question: If a human were to go for a long enough period of time without bleeding, does the same exact 1.5 gallons recirculate forever or does it somehow get recycled within the body?
comment: Blood cells die after about 4 months. As they get old, they break down and your immune system kills them. They're collected in your spleen and liver. Your bone marrow generates new blood cells.
passages: The Trinity River in Texas is a representative example of an effluent-dominated surface water system where de facto potable water reuse occurs. The section of the river south of Dallas/Fort Worth consists almost entirely of wastewater effluent under base flow conditions. In response to concerns about nutrients, the wastewater treatment plants in Dallas/Fort Worth that collectively discharge about 2 million m per day of effluent employ nutrient removal processes. Little dilution of the effluent-dominated waters occurs as the water travels from Dallas/Fort Worth to Lake Livingston, which is one of the main drinking water reservoirs for Houston. Once the water reaches Lake Livingston, it is subjected to conventional drinking water treatment prior to delivery to consumers in Houston.
   The municipal government can develop a “Municipal Water Reuse System” which is a current approach to manage the rainwater. It applies a water reuse scheme for treated wastewater, on a municipal scale, to provide non-potable water for industry, household and municipal uses. This technology consists in separating the urine fraction of sanitary wastewater, and collecting it for recycling its nutrients. The feces and graywater fraction is collected, together with organic wastes from the households, using a gravity sewer system, continuously flushed with non-potable water. The water is treated anaerobically and the biogas is used for energy production.
   There are several reports of the analysis of urine produced by kidneys during perfusion storage. Kastagir analysed urine produced during 24-hour perfusion and found it to be an ultrafiltrate of the perfusate, Scott found a trace of protein in the urine during 24-hour storage, and Pederson found only a trace of protein after 36 hours perfusion storage. Pederson mentioned that he had found heavy proteinuria during earlier experiments. Woods noted protein casts in the tubules of viable kidneys after 5 day storage, but he did not analyse the urine produced during perfusion. In Cohen’s study there was a progressive increase in urinary protein concentration during 8 day preservation until the protein content of the urine equalled that of the perfusate. This may have been related to the swelling of the glomerular basement membranes and the progressive fusion of epithelial cell foot processes that was also observed during the same period of perfusion storage.
   Withdrawals from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation amounted to in 2000. As of 2005, the total depletion since before development amounted to . Some estimates indicate the remaining volume could be depleted as soon as 2028. Many farmers in the Texas High Plains, which rely particularly on the underground source, are now turning away from irrigated agriculture as they become aware of the hazards of overpumping.
  
  Section::::Aquifer water balance.:Groundwater recharge.
   Urine patches in cattle pastures generate large concentrations of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide through nitrification and denitrification processes in urine-contaminated soils. Over the past few decades, the cattle population has increased more rapidly than the human population. Between the years 2000 and 2050, the cattle population is expected to increase from 1.5 billion to 2.6 billion. When large populations of cattle are packed into pastures, excessive amounts of urine soak into soils. This increases the rate at which nitrification and denitrification occur and produce nitrous oxide. Currently, nitrous oxide is one of the single most important ozone-depleting emissions and is expected to remain the largest throughout the 21st century. 
   Section::::Contributions and Honors.
  
  Professor Sorber authored or co-authored more than 130 papers and reports in the areas of land application of wastewater and sludge, water and wastewater reuse, water and wastewater disinfection, and higher education.
   According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the combustion percentages of the total dioxin and furan inventory from all known and estimated sources in the U.S. (not only incineration) for each type of incineration are as follows: 35.1% backyard barrels; 26.6% medical waste; 6.3% municipal wastewater treatment sludge; 5.9% municipal waste combustion; 2.9% industrial wood combustion. Thus, the controlled combustion of waste accounted for 41.7% of the total dioxin inventory.
   In Colorado, USA, the Colorado River Municipal Water District implemented a project to capture treated municipal effluent from the City of Big Spring, and provide additional advanced treatment prior to blending into their raw surface water delivery system (2012). Advanced treatment of the municipal effluent consisted of MF, RO, and ultraviolet oxidation, producing very high quality water, which is blended with surface water from Lake E.V. Spence for distribution to their member and customer cities (production of 6,700 m per day).
  
