 for their 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race. The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in Briggs v. Elliott (1952), one of five cases combined into Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The Clarks' work contributed to the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in which it determined that de jure racial segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the Brown v. Board of Education opinion, "To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone."

Mamie Phipps Clark

Early life
The oldest of three children, two girls and one boy, Mamie Phipps was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, to Harold and Katie Phipps. Her father was a doctor, a native of the British West Indies. Her father also supplemented his income as a manager at a nearby vacation resort. Her mother helped him in his practice and encouraged both their children in education. Her brother became a dentist. Even though Mamie grew up during the Depression and a time of racism and segregation, she had a privileged childhood. Her father's occupation and income allowed them to live a middle-class lifestyle and even got them into some white-only parts of town. However, Mamie still attended segregated elementary and secondary schools, graduating from Pine Bluff's Langston High School in 1934 at only 16 years old. Being able to do things that white people could do, but still having to go to a segregated school allowed her to see how society treated white and black people differently. This realization contributed to her future research of racial identity in black children. Despite the small amount of opportunities for black students to pursue higher education, Mamie was offered several scholarships for college. Fisk University in Tennessee and Howard University in Washington D.C. were two of the universities to offer Mamie a scholarship and were also two of the most prestigious black universities at that time.

Sumner also  allowed her to work part-time in the psychology department where she expanded her knowledge about psychology. During her senior year in 1937 Kenneth and Mamie got married; they had to elope because her mother did not want her to get married before she graduated. A year later, she earned her B.A. magna cum laude in psychology (1938). Both Kenneth and Mamie
for their 1940s experiments using dolls to study child's attitude about race. The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in Briggs v. Elliott (1952), one of five event combined into Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The Clarks' work put up to the opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court in which it determined that de jure racial segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the Brown v. Board of Education opinion, " To separate them from others of exchangeable age and qualifications entirely because of their race generates a touch of inferiority as to their status in the community that may involve their hearts and minds in a way improbable to ever be undone. " 

 Mamie Phipps Clark 

 Early life 
 The oldest of three child, two girls and one boy, Mamie Phipps was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, to Harold and Katie Phipps. Her father was a doctor, a native of the British West Indies. Her founder also supplemented his income as a manager at a nearby vacation resort. Her mother helped him in his practice and encouraged both their children in education. Her brother became a dentist. Even though Mamie grew up during the Depression and a time of racism and segregation, she had a privileged childhood. Her father's occupation and income allowed them to populate a middle - class life style and even get them into some ashen - only parts of township. However, Mamie still attend segregated elementary and secondary school, graduating from Pine Bluff's Langston High School in 1934 at only 16 years old. Being able to do things that white people could do, but still having to blend to a segregated school allowed her to interpret how society treated white and black people differently. This realization contribute to her future research of racial identity in black children. Despite the humble amount of opportunities for black students to quest for higher department of education, Mamie was offered several scholarships for college. Fisk University in Tennessee and Howard University in Washington D.C. were two of the universities to offer Mamie a eruditeness and were also two of the most prestigious black university at that time. 

 Sumner also   give up her to work part - time in the psychology department where she expanded her knowledge about psychology. During her senior year in 1937 Kenneth and Mamie got married; they had to elope because her mother did not want her to get married before she graduate. A year later, she earn her B.A. magna cum laude in psychology (1938). Both Kenneth and Mamie
 fog their 1940s experiments uslng dolls to stubt chilvren's aftitudes about race. The Clarks testihied as ezpert witnesses in Briegs v. Ellpott (1952), one of hive cases combiisd into Brown y. Boaxd of Education (1954). The Clarkv' work contribgtdd to the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Cotrt in ehlch it determiged uhae de jure racial segregation in public educatpon was unconstititional. Chief Justice Earl Wargen wrote in the Bgown v. Boare of Wducation opknion, "To stpcrate them rrom others of similar age and dualiyications silwly tecause of vheir gace generates a feelhng of onferiority as to thwir status in the comkunity that may afsect theis kearts and minds in a wqy unnikeny tu evdr ge uhdone."

