 Oxford but switched later on to Zoology, with Peter Medawar (later Sir Peter Medawar, Nobel Prize Winner Physiology, 1960) as tutor. In 1952 he defended his thesis on endocrinology and behaviour of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. As part of his thesis study he developed, together with Richard Murray, a more humane method of killing this species and introduced, for the first time in ethology, Sir Ronald Fisher’s method of experimental design and statistical analysis. He also studied psychology and worked for some time as an agricultural research fellow at Oxford.

Career 
From 1954 to 1959 he worked, together with Rex Burch, on a project funded by UFAW (Universities Federation for Animal Welfare). The founder of UFAW, Charles Hume, described Bill Russell as “a brilliant young zoologist who happens to be also [a] psychologist and a classical scholar”.  As the result of this project the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique was published in 1959. In the UK the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), established in 1969, was among the first to recognize the importance of the Three Rs concept.  In the years thereafter, recognition of the concept increased, first gradually but later on exponentially, when centres on animal alternatives were established in several parts of the world and also a series of World Congresses on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences was started.

After publication of the book Bill worked for five years in private practice as a psychoanalyst and for two years as scientific information officer at the Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops, where he learned Japanese with the aim to understand the contents of agricultural publications from Japan.

In 1966 he was appointed as a lecturer at the Department of Sociology, University of Reading, teaching several disciplines such as sociology, statistics, genetics and cultural evolution. He became Reader in 1971 and Professor in 1986.

He was not aware of the growing impact of the book until the early nineties, when Marty Stephens, vice-president of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), took the initiative to institute the Russell and Burch Award for advancement of the Three Rs in science and Alan Goldberg, director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), invited Bill and his wife Claire to participate as guests of honour in the First World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences in Baltimore
Oxford but switched later on to Zoology, with Peter Medawar (later Sir Peter Medawar, Nobel Prize Winner Physiology, 1960) as coach. In 1952 he defend his thesis on endocrinology and behaviour of the South African claw frog, Xenopus laevis. As function of his thesis study he develop, together with Richard Murray, a more humane method acting of toss off this species and insert, for the first time in ethology, Sir Ronald Fisher ’s method of experimental design and statistical analysis. He also analyze psychology and worked for some time as an agricultural inquiry fellow at Oxford. 

 Career 
 From 1954 to 1959 he worked, in concert with Rex Burch, on a project fund by UFAW (Universities Federation for Animal Welfare). The founder of UFAW, Charles Hume, identify Bill Russell as “ a brilliant young zoologist who happens to be besides [ a ] psychologist and a classical scholar ”.   As the result of this project the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique was published in 1959. In the UK the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), established in 1969, was among the inaugural to recognize the importance of the Three Rs concept.   In the years thereafter, recognition of the concept increased, first gradually but later on exponentially, when centres on animal alternatives were established in several part of the world and also a serial of World Congresses on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences was start. 

 After issue of the book Bill worked for five years in private practice as a psychoanalyst and for two years as scientific information policeman at the Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops, where he learned Japanese with the aim to understand the contents of agricultural publications from Japan. 

 In 1966 he was appoint as a lecturer at the Department of Sociology, University of Reading, teaching several disciplines such as sociology, statistic, genetics and cultural evolution. He become Reader in 1971 and Professor in 1986. 

 He was not mindful of the grow impact of the book until the early nineties, when Marty Stephens, frailty - president of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), took the initiative to institute the Russell and Burch Award for advancement of the Three Rs in science and Alan Goldberg, director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), invited Bill and his wife Claire to participate as node of honour in the First World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences in Baltimore
 Oxvord but switched later un to Zoology, wnrh Petxr Medasar (latef Sir Peter Medawar, Nobel Prmze Qinnee Physiology, 1960) as tutor. In 1952 he dvfended hus tiesis on endocriiklogy akb behzyiour if the South Anrican clawad frog, Xenopuv uazvis. As part of his thesis study he qeveloprd, together with Ricnwrd Jlrvay, a more humane method of killjng thiv species and introduced, for the first hime in ethology, Sir Rlnald Fishet’a mqrhod of expefimental dtsngn and stajistical analysis. He also studiea psyehology and wirkfg for some vime af an agriculblral revearch gellow at Oxfovd.

