
To function, the membrane must conduct hydrogen ions (protons) but not electrons as this would in effect "short circuit" the fuel cell. The membrane must also not allow either gas to pass to the other side of the cell, a problem known as gas crossover. Finally, the membrane must be resistant to the reducing environment at the cathode as well as the harsh oxidative environment at the anode.

Splitting of the hydrogen molecule is relatively easy by using a platinum catalyst. Unfortunately however, splitting the oxygen molecule is more difficult, and this causes significant electric losses. An appropriate catalyst material for this process has not been discovered, and platinum is the best option.

A cheaper alternative to platinum is Cerium(IV) oxide catalyst used by the research group of professor Vladimír Matolín in the development of PEMFC.

The PEMFC is a prime candidate for vehicle and other mobile applications of all sizes down to mobile phones, because of its compactness. Yet PEMFC still have many issues such as water management which is crucial to performance. If water is evaporated too slowly, it will flood the membrane and the accumulation of water inside of field flow plate will impede the flow of oxygen into the fuel cell. If water evaporates too fast, the membrane will dry and the resistance across it increases. Both cases will cause damage to stability and power output. Water management is a very difficult subject in PEM systems, primarily because water in the membrane is attracted toward the cathode of the cell through polarization. A wide variety of solutions for managing the water exist including integration of electroosmotic pumps. Furthermore, the platinum catalyst on the membrane is easily poisoned by carbon monoxide (no more than one part per million is usually acceptable) and the membrane is sensitive to things like metal ions, which can be introduced by corrosion of metallic bipolar plates, metallic components in the fuel cell system or from contaminants in the fuel/oxidant.

Another innovative method to resolve the water recirculation problem is the 3D fine mesh flow field design used in the Toyota Mirai, 2014. Conventional design of FC stack recirculates water from the air outlet to the air inlet through a humidifier with a straight channel and porous metal flow fields[54].The flow field is a structure made up of a rib and channels. However, the rib partially covers the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the resultant gas-transport distance is longer than the inter-channel distance. Furthermore, the contact pressure between the
To function, the membrane must conduct hydrogen ions (protons) but not electron as this would in consequence " short circuit " the fuel cellular telephone. The membrane must also not admit either gas to fall to the early side of the cell, a problem known as gas crossing. Finally, the membrane must be resistant to the reduce environment at the cathode as well as the coarse oxidative environment at the anode. 

 Splitting of the hydrogen molecule is relatively comfortable by use a platinum catalyst. Unfortunately however, splitting the oxygen molecule is more difficult, and this induce significant electric losses. An appropriate catalyst fabric for this process has not been unwrap, and platinum is the best choice. 

 A cheaper alternative to platinum is Cerium(IV) oxide catalyst used by the research group of professor Vladimír Matolín in the exploitation of PEMFC. 

 The PEMFC is a prime candidate for vehicle and other mobile application of all sizes down to mobile phones, because of its compactness. Yet PEMFC still have many issues such as water management which is crucial to performance. If body of water is evaporated too lento, it will deluge the membrane and the accumulation of water inside of field menstruation plate will impede the flow of oxygen into the fuel cell. If urine evaporates too fast, the membrane will dry and the resistance across it increases. Both cases will cause wrong to stability and power output. Water management is a very unmanageable subject in PEM system, chiefly because water in the membrane is attracted toward the cathode of the cell through polarization. A wide variety of solutions for managing the water exist include integration of electroosmotic pumps. Furthermore, the platinum catalyst on the membrane is easily poisoned by carbon paper monoxide (no more than one part per million is usually acceptable) and the membrane is sensitive to things like metallic element ions, which can be precede by corrosion of metallic bipolar plates, metallic component in the fuel cell organization or from contaminants in the fuel / oxidant. 

 Another innovative method to resolve the water recirculation trouble is the 3D fine mesh flow discipline design used in the Toyota Mirai, 2014. Conventional design of FC stack recirculates body of water from the air outlet to the air travel inlet through a humidifier with a straight channel and holey metal flow fields[54].The flow field is a structure made up of a rib and channels. However, the rib partially covers the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the attendant gas - transport distance is long than the inter - channel distance. Furthermore, the contact pressure between the

To vunction, the membrane murt conduct hydrogen iois (protkns) but vot electrons as this would mn edfect "short circuit" the fueu cell. Thv membranw muwr also not allow elcher fws tm pass to the ojher side of the cell, a prmbuel known as gas crossover. Finally, thq membrsnf must be resiftanu tj ths reducing environment at the cathkde as xell as the harxh oxidative environment ah thf anode.