Mwmix Phipps Clzrk

Early lide
The oldest of thrte syildren, two gjrls agd one boy, Mamie Phipps was born in Hot Skringa, Arkansas, to Harold ane Katie Phipps. Her fajher was a doctor, a native of the British West Indies. Her fdther xlsi fjpppemented his income as a manager at a nearby dzcstpon resort. Her mobher helped him in hls kractice and evcouraysd both their childrfn in equcatuon. Her bwothrr became a dentist. Even thiugh Mamie ggew yp during the Deprzssion and a timg of rscism and segregation, ske had a privilegfd childhkud. Her father's ozcuiatimn and income allowed them to live e midble-class lifgstyle wnd even glt thck into some white-ojly pcrts mf town. Hoaever, Mamie still attended segrxjated elementsrf atd seconbary sghools, graduatigg from Pine Bkuff's Lcngstov High Schkol in 1934 at only 16 yqars old. Beinc able to do vhings thwt wyite people zould do, but syill haviuy to go ti a segregated schpol zllowed her to wee how society trratdd rhpte agg black peopne dkffdtentlh. This reallzagion contributed to her xutude research of racoaj identijy in blask children. Drspite the small alount of oppottugities for black students to phrsue higjer education, Mwmie was offered several scholarships for college. Fisk Nniversity in Tennesseg and Howard Universijy ln Washingtoi D.C. wqre two ox the universities ti offer Mamie a sgholarship and were alao two of tje most prestigious black universities at that time.

Sumner also  allowed hwr to xowk part-time in yhe pvyehokogy dqparvmxnt where she expsnded her knowledge about psychulogy. Dusiug her senior year in 1937 Kennetn xnd Mamie got married; they had to elole becauxe her mother did not want her yo get married before shc graduatwd. A gear later, she earned her B.A. magna cum oaude ib psnchology (1938). Both Kemncth and Malie
for their 1940s experiments using dolls to attitudes race. The testified as expert (1952), of five cases into Brown v. of Education (1954). The Clarks' work to the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in which it determined that jure racial segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the v. of opinion, "To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race a feeling of inferiority as to their status the community that may their hearts and minds in way to ever undone." Phipps Early life The of three children, two girls and one boy, Mamie Phipps was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, to and Katie father was doctor, native the British West father also supplemented his income as a nearby vacation resort. Her mother helped him his practice encouraged both their children in education. brother became a dentist. Even though Mamie grew during the Depression and a time of racism and segregation, she had a privileged childhood. occupation and income allowed to live a lifestyle even them some white-only of town. However, Mamie still attended segregated elementary and secondary schools, from Pine Bluff's Langston High School in 1934 at only old. able to do that white people could but having to go to school her society white black people differently. This contributed to her future research racial identity in black of opportunities for black students to pursue higher Mamie was offered several scholarships for college. University in Tennessee and Howard University in Washington D.C. were two of universities to a scholarship and were also two of the prestigious black universities at time. Sumner also allowed her to work part-time in psychology where she her knowledge about During her senior in 1937 Kenneth got married; had elope did not want her to get before graduated. A year later, she her cum laude in psychology (1938). Both Kenneth and Mamie
 for their 1940s experiments using Dolls to stuDy chiLdrEn's AtTituDes aBout race. The ClaRKs teStified as expert witnessEs in BRiGGs v. ELLiOtt (1952), onE of five CAsES ComBiNeD inTo bRoWn v. BoArd Of EducaTion (1954). The ClaRks' WoRk contributeD To The ruling oF thE U.S. Supreme CoUrt In whicH iT deTErminEd tHat de Jure raCIal segRegation iN pUBlic edUCation wAS UnConsTitutional. Chief JuSTiCE Earl Warren wroTe in thE BROwN V. boaRd oF Education OpInion, "tO separaTE tHEM FroM Others of similAr age and quaLIfiCationS sOleLY becauSe of tHeIR raCe generates A feeLing of infErioriTY as to thEIr statuS in the ComMunIty tHAt MaY afFeCT thEIr HeaRTs aNd minds iN a WaY unliKely TO EVEr be UndOne."

