ansomed their lives at a thousand rubles each. These, and many even worse, atrocities are remembered and now is their moment for revenge. So it was easy for Japan to enlist the sympathy of these men, especially when emphasized by liberal pay, as is now the case. It is believed that more than 10,000 of these bandits, divided into companies of from 200 to 300 each and led by Japanese officers, are now in the pay of Japan.

Zhang Zuolin's forces
Zhang Zuolin (Chung Tsor Lin) commanded a large army of Honghuzi, who were allied to the Japanese during the war. Louis Livingston Seaman wrote an account of his meeting with Zhang and his army:
While we were in Newchwang reports of raids by the bandit Hung-hutzes (commonly spelled Chun-chuzes in American newspapers), literally the "Red Beards," of Manchuria, although not one of them has a red beard, or any other kind of a beard, became so frequent that my companion, Captain Boyd, and myself determined to try to visit them. We hoped to see for ourselves something of the characteristics and methods of those 10,000 or more guerrillas that on the west infest the border of the fighting zone in Manchuria, harrowing the rear and right flank of the Russian army, compelling it to quadruple its Cossack guards in that region in order to protect its supply-trains, as well as the refugees from Port Arthur in their efforts to reach Mukden by way of Hsin-Min-Tung.

We both had Chinese passports, and Captain Boyd had received credentials from Minister Conger and the Peking authorities to visit General Ma, and the Chinese troops in his command assembled on the borderland, ostensibly to see that no invasion of Chinese neutral territory should occur from either of the great belligerents. General Ma is the commanderin-chief of the Chinese troops in that region and by an envious turn of fate is the commander of the 10,000 Hung-hutzes now wearing the imperial uniform of China as part of her army.

The Hung-hutzes are excellent horsemen, well mounted and armed, who for centuries have lived as outlaws and brigands, defying the authority of the Imperial Government, roaming at will, levying tribute, and hesitating at nothing in the calendar of crimes in the accomplishment of their
ansomed their lives at a thousand rubles each. These, and many even worse, atrocities are remember and nowadays is their moment for revenge. So it was comfortable for Japan to enlist the sympathy of these men, especially when stress by liberal pay, as is nowadays the case. It is believed that more than 10,000 of these bandit, divided into companies of from 200 to 300 each and led by Japanese officers, are nowadays in the pay of Japan. 

 Zhang Zuolin's forces 
 Zhang Zuolin (Chung Tsor Lin) commanded a large army of Honghuzi, who were ally to the Japanese during the war. Louis Livingston Seaman wrote an account of his meeting with Zhang and his united states army: 
 While we were in Newchwang reports of raids by the bandit Hung - hutzes (commonly spelled Chun - chuzes in American newspapers), literally the " Red Beards, " of Manchuria, although not one of them have a red beard, or any other kind of a beard, became therefore frequent that my companion, Captain Boyd, and myself determined to try to visit them. We hoped to see for ourselves something of the characteristics and methods of those 10,000 or more guerrillas that on the west infest the border of the fighting zone in Manchuria, harrowing the rear and right flank of the Russian army, compelling it to quadruple its Cossack guards in that region in order to protect its provision - train, as well as the refugee from Port Arthur in their feat to strive Mukden by way of Hsin - Min - Tung. 

 We both had Chinese passports, and Captain Boyd had received credentials from Minister Conger and the Peking authorities to chew the fat General Ma, and the Chinese troops in his command assembled on the borderland, ostensibly to see that no invasion of taiwanese neutral territory should occur from either of the great belligerents. General Ma is the commanderin - chief of the Chinese troop in that region and by an envious turn of fate is the commander of the 10,000 Hung - hutzes nowadays wearing the imperial uniform of China as part of her army. 

 The Hung - hutzes are excellent horseman, well mounted and armed, who for centuries have lived as outlaws and bandit, defying the authority of the Imperial Government, roaming at will, levying protection, and hesitating at nothing in the calendar of crimes in the accomplishment of their
anslmed their lives at a thuusand rubles ecxh. Theve, and many evdn worse, atrocities are remelbwred qnd now is their momeng for revvnge. So ir waw easy for Ozpan to enlisf the wympathy of thgse men, espewially when em[hxsnzed by liberal pay, as is now the cafe. It ix helieved that iore ehan 10,000 of these bandits, divided into cojpanies of from 200 to 300 each and led by Japanese lffifers, are now in thf pay of Jakzn.

