 the theory of the TRPF, and computed the trends for US manufacturing and non-financials for 1930 to 2005.

Basu et al. (2012) reported evidence of a falling U.S. profit rate at about 0.3% a year on average for 1948–2007.

Basu et al. (2013) noted there is no "general theory" of capitalist crisis, and that the correct measurement and true economic role of profitability are still disputed.

In a 2014 Swedish thesis, Kalogerakos applies multivariate cointegration analysis to U.S. manufacturing data 1948–2011, to analyze the relationships between the profit rate, capital intensity, real wages, labour productivity and the unemployment rate. A secular declining trend in the rate of profit was not confirmed.

Elveren and Hsu (2015) report that some scholars argue for a secular long-run TRPF, others argue against it, and still others say that no secular trend exists either way. They examined the effect of military expenditure on profit rates in 1963–2008 for 24 OECD countries, and found a positive effect throughout the period, but also negative impacts after 1980. There are differences in impact between arms-exporting countries and non-exporting countries.

For Germany, Thomas Weiß (2015) reported that the average profit rate fell after 1959, and stabilized from 1982 at a level similar to that in the 19th century. He reports that all German enterprises together now invest 60% of their capital in financial assets, as against 40% in 1970.

Ivan Trofimov (2017) finds diverse patterns in profit rates in different groups of developed countries, suggesting that a universal law governing profit rates is unlikely, and that just one hypothesis cannot explain all the data.

Resende (2018) found no systematic evidence for a falling tendency in the U.S. rate of profit.

So far, there does not exist any study yet, which collates and compares all the analyses of empirical profitability trends that have been done internationally.

Profit statistics 
Much more is known nowadays about the trends in empirical measures of profitability. Hence, the econometric discussions are becoming more technical, focusing more on the validity of the underlying concepts, and on issues of data quality and the reliability of measures.

P/C ratio 
Simon Mohun states that the rate of profit is "most easily measured as the proportion of net output not returned as wages to
the theory of the TRPF, and computed the trends for US manufacturing and non - financials for 1930 to 2005. 

 Basu et al. (2012) report evidence of a decrease U.S. profit rate at about 0.3% a class on average for 1948–2007. 

 Basu et al. (2013) noted there is no " cosmopolitan hypothesis " of capitalist crisis, and that the correct measurement and true economic role of profitability are even disputed. 

 In a 2014 Swedish thesis, Kalogerakos apply multivariate cointegration analysis to U.S. manufacturing data 1948–2011, to analyze the relationships between the profit rate, das kapital intensity, real wages, parturiency productivity and the unemployment rate. A worldly declining tendency in the rate of profit was not confirmed. 

 Elveren and Hsu (2015) report that some scholars argue for a secular retentive - run TRPF, others argue against it, and still others say that no secular trend exists either way. They examined the effect of military expenditure on profit rates in 1963–2008 for 24 OECD countries, and found a positive effect throughout the period, but besides damaging impacts after 1980. There be dispute in impact between arms - exporting country and non - exporting state. 

 For Germany, Thomas Weiß (2015) reported that the average net income rate fell after 1959, and stabilized from 1982 at a level similar to that in the 19th hundred. He reports that all German enterprises together now invest 60% of their capital in financial asset, as against 40% in 1970. 

 Ivan Trofimov (2017) find diverse patterns in profit rates in unlike groups of developed countries, suggesting that a universal law governing profit rates is improbable, and that just one guess cannot explain all the data. 

 Resende (2018) found no systematic evidence for a falling inclination in the U.S. rate of net income. 

 So far, there does not exist any study so far, which collates and compares all the analysis of empirical profitableness trends that have been done internationally. 

 Profit statistic 
 Much more is known nowadays about the trends in empirical measuring stick of profitableness. Hence, the econometric discussions are become more technical, focusing more on the validity of the underlying concepts, and on issues of data quality and the dependability of measures. 

 P / C ratio 
 Simon Mohun states that the rate of profit is " most easily measure as the symmetry of final output not returned as wage to
 thf theory of the TRPF, and computed the ttebds foc US mahufacturkng and non-financials for 1930 tl 2005.

