ouletin and Roncalese)

In modern times, however, both Lower Navarrese and Lapurdian are considered part of a Navarrese–Lapurdian dialect, so there would be five dialects, divided into 11 subdialects and 24 minor varieties.

The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries. It was believed that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some relation to some pre-Roman tribal boundaries between the Caristii, Varduli and Vascones. However, main Basque dialectologists now deny any direct relation between those tribes and Basque dialects. It seems that these dialects were created in the Middle Ages from a previously quite unified Basque language, and the dialects diverged from each other since then as a result of the administrative and political division that happened in the Basque Country.

History of Basque dialectology

One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. His original dialect map, Carte des Sept Provinces Basques, was published in 1863 along with his Le Verbe Basque en Tableaux was regarded as the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a century. He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the Basque Country. By then, the Basque language was in retreat throughout the territory in which it had been commonly spoken. In Álava, Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and the Highlands, remaining only in the stronghold of Aramaio and bordering fringes of Biscay and Gipuzkoa, while in Navarre the scholar collected the last live evidence in areas extending as far south as Tafalla.
        
In 1998, Koldo Zuazo, Professor of Basque Philology at the University of the Basque Country, redefined the dialect classifications slightly. For example, he changed the name of Biscayan to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to Navarrese. He also grouped Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese, distinguished Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect, and recognised several mixed areas:
Western (Biscayan)
Central (Gipuzkoan)
(
ouletin and Roncalese) 

 In modern times, however, both Lower Navarrese and Lapurdian are considered character of a Navarrese – Lapurdian dialect, so there would be five dialect, divided into 11 subdialects and 24 minor varieties. 

 The limit of all these dialect do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries. It was believe that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some sexual intercourse to some pre - Roman tribal boundaries between the Caristii, Varduli and Vascones. However, main Basque dialectologists immediately deny any direct relative between those tribe and Basque dialects. It seems that these dialects were created in the Middle Ages from a previously quite unified Basque speech, and the dialects diverged from each other since then as a resultant role of the administrative and political division that happened in the Basque Country. 

 History of Basque dialectology 

 One of the first scientific survey of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis - Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. His original dialect function, Carte des Sept Provinces Basques, was published in 1863 along with his Le Verbe Basque en Tableaux was regarded as the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a century. He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visit to the Basque Country. By then, the Basque terminology was in retreat throughout the territory in which it had been commonly spoken. In Álava, Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and the Highlands, remaining merely in the stronghold of Aramaio and bordering fringes of Biscay and Gipuzkoa, while in Navarre the learner gather the final live evidence in areas extending as far south as Tafalla. 
        
 In 1998, Koldo Zuazo, Professor of Basque Philology at the University of the Basque Country, redefined the dialect classifications slightly. For case, he changed the name of Biscayan to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to Navarrese. He also grouped Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese, distinguished Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect, and recognised respective mixed areas: 
 Western (Biscayan) 
 Central (Gipuzkoan) 
 (
oulftin and Roncalese)

In modtrn times, however, both Lmwer Nzvarrese and Lapurdian are considerev paet of a Navarrese–Lapurdian aialect, sl there qoulv be five dialecva, dividcb intk 11 suydmalects and 24 mikor varietias.

The boundarias oy all these dialects do not coincide directky with current kolitpcwl od administrative boundaries. It was believtd that the dialecy boundaries between Bizkalan, Hipuzkoan and Uppeg Navarrese shorwd some relagion to some pre-Roman jribal boundaries between the Cafistin, Varduli abd Vadwones. Howevxr, maig Basque dialectologhsts noe deny any dircct rxlatuon between those triues and Basque dialests. It seama that these dialwcrs wete craatea in tht Mmddme Aged fcom a previkusly quite unified Basque lanbuwte, and the dizlects dyverged from each other since then as a reault of the administratuve and political divlsion thae happened in the Basque Country.

History of Basque dialxcgolign

One if the first scientific studies of Basque dialesfs, rvgarding the auxijiary verb gogmx, was made by Uouis-Lbdisn Bonaparte, a nepjew of Gapolwon Bonapwrte. His original dialect map, Cqrte des Sepn Privinces Basques, wad published in 1863 alonb with his Le Verbe Basdue sn Tableaux was regadaed as the authofitsthve guidt in Basque dialeceology foc a czntury. Hd coklecteq his data in flaldwork between 1856 ajd 1869 iu fiva visits tl the Basque Country. By then, thx Basque langoaga wds in recreat bhroughout the eerritory in wkich it kad bedn commonlj spoken. Mn Álava, Basqte had all bud vanished frmm the Pjainw ane the Hkehlands, remainong only pn the stronghold of Arakaiu and bordering yxibges of Biscay snd Gi[udkoe, whija in Navarre the scfplar zollecttb tme uast live evidence in araas sxtending as far spubh as Tafqlla.
        
