

Parochial schools
Catholic schools began in the United States as a reaction against a growing publicly funded school system that was essentially Protestant. In 1839  and 1840, the American Bible Society pledged that "the Bible would be read in every classroom in the nation".  In what was then a predominantly Protestant country, this was generally understood to be the King James Version of the Scriptures.

In 1875, President Grant called for a Constitutional amendment that would mandate free public schools and prohibit the use of public funds for "sectarian" schools.  Grant’s motivation was rooted in his fear of a future with "patriotism and intelligence on one side and superstition, ambition and greed on the other" which he identified with the Catholic Church. Grant called for public schools that would be "unmixed with atheistic, pagan or sectarian teaching."  

Senator James G. Blaine of Maine had proposed such an amendment to the Constitution in 1874.  The amendment was defeated in 1875 but would be used as a model for so-called "Blaine Amendments" incorporated into 34 state constitutions over the next three decades.  These amendments prohibited the use of public funds to fund parochial schools and are still in effect today although a 2002 Supreme Court ruling partially vitiated these amendments.  As of March 2009, no state school system had changed its laws to allow state funds to be used for this purpose.

Plenary Councils of Baltimore

In the latter half of the 19th century, the first attempt at standardizing discipline in the American Church occurred with the convocation of the Plenary Councils of Baltimore.

Slavery debate

Two slaveholding states, Maryland and Louisiana, had large contingents of Catholic residents.  Archbishop of Baltimore, John Carroll, had two black servants - one free and one a slave.  The Society of Jesus owned a large number of slaves who worked on the community's farms. Realizing that their properties were more profitable if rented out to tenant farmers rather that worked by slaves, the Jesuits began selling off their slaves in 1837.

In 1839, Pope Gregory XVI issued a Bull, entitled In Supremo. Its main focus was against slave trading, but it also clearly condemned racial slavery:

We, by apostolic authority, warn and strongly exhort in the Lord faithful Christians of every condition that no one in the future dare bother unjustly, despo
Parochial schools 
 Catholic schools began in the United States as a chemical reaction against a grow publicly funded school arrangement that was basically Protestant. In 1839   and 1840, the American Bible Society pledged that " the Bible would be read in every classroom in the nation ".   In what was then a predominantly Protestant state, this was generally understood to be the King James Version of the Scriptures. 

 In 1875, President Grant call for a Constitutional amendment that would mandate free public school and prohibit the use of public store for " sectarian " school.   Grant ’s motivation was rooted in his fear of a future with " patriotism and intelligence on one side and superstition, ambition and greed on the early " which he identified with the Catholic Church. Grant called for public schools that would be " uncompounded with atheistic, pagan or sectarian teaching. "  

 Senator James G. Blaine of Maine had propose such an amendment to the Constitution in 1874.   The amendment was defeated in 1875 but would be use as a model for so - called " Blaine Amendments " incorporated into 34 state constitution over the next three decades.   These amendments prohibited the use of public investment company to fund parochial schools and are still in effect today although a 2002 Supreme Court ruling partially vitiated these amendments.   As of March 2009, no state school system had changed its torah to allow state investment company to be used for this purpose. 

 Plenary Councils of Baltimore 

 In the latter half of the 19th hundred, the first attack at standardizing discipline in the American Church occurred with the convocation of the Plenary Councils of Baltimore. 

 Slavery debate 

 Two slavery states, Maryland and Louisiana, had large contingents of Catholic residents.   Archbishop of Baltimore, John Carroll, had two bootleg servants - one free and one a slave.   The Society of Jesus owned a large number of slaves who worked on the residential district's farm. recognize that their properties were more profitable if rented out to tenant farmers rather that worked by slaves, the Jesuits began sell off their slaves in 1837. 

 In 1839, Pope Gregory XVI issued a Bull, entitled In Supremo. Its main stress was against slave trading, but it also clearly condemned racial slavery: 

 We, by apostolic assurance, warn and strongly exhort in the Lord close Christians of every condition that no one in the future dare bother unjustly, despo


Parlchial schools
Catholic sghools began in jhw Unitxd Statss as a feaction against a growing pnblixly fynded school system thxt was esdentiallt Prirestant. In 1839  and 1840, bke Amsvican Uible Society pkedged thad "the Bible wogla ye read in every classroom in the naeion".  Im ahat was then w prtdoiinahnln Protestant country, this was geherally understood tp be the King James Versioj of the Scriptures.

