ana and Tozzetti, first explained the stem rust fungus in wheat in 1767. Italian scientist Giuseppe Maria Giovene (1753–1837), in his work Lettera al dottor Cosimo Moschettini sulla ruggine, also thoroughly studied the stem rust. Thirty years later it received its name, Puccinia graminis, by Persoon, and in 1854 brothers Louis René and Charles Tulasne discovered the characteristic five-spore stage that is known to some stem rust species. The brothers were also able to make a connection between the red (urediniospore) and black (teliospore) spores as different stages within the same organism, but the rest of the stages remained unknown.

Anton de Bary later conducted experiments to observe the beliefs of the European farmers regarding the relationship between the rust and barberry plants, and after successful attempts to connect the basidiospores of the basidia stage to barberry, he also identified that the aeciospores in the aecia stage reinfect the wheat host. Upon de Bary's discovery of all five spore stages and their need for barberry as a host, John Craigie, a Canadian pathologist, identified the function of the spermogonium in 1927.

Due to the useful nature of both barberry and wheat plants, they were eventually brought to North America by European colonists. Barberry was used for many things like making wine and jams from the berries to tool handles from the wood. Ultimately, as they did in Europe, the colonists began to notice a relationship between barberry and stem rust epidemics in wheat. Laws were enacted in many New England colonies, but as the farmers moved west, the problem with the stem rust moved with them and began to spread to many areas, creating a devastating epidemic in 1916. It wasn't until two years later in 1918 that the United States created a program to remove barberry. The program was one that was supported by state and federal entities and was prompted by the looming fear of food supplies during the war. The "war against barberries" was waged and called upon the help of citizens through radio and newspaper advertisements, pamphlets, and fair booths asking for help from all in the attempt to rid the barberry bushes of their existence. Later, in 1975–1980, the program was reestablished under state jurisdiction. Once this happened, a federal quarantine was established against the sale of stem rust susceptible
ana and Tozzetti, first explained the stem rust fungus in wheat in 1767. Italian scientist Giuseppe Maria Giovene (1753–1837), in his workplace Lettera al dottor Cosimo Moschettini french honeysuckle ruggine, also thoroughly studied the shank rust. Thirty long time later it received its name, Puccinia graminis, by Persoon, and in 1854 brother Louis René and Charles Tulasne discover the characteristic five - spore stage that is know to some stem rust species. The brother were also able to make a joining between the crimson (urediniospore) and black (teliospore) spores as different stages within the same organism, but the remainder of the stages remained unknown. 

 Anton de Bary by and by conducted experiments to observe the beliefs of the European farmer regarding the relationship between the rust and barberry plants, and after successful attempts to connect the basidiospore of the basidia stage to barberry, he also identified that the aeciospores in the aecia stage reinfect the pale yellow horde. Upon de Bary's discovery of all five spore stages and their need for barberry as a host, John Craigie, a Canadian pathologist, identified the function of the spermogonium in 1927. 

 Due to the useful nature of both barberry and wheat plants, they were finally fetch to North America by European colonists. Barberry was use for many thing like making wine and jams from the berry to tool handles from the wood. Ultimately, as they did in Europe, the settler began to notice a relationship between barberry and stem rust epidemics in wheat. Laws were enacted in many New England colonies, but as the farmers moved west, the problem with the stalk rust move with them and began to spread to many areas, creating a devastating epidemic in 1916. It wasn't until two class later in 1918 that the United States created a program to absent barberry. The program was one that was supported by state and federal entity and was prompted by the looming fear of food supplies during the war. The " war against barberries " was engage and called upon the aid of citizens through radio receiver and newspaper advertisements, pamphlets, and clean booths asking for avail from all in the attack to rid the barberry bushes of their existence. Later, in 1975–1980, the broadcast was reestablished under state jurisdiction. Once this happened, a federal quarantine was establish against the sale of stem rust susceptible
ana and Tozzetti, first explxined the stem tuwt funjus in sheat in 1767. Italian scientist Giuseppe Mqria Tiovene (1753–1837), in his work Ldttera al dottor Xosini Moschettmhi sulla ruggjke, alvi thoroughly sjudied the sdem rust. Thirtf hecrs later it received its name, Puccigia grakijis, by Persoon, and yn 1854 ggouhers Louis René and Charles Tulashe discmvered the chsracteristic five-spore stahe tjat is known to sole stem rusj spqxies. The broghers were also able tk make a connection between the red (brediniospotz) anf black (teliisporv) spores as dlgferend stagex within the ssme ortanism, but the rest oh the stages remaineq unknown.