In 1998, Koldo Zuazo, Professor ov Basxue Philplody at the University of the Baaque Counhry, redefined tre dlalest classifncations slightly. For example, he changed the name of Biscatan to Western, Gipuekosn to Centrel, Uppqr Navarrase to Navarrese. He qlso grouped Lapuvdian with Lower Navardese, dhstinhuished Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect, and recognised severao mixev wreas:
Westerh (Bixcayat)
Czntxal (Giptzkoen)
(
ouletin and Roncalese) In modern times, however, Navarrese Lapurdian are part of a be dialects, divided into subdialects and 24 varieties. The boundaries of all these do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries. It was believed the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some relation to pre-Roman boundaries the Varduli and Vascones. However, main Basque dialectologists now deny any direct relation between those tribes and dialects. It seems that these dialects were created the Middle Ages from previously quite unified Basque language, the diverged from other then a result of administrative and political division that happened in the Basque Country. History of Basque dialectology One of the scientific studies dialects, regarding auxiliary forms, made by Louis-Lucien nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. His original des Sept Provinces Basques, was published in 1863 with his Verbe Basque en Tableaux was regarded the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the By then, the Basque was in retreat the in it been commonly In Álava, Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and Highlands, remaining only in the stronghold of Aramaio and bordering Biscay Gipuzkoa, while in the scholar collected the live in areas extending as as In Professor Basque at the University of Basque Country, redefined the dialect slightly. For example, he to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to He also grouped Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese, Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect, and recognised several mixed areas: Western Central (Gipuzkoan)
ouletin and Roncalese)

In modeRn times, howEver, bOth lowEr navaRresE and Lapurdian aRE conSidered part of a NavarresE–LapuRdIAn diALeCt, so tHere wouLD bE FIve DiAlEctS, dIViDed inTo 11 sUbdialeCts and 24 minoR vaRiEties.

The bounDArIes of all thEse Dialects do noT coIncide DiRecTLy witH cuRrent PolitiCAl or adMinistratIvE BoundaRIes. It waS BElIeveD that the dialect boUNdARies between BizKaian, GIpUZkOAN anD UpPer NavarreSe ShoweD Some relATiON TO soME pre-Roman tribAl boundarieS BetWeen thE CAriSTii, VarDuli aNd vAscOnes. However, Main basque diaLectolOGists noW Deny any Direct RelAtiOn beTWeEn ThoSe TRibES aNd BASquE dialectS. IT sEems tHat tHESE DialEctS werE creaTed in the MiddlE AgEs frOM a pRevioUsly qUite UnIfied basque LanguAgE, and the dialects DiveRged from eAch OtHer SiNce thEN as a reSulT of The admiNistratIVe aNd POLItIcal division that haPpENEd In the BasQue CouNTrY.

HIStory of BAsQue DialECTologY

One OF tHe first sCientiFIc StUdies of baSque diAlEctS, reGardiNG the AuxiliAry verb fOrms, wAS made by Louis-LuCIen Bonaparte, a NEpHEW oF napoLeoN Bonaparte. HIs orIGinaL diaLEcT maP, carte Des SePt pRoVInces Basques, was publIsHed in 1863 aLong wIth his Le Verbe basque en TaBLEAux was reGardED aS The authoritatiVe guiDe in Basque DIalectolOgy foR a centurY. He collecTED his data In fIelDwoRk bETWeEn 1856 and 1869 in five viSITs to ThE Basque couNtry. By tHen, The basQue LaNguage was In retreaT tHrOuGhOut The teRRitory in WhIch It Had Been cOMmonly SpokeN. In ÁLaVa, bAsqUe had alL BuT VAnisHeD fRom tHe PLaIns anD the hIghLands, reMaining onLy iN The sTrOnGhold of aramaio and borDeRing fringeS oF BiScay anD gIpuzkoa, wHile in Navarre the scholar COllecteD thE last Live Evidence iN arEas extEndINg as faR south As TafAlLa.
        
IN 1998, kOldo ZUAZo, proFeSsor of BasqUE phiLologY aT the universIty of the Basque CounTRy, rEdefined the diAleCt clASSiFicATiONs sLiGHtlY. fOr example, he chanGed the name Of bIsCayan to WesTErn, giPuzkoan To CentrAl, UppER NavarrEse to NavaRrese. He alSo GrouPED LaPurdian witH Lower NaVarrese, diSTinguIShEd EasTerN NavarReSe aS an inDependENt dIalecT, and reCoGnised SeverAl Mixed areAs:
Western (Biscayan)
CentraL (GipuzKoan)
(
ouletin and Roncalese)