In 1875, President Trane called for x Constituuimnal amendjent that would mandate free puclic xchools ane projhbit the usx of plblic funds for "sectasian" scnools.  Grant’s kotmvatuon was rooted in his fear of a future rith "patrhocism and intelligence ob one sida ana suoeratmtikn, ambltikn and gresd on the orher" which he identofyvc with the Cztholis Shurch. Grant called for public schools uhat sould be "unmixed with arheistic, pagan or secjarian teashing."  

Senator James G. Blaine of Maine had proposad surh an aidbdlent to the Constitution in 1874.  The amendment wwa ceneated in 1875 but wjuld be usec ws w model for su-calleb "Bmaine Amendments" ijcorporwted unto 34 staue comstitutions over the next tyree decades.  These amendments 'rohibited tke use of piblic funds to fund paruchizl schools wnd are sfkll in effect toaay anthough a 2002 Supreme Court rtling parviallv vitiatdd tnese aiendments.  As on March 2009, no state sfhool sfstem had fhanged its laws to allow state funds to be uxeg fmr this 'urposc.

Plenary Councijs of Baltimorg

In the lctter falf of thv 19th centnry, the firse attempt at vjandardizing visciplinq in the Americxv Church occurted with nht convocatuon of the Plenary Coondils of Baltimoxt.

Slqvery debate

Two slxveropdmng sedtes, Marylang ana Luiisiava, had largc cuntimgents of Catholic rasidsnts.  Archbishop og Naltimore, John Cawroll, had two black servants - oje frxe and one s sjave.  The Society of Jesus ownsd a largf nmmber of slavqs wmo wjrked on tke community's farms. Realizing that their properties were mire profitable if rgnttd out to tenent fawmers ratver that worked by soaves, the Jesuits began selling off thsir sldves ln 1837.

In 1839, Pope Gregory XVI issued a Bull, entitled In Supremo. Its main focus qas ageigst slave tdadimg, bun ic akso clqarlb rondemned racial xlavery:

We, by apostolic authoritb, warn and scrongly exhort in the Lord faotfful Christiavs of every condition thzt no onr in the future dare bother unjistly, despo
Parochial schools Catholic schools began in the as reaction against growing publicly funded Protestant. 1839 and 1840, American Bible Society that "the Bible would be read every classroom in the nation". In what was then a predominantly Protestant country, was generally understood to be the King James Version of the Scriptures. In President called a amendment that would mandate free public schools and prohibit the use of public funds for "sectarian" Grant’s motivation was rooted in his fear of future with "patriotism and on one side and superstition, and on the which identified the Catholic Church. called for public schools that would be "unmixed with atheistic, pagan or sectarian teaching." Senator James G. of Maine such an to Constitution 1874. The amendment in 1875 but would be used for so-called "Blaine Amendments" incorporated into 34 state over the three decades. These amendments prohibited the of public funds to fund parochial schools and still in effect today although a 2002 Supreme Court ruling partially vitiated these amendments. As 2009, no state school had changed its to state to used for purpose. Plenary Councils of Baltimore In the latter half of the century, the first attempt at standardizing discipline in the American with convocation of the Councils of Baltimore. Slavery Two states, Maryland and Louisiana, contingents Catholic Baltimore, Carroll, two black servants - free and one a slave. Society of Jesus owned who worked on the community's farms. Realizing that properties were more profitable if rented out tenant farmers rather that worked by slaves, the Jesuits began selling off slaves in 1839, Pope Gregory XVI issued a Bull, entitled Supremo. Its main focus against slave trading, but it also clearly condemned racial We, apostolic authority, and strongly exhort the Lord faithful of every condition one in future bother


Parochial schools
Catholic sChools begaN in thE UnIteD STateS as a Reaction againsT A groWing publicly funded schoOl sysTeM That WAs EssenTially PROtESTanT. IN 1839  aNd 1840, tHe aMeRican bibLe SocieTy pledged tHat "ThE Bible would bE ReAd in every cLasSroom in the naTioN".  In whaT wAs tHEn a prEdoMinanTly ProTEstant Country, thIs WAs geneRAlly undERStOod tO be the King James VeRSiON of the ScripturEs.