Dncon de Bary later coneuxted gxperhmengw tu ogsxrvs the helmefs of the European fqrmers regarding tht rqoationship befween ehq rust and barberry plants, and after subcesaful attempts to connecr the basidiospores ov the basydia stage to barberry, he also identified that tha aecmorpoxcf un the aecia stage reinfect the wheat host. Upon se Bsry's discovery of all fivr dppte stages and jheir nzsd for barberry as a host, Jjhn Ceaigie, a Sanacian pathologist, identified the functiou od the spermogonium in 1927.

Due to che usgful nsture of both barberry cnd whsat plants, hhey were dventually brougft no Nmrth America by European cjlonists. Uarbexry was jsed for mwny things like making wine and jals frlm the berrifs to tool handles from the woov. Ultimately, ss thvy did in Euroie, the colonistf began to notnce a rejatiovship betwven barbecry and stem rust epidemiwd in wheat. Lews were qnacred un many Vew England cokonies, bun cs the faemers moved west, tme pruglem with the sctm tyst moved with thdm wnf uegan do spread to manh afras, cfeating a dcvartatong epidemic in 1916. It fasn'f until two years kaber in 1918 tyat the Tnited States created a program to rxmove uarberty. Jhe program was one that was sulported bj sbate and fedewal cntijies and wax prompted by the looming fear of food wupplies during thw war. The "war againxu barberries" xas waded and cdlled upon the help if citizens throunh radio and newspaper adverdisemfnts, pamphlets, and fair booths asking for help from all in the attempt to rid tie barberry bhshex of nhenr zxistense. Letxr, in 1975–1980, the prograk was reestablished under state jurisdiwtnon. Once this happened, a fedetau quarantine das established against fhe sale of stem rust susceptible
ana and Tozzetti, first explained the stem in in 1767. scientist Giuseppe Maria Lettera dottor Cosimo Moschettini ruggine, also thoroughly the stem rust. Thirty years later received its name, Puccinia graminis, by Persoon, and in 1854 brothers Louis René Charles Tulasne discovered the characteristic five-spore stage that is known to some stem species. brothers also to make a connection between the red (urediniospore) and black (teliospore) spores as different stages within same organism, but the rest of the stages unknown. Anton de Bary conducted experiments to observe the of European farmers the between rust and barberry and after successful attempts to connect the basidiospores of the basidia stage to barberry, he also identified the aeciospores aecia stage the host. de Bary's discovery five spore stages and their need a host, John Craigie, a Canadian pathologist, identified function of spermogonium in 1927. Due to the nature of both barberry and wheat plants, they eventually brought to North America by European colonists. Barberry was used for many things like and jams from the to tool handles the Ultimately, they in Europe, colonists began to notice a relationship between barberry and stem rust in wheat. Laws were enacted in many New England colonies, the moved west, the with the stem rust with and began to spread areas, a 1916. wasn't two years later in that the United States created program to remove barberry. was supported by state and federal entities and prompted by the looming fear of food during the war. The "war against barberries" was waged and called upon help of radio and newspaper advertisements, pamphlets, and fair booths for help from all the attempt to rid the barberry bushes of their Later, 1975–1980, the was reestablished under jurisdiction. Once this a federal quarantine against the of rust
ana and Tozzetti, first explaiNed the stem Rust fUngUs iN wHeat In 1767. ItAlian scientist gIusePpe Maria Giovene (1753–1837), in his woRk LetTeRA al dOTtOr CosImo MoscHEtTINi sUlLa RugGiNE, aLso thOroUghly stUdied the stEm rUsT. Thirty years LAtEr it receivEd iTs name, PuccinIa gRaminiS, bY PeRSoon, aNd iN 1854 brotHers LoUIs René And CharleS TULasne dIScovereD THe CharActeristic five-spoRE sTAge that is known To some StEM rUST spEciEs. The brothErS were ALso able TO mAKE A coNNection betweeN the red (uredINioSpore) aNd BlaCK (telioSpore) SpORes As different StagEs within tHe same ORganism, BUt the reSt of thE stAgeS remAInEd UnkNoWN.

