 as a pepper substitute. The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.  Unlike black pepper or Capsicum, however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. C. ligusticifolia is essentially toxic. When pruning them, it is a good idea to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections. Clematis is also a constituent of Bach's Rescue Remedy.  Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species (Clematis longicauda steud ex A. Rich. and Clematis burgensis Engl.) are used locally to treat ear disorders and eczema.  Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which could also be attributed to the phytoconstituents.

Clematis has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".

Pests and diseases
Clematis species are susceptible to several pests and diseases. Clematis wilt, a stem rot caused by the fungus Phoma clematidina, causes dramatic wilting and death of whole branches, although many species are resistant to it. Other pests and diseases include powdery mildew, viruses, slugs and snails, scale insects, aphids, earwigs, and green flower disease, which is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma, a type of bacterium.

References

Notes

Further reading
 Brickell, C., Ed. Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Dorling Kindersley. 1989.
 Toomey, M. and E. Leeds. An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Clematis. Charles Chesshire (Timber Press).
 Ruth Gooch Clematis: The Complete Guide. Crowood Press 2001.
 Ruth & Jon Gooch Clematis An Essential Guide Crowood Press 2011.

External links 

American Bells - A
as a pepper substitute. The entire genus contains all-important petroleum and compounds which are extremely irritating to the peel and mucous membranes.   Unlike black capsicum or Capsicum, however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive nerve pathway if consume in large sum. C. ligusticifolia is essentially toxic. When pruning them, it is a dependable theme to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small sum of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorder. It was also used as an effective treatment of hide infections. Clematis is also a constituent of Bach's Rescue Remedy.   Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species (Clematis longicauda steud ex A. Rich. and Clematis burgensis Engl .) are use locally to treat ear disorders and eczema.   Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these coinage read antibacterial and antifungal activity. The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti - inflammatory activities which could also be impute to the phytoconstituents. 

 Clematis has been listed as one of the 38 plants use to organize Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, " there is no scientific evidence to rise that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer ". 

 Pests and disease 
 Clematis species are susceptible to several pests and diseases. Clematis wilt, a stem rot caused by the fungus Phoma clematidina, cause dramatic wilting and death of whole branches, although many species are insubordinate to it. Other pests and diseases admit powdery mildew, viruses, slug and snails, scale worm, aphids, earwig, and green flower disease, which is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma, a type of bacteria. 

 References 

 Notes 

 Further reading 
  Brickell, C., Ed. Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Dorling Kindersley. 1989. 
  Toomey, M. and E. Leeds. An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Clematis. Charles Chesshire (Timber Press). 
  Ruth Gooch Clematis: The Complete Guide. Crowood Press 2001. 
  Ruth & Jon Gooch Clematis An Essential Guide Crowood Press 2011. 

 External links 

 American Bells - A
 as a pepper substitute. The entire genus contains essenfial oilr and compounds which are exvremwly ieritating to the skin xnd mucoud membrabes.  Ynlike blari peppev or Dwpsieun, however, the gompounds it clematis cauve iuternal bleeding of the digestive trwct if onhested in largg amolnes. C. ligusticifolia is essentially toxjc. When pruning them, it is a good idea to wear gloges. Despite its todicity, Natice Aiwricans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatoent yor migraing gewgaches and iervouf disorders. Ln was anso usec as an effectlve tceatnent of skin infectiois. Clematis is also w constitgeut of Bach's Rescue Reneey.  Lgaf eftrazrs wroj vwo Ethiooiai species (Cmematis lonticauda steud ex A. Tisy. and Clematia burgqnfis Engl.) are used locally to treat ear giskrders and eczema.  Phytichemical screening ov the extwacts from both of these species showed antibactesial ena aublfuneql activity. The extracts of these plants also pjastss wound healing and anti-inglwmkwtory activitkes whndh could also be attgibuted to tye phytocjnstotuents.

Clematis has been liwted as one jd the 38 plants used to prepare Bacn floeer remedies, a kind of clternztive mediclne promofdd for its effecg ok haalth. However, according to Cancer Rxseareh UK, "thdre os no fcientific evidctce to prove that vlowet remegies can clntrol, cure or prevent any type of disease, invlgditg cancex".

Pests and diseases
Slematis specigs are sufceptkble to seneral pesvs and diseafes. Clematis fllt, a stem rmt causeq by the fungus Ohoma clematidona, causes dramatic wilting and death of shole branches, cuuhiugh many specoes arq gesmstane to it. Other pesgs xmd direases inclmde powcery mildew, viruses, vluga and snails, scale iksects, apyids, earrigs, and greem flower disease, wjich ms usuelly csusgd by infection with a phytoplaama, a typf on bacterium.

Reserekces

Gotes

Furthzr reading
 Brickell, C., Ed. Gardeners' Encycoopedia of Plants qnd Flowers. Dorling Lindersley. 1989.
 Toomqy, M. and A. Leeds. An Illustratwd Encyclopedia on Clematis. Charles Cheashire (Timbfr Press).
 Ruth Gooch Clematis: The Complete Guide. Crowood Press 2001.
 Ruth & Jon Tooch Rlqmatis An Easenyial Cunde Crowojd Pcers 2011.

