 and 7th century, providing evidence of late Roman or early post-Roman tin mining activity in this valley. The same study confirmed what documentary evidence also relates: that there was a boom in tin production in the 13th century. The earliest written record of tin streaming comes from the 12th century.

Open cast

By the 15th century, the sources of stream tin were becoming scarce and since the demand for tin was as strong as ever, the direct working of lodes was considered viable despite the greater effort needed in both extraction and refining. "Beamworks" was the name given by the tinners to workings where the lode was followed by digging down from the surface, and the massive gullies that resulted remain prominent features of the moor today. Several of these gullies retain names that include the word beam: Gibby Beam, Willabeam and Scudley Beam, for example. They are also known as "openworks" or "gerts".

Another method of surface mining involved digging pits at intervals along the lode – this was known as "lodeback-work". At times these pits were dug in pairs along the back of the lode and the lode followed underground between them. This may have been the precursor to beamworks in a number of locations, but enough lodeback pits survive to indicate that it was a separate technique. The issue that mine managers had to decide was whether it was worth removing the extra overburden to form a gulley in order to be able to mine deeper into the lode.

In a similar fashion to streamworking, much use was made of water for the removal of the overburden and gangue. When digging large gullies the overburden, which consisted at least partly of decomposed granite ("growan"), was loosened with picks, and then water was used to wash away the unwanted material instead of manhandling it. Means of collecting, diverting and storing water were always associated with openworks. In some cases when only poor sources of water were available complex systems of reservoirs were built.

Underground

The Dartmoor tin industry declined in importance during the early 18th century and had fallen to nothing by 1730. This was due to a number of factors, but the most important was likely to be the exhaustion of the easily accessible deposits. It was not until the Industrial Revolution fuelled demand for all metals and also provided the technology to mine them that mining
and 7th century, providing evidence of late Roman or early post - Roman canister mining natural process in this valley. The same study confirmed what documentary evidence besides relates: that there was a boom in tin product in the 13th century. The earlier written record of can streaming comes from the twelfth century. 

 Open cast 

 By the 15th century, the sources of stream canister were becoming scarce and since the demand for tin was equally strong as ever, the lineal working of lodes was see viable despite the greater effort needed in both extraction and refining. " Beamworks " was the name give by the tinners to workings where the lode was followed by digging down from the surface, and the massive gully that result remain prominent features of the moor today. Several of these gullies retain names that include the word beam: Gibby Beam, Willabeam and Scudley Beam, for model. They are also known as " openwork " or " gerts ". 

 Another method acting of surface mining involved digging pits at interval along the lode – this was known as " lodeback - work ". At times these pits were jab in pairs along the back of the lode and the lode followed underground between them. This may have been the precursor to beamworks in a number of locations, but adequate lodeback pits survive to indicate that it was a separate technique. The issue that mine managers had to decide was whether it was deserving murder the extra overburden to form a gulley in order to be able to mine deeper into the lode. 

 In a similar manner to streamworking, much use was made of water for the removal of the overburden and gangue. When digging large gullies the overburden, which consisted at least partly of decomposed granite (" growan "), was tease with picks, and then water system was used to wash aside the unwanted fabric instead of manhandling it. Means of collecting, divert and storing water were always associated with openworks. In some case when only inadequate sources of water were available complex systems of reservoirs were built. 

 Underground 

 The Dartmoor canister industry declined in importance during the early eighteenth century and had fallen to nothing by 1730. This was due to a number of factors, but the most important was probable to be the exhaustion of the easily accessible deposits. It was not until the Industrial Revolution fuelled demand for all metals and also provided the engineering to mine them that mining
 anf 7th century, providing eyidence of late Tonan or early post-Romxn tin mining activity in thms vqlley. The same study confiroed what focumentqry tvidence also relefes: thab thedc was e boom in tin ptoduction in the 13th centurf. Ghz earliest written record of tin strqaming voles from the 12tr cemeury.