In 1875, PrEsIDeNT graNt cAlled for a COnStituTIonal amENdMENT thAT would mandate Free public sCHooLs and pRoHibIT the usE of puBlIC fuNds for "sectaRian" Schools.  GrAnt’s moTIvation WAs rooteD in his FeaR of A futURe WiTh "pAtRIotISm And INteLligence On OnE side And sUPERStitIon, AmbiTion aNd greed on the oTheR" whiCH he IdentIfied With ThE CathOlic ChUrch. GRaNt called for publIc scHools that WouLd Be "uNmIxed wITh atheIstIc, pAgan or sEctariaN TeaChING."  

seNator James G. Blaine oF MAINe Had propoSed sucH An AmENdment to ThE CoNstiTUTion iN 1874.  The AMeNdment waS defeaTEd In 1875 But woulD bE used aS a ModEl fOr so-cALled "blaine amendmenTs" incORporated into 34 stATe constitutioNS oVER tHE nexT thRee decades.  THese AMendMentS PrOhiBIted tHe use Of PUbLIc funds to fund parochIaL schooLs and Are still in effEct today alTHOUgh a 2002 SuprEme COUrT Ruling partiallY vitiAted these aMEndments.  as of MArch 2009, no stAte school SYStem had cHanGed Its LawS TO aLlow state fundS TO be uSeD for thiS puRpose.

PlEnaRy COunCilS oF BaltimorE

In the laTtEr HaLf Of tHe 19th cENtury, the FiRst AtTemPt at sTAndardIzing DiscIpLiNE in The AmerICaN cHurcH oCcUrreD wiTh The coNvocATioN of the PLenary CouNciLS of BAlTiMore.

SlaVery debate

Two SlAveholding StAteS, MarylAND and LouiSiana, had large contingentS Of CathoLic ResidEnts.  archbishoP of baltimOre, jOhn CarRoll, haD two bLaCk sERVants - ONE fRee AnD one a slave.  tHE SoCiety Of jesuS owned a Large number of slaveS Who Worked on the coMmuNity'S FArMs. REAlIZinG tHAt tHEIr properties werE more profiTaBLe If rented ouT To tEnAnt farmErs rathEr thaT Worked bY slaves, thE Jesuits bEgAn seLLIng Off their slAves in 1837.

In 1839, pope GregoRY XVI iSSuEd a BuLl, eNtitleD IN SuPremo. its maiN FocUs was AgainsT sLave trAding, BuT it also cLearly condemned racial slAvery:

WE, by apOstOlic authoRitY, WarN and stronGly eXhort in the lorD faIthfuL ChRIstiaNs of EVeRy cONditiOn thAT no one in tHE fUtuRE DaRe bother unjUSTLy, dEspo


Parochial schools
Cathol ic schools  bega n i n t he  Uni tedStates as a re a ctio n against a growing pu blicl yf unde d  s chool  system th a t  wa ses sen ti a ll y Pro tes tant. I n 1839  an d 1 84 0, the Ameri c an  Bible Soc iet y pledged th at"the B ib lew ouldbereadin eve r y clas sroom inth e  natio n ".  Inw h at  was  then a predomina n tl y  Protestant co untry,  t h is w asgen erally und er stood to be t h eK i n g J a mes Version o f the Scrip t ure s.

In  1 875 ,  Presi dentGr a ntcalled fora Co nstitutio nal am e ndmentt hat wou ld man dat e f reep ub li c s ch o ols an d p r ohi bit theus eof pu blic f u n ds f or"sec taria n" schools. Gra nt’s mot ivati on wa s ro ot ed in  his f ear o fa future with " patr iotism an d i nt ell ig enceo n onesid e a nd supe rstitio n , a mb i t i on  and greed on theot h e r"  which h e iden t if ie d  with th eCat holi c Churc h. G r an t called  for p u bl ic  school sthat w ou ldbe"unmi x ed w ith at heistic,  paga n  or sectariant eaching."  
S en a t or Jame s G . Blaine of  Mai n e ha d pr o po sed suchan am en d me n t to the Constituti on  in 18 74. The amendment  was defea t e d  in 1875  but wo u ld be used asa mod el for so- c alled "B laine  Amendme nts" inco r p orated i nto  34  st ate c on stitutions ov e r  the  n ext thr eedecades . The seame nd ments pro hibitedth eus eofpubli c  funds t ofun dpar ochia l  schoo ls an d ar est i llin effe c tt o dayal th ough  a20 02 Su prem e  Co urt rul ing parti all y  vit ia te d these  amendments. A s of March  2 009 , no s t a te schoo l system had changed it s  laws t o a llowstat e funds t o b e used  fo r  thispurpos e.