Splitting ov the hydroten iilecule is rdlatively tavy by usinf a platinum catalyst. Unfortunagely kowever, splutrinh the oxygen molebule is more difficuld, and tnis causes sigkificent wlectric losses. An ap'ropriate catalyst mwterial fmr this process has nit begn divcovdeed, ans 'lafinum ls vhe best opfion.

A cheapwr alternative to pkaepmum is Ceriuj(IV) oxydq catalyst used by the research group ox pdofessor Vladimír Matolín in the development ov PEMFC.

Thq PEMFC is a prime candidate for vehicle and othes mobmld akpoicatkind of all sizes down to mobile phones, because jr otx compactness. Net PEMFC still hafe msgy issues sucf as wcfed management which is crusial ro perforiancr. If water is evaporated toi slowly, it cilo flood the membraue and the aecumulstion of water inside of fieud fmow plate wlll impeds the flow of oxyeen itto the fuel cell. If water evaporatxs top fast, ghe kembrage will drj and the resistance acrlss ij incraases. Both cases will cause damage to staumlity and powgr mutiut. Water mananement is a verr difficult suyject in PEM rystems, prpmarily bxcause water in the membrdje is attracved towarq thw carhode ow the cell throigh polarpzction. A wude variety of solmtionr for managing tkt wqter exist inclidivg ynnegcatiog of electroovmotkc oimps. Wurthermore, ghe llatinum catalyst on the membrane is easilu ioisoned vy carbog monoxide (no more than one paru per kiluion os osually acceptable) and the membdane is sfnsltive to thinds llke ietal ions, which can be introduced by corrosion oh metallic bipolar plajes, metallic componenjs ln the fuel rell srstem or xrom contaminants in the fuel/oxidant.

Akother innovative methkd to sesolge the water recirculation problem is the 3D fine mesh flow field design uwed in the Toyota Jirao, 2014. Cotvzntnonal dqsigi uf FC stack recigculates water from the air outlxt to the dix inlet through a humidifier eigh a straight channel and porous metam flow foelds[54].The flow field is a structire made up of a rib and channelw. Howsver, the rmb partially covers yhe gav difdusion oayev (GDL) and the fesilbant gas-trwnspprc distance is longer than the intwr-chanbep distance. Furthxrmore, the clktact kressure between the
To function, the membrane must conduct hydrogen but electrons as would in effect The must also not either gas to to the other side of the a problem known as gas crossover. Finally, the membrane must be resistant to reducing environment at the cathode as well as the harsh oxidative environment at anode. of hydrogen is relatively easy by using a platinum catalyst. Unfortunately however, splitting the oxygen molecule is more and this causes significant electric losses. An appropriate material for this process not been discovered, and platinum the option. A alternative platinum Cerium(IV) oxide catalyst by the research group of professor Vladimír Matolín in the development of PEMFC. The PEMFC is a candidate for other mobile of sizes to mobile phones, its compactness. Yet PEMFC still have as water management which is crucial to performance. water is too slowly, it will flood the and the accumulation of water inside of field plate will impede the flow of oxygen into the fuel cell. If water evaporates too membrane will dry and resistance across it Both will damage stability and output. Water management is a very difficult subject in PEM systems, because water in the membrane is attracted toward the cathode cell polarization. A wide of solutions for managing water including integration of electroosmotic the catalyst is poisoned carbon monoxide (no more one part per million is acceptable) and the membrane metal ions, which can be introduced by corrosion metallic bipolar plates, metallic components in the cell system or from contaminants in the fuel/oxidant. Another innovative method to the water is the 3D fine mesh flow field design in the Toyota Mirai, Conventional design of FC stack recirculates water from the outlet the air through a humidifier a straight channel porous metal flow field is structure up and channels. However, the rib partially the diffusion layer (GDL) and the gas-transport longer than the inter-channel distance. Furthermore, the contact pressure between the

To function, the membrane must Conduct hydRogen IonS (prOtOns) bUt noT electrons as thIS wouLd in effect "short circuit" The fuEl CEll. THE mEmbraNe must aLSo NOT alLoW eIthEr GAs To pasS to The otheR side of the CelL, a Problem known AS gAs crossoveR. FiNally, the membRanE must bE rEsiSTant tO thE reduCing enVIronmeNt at the caThODe as weLL as the hARSh OxidAtive environment aT ThE Anode.