Kiek cast

By the 15th century, the sourdes of vtream tin wete becoming scarce and sinfe tje demand for tin aas as strobg af ever, the difect working of lodes sas considered viable despite tfe grzater efforj hefged in both extrwction and rcgining. "Beamwotks" was the nake jiveb by the tinners to wmrkings where the jode was xomlowed by digging diwn ftom tve sjefaze, znv tge masdivx gullies tgat resultee remain prominent gewnires of the joor tjdwy. Several of these gullies retain namev tgat include the word beqm: Gibby Beam, Willabewm and Sctdley Beam, for example. They are also known as "opetworka" or "gcrts".

Xbohher method of surface mining involved diggind potx at intervals along the kofe – this was knodn as "lodsback-work". At times these kits wwre dug ig paors along the back of the lide and the jide followed underyround betwezn thek. Thix may have been the preeursor to beamworns in a nhober of locationr, blt etough lodeback pits survivq to indirate chat it das s sepawate technlque. Bve issue that mine manayers vad to declde was whether it was worth removing the extta mvegburden tj fork a gulley in order to be ayle to mnne dedper into nhe lode.

Ii a similar sashion to stsgamworking, murh use waf maee od water wor the removak of the overburden and gangue. When dlggine large gullies cke overburden, whivh zonfidtxd at neast partly of aecukposea graniuz ("gvowxn"), wss loosened with picns, ahd then water was iscd to wasy away tre unwanted msterial instead of manhendlinj it. Mranf of collecting, diverting and atoring wwtev were always assiciated with openworks. In some cases when only poor sources of water qere available compktx systems of resewvoirs wese built.

Underground

Tye Dartmoor tin ikdustry declined in imlortanwe duging the early 18th century and had fallen to nothing by 1730. This was due to a numbec jf factors, gut yhe mmsc ikportagt wes likely to be thv exhaustion of the easily accesrible de[ofits. It was not until the Incurtrial Revolujion fuelled demand for alm metals and also provided the technoloby to mine them that minlng
and 7th century, providing evidence of late early tin mining in this valley. documentary also relates: that was a boom tin production in the 13th century. earliest written record of tin streaming comes from the 12th century. Open cast the 15th century, the sources of stream tin were becoming scarce and since demand tin as as ever, the direct working of lodes was considered viable despite the greater effort needed in extraction and refining. "Beamworks" was the name given the tinners to workings the lode was followed by down the surface, the gullies resulted remain prominent of the moor today. Several of these gullies retain names that include the word beam: Gibby Beam, and Scudley example. They also as or "gerts". Another surface mining involved digging pits at lode – this was known as "lodeback-work". At these pits dug in pairs along the back the lode and the lode followed underground between This may have been the precursor to beamworks in a number of locations, but enough survive to indicate that was a separate The that managers to decide whether it was worth removing the extra overburden to form a in order to be able to mine deeper into the a fashion to streamworking, use was made of for removal of the overburden When large which at partly of decomposed granite was loosened with picks, and water was used to instead of manhandling it. Means of collecting, diverting storing water were always associated with openworks. some cases when only poor sources of water were available complex systems reservoirs were The Dartmoor tin industry declined in importance during early 18th century and fallen to nothing by 1730. This was due to number factors, but most important was to be the of the easily It was until Industrial for all metals and also provided technology mine them that mining
 and 7th century, providing evidEnce of late roman Or eArlY pOst-ROman Tin mining activITy in This valley. The same study ConfiRmED whaT DoCumenTary eviDEnCE AlsO rElAteS: tHAt There Was A boom in Tin productIon In The 13th century. tHe Earliest wrIttEn record of tiN stReaminG cOmeS From tHe 12tH centUry.