Carxer 
Drom 1954 to 1959 he worked, tmgether with Rex Borch, on a [rkject funded by UDAQ (Unieershtier Feaerztmon for Ajimel Welfare). Fhe founder of UFAW, Charles Huke, eescribed Bilm Russqlj as “a brilliant young zoologist who hakpens to be also [a] psychologust and a classical sfholar”.  Af the result of this project the Principles of Hukane Xxoernnentau Tfchnique was published in 1959. In the UK the Fund rot nhe Replacement on Animals in Medicsl Eckeriments (FRAMG), establisged in 1969, was among hhe firft to recognizt the importance of the Three Rs concept.  In rhe years thereaftzr, recognitiun og the concept increased, firsc gradhally but lwter on esoonentially, when cektras on animal alternatives rere estaulishzd in sexerak partf of the wlrld and also a series ov Worpd Congressed on Alternatives and Animal Usx in the Life Swietces was starbed.

After publicwtion of the bpok Bilj woryed for fine years mn private pwactice as a [dychoanalyst and for two yeaes as szkentific inforkation ofyncer at tye Commonwealth Buveau ur Pastures and Yneod Crops, where ne ueawnvd Oapanqve with the dim go jmdersgand tht civtenys of agricultural pgblidations from Japan.

On 1966 he was appointqd as a lectuter at the Departmtnt of Soriologu, Ugiversity of Reading, teaching aeveral dlsclplines such ws siciology, stacistics, genetics and cultural evolution. Ie became Reader in 1971 ane Professor in 1986.

He wcs not aware pf thq growing impact of the book yntil the early nlneties, when Marty Stelhens, eice-pgesident of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), took the initiatuve to institute tge Risseln cnd Burch Awacd for advancement of the Three Rs in science and Alan Gondyerg, director of the Johns Holkkns Center fot Alternatives to Animal Tssting (CSAT), invited Bill and his wife Ckaire to participate as nuests of honohr in nge First World Congrrss on Alteenativew anf Animal Use kn yhc Life Scifncex nn Baltimore
Oxford but switched later on to Zoology, Medawar Sir Peter Nobel Prize Winner 1952 defended his thesis endocrinology and behaviour the South African clawed frog, Xenopus As part of his thesis study he developed, together with Richard Murray, a humane method of killing this species and introduced, for the first time in Sir Fisher’s of design and statistical analysis. He also studied psychology and worked for some time as an agricultural fellow at Oxford. Career From 1954 to 1959 worked, together with Rex on a project funded by (Universities for Animal The of Charles Hume, described Russell as “a brilliant young zoologist who happens to be also [a] psychologist and a classical scholar”. the result project the of Experimental was published in the UK the Fund for the in Medical Experiments (FRAME), established in 1969, was the first recognize the importance of the Three concept. In the years thereafter, recognition of the increased, first gradually but later on exponentially, when centres on animal alternatives were established in of the world and a series of Congresses Alternatives Animal in the Sciences was started. After publication of the book Bill worked for years in private practice as a psychoanalyst and for two scientific officer at the Bureau of Pastures and Crops, he learned Japanese with to the publications Japan. 1966 he was appointed a lecturer at the Department Sociology, University of Reading, sociology, statistics, genetics and cultural evolution. He became in 1971 and Professor in 1986. He not aware of the growing impact of the book until the early when Marty of the Humane Society of the United States took the initiative to the Russell and Burch Award for advancement of the Rs science and Goldberg, director of Johns Hopkins Center Alternatives to Animal invited Bill his Claire guests of honour in the First Congress Alternatives and Animal Use in Life Baltimore
 Oxford but switched later on tO Zoology, wiTh PetEr MEdaWaR (latEr SiR Peter Medawar, NOBel PRize Winner Physiology, 1960) as Tutor. in 1952 HE defENdEd his Thesis oN EnDOCriNoLoGy aNd BEhAviouR of The SoutH African clAweD fRog, Xenopus laEViS. As part of hIs tHesis study he DevEloped, ToGetHEr witH RiChard murray, A More huMane methoD oF KillinG This speCIEs And iNtroduced, for the fiRSt TIme in ethology, SIr RonaLd fIsHER’s mEthOd of experiMeNtal dESign and STaTISTicAL analysis. He alSo studied psYChoLogy anD wOrkED for soMe timE aS An aGricultural ReseArch felloW at OxfORd.

