question: The difference between Curies, Roentgen, RAD, REM, Sieverts, grays...
comment: Curie measures the radioactivity or radioactive decay of a material and is outdated as a unit (modern unit is the becquerel). Roentgen (named after the German physicist who identified xrays) is another outdated unit used to measure radiation exposure levels in air or other material. The modern unit is coulombs per kilogram. Rad is a measure of absorbed dose (typically in tissue), but the modern unit is the Gray. Rem is a measure of effective dose, or the potential for the radiation to do damage to biological tissue based on tissue type, quantity of exposure etc. One would use the effective dose multiplied by the tissue weighting factor (different tissues have different levels of radiosensitivity) to calculate the equivalent dose, measured in Sieverts. Both Rem and sievert are still used today: 100 rem = 1 sievert (Sv). Radiation workers in the US like xray techs, nuclear medicine techs, radiologists, etc have annual dose limits of 50 mSv and most of us do not even reach 10% of that in a year.
passages: BULLET::::- 1704-1743 - Otto Leopold, count of Limburg Stirum and Bronckhorst, Sovereign Lord zu Gemen and Raesfeld, son of the above;
  
  BULLET::::- 1743-1771 - Friedrich Karl, count of Limburg Stirum and Bronckhorst, Sovereign Lord zu Gemen, son of the above;
  
  BULLET::::- 1771-1776 - August Philip, Prince-Bishop of Speyer, count of Limburg Stirum and Bronckhorst, Sovereign Lord zu Gemen, brother of the above.
  
  BULLET::::- 1776-1798 - Karl Josef, count of Limburg Stirum, Sovereign Lord zu Gemen, cousin of the above;
   Section::::Vollenhoven and Dooyeweerd.
   Section::::History.:ICRP definition.
   Section::::Further organizational work.
   In the late 1950s the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) invited the ICRU to join other scientific bodies to work with the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) in the development of a system of units that could be used consistently over many disciplines. This body, initially known as the "Commission for the System of Units", renamed in 1964 as the "Consultative Committee for Units" (CCU), was responsible for overseeing the development of the International System of Units (SI). At the same time it was becoming increasingly obvious that the definition of the roentgen was unsound, and in 1962 it was redefined.
   The International Committee for Weights and Measures states: "In order to avoid any risk of confusion between the absorbed dose "D" and the dose equivalent "H", the special names for the respective units should be used, that is, the name gray should be used instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of absorbed dose "D" and the name sievert instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of dose equivalent "H"."
   BULLET::::- Peter Adolf Thiessen "Vorträge zum Festkolloquium anlässlich des 65. Geburtstages von P. A. Thiessen " (Akademie-Verl., 1966)
  
  BULLET::::- Peter Adolf Thiessen, Klaus Meyer, and Gerhard Heinicke "Grundlagen der Tribochemie" (Akademi-Verlar, 1967)
  
  Section::::Articles.
   When making citations or references to articles in "Acta Chemica Scandinavica" the abbreviation "Acta Chem. Scand." is used.
  
  Section::::Background.
   BULLET::::- G'bear and Winlath, Weyrleader at High Reaches Weyr after M'rand retires
  
  BULLET::::- G'dened and Baranth, Weyrleader at Ista, son of D'ram
  
  BULLET::::- G'narish and bronze Gyarmath – Igen Weyrleader
  
  BULLET::::- J'fery and Willerth, Weyrleader of Telgar after R'mart retires
  
  BULLET::::- K'van and bronze Heth – Weyrleader at Southern after D'ram.
   BULLET::::- Friedrich Engels: He invented together with Karl Marx the economic and sociopolitical worldview Marxism.
  
  BULLET::::- Hugo Erdmann: Chemist who discovered, together with his doctoral advisor Jacob Volhard, the Volhard-Erdmann cyclization. In 1898 he was the first who coined the term "noble gas" (the original noun is in German).
  
  BULLET::::- Hugo Erfurt: Ingrain wallpaper
   Section::::Geographical distribution.
   Section::::Important cases.
   Section::::Mechanics.:Merit: ""Haunt"".
   BULLET::::- Vanaheim - The maritime kingdom of the merrow, a legal entity of Wahres Reich. The king is treated as a president of the company under Reich's law.
  
  BULLET::::- Among - The lizard-folk's subterranean empire.
  
  Section::::Setting.:Organizations in Midgard.
  
  BULLET::::- Excalibur - The knights of the round table whose foe is the abyss. The airship named Avalon is their movable military base.
  
  BULLET::::- Primrose - The resistance against Wahres Reich. The leaders are Hans Wilmar and his sister Sophie. They are named after Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl, the leaders of the actual White Rose resistance.
   In 1962, the English-language edition was launched as Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English (, CODEN ACIEAY, abbreviated as Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.), which has a separate volume counting. With the beginning of Vol. 37 (1998) "in English" was dropped from the journal name.
  
  Several journals have merged into "Angewandte", including Chemische Technik/Chemische Apparatur in 1947 and Zeitschrift für Chemie in 1990.
  
  Section::::Criticism.
   Kronig
  
  Kronig or Krönig may refer to:
  
  People:
  
  BULLET::::- Alfred Kronig (born 1928), Swiss cross country skier who competed in the 1950s
  
  BULLET::::- August Karl Krönig (1822–1879), German chemist and physicist
  
  BULLET::::- Ralph Kronig (1904–1995), German-American physicist noted for the discovery of particle spin and his theory of x-ray absorption spectroscopy
  
  Mathematics and Science:
  
  BULLET::::- Coster Kronig transition, special case of the Auger process in which the vacancy is filled by an electron from a higher subshell of the same shell
   Section::::History.:NIST definition.
   In-between Röhrich and Werner in rank is Röhrich's journeyman Eckat (from "Eckhardt"). Eckat is considerably smarter than Röhrich and occasionally he jokes with Werner about Röhrich's incompetency behind his back, but Eckat is mostly loyal to his "Meister" whenever Röhrich is around.
  
  It is not quite clear though whether Werner's apprenticeship years are really a thing of the past as stories involving occasional working for Röhrich remain a mainstay within the Werner comics. 
   The roentgen has been metrologically redefined over the years. It was last defined by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1998 as , with a recommendation that the definition be given in every document where the roentgen is used.
  
  Section::::History.
   Section::::Career.
   Other ES members are: Alv and Dvergr (S class), an arrogant pair who eventually become Éclair and Lumière's antagonists; Tweedledee and Tweedledum (S class), fraternal twins with a complicated relationship towards the protagonists; Viola and Cesario (C class) who are generally on good terms with Éclair and Lumière; Un-ou and A-ou (S class), former mercenaries with a long-standing rivalry with them; and Sinistra and Dextera (S class), a bishōnen pair held in high regard by all their colleagues for their professionalism. Also of note are Mercredi, Eclipse's personal assistant with a hidden agenda, and Chevalier d'Autriche, the Secretary General of GOTT whose past is intertwined with Éclair's.
   The ICRP once adopted fixed conversion for occupational exposure, although these have not appeared in recent documents:
  
  Therefore, for occupation exposures of that time period,
  
  The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) strongly discourages Americans from expressing doses in rem, in favor of recommending the SI unit. The NIST recommends defining the rem in relation to the SI in every document where this unit is used. For US industries and US firms that do not require the sole use of SI, however, the unit rem is often preferred.
  
  Section::::Health effects.
   Section::::Description.
   Section::::History.:GOST definition.
   Section::::Background.:Otto Frisch.
  