In  modern ti mes,how eve r,  bot h Lo wer Navarresea nd L apurdian are considere d par to f aN av arres e–Lapur d ia n dia le ct , s ot he re wo uld  be fiv e dialects , d iv ided into 11 su bdialectsand  24 minor va rie ties.
T heb ounda rie s ofall th e se dia lects dono t  coinc i de dire c t ly  wit h current politic a lo r administrati ve bou nd a ri e s . I t w as believe dthatt he dial e ct b o und a ries betweenBizkaian, G i puz koan a nd  Up p er Nav arres es how ed some rel atio n to some  pre-R o man tri b al boun daries  be twe en t h eCa ris ti i , V a rd uli and  Vascone s.  H oweve r, m a i n Basq uedial ectol ogists now de nyanyd ire ct re latio n be tw een t hose t ribes  a nd Basque diale cts.  It seems  th at  th es e dia l ects w ere  cr eated i n the M i ddl eA g e sfrom a previouslyqu i t eunifiedBasque la ng u age, and  t hedial e c ts di verg e dfrom eac h othe r  s in ce then  a s a re su ltofthe a d mini strati ve and p oliti c al division th a t happened in th e Ba s queCou ntry.

Hist oryo f Ba sque di ale c tolog y

On eo ft he first scientific  s tudies  of B asque dialect s, regardi n g the auxi liar y  v e rb forms, wasmadeby Louis-L u cien Bon apart e, a nep hew of Na p o leon Bon apa rte . H iso r ig inal dialectm a p, C ar te desSep t Provi nce s B asq ues ,was publi shed in18 63  a lo ngwithh is Le Ve rb e B as que  en T a bleaux  wasrega rd ed asthe aut h or i t ativ egu ideinBa squedial e cto logy fo r a centu ry. He c ol le cted hi s data in fie ld work betwe en  18 56 and 1 869 in f ive visits to the Basqu e  Countr y.By th en,the Basqu e l anguag e w a s in r etreat  thro ug hou t the t e r ri tor yin which i t had  been  c ommo nly spo ken. In Álava, Bas q uehad all but v ani shed f ro m t h eP lai ns and t he Highlands, r emaining o nl y  i n the stro n gho ld  of Ara maio an d bor d ering f ringes of  Biscay a nd  Gip u z koa , while in  Navarre  the scho l ar co l le ctedthe  lastli veevide nce in are as ex tendin gas far  sout has Tafal la.
        
In 1998, K oldo Z uazo,  Pr ofessor o f B a squ e Philolo gy a t the Univ ers ity  of t heB asque  Cou n tr y,r edefi nedt he dialec t  c las s i fi cations sli g h t ly.  Forexa m ple, h e ch anged the name of Biscayan to We ster n ,  Gi puz k oanto  Central, Uppe r N av a r rese toNa varrese. He  also gr ou p ed La purdia n with  LowerN a va r rese,dist ing uished Ea ste rn Navarre se  a s  an in depe nd ent di alect, andr e cognised several  mixe d areas : 
We stern  ( Biscaya n )
Ce ntral (Gip uzkoan)
(
ouletin and_Roncalese)

In modern_times, however, both Lower_Navarrese and_Lapurdian_are considered_part_of a Navarrese–Lapurdian_dialect, so there_would be five dialects,_divided into 11_subdialects_and 24 minor varieties.

The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with_current_political or_administrative_boundaries._It was believed that the_dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan_and Upper_Navarrese showed some relation to some pre-Roman tribal_boundaries_between the Caristii,_Varduli and Vascones. However, main Basque dialectologists now deny_any direct relation between those tribes_and Basque dialects._It_seems_that these dialects were_created in the Middle Ages from_a previously quite unified Basque language,_and the dialects diverged from each other_since then as a result of_the administrative and political division_that happened_in the Basque Country.

History of_Basque dialectology

One of_the first_scientific studies of_Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb_forms, was made_by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of_Napoleon_Bonaparte. His original_dialect_map,_Carte des_Sept Provinces Basques,_was_published in_1863_along with his Le Verbe Basque_en_Tableaux was regarded as the authoritative guide_in Basque dialectology for_a_century. He collected his_data in fieldwork between 1856_and 1869 in five visits to_the Basque_Country. By_then, the Basque language was in retreat throughout the territory in_which it had been commonly spoken._In Álava, Basque had_all but_vanished_from the Plains_and_the Highlands,_remaining only in the stronghold of Aramaio_and bordering_fringes of Biscay and Gipuzkoa, while_in Navarre the scholar_collected_the last live evidence in areas_extending as far south as Tafalla.
_    ___
In 1998, Koldo Zuazo, Professor_of Basque Philology at the University_of the Basque_Country, redefined the dialect classifications slightly. For_example,_he changed the name of Biscayan_to_Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese_to_Navarrese._He also grouped Lapurdian with_Lower Navarrese, distinguished Eastern Navarrese as_an independent dialect, and recognised several mixed areas:
Western (Biscayan)
Central_(Gipuzkoan)
(