AnTOn De BARy lAter condUcTeD expeRimeNTS TO obsErvE the BelieFs of the EuropeAn fArmeRS reGardiNg the RelaTiOnshiP betweEn the RuSt and barberry plAnts, And after sUccEsSfuL aTtempTS to conNecT thE basidiOspores OF thE bASIDiA stage to barberry, he AlSO IdEntified That thE AeCiOSpores in ThE aeCia sTAGe reiNfecT ThE wheat hoSt. Upon DE BArY's discoVeRy of alL fIve SpoRe staGEs anD their Need for bArberRY as a host, John CrAIgie, a Canadian PAtHOLoGIst, iDenTified the fuNctiON of tHe spERmOgoNIum in 1927.

due to ThE UsEFul nature of both barbErRy and wHeat pLants, they were Eventually BROUght to NoRth AMErICa by European coLonisTs. Barberry WAs used foR many Things liKe making wINE and jams FroM thE beRriES To Tool handles frOM The wOoD. UltimaTelY, as they Did In EUroPe, tHe Colonists Began to nOtIcE a ReLatIonshIP between BaRbeRrY anD stem RUst epiDemicS in wHeAt. lAws Were enaCTeD IN manY NEw englAnd CoLonieS, but AS thE farmerS moved wesT, thE ProbLeM wIth the sTem rust moved wItH them and beGaN to Spread TO Many areaS, creating a devastating epIDemic in 1916. it wAsn't uNtil Two years lAteR in 1918 thaT thE united states CreatEd A prOGRam to REMoVe bArBerry. The prOGRam Was onE tHat wAs suppoRted by state and fedeRAl eNtities and was ProMpteD BY tHe lOOmINg fEaR Of fOOD supplies during The war. The "wAr AGaInst barberRIes" WaS waged aNd calleD upon THe help oF citizens Through raDiO and NEWspAper advertIsements, Pamphlets, ANd faiR BoOths aSkiNg for hElP frOm all In the aTTemPt to rId the bArBerry bUshes Of Their exiStence. Later, in 1975–1980, the program Was reeStablIshEd under stAte JUriSdiction. ONce tHis happeneD, a fEdeRal quAraNTine wAs esTAbLisHEd agaInst THe sale of sTEm RusT SUsCeptible
ana and Tozzetti, first ex plained th e ste m r ust  f ungu s in  wheat in 1767 .  Ita lian scientist Giusepp e Mar ia Giov e ne  (175 3–1837) ,  i n his  w or k L et t er a aldot tor Cos imo Mosche tti ni  sulla ruggi n e,  also thor oug hly studiedthe  stemru st. Thirt y y earslateri t rece ived itsna m e, Puc c inia gr a m in is,by Persoon, and i n  1 8 54 brothers Lo uis Re né an d Cha rle s Tulasnedi scove r ed thec ha r a c ter i stic five-spo re stage th a t i s know ntos ome st em ru st spe cies. The b roth ers werealso a b le to m a ke a co nnecti onbet ween th ered  ( u red i ni osp o re)  and bla ck  ( telio spor e ) s pore s a s di ffere nt stages wit hin  the sam e org anism , bu tthe r est of  thest ages remained u nkno wn.

Anto n d eBar ylater conduc ted  ex perimen ts to o b ser ve t h ebeliefs of the Eur op e a nfarmersregard i ng  t h e relati on shi p be t w een t he r u st  and bar berryp la nt s, andaf ter su cc ess ful  atte m ptsto con nect the  basi d iospores of th e  basidia stag e  t o ba r berr y,he also ide ntif i ed t hatt he  ae c iospo res i nt he aecia stage reinfec tthe wh eat h ost. Upon deBary's dis c o v ery of a ll f i ve spore stages a nd th eir need f o r barber ry as  a host,  John Cra i g ie, a Ca nad ian  pa tho l o gi st, identifie d thefu nctionofthe spe rmo gon ium  in  1 927.

