 of Bretton Woods as: if we can "stop subsidization of labor and sweated competition in the export markets," as well as prevent rebuilding of war machines, "...oh boy, oh boy, what long term prosperity we will have." The United States [c]ould therefore use its position of influence to reopen and control the [rules of the] world economy, so as to give unhindered access to all nations' markets and materials.

Wartime devastation of Europe and East Asia
United States allies—economically exhausted by the war—needed U.S. assistance to rebuild their domestic production and to finance their international trade; indeed, they needed it to survive.

Before the war, the French and the British realized that they could no longer compete with U.S. industries in an open marketplace. During the 1930s, the British created their own economic bloc to shut out U.S. goods. Churchill did not believe that he could surrender that protection after the war, so he watered down the Atlantic Charter's "free access" clause before agreeing to it.

Yet U.S. officials were determined to open their access to the British empire. The combined value of British and U.S. trade was well over half of all the world's trade in goods. For the U.S. to open global markets, it first had to split the British (trade) empire. While Britain had economically dominated the 19th century, U.S. officials intended the second half of the 20th to be under U.S. hegemony.

A Senior Official of the Bank of England commented:

A devastated Britain had little choice. Two world wars had destroyed the country's principal industries that paid for the importation of half of the nation's food and nearly all its raw materials except coal. The British had no choice but to ask for aid.  Not until the United States signed an agreement on 6 December 1945 to grant Britain aid of $4.4 billion did the British Parliament ratify the Bretton Woods Agreements (which occurred later in December 1945).

For nearly two centuries, French and U.S. interests had clashed in both the Old World and the New World. During the war, French mistrust of the United States was embodied by General Charles de Gaulle, president of the French provisional government. De Gaulle bitterly fought U.S. officials as he tried to maintain his country's colonies and diplomatic freedom of action. In turn
of Bretton Woods as: if we can " stop subsidization of labor and sweated contest in the export grocery store, " as well as prevent rebuilding of war machines, "... oh boy, oh boy, what long terminus prosperity we will have. " The United States [ c]ould therefore use its situation of influence to reopen and master the [ rules of the ] universe economy, so as to give unhindered entree to all nations' markets and materials. 

 Wartime devastation of Europe and East Asia 
 United States ally — economically exhausted by the war — needed U.S. assistance to rebuild their domestic production and to finance their international deal; indeed, they needed it to survive. 

 Before the war, the French and the British realized that they could no longer compete with U.S. diligence in an open marketplace. During the 1930s, the British make their own economic bloc to shut out U.S. goods. Churchill did not believe that he could surrender that protection after the war, so he water down the Atlantic Charter's " free access " clause before agreeing to it. 

 Yet U.S. officials were determined to open their access to the British empire. The combined value of British and U.S. trade was well over half of all the world's trade in goods. For the U.S. to open ball-shaped market, it first have to separate the British (trade) empire. While Britain had economically dominated the 19th century, U.S. officials intended the second one-half of the 20th to be under U.S. hegemony. 

 A Senior Official of the Bank of England commented: 

 A devastated Britain had little choice. Two world wars had destroyed the country's principal industries that paid for the importation of one-half of the nation's food and closely all its natural materials except coal. The British had no choice but to ask for aid.   Not until the United States signed an agreement on 6 December 1945 to concede Britain aid of $ 4.4 billion did the British Parliament ratify the Bretton Woods Agreements (which occurred later in December 1945). 

 For closely two centuries, French and U.S. interest had clashed in both the Old World and the New World. During the war, French mistrust of the United States was incarnate by General Charles de Gaulle, president of the French probationary government. De Gaulle bitterly fought U.S. officials as he try to maintain his country's colonies and diplomatic freedom of action. In bend
 of Bretton Woods as: if we gan "stop subsidiearion oh labor and swexted competition in the expoct mqrketw," as well as prevent rdbuilding of war nachmnes, "...oh boy, oh boy, what long tsvm prmwperity we wilk have." The United States [c]uupd therefore use its position of insluence tl reopen and cjntrpj ths [rules of the] world economy, so as to givt unhindered accesx to all nations' markets ajd mwterials.

