question: when watching a live sports broadcast, why does radio tend to deliver audio feeds a few seconds before transmitted via television? Why are they not equally quick?
comment: URL_0 Gives the broadcaster time to delete nudity, profanity, or anything else they don't want going to air. With radio, it's just the play by play guys on the microphone. Far less likely for something unwanted to go to air, so they don't need to worry about it.
passages: Audio latency can be experienced in broadcast systems where someone is contributing to a live broadcast over a satellite or similar link with high delay, where the person in the main studio has to wait for the contributor at the other end of the link to react to questions. Latency in this context could be between several hundred milliseconds and a few seconds. Dealing with audio latencies as high as this takes special training in order to make the resulting combined audio output reasonably acceptable to the listeners. Wherever practical, it is important to try to keep live production audio latency low throughout the production system in order to keep the reactions and interchange of participants as natural as possible. A latency of 10 milliseconds or better is the target for audio circuits within professional production structures.
   As popularity of radio grew, networks found that listeners preferred transcription programs recorded on discs more than locally produced live shows. The end of 1930 marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Radio, but also marked the end of many live broadcasting content. At this time, Variety estimated that 75 percent of radio stations used transcriptions. RCA was a major player in manufacturing transcriptions as live radio eventually dissipated, as even NBC who took pride in their live aesthetic caved to broadcasting sound from transcriptions.
   The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as "recorded" or "live". The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like sports television can include some of the aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the live television telecast. American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: Effects of time on North American broadcasting). This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship "Hindenburg" disaster at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio radio stations around the world.
   Section::::Sports talk stations.:Terrestrial.:United States.
   BULLET::::- Ahmad Rashād – NBC 1990–2002
  
  BULLET::::- Tony Ronaldson – Perth Wildcats 2010–2015
  
  BULLET::::- Ryan Ruocco – ESPN 2013–present
  
  BULLET::::- Bill Russell – ABC 1971–1973, CBS 1979–1983
  
  BULLET::::- Bill Schonely – Portland Trail Blazers 1970–1998
  
  BULLET::::- Kenny Smith – TNT 1998–present
  
  BULLET::::- Dick Stockton – CBS 1981–1990, TNT 1995–present
  
  BULLET::::- Chuck Swirsky
  
  BULLET::::- Joe Tait – Cleveland Cavaliers 1970–1980, 1982–2011
  
  BULLET::::- Mike Tirico – ABC (US) 2002–2016, NBC 2016–present
  
  BULLET::::- Jeff Van Gundy – TNT 2002–2003, ESPN/ABC 2007–present
  
  BULLET::::- Dick Vitale – ESPN 1979–present
  
  BULLET::::- Bill Walton – NBC 1990–2002, ESPN/ABC 2002–2009
  
  BULLET::::- Bill Woods – Network Ten 1992–1997, 2014–2015
   BULLET::::- DAB radios are out of step with live events, so the experience of listening to live commentaries on events being watched is impaired;
  
  BULLET::::- Listeners using a combination of analogue (AM or FM) and DAB radios (e.g. in different rooms of a house) will hear a mixture when both receivers are within earshot.
   NBC asked Bob Kaufman, the Orange Bowl's public address announcer, to make more frequent announcements of information than usual, and to include more information in those announcements than stadium announcers typically did. Accordingly, he noted aloud during the game that referees were calling for a first-down measurement, and Kaufman gave the length of game time that a drive had taken. Television audiences were able to hear this.
   Most of the Golden Age programs in circulation among collectors—whether on analog tape, CD, or in the form of MP3s—originated from analog 16-inch transcription disc, although Some are off-the-air AM recordings. But in many cases the circulating recordings are corrupted (decreased in quality), because lossless digital recording for the home market did not come until the very end of the twentieh century.
   BULLET::::- May 17, 1939 – the first live televised sporting event in the U.S. takes place: a college baseball game between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers, was broadcast by NBC from Columbia's Baker Field in New York City. Princeton won that game 8-6.
  
  BULLET::::- March 19, 1953 – first live broadcast of The Academy Awards
  
  BULLET::::- March 7, 1955  – first nationwide live broadcast of The Emmy Awards
   Section::::Sports announcing.
   BULLET::::- Chuck Harmon – WWSEN 2006–present
  
  BULLET::::- Shane Heal – Sydney Kings 2010–2014
  
  BULLET::::- Chick Hearn – Los Angeles Lakers 1961–2002
  
  BULLET::::- Tom Heinsohn – CBS 1983–1990, Boston Celtics 1981–present
  
  BULLET::::- Hot Rod Hundley – CBS 1975–1980, New Orleans/Utah Jazz 1974–2009
  
  BULLET::::- Mark Jackson – ESPN/ABC 2005–2011
  
  BULLET::::- Gus Johnson – CBS 1996–2011, Big Ten Network, 2008–present, Fox 2013–present
  
  BULLET::::- Steve "Snapper" Jones – NBC 1990–2002
  
  BULLET::::- Clark Kellogg – CBS 1993–present
  
  BULLET::::- Steve Kerr – TNT 2003–2007, TNT 2010–2014
  
  BULLET::::- Namugenyi Kiwanuka
  
  BULLET::::- Ralph Lawler – Los Angeles Clippers 1978–present
  
  BULLET::::- Rebecca Lobo – ESPN 2004–present
   If the venue of the event exceeds 1000 feet, longer range FM systems are needed. But with great power also comes… more weight. These systems are still portable, though it is more difficult to move them around compared to medium range FM systems.
  