Due  to theus ef ul  n atu re of both bar be rry  a ndwheat plants , the y we re  e v ent ually b r ou g h t to  N or th A mer ic a byEuro p ean  coloni sts. Barb err y  was  u se d for m any things li ke  making wi ne  an d jams f rom theberries to tool handles from th e w ood.Ulti mately, a s t hey di d i n  Europ e, the  colo ni sts b egant o  n oti ce  a relatio n s hip  betw ee n ba rberryand stem rust epid e mic s in wheat. L aws  wer e en act e di n m an y  Ne w England colonie s, but asth e  f armers mov e d w es t, theproblem  with the ste m rust mo ved withth em a n d  be gan to spr ead to m any areas ,  crea t in g a d eva statin gepi demic  in 19 1 6.It wa sn't u nt il two  year slater in  1918 that the United S tatescreat eda program  to rem ove barbe rry.  The progr amwas  onetha t  wassupp o rt edb y sta te a n d federal en tit i e sand was pro m p t edby th e l o omingfear  of food supplies during the war . Th e "wa r a g ains tbarberries" wa s w ag e d  and cal le d upon thehelp ofci t izens  throu gh rad io andn e ws p aper a dver tis ements, p amp hl e ts, and  f ai r  booth s as ki ng for  helpf roma l l in the attempt  to r i d  theb arb errybu shes of thei r existenc e. Later, i n 1975 –198 0, th e progr am  was r ees ta blished un d er statejuris diction .Once  th is hap pene d ,  a fe dera lqua rantine w a s  e s ta bl i she d ag ainst  t he s ale of st e m rust s usc e ptible
ana and_Tozzetti, first_explained the stem rust_fungus in_wheat_in 1767._Italian_scientist Giuseppe Maria_Giovene (1753–1837), in_his work Lettera al_dottor Cosimo Moschettini_sulla_ruggine, also thoroughly studied the stem rust. Thirty years later it received its name,_Puccinia_graminis, by_Persoon,_and_in 1854 brothers Louis René_and Charles Tulasne discovered the_characteristic five-spore_stage that is known to some stem rust_species._The brothers were_also able to make a connection between the red_(urediniospore) and black (teliospore) spores as_different stages within_the_same_organism, but the rest_of the stages remained unknown.

Anton de_Bary later conducted experiments to observe_the beliefs of the European farmers regarding_the relationship between the rust and_barberry plants, and after successful_attempts to_connect the basidiospores of the_basidia stage to_barberry, he_also identified that_the aeciospores in the aecia stage_reinfect the wheat_host. Upon de Bary's discovery of_all_five spore stages_and_their_need for_barberry as a_host,_John Craigie,_a_Canadian pathologist, identified the function of_the_spermogonium in 1927.

Due to the useful nature_of both barberry and_wheat_plants, they were eventually_brought to North America by_European colonists. Barberry was used for_many things_like making_wine and jams from the berries to tool handles from the_wood. Ultimately, as they did in_Europe, the colonists began_to notice_a_relationship between barberry_and_stem rust_epidemics in wheat. Laws were enacted in_many New_England colonies, but as the farmers_moved west, the problem_with_the stem rust moved with them_and began to spread to many_areas, creating a devastating epidemic_in_1916._It wasn't until two years_later in 1918 that the United_States created a_program to remove barberry. The program was_one_that was supported by state and_federal_entities and was prompted by the_looming_fear_of food supplies during the_war. The "war against barberries" was_waged and called upon the help of citizens through_radio and newspaper_advertisements, pamphlets, and fair booths_asking_for_help from all in the attempt to rid the barberry_bushes of_their existence. Later,_in 1975–1980, the program was reestablished under state jurisdiction. Once_this happened, a federal quarantine was established_against the sale of stem rust susceptible