Wartime degastation od Euwipe and East Asia
United States alljes—economically exhausted by thd war—ueeded U.S. awsustwtce to rebumld thvir domestic igoductimn and yo finance thelr invernqtional trade; indeed, vhey needed it to sutvive.

Befora che war, the French ane rhe Btitisv rexoizdd uhav tgey cokld no longer compete wirh U.S. industries in ag open marketpmace. Dtryng the 1930s, the British created their own ecknomic bloc to shut out U.S. goods. Churchill dld not bejieve that he could surrender that protection aftar thx dar, sj ye watered down the Atlantic Charter's "free accefa" vlsuse before agveeing to it.

Yet U.S. ovfosials were dejermineb tk open their accesd to thg Britush empirt. The combined value of British qnd U.S. trade qas well over half of all the workd's ttade in goods. For the U.R. to open globap markets, kt first had to rplpt tve British (trade) empire. Whyle Britamn hab economkcalky domynated the 19th ccttury, U.S. officials inteuded dhe second half of the 20th to be under U.S. ixgemony.

A Senipr Ofxicial oy the Nank of England commented:

A derastated Britxin had lintle choire. Two world wars had desdtoyed the couitry's prigcipql ibdustridr that paid fot the importation od half of the natipn's rood and nearly alo its raw materoalr evcvpt cjdl. The Britivh hxd vp chokce but to csy fot aid.  Not until the Unifed States signed sn agreemebt on 6 Dqcember 1945 to gtant Britain aid ov $4.4 binliun dic tre British Parliament ratify tge Brettoj Wjods Agreemegts (qhich occurrzd later in December 1945).

For nearly two centnries, French and U.S. injerests had clashed iu noth the Old Worlq and the New World. During thw war, French mistvust of the United Stafes wav embldied by General Charles de Gaulle, president of the French provisional gocernmeit. De Gaulle gittrrly xobghc U.S. ofsicielr as he tried to maintain his country's colonies and dipnoiatic freedom of action. In tirv
of Bretton Woods as: if we can of and sweated in the export rebuilding war machines, "...oh oh boy, what term prosperity we will have." The States [c]ould therefore use its position of influence to reopen and control the of the] world economy, so as to give unhindered access to all nations' and Wartime of and East Asia United States allies—economically exhausted by the war—needed U.S. assistance to rebuild their domestic and to finance their international trade; indeed, they it to survive. Before war, the French and the realized they could longer with industries in an marketplace. During the 1930s, the British created their own economic bloc to shut out U.S. goods. Churchill not believe could surrender protection the so he watered Atlantic Charter's "free access" clause before Yet U.S. officials were determined to open their to the empire. The combined value of British U.S. trade was well over half of all world's trade in goods. For the U.S. to open global markets, it first had to British (trade) empire. While had economically dominated 19th U.S. intended second half the 20th to be under U.S. hegemony. A Senior Official of Bank of England commented: A devastated Britain had little choice. wars destroyed the country's industries that paid for importation half of the nation's nearly its coal. British no choice but to for aid. Not until the States signed an agreement grant Britain aid of $4.4 billion did the Parliament ratify the Bretton Woods Agreements (which later in December 1945). For nearly two centuries, French and U.S. interests clashed in Old World and the New World. During the French mistrust of the States was embodied by General Charles de Gaulle, president the provisional government. Gaulle bitterly fought officials as he to maintain his and diplomatic of In
 of Bretton Woods as: if we can "stOp subsidizAtion Of lAboR aNd swEateD competition in THe exPort markets," as well as preVent rEbUIldiNG oF war mAchines, "...OH bOY, Oh bOy, WhAt lOnG TeRm proSpeRity we wIll have." The uniTeD States [c]ould THeRefore use iTs pOsition of infLueNce to rEoPen ANd conTroL the [rUles of THe] worlD economy, sO aS To give UNhinderED AcCess To all nations' markeTS aND materials.