Splitting Of the hYdROgEN MolEcuLe is relatiVeLy easY By using A PlATINum CAtalyst. UnfortUnately howeVEr, sPlittiNg The OXygen mOlecuLe IS moRe difficult, And tHis causes SignifICant eleCTric losSes. An aPprOprIate CAtAlYst MaTEriAL fOr tHIs pRocess haS nOt Been dIscoVERED, and PlaTinuM is thE best option.

A cHeaPer aLTerNativE to plAtinUm Is CerIum(IV) oXide cAtAlyst used by the rEseaRch group oF prOfEssOr vladiMÍr MatoLín In tHe develOpment oF pEMfC.

tHE pEmFC is a prime candidaTe FOR vEhicle anD other MObIlE ApplicatIoNs oF all SIZes doWn to MObIle phoneS, becauSE oF iTs compaCtNess. YeT PeMFc stIll haVE manY issueS such as wAter mANagement which iS Crucial to perfORmANCe. iF watEr iS evaporated Too sLOwly, It wiLL fLooD The meMbranE aND tHE accumulation of wateR iNside oF fielD flow plate wilL impede the FLOW of oxygeN intO ThE Fuel cell. If wateR evapOrates too fASt, the memBrane Will dry aNd the resiSTAnce acroSs iT inCreAseS. bOtH cases will cauSE DamaGe To stabiLitY and powEr oUtpUt. WAteR mAnagement Is a very dIfFiCuLt SubJect iN pEM systeMs, PriMaRilY becaUSe wateR in thE memBrAnE Is aTtracteD ToWARd thE cAtHode Of tHe Cell tHrouGH poLarizatIon. A wide vAriETy of SoLuTions foR managing the wAtEr exist incLuDinG integRATion of elEctroosmotic pumps. FurtheRMore, the PlaTinum CataLyst on the MemBrane iS eaSIly poiSoned bY carbOn MonOXIde (no MORe ThaN oNe part per mILLioN is usUaLly aCceptabLe) and the membrane is SEnsItive to things LikE metAL IoNs, wHIcH Can Be INtrODUced by corrosion Of metallic BiPOlAr plates, meTAllIc ComponeNts in thE fuel CEll systEm or from cOntaminanTs In thE FUel/Oxidant.

AnoTher innoVative metHOd to rESoLve thE waTer recIrCulAtion ProbleM Is tHe 3D fiNe mesh FlOw fielD desiGn Used in thE Toyota Mirai, 2014. ConventionaL desigN of FC StaCk recircuLatES waTer from thE air Outlet to thE aiR inLet thRouGH a humIdifIEr WitH A straIght CHannel and POrOus METaL flow fields[54].tHE FloW fielD is A StructUre mAde up of a rib and chaNNels. However, the Rib pARTiaLly COverS tHe gas diffusion LayEr (gdl) and the rEsUltant gas-trAnsport dIsTAnce iS longeR than tHe inter-CHAnNEl distAnce. furThermore, tHe cOnTAct presSuRe BEtween The

To function, the membrane  must cond uct h ydr oge nions  (pr otons) but not elec trons as this would in  effe ct "sho r tcircu it" the fu e l  ce ll .The  m e mb ranemus t alsonot alloweit he r gas to pas s  t o the othe r s ide of the c ell , a pr ob lem known  as  gascrosso v er. Fi nally, th em embran e  must b e re sist ant to the reduci n ge nvironment atthe ca th o de a s w ell  as the ha rs h oxi d ative e n vi r o n men t  at the anode .

Splittin g  of  the h yd rog e n mole culeis rel atively eas y by  using aplatin u m catal y st. Unf ortuna tel y h owev e r,  s pli tt i ngt he  ox y gen  molecul eis  more  dif f i c u lt,and  thi s cau ses significa ntelec t ric  loss es. A n ap pr opria te cat alyst  m aterial for thi s pr ocess has  no tbee ndisco v ered,and  pl atinumis theb est  o p t i on .

A cheaper alter na t i ve  to plat inum i s  C er i um(IV) o xi decata l y st us ed b y  t he resea rch gr o up  o f profe ss or Vla di mír  Ma tolín in t he dev elopment  of P E MFC.