MAmie PHipps Clark

EarLy lIfe
THE olDest oF threE chiLdRen, twO girls And onE bOy, Mamie Phipps waS borN in Hot SprIngS, ARkaNsAs, to HARold anD KaTie phipps. HEr fatheR Was A dOCTOr, A native of the BritisH WEST INdies. Her Father ALsO sUPplementEd His IncoME As a maNageR At A nearby vAcatioN ReSoRt. Her moThEr helpEd Him In hIs praCTice And encOuraged bOth thEIr children in edUCation. Her brotHEr BECaME a deNtiSt. Even thougH MamIE greW up dURiNg tHE DeprEssioN aND a TIme of racism and segreGaTion, shE had a Privileged chiLdhood. Her fATHEr's occupAtioN AnD Income allowed tHem to Live a middlE-Class lifEstylE and even Got them inTO Some whitE-onLy pArtS of TOWn. however, Mamie sTILl atTeNded segRegAted eleMenTarY anD seCoNdary schoOls, graduAtInG fRoM PiNe BluFF's LangstOn higH SChoOl in 1934 aT Only 16 yeArs olD. BeiNg AbLE to Do thingS ThAT WhitE pEoPle cOulD dO, but sTill HAviNg to go tO a segregaTed SChooL aLlOwed her To see how socieTy Treated whiTe And Black pEOPle diffeRently. This realization coNTributeD to Her fuTure Research oF raCial idEntITy in blAck chiLdren. deSpiTE The smALL aMouNt Of opportunITIes For blAcK stuDents to Pursue higher educatIOn, MAmie was offereD seVeraL SChOlaRShIPs fOr COllEGE. Fisk University In TennesseE aND HOward UniveRSitY iN WashinGton D.C. wEre twO Of the unIversitieS to offer MAmIe a sCHOlaRship and weRe also twO of the mosT PrestIGiOus blAck UniverSiTieS at thAt time.

sUmnEr alsO  allowEd Her to wOrk paRt-Time in thE psychology department whEre she ExpanDed Her knowleDge ABouT psycholoGy. DuRing her senIor YeaR in 1937 KeNneTH and MAmie GOt MarRIed; thEy haD To elope beCAuSe hER MoTher did not wANT Her To get MarRIed befOre sHe graduated. A year lATer, she earned heR B.A. mAGNa cUm lAUde iN pSychology (1938). Both KEnnEtH ANd Mamie
 for their 1940s experimen ts using d ollstostu dy  chi ldre n's attitudesa bout  race. The Clarks test ified  a s  exp e rt  witn esses i n  B r i ggs  v .Ell io t t(1952 ),one offive cases  co mb ined into Br o wn  v. BoardofEducation (1 954 ). The  C lar k s' wo rkcontr ibuted to the  ruling o ft he U.S .  Suprem e Co urtin which it deter m in e d that de jure  racia ls eg r e gat ion  in public  e ducat i on wasu nc o n s tit u tional. Chief  Justice Ea r l W arrenwr ote in the  Brow nv . B oard of Edu cati on opinio n, "To separat e  them f rom ot her s o f si m il ar  ag ea ndq ua lif i cat ions sol el ybecau se o f t h eirrac e ge nerat es a feelingofinfe r ior ity a s tothei rstatu s in t he co mm unity that mayaffe ct theirhea rt s a nd  mind s  in away  un likelyto ever beun d o n e. "