  Further examples:
  
  BULLET::::- Big Spring, Texas indirect potable reuse program
  
  BULLET::::- Orange County, California
  
  BULLET::::- Pasadena, California
   In the United States, a USGS nationwide compilation of public supply withdrawals and deliveries indicates that in 2010 the total daily volume of nonresidential use was approximately 12,000 million gallons per day (mgd) and accounted for about 29 percent of public supply withdrawals (or 45 gallons per capita per day when divided by the estimated 268 million people who relied on public-supply water). This estimate is obtained by subtracting from total public supply freshwater withdrawals (41,700 mgd) the reported domestic (residential) use (23,800 mgd) and allowing for 14 percent of unaccounted for water (because of leaks, hydrant flushing, tower maintenance, and other system losses, also called non-revenue water). The estimates of average water loss in public supply systems in the U.S. range from 12 to 16 percent. The share of CII use varies across water utilities; in a sample of 31 utilities in Texas it ranged from less than 4 percent of metered use in Lamar County WSD to 79 percent in Borger MWS, with average share of 35 percent.
   When diluted with water (at a 1:5 ratio for container-grown annual crops with fresh growing medium each season or a 1:8 ratio for more general use), it can be applied directly to soil as a fertilizer. The fertilization effect of urine has been found to be comparable to that of commercial nitrogen fertilizers. Concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, commonly found in sewage sludge, which is also used as fertilizer, are much lower in urine. Urine may contain pharmaceutical residues (environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants).
   The City of Winnipeg does organic material processing and energy recovery by using aerobic digestion – one of the methods for managing organic waste. With appropriate conditions and proper use of the technology, the SSO can provide us a feedstock for renewable energy production and be a source of quality compost material. Aerobic digestion and aerobic composting are same kind or related kind of processing options. Figure–7
  
  Section::::Municipal waste generation and economic development in Winnipeg.
   The most common types of excreta reuse, including excreta on their own or mixed with water in the case of domestic wastewater (sewage), are:
  
  BULLET::::- Fertilizer and irrigation water in agriculture and horticulture: for example using recovered and treated water for irrigation; using composted excreta (and other organic waste) or appropriately treated biosolids as fertilizer and soil conditioner; using treated source-separated urine as fertilizer.
  
  BULLET::::- Energy: for example digesting feces and other organic waste to produce biogas; or producing combustible fuels.
   Section::::Processes.
  
  Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain and snow melt and to a smaller extent by surface water (rivers and lakes). Recharge may be impeded somewhat by human activities including paving, development, or logging. These activities can result in loss of topsoil resulting in reduced water infiltration, enhanced surface runoff and reduction in recharge. Use of groundwaters, especially for irrigation, may also lower the water tables. Groundwater recharge is an important process for sustainable groundwater management, since the volume-rate abstracted from an aquifer in the long term should be less than or equal to the volume-rate that is recharged.
   Treatment with reverse osmosis is also limited, resulting in low recoveries and fouling of the RO membranes. Reverse osmosis applicability is limited by conductivity, organics, and scaling inorganic elements such as CaSO4, Si, and Ba.
  
  Section::::Landfill leachate.:Removal to sewer system.
   BULLET::::- % Excreted in urine (% of total dose) 60 - 90
  
  BULLET::::- % Excreted unchanged in urine (% of total dose) 53.1 - 58.8
  
  BULLET::::- % Excreted in feces (% of total dose) 7 - 9
  
  BULLET::::- % Excreted in bile (% of total dose) 6 - 9
  
  BULLET::::- Approximately 10% is metabolized by the liver in healthy individuals, but this percentage may be greater in individuals with severe renal failure
  
  BULLET::::- Renal clearance (mL/min/kg) 2.0
  
  BULLET::::- Elimination half-life (hrs) 2
  
  BULLET::::- Prolonged in congestive heart failure (mean 3.4 hrs)
   The NGO SOIL in Haiti began building urine-diverting dry toilets and composting the waste produced for agricultural use in 2006. SOIL’s two composting waste treatment facilities currently transform over 20,000 gallons (75,708 liters) of human excreta into organic, agricultural-grade compost every month. The compost produced at these facilities is sold to farmers, organizations, businesses, and institutions around the country to help finance SOIL’s waste treatment operations. Crops grown with this soil amendment include spinach, peppers, sorghum, maize, and more. Each batch of compost produced is tested for the indicator organism "E. coli" to ensure that complete pathogen kill has taken place during the thermophilic composting process.
   Some of the urine will be part of the compost, although some urine will be lost via leachate and evaporation. Urine can contain up to 90 percent of the nitrogen, up to 50 percent of the phosphorus, and up to 70 percent of the potassium present in human excreta.
  