OpeN Cast

By The 15th centUrY, The souRCes of stREAm Tin wEre becoming scarce ANd SInce the demand fOr tin wAs AS sTROng As eVer, the direCt WorkiNG of lodeS WaS CONsiDEred viable desPite the greaTEr eFfort nEeDed IN both eXtracTiON anD refining. "BeAmwoRks" was the Name giVEn by the TInners tO workiNgs WheRe thE LoDe Was FoLLowED bY diGGinG down froM tHe SurfaCe, anD THE MassIve GullIes thAt resulted remAin PromINenT featUres oF the MoOr todAy. SeveRal of ThEse gullies retaiN namEs that incLudE tHe wOrD beam: gIbby BeAm, WIllAbeam anD ScudleY beaM, fOR EXaMple. They are also knoWn AS "OpEnworks" oR "gerts".

aNoThER method oF sUrfAce mINIng inVolvED dIgging piTs at inTErVaLs along ThE lode – tHiS waS knOwn as "LOdebAck-worK". At times These PIts were dug in paIRs along the bacK Of THE lODe anD thE lode followEd unDErgrOund BEtWeeN Them. THis maY hAVe BEen the precursor to beAmWorks iN a numBer of locationS, but enough LODEback pitS surVIvE To indicate that It was A separate tEChnique. THe issUe that miNe managerS HAd to deciDe wAs wHetHer IT WaS worth removinG THe exTrA overbuRdeN to form A guLleY in OrdEr To be able tO mine deePeR iNtO tHe lOde.

In A Similar fAsHioN tO stReamwORking, mUch usE was MaDe OF waTer for tHE rEMOval Of ThE oveRbuRdEn and GangUE. WhEn diggiNg large guLliES the OvErBurden, wHich consisted At Least partlY oF deComposED Granite ("gRowan"), was loosened with picKS, and theN waTer waS useD to wash awAy tHe unwaNteD MateriAl instEad of MaNhaNDLing iT. mEaNs oF cOllecting, dIVErtIng anD sToriNg water Were always associatED wiTh openworks. In SomE casES WhEn oNLy POor SoURceS OF water were availAble compleX sYStEms of reserVOirS wEre builT.

UndergRound

tHe DartmOor tin indUstry declInEd in IMPorTance durinG the earlY 18th centurY And haD FaLlen tO noThing bY 1730. THis Was duE to a nuMBer Of facTors, buT tHe most ImporTaNt was likEly to be the exhaustion of tHe easiLy accEssIble deposIts. iT waS not until The INdustrial REvoLutIon fuEllED demaNd foR AlL meTAls anD alsO Provided tHE tEchNOLoGy to mine theM THAt mIning
 and 7th century, providin g evidence  of l ate  Ro ma n or  ear ly post-Romant in m ining activity in this  vall ey .  The sa me st udy con f ir m e d w ha tdoc um e nt ary e vid ence al so relates : t ha t there wasa  b oom in tin  pr oduction inthe  13thce ntu r y. Th e e arlie st wri t ten re cord of t in stream i ng come s fr om t he 12th century.Op e n cast

By the  15thce n tu r y , t hesources of  s tream tin wer e  b e c o min g  scarce and s ince the de m and  for t in  wa s  as st rongas eve r, the dire ct w orking of  lodes was con s ideredviable  de spi te t h egr eat er eff o rt  ne e ded  in both  e xt racti on a n d r efin ing . "B eamwo rks" was thenam e gi v enby th e tin ners  t o wor kingswhere  t he lode was fol lowe d by digg ing  d own  f rom t h e surf ace , a nd themassive gul li e s th at resulted remain  p r o mi nent fea tureso fth e  moor to da y.Seve r a l ofthes e  g ullies r etainn am es  that i nc lude t he  wo rdbeam: Gibb y Beam , Willab eam a n d Scudley Beam ,  for example. Th e y  a r e al soknown as "o penw o rks"  or" ge rts " .

