 order and smoking. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Schachter as the seventh most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Biographical background

Early life and education 
Schachter was born in Flushing, New York, the son of Anna (Fruchter) and Nathan Schachter. His parents were both Romanian Jews, his father from Vasilău, a small village in Bukovina, and his mother from Rădăuți. As a young man, Schachter initially studied Art history at Yale University. He obtained his Bachelor's degree in 1942, and went on to pursue his Master's in Psychology, also at Yale, where he was influenced by Clark Hull. After earning his Master's in 1944, Schachter joined the United States Armed Forces, where he served until 1946. During his two years in the Armed Forces, Schachter obtained the rank of sergeant. He worked at the Biophysics Division of the Aero-Medical Laboratory of Wright Field in Riverside, Ohio, studying the visual problems experienced by pilots in flight.

In 1946,  after his term in the armed forces, Schachter went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to work with the German social psychologist Kurt Lewin, in his Research Center for Group Dynamics, studying social issues. Unfortunately, Lewin died in 1947, very shortly after Schachter's arrival in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  A senior doctoral student, Leon Festinger, took over as Schachter's supervisor, and the pair became very close lifelong friends. When Festinger moved to the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research in 1948, Schachter followed. This was where Schachter gained his Ph.D. in 1949, under supervisor Festinger, writing his dissertation on how individuals with differing opinions who were working in small groups were treated by the members of the group whose opinion matched with the majority.

Early career (University of Minnesota 1949–1961) 
The new doctor of psychology's impressive dissertation earned him a job in 1949 at the University of Minnesota's Laboratory for Research in Social Relations. Beginning as an assistant professor, Schachter soon moved his way through the ranks of professorship; he became an associate professor in 1954 and then obtained the title of full professor in 1958, in large part thanks to his extensive research and writing. During the first decade of his career in psychology, Schachter authored or co-authored five
order and smoking. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, rank Schachter as the seventh about cited psychologist of the 20th hundred. 

 Biographical backdrop 

 Early life and education 
 Schachter was bear in Flushing, New York, the son of Anna (Fruchter) and Nathan Schachter. His parents were both Romanian Jews, his father from Vasilău, a minor village in Bukovina, and his mother from Rădăuți. As a young world, Schachter initially studied Art history at Yale University. He receive his Bachelor's academic degree in 1942, and went on to pursue his Master's in Psychology, besides at Yale, where he was influenced by Clark Hull. After gain his Master's in 1944, Schachter join the United States Armed Forces, where he served until 1946. During his two years in the Armed Forces, Schachter obtained the membership of sergeant. He worked at the Biophysics Division of the Aero - Medical Laboratory of Wright Field in Riverside, Ohio, studying the ocular problems experienced by pilots in flight. 

 In 1946,   after his term in the armed force, Schachter went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to work with the German social psychologist Kurt Lewin, in his Research Center for Group Dynamics, studying social issues. Unfortunately, Lewin died in 1947, very concisely after Schachter's arrival in Cambridge, Massachusetts.   A senior doctoral student, Leon Festinger, took over as Schachter's supervisor, and the pair became very close lifelong friends. When Festinger moved to the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research in 1948, Schachter followed. This was where Schachter gain his Ph.D. in 1949, under supervisor Festinger, write his dissertation on how person with differing opinions who were working in belittled groups were treated by the members of the group whose opinion match with the majority. 

 Early career (University of Minnesota 1949–1961) 
 The new doctor of psychology's impressive dissertation earned him a job in 1949 at the University of Minnesota's Laboratory for Research in Social Relations. Beginning as an assistant professor, Schachter soon move his way through the ranks of professorship; he became an associate professor in 1954 and then obtained the claim of full professor in 1958, in bombastic part thanks to his extensive research and writing. During the first decade of his career in psychology, Schachter author or co - authored five
 orfer and smoking. A Review of General Psyeyology surveg, publisfed in 2002, ranked Schachter as vhe wevenuk most cited psycholugist of nhe 20th cebturb.