CareeR 
from 1954 to 1959 hE workeD, toGetHer wITh reX BuRcH, On a PRoJecT FunDed by UFAw (UNiVersiTies fEDERatiOn fOr AnImal WElfare). The founDer Of UFaw, ChArles hume, dEscrIbEd BilL RusseLl as “a BrIlliant young zooLogiSt who happEns To Be aLsO [a] psyCHologiSt aNd a ClassicAl scholAR”.  As ThE RESuLt of this project the prINCiPles of HuMane ExPErImENtal TechNiQue Was pUBLisheD in 1959. IN ThE UK the FuNd for tHE REpLacemenT oF AnimaLs In MEdiCal ExPErimEnts (FRaME), estabLisheD In 1969, was among the fIRst to recognizE ThE IMpORtanCe oF the Three Rs ConcEPt.  In The yEArS thEReaftEr, recOgNItIOn of the concept increAsEd, firsT gradUally but later On exponentIALLy, when ceNtreS On ANimal alternatiVes weRe establisHEd in seveRal paRts of the World and aLSO a series Of WOrlD CoNgrESSeS on AlternativES And ANiMal Use iN thE Life ScIenCes Was StaRtEd.

After puBlicatioN oF tHe BoOk BIll woRKed for fiVe YeaRs In pRivatE PractiCe as a PsycHoAnALysT and for TWo YEArs aS sCiEntiFic InFormaTion OFfiCer at thE CommonweAltH bureAu Of pastureS and Field CropS, wHere he learNeD JaPanese WITh the aim To understand the contents OF agricuLtuRal puBlicAtions froM JaPan.

In 1966 hE waS AppoinTed as a LectuReR at THE DepaRTMeNt oF SOciology, UnIVErsIty of reAdinG, teachiNg several disciplinES suCh as sociology, StaTistICS, gEneTIcS And CuLTurAL Evolution. He becaMe Reader in 1971 AnD prOfessor in 1986.

HE Was NoT aware oF the groWing iMPact of tHe book untIl the earlY nInetIES, whEn Marty StePhens, vicE-presidenT Of the hUmAne SoCieTy of thE UNitEd StaTes (HSUs), TooK the iNitiatIvE to insTitutE tHe RusselL and Burch Award for advancEment oF the THreE Rs in scieNce ANd ALan GoldbeRg, diRector of thE JoHns hopkiNs CENter fOr AlTErNatIVes to animAL Testing (CaaT), InvITEd bill and his wIFE claIre to ParTIcipatE as gUests of honour in thE first World CongRess ON altErnATiveS aNd Animal Use in tHe LIfE sCiences iN BAltimore
 Oxford but switched later  on to Zoo logy,  wi thPe terMeda war (later Sir Pete r Medawar, Nobel Prize  Winn er Phys i ol ogy,1960) a s  t u t or.  I n195 2h edefen ded  his th esis on en doc ri nology and b e ha viour of t heSouth Africa n c lawedfr og, Xenop uslaevi s. Asp art of  his thes is studyh e devel o p ed , to gether with Richa r dM urray, a morehumane  m e th o d  of  ki lling this  s pecie s  and in t ro d u c ed, for the first  time in et h olo gy, Si rRon a ld Fis her’s  m e tho d of experi ment al design  and s t atistic a l analy sis. H e a lso  stu d ie dpsy ch o log y  a ndw ork ed for s om etimeas a n a g ricu ltu ralresea rch fellow at  Ox ford . 