  The nutrients in compost from a composting toilet have a higher plant availability than the product (dried feces) from a urine-diverting dry toilet.
  
  Section::::Types of excreta-derived fertilizers.:Fecal sludge.
   The water and waste department of Winnipeg city Municipality has been collecting publishing their data on waste and water for the purpose of sustainable development of the city. They have been collecting data and publishing them since 1996. These data helps them to know the current situation of the city and helps to make the waste management work efficiently.
  
  The data represented covers the period from 1996 to 2012. This data basically covers the garbage and recycle generated by the residential areas of Winnipeg. It excludes the yard waste generated by Winnipeg and is represented in tonnes.
   BULLET::::- Extraction by organic solvents: Certain organic solvents such as ethyl acetate present much less health and environmental hazard than chlorinated and aromatic organic solvents used formerly. Another method is to use triglyceride oils obtained from spent coffee grounds.
  
  "Decaffeinated" coffees do in fact contain caffeine in many cases – some commercially available decaffeinated coffee products contain considerable levels. One study found that decaffeinated coffee contained 10 mg of caffeine per cup, compared to approximately 85 mg of caffeine per cup for regular coffee.
  
  Section::::Chemistry.:Detection in body fluids.
   Collection area (square feet) × Rainfall (inch/year) / 12 (inch/foot) = Cubic Feet of Water/Year
  
  Cubic Feet/Year × 7.43 (Gallons/Cubic Foot) = Gallons/year
  
  Note, however, this calculation does not account for losses such as evaporation or leakage.
   Many treatment plants that take raw water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs for public drinking water production use conventional filtration technologies. This involves a series of processes, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Direct filtration, which is typically used to treat water with low particulate levels, includes coagulation and filtration, but not sedimentation. Other common filtration processes, including slow sand filters, diatomaceous earth filters and membranes will remove 99% of "Cryptosporidium". Membranes and bag and cartridge filters remove "Cryptosporidium" product-specifically.
   Any deterioration in liver function reduces its ability to process the recirculated urobilinogen. The excess that remains in the blood is filtered out by the kidneys and appears in urine. When hemolytic disorders occur the amount of unconjugated bilirubin that is present in the blood increases causing an increase in hepatic excretion of conjugated bilirubin, resulting in increased amounts of urobilinogen that in turn causes an increase in reabsorption, recirculation and renal excretion.
   There are approximately 15,600 nursing homes (with 1,663,300 beds) and 30,200 residential care communities (with 1,000,000 beds) in the U.S. Based on the total floor space of 1,275 million square feet and an assumed average use of 232 g/ksf/d, the total water use by elderly care buildings in the U.S. would be 296 mgd or 2.5 percent of CII use.
  
  Section::::Water use in major CII categories.:Car washes.
   The reduction of waste at or near the source of generation is known as Source Reduction of waste and this is one of the most important and promising methods for reduction in the waste generation for the growing waste in Canada. The Source Separated Organics (SSO) also counts under the treatments of municipal waste figure–6 and under source reduction techniques. This treatment helps in minimizing the waste in other words SSO is used for diverting solid wastes form the landfills. These SSO have been comprises about 1/ 3 to ½ of the total residential waste of Winnipeg. SSO includes materials like kitchen waste, yard waste, etc. and Winnipeg did about 53% of total (kitchen + yard waste) of composting that includes 24% of Kitchen waste and 68% of Yard waste. This SSO are separated from the undesirable materials that are then sent to the curb – side Collection as a separate residual waste stream.
   In a simplified model of urea removal from a fixed volume with no urea generation, formula_15 is related to formula_16 by the following relationship:
  
  formula_17
  
  Actually, this relationship is made a bit more complex by the fact that fluid is removed during dialysis, so the removal space "V" shrinks, and because a small amount of urea is generated during the dialysis session. Both of these factors make the actual post-dialysis serum urea level higher than expected, and the "URR" lower than expected, when the extremely simplified equation above, is used.
  
presuppositions: Blood recirculates forever in the blood. Blood either gets recycled in the body or recirculated within the body.
corrections: Blood cells are eventually killed by the body and replaced.  Blood cells die in the body after 4 months.
raw_presuppositions: Blood recirculates forever in the blood. Blood either gets recycled in the body or recirculated within the body.
raw_corrections: Blood cells are eventually killed by the body and replaced.  Blood cells die in the body after 4 months.