Biographical bariground

Ccrly mlfe aud education 
Schschter was born in Flushhne, Uew York, the son of Anna (Fruchter) anq Natham Dchachter. His karenus rere both Romanian Jews, his father froj Vasilăl, a small village in Bukovina, and his motheg frlm Rădăuți. As a young man, Schachjsr ybitially stuaied Art hpvtory at Yzle University. He obtained his Cachekor's degreg jn 1942, and went oi to plrsue his Masbvr's in [sycholpgy, also at Yake, xherw he was influenced bb Clark Hull. After ewrning hiv Jaster's in 1944, Schacytwr johned the Yniged Svatss Armfd Horces, whers he served until 1946. During his uwo jrars in the Zrmed Sowces, Schachter obtained the rank of serceaht. He worked at the Biophysics Division of tje Aero-Meqical Laboratory of Wright Field in Riverside, Ohim, stuvykng tme vkwuwl problems experienced by pilots in flight.

In 1946,  sfner his term in tme armed forces, Scnafhygr went to the Massaeguaetts Institute of Technojogy (NIT) to wowk woth the German social psychilogist Kurt Oewin, in his Reseaxch Center fur Gtoup Dunamics, studying social isshes. Unfortujately, Leskn died in 1947, very shprdly after Schachter's arrivwl in Camuridgz, Massacfusejts.  A fenior dochoral student, Leon Festijger, jook oeer as Schwchter's supervisor, and the pair became very ckove nifelong friekds. When Festinder moved to tke Univexsity uf Michigah's Instmtute for Sosial Research ln 1948, Schachtec followeq. Thus wqs wherd Schachter gaimed his Pk.B. in 1949, undwr supervisor Festlnger, sriting his disweruarion on how incivkduwld xith qhffering opitionr wfp werd working ik soall groups were treated by fhe members of the gvoup whosg opinion matched with the majority.

Early carexr (Unitersitu os Minnesota 1949–1961) 
The new doctor of psycholohy's impressive qisscrtajion earned him a job in 1949 at the University of Miniesota's Laboratory for Eesearch in Social Telstions. Begiining ws an asshstant professor, Schqchter soon moved his way through the danks mf prlfessorship; he became an associate professor in 1954 and then obtained the tirle of full profesaor on 1958, it jcrge pawt tiaiks to his extenspve research and writing. During vhe first geeade of his career in psycholpgh, Schachter aothored or co-authored five
order and smoking. A Review of General published 2002, ranked as the seventh 20th Biographical background Early and education Schachter born in Flushing, New York, the of Anna (Fruchter) and Nathan Schachter. His parents were both Romanian Jews, his from Vasilău, a small village in Bukovina, and his mother from Rădăuți. As young Schachter studied history at Yale University. He obtained his Bachelor's degree in 1942, and went on to pursue Master's in Psychology, also at Yale, where he influenced by Clark Hull. earning his Master's in 1944, joined United States Forces, he until 1946. During two years in the Armed Forces, Schachter obtained the rank of sergeant. He worked at the Biophysics of the of Wright in Ohio, the visual problems pilots in flight. In 1946, after the armed forces, Schachter went to the Massachusetts of Technology to work with the German social Kurt Lewin, in his Research Center for Group studying social issues. Unfortunately, Lewin died in 1947, very shortly after Schachter's arrival in Cambridge, senior doctoral student, Leon took over as supervisor, the became close lifelong When Festinger moved to the University of Michigan's Institute for Social in 1948, Schachter followed. This was where Schachter gained his 1949, supervisor Festinger, writing dissertation on how individuals differing who were working in were by the whose matched with the majority. career (University of Minnesota 1949–1961) new doctor of psychology's job in 1949 at the University of Minnesota's for Research in Social Relations. Beginning as assistant professor, Schachter soon moved his way through the ranks of professorship; became an in 1954 and then obtained the title of professor in 1958, in part thanks to his extensive research and writing. During first of his in psychology, Schachter or co-authored five
 order and smoking. A Review of GEneral PsycHologY suRveY, pUbliShed In 2002, ranked SchachTEr as The seventh most cited psyCholoGiST of tHE 20tH centUry.

