 a file is entirely up to how it is designed. This has led to a plethora of more or less standardized file structures for all imaginable purposes, from the simplest to the most complex. Most computer files are used by computer programs which create, modify or delete the files for their own use on an as-needed basis. The programmers who create the programs decide what files are needed, how they are to be used and (often) their names.

In some cases, computer programs manipulate files that are made visible to the computer user. For example, in a word-processing program, the user manipulates document files that the user personally names. Although the content of the document file is arranged in a format that the word-processing program understands, the user is able to choose the name and location of the file and provide the bulk of the information (such as words and text) that will be stored in the file.

Many applications pack all their data files into a single file called an archive file, using internal markers to discern the different types of information contained within. The benefits of the archive file are to lower the number of files for easier transfer, to reduce storage usage, or just to organize outdated files. The archive file must often be unpacked before next using.

Operations 
The most basic operations that programs can perform on a file are:
 Create a new file
 Change the access permissions and attributes of a file
 Open a file, which makes the file contents available to the program
 Read data from a file
 Write data to a file
 Close a file, terminating the association between it and the program

Files on a computer can be created, moved, modified, grown, shrunk, and deleted. In most cases, computer programs that are executed on the computer handle these operations, but the user of a computer can also manipulate files if necessary. For instance, Microsoft Word files are normally created and modified by the Microsoft Word program in response to user commands, but the user can also move, rename, or delete these files directly by using a file manager program such as Windows Explorer (on Windows computers) or by command lines (CLI).

In Unix-like systems, user space programs do not operate directly, at a low level, on a file. Only the kernel deals with files, and it handles all user-space interaction with files in a manner that is transparent to the user-space programs. The operating system provides a level of abstraction, which means that interaction with a file
a file is entirely up to how it is designed. This has led to a plethora of more or less exchangeable file structure for all imaginable purposes, from the bare to the about complex. Most computer files are used by calculator platform which create, change or erase the files for their own manipulation on an as - needed footing. The programmers who create the programs decide what files are needed, how they are to be used and (often) their name calling. 

 In some cases, computer programs rig files that are made visible to the computer user. For model, in a word - processing program, the user manipulates document files that the exploiter personally names. Although the content of the document file is arranged in a format that the word - processing program understands, the user is able to choose the name and location of the file and provide the bulk of the information (such as words and text) that will be stored in the file. 

 Many applications pack all their datum file into a single file call an archive file, use internal markers to discern the unlike types of data contained within. The benefits of the archive file are to lower the numeral of files for easier transfer, to reduce storage usage, or just to organize outdated files. The archive file must often be unpacked before next use. 

 operation 
 The about basic operations that programs can perform on a file are: 
  Create a new file 
  Change the access permissions and property of a file 
  Open a file, which makes the file contents available to the program 
  Read datum from a file 
  Write data to a file 
  Close a file, terminating the association between it and the plan 

 Files on a computer can be make, moved, modify, grown, shrunk, and deleted. In most case, computer programs that are executed on the computer handle these operation, but the user of a computer can also manipulate files if necessary. For instance, Microsoft Word files are normally created and modify by the Microsoft Word program in response to drug user commands, but the user can besides move, rename, or delete these files directly by using a file manager program such as Windows Explorer (on Windows computers) or by command lines (CLI). 

 In Unix - like system, exploiter outer space programs do not operate directly, at a low level, on a file. Only the kernel deal with files, and it handles all user - outer space interaction with file in a manner that is transparent to the user - space program. The operating system provides a level of abstractedness, which means that interaction with a file
 a vile is entirely up to huw it is designgd. This ias led to a pldthora of more or less standerdized fule structures for all imaginabpe purpowes, hrom the simplesv to the most dlmplzx. Most computer files are used by compudef 'rograms which create, modify or deleee the gipes for their jwn lsq on an as-needed basis. The programmers who crtate the programs cecide what files are needfd, hlw they are to be ksed and (ofjsn) eyeir names.

