 public sphere help scale up the engaged inquiry process beyond small group dynamics. Touraine and others thus propose a'sociology of intervention' involving the creation of artificial spaces for movement activists and non-activists to debate issues of public concern. Citizen science is another recent move to expand the scope of PAR, to include broader 'communities of interest' and citizens committed to enhancing knowledge in particular fields. In this approach to collaborative inquiry, research is actively assisted by volunteers who form an active public or network of contributing individuals. Efforts to promote public participation in the works of science owe a lot to the revolution in information and communications technology (ICT). Web 2.0 applications support virtual community interactivity and the development of user-driven content and social media, without restricted access or controlled implementation. They extend principles of open-source governance to democratic institutions, allowing citizens to actively engage in wiki-based processes of virtual journalism, public debate and policy development. Although few and far between, experiments in open politics can thus make use of ICT and the mechanics of e-democracy to facilitate communications on a large scale, towards achieving decisions that best serve the public interest.

In the same spirit, discursive or deliberative democracy calls for public discussion, transparency and pluralism in political decision-making, lawmaking and institutional life. Fact-finding and the outputs of science are made accessible to participants and may be subject to extensive media coverage, scientific peer review, deliberative opinion polling and adversarial presentations of competing arguments and predictive claims. The methodology of Citizens' jury is interesting in this regard. It involves people selected at random from a local or national population who are provided opportunities to question 'witnesses' and collectively form a 'judgment' on the issue at hand.

ICTs, open politics and deliberative democracy usher in new strategies to engage governments, scientists, civil society organizations and interested citizens in policy-related discussions of science and technology. These trends represent an invitation to explore novel ways of doing PAR on a broader scale.

Ethics
Calls for norms of ethical conduct to guide the relationship between researchers and participants are many. Norms in research ethics involving humans include respect for the autonomy of individuals and groups to deliberate about a decision and act on it. This principle is usually expressed through the free, informed and ongoing consent of those participating in research (or those representing them in the case of persons lacking the capacity to decide). Another mainstream principle is the welfare of participants who should not be exposed to any unfavourable balance
public sphere help scale up the engaged inquiry procedure beyond humble group dynamics. Touraine and others thus propose a'sociology of treatment' involving the creation of artificial space for movement activists and non - militant to consider issues of public business. Citizen science is another recent move to expand the oscilloscope of PAR, to include broader' communities of interest' and citizens perpetrate to enhancing knowledge in particular field. In this approach to collaborative inquiry, research is actively help by volunteers who form an active public or network of contributing person. Efforts to promote public participation in the works of science owe a lot to the revolution in information and communications technology (ICT). Web 2.0 applications support virtual community interactivity and the development of user - driven message and social media, without restricted access or master execution. They unfold principles of open - informant administration to democratic institutions, allowing citizen to actively engage in wiki - based processes of virtual journalism, public debate and policy development. Although few and far between, experiments in open politics can thus make use of ICT and the mechanics of e - majority rule to facilitate communication on a large scale, towards achieving decisions that best service the public interest. 

 In the same spirit, dianoetic or deliberative democracy calls for public discussion, transparency and pluralism in political decision - qualification, lawmaking and institutional liveliness. Fact - finding and the outputs of skill are made accessible to participants and may be subject to extensive medium coverage, scientific peer review, deliberative public opinion polling and adversarial presentations of competing argument and predictive claims. The methodology of Citizens' jury is interesting in this respect. It involves multitude selected at random from a local or national population who are provided opportunities to question' witness' and collectively form a' sagacity' on the issue at hand. 

 ICTs, receptive politics and deliberative democracy usher in new strategies to hire governments, scientists, civil society organizations and interested citizens in policy - related discussion of skill and engineering. These trends represent an invitation to research novel ways of doing PAR on a wide scale. 

 Ethics 
 Calls for norms of ethical conduct to guide the relationship between researchers and participants are many. average in research ethics involving homo include respect for the autonomy of person and groups to deliberate about a decision and act on it. This principle is usually express through the free, informed and ongoing consent of those participating in inquiry (or those represent them in the case of persons lacking the capacity to decide). Another mainstream principle is the welfare of player who should not be exposed to any unfavourable balance
 puhlic sphere help scale uk the engaged inqoiey proress begond smaul group dynamics. Touraine aid orhers thus propose a'socioloey of intvrvention' invioving the rdeation of arflficicl spaces for moyement actieists and non-awtkvnsts to debate issues of public concqrn. Citozfn science is wnotnqr rsbekt move to expand the scope of PZR, to iiclude broader 'vommunities of interest' anf cihizens committed tl enhancing knoroedge in pargicular fitlbs. In this zpproach to collaborative inquify, rexearch is qcrivfny assisted by vjlunteers who form at activr public or nebwork of contributing individnals. Efforts to promjte publiw 'articipation in the qoeks ox schencd owd a lpt to thf rxvolution ih informatiin and communicatioms nrchnology (ICF). Web 2.0 a[plications support virtual community ittedactivity and the develipment of user-driven fontent agd social media, without restricted access or contsollev kmpoeidbtwtion. They extend principles of open-source godsrmakce to democratig institutions, allpwlnb citizens to xctively sngage in wiki-basef procefses if virtuaj joirnalism, public debate and policy develjpment. Although few and far becween, gxperikents in open politics ean thhs make use of ICT aha the mechanics uf v-demmcracy to facilitate commugications on c large rcalg, towarqs achievijg deghsions that best sfrve jhe putlic interfst.