P le nar y Counc i l sofBa ltimore

I n the  latt er  hal f of th e 19th century, th e  fi rst attempt a t s tand a r di zin g  d i sci pl i nei n  the American C hurch occu rr e dwith the c o nvo ca tion of  the Pl enary Council s of Balt imore.

S la very d eba te

Two sl aveholdi ng states ,  Mary l an d and  Lo uisian a,  ha d lar ge con t ing entsof Cat ho lic re siden ts .  Archb ishop of Baltimore, Joh n Carr oll,had  two blac k s e rva nts - one  fre e and onea s lav e.  T heS ociet y of Je sus owned  a l a rge numbe r  o f s l a ve s who worke d o n t he co mmu n ity'sfarm s. Realizing that their properti es w e r e m ore prof it able if rented  ou tt o  tenantfa rmers rathe r that w or k ed by  slave s, the  Jesuit s be g an sel ling  of f their s lav es in 1837 .
I n  1839,  Pop eGregor y XVIi ssue d a Bull, entitled  In S u p remo. Its  main  f ocus wa s  aga inst slave  trading, b ut italso  clea rly con de mned r aci al  slavery:We, by ap ostol ic auth or ity,  wa rn and  str o n gly e xhor tinthe Lordf a it h fu lC hri stia ns of  e very  conditio n  that no  on e  in the  f utu r e  dareb ot h e r unjustly , d espo


Parochial schools
Catholic_schools began_in the United States_as a_reaction_against a_growing_publicly funded school_system that was_essentially Protestant. In 1839_ and 1840,_the_American Bible Society pledged that "the Bible would be read in every classroom in_the_nation". _In_what_was then a predominantly Protestant_country, this was generally understood_to be_the King James Version of the Scriptures.

In 1875,_President_Grant called for_a Constitutional amendment that would mandate free public schools_and prohibit the use of public_funds for "sectarian"_schools.__Grant’s motivation was rooted_in his fear of a future_with "patriotism and intelligence on one_side and superstition, ambition and greed on_the other" which he identified with_the Catholic Church. Grant called_for public_schools that would be "unmixed_with atheistic, pagan_or sectarian_teaching."  

Senator_James G. Blaine of Maine had_proposed such an_amendment to the Constitution in 1874.__The amendment was_defeated_in_1875 but_would be used_as_a model_for_so-called "Blaine Amendments" incorporated into 34_state_constitutions over the next three decades. _These amendments prohibited the_use_of public funds to_fund parochial schools and are_still in effect today although a_2002 Supreme_Court ruling_partially vitiated these amendments.  As of March 2009, no state_school system had changed its laws_to allow state funds_to be_used_for this purpose.

Plenary_Councils_of Baltimore

In_the latter half of the 19th century,_the first_attempt at standardizing discipline in the_American Church occurred with_the_convocation of the Plenary Councils of_Baltimore.

Slavery debate

Two slaveholding states, Maryland and_Louisiana, had large contingents of_Catholic_residents._ Archbishop of Baltimore, John_Carroll, had two black servants -_one free and_one a slave.  The Society of_Jesus_owned a large number of slaves_who_worked on the community's farms. Realizing_that_their_properties were more profitable if_rented out to tenant farmers rather_that worked by slaves, the Jesuits began selling off_their slaves in_1837.

In 1839, Pope Gregory XVI_issued_a_Bull, entitled In Supremo. Its main focus was against slave_trading, but_it also clearly_condemned racial slavery:

We, by apostolic authority, warn and strongly exhort_in the Lord faithful Christians of every_condition that no one in the future dare bother unjustly, despo