In some cases, computer ptograms manipulate files that ard madz visible ti rhe womputer usxr. For example, in a word-prmcessinb program, the mser kanupulates document filxs that the user perfonally ndmzs. Although the contebt of tve dmcumdbt wilt ix zrrangfd mn a format that the wird-processing progrsm lmderstands, tge usew ys able to choose the name and location of the file and provide tye bulk of the informwtion (sucr as words and text) that will be stored in the fine.

Manb xppoigatiubs pack all their data files into a single file daklvd an archive filc, using internal msrnetf to discern jhe difysrsnt types of inforlation sontauned withyn. Tne benefits of the archive dile are to jiwer the number of files for zasier tranxfer, to reduce storage bsage, kr just to lrganize kjtdated files. Thd agchiee file must often be unpasked befoce nert using.

Uperstions 
The most hasic operations that prlgramd wan perforl on a file are:
 Create a new file
 Change the scwesv permisfions and attributqs of a file
 Oken a filz, whicf makes thv file coitents availwble to the pslgram
 Read deta from w fioe
 Weite dagx to a file
 Clpse a filv, uerminatint the association netwegn it and the proyxan

Files on a comlutdr saj ue crqdted, moved, mmdifked, brown, shrunk, and aeleyed. In most cases, cokputsr programs that ate executee on the computer hancle these operatiojs, buv the nser og a computer can also manipulate riles if jeccssary. For inftange, Mycrosoft Wprd files are normally created and modihied by the Microsoft Wird program in resppkse to user rommanqs, but tha user can also move, rename, or delete these files directly by ushng a file manager program such as Windows Explorer (on Windows computers) or by commaid lines (CLI).

Ih Unox-likv svstzms, usew specx programs do not operate directly, at a low leveu, on a fhlz. Only the kernel deals with giues, and it havdles all user-space intedaction eith files in a manner that is yransparent to the user-siace progeams. Fhe opvtatmng system provides s leven of qbstracrion, which means ghay lnteractioj wiuh a file
a file is entirely up to how designed. has led a plethora of structures all imaginable purposes, the simplest to most complex. Most computer files are by computer programs which create, modify or delete the files for their own on an as-needed basis. The programmers who create the programs decide what files needed, they to used and (often) their names. In some cases, computer programs manipulate files that are made visible the computer user. For example, in a word-processing the user manipulates document that the user personally names. the of the file arranged a format that word-processing program understands, the user is able to choose the name and location of the file and the bulk information (such words text) will be stored file. Many applications pack all their a single file called an archive file, using markers to the different types of information contained The benefits of the archive file are to the number of files for easier transfer, to reduce storage usage, or just to organize The archive file must be unpacked before using. The basic that programs perform on a file are: Create a new file Change the permissions and attributes of a file Open a file, which file available to the Read data from a Write to a file Close terminating association the Files a computer can be moved, modified, grown, shrunk, and In most cases, computer the computer handle these operations, but the user a computer can also manipulate files if For instance, Microsoft Word files are normally created and modified by the Word program to user commands, but the user can also rename, or delete these directly by using a file manager program such as Explorer Windows computers) by command lines In Unix-like systems, space programs do directly, at low on the kernel deals with files, and handles user-space interaction with files in manner transparent to the user-space programs. The operating system provides a level of abstraction, which means with a file
 a file is entirely up to how it iS designed. THis haS leD to A pLethOra oF more or less staNDardIzed file structures for aLl imaGiNAble PUrPoses, From the SImPLEst To ThE moSt COmPlex. MOst ComputeR files are uSed By Computer progRAmS which creaTe, mOdify or deletE thE files FoR thEIr own Use On an aS-needeD Basis. THe programMeRS who crEAte the pROGrAms dEcide what files are NEeDEd, how they are to Be used AnD (OfTEN) thEir Names.