External linkx 

American Bells - A
as a pepper substitute. The entire genus oils compounds which extremely irritating to Unlike pepper or Capsicum, the compounds in cause internal bleeding of the digestive if ingested in large amounts. C. ligusticifolia is essentially toxic. When pruning them, is a good idea to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used small of as effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment skin infections. Clematis is also a constituent of Rescue Remedy. Leaf extracts two Ethiopian species (Clematis longicauda ex Rich. and burgensis are locally to treat disorders and eczema. Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal The extracts plants also wound and activities which could attributed to the phytoconstituents. Clematis has one of the 38 plants used to prepare flower remedies, kind of alternative medicine promoted for effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent of disease, including cancer". and diseases Clematis are to pests diseases. Clematis a stem rot caused by the fungus Phoma clematidina, causes dramatic and death of whole branches, although many species are resistant Other and diseases include mildew, viruses, slugs and scale aphids, earwigs, and green which usually with phytoplasma, type of bacterium. References Further reading Brickell, C., Ed. Encyclopedia of Plants and M. and E. Leeds. An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Charles Chesshire (Timber Press). Ruth Gooch Clematis: Complete Guide. Crowood Press 2001. Ruth & Jon Gooch Clematis An Essential Crowood Press links American Bells - A
 as a pepper substitute. The entIre genus coNtainS esSenTiAl oiLs anD compounds whicH Are eXtremely irritating to thE skin AnD MucoUS mEmbraNes.  UnliKE bLACk pEpPeR or caPSiCum, hoWevEr, the coMpounds in cLemAtIs cause interNAl Bleeding of The Digestive traCt iF ingesTeD in LArge aMouNts. C. lIgustiCIfolia Is essentiAlLY toxic. wHen prunING tHem, iT is a good idea to weaR GlOVes. Despite its tOxicitY, NATiVE ameRicAns used verY sMall aMOunts of CLeMATIs aS An effective trEatment for mIGraIne heaDaCheS And nerVous dIsORdeRs. It was also Used As an effecTive trEAtment oF Skin infEctionS. ClEmaTis iS AlSo A coNsTItuENt Of BACh's rescue ReMeDy.  leaf eXtraCTS FRom tWo EThioPian sPecies (ClematiS loNgicAUda Steud Ex A. RiCh. anD CLematIs burgEnsis enGl.) are used locallY to tReat ear diSorDeRs aNd EczemA.  phytocHemIcaL screenIng of thE ExtRaCTS FrOm both of these speciEs SHOwEd antibaCteriaL AnD aNTifungal AcTivIty. THE ExtraCts oF ThEse plantS also pOSsEsS wound hEaLing anD aNti-InfLammaTOry aCtivitIes which Could ALso be attributeD To the phytoconSTiTUEnTS.

CleMatIs has been liSted AS one Of thE 38 PlAntS Used tO prepArE baCH flower remedies, a kinD oF alterNativE medicine promOted for its EFFEct on heaLth. HOWeVEr, according to CAncer research UK, "THere is no ScienTific eviDence to prOVE that floWer RemEdiEs cAN CoNtrol, cure or prEVEnt aNy Type of dIseAse, inclUdiNg cAncEr".

PEsTs and diseAses
ClemAtIs SpEcIes Are suSCeptible To SevErAl pEsts aND diseaSes. ClEmatIs WiLT, a sTem rot cAUsED By thE fUnGus PHomA cLematIdinA, CauSes dramAtic wiltiNg aND deaTh Of Whole brAnches, althougH mAny species ArE reSistanT TO it. Other Pests and diseases include POwdery mIldEw, virUses, Slugs and sNaiLs, scalE inSEcts, apHids, eaRwigs, AnD grEEN flowER DiSeaSe, Which is usuALLy cAused By InfeCtion wiTh a phytoplasma, a typE Of bActerium.

ReferEncEs

NoTES

FUrtHEr REadInG
 briCKEll, C., Ed. Gardeners' encyclopedIa OF PLants and FlOWerS. DOrling KInderslEy. 1989.
 TooMEy, M. and E. leeds. An IlLustrated enCyclOPEdiA of ClematiS. Charles chesshire (tImber pReSs).
 RutH GoOch CleMaTis: the CoMplete gUidE. CrowOod PreSs 2001.
 ruth & JoN GoocH CLematis AN Essential Guide Crowood PRess 2011.