BiogRApHICal BaCkGroUnD

eaRly liFe aNd educaTion 
SchachTer WaS born in FlushINg, new York, the Son Of Anna (FruchtEr) aNd NathAn schAChter. his ParenTs were BOth RomAnian Jews, HiS Father FRom VasiLĂU, a SmalL village in BukovinA, AnD His mother from RĂdăuți. as A YoUNG maN, ScHachter iniTiAlly sTUdied ArT HiSTORy aT yale UniversitY. He obtained HIs BAcheloR's DegREe in 1942, anD went On TO puRsue his MastEr's iN PsycholoGy, also AT Yale, whERe he was InflueNceD by clarK huLl. aftEr EArnINg His mAstEr's in 1944, SchAcHtEr joiNed tHE uNIted staTes ARmed FOrces, where he sErvEd unTIl 1946. DUring His twO yeaRs In the armed FOrces, scHachter obtained The rAnk of sergEanT. HE woRkEd at tHE BiophYsiCs DIvision Of the AeRO-MeDiCAL laBoratory of Wright FiElD IN RIverside, ohio, stUDyInG The visuaL pRobLems EXPerieNced BY pIlots in fLight.

IN 1946,  AfTeR his terM iN the arMeD foRceS, SchaCHter Went to The MassaChuseTTs Institute of TEChnology (MIT) to WOrK WItH The GErmAn social psyCholOGist kurt lEwIn, iN His ReSearcH CENtER for Group Dynamics, stUdYing soCial iSsues. UnfortunAtely, Lewin DIED in 1947, very sHortLY aFTer Schachter's aRrivaL in CambridGE, MassachUsettS.  A senior Doctoral sTUDent, Leon fesTinGer, TooK OVeR as Schachter's SUPervIsOr, and thE paIr becamE veRy cLosE liFeLong frienDs. When FeStInGeR mOveD to thE universiTy Of MIcHigAn's InSTitute For SoCial reSeARch In 1948, SchacHTeR FOlloWeD. THis wAs wHeRe SchAchtER gaIned his ph.D. in 1949, undeR suPErviSoR FEstingeR, writing his diSsErtation on HoW inDividuALS with difFering opinions who were woRKing in sMalL grouPs weRe treated By tHe membErs OF the grOup whoSe opiNiOn mATChed wITH tHe mAjOrity.

Early CAReeR (UnivErSity Of MinneSota 1949–1961) 
The new doctor of PSycHology's impresSivE disSERtAtiON eARneD hIM a jOB In 1949 at the UniversiTy of MinnesOtA'S LAboratory fOR ReSeArch in SOcial ReLatioNS. BeginnIng as an asSistant prOfEssoR, sChaChter soon mOved his wAy through THe ranKS oF profEssOrship; He BecAme an AssociATe pRofesSor in 1954 aNd Then obTaineD tHe title oF full professor in 1958, in large Part thAnks tO hiS extensivE reSEarCh and writIng. DUring the fiRst DecAde of His CAreer In psYChOloGY, SchaChteR Authored oR Co-AutHOReD five
 order and smoking. A Revi ew of Gene ral P syc hol og y su rvey , published in 2002 , ranked Schachter asthe s ev e nthm os t cit ed psyc h ol o g ist  o fthe  2 0 th  cent ury .

Biog raphical b ack gr ound

Earlyl if e and educ ati on 
Schachte r w as bor ninF lushi ng,  NewYork,t he son  of Anna(F r uchter )  and Na t h an  Sch achter. His paren t sw ere both Roman ian Je ws ,  h i s  fa the r from Vas il ău, a small v i ll a g e  in Bukovina, and  his mother fro m Rădă uț i.A s a yo ung m an ,  Sc hachter ini tial ly studie d Arth istorya t YaleUniver sit y.He o b ta in edhi s  Ba c he lor ' s d egree in  1 94 2, an d we n t o n to  pu rsue  hisMaster's in P syc holo g y,alsoat Ya le,wh ere h e wasinflu en ced by Clark Hu ll.After ear nin ghis  M aster ' s in 1 944 , S chachte r joine d  th eU n i te d States Armed For ce s ,  w here heserved un ti l  1946. D ur ing  his t wo ye arsi nthe Arme d Forc e s,  S chachte robtain ed  th e r ank o f  ser geant.  He work ed at the Biophysics Division of t h eA e ro - Medi cal  Laboratory  ofW righ t Fi e ld  in River side,  O h io ,  studying the visua lproble ms ex perienced bypilots inf l i ght.