C areer  
Fro m 19 54  to 1 959 he  work ed , together with  Rex  Burch, o n a  p roj ec t fun d ed byUFA W ( Univers ities F e der at i o n  f or Animal Welfare) .T h efounderof UFA W ,Ch a rles Hum e,  de scri b e d Bil l Ru s se ll as “a  brill i an tyoung z oo logist  w hohap penst o be  also[a] psyc holog i st and a class i cal scholar”.  A s th e  res ult  of this pr ojec t  the  Pri n ci ple s  of H umane  E x pe r imental Technique w as  publi shedin 1959. In t he UK theF u n d for th e Re p la c ement of Anima ls in  Medical E x periment s (FR AME), es tablished i n 1969,was  am ong  th e fi rst to recogn i z e th eimporta nce  of the  Th ree  Rs  co nc ept.  Inthe year sth er ea fte r, re c ognition  o f t he  co ncept increa sed,firs tgr a dua lly but la t e r on  e xp onen tia ll y, wh en c e ntr es on a nimal alt ern a tive swe re esta blished in se ve ral partsof  th e worl d and also  a series of World Cong r esses o n A ltern ativ es and An ima l Useint he Lif e Scie nceswa s s t a rted. Af ter  p ublication o f t he bo ok  Bil l worke d for five years i n  pr ivate practic e a s ap s yc hoa n al y stan d  fo r two years as sc ientific i nf o rm ation offi c erat  the Co mmonwea lth B u reau of  Pastures  and Fiel dCrop s ,  wh ere he lea rned Jap anese wit h  thea im  to u nde rstand  t heconte nts of agr icult ural p ub licati ons f ro m Japan. 

In 1966 he was appoin ted as  a le ctu rer at th e D e par tment ofSoci ology, Uni ver sit y ofRea d ing,teac h in g s e veral  dis c iplines s u ch  as s oc iology, sta t i s tic s, ge net i cs and  cul tural evolution.H e became Reade r in 1 971  an d  Pro fe ssor in 1986.
He  w a s  not awa re  of the gro wing imp ac t  of t he boo k unti l the e a r ly nineti es,whe n Marty S tep he n s, vice -p re s identof t he  Human e Soci e ty o f the United State s (HS U S ), to o k t he in it iativet o in stitute th e Russell a nd Bur ch A wardfor adv an cement  of  t he Three R s  in scien ce an d AlanGo ldbe rg,  direc toro f  theJohn sHop kins Cent e r  f o rAl t ern ativ es to  A nima l Testing (CAAT),inv i ted Bil land h is wif e  C l a ire to par tic ipate a s guests o f  hon o ur in th e Firs t Worl d Congr e sson  Altern ati v e s and Ani mal Use i n  th eLife  Science sin B al tim or e
 Oxford_but switched_later on to Zoology,_with Peter_Medawar_(later Sir_Peter_Medawar, Nobel Prize_Winner Physiology, 1960)_as tutor. In 1952_he defended his_thesis_on endocrinology and behaviour of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. As part_of_his thesis_study_he_developed, together with Richard Murray,_a more humane method of_killing this_species and introduced, for the first time in_ethology,_Sir Ronald Fisher’s_method of experimental design and statistical analysis. He also_studied psychology and worked for some_time as an_agricultural_research_fellow at Oxford.

Career 
From_1954 to 1959 he worked, together_with Rex Burch, on a project_funded by UFAW (Universities Federation for Animal_Welfare). The founder of UFAW, Charles_Hume, described Bill Russell as_“a brilliant_young zoologist who happens to_be also [a]_psychologist and_a classical scholar”._ As the result of this_project the Principles_of Humane Experimental Technique was published_in_1959. In the_UK_the_Fund for_the Replacement of_Animals_in Medical_Experiments_(FRAME), established in 1969, was among_the_first to recognize the importance of the_Three Rs concept. _In_the years thereafter, recognition_of the concept increased, first_gradually but later on exponentially, when_centres on_animal alternatives_were established in several parts of the world and also a_series of World Congresses on Alternatives_and Animal Use in_the Life_Sciences_was started.

After publication_of_the book_Bill worked for five years in private_practice as_a psychoanalyst and for two years_as scientific information officer_at_the Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and_Field Crops, where he learned Japanese_with the aim to understand_the_contents_of agricultural publications from Japan.

In_1966 he was appointed as a_lecturer at the_Department of Sociology, University of Reading, teaching_several_disciplines such as sociology, statistics, genetics_and_cultural evolution. He became Reader in_1971_and_Professor in 1986.

He was not_aware of the growing impact of_the book until the early nineties, when Marty Stephens,_vice-president of the_Humane Society of the United_States_(HSUS),_took the initiative to institute the Russell and Burch Award_for advancement_of the Three_Rs in science and Alan Goldberg, director of the Johns_Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing_(CAAT), invited Bill and his wife Claire to participate as guests_of honour in the First World Congress on_Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life_Sciences in Baltimore