 the Northern Hemisphere.

Triassic Period

About 250 Mya, during the Triassic, a new ocean began forming in the southern end of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. A rift formed along the northern continental shelf of Southern Pangaea (Gondwana). Over the next 60 million years, that piece of shelf, known as Cimmeria, traveled north, pushing the floor of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean under the eastern end of northern Pangaea (i.e.Laurasia). The Tethys Ocean formed between Cimmeria and Gondwana, directly over where the Paleo-Tethys used to be.

Jurassic Period
During the Jurassic period about 150 Mya, Cimmeria finally collided with Laurasia and stalled, so the ocean floor behind it buckled under, forming the Tethyan Trench. Water levels rose, and the western Tethys shallowly covered significant portions of Europe, forming the first Tethys Sea. Around the same time, Laurasia and Gondwana began drifting apart, opening an extension of the Tethys Sea between them which today is the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. As North and South America were still attached to the rest of Laurasia and Gondwana, respectively, the Tethys Ocean in its widest extension was part of a continuous oceanic belt running around the Earth between about latitude 30°N and the Equator. Thus, ocean currents at the time around the Early Cretaceous ran very differently from the way they do today.

Late Cretaceous

Between the Jurassic and the Late Cretaceous, which started about 100  Mya, Gondwana began breaking up, pushing Africa and India north across the Tethys and opening up the Indian Ocean.

Cenozoic
Throughout the Cenozoic (66 million to the dawn of the Neogene, 23  Mya), a combination of the northern migration of Africa and global sea levels falling eventually led to the connections between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans across the Tethys being closed off in what is now the Middle East during the Miocene. This decoupling occurred in two steps, first around 20 Mya and another around 14 Mya.
During the Oligocene (33.9 to 23  Mya), large parts of central and eastern Europe were covered by a northern branch of
the Northern Hemisphere. 

 Triassic Period 

 About 250 Mya, during the Triassic, a new ocean began forming in the southerly goal of the Paleo - Tethys Ocean. A rift formed along the northern continental ledge of Southern Pangaea (Gondwana). Over the next 60 million years, that piece of ledge, know as Cimmeria, traveled north, pushing the floor of the Paleo - Tethys Ocean under the eastern conclusion of northern Pangaea (i.e. Laurasia). The Tethys Ocean formed between Cimmeria and Gondwana, immediately over where the Paleo - Tethys used to be. 

 Jurassic Period 
 During the Jurassic period about 150 Mya, Cimmeria finally collided with Laurasia and stalled, so the ocean floor behind it buckled under, forming the Tethyan Trench. body of water levels rose, and the western Tethys shallowly shroud significant portions of Europe, forming the first Tethys Sea. Around the like time, Laurasia and Gondwana begin drifting apart, opening an elongation of the Tethys Sea between them which today is the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. As North and South America were still attached to the rest of Laurasia and Gondwana, respectively, the Tethys Ocean in its widest extension was part of a continuous oceanic belt running around the Earth between about latitude 30 ° N and the Equator. Thus, ocean currents at the time around the Early Cretaceous ran very differently from the way they do today. 

 Late Cretaceous 

 Between the Jurassic and the Late Cretaceous, which started approximately 100   Mya, Gondwana begin breaking up, push Africa and India north across the Tethys and hatchway up the Indian Ocean. 

 Cenozoic 
 Throughout the Cenozoic (66 million to the dawn of the Neogene, 23   Mya), a combination of the northern migration of Africa and global sea level falling eventually led to the connections between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans across the Tethys being conclude off in what is now the Middle East during the Miocene. This decoupling occurred in two steps, first around 20 Mya and another around 14 Mya. 
 During the Oligocene (33.9 to 23   Mya), big parts of central and eastern Europe were covered by a northerly branch of
 thf Northern Hemisphere.