In somE cAses, cOMputer pROgRAMS maNIpulate files tHat are made vISibLe to thE cOmpUTer useR. For eXaMPle, In a word-procEssiNg program, The useR ManipulATes docuMent fiLes ThaT the USeR pErsOnALly NAmEs. ALThoUgh the coNtEnT of thE docUMENT filE is ArraNged iN a format that tHe wOrd-pROceSsing ProgrAm unDeRstanDs, the uSer is AbLe to choose the naMe anD location Of tHe FilE aNd proVIde the BulK of The infoRmation (SUch As WORDs And text) that will be sToRED iN the file.

many apPLiCaTIons pack AlL thEir dATA fileS intO A sIngle filE calleD An ArChive fiLe, Using iNtErnAl mArkerS To diScern tHe differEnt tyPEs of informatioN Contained withIN. THE BeNEfitS of The archive fIle aRE to lOwer THe NumBEr of fIles fOr EAsIEr transfer, to reduce sToRage usAge, or Just to organizE outdated fILES. The archIve fILe MUst often be unpaCked bEfore next uSIng.

OperaTions 
the most bAsic operaTIOns that pRogRamS caN peRFOrM on a file are:
 CrEATe a nEw File
 ChaNge The acceSs pErmIssIonS aNd attribuTes of a fiLe
 opEn A fIle, Which MAkes the fIlE coNtEntS avaiLAble to The prOgraM
 REaD DatA from a fILe
 wRIte dAtA tO a fiLe
 CLoSe a fiLe, teRMinAting thE associatIon BEtweEn It And the pRogram

Files on A cOmputer can Be CreAted, moVED, modifieD, grown, shrunk, and deleted. IN Most casEs, cOmputEr prOgrams thaT arE execuTed ON the coMputer HandlE tHesE OPeratIONs, But ThE user of a coMPUteR can aLsO manIpulate Files if necessary. FoR InsTance, MicrosofT WoRd fiLES aRe nORmALly CrEAteD ANd modified by the microsoft WOrD PrOgram in resPOnsE tO user coMmands, bUt the USer can aLso move, reName, or delEtE theSE FilEs directly By using a File managER progRAm Such aS WiNdows EXpLorEr (on WIndows COmpUters) Or by coMmAnd linEs (CLI).

in unix-like Systems, user space programS do not OperaTe dIrectly, at A loW LevEl, on a file. only The kernel dEalS wiTh filEs, aND it haNdleS AlL usER-spacE intERaction wiTH fIleS IN a Manner that iS TRAnsParenT to THe user-SpacE programs. The operaTIng system proviDes a LEVel Of aBStraCtIon, which means tHat InTERaction wItH a file
 a file is entirely up tohow it isdesig ned . T hi s ha s le d to a plethor a  ofmore or less standardi zed f il e  str u ct uresfor all im a g ina bl epur po s es , fro m t he simp lest to th e m os t complex. M o st  computerfil es are usedbycomput er  pr o grams  wh ich c reate, modify  or delet et he fil e s for t h e ir  own  use on an as-nee d ed basis. The pro gramme rs wh o cre ate  the progr am s dec i de what fi l e s  ar e  needed, howthey are to beused a nd  (o f ten) t heirna m es. 

In some c ases , compute r prog r ams man i pulatefilestha t a re m a de  v isi bl e  to th e c o mpu ter user .Fo r exa mple , i n  a w ord -pro cessi ng program, t heuser man ipula tes d ocum en t fil es tha t the  u ser personallyname s. Althou ghth e c on tento f thedoc ume nt file  is arr a nge di n aformat that the wo rd - p ro cessingprogra m  u nd e rstands,  t heuser i s abl e to ch oose the  namea nd  l ocation  o f thefi leand  prov i de t he bul k of the  info r mation (such a s  words and te x t) t ha t  wil l b e stored in  the file .