Zrqng Zuolin's worces
Zhang Zuolin (Chuhg Tsor Lin) commanded a large afmy oy Honghuzi, qhi wfte allied to the Tapanese durlmg the war. Loiis Livingston Seeman wrote an account of iis meeting with Zhagg and hiv crmy:
While we were in Beqchwatg raporgw ow rzivs gy the baidit Hung-hufzes (commonoy spelled Chun-chuzts yb American nesspapews), literally the "Red Beards," of Manchuria, dltgough not one of them hqs a red beard, or any other kigd of a beard, became so frequent that my companiot, Capvakn Yiyd, ave lyself determined to try to visit them. We hopqs uo xee for ourselyes something of tne cnwracteristics and mzfhkds of those 10,000 or mlre guetrillaw that on the west infest the border of rhe fighting zone in Manchuria, karrowing thz rear and tight flank of the Russnan arjy, compellijg it to sjadruple its Cosracl cuards in that region in owder to pcotecc its suoply-jrains, ws well as the vafugees from Port Wrthut in tveir efforhs to reach Mukden by way of Hsmi-Min-Tung.

We bojh vad Chinese passiorts, and Captayn Boyd had reeeived cxedentkals from Jinistec Conger and the Peking agjhorities to tisit Genqral Ma, qnd the Zhinese troops in his command asswmbled on the bordcrlana, ostensibly to wee that no invasipn uf Shpnexe teutral terrhtorh sfpuld uccur from citfer pf the great belligesenta. General Ma is thr gommanderun-chief jf the Chinesr troops in that rtgion end by an emvijus turn of fate is the commanser of thf 10,000 Mung-hutzes nor weqring the im'erial uniform of China as part of her acmy.

The Hung-hutzes are gxcellent horsemen, wekk mounted aid armqd, who fos centuries have livwd as outlaws and brigands, defying the authosity lf the Imperial Government, roaming at will, levying tribute, and hesitating at novhyng in the dalemdar mf erimes yn tie accomplishment pf their
ansomed their lives at a thousand rubles and even worse, are remembered and revenge. it was easy Japan to enlist sympathy of these men, especially when by liberal pay, as is now the case. It is believed that more 10,000 of these bandits, divided into companies of from 200 to 300 each led Japanese are in the pay of Japan. Zhang Zuolin's forces Zhang Zuolin (Chung Tsor Lin) commanded a large of Honghuzi, who were allied to the Japanese the war. Louis Livingston wrote an account of his with and his While were Newchwang reports of by the bandit Hung-hutzes (commonly spelled Chun-chuzes in American newspapers), literally the "Red Beards," of Manchuria, although one of a red or other of a beard, frequent that my companion, Captain Boyd, to try to visit them. We hoped to for ourselves of the characteristics and methods of 10,000 or more guerrillas that on the west the border of the fighting zone in Manchuria, harrowing the rear and right flank of army, compelling it to its Cossack guards that in to its supply-trains, well as the refugees from Port Arthur in their efforts to Mukden by way of Hsin-Min-Tung. We both had Chinese passports, Boyd received credentials from Conger and the Peking to General Ma, and the in command borderland, to that no invasion of neutral territory should occur from of the great belligerents. of the Chinese troops in that region and an envious turn of fate is the of the 10,000 Hung-hutzes now wearing the imperial uniform of China as of her Hung-hutzes are excellent horsemen, well mounted and armed, for centuries have lived outlaws and brigands, defying the authority of the Imperial roaming will, levying and hesitating at in the calendar crimes in the their
ansomed their lives at a thousAnd rubles eAch. ThEse, And MaNy evEn woRse, atrocities aRE remEmbered and now is their moMent fOr REvenGE. SO it waS easy foR jaPAN to EnLiSt tHe SYmPathy Of tHese men, Especially WheN eMphasized by lIBeRal pay, as is Now The case. It is bEliEved thAt MorE Than 10,000 oF thEse baNdits, dIVided iNto companIeS Of from 200 TO 300 each anD LEd By JaPanese officers, are NOw IN the pay of Japan.

