km offshore from the West African Atlantic Margin, by Casson "et al." (2018).
  
  BULLET::::- A study on the evolutionary history of the family Catostomidae, based on data from molecules, morphology and fossil record, is published by Bagley, Mayden & Harris (2018).
   Section::::Format.
   Lists of extinct animals
  
  The following are lists of extinct animals:
  
  BULLET::::- By region
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Africa
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Réunion
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Asia
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of India
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of the Philippines
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Europe
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Catalonia
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Caucasus
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of the British Isles
  
  BULLET::::- Extinct animals from the Isle of Man
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct and endangered species of Italy
   BULLET::::- "Xysmalobium baurii" (1900, South Africa)
  
  Section::::Modern extinctions.:Americas.
  
  BULLET::::- Roan Mountain False Goat's-beard – "Astilbe crenatiloba" (1885, Roan Mountain, Tennessee)
  
  BULLET::::- Galapagos Amaranth – "Blutaparon rigidum" (1999, Galápagos Ecuador)
  
  BULLET::::- Rio de Janeiro Myrtle – "Campomanesia lundiana" (1825, Brazil)
  
  BULLET::::- "Casearia quinduensis" (1997, Colombia)
  
  BULLET::::- Rio de Janeiro Sapota – "Chrysophyllum januariense" (1997, Brazil)
  
  BULLET::::- Havana Fragrant Tree – "Cnidoscolus fragrans" (1840, Cuba)
  
  BULLET::::- Santa Cruz Bryophyte – "Flabellidium spinosum" (1911, Bolivia)
  
  BULLET::::- Cuban Ruta Tree – "Galipea ossana" (1825, Cuba)
  
  BULLET::::- Cuban Guettarda Tree – "Guettarda retusa" (1975, Cuba)
  
  BULLET::::- "Licania caldasiana" (1997, Colombia)
   BULLET::::- "Zonites santoriniensis" Riedel & Norris, 1987
  
  BULLET::::- "Zonites siphnicus" Fuchs & Käufel, 1936
  
  Section::::See also.
  
  BULLET::::- Limousin horse, extinct
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Catalonia
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of Caucasus
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of the British Isles
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct and endangered species of Italy
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct and endangered animals of Lithuania
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals of the Netherlands
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct animals
  
  BULLET::::- List of extinct birds
  
  BULLET::::- Extinct in the wild
  
  BULLET::::- Lazarus taxon
  
  Section::::External links.
  
  BULLET::::- The Extinction Website
  
  BULLET::::- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
   BULLET::::- "Roystonea palaea" (Dominican amber)
  
  BULLET::::- "Sequoiadendron chaneyi" (Western North America)
  
  BULLET::::- "Wessiea yakimaensis" (Yakima Canyon Flora, North America)
  
  Section::::Extinct plants by geologic period.:Pliocene.
  
  BULLET::::- "Acer palaeorufinerve" (Miocene - Pliocene; East Asia and possibly Alaska?)
  
  BULLET::::- "Pinus matthewsii"
  
  Section::::Extinct plants by geologic period.:Pleistocene.
  
  BULLET::::- "Banksia kingii" (Western Tasmania)
  
  BULLET::::- "Banksia strahanensis" (Western Tasmania)
  
  BULLET::::- "Picea critchfieldi" (North America)
  
  Section::::Modern extinctions.
  
  Section::::Modern extinctions.:Africa.
  
  BULLET::::- "Acalypha rubrinervis" (1870, Saint Helena)
  
  BULLET::::- "Aspalathus complicata" (1940s, South Africa: Cape Flora)
  
  BULLET::::- "Aspalathus cordicarpa" (1950s, South Africa: Cape Flora)
  
  BULLET::::- "Aspalathus variegata" (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora)
  
  BULLET::::- "Barleria natalensis" (1900, South Africa)
   BULLET::::- "Anas discors" (blue-winged teal)
  
  BULLET::::- "Anas acuta" (northern pintail duck)
  
  BULLET::::- "Aix sponsa" (wood duck)
  
  BULLET::::- "Aythya collaris" (ring-necked duck)
  
  BULLET::::- "Aythya affinis" (lesser scaup duck)
  
  BULLET::::- "Gavia immer" (great northern loon)
  
  BULLET::::- "Podiceps auritus" (horned grebe)
  
  BULLET::::- "Podilymbus podiceps" (pied-billed grebe)
  
  BULLET::::- "Phalacrocorax auritus" (double-crested cormorant)
  
  BULLET::::- "Anhinga anhinga" (snakebird)
  
  BULLET::::- "Ciconia maltha" (extinct stork)
  
  BULLET::::- "Ajaia ajaja" (roseate spoonbill)
  
  BULLET::::- "Botaurus lentiginosus" (American bittern)
  
  BULLET::::- "Ardea herodias" (great blue heron)
  
  BULLET::::- "Ardea alba" (great egret)
  
  BULLET::::- "Nycticorax nycticorax" (black-crowned night heron)
  
  BULLET::::- "Aramus guarauna" (limpkin)
  
  BULLET::::- "Grus canadensis" (sandhill crane)
  
  BULLET::::- "Fulica minor" (coot)
   BULLET::::- Femur of a member of the genus "Enhydra" (a relative of the sea otter) is described from the middle Pleistocene Merced Formation (California, United States) by Boessenecker (2018), representing the oldest record of "Enhydra" in the Pacific with robust geochronologic age control reported so far.
  
  BULLET::::- New specimens of members of the genus "Enaliarctos" are described from the Miocene Skooner Gulch Formation (California, United States), Oligocene Yaquina Formation (Oregon, United States) and Miocene Astoria Formation (Oregon, United States) by Poust & Boessenecker (2018), extending the geographic and temporal range of the genus.
  
raw_presuppositions: There are no records left of animals that are extinct.
raw_corrections: There are fossil records or preserved animal specimens to inform us of animals that are extinct.