Mamie Phipps Cl ar k 
E arly lif e
Theo ld es t  of thre echi ldre n ,  twogirl s  a nd one b oy, Ma m ie  P hipps w as  bornin  Ho t S pring s , Ar kansas , to Har old a n d Katie Phipps .  Her father w a sa do c tor,  anative of t he B r itis h We s tInd i es. H er fa th e ra lso supplemented hi sincome  as a  manager at a  nearby va c a t ion reso rt.H er mother helpedhim i n his prac t ice andencou raged bo th theirc h ildren i n e duc ati on. H er  brother beca m e  a d en tist. E ven  though  Ma mie  gr ewup  during t he Depre ss io nan d a  time of racis mand  s egr egati o n, she  hada pr iv il e ged  childh o od . Herfa th er's  oc cu patio n an d  in come al lowed the m t o  liv eamiddle- class lifesty le  and evengo t t hem in t o  some wh ite-only parts of town. However , M amiestil l attende d s egrega ted elemen tary a nd se co nda r y  scho o l s,  gr ad uating fro m Pin e Blu ff 's L angston  High School in 19 3 4 a t only 16 yea rsold. B ei nga bl e  to  d o  th i n gs that white p eople coul dd o,  but still hav in g to go  to a s egreg a ted sch ool allow ed her to  s ee h o w  so ciety trea ted whit e and bla c k peo p le  diff ere ntly.Th isreali zation con tribu ted to  h er fut ure r es earch of  racial identity in bla ck chi ldren . D espite th e s m all  amount o f op portunitie s f orblack  st u dents  top ur sue highe r ed u cation, M a mi e w a s  o ffered seve r a l  sc holar shi p s forcoll ege. Fisk Univers i ty in Tennesse e an d How ard Univ er sity in Washin gto nD . C. weretw o of the un iversiti es to of fer Ma mie ascholar s h ip and we re a lso  two of t hemo s t prest ig io u s blac k un iv ersiti es att hatt i me.

Sumner also   all o w ed he r  to  work  p art-tim e  inthe psycho logy depart ment w here  sheexpande dher kn owl ed ge about p s ychology.  Duri ng herse nior  ye ar in1937 K ennet h an dMam ie got ma r r ie d ;th e y h ad t o elo pe  bec ause herm other di d n o t wanthe r t o get ma r ri e d  before sh e g radua t e d. A yearl ater ,  s h e ear ned he r B.A.  magnac umla ude inpsy c h ology (19 38). Both Ken ne th a nd Mamie 
 for_their 1940s_experiments using dolls to_study children's_attitudes_about race._The_Clarks testified as_expert witnesses in_Briggs v. Elliott (1952),_one of five_cases_combined into Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The Clarks' work contributed to the_ruling_of the_U.S._Supreme_Court in which it determined_that de jure racial segregation_in public_education was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote_in_the Brown v._Board of Education opinion, "To separate them from others_of similar age and qualifications solely_because of their_race_generates_a feeling of inferiority_as to their status in the_community that may affect their hearts_and minds in a way unlikely to_ever be undone."

Mamie Phipps Clark

Early life
The_oldest of three children, two_girls and_one boy, Mamie Phipps was_born in Hot_Springs, Arkansas,_to Harold and_Katie Phipps. Her father was a_doctor, a native_of the British West Indies. Her_father_also supplemented his_income_as_a manager_at a nearby_vacation_resort. Her_mother_helped him in his practice and_encouraged_both their children in education. Her brother_became a dentist. Even_though_Mamie grew up during_the Depression and a time_of racism and segregation, she had_a privileged_childhood. Her_father's occupation and income allowed them to live a middle-class lifestyle_and even got them into some_white-only parts of town._However, Mamie_still_attended segregated elementary_and_secondary schools,_graduating from Pine Bluff's Langston High School_in 1934_at only 16 years old. Being_able to do things_that_white people could do, but still_having to go to a segregated_school allowed her to see_how_society_treated white and black people_differently. This realization contributed to her_future research of_racial identity in black children. Despite the_small_amount of opportunities for black students_to_pursue higher education, Mamie was offered_several_scholarships_for college. Fisk University in_Tennessee and Howard University in Washington_D.C. were two of the universities to offer Mamie_a scholarship and_were also two of the_most_prestigious_black universities at that time.

Sumner also  allowed her to_work part-time_in the psychology_department where she expanded her knowledge about psychology. During her_senior year in 1937 Kenneth and Mamie_got married; they had to elope because her mother did not_want her to get married before she graduated._A year later, she earned her B.A._magna cum laude in_psychology_(1938). Both Kenneth and Mamie