In the same spirit, discursivx or deliberajiva dvmocracy ealls nor public disctssion, transpatency and plurxlism in pklitican decision-mwking, lawmakith and institntional lyfe. Dact-dinding xnd the outputx of scieuee are maee accessible to pertizjpants and may yt sovject to extenxivd mqdpa roverwce, scientifiw pedr frview, deliberatiye upinoon polling and advessarjal presentations pf competibg argumqnts and predoctive claims. The lethovology of Cotieens' jury is interesting in thia regard. Lt lnvolves peopje sclecjed at randpm from a local or national population xho are provided opporjunities to question 'ciunesses' and cplleceively fosm a 'judgment' on the issue at hand.

ICTx, open politics and dsliberdtive democracy usher in new strategies to engage governments, scientists, civil socievy organizatikns snd ittzrexted cytizxnr in policy-relatvd discussions of science and terhnology. Tvefe trends represent an invitstkon to explorg novel ways of doing PAR kn a brosder scale.

Ethics
Calls for norms of ethical conduct to gmide the eelatjonshii bxtween researchers amd parcicipabts are mann. Norms in resdarvh ethics ijvoltiny humans include respect for the qutonony of individuals end groups tl deligerate about a decisioh ans act un it. This pronciple is ususlly expressed throuch the free, infoejed and ongoong convent of thosx participathng in research (or those representing them in the czse of pedsons lagking the capaciti vo decide). Another mainstveam [rincipld is the welxare of participants who should not be exposed to xny unfabourable balatce
public sphere help scale up the engaged beyond group dynamics. and others thus the of artificial spaces movement activists and to debate issues of public concern. science is another recent move to expand the scope of PAR, to include 'communities of interest' and citizens committed to enhancing knowledge in particular fields. In approach collaborative research actively assisted by volunteers who form an active public or network of contributing individuals. Efforts to public participation in the works of science owe lot to the revolution information and communications technology (ICT). 2.0 support virtual interactivity the of user-driven content social media, without restricted access or controlled implementation. They extend principles of open-source governance to democratic institutions, citizens to in wiki-based of journalism, debate and policy few and far between, experiments in thus make use of ICT and the mechanics e-democracy to communications on a large scale, towards decisions that best serve the public interest. In same spirit, discursive or deliberative democracy calls for public discussion, transparency and pluralism in political and institutional life. Fact-finding the outputs of are accessible participants may be to extensive media coverage, scientific peer review, deliberative opinion polling and presentations of competing arguments and predictive claims. The methodology of is in this regard. involves people selected at from local or national population provided to collectively a on the issue at ICTs, open politics and deliberative usher in new strategies society organizations and interested citizens in policy-related discussions science and technology. These trends represent an to explore novel ways of doing PAR on a broader scale. Ethics for norms conduct to guide the relationship between researchers and are many. Norms in ethics involving humans include respect for the autonomy of and to deliberate a decision and on it. This is usually expressed free, informed ongoing of research (or those representing them in case persons lacking the capacity to Another is the welfare of participants who should not be exposed to any unfavourable balance
 public sphere help scale up thE engaged inQuiry ProCesS bEyonD smaLl group dynamicS. tourAine and others thus propoSe a'soCiOLogy OF iNtervEntion' iNVoLVIng ThE cReaTiON oF artiFicIal spacEs for movemEnt AcTivists and noN-AcTivists to dEbaTe issues of puBliC conceRn. citIZen scIenCe is aNother REcent mOve to expaNd THe scopE Of PAR, to INClUde bRoader 'communities OF iNTerest' and citizEns comMiTTeD TO enHanCing knowleDgE in paRTicular FIeLDS. in tHIs approach to cOllaborativE InqUiry, reSeArcH Is actiVely aSsISteD by volunteeRs whO form an acTive puBLic or neTWork of cOntribUtiNg iNdivIDuAlS. EfFoRTs tO PrOmoTE puBlic partIcIpAtion In thE WORKs of SciEnce Owe a lOt to the revoluTioN in iNForMatioN and cOmmuNiCatioNs techNologY (IcT). Web 2.0 applicatioNs suPport virtUal CoMmuNiTy intERactivIty And The deveLopment OF usEr-DRIVeN content and social mEdIA, WiThout resTricteD AcCeSS or contrOlLed ImplEMEntatIon. THEy Extend prInciplES oF oPen-sourCe GovernAnCe tO deMocraTIc inStitutIons, alloWing cITizens to activeLY engage in wiki-BAsED PrOCessEs oF virtual jouRnalISm, puBlic DEbAte ANd polIcy deVeLOpMEnt. Although few and faR bEtween, ExperIments in open pOlitics can THUS make use Of ICt AnD The mechanics of E-demoCracy to facILitate coMmuniCations oN a large scALE, towards AchIevIng DecISIoNs that best serVE The pUbLic inteResT.

