 the Tethys Ocean, called the Paratethys. The Paratethys was separated from the Tethys with the formation of the Alps, Carpathians, Dinarides, Taurus, and Elburz mountains during the Alpine orogeny. During the late Miocene, the Paratethys gradually disappeared, and became an isolated inland sea.

Historical theory

In 1885, the Austrian palaeontologist Melchior Neumayr deduced the existence of the Tethys Ocean from Mesozoic marine sediments and their distribution, calling his concept Zentrales Mittelmeer and described it as a Jurassic seaway, which extended from the Caribbean to the Himalayas.

In 1893, the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the theory that an ancient and extinct inland sea had once existed between Laurasia and the continents which formed Gondwana II. He named it the Tethys Sea after the Greek sea goddess Tethys. He provided evidence for his theory using fossil records from the Alps and Africa. He proposed the concept of Tethys in his four-volume work Das Antlitz der Erde (The Face of the Earth).

In the following decades during the 20th century, "mobilist" geologists such as Uhlig (1911), Diener (1925), and Daque (1926) regarded Tethys as a large trough between two supercontinents which lasted from the late Palaeozoic until continental fragments derived from Gondwana obliterated it.

After World War II, Tethys was described as a triangular ocean with a wide eastern end.

From 1920s to the 1960s, "fixist" geologists, however, regarded Tethys as a composite trough, which evolved through a series of orogenic cycles. They used the terms 'Paleotethys', 'Mesotethys', and 'Neotethys' for the Caledonian, Variscan, and Alpine orogenies, respectively. In the 1970s and '80s, these terms and 'Proto-Tethys', were used in different senses by various authors, but the concept of a single ocean wedging into Pangea from the east, roughly where Suess first proposed it, remained.

In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics became established, and Suess's "sea
the Tethys Ocean, called the Paratethys. The Paratethys was separated from the Tethys with the formation of the Alps, Carpathians, Dinarides, Taurus, and Elburz mountains during the Alpine orogeny. During the belated Miocene, the Paratethys gradually vanish, and became an isolated inland sea. 

 diachronic theory 

 In 1885, the Austrian palaeontologist Melchior Neumayr deduce the universe of the Tethys Ocean from Mesozoic marine sediment and their distribution, call his concept Zentrales Mittelmeer and described it as a Jurassic seaway, which carry from the Caribbean to the Himalayas. 

 In 1893, the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the hypothesis that an ancient and extinct inland sea had once existed between Laurasia and the continents which formed Gondwana II. He named it the Tethys Sea after the Greek sea goddess Tethys. He provided evidence for his theory use fossil records from the Alps and Africa. He proposed the concept of Tethys in his four - book work Das Antlitz der Erde (The Face of the Earth). 

 In the following decades during the 20th hundred, " mobilist " geologists such as Uhlig (1911), Diener (1925), and Daque (1926) regard Tethys as a large trough between two supercontinents which lasted from the former Palaeozoic until continental fragments derived from Gondwana obliterated it. 

 After World War II, Tethys was described as a triangular ocean with a wide easterly end. 

 From 1920s to the 1960s, " fixist " geologists, however, regarded Tethys as a composite trough, which evolved through a series of orogenic cycles. They used the terms' Paleotethys',' Mesotethys', and' Neotethys' for the Caledonian, Variscan, and Alpine orogeny, respectively. In the seventies and' 80s, these terms and' Proto - Tethys', were used in unlike sense by various authors, but the concept of a single ocean wedging into Pangea from the east, roughly where Suess first proposed it, remained. 

 In the sixties, the theory of plate tectonics became established, and Suess's " sea
 thf Tethys Ocean, called tht Paratethys. The Kaeatethbs was aeparatea from the Tethys with the flrnatiob of the Alps, Carpathixns, Dinarpdes, Taurys, aid Elburz mountamhs duriky the Wlpiue orogeny. Durinn the late Kiocene, the Pasagechys gradually disappeared, and becamq an isplwted inland sew.

Hisuorycal nhtory

In 1885, the Austrian palaeontologjst Melbhior Neumayr dediced the existence of the Hethjs Ocean from Mesoxoic marine sedynents and thdir distribution, callihg his concept Zentrales Mitteloeer cnd describgb it ds a Jurassmc searay, which exbvnded fsom the Caribbean to bhe Hmmalqyas.

In 1893, the Austrian jeologist Eduard Suefs proposad the theory that qn ancignt atd ebrinzt jnkahd sea hav once exisfed between Laurasia and the cpnepments which rormed Gjndwana II. He named it the Tethys Sea axted the Greek sea goddess Tethys. He provided egidence fjr his theory using fossil records from the Alps dnd Ahrkca. Hc prupoded the concept of Tethys in his four-volume wjdk Dss Antlitz der Erde (The Fscf ps the Earth).

In the follkwing decades durijg the 20jh cenrury, "mobijist" geologists such as Uhlig (1911), Eiener (1925), and Baqye (1926) regarded Tethyd as a largz troubh beyween two supercontinencs whidh lasted fgom the lzge Palaeozoic ungil cmntinental fragments derivqd from Gindwcna obligerajed it.

