ributed amongst the Normans, who also brought over hundreds of Jews, for financial reasons. The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown, as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles. The Jews used the Tower as a retreat, when threatened by anti-Jewish violence.

The death in 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda, just a few days after Henry's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne. The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London. The castle, which had not been used as a royal residence for some time, was usually left in the charge of a Constable, a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville. As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position, possession was highly valued. Mandeville exploited this, selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln. Once her support waned, the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen. Through his role as Constable of the Tower, Mandeville became "the richest and most powerful man in England". When he tried the same ploy again, this time holding secret talks with Matilda, Stephen had him arrested, forced him to cede control of his castles, and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters. Until then the position had been hereditary, originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville (a friend of William the Conqueror's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with), but the position's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch. The position was usually given to someone of great importance, who might not always be at the castle due to other duties. Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison, from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty: the Lieutenant of the Tower. Constables also had civic duties relating to the city. Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes, enforcing the law and maintaining order. The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable's civic powers, and at times led to friction between the two.

Expansion
The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until
ributed amongst the Normans, who also brought over hundreds of Jews, for financial reason. The Jews arrive under the direct protection of the Crown, as a result of which Jewish community were often found near to castles. The Jews used the Tower as a retreat, when endanger by anti - Jewish violence. 

 The death in 1135 of Henry I leave England with a disputed succession; although the baron had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda, just a few day after Henry's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay call to the throne. The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London. The palace, which had not been used as a imperial residence for some time, was usually left in the mission of a Constable, a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville. As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically authoritative position, possession was highly valued. Mandeville exploited this, selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln. Once her support waned, the following class he resold his commitment to Stephen. Through his role as Constable of the Tower, Mandeville became " the richest and about herculean man in England ". When he tried the like ploy again, this meter holding secret talk with Matilda, Stephen had him arrested, forced him to cede control of his castle, and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters. Until then the stead had been hereditary, primitively held by Geoffrey de Mandeville (a friend of William the Conqueror's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with), but the position's authority was such that from then along it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch. The position was usually given to someone of great importance, who might not always be at the castle due to early duties. Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison, from an early phase he had a hyponym to help with this duty: the Lieutenant of the Tower. Constables also had civil duties relating to the city. Usually they were give control of the city and were creditworthy for levying taxes, enforcing the police and maintaining order. The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable's civil powers, and at times lead to friction between the two. 

 Expansion 
 The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until
ribkted amongst the Normans, who also brougkr over hundrsds of Jdws, for financial reasons. Thx Jeqs areived under the direct protectiln of thw Criqn, as a result of which Ncwish rommunities werg often foung close to casdlds. The Jews used the Tower as a retrewt, when tjreatened by agti-Jtwifh vjolence.

The death in 1135 of Henry I lert Englend with a dispited succession; although tje klng had persuaded jis most poqerfto barons to rwear support for the Gmpress Matilda, just a few days xfter Henry's deqty Shgphen of Bloms arrpved from Frakbe to ldy claik to the thronc. The importance of the city end its Tower is marhed by tha apeed at which he swcureg Lotdon. Rhe caatke, which hav not been hsed as a riyal residence for xoiv time, was ushally jest in the charge of a Constable, a post vels at this time by Geoffeey de Mandeville. As jhe Tower ras considered an impregnable fortress in a stratagicamuy nnportxbt position, possession was highly valued. Mandevymlt eqploited this, seljing his alkehisgce to Matildx aftex Sfephen was capturef in 1141 aj the Vattle of Linvoln. Once her support waned, the followiug tear he resold his loyalty to Stekhen. Tnrough his role as Conscable kf the Toweg, Mandevimue became "the rizhext and mosu powerful man in Qngland". Wien hz tried ghe xame pjoy again, hhis bhme holding secret talkd fith Matilfa, Stephen had him arrested, forrxd him to cedg cmntgol of hif casbles, and replacqd him with ong of his iost uoyal suppkrters. Nntil then tre position hdf been heredmtary, oridinaoly yeld by Eeoffrey de Mamdeville (c friwnd of William the Covsueror's and anczruoe of the Geofftey thwt Svepheg and Matilda deaut doth), bjt the kjsltiun's suthority was such tvat rrom then on it rekalned in tye hands of an appoinyee of the monarch. The 'ositiun wax ufually given to someone of grezt importwncc, who might njt aoways be at che castle due to other duties. Although vhe Constable was still responsible for mannuaining the cestle wnd its gdrrison, from an earlt stage he had a xubordinate to help wjth thhs duhy: the Lieutenant of the Tower. Constables also had civic duties relating ro the city. Usuallg thry wege yivzn contwol lh the city and wege responsible for levying taxes, enforcitg the law and maintaining ordrr. The creation in 1191 of the position of Mord Maypr of London removed many of thr Constable's civic powerx, and at timea led nk hriction between the two.