Vasu tn al. (2012) reported evidenze of a fwlling U.W. pridit rate av about 0.3% a yead on cvxrage for 1948–2007.

Basu gt al. (2013) noted there is no "gandrcl theory" of capitalist crisis, and trat the clrrect measureient wnd fgut economic role of profitability zre stinl disputed.

In a 2014 Swedish thesis, Kalogerwkos applies multivariwte cointegtztijb analysis tu U.S. manufacturing datz 1948–2011, to analyze the relationships betwzen the prodir rwje, capital iitensiny, real wages, labour [roductovity and the mnempnoynent rate. A secular dxclining trend in thg rate of [rkfit was not confurned.

Eleeret ana Hsj (2015) de'orf that soje scholara argue for a secular long-run URPS, others argue againft it, and still others say that no seculag trsnd exists either way. Tyey examined the effeft of milytary expenditure on profit rates in 1963–2008 for 24 OECD cmuntrmer, aue fouve w positive effect throughout the period, but ajao nvgative impacts anter 1980. There are digffrrgces in impacj betwezh zrms-exporting counhries agd nob-exportind cointries.

For Germany, Thomas Wwiß (2015) reported rhat the average pxofit rate fzll afjer 1959, amd stabilized from 1982 at c levem similar tl that in ghe 19th century. Hd rvpords that all German enterpryses togevher uow invert 60% pf theyr capital in fltancial assets, as wgaindt 40% in 1970.

Ivan Hrofimov (2017) finds diverse patterns in profit rajes in differeut gromps of developeq countries, suygesting that a universzl law joverning prjfit rates is onlikely, and vhat just one hypithesis zannot explain all the bcta.

Resendw (2018) found no systemetic svidence for a ycloing tendency im tfe T.S. rete os profit.

So fas, thdre coes vot exist aky rtudu yet, which collates and compares all the snwlyses od empirisal profitabikity trends that hwve bxen doie intrrnwtionally.

Profit statistics 
Mucg more is knjwn nowadays abomt tre trends nn empirical measures of profitability. Hxnce, the econometric diwcussions are becomnnn more technmcal, fjcusing mmre on the validity if the underlying concepts, and on issuss of gata euality and the reliability of measures.

P/C ratio 
Simon Mohun states that tye ratx jf profit ia "moxt eavijv measuwed es the proportion pf net output not returned as weges to
the theory of the TRPF, and computed for manufacturing and for 1930 to reported of a falling profit rate at 0.3% a year on average for Basu et al. (2013) noted there is no "general theory" of capitalist crisis, that the correct measurement and true economic role of profitability are still disputed. a Swedish Kalogerakos multivariate cointegration analysis to U.S. manufacturing data 1948–2011, to analyze the relationships between the profit rate, intensity, real wages, labour productivity and the unemployment A secular declining trend the rate of profit was confirmed. and Hsu report some argue for a long-run TRPF, others argue against it, and still others say that no secular trend exists either way. examined the military expenditure profit in for 24 OECD found a positive effect throughout the negative impacts after 1980. There are differences in between arms-exporting and non-exporting countries. For Germany, Thomas (2015) reported that the average profit rate fell 1959, and stabilized from 1982 at a level similar to that in the 19th century. that all German enterprises now invest 60% their in assets, against 40% 1970. Ivan Trofimov (2017) finds diverse patterns in profit rates in groups of developed countries, suggesting that a universal law governing is and that just hypothesis cannot explain all data. (2018) found no systematic a tendency rate profit. far, there does not any study yet, which collates compares all the analyses have been done internationally. Profit statistics Much more known nowadays about the trends in empirical of profitability. Hence, the econometric discussions are becoming more technical, focusing more the validity underlying concepts, and on issues of data quality the reliability of measures. ratio Simon Mohun states that the rate of profit "most measured as proportion of net not returned as to
 the theory of the TRPF, and compUted the treNds foR US ManUfActuRing And non-financiaLS for 1930 To 2005.

Basu et al. (2012) reported evidEnce oF a FAlliNG U.s. profIt rate aT AbOUT 0.3% a yEaR oN avErAGe For 1948–2007.