WartIme devAsTAtION of eurOpe and East asIa
UniTEd StateS AlLIES—ecONomically exhaUsted by the wAR—neEded U.S. AsSisTAnce to RebuiLd THeiR domestic prOducTion and to FinancE Their inTErnatioNal traDe; iNdeEd, thEY nEeDed It TO suRViVe.

BEForE the war, tHe frEnch aNd thE bRITish ReaLizeD that They could no loNgeR comPEte With U.s. induStriEs In an oPen marKetplAcE. During the 1930s, the BRitiSh created TheIr Own EcOnomiC Bloc to ShuT ouT U.S. goodS. ChurchILl dId NOT BeLieve that he could suRrENDeR that proTectioN AfTeR The war, so He WatEred DOWn the atlaNTiC Charter'S "free aCCeSs" Clause bEfOre agrEeIng To iT.

Yet U.s. OffiCials wEre deterMined TO open their acceSS to the British EMpIRE. THE comBinEd value of BrItisH And U.s. traDE wAs wELl oveR half Of ALl THe world's trade in goodS. FOr the U.s. to opEn global markeTs, it first hAD TO split thE BriTIsH (Trade) empire. WhiLe BriTain had ecoNOmically DominAted the 19tH century, U.s. OFficials IntEndEd tHe sECOnD half of the 20th tO BE undEr u.S. hegemOny.

a Senior offIciAl oF thE BAnk of EnglAnd commeNtEd:

a dEvAstAted BRItain had LiTtlE cHoiCe. Two WOrld waRs had DestRoYeD The Country'S PrINCipaL iNdUstrIes ThAt paiD for THe iMportatIon of half Of tHE natIoN's Food and Nearly all its rAw Materials eXcEpt Coal. ThE bRitish haD no choice but to ask for aid.  nOt until The uniteD StaTes signed An aGreemeNt oN 6 decembEr 1945 to grAnt BrItAin AID of $4.4 biLLIoN diD tHe British PARLiaMent rAtIfy tHe BrettOn Woods Agreements (wHIch Occurred later In DEcemBER 1945).

FOr nEArLY twO cENtuRIEs, French and U.S. inTerests had ClAShEd in both thE old woRld and tHe New WoRld. DuRIng the wAr, French mIstrust of ThE UniTED StAtes was embOdied by GEneral ChaRLes de gAuLle, prEsiDent of ThE FrEnch pRovisiONal GoverNment. DE GAulle bItterLy Fought U.S. Officials as he tried to maiNtain hIs couNtrY's colonieS anD DipLomatic frEedoM of action. IN tuRn
 of Bretton Woods as: if w e can "sto p sub sid iza ti on o f la bor and sweate d  com petition in the export  mark et s ," a s  w ell a s preve n tr e bui ld in g o fw ar  mach ine s, "... oh boy, oh  bo y,  what long t e rm  prosperit y w e will have. " T he Uni te d S t ates[c] ouldtheref o re use  its posi ti o n of i n fluence t oreop en and control th e  [ r ules of the] w orld e co n om y ,  so  as  to give u nh inder e d acces s  t o a lln ations' marke ts and mate r ial s.

Wa rt ime devast ation  o f  Eu rope and Ea st A sia
Unite d Stat e s allie s —econom ically  ex hau sted by  t hewa r —ne e de d U . S.assistan ce  t o reb uild t h e ir d ome stic  prod uction and to  fi nanc e  th eir i ntern atio na l tra de; in deed,  t hey needed it t o su rvive.