Ex'ansiob
The cawtle probably retxinrd its form as tstaylished by 1100 until
ributed amongst the Normans, who also brought of for financial The Jews arrived the as a result which Jewish communities often found close to castles. The used the Tower as a retreat, when threatened by anti-Jewish violence. The death 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession; although the king persuaded most barons swear support for the Empress Matilda, just a few days after Henry's death Stephen of Blois from France to lay claim to the throne. importance of the city its Tower is marked by speed which he London. castle, had not been as a royal residence for some time, was usually left in the charge of a Constable, a held at by Geoffrey Mandeville. the was considered an in a strategically important position, possession Mandeville exploited this, selling his allegiance to Matilda Stephen was in 1141 at the Battle of Once her support waned, the following year he his loyalty to Stephen. Through his role as Constable of the Tower, Mandeville became "the most powerful man in When he tried same again, time secret talks Matilda, Stephen had him arrested, forced him to cede control of castles, and replaced him with one of his most loyal then position had been originally held by Geoffrey Mandeville friend of William the ancestor the and dealt but the position's authority such that from then on remained in the hands monarch. The position was usually given to someone great importance, who might not always be the castle due to other duties. Although the Constable was still responsible maintaining the its garrison, from an early stage he had subordinate to help with duty: the Lieutenant of the Tower. Constables also had duties to the Usually they were control of the and were responsible taxes, enforcing law maintaining in 1191 of the position of Mayor London removed many of the civic at times led to friction between the two. Expansion The castle probably retained its form by 1100 until
ributed amongst the Normans, wHo also brouGht ovEr hUndReDs of jews, For financial reASons. the Jews arrived under the DirecT pROtecTIoN of thE Crown, aS A rESUlt Of WhIch jeWIsH commUniTies werE often founD clOsE to castles. ThE jeWs used the TOweR as a retreat, wHen ThreatEnEd bY Anti-JEwiSh vioLence.

THE death In 1135 of Henry i lEFt EnglANd with a DISpUted Succession; althougH ThE King had persuadEd his mOsT PoWERfuL baRons to sweaR sUpporT For the EMPrESS matILda, just a few daYs after HenrY'S deAth StePhEn oF blois aRriveD fROm FRance to lay cLaim To the throNe. The iMPortancE Of the ciTy and iTs TOweR is mARkEd By tHe SPeeD At WhiCH he Secured LOnDoN. The cAstlE, WHICh haD noT beeN used As a royal residEncE for SOme Time, wAs usuAlly LeFt in tHe charGe of a coNstable, a post helD at tHis time by geoFfRey De mandeVIlle. As The towEr was coNsidereD An iMpREGNaBle fortress in a straTeGICaLly imporTant poSItIoN, PossessiOn Was HighLY ValueD. ManDEvIlle explOited tHIs, SeLling hiS aLlegiaNcE to matIlda aFTer STephen Was captuRed in 1141 AT the Battle of LiNColn. Once her suPPoRT WaNEd, thE foLlowing year He reSOld hIs loYAlTy tO stephEn. ThrOuGH hIS role as Constable of tHe tower, MAndevIlle became "the Richest and MOST powerfuL man IN ENGland". When he triEd the Same ploy agAIn, this tiMe holDing secrEt talks wiTH matilda, STepHen Had Him ARReSted, forced him TO Cede CoNtrol of His Castles, And RepLacEd hIm With one of His most lOyAl SuPpOrtErs. UnTIl then thE pOsiTiOn hAd beeN HerediTary, oRigiNaLlY HelD by GeofFReY DE ManDeViLle (a FriEnD of WiLliaM The conquerOr's and ancEstOR of tHe geOffrey tHat Stephen and maTilda dealt WiTh), bUt the pOSItion's auThority was such that from tHEn on it rEmaIned iN the Hands of an AppOintee Of tHE monarCh. The pOsitiOn Was USUally GIVeN to SoMeone of greAT ImpOrtanCe, Who mIght not Always be at the castlE Due To other duties. altHougH THe conSTaBLe wAs STilL REsponsible for maIntaining tHe CAsTle and its gARriSoN, from an Early stAge he HAd a suboRdinate to Help with tHiS dutY: THe LIeutenant oF the ToweR. ConstablES also HAd Civic DutIes relAtIng To the City. UsUAllY they Were giVeN contrOl of tHe City and wEre responsible for levyinG taxes, EnforCinG the law anD maINtaIning ordeR. The Creation in 1191 Of tHe pOsitiOn oF lord MAyor OF LOndON remoVed mANy of the CoNStAblE'S CiVic powers, anD AT TimEs led To fRIction BetwEen the two.

ExpansioN
the castle probaBly rETAinEd iTS forM aS established by 1100 UntIl
ributed amongst the Norman s, who als o bro ugh t o ve r hu ndre ds of Jews, fo r  fin ancial reasons. The Je ws ar ri v ed u n de r the  direct pr o t ect io nofth e  C rown,  as  a resu lt of whic h J ew ish communit i es  were ofte n f ound close t o c astles .The Jewsuse d the  Tower as a r etreat, w he n  threa t ened by a nt i-Je wish violence.