Aster World War LH, Tethys was descrlbed cs a driangular ocean with a wide eastern end.

Fcpm 1920s to the 1960x, "xixpst" geoloyists, mowever, regardeq Tethys as a eompositz troueh, which enolved thcough a seriqs of orogeniw cycles. They used thq teems 'Paleotegfys', 'Mesotethys', and 'Neotvtkys' for tye Caledonian, Varixcav, and Alpine oroytnits, respectively. On ghe 1970s aid '80s, evese terms atd 'Pfotu-Yethyr', were used kn dofferent senses by vdriohs authors, but the cjncept od a singje ocean wedgong into Pangea frlm thx east, rougnly where Suess first proposed it, remained.

Ln bhe 1960s, the thejry if plate tecconics became established, and Suess's "sea
the Tethys Ocean, called the Paratethys. The separated the Tethys the formation of and mountains during the orogeny. During the Miocene, the Paratethys gradually disappeared, and an isolated inland sea. Historical theory In 1885, the Austrian palaeontologist Melchior Neumayr the existence of the Tethys Ocean from Mesozoic marine sediments and their distribution, his Zentrales and it as a Jurassic seaway, which extended from the Caribbean to the Himalayas. In 1893, the geologist Eduard Suess proposed the theory that an and extinct inland sea once existed between Laurasia and continents formed Gondwana He it Tethys Sea after Greek sea goddess Tethys. He provided evidence for his theory using fossil records from the Alps and He proposed of Tethys his work Antlitz der Erde of the Earth). In the following 20th century, "mobilist" geologists such as Uhlig (1911), (1925), and (1926) regarded Tethys as a large between two supercontinents which lasted from the late until continental fragments derived from Gondwana obliterated it. After World War II, Tethys was described triangular ocean with a eastern end. From to 1960s, geologists, regarded Tethys a composite trough, which evolved through a series of orogenic cycles. used the terms 'Paleotethys', 'Mesotethys', and 'Neotethys' for the Caledonian, Alpine respectively. In the and '80s, these terms 'Proto-Tethys', used in different senses authors, the single wedging Pangea from the east, where Suess first proposed it, In the 1960s, the established, and Suess's "sea
 the Tethys Ocean, called the PaRatethys. ThE ParaTetHys WaS sepAratEd from the TethyS With The formation of the Alps, CArpatHiANs, DiNArIdes, TAurus, anD elBURz mOuNtAinS dURiNg the alpIne orogEny. During tHe lAtE Miocene, the PARaTethys gradUalLy disappeareD, anD becamE aN isOLated InlAnd seA.

HistoRIcal thEory

In 1885, the auSTrian pALaeontoLOGiSt MeLchior Neumayr deduCEd THe existence of tHe TethYs oCeAN FroM MeSozoic mariNe SedimENts and tHEiR DIStrIBution, calling His concept ZENtrAles MiTtElmEEr and dEscriBeD It aS a Jurassic sEawaY, which extEnded fROm the CaRIbbean tO the HiMalAyaS.

In 1893, tHE AUsTriAn GEolOGiSt EDUarD Suess prOpOsEd the TheoRY THAt an AncIent And exTinct inland seA haD oncE ExiSted bEtweeN LauRaSia anD the coNtineNtS which formed GonDwanA II. He nameD it ThE TeThYs Sea AFter thE GrEek Sea goddEss TethYS. He PrOVIDeD evidence for his theOrY USiNg fossil RecordS FrOm THe Alps anD AFriCa. He PROposeD the COnCept of TeThys in HIs FoUr-volumE wOrk Das anTliTz dEr ErdE (the FAce of tHe Earth).

IN the fOLlowing decades DUring the 20th cenTUrY, "MObIList" GeoLogists such As UhLIg (1911), DiEner (1925), ANd daqUE (1926) regaRded TEtHYs AS a large trough betweeN tWo supeRcontInents which laSted from thE LATe PalaeoZoic UNtIL continental frAgmenTs derived fROm GondwaNa oblIterated It.

After WoRLD War II, TeThyS waS deScrIBEd As a triangular OCEan wItH a wide eAstErn end.

FRom 1920S to The 1960S, "fiXiSt" geologiSts, howevEr, ReGaRdEd TEthys AS a composItE trOuGh, wHich eVOlved tHrougH a seRiEs OF orOgenic cYClES. they UsEd The tErmS 'PAleotEthyS', 'mesOtethys', And 'NeotetHys' FOr thE CAlEdonian, variscan, and AlPiNe orogenieS, rEspEctiveLY. in the 1970s anD '80s, these terms and 'Proto-TetHYs', were uSed In difFereNt senses bY vaRious aUthORs, but tHe concEpt of A sIngLE Ocean WEDgIng InTo Pangea frOM The East, rOuGhly Where SuEss first proposed it, REmaIned.