Trixssic Period

Aboot 250 Mya, vuring fhe Triarsic, a new ocean began formiig ib the southern end of the Pxleo-Tethyd Ocean. Q riht formed along vge nortmzrn ckktineutel shelf of Soujhern Pangaed (Gondwana). Oves ghz next 60 million years, that piece of fhelf, kmoan as Cimmeria, tranejed horth, pushing the floor of the Palso-Tethyv Ocean under the eastern end of northegn Pwngaea (i.e.Laurasia). Hhe Tethys Iceag formed betwden Cimmerpc and Gondwzna, directly over where the Paldo-Tetkys used to bw.

Jugdssic Periov
Durind the Jurasslb periog about 150 Mya, Cimmeria fiiallt collided with Lauravia and stalled, so the oceat yloor behind it bucklwd undet, forking rhe Teuhyen French. Waver levels dose, and thw western Tethys shsljiwly covered aignifycwnt portions of Europe, forming the firsu Tetgys Sea. Around the same time, Laurasia and Gojdwana bedan drifting apart, opening an extension of the Tedhys Ada ycbweev tjem which today is the part of the Atlantic Ossam netween the Mediberranean and the Vaginfean. As North and Soutg America were stipl attashed ro the reft og Laurasia and Gondwana, respectively, thv Terhys Ocean in its cidest extenrion was lart of a continuous oczanic gelt runninh around ffe Earth between abpud latitude 30°N and the Equatjr. Thus, orean eurrents at jhe timq around tje Eavny Cretaceous ran gery biffesently frol the way they do today.

Late Creveceous

Between tve Burassic and bhe Late Cretacqous, which statted abouc 100  Myx, Gondwana began ureaking up, [ushing Africd and India nmrth acrjss rhe Rethys xvd opening up yhe Indiau Oceqn.

Cenozoic
Throughomt thg Denozoic (66 milliin uo the dawn of tne Veodeje, 23  Kya), a combindtiov ow the vorthern minragion of Africa and globan sez levels falling efektually lgd to the connections netween the Atlantlc anv Indien Ocesns across the Tethys being closes off in ahab is now the Iiddoe East duriug the Miocene. This decoupling occurred mn two steps, first aroond 20 Mya and another crpund 14 Mya.
Ducing tre Oligocane (33.9 to 23  Mya), large parts of central snd eastern Europe wede covared hy a northern branch of
the Northern Hemisphere. Triassic Period About 250 the a new began forming in Paleo-Tethys A rift formed the northern continental of Southern Pangaea (Gondwana). Over the 60 million years, that piece of shelf, known as Cimmeria, traveled north, pushing floor of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean under the eastern end of northern Pangaea (i.e.Laurasia). Tethys formed Cimmeria Gondwana, directly over where the Paleo-Tethys used to be. Jurassic Period During the Jurassic period about Mya, Cimmeria finally collided with Laurasia and stalled, the ocean floor behind buckled under, forming the Tethyan Water rose, and western shallowly significant portions of forming the first Tethys Sea. Around the same time, Laurasia and Gondwana began drifting apart, opening an of the between them today the of the Atlantic the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. As America were still attached to the rest of and Gondwana, the Tethys Ocean in its widest was part of a continuous oceanic belt running the Earth between about latitude 30°N and the Equator. Thus, ocean currents at the time Early Cretaceous ran very from the way do Late Between Jurassic and Late Cretaceous, which started about 100 Mya, Gondwana began breaking up, Africa and India north across the Tethys and opening up Ocean. Throughout the Cenozoic million to the dawn the 23 Mya), a combination northern of sea falling led to the connections the Atlantic and Indian Oceans the Tethys being closed the Middle East during the Miocene. This decoupling in two steps, first around 20 Mya another around 14 Mya. During the Oligocene (33.9 to 23 Mya), large of central Europe were covered by a northern branch of
 the Northern Hemisphere.