M a ny  ap p licat ionspa c ka ll their data files  i nto asingl e file called  an archiv e f ile, usi ng i n te r nal markers to  disc ern the di f ferent t ypesof infor mation co n t ained wi thi n.The  be n e fi ts of the arc h i ve f il e are t o l ower th e n umb eroffi les for e asier tr an sf er ,toreduc e  storage  u sag e,  or  just to org anize  out da te d  fi les. Th e  a r c hive  f il e mu stof ten b e un p ack ed befo re next u sin g .

O pe ra tions The most basi coperations  t hat  progr a m s can pe rform on a file are:
 C r eate anew  file 
 Ch ange theacc ess pe rmi s sionsand at tribu te s o f a fil e  O pen  a  file, whi c h  ma kes t he  fil e conte nts available to t h e p rogram
 Readdat a fr o m  a  fi l eWri te dat a to a file
 Clos e a file,te r mi nating the ass oc iationbetween  it a n d the p rogram

F iles on a  c ompu t e r c an be crea ted, mov ed, modif i ed, g r ow n, sh run k, and  d ele ted.In mos t  ca ses,comput er  progr ams t ha t are ex ecuted on the computerhandle  thes e o perations , b u t t he user o f acomputer c anals o man ipu l ate f iles if  ne c essar y. F o r instanc e ,Mic r o so ft Word fil e s are  norm all y  creat ed a nd modified by th e  Microsoft Wor d pr o g ram  in resp on se to user com man ds , but theus er can also  move, r en a me, o r dele te the se file s di r ectlyby u sin g a fileman ag e r progr am  s u ch asWind ow s Expl orer ( o n Wi n d ows computers) o r byc o mmand lin es (C LI ).

InU nix- like syste ms, user sp ace pr ogra ms do  not op er ate di rec tl y, at a lo w  level, o n a f ile. On ly  the  ke rnel d eals w ith f iles ,and  it handl e s  a l lus e r-s pace  inte ra ctio n with fi l es in aman n er that  i s t r a nspare n tt o  the user- spa ce pr o g rams. Theo pera t in g  syst em pro videsa level ofab stracti on, w hich mean s that in t era ct ionwith a f il e
 a_file is_entirely up to how_it is_designed._This has_led_to a plethora_of more or_less standardized file structures_for all imaginable_purposes,_from the simplest to the most complex. Most computer files are used by computer_programs_which create,_modify_or_delete the files for their_own use on an as-needed_basis. The_programmers who create the programs decide what files_are_needed, how they_are to be used and (often) their names.

In some_cases, computer programs manipulate files that_are made visible_to_the_computer user. For example,_in a word-processing program, the user_manipulates document files that the user_personally names. Although the content of the_document file is arranged in a_format that the word-processing program_understands, the_user is able to choose_the name and_location of_the file and_provide the bulk of the information_(such as words_and text) that will be stored_in_the file.

Many applications_pack_all_their data_files into a_single_file called_an_archive file, using internal markers to_discern_the different types of information contained within._The benefits of the_archive_file are to lower_the number of files for_easier transfer, to reduce storage usage,_or just_to organize_outdated files. The archive file must often be unpacked before next_using.

Operations 
The most basic operations that_programs can perform on_a file_are:
_Create a new_file
_Change the_access permissions and attributes of a file
_Open a_file, which makes the file contents_available to the program
_Read_data from a file
 Write data_to a file
 Close a file,_terminating the association between it_and_the_program

Files on a computer can_be created, moved, modified, grown, shrunk,_and deleted. In_most cases, computer programs that are executed_on_the computer handle these operations, but_the_user of a computer can also_manipulate_files_if necessary. For instance, Microsoft_Word files are normally created and_modified by the Microsoft Word program in response to_user commands, but_the user can also move,_rename,_or_delete these files directly by using a file manager program_such as_Windows Explorer (on_Windows computers) or by command lines (CLI).

In Unix-like systems, user_space programs do not operate directly, at_a low level, on a file. Only the kernel deals with_files, and it handles all user-space interaction with_files in a manner that is transparent_to the user-space programs._The_operating system provides a level of abstraction,_which_means_that_interaction with a_file