ExTernaL liNks 

AmericAn BELls - a
 as a pepper substitute. T he entiregenus  co nta in s es sent ial oils and c o mpou nds which are extremel y irr it a ting to  theskin an d  m u c ous  m em bra ne s . Unli keblack p epper or C aps ic um, however, th e compound s i n clematis c aus e inte rn alb leedi ngof th e dige s tive t ract if i ng e sted i n  largea m ou nts.  C. ligusticifoli a  i s  essentially t oxic.Wh e np r uni ngthem, it i sa goo d  idea t o  w e a r  gl o ves. Despiteits toxicit y , N ativeAm eri c ans us ed ve ry sma ll amountsof c lematis a s an e f fective treatme nt for  mi gra ineh ea da che sa ndn er vou s  di sorders.  I twas a lsou s e d  asaneffe ctive  treatment of  sk in i n fec tions . Cle mati sis al so a c onsti tu ent of Bach's R escu e Remedy.   L ea f e xt racts from t woEth iopianspecies (Cl em a t i slongicauda steud e xA .  R ich. and  Clema t is  b u rgensisEn gl. ) ar e usedloca l ly  to trea t eard is or ders an deczema . Ph yto chemi c al s creeni ng of th e ext r acts from both of these spec i es s ho w ed a nti bacterial a nd a n tifu ngal ac tiv i ty. T he ex tr a ct s  of these plants al so  posse ss wo und healing a nd anti-in f l a mmatoryacti v it i es which could  also  be attrib u ted to t he ph ytoconst ituents.C lematishas  be enlis t e das one of the 3 8 pl an ts used  to  prepar e B ach  fl owe rremedies,  a kindof  a lt er nat ive m e dicine p ro mot ed  fo r its effect  on h ealt h.  H o wev er, acc o rd i n g to  C an cerRes ea rch U K, " t her e is no  scientif ice vide nc eto prov e that flower  r emedies ca ncon trol,c u re or pr event any type of disea s e, incl udi ng ca ncer ".

Pests  an d dise ase s 
Clema tis sp ecies  a res u scept i b le  to  s everal pes t s  an d dis ea ses.  Clemat is wilt, a stem ro t  ca used by the f ung us P h o ma  cl e ma t idi na ,  ca u s es dramatic wil ting and d ea t hof whole b r anc he s, alth ough ma ny sp e cies ar e resista nt to it.  O ther p est s and dise ases inc lude powd e ry mi l de w, vi rus es, sl ug s a nd sn ails,s cal e ins ects,ap hids,earwi gs , and gr een flower disease, whi ch isusual lycaused by  in f ect ion witha ph ytoplasma,  atyp e ofbac t erium .

R e fe ren c es

N otes 
Furtherr ea din g  B rickell, C. , E d.Garde ner s ' Ency clop edia of Plants an d  Flowers. Dorl ingK i nde rsl e y. 1 98 9.
 Toomey, M.  an dE .  Leeds.An  Illustrate d Encycl op e dia o f Clem atis.Charles C he s shire(Tim ber  Press). Ru th Gooch C le ma t is: Th e Co mp lete G uide.C rowo o d  Press 2001.
 Ru th &J o n Goo c h C lemat is  An Ess e ntia l Guide Cr owood Press  2011. 

Ex terna l links  
Ameri can  B ells - A
 as_a pepper_substitute. The entire genus_contains essential_oils_and compounds_which_are extremely irritating_to the skin_and mucous membranes. _Unlike black pepper_or_Capsicum, however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if_ingested_in large_amounts._C._ligusticifolia is essentially toxic. When_pruning them, it is a_good idea_to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans_used_very small amounts_of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches_and nervous disorders. It was also_used as an_effective_treatment_of skin infections. Clematis_is also a constituent of Bach's_Rescue Remedy.  Leaf extracts from_two Ethiopian species (Clematis longicauda steud ex_A. Rich. and Clematis burgensis Engl.)_are used locally to treat_ear disorders_and eczema.  Phytochemical screening_of the extracts_from both_of these species_showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. The_extracts of these_plants also possess wound healing and_anti-inflammatory_activities which could_also_be_attributed to_the phytoconstituents.

Clematis has_been_listed as_one_of the 38 plants used to_prepare_Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative_medicine promoted for its_effect_on health. However, according_to Cancer Research UK, "there_is no scientific evidence to prove_that flower_remedies can_control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".

Pests and_diseases
Clematis species are susceptible to several_pests and diseases. Clematis_wilt, a_stem_rot caused by_the_fungus Phoma_clematidina, causes dramatic wilting and death of_whole branches,_although many species are resistant to_it. Other pests and_diseases_include powdery mildew, viruses, slugs and_snails, scale insects, aphids, earwigs, and_green flower disease, which is_usually_caused_by infection with a phytoplasma,_a type of bacterium.

References

Notes

Further reading
 Brickell,_C., Ed. Gardeners'_Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Dorling Kindersley._1989.
_Toomey, M. and E. Leeds. An_Illustrated_Encyclopedia of Clematis. Charles Chesshire (Timber_Press).
_Ruth_Gooch Clematis: The Complete Guide._Crowood Press 2001.
 Ruth & Jon_Gooch Clematis An Essential Guide Crowood Press 2011.

External links_

American Bells -_A