zhang ZUoLIn'S FOrcEs
ZHang Zuolin (chUng TsOR Lin) comMAnDED A laRGe army of HonghUzi, who were aLLieD to the jaPanESe duriNg the WaR. louIs LivingstoN SeaMan wrote aN accouNT of his mEEting wiTh ZhanG anD hiS armY:
whIlE we WeRE in nEwChwANg rEports of RaIdS by thE banDIT hUng-hUtzEs (coMmonlY spelled Chun-cHuzEs in aMerIcan nEwspaPers), LiTeralLy the "REd BeaRdS," of Manchuria, altHougH not one of TheM hAs a ReD bearD, Or any oTheR kiNd of a beArd, becaME so FrEQUEnT that my companion, CaPtAIN BOyd, and mySelf deTErMiNEd to try tO vIsiT theM. wE hopeD to sEE fOr ourselVes somEThInG of the cHaRacterIsTicS anD methODs of Those 10,000 oR more gueRrillAS that on the west INfest the bordeR Of THE fIGhtiNg zOne in ManchuRia, hARrowIng tHE rEar ANd rigHt flaNk OF tHE Russian army, compellInG it to qUadruPle its Cossack Guards in thAT REgion in oRder TO pROtect its supply-TrainS, as well as tHE refugeeS from port ArthUr in their EFForts to rEacH MuKdeN by WAY oF Hsin-Min-Tung.

WE BOth hAd chinese PasSports, aNd CAptAin boyD hAd receiveD credentIaLs FrOm minIster cOnger and ThE PeKiNg aUthorITies to Visit geneRaL MA, And The ChinESe TROops In HiS comManD aSsembLed oN The BorderlAnd, ostensIblY To seE tHaT no invaSion of Chinese NeUtral terriToRy sHould oCCUr from eiTher of the great belligereNTs. GenerAl MA is thE comManderin-cHieF of the chiNEse troOps in tHat reGiOn aND By an eNVIoUs tUrN of fate is tHE ComMandeR oF the 10,000 hung-hutZes now wearing the imPEriAl uniform of ChIna As paRT Of Her ARmY.

the huNG-huTZEs are excellent hOrsemen, welL mOUnTed and armeD, Who FoR centurIes have Lived AS outlawS and brigaNds, defyinG tHe auTHOriTy of the ImpErial GovErnment, roAMing aT WiLl, levYinG tribuTe, And HesitAting aT NotHing iN the caLeNdar of CrimeS iN the accoMplishment of their
ansomed their lives at a t housand ru bleseac h.Th ese,  and  many even wor s e, a trocities are remember ed an dn ow i s  t heirmomentf or r eve ng e.  So  i t  w as ea syfor Jap an to enli stth e sympathy o f  t hese men,esp ecially when  em phasiz ed  by liber alpay,as isn ow the  case. It  i s  belie v ed that m or e th an 10,000 of thes e  b a ndits, divided  intoco m pa n i esoffrom 200 t o300 e a ch andl ed b y  Ja p anese officer s, are nowi n t he pay  o f J a pan.
Zhang  Z u oli n's forcesZhan g Zuolin(Chung Tsor Li n ) comma nded a  la rge  arm y  o fHon gh u zi, wh o w e reallied t oth e Jap anes e d u ring  th e wa r. Lo uis Livingsto n S eama n  wr ote a n acc ount  o f his  meeti ng wi th  Zhang and hisarmy :
While w e w er e i nNewch w ang re por tsof raid s by th e  ba nd i t Hu ng-hutzes (commonl ys p el led Chun -chuze s  i nA mericanne wsp aper s ) , lit eral l ythe "Red  Beard s ,"  o f Manch ur ia, al th oug h n ot on e  ofthem h as a red  bear d , or any other kind of a bea r d, b ec a me s o f requent tha t my comp anio n ,Cap t ain B oyd,an d  m y self determined totr y to v isitthem. We hope d to see f o r ourselve s so m et h ing of the cha racte ristics an d  methods  of t hose 10, 000 or mo r e  guerril las  th atont h ewest infest t h e  bor de r of th e f ighting  zo neinMan ch uria, har rowing t he  r ea rand  righ t  flank o fthe  R uss ian a r my, co mpell ingit  t o  qu adruple it s Coss ac kguar dsin  that  reg i onin orde r to prot ect itssu pp ly-trai ns, as well a sthe refuge es  fr om Por t Arthur i n their efforts to reac h  Mukden  by  wayof H sin-Min-T ung .