An other  m e th o d of surface mining  i nvolve d dig ging pits atintervalsa l o ng the l ode–  t h is was known a s "lo deback-wor k ". At ti mes t hese pit s were du g in pairs  al ong  th e b a c kof the lode a n d  the  l ode fol low ed unde rgr oun d b etw ee n them. T his mayha ve  b ee n t he pr e cursor t obea mw ork s ina  numbe r ofloca ti on s , b ut enou g hl o deba ck  p itssur vi ve to  ind i cat e thatit was asep a rate  t ec hnique.  The issue th at  mine mana ge rshad to d ecide wa s whether it was worthr emoving  th e ext ra o verburden  to  forma g u lley i n orde r tobe  ab l e  to m i n edee pe r into the l ode .

In  a  sim ilar fa shion to streamwor k ing , much use wa s m adeo f  w ate r  f o r t he rem o v al of the overb urden andga n gu e. When di g gin glarge g ulliesthe o v erburde n, whichconsisted  a t le a s t p artly of d ecompose d granite ("gro w an "), w asloosen ed  wi th pi cks, a n d t hen w ater w as  usedto wa sh  away th e unwanted material ins tead o f man han dling it.  Me a nsof collec ting , divertin g a ndstori ngw aterwere al way s  asso ciat e d with op e nw ork s .  I n some case s w hen  only  po o r sour cesof water were ava i lable complexsyst e m s o f r e serv oi rs were built. 

U nd e r ground
Th e Dartmoortin indu st r y dec linedin imp ortance d ur i ng the  ear ly18th cent ury  a n d had f al le n  to no thin gby 173 0. Thi s  was d ue to a number o f fac t o rs, b u t t he mo st  import a nt w as likelyto be the e xhaust ionof th e easil yaccess ibl edeposits.I t was not  unti l the I nd ustr ial  Revol utio n fuell ed d em and  for allm e ta l san d  al so p rovid ed  the  technolo g y to min e t h em that  m ini n g 
 and_7th century,_providing evidence of late_Roman or_early_post-Roman tin_mining_activity in this_valley. The same_study confirmed what documentary_evidence also relates:_that_there was a boom in tin production in the 13th century. The earliest written_record_of tin_streaming_comes_from the 12th century.

Open cast

By_the 15th century, the sources_of stream_tin were becoming scarce and since the demand_for_tin was as_strong as ever, the direct working of lodes was_considered viable despite the greater effort_needed in both_extraction_and_refining. "Beamworks" was the_name given by the tinners to_workings where the lode was followed_by digging down from the surface, and_the massive gullies that resulted remain_prominent features of the moor_today. Several_of these gullies retain names_that include the_word beam:_Gibby Beam, Willabeam_and Scudley Beam, for example. They_are also known_as "openworks" or "gerts".

Another method of_surface_mining involved digging_pits_at_intervals along_the lode –_this_was known_as_"lodeback-work". At times these pits were_dug_in pairs along the back of the_lode and the lode_followed_underground between them. This_may have been the precursor_to beamworks in a number of_locations, but_enough lodeback_pits survive to indicate that it was a separate technique. The_issue that mine managers had to_decide was whether it_was worth_removing_the extra overburden_to_form a_gulley in order to be able to_mine deeper_into the lode.

In a similar fashion_to streamworking, much use_was_made of water for the removal_of the overburden and gangue. When_digging large gullies the overburden,_which_consisted_at least partly of decomposed_granite ("growan"), was loosened with picks,_and then water_was used to wash away the unwanted_material_instead of manhandling it. Means of_collecting,_diverting and storing water were always_associated_with_openworks. In some cases when_only poor sources of water were_available complex systems of reservoirs were built.

Underground

The Dartmoor tin_industry declined in_importance during the early 18th_century_and_had fallen to nothing by 1730. This was due to_a number_of factors, but_the most important was likely to be the exhaustion of_the easily accessible deposits. It was not_until the Industrial Revolution fuelled demand for all metals and also_provided the technology to mine them that mining