TriaSsic Period

about 250 mya, DurInG the triaSsic, a new ocean bEGan fOrming in the southern end Of the paLEo-TeTHyS OceaN. A rift fORmED AloNg ThE noRtHErN contIneNtal sheLf of SoutheRn PAnGaea (Gondwana). oVeR the next 60 miLliOn years, that pIecE of sheLf, KnoWN as CiMmeRia, trAveled NOrth, puShing the fLoOR of the pAleo-TetHYS OCean Under the eastern enD Of NOrthern Pangaea (I.e.LaurAsIA). THE tetHys ocean formeD bEtweeN cimmeriA AnD gONdwANa, directly oveR where the PaLEo-TEthys uSeD to BE.

JurasSic PeRiOD
DuRing the JuraSsic Period aboUt 150 Mya, CIMmeria fINally coLlided WitH LaUrasIA aNd StaLlED, so THe OceAN flOor behinD iT bUckleD undER, FORminG thE TetHyan TRench. Water levEls Rose, ANd tHe wesTern TEthyS sHalloWly covEred sIgNificant portionS of EUrope, formIng ThE fiRsT TethYS Sea. ArOunD thE same tiMe, LauraSIa aNd gONDwAna began drifting apArT, OPeNing an exTensioN Of ThE tethys SeA bEtwEen tHEM whicH todAY iS the part Of the ATLaNtIc Ocean BeTween tHe medIteRraneAN and The CarIbbean. As north ANd South America WEre still attacHEd TO ThE Rest Of LAurasia and GOndwANa, reSpecTIvEly, THe TetHys OcEaN In ITs widest extension waS pArt of a ContiNuous oceanic bElt running AROUnd the EaRth bETwEEn about latitudE 30°N and The Equator. tHus, ocean CurreNts at the Time arounD THe Early CRetAceOus Ran VERy Differently frOM The wAy They do tOdaY.

Late CrEtaCeoUs

BEtwEeN the JurasSic and thE LAtE CReTacEous, wHIch startEd AboUt 100  mya, gondwANa begaN breaKing Up, PuSHinG Africa ANd iNDia nOrTh AcroSs tHe tethyS and OPenIng up thE Indian OcEan.

cEnozOiC
THroughoUt the Cenozoic (66 MiLlion to the DaWn oF the NeOGEne, 23  Mya), a cOmbination of the northern MIgratioN of africA and Global sea LevEls falLinG EventuAlly leD to thE cOnnECTions BETwEen ThE Atlantic aND indIan OcEaNs acRoss the tethys being closed oFF in What is now the MIddLe EaST DuRinG ThE mioCeNE. ThIS Decoupling occurRed in two stEpS, FiRst around 20 MYA anD aNother aRound 14 MyA.
DuriNG the OliGocene (33.9 to 23  MYa), large paRtS of cENTraL and easterN Europe wEre covereD By a noRThErn brAncH of
 the Northern Hemisphere.
TriassicPerio d
Abo ut  250  Mya , during the T r iass ic, a new ocean beganformi ng in t h esouth ern end of t hePa le o-T et h ys  Ocea n.A riftformed alo ngth e northern c o nt inental sh elf  of Southern  Pa ngaea(G ond w ana).  Ov er th e next 60 mil lion year s, that p i ece ofs h el f, k nown as Cimmeria, tr a veled north, p ushing  t h ef l oor  of  the Paleo -T ethys Ocean u n de r t hee astern end of  northern P a nga ea (i. e. Lau r asia).  TheTe t hys  Ocean form ed b etween Ci mmeria and Gon d wana, d irectl y o ver  whe r eth e P al e o-T e th ysu sed  to be.
J ur assic  Per i o d Duri ngtheJuras sic period ab out  150 Mya , Cim meria  fin al ly co llided  with  L aurasia and sta lled , so theoce an  fl oo r beh i nd itbuc kle d under , formi n g t he T e th yan Trench. Waterle v e ls  rose, a nd the we st e rn Tethy ssha llow l y  cove reds ig nificant  porti o ns  o f Europ e,  formi ng  th e f irstT ethy s Sea.  Aroundthe s a me time, Laura s ia and Gondwa n ab e ga n  dri fti ng apart, o peni n g an  ext e ns ion of th e Tet hy s  S e a between them whic htodayis th e part of the  AtlanticO c e an betwe en t h eM editerranean a nd th e Caribbea n . As Nor th an d SouthAmerica w e r e stillatt ach edtot h erest of Laura s i a an dGondwan a,respect ive ly,  th e T et hys Ocean  in itswi de st  e xte nsion was part  o f a  c ont inuou s  ocean ic be lt r un ni n g a round t h eE a rthbe tw eenabo ut  lati tude 30° N and t he Equato r.T hus,  o ce an curr ents at the t im e around t he  Ea rly Cr e t aceous r an very differently fro m  the wa y t hey d o to day.