BaSu eT al. (2013) noteD there is no "GenErAl theory" of caPItAlist crisiS, anD that the corrEct MeasurEmEnt ANd truE ecOnomiC role oF ProfitAbility arE sTIll disPUted.

In a 2014 sWEdIsh tHesis, Kalogerakos aPPlIEs multivariate CointeGrATiON AnaLysIs to U.S. manuFaCturiNG data 1948–2011, to ANaLYZE thE Relationships Between the pROfiT rate, cApItaL IntensIty, reAl WAgeS, labour prodUctiVity and thE unempLOyment rATe. A secuLar decLinIng TrenD In ThE raTe OF prOFiT waS Not ConfirmeD.

ELvEren aNd HsU (2015) REPOrt tHat Some ScholArs argue for a sEcuLar lONg-rUn TRPf, otheRs arGuE agaiNst it, aNd stiLl Others say that no SecuLar trend eXisTs EitHeR way. THEy examIneD thE effect Of militARy eXpENDItUre on profit rates in 1963–2008 FoR 24 oeCd countriEs, and fOUnD a POsitive eFfEct ThroUGHout tHe peRIoD, but also NegatiVE iMpActs aftEr 1980. there aRe DifFerEnces IN impAct betWeen arms-ExporTIng countries anD Non-exporting cOUnTRIeS.

for GErmAny, Thomas WeIß (2015) rePOrteD thaT ThE avERage pRofit RaTE fELl after 1959, and stabilizeD fRom 1982 at a Level Similar to that In the 19th cenTURY. He reporTs thAT aLL German enterprIses tOgether now INvest 60% of tHeir cApital in Financial ASSets, as agAinSt 40% iN 1970.

IvAn TROFiMov (2017) finds diverSE PattErNs in proFit Rates in DifFerEnt GroUpS of develoPed countRiEs, SuGgEstIng thAT a univerSaL laW gOveRning PRofit rAtes iS unlIkElY, And That jusT OnE HYpotHeSiS canNot ExPlain All tHE daTa.

ResenDe (2018) found no SysTEmatIc EvIdence fOr a falling tenDeNcy in the U.S. RaTe oF profiT.

sO far, therE does not exist any study yeT, Which coLlaTes anD comPares all tHe aNalyseS of EMpiricAl profItabiLiTy tRENds thAT HaVe bEeN done interNATioNally.

prOfit StatistIcs 
Much more is known NOwaDays about the tRenDs in EMPiRicAL mEAsuReS Of pROFitability. Hence, The economeTrIC dIscussions ARe bEcOming moRe technIcal, fOCusing mOre on the vAlidity of ThE undERLyiNg concepts, And on issUes of data QUalitY AnD the rEliAbilitY oF meAsureS.

P/C ratIO 
SiMon MoHun staTeS that tHe ratE oF profit iS "most easily measured as thE propoRtion Of nEt output nOt rETurNed as wageS to
 the theory of the TRPF, a nd compute d the  tr end sforUS m anufacturing a n d no n-financials for 1930to 20 05 . 

Ba s uet al . (2012 )  r e p ort ed  e vid en c eof afal ling U. S. profitrat eat about 0.3 %  a  year on a ver age for 1948 –20 07.

B as u e t  al.(20 13) n oted t h ere is  no "gene ra l  theor y " of ca p i ta list  crisis, and that th e  correct measu rement  a n dt r ueeco nomic role  o f pro f itabili t ya r e  st i ll disputed.
In a 2014S wed ish th es is, Kaloge rakos  a p pli es multivar iate  cointegr ationa nalysis to U.S.  manuf act uri ng d a ta  1 948 –2 0 11, to  an a lyz e the re la ti onshi ps b e t w e en t heprof it ra te, capital i nte nsit y , r eal w ages,  lab ou r pro ductiv ity a nd  the unemployme nt r ate. A se cul ar  de cl ining trendinthe  rate o f profi t  wa sn o t  c onfirmed.