In the sAme SpiRit, DisCuRsive or deLiberatiVe DeMoCrAcy Calls FOr public DiScuSsIon, TransPArency And plUralIsM iN PolItical dECiSIOn-maKiNg, LawmAkiNg And inStitUTioNal life. fact-findiNg aND the OuTpUts of scIence are made aCcEssible to pArTicIpants AND may be suBject to extensive media coVErage, scIenTific Peer Review, delIbeRative OpiNIon polLing anD adveRsAriAL PreseNTAtIonS oF competing ARGumEnts aNd PredIctive cLaims. The methodologY Of CItizens' jury is IntEresTINg In tHIs REgaRd. iT inVOLves people selecTed at randoM fROm A local or naTIonAl PopulatIon who aRe proVIded oppOrtunitieS to questiOn 'WitnESSes' And collectIvely forM a 'judgmenT' On the ISsUe at hAnd.

iCTs, opEn PolItics And delIBerAtive DemocrAcY usher In new StRategies To engage governments, scieNtists, Civil SocIety organIzaTIonS and interEsteD citizens iN poLicY-relaTed DIscusSionS Of SciENce anD tecHNology. TheSE tRenDS RePresent an inVITAtiOn to eXplORe noveL wayS of doing PAR on a broADer scale.

Ethics
callS FOr nOrmS Of etHiCal conduct to guIde ThE RElationsHiP between resEarchers AnD PartiCipantS are maNy. Norms IN ReSEarch eThicS inVolving huManS iNClude reSpEcT For the AutoNoMy of inDividuALs anD GRoups to deliberatE abouT A DecisIOn aNd act On It. This pRInciPle is usualLy expressed ThrougH the Free, iNformed AnD ongoiNg cOnSent of thosE ParticipaTing iN researCh (Or thOse RepresEntiNG Them iN the CaSe oF persons lACKiNG tHe CApaCity To decIdE). AnoTher mainsTReam prinCipLE is the wElFarE OF partiCIpANTs who shoulD noT be exPOSed to any unFAvouRAbLE balaNce
 public sphere help scaleup the eng agedinq uir yproc essbeyond small g r oupdynamics. Touraine and  othe rs thus pr opose  a'soci o lo g y  of  i nt erv en t io n' in vol ving th e creation  of  a rtificial sp a ce s for move men t activistsand  non-a ct ivi s ts to  de bateissues of pub lic conce rn .  Citiz e n scien c e  i s an other recent move to expand the sco pe ofPA R ,t o  in clu de broader  ' commu n ities o f  i n t e res t ' and citizen s committed toenhanc in g k n owledg e inpa r tic ular fields . In  this app roacht o colla b orative  inqui ry,  re sear c his  ac ti v ely as sis t edby volun te er s who  for m a n  act ive  pub lic o r network ofcon trib u tin g ind ividu als.  E ffort s to p romot epublic particip atio n in thewor ks  of  s cienc e  owe a  lo t t o the r evoluti o n i ni n f or mation and communi ca t i on s techno logy ( I CT ). Web 2.0ap pli cati o n s sup port vi rtual co mmunit y  i nt eractiv it y andth e d eve lopme n t of  user- driven c onten t  and social me d ia, without r e st r i ct e d ac ces s or contro lled impl emen t at ion .  They  exte nd pr i nciples of open-sou rc e gove rnanc e to democrat ic institu t i o ns, allo wing ci t izens to activ ely e ngage in w i ki-based  proc esses of  virtualj o urnalism , p ubl icdeb a t eand policy de v e lopm en t. Alth oug h few a ndfar  be twe en , experim ents inop en  p ol iti cs ca n  thus ma ke  us eofICT a n d themecha nics  o fe -de mocracy to f acil it at e co mmu ni catio ns o n  alarge s cale, tow ard s  ach ie vi ng deci sions that be st  serve the  p ubl ic int e r est.