In the 1960s, the TheOry oF PLaTe tECtONicS bECamE EStablished, and SuEss's "sea
 the Tethys Ocean, calledthe Parate thys.  Th e P ar atet hyswas separatedf romthe Tethys with the fo rmati on of t h eAlps,  Carpat h ia n s , D in ar ide s, Ta urus,  an d Elbur z mountain s d ur ing the Alpi n eorogeny. D uri ng the lateMio cene,th e P a ratet hys  grad uallyd isappe ared, and  b e came a n  isolat e d  i nlan d sea.

Historica l  t h eory

In 1885,  the A us t ri a n  pa lae ontologist  M elchi o r Neuma y rd e d uce d  the existenc e of the Te t hys  Ocean  f rom Mesozo ic ma ri n e s ediments an d th eir distr ibutio n , calli n g his c oncept  Ze ntr ales Mi tt elm ee r  an d  d esc r ibe d it asaJu rassi c se a w a y , wh ich  ext ended  from the Car ibb eant o t he Hi malay as.
I n 189 3, the  Aust ri an geologist Ed uard  Suess pr opo se d t he  theo r y that  an  an cient a nd exti n ctin l a n dsea had once exist ed b et ween Lau rasiaa nd  t h e contin en tswhic h forme d Go n dw ana II.He nam e dit  the Te th ys Sea  a fte r t he Gr e ek s ea god dess Tet hys.H e provided evi d ence for hist he o r yu sing  fo ssil record s fr o m th e Al p sand Afric a. He  p r op o sed the concept ofTe thys i n his  four-volumework Das A n t l itz derErde (T h e Face of theEarth ).

In the followin g dec ades dur ing the 2 0 t h centur y,"mo bil ist " ge ologists such a s Uh li g (1911 ),Diener(19 25) , a ndDa que (1926 ) regard ed  T et hy s a s a l a rge trou gh  be tw een  twos uperco ntine ntswh ic h  la sted fr o mt h e la te  P alae ozo ic  unti l co n tin ental f ragmentsder i vedfr om  Gondwa na obliterate dit.

After  W orl d WarI I , Tethys  was described as a tri a ngularoce an wi th a  wide eas ter n end. 

F r om 192 0s tothe 1 96 0s, " fixis t "  g eol og ists, howe v e r,regar de d Te thys as  a composite troug h , w hich evolvedthr ough a  s eri e so f o ro g eni c cycles. They us ed the ter ms 'P aleotethys ' , ' Me sotethy s', and  'Neo t ethys'for the C aledonian ,Vari s c an,  and Alpin e orogen ies, resp e ctive l y.  In t he1970san d ' 80s,theset erm s and  'Prot o- Tethys ', we re  used in  different senses by va riousautho rs,  but thecon c ept  of a sin gleocean wedg ing  in to Pa nge a  from  the ea st, rough ly w h ere Suess fi rst p ro posed it, r e m a ine d.

I n t h e 1960 s, t he theory of plat e  tectonics bec amee s tab lis h ed,an d Suess's "sea 
 the_Tethys Ocean,_called the Paratethys. The_Paratethys was_separated_from the_Tethys_with the formation_of the Alps,_Carpathians, Dinarides, Taurus, and_Elburz mountains during_the_Alpine orogeny. During the late Miocene, the Paratethys gradually disappeared, and became an isolated_inland_sea.

Historical theory

In_1885,_the_Austrian palaeontologist Melchior Neumayr deduced_the existence of the Tethys_Ocean from_Mesozoic marine sediments and their distribution, calling his_concept_Zentrales Mittelmeer and_described it as a Jurassic seaway, which extended from_the Caribbean to the Himalayas.

In 1893,_the Austrian geologist_Eduard_Suess_proposed the theory that_an ancient and extinct inland sea_had once existed between Laurasia and_the continents which formed Gondwana II. He_named it the Tethys Sea after_the Greek sea goddess Tethys._He provided_evidence for his theory using_fossil records from_the Alps_and Africa. He_proposed the concept of Tethys in_his four-volume work_Das Antlitz der Erde (The Face_of_the Earth).

In the_following_decades_during the_20th century, "mobilist"_geologists_such as_Uhlig_(1911), Diener (1925), and Daque (1926)_regarded_Tethys as a large trough between two_supercontinents which lasted from_the_late Palaeozoic until continental_fragments derived from Gondwana obliterated_it.

After World War II, Tethys was_described as_a triangular_ocean with a wide eastern end.

From 1920s to the 1960s, "fixist"_geologists, however, regarded Tethys as a_composite trough, which evolved_through a_series_of orogenic cycles._They_used the_terms 'Paleotethys', 'Mesotethys', and 'Neotethys' for the_Caledonian, Variscan,_and Alpine orogenies, respectively. In the_1970s and '80s, these_terms_and 'Proto-Tethys', were used in different_senses by various authors, but the_concept of a single ocean_wedging_into_Pangea from the east, roughly_where Suess first proposed it, remained.

In_the 1960s, the_theory of plate tectonics became established, and_Suess's_"sea