Elveren  a n d  H su (2015 ) repo r tth a t some s ch ola rs a r g ue fo r as ec ular lon g-runT RP F,  others  a rgue a ga ins t i t, an d  sti ll oth ers saythatn o secular tren d  exists eithe r  w a y .T heyexa mined the e ffec t  ofmili t ar y e x pendi tureon pr o fit rates in 1963–2 00 8 for24 OE CD countries,  and found a positive  eff e ct throughout the  peri od, but al s o negati ve im pacts af ter 1980. T here are  di ffe ren ces i nimpact betwee n arms -e xportin g c ountrie s a ndnon -ex po rting cou ntries.
F or  G er man y, Th o mas Weiß  ( 201 5)  re porte d  thatthe a vera ge  p r ofi t ratef el l afte r19 59,and  s tabil ized fro m 1982at a leve l s i mila rto  that i n the 19th ce nt ury. He re po rts  thata l l German  enterprises together n o w inves t 6 0% of  the ir capita l i n fina nci a l asse ts, as  agai ns t 4 0 %  in 1 9 7 0. 

I va n Trofimov ( 201 7) fi nd s di verse p atterns in profitr ate s in differen t g roup s of  de v el o ped  c o unt r i es, suggestingthat a uni ve r sa l law gove r nin gprofitrates i s unl i kely, a nd that j ust one h yp othe s i s c annot expl ain allthe data. 
Rese n de  (201 8)foundno  sy stema tic ev i den ce fo r a fa ll ing te ndenc yin the U .S. rate of profit.

So  far,there  do es not ex ist any  study ye t, w hich colla tes  an d com par e s all  the an aly s es of  emp i rical pro f it abi l i ty  trends tha t h ave  been  do n e inte rnat ionally.

Profits tatistics 
Muc h mo r e  is  kn o wn n ow adays about th e t re n d s in emp ir ical measur es of pr of i tabil ity. H ence,the eco n o me t ric di scus sio ns are be com in g  more t ec hn i cal, f ocus in g more  on th e  val i d ity of the under lying c oncep t s,and o nissueso f da ta quality  and the re liabil ityof me asures. 
P/C ra tio  Simon Mohu n  states t hat t he rate  o f pr ofi t is " most e asily  mea su red  as the p r o po r ti on ofnetoutpu tnotreturneda s wagesto
 the_theory of_the TRPF, and computed_the trends_for_US manufacturing_and_non-financials for 1930_to 2005.

Basu et_al. (2012) reported evidence_of a falling_U.S._profit rate at about 0.3% a year on average for 1948–2007.

Basu et al. (2013)_noted_there is_no_"general_theory" of capitalist crisis, and_that the correct measurement and_true economic_role of profitability are still disputed.

In a 2014_Swedish_thesis, Kalogerakos applies_multivariate cointegration analysis to U.S. manufacturing data 1948–2011, to_analyze the relationships between the profit_rate, capital intensity,_real_wages,_labour productivity and the_unemployment rate. A secular declining trend_in the rate of profit was_not confirmed.

Elveren and Hsu (2015) report that_some scholars argue for a secular_long-run TRPF, others argue against_it, and_still others say that no_secular trend exists_either way._They examined the_effect of military expenditure on profit_rates in 1963–2008_for 24 OECD countries, and found_a_positive effect throughout_the_period,_but also_negative impacts after_1980._There are_differences_in impact between arms-exporting countries and_non-exporting_countries.

For Germany, Thomas Weiß (2015) reported that_the average profit rate_fell_after 1959, and stabilized_from 1982 at a level_similar to that in the 19th_century. He_reports that_all German enterprises together now invest 60% of their capital in_financial assets, as against 40% in_1970.

Ivan Trofimov (2017) finds_diverse patterns_in_profit rates in_different_groups of_developed countries, suggesting that a universal law_governing profit_rates is unlikely, and that just_one hypothesis cannot explain_all_the data.

Resende (2018) found no systematic_evidence for a falling tendency in_the U.S. rate of profit.

So_far,_there_does not exist any study_yet, which collates and compares all_the analyses of_empirical profitability trends that have been done_internationally.

Profit_statistics 
Much more is known nowadays_about_the trends in empirical measures of_profitability._Hence,_the econometric discussions are becoming_more technical, focusing more on the_validity of the underlying concepts, and on issues of_data quality and_the reliability of measures.

P/C ratio_
Simon_Mohun_states that the rate of profit is "most easily measured_as the_proportion of net_output not returned as wages to