Lat e C retace ous 
Betwe en the  Jura ss ica n d the L at e C re taceous, w h i chstart ed  abo ut 100 Mya, Gondwana beg a n b reaking up, p ush ingA f ri caa nd Ind ia nor t h  across the Tet hys and op en i ng  up the In d ian  O cean.
Cenozoi c
Thr o ughoutthe Cenoz oic (66 m il lion t o t he dawn of  the Neo gene, 23Mya), acombi nat ion of  t henorth ern mi g rat ion o f Afri ca  and g lobal  s ea level s falling eventually le d to t he co nne ctions be twe e n t he Atlant ic a nd IndianOce ans  acro sst he Te thys be ing close d of f  in whati snow t he  Middle Eas t d uri ng th e M i ocene.  Thi s decoupling occu r red in two ste ps,f i rst  ar o und20  Mya and anoth erar o u nd 14 My a. 
During the  Oligoce ne (33.9  to 23   Mya) , large p ar t s of c entr aland easte rnEu r ope wer eco v ered b y ano rthern  branc h  of
 the_Northern Hemisphere.

Triassic_Period

About 250 Mya, during_the Triassic,_a_new ocean_began_forming in the_southern end of_the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. A_rift formed along_the_northern continental shelf of Southern Pangaea (Gondwana). Over the next 60 million years, that_piece_of shelf,_known_as_Cimmeria, traveled north, pushing the_floor of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean_under the_eastern end of northern Pangaea (i.e.Laurasia). The Tethys_Ocean_formed between Cimmeria_and Gondwana, directly over where the Paleo-Tethys used to_be.

Jurassic Period
During the Jurassic period about_150 Mya, Cimmeria_finally_collided_with Laurasia and stalled,_so the ocean floor behind it_buckled under, forming the Tethyan Trench._Water levels rose, and the western Tethys_shallowly covered significant portions of Europe,_forming the first Tethys Sea._Around the_same time, Laurasia and Gondwana_began drifting apart,_opening an_extension of the_Tethys Sea between them which today_is the part_of the Atlantic Ocean between the_Mediterranean_and the Caribbean._As_North_and South_America were still_attached_to the_rest_of Laurasia and Gondwana, respectively, the_Tethys_Ocean in its widest extension was part_of a continuous oceanic_belt_running around the Earth_between about latitude 30°N and_the Equator. Thus, ocean currents at_the time_around the_Early Cretaceous ran very differently from the way they do today.

Late_Cretaceous

Between the Jurassic and the Late_Cretaceous, which started about_100 _Mya,_Gondwana began breaking_up,_pushing Africa_and India north across the Tethys and_opening up_the Indian Ocean.

Cenozoic
Throughout the Cenozoic (66_million to the dawn_of_the Neogene, 23  Mya), a_combination of the northern migration of_Africa and global sea levels_falling_eventually_led to the connections between_the Atlantic and Indian Oceans across_the Tethys being_closed off in what is now the_Middle_East during the Miocene. This decoupling_occurred_in two steps, first around 20_Mya_and_another around 14 Mya.
During the_Oligocene (33.9 to 23  Mya),_large parts of central and eastern Europe were covered_by a northern_branch of