  BULLET::::- More power means better cancellation of radio interference, which in turn means more quality in the sound of the translation transmitted.
  
  BULLET::::- Longer range FM systems are also more cost-effective than medium range for a larger audience.
   BULLET::::- Verne Lundquist – CBS 1984–1995, 1998–2016
  
  BULLET::::- Brett Maher – Adelaide 36ers 2010–present
  
  BULLET::::- Al McCoy – Phoenix Suns 1972–present
  
  BULLET::::- Sean McDonough – CBS 1990–2000, ESPN 2000–present
  
  BULLET::::- Al Michaels – ABC (US) 2003–2006
  
  BULLET::::- Reggie Miller – TNT 2005–present
  
  BULLET::::- Johnny Most – Boston Celtics 1953–1990
  
  BULLET::::- Brent Musburger – CBS 1975–1989, ESPN/ABC 1990–2017
  
  BULLET::::- Jim Nantz – CBS 1985–present
  
  BULLET::::- Bob Neal
  
  BULLET::::- Brad Nessler – ESPN 1992–2015, ABC (US) 1997–2015, CBS 2016–present
  
  BULLET::::- Billy Packer – NBC 1974–1981, CBS 1981–2008
  
  BULLET::::- Stephen Quartermain – Network Ten 1992–1997
  
  BULLET::::- Bill Raftery – CBS 1986–present
   BULLET::::- Ward Cornell – CBC 1958–1971
  
  BULLET::::- Marc Crawford – CBC 1998–1999
  
  BULLET::::- Fred Cusick
  
  BULLET::::- Chris Cuthbert – CBC 1984–2005, NBC 2005–present
  
  BULLET::::- Keith Dancy – CBC 1952–1966
  
  BULLET::::- Ken Daniels – CBC 1992–1997
  
  BULLET::::- Ted Darling – CBC 1955–1970
  
  BULLET::::- John Davidson – CBC 1983–1986, 1995–2006, Fox 1995–1999, MSG Network 1986–2006
  
  BULLET::::- Jack Dennett – CBC
  
  BULLET::::- Gary Dornhoefer – CBC 1978–1986
  
  BULLET::::- Bruce Dowbiggin – CBC 1984–present
  
  BULLET::::- Mike Emrick – ESPN 1986–1988, ABC (US) 1993–1995, Fox 1995–1999, ABC (US) 2000–2005, NBC 2005–present
  
  BULLET::::- Brian Engblom – ESPN 1992–2004
  
  BULLET::::- Elmer Ferguson – CBC
   BULLET::::- Teletext (TTX): Digital text pages embedded in television video also provide accurate time. Many modern TV sets and VCRs with TTX decoders can obtain accurate time from Teletext and set the internal clock. However the TTX time can vary up to 5 minutes.
  
  Many digital radio and digital television schemes also include provisions for time-code transmission.
   Bell's analysis of the newsreaders' speech revealed that they spoke differently based on the intended radio audience. He identified relationships in the frequency of sociolinguistic variables, such as postvocalic [t], which corresponded to the speech of the radio audiences. Bell proposed that because the topic of speech (identical news topics), speaker, and speech activity were the same, the most plausible way of accounting for the variation was that the newscasters were attuning their speech to what they perceived to be the norms for the respective radio audiences.
  
  Section::::Audience types.
   BULLET::::- Bobby Hull – CBC 1980–1983
  
  BULLET::::- Dick Irvin, Jr. – CBC 1966–1999
  
  BULLET::::- Brenda Irving – CBC 2001–2006
  
  BULLET::::- Rick Jeanneret – Buffalo Sabres 1971–present
  
  BULLET::::- Dan Kelly – CBC 1977–1980
  
  BULLET::::- Mark Lee – CBC 1997–present
  
  BULLET::::- Steve Levy – ESPN/ABC 1993–2004
  
  BULLET::::- Doug MacLean – CBC
  
  BULLET::::- Ron MacLean – CBC 1986–present
  
  BULLET::::- Jeff Marek – CBC 2007–present
  
  BULLET::::- Jiggs McDonald
  
  BULLET::::- Brian McFarlane – CBC 1964–1989
  
  BULLET::::- Wes McKnight – CBC 1952–1958
  
  BULLET::::- Howie Meeker – CBC 1968–1998
  
  BULLET::::- Barry Melrose – ESPN 1996–2008
  
  BULLET::::- Joe Micheletti – Fox 1995–1999
   Some of the programming on radio is locally produced and some is broadcast by a radio network, for example, by syndication. The "talent" (professional voices) talk to the audience, including reading the news. People tune in to hear engaging radio personalities, music, and information. In radio news, stories include speech soundbites, the recorded sounds of events themselves, and the anchor or host.
   BULLET::::- Brent Musburger – CBS 1973–1990, ESPN/ABC 1990–2016
  