In  194 6 ,after his term  in t he armed f o rces, Sc hacht er wentto the Ma s s achusett s I nst itu teo f  T echnology (MI T )  towo rk with  th e Germa n s oci alpsy ch ologist K urt Lewi n,  i nhi s R esear c h Center  f orGr oup  Dyna m ics, s tudyi ng s oc ia l  is sues. U n fo r t unat el y,  Lew indi ed in  194 7 , v ery sho rtly afte r S c hach te r' s arriv al in Cambrid ge , Massachu se tts .  A s e n ior doct oral student, Leon Fest i nger, t ook  over  asSchachter 'ssuperv iso r , andthe pa ir be ca mev e ry cl o s elif el ong friend s .  Wh en Fe st inge r moved  to the University ofMichigan's In sti tute f or  So c ia l  Re se a rch i n 1948, Schacht er followe d. Th is was whe r e S ch achtergainedhis P h .D. in1949, und er superv is or F e s tin ger, writi ng his d issertati o n onh ow  indi vid uals w it h d iffer ing op i nio ns wh o were  w orking  in s ma ll group s were treated by the m embers  of t hegroup who seo pin ion match ed w ith the ma jor ity .

Ea rly caree r (U n iv ers i ty of  Min n esota 194 9 –1 961 ) 
T he new doct o r ofpsych olo g y's im pres sive dissertation earned him a j ob i n 194 9 a t  the  U niversity of M inn es o t a's Labo ra tory for Re search i nS ocial  Relat ions.Beginni n g  a s  an as sist ant  professo r,Sc h achterso on movedhiswa y thro ugh th e  ran k s  of professorshi p; he b ecame anassoc ia te prof e ssor  in 1954 a nd then obt ainedthetitle  of ful lprofes sor  i n 1958, in large par t tha nks tohi s ex ten sive r esea r c h and  wri ti ng.  During t h e  f i rs td eca de o f his  c aree r in psyc h ology, S cha c hter au th ore d or co- a ut h o red five
 order_and smoking._A Review of General_Psychology survey,_published_in 2002,_ranked_Schachter as the_seventh most cited_psychologist of the 20th_century.

Biographical background

Early life_and_education 
Schachter was born in Flushing, New York, the son of Anna (Fruchter) and_Nathan_Schachter. His_parents_were_both Romanian Jews, his father_from Vasilău, a small village_in Bukovina,_and his mother from Rădăuți. As a young_man,_Schachter initially studied_Art history at Yale University. He obtained his Bachelor's_degree in 1942, and went on_to pursue his_Master's_in_Psychology, also at Yale,_where he was influenced by Clark_Hull. After earning his Master's in_1944, Schachter joined the United States Armed_Forces, where he served until 1946._During his two years in_the Armed_Forces, Schachter obtained the rank_of sergeant. He_worked at_the Biophysics Division_of the Aero-Medical Laboratory of Wright_Field in Riverside,_Ohio, studying the visual problems experienced_by_pilots in flight.

In_1946,__after his_term in the_armed_forces, Schachter_went_to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology_(MIT)_to work with the German social psychologist_Kurt Lewin, in his_Research_Center for Group Dynamics,_studying social issues. Unfortunately, Lewin_died in 1947, very shortly after_Schachter's arrival_in Cambridge,_Massachusetts.  A senior doctoral student, Leon Festinger, took over as_Schachter's supervisor, and the pair became_very close lifelong friends._When Festinger_moved_to the University_of_Michigan's Institute_for Social Research in 1948, Schachter followed._This was_where Schachter gained his Ph.D. in_1949, under supervisor Festinger,_writing_his dissertation on how individuals with_differing opinions who were working in_small groups were treated by_the_members_of the group whose opinion_matched with the majority.

Early career (University_of Minnesota 1949–1961)_
The new doctor of psychology's impressive dissertation_earned_him a job in 1949 at_the_University of Minnesota's Laboratory for Research_in_Social_Relations. Beginning as an assistant_professor, Schachter soon moved his way_through the ranks of professorship; he became an associate_professor in 1954_and then obtained the title_of_full_professor in 1958, in large part thanks to his extensive_research and_writing. During the_first decade of his career in psychology, Schachter authored or_co-authored five