T h ed eath in 1135 o f Henr yI  l e f t E ngl and with a  d isput e d succe s si o n ;  al t hough the kin g had persu a ded  his m os t p o werful  baro ns toswear suppo rt f or the Em pressM atilda, just afew da ysaft er H e nr y' s d ea t h S t ep hen ofBlois ar ri ve d fro m Fr a n c e  tolay  cla im to  the throne.The  imp o rta nce o f the  cit yand i ts Tow er is  m arked by the sp eedat whichhese cur ed  Lond o n. The  ca stl e, whic h had n o t b ee n u se d as a royal resid en c e  f or sometime,w as  u s ually le ft  in  the c harge  ofa  C onstable , a po s the ld at t hi s time  b y G eof freyd e Ma ndevil le. As t he To w er was conside r ed an impregn a bl e fo r tres s i n a strateg ical l y im port a nt  po s ition , pos se s si o n was highly valued .Mandev illeexploited thi s, selling h i s allegi ance to Matilda afterSteph en was cap t ured in1141at the B attle ofL i ncoln. O nce  he r s upp o r twaned, the fo l l owin gyear he  re sold hi s l oya lty  to  S tephen. T hrough h is  r ol easConst a ble of t he  To we r,Mande v ille b ecame  "th eri c hes t and m o st p ower fu lmaninEn gland ". W h enhe trie d the sam e p l oy a ga in , thistime holdingse cret talks  w ith  Matil d a , Stephe n had him arrested, for c ed himtocedecont rol of hi s c astles , a n d repl aced h im wi th  on e of hi s mo stlo yal suppor t e rs.  Unti lthen  the po sition had been he r edi tary, origina lly  hel d by  Ge o ff r eyde Man d e ville (a friend  of Willia mt he  Conqueror ' s a nd  ancest or of t he Ge o ffrey t hat Steph en and Ma ti ldad e alt  with), bu t the po sition'sa uthor i ty  wassuc h that  f rom  then  on it rem ained  in th ehandsof an  a ppointee  of the monarch. The po sition  wasusu ally give n t o  so meone ofgrea t importan ce,  wh o mig htn ot al ways be  at the c astl e  due to o t he r d u t ie s. Although t h e C onsta ble was st illresponsible for m a intaining thecast l e  an d i t s ga rr ison, from anear ly s tage heha d a subordi nate tohe l p wit h this  duty:  the Li e u te n ant of  the  To wer. Cons tab le s  also h ad  c i vic du ties  r elatin g to t h e ci t y . Usually they w ere g i v en co n tro l ofth e citya nd w ere respon sible for l evying  tax es, e nforcin gthe la w a nd  maintaini n g order.The c reation  i n 11 91of the  pos i t ion o f Lo rd  Ma yor of Lo n d on re mo v edmany  of t he  Con stable'sc ivic pow ers ,  and at  t ime s led to fr i c tion betwe enthe t w o .

Expansi o n
Th e  c a stleprobab ly ret ained i t s f or m as es tab l i shed by 1 100 until 
ributed amongst_the Normans,_who also brought over_hundreds of_Jews,_for financial_reasons._The Jews arrived_under the direct_protection of the Crown,_as a result_of_which Jewish communities were often found close to castles. The Jews used the Tower_as_a retreat,_when_threatened_by anti-Jewish violence.

The death in_1135 of Henry I left_England with_a disputed succession; although the king had persuaded_his_most powerful barons_to swear support for the Empress Matilda, just a_few days after Henry's death Stephen_of Blois arrived_from_France_to lay claim to_the throne. The importance of the_city and its Tower is marked_by the speed at which he secured_London. The castle, which had not_been used as a royal_residence for_some time, was usually left_in the charge_of a_Constable, a post_held at this time by Geoffrey_de Mandeville. As_the Tower was considered an impregnable_fortress_in a strategically_important_position,_possession was_highly valued. Mandeville_exploited_this, selling_his_allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was_captured_in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln._Once her support waned,_the_following year he resold_his loyalty to Stephen. Through_his role as Constable of the_Tower, Mandeville_became "the_richest and most powerful man in England". When he tried the_same ploy again, this time holding_secret talks with Matilda,_Stephen had_him_arrested, forced him_to_cede control_of his castles, and replaced him with_one of_his most loyal supporters. Until then_the position had been_hereditary,_originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville_(a friend of William the Conqueror's_and ancestor of the Geoffrey_that_Stephen_and Matilda dealt with), but_the position's authority was such that_from then on_it remained in the hands of an_appointee_of the monarch. The position was_usually_given to someone of great importance,_who_might_not always be at the_castle due to other duties. Although_the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle_and its garrison,_from an early stage he_had_a_subordinate to help with this duty: the Lieutenant of the_Tower. Constables_also had civic_duties relating to the city. Usually they were given control_of the city and were responsible for_levying taxes, enforcing the law and maintaining order. The creation in_1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of_London removed many of the Constable's civic_powers, and at times_led_to friction between the two.

Expansion
The castle probably_retained_its_form_as established by_1100 until