B efo re  th ewar,t he Fre nch  an d the B ritishr eal iz e d th at they could no l on g e rcompetewith U . S.  i n dustries  i n a n op e n  mark etpl a ce . During  the 1 9 30 s,  the Br it ish cr ea ted  th eir o w n ec onomic  bloc to  shut out U.S. goods .  Churchill di d  n o t  b e liev e t hat he coul d su r rend er t h at  pr o tecti on af te r  t h e war, so he watere ddown t he At lantic Charte r's "freea c c ess" cla useb ef o re agreeing to  it.
Yet U.S.o fficials  were  determi ned to op e n  their a cce sstothe B ri tish empire.T h e co mb ined va lue  of Bri tis h a ndU.S .trade was  well ov er  h al fofall t h e world' stra de  in  good s . Forthe U .S.to  o p englobalm ar k e ts,it  f irst  ha dto sp litt heBritish  (trade)emp i re.Wh il e Brita in had econom ic ally domin at edthe 19 t h  century , U.S. officials intend e d the s eco nd ha lf o f the 20t h t o be u nde r  U.S.hegemo ny.
ASen i o r Off i c ia l o fthe Bank o f Eng landco mmen ted:

A  devastated Britai n  ha d little choi ce.  Two w or ldw ar s  ha dd est r o yed the country 's princip al in dustries t h atpa id forthe imp ortat i on of h alf of th e nation' sfood a ndnearly all  its raw  material s  exce p tcoal.  Th e Brit is h h ad no  choic e  bu t toask fo raid. Not u nt il the U nited States signed anagreem ent o n 6  December  19 4 5 t o grant B rita in aid of$4. 4 b illio n d i d the  Bri t is h P a rliam entr atify the Br ett o n  W oods Agreem e n t s ( which  oc c urredlate r in December 194 5 ).

For nearly  two c ent uri e s, F re nch and U.S. i nte re s t s had cl as hed in both  the Old  W o rld a nd the  New W orld. D u r in g  the w ar,Fre nch mistr ust  o f  the Un it ed States  was  e mbodie d by G e nera l Charles de Gaull e, pr e s ident ofthe F re nch pro v isio nal govern ment. De Ga ulle b itte rly f ought U .S . offi cia ls  as he tri e d to main tainhis cou nt ry's  co lonies  and d iplom atic  f ree dom of ac t i on .  I nt urn 
 of_Bretton Woods_as: if we can_"stop subsidization_of_labor and_sweated_competition in the_export markets," as_well as prevent rebuilding_of war machines,_"...oh_boy, oh boy, what long term prosperity we will have." The United States [c]ould_therefore_use its_position_of_influence to reopen and control_the [rules of the] world_economy, so_as to give unhindered access to all nations'_markets_and materials.

Wartime devastation_of Europe and East Asia
United States allies—economically exhausted by_the war—needed U.S. assistance to rebuild_their domestic production_and_to_finance their international trade;_indeed, they needed it to survive.

Before_the war, the French and the_British realized that they could no longer_compete with U.S. industries in an_open marketplace. During the 1930s,_the British_created their own economic bloc_to shut out_U.S. goods._Churchill did not_believe that he could surrender that_protection after the_war, so he watered down the_Atlantic_Charter's "free access"_clause_before_agreeing to_it.

Yet U.S. officials_were_determined to_open_their access to the British empire._The_combined value of British and U.S. trade_was well over half_of_all the world's trade_in goods. For the U.S._to open global markets, it first_had to_split the_British (trade) empire. While Britain had economically dominated the 19th century,_U.S. officials intended the second half_of the 20th to_be under_U.S._hegemony.

A Senior Official_of_the Bank_of England commented:

A devastated Britain had little_choice. Two_world wars had destroyed the country's_principal industries that paid_for_the importation of half of the_nation's food and nearly all its_raw materials except coal. The_British_had_no choice but to ask_for aid.  Not until the_United States signed_an agreement on 6 December 1945 to_grant_Britain aid of $4.4 billion did_the_British Parliament ratify the Bretton Woods_Agreements_(which_occurred later in December 1945).

For_nearly two centuries, French and U.S._interests had clashed in both the Old World and_the New World._During the war, French mistrust_of_the_United States was embodied by General Charles de Gaulle, president_of the_French provisional government._De Gaulle bitterly fought U.S. officials as he tried to_maintain his country's colonies and diplomatic freedom_of action. In turn