  BULLET::::- Jim Nantz – CBS 1985–present
  
  BULLET::::- Merlin Olsen – NBC 1977–1989, CBS 1990–1991
  
  BULLET::::- Mike Patrick – ESPN 1987–present
  
  BULLET::::- Jonathan Pearce – BBC Radio 5 Live 2004
  
  BULLET::::- Matt Roberts – BBC Sport 2009–2013
  
  BULLET::::- Tony Romo – CBS 2017–present
  
  BULLET::::- Sam Rosen – Fox 1996–present
  
  BULLET::::- Ryan Ruocco – ESPN Radio 2013–present
  
  BULLET::::- Shannon Sharpe – CBS 2004–2014
  
  BULLET::::- Phil Simms – ESPN 1994–1995, NBC 1995–1998, CBS 1998–present
  
  BULLET::::- Michael Strahan – Fox 2008–present
  
  BULLET::::- Pat Summerall – CBS 1964–1994, Fox 1994–2002, 2006–2010
   Both radio and television are major sources for broadcast journalism today, even with rapidly expanding technology. Television still focuses on covering major events, but radio broadcasts focus more on analyzing stories rather than reporting breaking news. Although the history of broadcast journalism has its origins in the early days of radio transmission, it is television with its attractive visuals and rapid dissemination that has empowered broadcast journalism to emerge as the most influential form of journalism until the rise of the Internet and the new forms of journalism associated with digital technologies (Maniou & Papadopoulou, 2019).The internet often beats out broadcast journalism in terms of reporting breaking news, and the field of broadcast journalism is constantly having to adapt to the changing technology of today.
   BULLET::::- In 1963, Ampex technology was used to show replays of the live assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald.
  
  BULLET::::- In 1963, Ampex introduced EDITEC, electronic video editing, allowing broadcast television editors frame-by-frame recording control, simplifying tape editing and the ability to make animation effects possible. This was the basis for all subsequent editing systems.
  
  BULLET::::- On December 7, 1963 – Instant Replay is used for the first time during the live transmission of the Army Navy Game by its inventor, director, Tony Verna.
   BULLET::::- Joe Morgan – ABC (US) 1986–1987, NBC 1994–2000, ESPN 2000–2010
  
  BULLET::::- Bob Murphy – WOR-TV 1962–2003
  
  BULLET::::- Brent Musburger – CBS 1984, ABC 1994–1995
  
  BULLET::::- Lindsey Nelson – NBC 1957–1961, WOR-TV, 1962–1979
  
  BULLET::::- Pee Wee Reese – CBS 1960–1965, NBC 1966–1968
  
  BULLET::::- Harold Reynolds – ESPN 1996–2006, MLB Network 2009–present
  
  BULLET::::- Phil Rizzuto
  
  BULLET::::- Art Rust Jr. – WABC 1980s
  
  BULLET::::- Sam Ryan – ESPN 2004–2006 MLB Network 2011
  
  BULLET::::- Vin Scully – NBC 1955–1956, 1962–1963, 1965–1966, 1983–1989
  
  BULLET::::- Jim Simpson – NBC 1966–1977
  
  BULLET::::- John Sterling – WABC 1989–2002, WCBS 2003–present
   Some radio news might run for just four minutes, but contain 12–15 stories. These new bulletins must balance the desire for a broad overview of current events with the audience's limited capacity to focus on a large number of different stories.
   The radio era, known as “the shortest golden age in history” lasted from 1930 to 1955. Radio during the Golden Age began to fully develop programs with sound effects, music, dialogue, and narration. Some voice actors would play multiple characters in a story performed live on the air, and some radio shows were performed in front of a live audience. This allowed the show to gauge real audience reaction like applause and laughter for comedy shows. Programming during the Golden Age included comedies, dramas, westerns, horror and suspense shows, science fiction, soap operas, sports, and news.
  
  Section::::Big Players.
   BULLET::::- On October 17, , CBS Radio commentators Jack Buck, Johnny Bench and John Rooney, were on hand at San Francisco's Candlestick Park for Game 3 of the World Series between the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics. At 5:04 p.m. local time, the Loma Prieta earthquake hit (and subsequently caused a ten-day delay for the World Series). Unlike ABC-Television (with Al Michaels, Jim Palmer and Tim McCarver calling the action on the TV side), CBS Radio was in a commercial break when the earthquake struck. After the earthquake hit, Jack Buck told the listening audience, ""I must say about Johnny Bench, folks, if he moved that fast when he played, he would have never hit into a double play. I never saw anybody move that fast in my life.""
  