In  the same spirit, discu r sive or  de liber ativ e democra cycallsfor public  discu ssion ,tra n s paren c y  a ndpl uralism in p oli tical  d ecis ion-mak ing, lawmaking and ins titutional li fe.  Fac t - fi ndi n ga ndth e  ou t p uts of scienceare made a cc e ss ible to pa r tic ip ants an d may b e sub j ect toextensive  media co ve rage , sci entific pe er revie w, delibe r ative op inion  po llingan d a dvers arialp res entat ions o fcompet ing a rg uments a nd predictive claims. T he met hodol ogy  of Citiz ens '  ju ry is int eres ting in th isreg ard.Iti nvolv es p e op les elect ed a t  random f r om  al o ca l or nation a l pop ulati onw ho are  pro vided opportuniti e s to question'wit n e sse s'a nd c ol lectively form  a'j u d gment' o nthe issue a t hand.
I C Ts, o pen po litics  and de l i be r ativedemo cra cy usherinne w  strate gi es to eng agego vernme nts, s c ient i s ts, civil societ y org a n izati o nsand i nt erested citi zens in po licy-relate d disc ussi ons o f scien ce  and t ech no logy. Thes e  trends r epres ent anin vita tio n to e xplo r e  nove l wa ys  of  doing PA R on abr o ade r sc ale.
E thic s
Calls f o r normsofe thicalco ndu c t  to gu i de t he relatio nsh ip be t w een resear c hers an d  part icipan ts are  many.N orm sin rese arc h ethics in volving h u man sincl ude resp ec t fo rthe  a utonomy of indi vidualsand grou p s  to de lib e rate aboutadecision and  acton it. Thi s pri nciplei s u sua lly  exp res sedt hrough the free, informe d an d ong o ing  cons ent o fthose pa r tici pating i n  research (or  those represen t ing them  in th ecase of p ers o ns la ckin g t he c apa city t o de c ide) .  A noth er mai nstr ea mprinciple  i s the w e lfar e  of  par ticip an ts wh o shoul d not be  expo se d to anyu nfavour able  b alance
 public_sphere help_scale up the engaged_inquiry process_beyond_small group_dynamics._Touraine and others_thus propose a'sociology_of intervention' involving the_creation of artificial_spaces_for movement activists and non-activists to debate issues of public concern. Citizen science is_another_recent move_to_expand_the scope of PAR, to_include broader 'communities of interest'_and citizens_committed to enhancing knowledge in particular fields. In_this_approach to collaborative_inquiry, research is actively assisted by volunteers who form_an active public or network of_contributing individuals. Efforts_to_promote_public participation in the_works of science owe a lot_to the revolution in information and_communications technology (ICT). Web 2.0 applications support_virtual community interactivity and the development_of user-driven content and social_media, without_restricted access or controlled implementation._They extend principles_of open-source_governance to democratic_institutions, allowing citizens to actively engage_in wiki-based processes_of virtual journalism, public debate and_policy_development. Although few_and_far_between, experiments_in open politics_can_thus make_use_of ICT and the mechanics of_e-democracy_to facilitate communications on a large scale,_towards achieving decisions that_best_serve the public interest.

In_the same spirit, discursive or_deliberative democracy calls for public discussion,_transparency and_pluralism in_political decision-making, lawmaking and institutional life. Fact-finding and the outputs of_science are made accessible to participants_and may be subject_to extensive_media_coverage, scientific peer_review,_deliberative opinion_polling and adversarial presentations of competing arguments_and predictive_claims. The methodology of Citizens' jury_is interesting in this_regard._It involves people selected at random_from a local or national population_who are provided opportunities to_question_'witnesses'_and collectively form a 'judgment'_on the issue at hand.

ICTs, open_politics and deliberative_democracy usher in new strategies to engage_governments,_scientists, civil society organizations and interested_citizens_in policy-related discussions of science and_technology._These_trends represent an invitation to_explore novel ways of doing PAR_on a broader scale.

Ethics
Calls for norms of ethical conduct_to guide the_relationship between researchers and participants_are_many._Norms in research ethics involving humans include respect for the_autonomy of_individuals and groups_to deliberate about a decision and act on it. This_principle is usually expressed through the free,_informed and ongoing consent of those participating in research (or those_representing them in the case of persons lacking_the capacity to decide). Another mainstream principle_is the welfare of_participants_who should not be exposed to any_unfavourable_balance