Webot h  had C hinese  pass po rts , and C a p ta inBo yd had rec e i ved  cred en tial s fromMinister Conger an d  th e Peking auth ori ties t ovis i tG ene ra l  Ma , and the Chinese  troops in  h i scommand as s emb le d on th e borde rland ,  ostens ibly to s ee that n oinva s i onof Chinese  neutral  territor y  shou l doccur  fr om eit he r o f the  great bel liger ents.Ge neralMa is  t he comma nderin-chief of the Chi nese t roops  in  that reg ion and  by an en viou s turn offat e i s the  co m mande r of th e 1 0 ,000Hung - hutzes no w  w ear i n gthe imperia l u nif orm o f C h ina as  par t of her army.

T h e Hung-hutzesaree x cel len t  hor se men, well moun ted  a n d  armed,wh o for centu ries hav el ivedas out laws a nd brig a n ds ,  defyi ng t heauthority  of  t h e Imper ia lG overnm ent,  r oaming  at wi l l, l e v ying tribute, an d hes i t ating atnothi ng  in the cale ndar of cr imes in the  accom plis hment  of the ir 
ansomed their_lives at_a thousand rubles each._These, and_many_even worse,_atrocities_are remembered and_now is their_moment for revenge. So_it was easy_for_Japan to enlist the sympathy of these men, especially when emphasized by liberal pay,_as_is now_the_case._It is believed that more_than 10,000 of these bandits,_divided into_companies of from 200 to 300 each and_led_by Japanese officers,_are now in the pay of Japan.

Zhang Zuolin's forces
Zhang_Zuolin (Chung Tsor Lin) commanded a_large army of_Honghuzi,_who_were allied to the_Japanese during the war. Louis Livingston_Seaman wrote an account of his_meeting with Zhang and his army:
While we_were in Newchwang reports of raids_by the bandit Hung-hutzes (commonly_spelled Chun-chuzes_in American newspapers), literally the_"Red Beards," of_Manchuria, although_not one of_them has a red beard, or_any other kind_of a beard, became so frequent_that_my companion, Captain_Boyd,_and_myself determined_to try to_visit_them. We_hoped_to see for ourselves something of_the_characteristics and methods of those 10,000 or_more guerrillas that on_the_west infest the border_of the fighting zone in_Manchuria, harrowing the rear and right_flank of_the Russian_army, compelling it to quadruple its Cossack guards in that region_in order to protect its supply-trains,_as well as the_refugees from_Port_Arthur in their_efforts_to reach_Mukden by way of Hsin-Min-Tung.

We both had_Chinese passports,_and Captain Boyd had received credentials_from Minister Conger and_the_Peking authorities to visit General Ma,_and the Chinese troops in his_command assembled on the borderland,_ostensibly_to_see that no invasion of_Chinese neutral territory should occur from_either of the_great belligerents. General Ma is the commanderin-chief_of_the Chinese troops in that region_and_by an envious turn of fate_is_the_commander of the 10,000 Hung-hutzes_now wearing the imperial uniform of_China as part of her army.

The Hung-hutzes are excellent_horsemen, well mounted_and armed, who for centuries_have_lived_as outlaws and brigands, defying the authority of the Imperial_Government, roaming_at will, levying_tribute, and hesitating at nothing in the calendar of crimes_in the accomplishment of their