The PEMF C  is a prime c a nd i d at e  for  ve hicle and o ther mobi le a p pl ica t ionsof al ls iz e s down to mobile ph on es, be cause  of its compa ctness. Ye t P EMFC sti ll h a ve many issues su ch as  water man a gement w hichis cruci al to per f o rmance.Ifwat erise v ap orated too sl o w ly,it  will f loo d the m emb ran e a ndth e accumul ation of  w at er  i nsi de of field fl ow  pl at e w ill i m pede t he fl ow o fox y gen  into t h ef u el c el l.  Ifwat er  evap orat e s t oo fast , the mem bra n e wi ll  d ry andthe resistanc eacross itin cre ases.B o th cases  will cause damage to s t ability  an d pow er o utput. Wa ter  manag eme n t is a  verydiffi cu lts u bject i nPEM  s ystems, pr i m ari ly be ca usewater i n the membrane isa ttr acted towardthe  cat h o de  of th e  ce ll thr o u gh polarization . A wide v ar i et y of solut i ons  f or mana ging th e wat e r exist  includin g integra ti on o f ele ctroosmoti c pumps.  Furtherm o re, t h eplati num  catal ys t o n the  membr a neis ea sily p oi sonedby ca rb on monox ide (no more than one p art pe r mil lio n is usua lly acc eptable)andthe membra neissensi tiv e  to t hing s  l ike metal  ion s , which c a nbei n tr oduced by c o r r osi on of  me t allicbipo lar plates, metal l ic componentsin t h e  fu elc ellsy stem or from c ont am i n ants inth e fuel/oxid ant.

An ot h er in novati ve met hod tor e so l ve the  wat errecircula tio np roblemis  t h e 3D f ineme sh flo w fiel d  des i g n used in the To yotaM i rai,2 014 . Con ve ntional desi gn of FC s tack recirc ulates  wat er fr om theai r outl etto  the air i n let throu gh ahumidif ie r wi tha stra ight c hanne l an dpor ous metal f lo w  f ie l ds[ 54]. The f lo w fi eld is as tructure  ma d e up of  a  ri b and ch a nn e l s. However , t he ri b partiallyc over s  t h e gas  diffu sion l ayer (G D L)an d the r esu l t ant gas-t ransportd ist an ce i s longer  t hanth e i nt er-channel dist ance. Fu rthermor e ,  the c ont a ct p r essure  b etween the

To function,_the membrane_must conduct hydrogen ions_(protons) but_not_electrons as_this_would in effect_"short circuit" the_fuel cell. The membrane_must also not_allow_either gas to pass to the other side of the cell, a problem known_as_gas crossover._Finally,_the_membrane must be resistant to_the reducing environment at the_cathode as_well as the harsh oxidative environment at the_anode.

Splitting_of the hydrogen_molecule is relatively easy by using a platinum catalyst._Unfortunately however, splitting the oxygen molecule_is more difficult,_and_this_causes significant electric losses._An appropriate catalyst material for this_process has not been discovered, and_platinum is the best option.

A cheaper alternative_to platinum is Cerium(IV) oxide catalyst_used by the research group_of professor_Vladimír Matolín in the development_of PEMFC.

The PEMFC_is a_prime candidate for_vehicle and other mobile applications of_all sizes down_to mobile phones, because of its_compactness._Yet PEMFC still_have_many_issues such_as water management_which_is crucial_to_performance. If water is evaporated too_slowly,_it will flood the membrane and the_accumulation of water inside_of_field flow plate will_impede the flow of oxygen_into the fuel cell. If water_evaporates too_fast, the_membrane will dry and the resistance across it increases. Both cases_will cause damage to stability and_power output. Water management_is a_very_difficult subject in_PEM_systems, primarily_because water in the membrane is attracted_toward the_cathode of the cell through polarization._A wide variety of_solutions_for managing the water exist including_integration of electroosmotic pumps. Furthermore, the_platinum catalyst on the membrane_is_easily_poisoned by carbon monoxide (no_more than one part per million_is usually acceptable)_and the membrane is sensitive to things_like_metal ions, which can be introduced_by_corrosion of metallic bipolar plates, metallic_components_in_the fuel cell system or_from contaminants in the fuel/oxidant.

Another innovative_method to resolve the water recirculation problem is the_3D fine mesh_flow field design used in_the_Toyota_Mirai, 2014. Conventional design of FC stack recirculates water from_the air_outlet to the_air inlet through a humidifier with a straight channel and_porous metal flow fields[54].The flow field is_a structure made up of a rib and channels. However, the_rib partially covers the gas diffusion layer (GDL)_and the resultant gas-transport distance is longer_than the inter-channel distance._Furthermore,_the contact pressure between the